Split (2)

train · 307k rows

id stringlengths 15 20	title stringlengths 1 116	document stringlengths 629 523k	question stringlengths 15 100	long_answers list	short_answers list
4392411588248614339	ʻOumuamua	ʻOumuamua - wikipedia ʻOumuamua Jump to : navigation , search ʻOumuamua Hyperbolic trajectory of ʻOumuamua through the inner Solar System with the Sun at the focus Discovery Discovered by Robert Weryk using Pan-STARRS 1 Discovery site Haleakala Obs. , Hawaii Discovery date 19 October 2017 Designations MPC designation 1I / 2017 U1 Pronunciation / oʊ ˈmuːəˈmuːə / ( listen ) Named after Hawaiian term for scout Alternative designations 1I 1I / ʻOumuamua 1I / 2017 U1 ( ʻOumuamua ) A / 2017 U1 C / 2017 U1 P10Ee5V Minor planet category interstellar object hyperbolic asteroid Orbital characteristics Epoch 2 November 2017 ( JD 2458059.5 ) Observation arc 34 days Perihelion 6999255340000000000 ♠ 0.25534 ± 0.00007 AU Semi-major axis 2999872020000000000 ♠ − 1.2798 ± 0.0008 AU Eccentricity 7000119951000000000 ♠ 1.19951 ± 0.00018 Average orbital speed 7004263300000000000 ♠ 26.33 ± 0.01 km / s ( interstellar ) Mean anomaly 36.425 ° Mean motion 0 ° 40 48.72 / day Inclination 122.69 ° Longitude of ascending node 24.599 ° Argument of perihelion 241.70 ° Earth MOID 0.0959 AU 37.3 LD Jupiter MOID 1.455 AU Physical characteristics 230 × 35 × 35 m ( est . at albedo 0.10 ) Rotation period Tumbling ( non-principal axis rotation ) Reported values include : 7000810000000000000 ♠ 8.10 ± 0.02 h 7000810000000000000 ♠ 8.10 ± 0.42 h 7000696000000000000 ♠ 6.96 + 1.45 − 0.39 h Geometric albedo 0.1 ( spectral est . ) 0.06 -- 0.08 ( spectral est . ) Spectral type D ? B -- V = 6999700000000000000 ♠ 0.7 ± 0.06 V-R = 6999450000000000000 ♠ 0.45 ± 0.05 g-r = 6999470000000000000 ♠ 0.47 ± 0.04 r-i = 6999360000000000000 ♠ 0.36 ± 0.16 r-J = 7000120000000000000 ♠ 1.20 ± 0.11 Apparent magnitude 19.7 to > 27.5 Absolute magnitude ( H ) 7001220799999999999 ♠ 22.08 ± 0.445 ʻOumuamua ( / oʊ ˈmuːəˈmuːə / ( listen ) ) is the first known interstellar object to pass through the Solar System . Formally designated 1I / 2017 U1 , it was discovered by Robert Weryk using the Pan-STARRS telescope at Haleakala Observatory , Hawaii , on 19 October 2017 , 40 days after it passed its closest point to the Sun . When first seen , it was about 33,000,000 km ( 21,000,000 mi ; 0.22 AU ) from Earth ( about 85 times as far away as the Moon ) , and already heading away from the Sun . Initially assumed to be a comet , it was reclassified as an asteroid a week later , and finally ( 6 November 2017 ) as the first of the new class of interstellar object . ʻOumuamua is a small object , estimated to be about 230 by 35 meters ( 800 ft × 100 ft ) in size . It has a dark red color , similar to objects in the outer Solar System . ʻOumuamua showed no signs of a comet tail despite its close approach to the Sun , and has significant elongation and rotation rate , so it is thought to be a metal - rich rock with a relatively high density . ʻOumuamua is tumbling rather than smoothly rotating , and it is moving so fast relative to the Sun that there is no chance it originated in the Solar System . It also means that ʻOumuamua can not be captured into a solar orbit , so it will eventually leave the Solar System and resume traveling in interstellar space . ʻOumuamua 's system of origin and the amount of time it has spent traveling amongst the stars are unknown . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nomenclature 2 Observations 2.1 Trajectory 2.1. 1 Indications of origin 2.2 Asteroidal nature 2.3 Appearance , shape , and composition 2.4 Continuing observations 3 Hypothetical space missions 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Nomenclature ( edit ) As the first known object of its type , ʻOumuamua presented a unique case for the International Astronomical Union , which assigns designations for astronomical objects . Before its true nature was known it was classified as comet C / 2017 U1 and later as asteroid A / 2017 U1 . Once it was unambiguously identified as an interstellar object , a new designation was created , I , with ʻOumuamua being designated 1I , with rules on the eligibility of objects for I - numbers and the names to be assigned to these interstellar objects yet to be codified . The object may be referred to as 1I ; 1I / 2017 U1 ; 1I / ʻOumuamua ; or 1I / 2017 U1 ( ʻOumuamua ) . The name comes from Hawaiian ʻoumuamua , meaning ' scout ' , ( from ʻou , meaning ' reach out for ' , and mua , reduplicated for emphasis , meaning ' first , in advance of ' ) and reflects the way this object is like a scout or messenger sent from the distant past to reach out to us . The first character is a Hawaiian ʻokina , not an apostrophe , and is represented by a single quotation mark and pronounced as a glottal stop ; the name was chosen by the Pan-STARRS team in consultation with Kaʻiu Kimura and Larry Kimura of the University of Hawaii at Hilo . Before the official name was decided upon , the name Rama was suggested , the name given to an alien spacecraft discovered under similar circumstances in the science fiction novel Rendezvous with Rama by Arthur C. Clarke . Observations ( edit ) ʻOumuamua , imaged here with the William Herschel Telescope on 28 October , is seen as a stationary light source in the center of the image . Background stars appear streaked because the telescope is tracking the rapidly moving asteroid . Observations and conclusions concerning the trajectory of ʻOumuamua were primarily obtained with data from the Pan-STARRS1 Telescope and the Canada - France - Hawaii Telescope ( CFHT ) , and its composition and shape from the Very Large Telescope and the Gemini South telescope in Chile , as well as the Keck II telescope in Hawaii . These were collected by Karen J. Meech , Robert Weryk and their colleagues and published in Nature on 20 November . Post announcement , the space - based telescopes Hubble and Spitzer joined in the observations . ʻOumuamua will fade to 34th apparent magnitude by 2020 ʻOumuamua is small and dark . It was not seen in STEREO HI - 1A observations near its perihelion on 9 September 2017 , limiting its brightness to ~ 13.5 mag . By the end of October ʻOumuamua had already faded to apparent magnitude ~ 23 , and by mid-December 2017 , it was expected to be too faint and fast moving to be studied by even the largest ground - based telescopes . ʻOumuamua was compared to the fictional alien spacecraft Rama because of its interstellar origin . Adding to the coincidence , both the real and the fictional objects are unusually elongated and limited in size . However ʻOumuamua has a reddish hue and unsteady brightness which is typical of asteroids . The SETI Institute 's radio telescope , the Allen Telescope Array , examined ʻOumuamua , but detected no unusual radio emissions . More detailed observations , using the Breakthrough Listen hardware and the Green Bank Telescope , were planned ; the eventual data were searched for narrowband signals and none were found . Given the close proximity to this interstellar object , limits were placed to putative transmitters with the extremely low power of 0.08 watts . Trajectory ( edit ) Seen from Earth , the apparent trajectory makes annual retrograde loops in the sky , with its origin in Lyra , temporarily moving south of the ecliptic between 6 September and 16 October 2017 , and moving northward again towards its destination in Pegasus . ʻOumuamua 's hyperbolic trajectory over the Solar System Animation of ʻOumuamua passing through the Solar System ʻOumuamua is the first known interstellar object to visit the Solar System and it appears to come from roughly the direction of the star Vega in the constellation Lyra . The incoming direction of motion of ʻOumuamua is 6 ° from the solar apex ( the direction of the Sun 's movement relative to local stars ) , which is the most likely direction for approaches from objects outside the Solar System . On 26 October , two precovery observations from the Catalina Sky Survey were found dated 14 and 17 October . A two - week observation arc had verified a strongly hyperbolic trajectory . It has a hyperbolic excess velocity ( velocity at infinity , v ∞ ( \ displaystyle v_ ( \ infty ) \ ! ) ) of 26.33 km / s ( 58,900 mph ) , its speed relative to the Sun when in interstellar space . ʻOumuamua speed relative to the Sun Distance Date Velocity km / s 2300 AU 1605 26.34 1000 AU 1839 26.35 100 AU 2000 26.67 10 AU 2016 29.50 1 AU 9 August 2017 49.67 Perihelion 9 September 2017 87.71 1 AU 10 October 2017 49.67 10 AU 2019 29.51 100 AU 2034 26.65 1000 AU 2196 26.36 2300 AU 2430 26.32 By mid November , astronomers were certain that it was an interstellar object . Based on observations spanning 34 days , ʻOumuamua 's orbital eccentricity is 1.20 , the highest ever observed . An eccentricity above 1.0 means an object exceeds the Sun 's escape velocity , is not bound to the Solar System , and may escape to interstellar space . While an eccentricity slightly above 1.0 can be obtained by encounters with planets , as happened with the previous record holder C / 1980 E1 , ʻOumuamua 's eccentricity is so high it could not have been obtained through an encounter with any of the Sun 's planets , known or unknown . Even undiscovered planets , if any exist , could not account for ʻOumuamua 's trajectory -- any undiscovered planet must be far from the Sun and hence moving slowly according to Kepler 's laws of planetary motion . Encounters with such a planet could not boost ʻOumuamua 's speed to the observed value , and therefore ʻOumuamua can only be of interstellar origin . ʻOumuamua entered the Solar System from above the plane of the ecliptic . The pull of the Sun 's gravity caused it to speed up until it reached its maximum speed of 87.71 km / s ( 196,200 mph ) as it passed below the ecliptic on 6 September and made a sharp turn upward at its closest approach to the Sun ( perihelion ) on 9 September at a distance of 0.255 AU ( 38,100,000 km ; 23,700,000 mi ) from the Sun , i.e. , about 17 % closer than Mercury 's closest approach to the Sun . The object is now heading away from the Sun ( towards Pegasus ) at an angle of 66 ° from the direction of its approach . On the outward leg of its journey through the Solar System , ʻOumuamua passed below the orbit of Earth on 14 October at a distance of approximately 0.1616 AU ( 24,180,000 km ; 15,020,000 mi ) from Earth , and went back above the ecliptic on 16 October and passed above the orbit of Mars on 1 November . It will pass above Jupiter 's orbit in May 2018 , Saturn 's orbit in January 2019 , and Neptune 's orbit in 2022 . As it leaves the Solar System it will be approximately right ascension ( RA ) 23h51m and declination + 24 ° 45 ' , in Pegasus . It will continue to slow down until it reaches a speed of 26.33 km / s relative to the Sun , the same speed it had before its approach to the Solar System . It will take the object roughly 20,000 years to leave the Solar System completely . Indications of origin ( edit ) Inbound velocity at 200 AU from the Sun compared to Oort cloud objects Object Velocity km / s # of observations and obs arc 90377 Sedna 2.66 196 in 9240 days C / 1980 E1 ( Bowell ) 2.98 179 in 2514 days C / 1997 P2 ( Spacewatch ) 2.99 94 in 49 days C / 2010 X1 ( Elenin ) 2.96 2222 in 235 days C / 2012 S1 ( ISON ) 2.99 6514 in 784 days C / 2008 J4 ( McNaught ) 4.88 22 in 15 days 1I / 2017 U1 ( ʻOumuamua ) 26.5 115 in 34 days Accounting for Vega 's proper motion , it would have taken ʻOumuamua 600,000 years to reach the Solar System from Vega . But as a nearby star , Vega was not in the same part of the sky at that time . Astronomers calculate that one hundred years ago , the asteroid was 561 ± 0.6 AU ( 83.9 ± 0.090 billion km ; 52.1 ± 0.056 billion mi ) from the Sun and traveling at 26.33 km / s with respect to the Sun . This interstellar speed is very close to the mean motion of material in the Milky Way in the neighborhood of the Sun , also known as the local standard of rest ( LSR ) , and especially close to the mean motion of a relatively close group of M dwarf stars . This velocity profile also indicates an extrasolar origin , but appears to rule out the closest dozen of stars . In fact , the strong correlation between ʻOumuamua 's velocity and the local standard of rest , might mean that it has circulated the galaxy several times and thus may have originated from an entirely different part of the Milky Way . It is unknown how long the object has been traveling among the stars . The Solar System is likely the first star system that ʻOumuamua has closely encountered since being ejected from its birth star system , potentially several billion years ago . It has been speculated that the object may have been ejected from a stellar system in one of the local kinematic associations of young stars ( Carina or Columba specifically ) , within a range of about 100 parsecs , some 45 million years ago . The Carina and Columba associations are now very far in the sky from the Lyra constellation , the direction from which ʻOumuamua came when it entered the Solar System . Others have speculated that it was ejected from a white dwarf system and that its volatiles were lost when its star became a red giant . About 1.3 million years ago the object may have passed within a distance of 0.16 parsecs ( 0.52 light - years ) to the nearby star TYC 4742 - 1027 - 1 , but its velocity is too high to have originated from that star system , and it probably just passed through the system 's Oort cloud at a speed of 103 km / s ( 230,000 mph ) . According to one hypothesis , ʻOumuamua could be a fragment from a tidally disrupted planet . Asteroidal nature ( edit ) Initially , ʻOumuamua was announced as comet C / 2017 U1 ( PANSTARRS ) on 25 October 2017 based on a strongly hyperbolic trajectory . In an attempt to confirm any cometary activity , very deep stacked images were taken at the Very Large Telescope later the same day , but the object showed no presence of a coma . Accordingly , the object was renamed A / 2017 U1 , becoming the first comet ever to be re-designated as an asteroid . Once it was identified as an interstellar object , it was designated 1I / 2017 U1 , the first member of a new class of objects . The lack of a coma limits the amount of surface ice to a few square meters , and any volatiles ( if they exist ) must lie below a crust at least 0.5 m ( 1.6 ft ) thick . It also indicates that the object must have formed within the frost line of its parent stellar system or have been in the inner region of that stellar system long enough for all near - surface ice to sublimate , as may be the case with damocloids . It is difficult to say which scenario is more likely due to the chaotic nature of small body dynamics . Any meteoric activity from ʻOumuamua would have been expected to occur on 18 October 2017 coming from the constellation Sextans , but no activity was detected by the Canadian Meteor Orbit Radar . Appearance , shape , and composition ( edit ) Light curve from 25 -- 27 October 2017 with dotted line from a model with 10 : 1 elongation Simulation of ʻOumuamua spinning and tumbling through space , and the resultant light curve . In reality , in all observations of ʻOumuamua the asteroid only constituted a single pixel and its shape was inferred from the light curve . Artist 's impression of ʻOumuamua Spectra recorded by the 4.2 m ( 14 ft ) William Herschel Telescope on 25 October showed that the object was featureless , and colored red like Kuiper belt objects . Spectra from the Hale Telescope showed a less - red color resembling comet nuclei or Trojans . Its spectrum is similar to that of D - type asteroids . ʻOumuamua is rotating around a non-principal axis , a type of movement known as tumbling . This accounts for the various rotation periods reported , such as 8.10 hours , ( ± 0.42 hours ) ( ± 0.02 hours ) with a lightcurve amplitude of 1.5 -- 2.1 magnitudes , whereas Meech et al. reported a rotation period of 7.3 hours and a lightcurve amplitude of 2.5 magnitudes . Most likely , ʻOumuamua was set tumbling by a collision in its system of origin , and remains tumbling since the time scale for dissipation of this motion is very long , at least a billion years . The large variations on the light curves indicate that ʻOumuamua is a highly elongated object , comparable to or greater than the most elongated Solar System objects . However , the size and shape have not been directly observed as ʻOumuamua appears as nothing more than a point source of light even in the most powerful telescopes . Neither the albedo or triaxial ellipsoid shape are precisely known . The longest - to - shortest axis ratio could be 5 : 1 or greater . Assuming an albedo of 10 % ( typical for D - type asteroids ) and a 6 : 1 ratio , ʻOumuamua has dimensions of approximately 230 m × 35 m × 35 m ( 800 ft × 100 ft × 100 ft ) with an average diameter of about 110 m ( 360 ft ) . According to astronomer David Jewitt , the object is physically unremarkable except for its highly elongated shape . Bannister et al. have suggested that it could also be a contact binary , although this may not be compatible with its rapid rotation . One speculation regarding its shape is that it is a result of a violent event ( such as a collision or stellar explosion ) that caused its ejection from its system of origin . JPL News reported that ʻOumuamua `` is up to one - quarter mile ( 400 meters ) long and highly - elongated - perhaps 10 times as long as it is wide '' . Light curve observations suggest the asteroid may be composed of dense metal - rich rock that has been reddened by millions of years of exposure to cosmic rays . It is thought that its surface contains tholins , which are irradiated organic compounds that are more common in objects in the outer Solar System and can help determine the age of the surface . This possibility is inferred from spectroscopic characterization and its dark and reddened color , and from the expected effects of interstellar radiation . Despite the lack of any cometary coma when it approached the Sun , it may still contain internal ice , hidden by `` an insulating mantle produced by long - term cosmic ray exposure '' . Continuing observations ( edit ) In December 2017 , Harvard University Astronomy Professor Avi Loeb , an adviser to the Breakthrough Listen Project , cited ʻOumuamua 's unusually elongated shape as one of the reasons why the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia would listen for radio emissions from it to see if there were any unexpected signs that it might be of artificial origin , although earlier limited observations by other radio telescopes such as the SETI Institute 's Allen Telescope Array had produced no such results . On 13 December 2017 , the Green Bank Telescope observed the asteroid for six hours across four bands of radio frequency . No radio signals from ʻOumuamua were detected in this very limited scanning range , but observations are ongoing . Hypothetical space missions ( edit ) ʻOumuamua is traveling too fast for any existing spacecraft to reach . The Initiative for Interstellar Studies ( i4is ) has launched Project Lyra for assessing the feasibility of a mission to ʻOumuamua . Several options for sending a spacecraft to ʻOumuamua within a time - frame of 5 to 10 years were suggested . One option is using first a Jupiter flyby followed by a close solar flyby at 3 solar radii ( 2.1 × 10 ^ km ; 1.3 × 10 ^ mi ) in order to take advantage of the Oberth effect . More advanced options of using solar , laser electric , and laser sail propulsion , based on Breakthrough Starshot technology , have also been considered . The challenge is to get to the asteroid in a reasonable amount of time ( and so at a reasonable distance from Earth ) , and yet be able to gain useful scientific information . To do this , decelerating the spacecraft at ' Oumuamua would be `` highly desirable , due to the minimal science return from a hyper - velocity encounter '' . If the investigative craft goes too fast , it would not be able to get into orbit or land on the asteroid and would fly past it . The authors conclude that , although challenging , an encounter mission would be feasible using near - term technology . Astronomers estimate that several interstellar objects similar to ʻOumuamua pass inside the orbit of Earth each year . If true , this provides possible opportunities for future studies of interstellar objects , although with the current space technology , close visits and orbital missions are impossible due to their high speeds . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Objects on hyperbolic trajectories have negative semimajor axis , giving them a positive orbital energy . Jump up ^ Range at which the object is expected to be observable . Brightness peaked at 19.7 mag on 18 October 2017 , and fades below 27.5 mag ( the limit of Hubble Space Telescope for fast - moving objects ) around 1 January 2018 . By late 2019 , it should dim to 34 mag . Jump up ^ For comparison , comet C / 1980 E1 will only be moving 4.2 km / s when it is 500 AU from the Sun . Jump up ^ The solar escape velocity from Earth 's orbit ( 1 AU from the Sun ) is 42.1 km / s . For comparison , even 1P / Halley moves at 41.5 km / s when 1 AU from the Sun , according to the formula v = 42.1219 √ 1 / r − 0.5 / a , where r is the distance from the Sun , and a is the major semi-axis . Near - Earth asteroid 2062 Aten only moves at 29 km / s when 1 AU from the Sun because of the much smaller major semi-axis . Jump up ^ Unlike ʻOumuamua , C / 1980 E1 's orbit got its high eccentricity of 1.057 due to a close encounter with Jupiter . Its inbound - orbit eccentricity was less than 1 . Jump up ^ Comet C / 2012 S1 ( ISON ) peaked at 377 km / s ( 840,000 mph ) at perihelion because it passed 0.0124 AU from the Sun ( 20 times closer than ʻOumuamua ) . Jump up ^ According to the formula : 2 θ ∞ = 2 cos − 1 ⁡ ( − 1 / e ) ( \ displaystyle 2 \ , \ theta ( _ ( \ infty ) ) = 2 \ cos ^ ( - 1 ) ( - 1 / e ) ) Jump up ^ Given that the Oort cloud is the furthest reaches of the Solar System , define the edge of the Solar System at 2 light - years ( 130,000 astronomical units ; 19 trillion kilometers ) and assume an average velocity of 26.3 km / s . It will take the object 23,000 years to reach 2 light -- years ( 1.9 × 10 km / 26.3 km - per - sec / 60 seconds - per - min / 60 minutes - per - hour / 24 hours - per - day / 365.25 days - per - year = 23,000 years ) Jump up ^ Orbits computed with only a handful of observations can be unreliable . Short arcs can result in computer generated orbits rejecting some data unnecessarily . Jump up ^ Other orbital solutions show C / 2008 J4 entering the Solar System @ 3.5 ± 1.3 km / s . JPL # 10 shows that on 1855 - Mar - 24 C / 2008 J4 was moving 4.88 ± 1.8 km / s . Jump up ^ This is true for the nominal position of the star . However , its actual distance is not known precisely : According to Gaia Data Release 1 , the distance to TYC4742 - 1027 - 1 is 137 ± 13 parsecs ( 447 ± 42 light - years ) . It is not known if an encounter actually occurred . Jump up ^ According to Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams 's CBET 4450 , none of the observers had detected any sign of cometary activity . The initial classification as a comet was based on the object 's orbit . Jump up ^ 1865 Cerberus has a lightcurve amplitude of 2.3 magnitudes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Small Asteroid or Comet ' Visits ' from Beyond the Solar System '' . NASA . 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MPEC 2017 - U181 : COMET C / 2017 U1 ( PANSTARRS ) '' . Minor Planet Center . International Astronomical Union . 25 October 2017 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . ( CK17U010 ) ^ Jump up to : `` MPEC 2017 - V17 : NEW DESIGNATION SCHEME FOR INTERSTELLAR OBJECTS '' . Minor Planet Center . International Astronomical Union . 6 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MPEC 2017 - U183 : A / 2017 U1 '' . Minor Planet Center . International Astronomical Union . 25 October 2017 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . ( AK17U010 ) Jump up ^ Antier , K. `` A / 2017 U1 , first interstellar asteroid ever detected ! '' . International Meteor Organization . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` JPL Small - Body Database Browser : ʻOumuamua ( A / 2017 U1 ) '' . JPL Small - Body Database . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . JPL 1 ( Solution date : 2017 - Oct - 24 ) Archived 25 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine . JPL 10 ( Solution date : 2017 - Nov - 03 ) Archived 7 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine . JPL 14 ( Solution date : 2017 - Nov - 21 ) Archived 22 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Pseudo-MPEC for A / 2017 U1 ( FAQ File ) '' . Bill Gray of Project Pluto . 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . ( Orbital elements ) ^ Jump up to : Jewitt , D. ; Luu , J. ; Rajagopal , J. ; Kotulla , R. ; Ridgway , S. ; Liu , W. ; Augusteijn , T. ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` Interstellar Interloper 1I / 2017 U1 : Observations from the NOT and WIYN Telescopes '' . The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 850 ( 2 ) : L36 . arXiv : 1711.05687 . Bibcode : 2017ApJ ... 850L ... 36J . doi : 10.3847 / 2041 - 8213 / aa9b2f . ^ Jump up to : `` A Familiar - Looking Messenger from Another Solar System '' ( Press release ) . National Optical Astronomy Observatory . 15 November 2017 . NOAO 17 - 06 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fraser , W.C. ; Pravec , P. ; Fitzsimmons , A. ; Lacerda , P. ; Bannister , M.T. ; Snodgrass , C. ; Smolić , I. ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) . `` The tumbling rotational state of 1I / ' Oumuamua '' . Nature Astronomy . arXiv : 1711.11530 . doi : 10.1038 / s41550 - 018 - 0398 - z . ^ Jump up to : Bolin , B.T. ; Weaver , H.A. ; Fernandez , Y.R. ; Lisse , C.M. ; Huppenkothen , D. ; Jones , R.L. ; Juric , M. ; Moeyens , J. ; Schambeau , C.A. ; Slater , C.T. ; Ivezic , Z. ; Connolly , A.J. ( 2017 ) . `` APO Time Resolved Color Photometry of Highly - Elongated Interstellar Object 1I / ʻOumuamua '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 852 : L2 . arXiv : 1711.04927 . Bibcode : 2018ApJ ... 852L ... 2B . doi : 10.3847 / 2041 - 8213 / aaa0c9 . ^ Jump up to : Bannister , M.T. ; Schwamb , M.E. ( 2017 ) . `` Col - OSSOS : Colors of the Interstellar Planetesimal 1I / 2017 U1 in Context with the Solar System '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 851 ( 2 ) : L38 . arXiv : 1711.06214 . Bibcode : 2017ApJ ... 851L ... 38B . doi : 10.3847 / 2041 - 8213 / aaa07c . As its albedo is unknown , we do not describe 1I / ' Oumuamua as consistent with Tholen ( 1984 ) P type . Jump up ^ Feng , F. ; Jones , H.R.A. ( 23 November 2017 ) . `` ʻOumuamua as a messenger from the Local Association '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 852 ( 2 ) : L27 . arXiv : 1711.08800 . Bibcode : 2018ApJ ... 852L ... 27F . doi : 10.3847 / 2041 - 8213 / aaa404 . Jump up ^ Meech , Karen ; et al. ( 8 November 2017 ) . `` Proposal 15405 -- Which way home ? Finding the origin of our Solar System 's first interstellar visitor '' ( PDF ) . STScI -- Space Telescope Science Institute . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Pukui , M.K. ; Elbert , S.H. ( 2003 ) . `` Hawaiian Dictionary '' . Ulukau : Hawaiian Electronic Library . University of Hawaiʻi Press . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Kesh , Johnathan ( 8 November 2017 ) . `` Our Solar System 's First Interstellar Asteroid is Named ' Oumuamua ' '' . Outer Places . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Wall , Mike ( 16 November 2017 ) . `` Meet ʻOumuamua , the First - Ever Asteroid from Another Star '' . Scientific American -- via SPACE.com . Jump up ^ Gal , Roy ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` An interstellar visitor unmasked '' . University of Hawaiʻi System News . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The first visitor from another solar system has just been spotted : Rendezvous with Rama ? '' . The Economist. 2 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Known Interstellar Visitor is an ' Oddball ' '' . Gemini Observatory ( Press release ) . 20 November 2017 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Meech , K.J. ; Weryk , R. ; Micheli , M. ; Kleyna , J.T. ; Hainaut , O.R. ; Jedicke , R. ; Wainscoat , R.J. ; Chambers , K.C. ; Keane , J.V. ; Petric , A. ; Denneau , L. ; Magnier , E. ; Berger , T. ; Huber , M.E. ; Flewelling , H. ; Waters , C. ; Schunova - Lilly , E. ; Chastel , S. ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` A brief visit from a red and extremely elongated interstellar asteroid '' . Nature . Bibcode : 2017Natur. 552 ... 378M . doi : 10.1038 / nature25020 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . DRAFT : Meech , K.J. ; Weryk , R. ; et al. ( 1 November 2017 ) . `` Discovery and Characterization of the First Known Interstellar Object '' ( PDF ) . European Southern Observatory . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rincon , Paul ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` Bizarre shape of interstellar asteroid '' . BBC . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar System 's First Interstellar Visitor Dazzles Scientists '' . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . 20 November 2017 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1I / ʻOumuamua = A / 2017 U1 Orbit '' . Minor Planet Center . International Astronomical Union . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Koren , Marina ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` Astronomers to Check Mysterious Interstellar Object for Signs of Technology '' . The Atlantic . ^ Jump up to : Wenz , John ( 22 November 2017 ) . `` The first discovered interstellar asteroid is a quarter - mile long red beast '' . Astronomy . ^ Jump up to : Overbye , Dennis ( 22 November 2017 ) . `` An Interstellar Visitor Both Familiar and Alien '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Shostak , Seth ( 14 December 2017 ) . `` Is this mysterious space rock actually an alien spaceship ? '' . NBC News . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Billings , Lee ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` Alien Probe or Galactic Driftwood ? SETI Tunes In to ʻOumuamua '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . So far limited observations of ' Oumuamua , using facilities such as the SETI Institute 's Allen Telescope Array , have turned up nothing . Jump up ^ Beall , Abigail ( 12 December 2017 ) . `` It is n't an alien spacecraft , but we should still study ' Oumuamua '' . Wired . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Enriquez , J.E. ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Breakthrough Listen Observations of Breakthrough Listen with the GBT '' . arXiv : 1801.02814 ( astro - ph. EP ) . ^ Jump up to : Beatty , Kelly ( 25 October 2017 ) . `` Astronomers Spot First - Known Interstellar Comet '' . Sky & Telescope . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Seidel , Jamie ( 26 October 2017 ) . `` ' Alien ' object excites astronomers . Is it a ' visitor ' from nearby star ? '' . The New Zealand Herald . ^ Jump up to : Hein , A.M. ; Perakis , N. ; Long , K.F. ; Crowl , A. ; Eubanks , M. ; Kennedy , R.G. , III ; Osborne , R. ( 2017 ) . `` Project Lyra : Sending a Spacecraft to 1I / ʻOumuamua ( former A / 2017 U1 ) , the Interstellar Asteroid '' . arXiv : 1711.03155 ( physics. space - ph ) . Jump up ^ `` MPEC 2017 - U185 : A / 2017 U1 '' . Minor Planet Center . International Astronomical Union . 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` HORIZONS Web - Interface '' . Solar System Dynamics Group . JPL . Results produced with JPL Horizons On - Line Ephemeris System using Soln. date : 2017 - Nov - 21 . Observer Location : `` @ sun '' / Table settings : `` 20 . Observer range & range - rate '' , `` 22 . Speed wrt Sun & observer '' . Jump up ^ Clark , Stuart ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` Mysterious object confirmed to be from another solar system '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Astronomers are now certain that the mysterious object detected hurtling past our Sun last month is indeed from another solar system . They have named it 1I / 2017 U1 ( ʻOumuamua ) and estimate it could be one of 10,000 others lurking undetected in our cosmic neighbourhood . ^ Jump up to : `` JPL Small - Body Database Search Engine -- Constraints : e > 1 '' . JPL Small - Body Database . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ de la Fuente Marcos , C. ; de la Fuente Marcos , R. úl ( 1 November 2017 ) . `` Pole , Pericenter , and Nodes of the Interstellar Minor Body A / 2017 U1 '' . Research Notes of the AAS. 1 ( 1 ) : 5 . arXiv : 1711.00445 . Bibcode : 2017RNAAS ... 1 ... 5D . doi : 10.3847 / 2515 - 5172 / aa96b4 . Jump up ^ Jason T. Wright ( 7 December 2017 ) . `` On Distinguishing Interstellar Objects Like ʻOumuamua From Products of Solar System Scattering '' . Research Notes of the AAS . The American Astronomical Society . 1 ( 1 ) : 38 . arXiv : 1712.06044 . Bibcode : 2017RNAAS ... 1 ... 38W . doi : 10.3847 / 2515 - 5172 / aa9f23 . Jump up ^ de la Fuente Marcos , C. ; de la Fuente Marcos , R. ; Aarseth , S.J. ( 6 February 2018 ) . `` Where the Solar system meets the solar neighbourhood : patterns in the distribution of radiants of observed hyperbolic minor bodies '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters . arXiv : 1802.00778 . Bibcode : 2018MNRAS. tmpL ... 22D . doi : 10.1093 / mnrasl / sly019 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interstellar Asteroid FAQs '' . NASA . 20 November 2017 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Battams , Karl ( 9 October 2013 ) . `` Comet ISON is doing just fine ! '' . NASA Comet ISON Observing Campaign . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mamajek , Eric ( 2017 ) . `` Kinematics of the Interstellar Vagabond A / 2017 U1 '' . arXiv : 1710.11364 ( astro - ph. EP ) . ^ Jump up to : Ye , Q. - Z. ; Zhang , Q. ( 5 December 2017 ) . `` 1I / ʻOumuamua is Hot : Imaging , Spectroscopy and Search of Meteor Activity '' . The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 851 : L5 . arXiv : 1711.02320 . Bibcode : 2017ApJ ... 851L ... 5Y . doi : 10.3847 / 2041 - 8213 / aa9a34 . Jump up ^ Moór , A. ; Szabó , Gy . M. ; Kiss , L.L. ; Kiss , Cs. ; Ábrahám , P. ; Szulágyi , J. ; Kóspál , Á. ; Szalai , T. ( 2013 ) . `` Unveiling new members in five nearby young moving groups '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 435 ( 2 ) : 1376 -- 1388 . arXiv : 1309.1669 . Bibcode : 2013MNRAS. 435.1376 M . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / stt1381 . Jump up ^ Gaidos , E. ; Williams , J.P. ; Kraus , A. ( 2017 ) . `` Origin of Interstellar Object A / 2017 U1 in a Nearby Young Stellar Association ? '' . Research Notes of the AAS. 1 ( 1 ) : 13 . arXiv : 1711.01300 . Bibcode : 2017RNAAS ... 1 ... 13G . doi : 10.3847 / 2515 - 5172 / aa9851 . Jump up ^ Hansen , B. ; Zuckerman , B. ( 19 December 2017 ) . `` Ejection of material -- `` Jurads '' -- from post main sequence planetary systems `` . arXiv : 1712.07247 ( astro - ph. EP ) . Jump up ^ Portegies Zwart , S. ; Pelupessy , I. ; Bedorf , J. ; Cai , M. ; Torres , S. ( 9 November 2017 ) . `` The origin of interstellar asteroidal objects like 1I / 2017 U1 '' . arXiv : 1711.03558 ( astro - ph. EP ) . Jump up ^ Ćuk , Matija ( 19 December 2017 ) . `` 1I / ʻOumuamua as a Tidal Disruption Fragment From a Binary Star System '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 852 : L15 . arXiv : 1712.01823 . Bibcode : 2018ApJ ... 852L ... 15C . doi : 10.3847 / 2041 - 8213 / aaa3db . Jump up ^ Fitzsimmons , Alan ( @ FitzsimmonsAlan ) ( 27 October 2017 ) . `` Spectrum of A / 2017 U1 obtained on Wednesday night with the @ INGLaPalma 4.2 m WHT . Colour is red like Kuiper Belt Objects , featureless '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Drahus , M. ; Guzik , P. ; Waniak , W. ; Handzlik , B. ; Kurowski , S. ; Xu , S. ( 1 December 2017 ) . `` Tumbling motion of 1I / ʻOumuamua reveals body 's violent past '' . arXiv : 1712.00437 ( astro - ph. EP ) . Jump up ^ Meech , Karen ; et al. ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` Light curve of interstellar asteroid ʻOumuamua '' . ESO . European Southern Observatory . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ The tumbling rotational state of 1I / ' Oumuamua . Wesley C. Fraser , Petr Pravec , Alan Fitzsimmons , Pedro Lacerda , Michele T. Bannister , Colin Snodgrass , and Igor Smolić . Nature Astronomy ( 2018 ) . doi : 10.1038 / s41550 - 018 - 0398 - z Jump up ^ ' Oumuamua : ' space cigar 's ' tumble hints at violent past . Jonathan Amos , BBC News , 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ian Sample ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` Astronomers to check interstellar body for signs of alien technology '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Green Bank telescope in West Virginia will listen for radio signals from ʻOumuamua , an object from another solar system ... `` Most likely it is of natural origin , but because it is so peculiar , we would like to check if it has any sign of artificial origin , such as radio emissions , '' said Avi Loeb , professor of astronomy at Harvard University and an adviser to the Breakthrough Listen project . `` If we do detect a signal that appears artificial in origin , we 'll know immediately . '' ... While many astronomers believe the object is an interstellar asteroid , its elongated shape is unlike anything seen in the asteroid belt in our own solar system . Early observations of ʻOumuamua show that it is about 400m long but only one tenth as wide . `` It 's curious that the first object we see from outside the solar system looks like that , '' said Loeb . Jump up ^ Voosen , Paul ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` Updated : For the first time , astronomers are tracking a distant visitor streaking through our solar system '' . Science . doi : 10.1126 / science. aar3433 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Ian ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` Wow ! 1st Interstellar Asteroid Is a Spinning Space Cigar '' . Space.com . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Matt Williams ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` That Interstellar Asteroid is probably pretty strange looking '' . Universe Today . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . It 's dark and reddened surface is also an indication of tholins , which are the result of organic molecules ( like methane ) being irradiated by cosmic rays for millions of years . Jump up ^ Matt Williams ( 24 November 2017 ) . `` Project Lyra , a mission to chase down that interstellar asteroid '' . Universe Today . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . It was also determined to be rocky and metal rich , and to contain traces of tholins -- organic molecules that have been irradiated by UV radiation . Also here at Phys.org ^ Jump up to : Fitzsimmons , A. ; Snodgrass , C. ; Rozitis , B. ; Yang , B. ; Hyland , M. ; Seccull , T. ; Bannister , M.T. ; Fraser , W.C. ; Jedicke , R. ; Lacerda , P. ( 18 December 2017 ) . `` Spectroscopy and thermal modelling of the first interstellar object 1I / 2017 U1 ' Oumuamua '' . Nature Astronomy . 2 ( 2 ) : 133 . arXiv : 1712.06552 ( astro - ph. EP ) . doi : 10.1038 / s41550 - 017 - 0361 - 4 . The discovery epoch photometry implies a highly elongated body with radii of ∼ 200 × 20 m when a comet - like geometric albedo of 0.04 is assumed . Here we report spectroscopic characterisation of ' Oumuamua , finding it to be variable with time but similar to organically rich surfaces found in the outer Solar System . The observable ISO population is expected to be dominated by comet - like bodies in agreement with our spectra , yet the reported inactivity implies a lack of surface ice . We show this is consistent with predictions of an insulating mantle produced by long - term cosmic ray exposure . An internal icy composition can not therefore be ruled out by the lack of activity , even though ' Oumuamua passed within 0.25 au of the Sun . Jump up ^ `` Breakthrough Listen Releases Initial Results and Data from Observations of ' Oumuamua '' . Breakthrough Listen . 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . No evidence of artificial signals emanating from the object so far detected by the Green Bank Telescope , but monitoring and analysis continue . Initial data are available for public inspection in the Breakthrough Listen archive Jump up ^ Ian Sample ( 15 December 2017 ) . `` Is ' Oumuamua an alien spacecraft ? Initial scans show no signs of technology '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Stephen ( 22 November 2017 ) . `` An interstellar interloper is dashing through our solar system '' . Astronomy Now . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Project Lyra -- A Mission to ʻOumuamua '' . I4IS . Initiative for Interstellar Studies . Jump up ^ Berger , Eric ( 22 November 2017 ) . `` Chasing ʻOumuamua -- unfortunately human technology is n't up to the task '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Chemical propulsion just does n't close the case in this scenario . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1I / ʻOumuamua . `` Oumuamua '' . NASA web site . Talk about A / 2017 U1 from 31 October 2017 . SETI Institute at Facebook Live . Interstellar Asteroid A / 2017 U1 ( update 7 November 2017 ) on YouTube ( time 3 : 31 min . ) `` Spitzer DDT observations of the interstellar comet A / 2017 U1 '' . -- Proposal # 13249 `` Planet 1I / 2017 U1 '' . Exoplanet.eu . ʻOumuamua at the JPL Small - Body Database Close approach Discovery Ephemeris Orbit diagram Orbital elements Physical parameters `` A Glimpse of ʻOumuamua '' . NYT ( Video -- 2 : 53 ) . Narrated by Dennis Overbye ; Produced by Jonathan Corum and Jason Drakeford. 12 December 2017 . ( hide ) 2017 in space Impact events 2017 China bolide Selected NEOs Asteroid close approaches 2012 TC 4 2017 AG 13 2014 JO 25 2016 WF 9 2017 BQ 6 2017 BS 5 2017 SX 3122 Florence C / 2015 ER61 ( PANSTARRS ) Exoplanets K77 - 11 KELT - 18b Kepler - 80g Kepler - 90i LHS 1140 b Luyten b NGTS - 1b OGLE - 2016 - BLG - 1190Lb OGLE - 2016 - BLG - 1195Lb Ross 128 b TRAPPIST - 1e TRAPPIST - 1f TRAPPIST - 1g TRAPPIST - 1h Discoveries 2013 SY ( announced ) 2017 SX GW170104 GW170608 GW170814 GW170817 Ring of Haumea ʻOumuamua RZ Piscium ULAS J1342 + 0928 Saraswati Supercluster Space exploration Cassini retirement Category : 2016 in space -- Category : 2017 in space -- Category : 2018 in space Astronomy portal Solar System portal Space portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= ʻOumuamua&oldid = 825711078 '' Categories : Astronomical objects discovered in 2017 Discoveries by Pan-STARRS Interstellar objects Near - Earth objects in 2017 Milky Way Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from December 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 JPL Small - Body Database ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Lëtzebuergesch Limburgs Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Scots Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 23 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the origin of interstellar asteroidal objects like 1i/2017 u1	[]	[]
7930270366652062595	Look What You Made Me Do	Look What You Made Me Do - wikipedia Look What You Made Me Do Jump to : navigation , search `` Look What You Made Me Do '' German physical single cover Single by Taylor Swift from the album Reputation Released August 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) Format CD single digital download Studio MXM Studios Genre Dance - pop electroclash electropop Length 3 : 31 Label Big Machine Songwriter ( s ) Taylor Swift Jack Antonoff Fred Fairbrass Richard Fairbrass Rob Manzoli Producer ( s ) Jack Antonoff Taylor Swift Taylor Swift singles chronology `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' ( 2016 ) `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ( 2017 ) `` ... Ready for It ? '' ( 2017 ) Reputation track listing `` Delicate '' ( 5 ) `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ( 6 ) `` So It Goes ... '' ( 7 ) Music video `` Look What You Made Me Do '' on YouTube `` Look What You Made Me Do '' is a song recorded by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift , released on August 24 , 2017 by Big Machine Records as the lead single from her sixth studio album Reputation ( 2017 ) . Swift wrote the song with her producer Jack Antonoff . `` Look What You Made Me Do '' is an electroclash and pop song , with lyrics that portray various issues that built her reputation . Right Said Fred band members Fred Fairbrass , Richard Fairbrass , and Rob Manzoli are also credited as songwriters since it samples the melody of their song `` I 'm Too Sexy '' . The song broke a string of records , including the record for the most plays in a single day on Spotify . Commercially , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' has topped the charts in Australia , Canada , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Greece , Ireland , Israel , Japan , Lebanon , Malaysia , the Netherlands , the Philippines , Slovakia , the United Kingdom , and the United States . It has also received Platinum certifications in Australia , Brazil , Canada , Italy , and the United States . The song received a mixed response from music critics . Along with division over Swift 's stylistic change , some explained its fall in popularity compared to Swift 's previous singles because of its less climactic chorus . The music video was directed by Joseph Kahn and , upon its release to YouTube , attained the most views in its first 24 hours of any music video . Contents ( hide ) 1 Release and promotion 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 5.1 Production and release 5.2 Synopsis 5.3 Analysis 6 Live performances 7 Accolades 8 Usage in media 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Release and promotion ( edit ) On August 23 , 2017 , Swift announced that the first single of her upcoming sixth album , titled Reputation , would come out the following night . The song was released to streaming services on August 24 , and earned over eight million streams within twenty - four hours of its Spotify release , breaking the record for the highest first - day streaming for a single track . `` Look What You Made Me Do '' was then released the next day onto iTunes for digital download through Big Machine Records and onto Italian contemporary hit radio before a United Kingdom radio release on August 26 , 2017 . It impacted American contemporary hit radio three days afterwards . A CD single release followed in Germany on October 27 , 2017 . A lyric video heavily based on the Saul Bass imagery used in the film Vertigo was released through Swift 's official Vevo account on August 25 , 2017 . The video was produced by Swift and Joseph Kahn . It gained more than 19 million views during its first 24 hours on YouTube , surpassing `` Something Just like This '' by The Chainsmokers and Coldplay as the most viewed lyric video within that time period . As of January 2018 , the lyric video on YouTube has amassed over 90 million views . Composition ( edit ) Jack Antonoff ( pictured in 2012 ) produced and co-wrote `` Look What You Made Me Do '' . `` Look What You Made Me Do '' runs for 3 minutes and 31 seconds . Music critics have described the track as a hybrid of electroclash and pop , as well as a dance - pop and an electro - pop song . It emphasizes the blame that is placed on an enemy , in particular the line `` I 've got a list of names and yours is in red , underlined '' . The middle eight of the song features Swift saying , `` I 'm sorry , the old Taylor ca n't come to the phone right now / Why ? / Oh , ' cause she 's dead ! '' `` Look What You Made Me Do '' is performed in the key of A minor with a tempo of 128 beats per minute . Swift 's vocals span from G to F . Critic Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone noted a `` nightmarish aesthetic '' present in the song , and believed it to be a continuation of the `` antagonistic persona '' from `` Bad Blood '' . Richard Fairbrass , Fred Fairbrass and Rob Manzoli , the members of the British dance - pop group Right Said Fred , are credited as songwriters because the song interpolates the melody of their song `` I 'm Too Sexy '' . According to Fred Fairbrass , he and his brother were contacted one week before the release of `` Look What You Made Me Do '' and were asked whether a `` big , contemporary female artist who has n't released anything for a while '' -- whose identity they were not told -- would be able to use a portion of their song for her latest single . Although the brothers agreed to a deal , they did not officially find out that the artist in question was Swift until the morning after the song was released , but had deduced that it was her based on the description they were given . Both of the Fairbrass brothers said that they enjoyed `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ; Fred Fairbrass told Rolling Stone , `` I like the cynical aspect of the lyric , because ' I 'm Too Sexy ' is a cynical song , and I think she channeled that quite well . '' A representative for Swift confirmed that the song interpolated the melody from `` I 'm Too Sexy '' , but did not include sampled audio from the earlier song . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Look What You Made Me Do '' received mixed reviews from critics . USA Today said that the polarizing reaction to the song illustrated Swift 's position as a `` ubiquitous cultural force '' . The Telegraph Randy Lewis praised the song , deeming Swift and Antonoff 's work as `` blow ( ing ) past the production clichés of clap tracks and hiccuped syllabic hooks that have proliferated across Top 40 fare in recent years with boldly inventive textures and fresh melodic , rhythmic and sonic accents '' . He also added how the track musically and sonically shifted alongside the lyrics . Sarah Carson of the Los Angeles Times wrote a positive review of the song , saying : `` The reverberating crescendo builds and ever more delicious is the wickedness of Swift 's menacing protagonist '' , praising Swift for her successful embrace of the villain character the media has portrayed her as previous to the song 's release . Variety 's Chris Willman also praised Swift 's embrace of a darker - styled pop music and the stylistic conflict between the song 's pre-chorus and chorus . Mark Harris , in New York magazine 's pop culture blog , thought of Swift 's song as a pop art anthem for the Trump era in how she reappropriates her public feuds as empowering badges of honor without acknowledging her own responsibility or blame . However , the single received more criticism than her previous lead singles . Maura Johnston of The Guardian wrote a negative review of the song , faulting the `` sloppy '' lyrics and blaming Swift for not giving a clear context in the lyrics . Lindsay Zolad of The Ringer said `` Unleashed on a deeply confused public late Thursday night , the song is a strange collage of retro reference points : mid-aughts Gossip Girl placement pop , the soundtrack to Disney 's live - action Maleficent , and -- yes , really -- Right Said Fred 's I 'm Too Sexy , except devoid of the self - effacing humor and wit . Yes , the new Taylor Swift song just made me compliment Right Said Fred . '' Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone believed that the song marked a continuation of the feud between Swift and rapper Kanye West ; the latter had previously name - dropped Swift in his song `` Famous '' by using the line , `` I feel like me and Taylor might still have sex / Why ? / I made that bitch famous '' . The single was noted as being a darker , angrier work than what Swift had done before . Hugh McIntye of Forbes was critical of the change in style , saying that it `` did n't sound like ( Swift ) '' and that it `` may have some kinks to work out '' . Meaghan Garvey from Pitchfork referred to it in a review as `` a hardcore self - own '' track . Chart Performance ( edit ) In the United States , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' debuted at number seventy - seven on the Billboard Hot 100 , powered by its first three days of airplay . It also sold slightly under 200,000 digital copies within its first day of sales in the country , where it became the fastest selling download since Ed Sheeran 's `` Shape of You '' . One week later , the song ascended from # 77 to # 1 on the Hot 100 after its first full week of tracking , becoming the fifth largest rise to the top position and Swift 's fifth number - one single in the United States . It ended the 16 weeks reign of Despacito . It also topped the nation 's Streaming Songs chart with 84.4 million streams , becoming its most streamed song within a week by a female artist and second overall behind the 103 million that Baauer 's `` Harlem Shake '' gained in 2013 . The track also had more weekly streams in the US than any other song in 2017 . The song stayed atop the charts for three consecutive weeks , tying with American rapper Cardi B 's `` Bodak Yellow '' as the longest running female at the number one spot on the charts in 2017 . With 353,000 copies sold in its first week , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' opened atop the US Digital Songs chart and had the country 's biggest sales opening since Justin Timberlake 's `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' in 2016 as well as the best weekly sales for a song by a female artist since Adele 's `` Hello '' in 2015 . The track also became the country 's first number - one song with a female artist since Halsey was featured on `` Closer '' by The Chainsmokers and the first song with a female lead artist since Sia 's `` Cheap Thrills '' with Sean Paul ( both in 2016 ) . It additionally was the first solo song by a female to top the US charts since Adele 's `` Hello '' . It remained atop the Hot 100 and Streaming Songs charts for a second week with 114,000 copies sold and 61.2 million streams , though descended to number two on the Digital Songs chart when another Reputation track titled `` ... Ready for It ? '' debuted at number one with 135,000 digital copies sold and opened at number four on the Hot 100 . As a result , Swift became the first artist to have two tracks sell over 100,000 digital copies in the nation within a week since Sheeran with `` Shape of You '' and `` Castle on the Hill '' . It also became the first time a female had two songs within the top five of the Hot 100 since 2015 when Swift 's previous tracks `` Blank Space '' and `` Shake It Off '' respectively were at numbers four and five on the chart . The single also topped the Mainstream Top 40 chart , becoming Swift 's eighth single to do so . However , a week after reaching number one on the Mainstream Top 40 , it moved to number 7 , being the largest fall from the top in the chart 's history ; and from number 5 to number 20 on the all - format Radio Songs chart , the biggest drop from the top five in that chart 's 27 - year history . In the United Kingdom , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' sold 20,000 copies and was streamed 2.4 million times in less than a week . The song debuted at the top the UK Singles Chart on September 1 , 2017 -- for the week ending date September 7 , 2017 -- with opening sales of 30,000 copies and 5.3 million streams within the week and becoming Swift 's first chart - topping song in Britain . After two weeks at the top spot , it was displaced by Sam Smith 's `` Too Good at Goodbyes '' . `` Look What You Made Me Do '' also debuted at number one in the Republic of Ireland on September 1 , 2017 and became Swift 's first song to top the Irish Singles Chart . In doing so , it surpassed the number three peaks of her singles `` Love Story '' ( in 2009 ) and `` Shake It Off '' ( in 2014 ) . `` Look What You Made Me Do '' opened at number one in Australia on September 2 , 2017 , becoming her fifth track to top the ARIA Charts . It spent another week at the nation 's summit before `` Too Good at Goodbyes '' took the top position there as well . The song has been certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipments of 70,000 units . After debuting at number one on the Canadian Hot 100 , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' was also certified Platinum by Music Canada for shipments of 80,000 units on September 14 , 2017 . In New Zealand , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' entered at the number one spot on September 1 , 2017 , becoming Swift 's fourth chart - topping single there . In the Philippines , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' debuted at number 7 spot on the Philippine Hot 100 on its first week . A week later , it soared to the number 1 spot , ending the 10 - week reign of `` Despacito '' by Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber . It descended to the runner - up position the following week , as the latter song reclaimed the top spot for an 11th week . Music video ( edit ) Production and release ( edit ) The official music video premiered on August 27 , 2017 at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards . The song 's music video broke the record for most - watched video within 24 hours by achieving 43.2 million views on YouTube in its first day . It topped the 27.7 million Vevo views Adele 's `` Hello '' attracted in that timeframe , as well as the 36 million YouTube views of Psy 's `` Gentleman '' video . It was viewed at an average 30,000 times per minute in its first 24 hours , with views reaching over 3 million views per hour . It also broke the record for the fastest video to reach 200 million views on YouTube ( within 7.6 days ) . It also broke the record for the fastest video to record for reach 300 million views ( within 13.3 days ) . It also broke the record for the fastest music video to reach 400 million views . It is also the second fastest music video to reach 100 million views ( within 3.6 days ) and 500 million views ( within 34.8 days ) and , as of January 2018 , has over 830 million views making it the 94th most - viewed Vevo video of all time . As of January 2018 , the music video has reached 7 million likes making it the 18th most - liked YouTube video of all time . Preparation for the music video began in January , while the shooting took place in May . The dance was choreographed by Tyce Diorio , who had worked with Swift on `` Shake It Off '' before . Swift 's make - up as a zombie was done by Bill Corso . Post-production of the video lasted until the morning of its release . A 20 - second music video teaser was released on Good Morning America on August 25 . It was also revealed that the diamonds used in a scene were authentic . The diamonds , loaned from celebrity jeweler Neil Lane , were said to be worth over $10 million , hence triggering tight security measures . Synopsis ( edit ) The bathtub scene in the music video , where the diamonds were authentic and worth over $10 million . Swift has said that part of the premise of the video is rooted in the idea that , `` If everything you write about me was true , this is how ridiculous it would look . '' It is a satirical send - up of media theories about her true intentions that have little validity . The video begins with a zombie Swift crawling out of a grave , where the headstone reads `` Here Lies Taylor Swift 's reputation '' , and digging another grave for her Met Gala 2014 self . The next scene shows Swift in a bathtub filled with diamonds . She is then seen seated on a throne while snakes surround her and serve tea . Swift later crashes her golden Bugatti Veyron on a post and sings the song 's chorus holding a Grammy as the paparazzi take photos . She is also seen swinging inside a cage , robbing a streaming company in a cat mask , and leading a motorcycle gang . Afterwards , she gathers a group of women at `` Squad U '' and dances with a group of men in another room . At the video 's climax , Swift is seen standing in a T - shaped throne while clones of herself ( from her past music videos ) , struggle and fight with each other trying to reach her . At the end of the video , the clones bicker with one another , describing each other as `` so fake '' and `` playing the victim '' , ending with 2009 VMA Taylor saying `` I would very much like to be excluded from this narrative '' and the other Taylors yell at her to `` shut up ! '' in unison , while the version of Swift in the background watches in silence . Analysis ( edit ) The video contains numerous hidden meanings and references . In the opening scene , there is a subtle `` Nils Sjöberg '' tombstone shown when Swift is digging up a grave , referencing the pseudonym she used for a songwriting credit on Calvin Harris ' 2016 single `` This Is What You Came For '' . Similarly , Swift -- masked as a cadaveric version of herself in the `` Out of the Woods '' music video -- was shown digging a grave for herself in a 2014 Met Gala gown , an event that characterized her first public appearance with short hair . A single dollar bill in the bathtub full of diamonds that she bathes in was also speculated to symbolize the dollar she was awarded for winning a sexual assault trial earlier in 2017 . Interpretations for the bathtub scene were contrasting . Some believe that it is a response to media statements teasing that she `` cries in a marble bathtub surrounded by pearls . Others speculate that the bathtub scene is a jibe at Kim Kardashian , wife of Swift 's long - time feuding partner , Kanye West . Some viewers took the scene as a reference to Kardashian 's 2016 robbery , in which she was robbed of millions of dollars worth of jewellery while held at gunpoint at a hotel in Paris . Others argued the claim was unfounded , as Kardashian was not in a bathtub during the robbery . In a separate scene , Swift is shown sitting atop a golden throne , where a carving of a phrase `` Et tu , Brute ? '' could be seen on the armrest , a reference to Shakespeare 's drama Julius Caesar . Swift 's infamous title as a `` snake '' during her hiatus was also represented when a snake slithers onto the throne to serve Swift some tea . When Swift 's car crashes , some speculated that it may be a jab at Katy Perry as Swift 's hairdo is similar to Perry 's in the scene . The sports car is also reminiscent of a car in Perry 's `` Waking Up in Vegas '' video . However , given the theme of making fun of the media , it is likely making fun of the media theory that Swift 's real fall - out with Perry was simply for publicity and album material . Swift is mocking the idea that she would damage her friendships for the sake of her business , with the car crash being a metaphor for the fall out and her holding the Grammy Award after the crash within sight of the photographers ' cameras referring to the song inspired by their feud winning awards being the media 's claimed ulterior motive for Swift . Swift 's withdrawal of her entire music catalog from streaming services and the media theory that she was truly doing this to start her own streaming company were hinted when Swift and her crew robbed a streaming company in the video . Swift gathering at `` Squad U '' was also said to be a reply to the media dubbing her close `` squad '' friends as artificial . During the second chorus , Swift can be seen with eight men , each of which revealed an `` I Heart TS '' crop top after unbuttoning a jacket on her commands . This scene is mocking the idea that Swift forced her then - boyfriend Tom Hiddleston to wear an `` I Heart TS '' tank top when they were a couple . Swift was also seen standing on a pile of clones of herself from the past , reiterating the idea that she is leaving her past self behind and mocking the idea that she was not genuine during these phases of her life . The shirt that the `` You Belong with Me '' clone was also different , with her close friends ' names scribbled on it this time . In June 2016 , discussing the relationship between her and Kanye West after West 's song `` Famous '' , Swift wrote on Instagram , `` I would very much like to be excluded from this narrative . '' The same line is spoken by the 2009 VMA Taylor clone at the end of the video . She is wearing the same outfit Swift had worn during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards , when West interrupted her award - winning speech for Best Female Video . Live performances ( edit ) Swift performed `` Look What You Made Me Do '' live for the first time as part of the KIIS - FM 's Jingle Ball 2017 on December 1 , 2017 in Inglewood , California . Two days later , Swift returned onstage to perform the song again as part of 99.7 Now ! 's Poptopia in San Jose , California with the same setlist . The next week Swift sang the song on three other occasions ; the B96 Chicago and Pepsi Jingle Bash 2017 in Chicago , the Z100 Jingle Ball 2017 in New York City and Jingle Bell Ball 2017 in London . Accolades ( edit ) The song was nominated for `` Best Music Video '' at the 2017 MTV Europe Music Awards and at the 2017 NRJ Music Awards . The song is nominated for best lyrics and best music video at the 2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards . The song is also nominated for best music video at the 2018 NME Awards . The video was named the best music of 2017 by Vevo , the fifth best music video by Rolling Stone and the sixth best music video by Billboard . Usage in media ( edit ) ABC used the song in a promotional video for its Shonda Rhimes ' Thursday line - up an hour after its release . Sister network ESPN used it in its college football telecast advertisements for the season opening game between Alabama and Florida State , which was aired on ABC on September 2 along with her other song `` ... Ready For It ? '' . In the South Park episode `` Moss Piglets '' the water - bears in Timmy and Jimmy 's experiment for the science fair dance to the song in response to Swift 's singing . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 39 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) 33 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 10 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 10 Croatia ( HRT ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 39 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 12 Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 8 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) India ( Radio Mirchi Angrezi Top 20 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 10 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 7 Japan Hot Overseas ( Billboard ) Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 7 Malaysia ( RIM ) Mexico Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 13 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) 46 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 26 South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) 6 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 19 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 20 Venezuela Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 61 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 70 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 81 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 89 US Billboard Hot 100 39 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) Platinum 40,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 200,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 15,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 3,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Worldwide August 24 , 2017 Streaming Big Machine August 25 , 2017 Digital download Italy Contemporary hit radio Universal Music United Kingdom August 26 , 2017 Virgin EMI United States August 29 , 2017 Big Machine Germany October 27 , 2017 CD single Universal Music See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Australia ) List of number - one digital tracks of 2017 ( Australia ) List of number - one streaming tracks of 2017 ( Australia ) List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of number - one digital songs of 2017 ( Canada ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of Scottish number - one singles of 2017 List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2017 List of number - one Billboard Streaming Songs of 2017 List of number - one digital songs of 2017 ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of 2017 List of number - one Billboard On - Demand Songs of 2017 Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 2017 List of number - one songs of 2017 ( Malaysia ) List of most liked YouTube videos List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours List of most viewed Vevo videos References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Swift , Taylor ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Look What You Made Me Do ( 2 - Track ) '' ( in German ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Battan , Carrie ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's Radical Transformation in Her New Song , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McIntyre , Hugh ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift Unleashes New Single ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Video Has Shattered YouTube Records '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Joe ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift Reveals New Album ' Reputation ' Coming In Nov. , First Single Out Thursday '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Aswad , Jem ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's New Single , ' Look What You Made Me Do , ' Arrives ( Listen ) '' . Variety . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift breaks Spotify , YouTube records '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Look What You Made Me Do -- Single by Taylor Swift on Apple Music '' . United States : iTunes Store . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Look What You Made Me Do ' -- Taylor Swift '' ( in Italian ) . Radio Airplay . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC -- Radio 1 Playlist : Friday , 25th August '' . BBC . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston , Maura ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Acid gossip that borrows from better songs -- Taylor Swift : Look What You Made Me Do review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , Alexandra ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's Every Lyric from Taylor Swift 's New Song ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . InStyle . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knapp , JD ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Lyric Video Breaks 24 - Hour Record '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Spanos , Brittany ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift Releases Apparent Kanye West Diss Song ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift -- ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Sheet Music ( Digital Download ) '' . Musicnotes.com . Sony / ATV Music Publishing . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lockett , Dee ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift Declares the Old Taylor Dead on New Song , ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift releases new song ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Daily News . New York . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grow , Cory ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Right Said Fred on Taylor Swift 's ' Cynical ' ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Myers , Owen . `` Right Said Fred Are `` Very Pleased '' With Taylor Swift 's Interpolation Of `` I 'm Too Sexy '' `` . The Fader . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holterman , Alexandra ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's Lead Singles From Each Album : Which Do You Think Is Best ? Vote ! '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Patrick ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Look what you made us do : Critics slam Taylor Swift 's comeback single '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexandra Holterman ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Director Defends Taylor Swift , Accuses Public of ' Double Standards ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Maeve ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift goes full psycho pop in new song ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Randy ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift drops ' Look What You Made Me Do ' and it 's aggressive '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carson , Sarah ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift , Look What You Made Me Do , review : ' Swift has painted herself as a villain , and triumphed ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Song Review : Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , Mark ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swifts Look What You Made Me Do Is a Pure Piece of Trump - Era Pop Art '' . Vulture . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift Drops Dark New Song ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Garvey , Meaghan ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` '' Look What You Made Me Do '' by Taylor Swift Review `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Headed for No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 Next Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look ' Heads for Half - Million Sales , Biggest Week Since Adele 's ' Hello ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Leaps to No. 1 on Hot 100 With Top Streaming & Sales Week of 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift at Nos. 1 & 4 on Billboard Hot 100 , as Cardi B Moves Up to No. 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Tops Pop Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rys , Dan ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Why Taylor Swift 's ' Reputation ' Is Still Charging to No. 1 , Despite Radio Chart Drop '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift could earn her first UK Number 1 single this Friday '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift scores first Number 1 on the Official Singles Chart with ' LWYMMD ' '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sam Smith scoops his sixth UK Number 1 single with Too Good at Goodbyes '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Scores Fifth # 1 Single '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift holds # 1 for second week '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Callea Beats The National For # 1 Album On This Week 's ARIA Chart '' . Themusic.com.au . September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2017 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Music : Top 100 Songs Chart '' . Billboard . September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Music Canada . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Matthew ; Minsker , Evan ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Taylor Swift 's `` Look What You Made Me Do '' Video `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Smashes YouTube 's 24 - Hour Record , Crushing Psy '' . Variety . August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Randy ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' video bashes another YouTube record '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Video Hit 100 Million Views In Less Than Four Days '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cirisano , Tatiana ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift Tops PSY 's 24 - Hour YouTube Record With ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest to 200 million '' . Kworb . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Desiree ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Todrick Hall Reveals Secrets From Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Music Video '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Desiree ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Video : Everything We Know About the Snakes , Diamonds , Dancing & More '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maureen Lee Lenker ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Snake slithers up Taylor Swift 's throne in dark , glamorous music video '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Julie ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's diamond bath cost more than $10 M '' . Page Six . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Apple Music Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Taylor Swift Mock Herself in Dark ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yahr , Emily ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift knows you 've been making fun of her . Here 's how her new video responds '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whitehead , Mat ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` 8 Things You Might Have Missed In Taylor 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Video '' . HuffPost . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Marcus ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's Why Some People Are Mad At Taylor Swift 's New Video '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift and snakes : The backstory '' . CNN . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chen , Joyce ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Video Decoded : 13 Things You Missed '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Lucy ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Each and every single dig that Taylor Swift makes in the Look What You Made Me Do music video '' . Metro . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tanzer , Myles ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Taylor Swift : `` I Would Very Much Like To Be Excluded From This Narrative '' `` . The Fader . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Taylor Swift vs. Taylor Swift in `` Look What You Made Me Do '' video `` . ABC . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schonfeld , Zach ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's `` Look What You Made Me Do '' Music Video Is Finally Here `` . Newsweek . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Sally ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` All the Old Taylors in Taylor Swift 's `` Look What You Made Me Do '' `` . Elle . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peters , Mitchell ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Taylor Swift Perform ' End Game ' With Ed Sheeran at Jingle Ball '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Jim ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Haters , beware -- Taylor Swift is back on top again and ready to dominate 2018 '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klein , Joshua ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift and Backstreet Boys defy fest formula at Jingle Bash '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` Charlie Puth Tributes Chris Cornell , Taylor Swift and Ed Sheeran Team Up Again & More From iHeartRadio 's Z100 Jingle Ball in NYC '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift OWNED The # CapitalJBB Stage & Brought All Her Biggest Hits For This Iconic Performance '' . Capital . 10 December 2017 . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Aniftos , Rania ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Rihanna , Ed Sheeran & Bruno Mars Lead iHeartRadio Music Awards 2018 Nominees '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jason ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Is Already Using Taylor Swift 's New Song ' Look What You Made Me Do ' to Promote TGIT '' . Adweek . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Andrew ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN using Taylor Swift 's song for college football ads '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 9 al 15 de Octubre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 9 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia ARC TOP 100 '' . HRT . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201739 into search . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201735 into search . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Euro Digital Song Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift : Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Greece Digital Song Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Mirchi Angrezi Top 20 '' . The Times of India . September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot Overseas -- September 11 , 2017 '' ( in Japanese ) . Billboard Japan . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . October 9 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 - Taylor Swift '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Luxemburg Digital Song Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia : Week 35 ( 25 / 8 / 2017 - 31 / 8 / 2017 ) '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo del 28 de Agosto al 2 de October , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 37 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . VG - lista . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201735 into search . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Download Chart -- Issue date : 2017.27. 08 -- 2017.02. 09 '' . Gaon Chart . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Venezuela '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 25 September 2017 . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End of Year Singles 2017 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 -- Single - Charts 2017 '' . oe3.orf.at . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 -- 2017 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian single certifications '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Taylor Swift ; ' Look What You Made Me Do ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter ' in the field `` Year '' . Select ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Enter Look What You Made Me Do in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ( Lyric video ) on YouTube ( hide ) Taylor Swift songs Discography Taylor Swift `` Tim McGraw '' `` Picture to Burn '' `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' `` Should 've Said No '' `` Our Song '' Fearless `` Fearless '' `` Fifteen '' `` Love Story '' `` White Horse '' `` You Belong with Me '' `` Breathe '' `` You 're Not Sorry '' `` Forever & Always '' `` Change '' Speak Now `` Mine '' `` Sparks Fly '' `` Back to December '' `` Speak Now '' `` Mean '' `` The Story of Us '' `` Innocent '' `` Ours '' Red `` State of Grace '' `` Red '' `` I Knew You Were Trouble '' `` All Too Well '' `` 22 '' `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' `` The Last Time '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Begin Again '' `` Welcome to New York '' `` Blank Space '' `` Style '' `` Out of the Woods '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Wildest Dreams '' `` Wonderland '' `` New Romantics '' Reputation `` ... Ready for It ? '' `` End Game '' `` Look What You Made Me Do '' `` Gorgeous '' `` Call It What You Want '' Songs as a featured artist `` Two Is Better Than One '' `` Half of My Heart '' `` Both of Us '' `` Highway Do n't Care '' Other songs `` Crazier '' `` Today Was a Fairytale '' `` Safe & Sound '' `` Long Live '' `` Eyes Open '' `` Ronan '' `` Sweeter Than Fiction '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` You 'll Always Find Your Way Back Home '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Look_What_You_Made_Me_Do&oldid=821752513 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2017 songs Big Machine Records singles Dance - pop songs Music videos directed by Joseph Kahn Song recordings produced by Jack Antonoff Songs written by Jack Antonoff Songs written by Taylor Swift Taylor Swift songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Songs about betrayal Electroclash songs Electropop songs Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 12 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is look what you made me do for	[]	[]
6192641272820938257	Blood test	Blood test - wikipedia Blood test For the novel by Jonathan Kellerman , see Blood Test ( novel ) . Modern hospital hematology laboratory A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a hypodermic needle , or via fingerprick . Multiple tests for specific blood components , such as a glucose test or a cholesterol test , are often grouped together into one test panel called a blood panel or blood work . Blood tests are often used in health care to determine physiological and biochemical states , such as disease , mineral content , pharmaceutical drug effectiveness , and organ function . Typical clinical blood panels include a basic metabolic panel or a complete blood count . Blood tests are also used in drug tests to detect drug abuse . In some of the United States , a blood test is required before marriage . Contents 1 Extraction 2 Types of tests 2.1 Biochemical analysis 2.1. 1 Normal ranges 2.1. 2 Common abbreviations 2.2 Molecular profiles 2.3 Cellular evaluation 3 Future alternatives 3.1 Saliva tests 3.2 Microemulsion 3.3 SIMBAS 4 See also 5 References Extraction ( edit ) A venipuncture performed using a vacutainer Venipuncture is useful as it is a minimally invasive way to obtain cells and extracellular fluid ( plasma ) from the body for analysis . Blood flows throughout the body , acting as a medium which provides oxygen and nutrients to tissues and carries waste products back to the excretory systems for disposal . Consequently , the state of the bloodstream affects , or is affected by , many medical conditions . For these reasons , blood tests are the most commonly performed medical tests . If only a few drops of blood are needed , a fingerstick is performed instead of drawing blood from a vein . Phlebotomists , laboratory practitioners and nurses are those charged with patient blood extraction . However , in special circumstances , and emergency situations , paramedics and physicians sometimes extract blood . Also , respiratory therapists are trained to extract arterial blood to examine arterial blood gases . Types of tests ( edit ) Vacutainer tubes used in the collection of blood . During venipuncture , pressure differences between the vein and the vacuum in the Vacutainer forces blood into the tube . Biochemical analysis ( edit ) A basic metabolic panel measures sodium , potassium , chloride , bicarbonate , blood urea nitrogen ( BUN ) , magnesium , creatinine , glucose , and sometimes calcium . Tests focusing on cholesterol levels can determine LDL and HDL cholesterol levels , as well as triglyceride levels . Some tests , such as those that measure glucose or a lipid profile , require fasting ( or no food consumption ) eight to twelve hours prior to the drawing of the blood sample . For the majority of tests , blood is usually obtained from the patient 's vein . Other specialized tests , such as the arterial blood gas test , require blood extracted from an artery . Blood gas analysis of arterial blood is primarily used to monitor carbon dioxide and oxygen levels related to pulmonary function , but is also used to measure blood pH and bicarbonate levels for certain metabolic conditions . While the regular glucose test is taken at a certain point in time , the glucose tolerance test involves repeated testing to determine the rate at which glucose is processed by the body . Normal ranges ( edit ) Main article : Reference ranges for blood tests Blood tests results should always be interpreted using the ranges provided by the laboratory that performed the test . Example ranges are shown below . Test Low High Unit Comments Sodium ( Na ) 134 145 mmol / L Potassium ( K ) 3.5 5.0 mmol / L Urea 2.5 6.4 mmol / L Blood urea nitrogen Urea 15 40 mg / dL Creatinine - male 62 115 μmol / L Creatinine - female 53 97 μmol / L Creatinine - male 0.7 1.3 mg / dL Creatinine - female 0.6 mg / dL Glucose ( fasting ) 3.9 5.8 mmol / L See also glycated hemoglobin Glucose ( fasting ) 70 120 mg / dL Common abbreviations ( edit ) Upon completion of a blood test analysis , patients may receive a report with blood test abbreviations . Examples of common blood test abbreviations are shown below . Abbreviation Stands for Description HDL High Density Lipoprotein Level of `` good cholesterol '' in the blood ( ratio of HDL : LDL is usually more significant than actual values ) LDL Low Density Lipoprotein Level of `` bad cholesterol '' in the blood ( ratio of HDL : LDL is usually more significant than actual values ) CRP C - Reactive Protein Level of inflammation with the body . If the immune system is fighting an infection or illness , CRP will be higher . CBC ( UK : FBC ) Complete Blood Count ( UK : Full Blood Count ) Analysis of 15 different blood test readings to provide information about overall health . TSH Thyroid - stimulating hormone Thyroid regulates the function of metabolism . Low levels can lead to weight loss , while high levels lead to weight gain . ESR Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Indicates the time it takes for red blood cells to move down a tube . This shows signs of inflammation within a body . INR International Normalized Ratio This is a blood clotting test . LFT Liver Function Test This test reveals the levels of waste products , enzymes and proteins that are processed by the liver . U + E Urea and Electrolytes This test is performed to measure the function of kidney . CMP Comprehensive Metabolic Panel This analysis provides an overall picture of the metabolism and chemical balance of the body . WBC White Blood Cell Count The level of white blood cells . RBC Red Blood Cell Count The level of red blood cells . HBC Hemoglobin Level of hemoglobin molecules . HCT Hematocrit Similar to RBC but in percentage . PLT Platelets Platelets levels in the blood . Molecular profiles ( edit ) Protein electrophoresis ( general technique -- not a specific test ) Western blot ( general technique -- not a specific test ) Liver function tests Polymerase chain reaction ( DNA ) . DNA profiling is today possible with even very small quantities of blood : this is commonly used in forensic science , but is now also part of the diagnostic process of many disorders . Northern blot ( RNA ) Sexually transmitted diseases Cellular evaluation ( edit ) Full blood count ( or `` complete blood count '' ) Hematocrit MCV ( `` mean corpuscular volume '' ) Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration ( MCHC ) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( ESR ) Cross-matching . Determination of blood type for blood transfusion or transplants Blood cultures are commonly taken if infection is suspected . Positive cultures and resulting sensitivity results are often useful in guiding medical treatment . Future alternatives ( edit ) Saliva tests ( edit ) In 2008 , scientists announced that the more cost effective saliva testing could eventually replace some blood tests , as saliva contains 20 % of the proteins found in blood . Microemulsion ( edit ) In February 2011 , Canadian researchers at the University of Calgary 's Schulich School of Engineering announced a microchip for blood tests . Dubbed a microemulsion , a droplet of blood captured inside a layer of another substance . It can control the exact size and spacing of the droplets . The new test could improve the efficiency , accuracy and speed of laboratory tests while also doing it cheaply . The microchip costs $25 , whereas the robotic dispensers currently in use cost around $10,000 . SIMBAS ( edit ) March 2011 : A team of researchers from UC Berkeley , DCU and University of Valparaíso have developed lab - on - a-chip that can diagnose diseases within 10 minutes without the use of external tubing and extra components . It is called Self - powered Integrated Microfluidic Blood Analysis System ( SIMBAS ) . It uses tiny trenches to separate blood cells from plasma ( 99 percent of blood cells were captured during experiments ) . Researchers used plastic components , to reduce manufacturing costs . See also ( edit ) Biomarker ( medicine ) , a protein or other biomolecule measured in a blood test Blood film , a way to look at blood cells under a microscope Blood lead level Hematology , the study of blood Luminol , a visual test for blood left at crime scenes . Schumm test , a common test for blood mismatch Urinalysis , another common style of body fluid test References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Venipuncture - the extraction of blood using a needle and syringe '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MacLennan CA , van Oosterhout JJ , White SA , Drayson MT , Zijlstra EE , Molyneux ME ( July 2007 ) . `` Finger - prick blood samples can be used interchangeably with venous samples for CD4 cell counting indicating their potential for use in CD4 rapid tests '' . AIDS ( London , England ) . 21 ( 12 ) : 1643 -- 5 . doi : 10.1097 / QAD. 0b013e32823bcb03 . PMC 2408852 . PMID 17630562 . Jump up ^ Aaron SD , Vandemheen KL , Naftel SA , Lewis MJ , Rodger MA ( 2003 ) . `` Topical tetracaine prior to arterial puncture : a randomized , placebo - controlled clinical trial '' . Respir Med. 97 ( 11 ) : 1195 -- 1199 . doi : 10.1016 / S0954 - 6111 ( 03 ) 00226 - 9 . PMID 14635973 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan careers '' . Michigan.gov. 2010 - 01 - 05 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Belargo , Kevin . `` Cholesterol Levels '' . Manic EP . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fasting blood samples '' . NHS UK . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Blood gases '' . NHS UK . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Glucose tolerance test '' . Medline . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ C.A. Burtis and E.R. Ashwood , Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry ( 1994 ) 2nd edition , ISBN 0 - 7216 - 4472 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Blood tests normal ranges '' . Monthly Prescribing Reference . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix B : Some Common Abbreviations '' . MedlinePlus . U.S. National Library of Medicine . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding Blood Tests Online '' . Lab Tests Portal . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Press TV - Saliva test to substitute blood test '' . Presstv.ir . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Denny P , Hagen FK , Hardt M , et al. ( May 2008 ) . `` The proteomes of human parotid and submandibular / sublingual gland salivas collected as the ductal secretions '' . J. Proteome Res. 7 ( 5 ) : 1994 -- 2006 . doi : 10.1021 / pr700764j . PMC 2839126 . PMID 18361515 . Jump up ^ `` Microchip offers faster and cheaper way to test blood '' . CTV News . Bell Media . 2 February 2011 . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Kate ( 2011 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Blood analysis chip detects diseases in minutes '' . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Dailey , Jessica ( 2011 - 03 - 22 ) . `` New SIMBAS Blood Analysis Biochip Can Diagnose Diseases In Minutes '' . Inhabitat.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 26 . Common for blood tests ( CPT 82000 -- 84999 ) Electrolytes Sodium Potassium Chloride Calcium Renal function Creatinine Urea BUN - to - creatinine ratio Plasma osmolality Serum osmolal gap Acid - base Anion gap Arterial blood gas Base excess Bicarbonate CO content Iron tests Ferritin Serum iron Transferrin saturation Total iron - binding capacity Transferrin Transferrin receptor Hormones ACTH stimulation test Thyroid function tests Thyroid - stimulating hormone Metabolism Blood lipids Cardiovascular Cardiac marker Troponin test CPK - MB test Lactate dehydrogenase Myoglobin Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB Liver function tests Proteins Human serum albumin Serum total protein ALP transaminases ALT AST AST / ALT ratio Bilirubin Unconjugated Conjugated Pancreas Amylase Lipase Pancreatic lipase Myeloid blood tests ( CPT 85002 -- 85999 ) Clotting CBC Platelet count Mean platelet volume vWF : Ristocetin - induced platelet aggregation clotting factors : Prothrombin time Partial thromboplastin time Thrombin time Activated clotting time other / general : coagulation Bleeding time animal enzyme Reptilase time Ecarin clotting time Dilute Russell 's viper venom time Thromboelastography Thrombodynamics test fibrinolysis : Euglobulin lysis time D - dimer Red blood cell indices CBC RBC count Hematocrit Hemoglobin ratios : Mean corpuscular hemoglobin Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration Mean corpuscular volume Red blood cell distribution width Fetal hemoglobin : Apt -- Downey test Kleihauer -- Betke test Other Reticulocyte index Haptoglobin Mentzer index CFU - GM Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride test Complete blood count Absolute neutrophil count Other Blood film Blood viscosity Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Medical test : Infectious disease blood tests ( CPT 87001 -- 87999 ) Bacterial infection syphilis VDRL rapid plasma reagin Wassermann test FTA - ABS Rickettsia Weil -- Felix test Helicobacter HelicoCARE direct Streptococcus antistreptolysin O titre Viral infection HIV HIV test BDNA test mChip Epstein -- Barr virus monospot test Dengue fever NS1 antigen test Protozoan infection toxoplasmosis Sabin -- Feldman dye test NDL : 00565676 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_test&oldid=856647560 '' Categories : Blood tests Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 18 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	medical term for a blood test to measure the levels of oxygen in the blood	[ "For the majority of tests, blood is usually obtained from the patient's vein. Other specialized tests, such as the arterial blood gas test, require blood extracted from an artery. Blood gas analysis of arterial blood is primarily used to monitor carbon dioxide and oxygen levels related to pulmonary function, but is also used to measure blood pH and bicarbonate levels for certain metabolic conditions.[7]\n" ]	[ "blood gas test" ]
4105133521321531338	History of the Brooklyn Dodgers	History of the Brooklyn Dodgers - wikipedia History of the Brooklyn Dodgers Jump to : navigation , search `` Brooklyn Dodgers '' redirects here . For other teams named Brooklyn Dodgers , see Brooklyn Dodgers ( disambiguation ) . For the history of the team from 1958 onward , see History of the Los Angeles Dodgers . For information on the franchise in general , see Los Angeles Dodgers . Brooklyn Dodgers Team Photograph , 1913 The Brooklyn Dodgers was an American Major League baseball team , active primarily in the National League from 1884 until 1957 , after which the club moved to Los Angeles , where it continues its history as the Los Angeles Dodgers . The team 's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city 's trolley streetcar network . The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn , each named Washington Park , and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in the neighborhood of Flatbush in 1913 . The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early Brooklyn baseball 1.1 The origin of the Dodgers 1.2 Nicknames 2 Rivalry with the Giants 2.1 `` Uncle Robbie '' and the `` Daffiness Boys '' 3 Breaking the color barrier 4 `` Wait ' til next year ! '' 5 Move to California 6 References 7 Other reading Early Brooklyn baseball ( edit ) The 1865 Atlantics were one of the first dynasties in organized baseball Brooklyn was home to numerous baseball clubs in the mid-1850s . Eight of 16 participants in the first convention were from Brooklyn , including the Atlantic , Eckford , and Excelsior clubs that combined to dominate play for most of the 1860s . Brooklyn helped make baseball commercial , as the locale of the first paid admission games , a series of three all star contests matching New York and Brooklyn in 1858 . Brooklyn also featured the first two enclosed baseball grounds , the Union Grounds and the Capitoline Grounds ; enclosed , dedicated ballparks accelerated the evolution from amateurism to professionalism . Despite the early success of Brooklyn clubs in the National Association of Base Ball Players , officially amateur until 1869 , they fielded weak teams in the succeeding National Association of Professional Base Ball Players , the first professional league formed in 1871 . The Excelsiors no longer challenged for the amateur championship after the Civil War and never entered the professional NA . The Eckfords and Atlantics declined to join until 1872 and thereby lost their best players ; the Eckfords survived only one season and the Atlantics four , with losing teams . The National League replaced the NA in 1876 and granted exclusive territories to its eight members , excluding the Atlantics in favor of the New York Mutuals who had shared home grounds with the Atlantics . When the Mutuals were expelled by the league , the Hartford Dark Blues club moved in , changed its name to The Brooklyn Hartfords and played its home games at Union Grounds in 1877 before disbanding . The origin of the Dodgers ( edit ) The team currently known as the Dodgers was formed as the Brooklyn Grays in 1883 by real estate magnate and baseball enthusiast Charles Byrne , who convinced his brother - in - law Joseph Doyle and casino operator Ferdinand Abell to start the team with him . Byrne arranged to build a grandstand on a lot bounded by Third Street , Fourth Avenue , Fifth Street , and Fifth Avenue , and named it Washington Park in honor of George Washington . The Grays played in the minor Inter-State Association of Professional Baseball Clubs that first season . Doyle became the first team manager , and they drew 6,431 fans to their first home game on May 12 , 1883 against the Trenton team . The Grays won the league title after the Camden Merritt club disbanded on July 20 and Brooklyn picked up some of its better players . The Grays were invited to join the American Association for the 1884 season . After winning the American Association league championship in 1889 , the Grays ( by then nicknamed the Bridegrooms ) moved to the National League and won the 1890 NL Championship , the only Major League team to win consecutive championships in both professional `` base ball '' leagues . They lost the 1889 World Series to the New York Giants and tied the 1890 World Series with the Louisville Colonels . Their success during this period was partly attributed to their having absorbed skilled players from the defunct New York Metropolitans and Brooklyn Ward 's Wonders . In 1899 , most of the original Baltimore Orioles stars moved to the Grays ( Bridegrooms ) along with Orioles manager Ned Hanlon who became the club 's new manager under Charles Ebbets , who had by now accumulated an 80 % share of the club . The new combined team was dubbed the `` Superbas '' by the press and would become the champions of the National League in 1899 and again in 1900 . Nicknames ( edit ) Logo of the Brooklyn Dodgers / Superbas from 1910 through 1913 The team name , Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers , was coined in 1895 . The nickname was still new enough in September 1895 that a newspaper could report that `` ' Trolley Dodgers ' is the new name which eastern baseball cranks ( fans ) have given the Brooklyn club . '' In 1895 , Brooklyn played at Eastern Park , bounded by Eastern Parkway ( now Pitkin Avenue ) , Powell Street , Sutter Avenue , Van Sinderen Street , where they had moved early in the 1891 season when the second Washington Park burned down . Some sources erroneously report that the name `` Trolley Dodgers '' referred to pedestrians avoiding fast cars on street car tracks that bordered Eastern Park on two sides . However , Eastern Park was not bordered by street - level trolley lines that had to be `` dodged '' by pedestrians . The name `` Trolley Dodgers '' implied the dangers posed by trolley cars in Brooklyn generally , which in 1892 , began the switch from horse - power to electrical power , which made them much faster , and were hence regarded as more dangerous . The name was later shortened to Brooklyn Dodgers . The `` Trolley Dodgers '' name was later adopted by the team for the 1911 and 1912 seasons , and the `` Dodgers '' name was used in 1913 . Other team names used by the franchise that finally came to be called `` the Dodgers '' were the Atlantics ( 1884 , not directly related to the earlier Brooklyn Atlantics ) , Bridegrooms or Grooms ( 1888 - 1898 ) , Ward 's Wonders , the Superbas ( 1899 - 1910 ) , and the Robins ( 1914 - 1931 ) . All of these nicknames were used by fans and newspaper sports writers to describe the team , often concurrently , but not in any official capacity . The team 's legal name was the Brooklyn Base Ball Club . However , the `` Trolley Dodgers '' nickname was used throughout this period , along with other nicknames , by fans and sports writers of the day . The team did not use the name in a formal sense until 1932 , when the word `` Dodgers '' appeared on team jerseys . The `` conclusive shift '' came in 1933 , when both home and road jerseys for the team bore the name `` Dodgers '' . Examples of how the many popularized names of the team were used interchangeably are available from newspaper articles from the period before 1932 . A New York Times article describing a game the Dodgers played in 1916 starts out by referring to how `` Jimmy Callahan , pilot of the Pirates , did his best to wreck the hopes the Dodgers have of gaining the National League pennant '' , but then goes on to comment , `` the only thing that saved the Superbas from being toppled from first place was that the Phillies lost one of the two games played . '' Most baseball statistics sites and baseball historians generally now refer to the pennant - winning 1916 Brooklyn team as the Robins . A 1918 New York Times article used the nickname Robins in its title `` Buccaneers Take Last From Robins '' , but the subtitle of the article reads `` Subdue The Superbas By 11 To 4 , Making Series An Even Break '' . Another example of the interchangeability of different nicknames is found on the program issued at Ebbets Field for the 1920 World Series , which identifies the matchup in the series as `` Dodgers vs. Indians '' , despite the fact that the Robins nickname had been in consistent usage at this point for around six years . Rivalry with the Giants ( edit ) Main article : Dodgers -- Giants rivalry The historic and heated rivalry between the Dodgers and the Giants is more than a century old . It began when the Dodgers and Giants faced each other in the 1889 World Series , the ancestor of the Subway Series , and both played in separate cities ( the Dodgers in Brooklyn and the Giants in New York City Manhattan ) . When both franchises moved to California after the 1957 season , the rivalry was easily transplanted , as the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco have long been rivals in economics , culture , and politics . `` Uncle Robbie '' and the `` Daffiness Boys '' ( edit ) Manager Wilbert Robinson , another former Oriole , popularly known as `` Uncle Robbie '' , restored the Brooklyn team to respectability . His `` Brooklyn Robins '' reached the 1916 and 1920 World Series , losing both , but contending perennially for several seasons . Charles Ebbets and Ed McKeever died within a week of each other in 1925 , and Robbie was named president while still field manager . Upon assuming the title of president , however , Robinson 's ability to focus on the field declined , and the teams of the late 1920s were often fondly referred to as the `` Daffiness Boys '' for their distracted , error - ridden style of play . Outfielder Babe Herman was the leader both in hitting and in zaniness . The signature Dodger play from this era occurred when three players -- Dazzy Vance , Chick Fewster , and Herman -- ended up at third base at the same time . ( The play is often remembered as Herman `` tripling into a triple play '' , though only two of the three players were declared out and Herman was credited with a double rather than a triple . ) Herman later complained that no one remembered that he drove in the winning run on the play . The incident led to the popular joke : `` The Dodgers have three men on base ! '' `` Oh , yeah ? Which base ? '' After his removal as club president , Robinson returned to managing , and the club 's performance rebounded somewhat . When Robinson retired in 1931 , he was replaced as manager by Max Carey . Although some suggested renaming the `` Robins '' the `` Brooklyn Canaries '' , after Carey , whose last name was originally `` Carnarius '' , the name `` Brooklyn Dodgers '' returned to stay following Robinson 's retirement . It was during this era that Willard Mullin , a noted sports cartoonist , fixed the Brooklyn team with the lovable nickname of `` Dem Bums '' . After hearing his cab driver ask , `` So how did those bums do today ? '' , Mullin decided to sketch an exaggerated version of famed circus clown Emmett Kelly to represent the Dodgers in his much - praised cartoons in the New York World - Telegram . Both image and nickname caught on , so much so that many a Dodger yearbook cover , from 1951 through 1957 , featured a Willard Mullin illustration of the Brooklyn Bum . Perhaps the highlight of the Daffiness Boys era came after Wilbert Robinson left the dugout . In 1934 , Giants player / manager Bill Terry was asked about the Dodgers ' chances in the coming pennant race and cracked infamously , `` Is Brooklyn still in the league ? '' Managed then by Casey Stengel , who played for the Dodgers in the 1910s and went on to greatness managing the New York Yankees , the 1934 Dodgers were determined to make their presence felt . As it happened , the season entered its final games with the Giants tied with the St. Louis Cardinals for the pennant , with the Giants ' remaining games against the Dodgers . Stengel led his Bums to the Polo Grounds for the showdown , and they beat the Giants twice to knock them out of the pennant race . The `` Gashouse Gang '' Cardinals nailed the pennant by beating the Cincinnati Reds those same two days . One key development during this era was the 1938 appointment of Leland `` Larry '' MacPhail as Dodgers ' general manager . MacPhail , who brought night games to Major League Baseball as general manager of the Reds , also started night baseball in Brooklyn and ordered the successful refurbishing of Ebbets Field . He also brought Reds voice Red Barber to Brooklyn as the Dodgers ' lead announcer in 1939 , just after MacPhail broke the New York baseball executives ' agreement to ban live baseball broadcasts , enacted because of the fear of the effect of radio calls on the home teams ' attendance . MacPhail remained with the Dodgers until 1942 , when he returned to the Armed Forces for World War II . He later became one of the Yankees ' co-owners , bidding unsuccessfully for Barber to join him in the Bronx as announcer . The first major - league baseball game to be televised was Brooklyn 's 6 -- 1 victory over Cincinnati at Ebbets Field on August 26 , 1939 . Batting helmets were introduced to Major League Baseball by the Dodgers in 1941 . Breaking the color barrier ( edit ) Jackie Robinson . For most of the first half of the 20th century , no Major League Baseball team employed a black player . A parallel system of Negro Leagues developed , but most of the Negro League players were denied a chance to prove their skill before a national audience . Jackie Robinson became the first African - American to play Major League baseball in the 20th Century when he played his first major league game on April 15 , 1947 as a member of the Brooklyn Dodgers . Robinson 's entry into the league was mainly due to General Manager Branch Rickey 's efforts . The deeply religious Rickey 's motivation appears to have been primarily moral , although business considerations were also present . Rickey was a member of the Methodist Church , the antecedent denomination to the United Methodist Church of today , which was a strong advocate for social justice and active later in the Civil Rights Movement . Besides selecting Robinson for his exceptional baseball skills , Rickey also considered Robinson 's outstanding personal character , his UCLA education and rank of captain in the U.S. Army in his decision , since he knew that boos , taunts , and criticism was going to be directed at Robinson , and that Robinson had to be tough enough to withstand abuse without attempting to retaliate . The inclusion of Robinson on the team also led the Dodgers to move its spring training site . Prior to 1946 , the Dodgers held their spring training in Jacksonville , Florida . However , the city 's stadium refused to host an exhibition game with the Montreal Royals -- the Dodgers ' own farm club -- on whose roster Robinson appeared at the time , citing segregation laws . Nearby Sanford similarly declined . Ultimately , City Island Ballpark in Daytona Beach agreed to host the game with Robinson on the field . The team traveled to Havana , Cuba for spring training in 1947 , this time with Robinson on the big club . Although the Dodgers ultimately built Dodgertown and its Holman Stadium further south in Vero Beach , and played there for 61 spring training seasons from 1948 through 2008 , Daytona Beach renamed City Island Ballpark to Jackie Robinson Ballpark in his honor . This event marked the continuation of the integration of professional sports in the United States , with professional football having led the way in 1946 , with the concomitant demise of the Negro Leagues , and is regarded as a key moment in the history of the American civil rights movement . Robinson was an exceptional player , a speedy runner who sparked the team with his intensity . He was the inaugural recipient of the Rookie of the Year award , which is now named the Jackie Robinson award in his honor . The Dodgers ' willingness to integrate , when most other teams refused to , was a key factor in their 1947 -- 1956 success . They won six pennants in those 10 years with the help of Robinson , three - time MVP Roy Campanella , Cy Young Award winner Don Newcombe , Jim Gilliam , and Joe Black . Robinson eventually became the first African - American elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962 . `` Wait ' til next year ! '' ( edit ) After the wilderness years of the 1920s and 1930s , the Dodgers were rebuilt into a contending club first by general manager Larry MacPhail and then the legendary Branch Rickey . Led by Jackie Robinson , Pee Wee Reese , and Gil Hodges in the infield , Duke Snider and Carl Furillo in the outfield , Roy Campanella behind the plate , and Don Newcombe , Carl Erskine , and Preacher Roe on the pitcher 's mound , the Dodgers won pennants in 1941 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 , and 1953 , only to fall to the New York Yankees in all five of the subsequent World Series . The annual ritual of building excitement , followed in the end by disappointment , became a common pattern to the long suffering fans , and `` Wait ' til next year ! '' became an unofficial Dodger slogan . While the Dodgers generally enjoyed success during this period , in 1951 they fell victim to one of the largest collapses in the history of baseball . On August 11 , 1951 , Brooklyn led the National League by an enormous 131⁄2 games over their archrivals , the Giants . While the Dodgers went 26 -- 22 from that time until the end of the season , the Giants went on an absolute tear , winning an amazing 37 of their last 44 games , including their last seven in a row . At the end of the season the Dodgers and the Giants were tied for first place , forcing a three - game playoff for the pennant . The Giants took Game 1 by a score of 3 -- 1 before being shut out by the Dodgers ' Clem Labine in Game 2 , 10 -- 0 . It all came down to the final game , and Brooklyn seemed to have the pennant locked up , holding a 4 -- 2 lead in the bottom of the ninth inning . Giants outfielder Bobby Thomson , however , hit a stunning three - run walk - off home run off the Dodgers ' Ralph Branca to secure the NL Championship for New York . To this day Thomson 's home run is known as the Shot Heard ' Round The World . In 1955 , by which time the core of the Dodger team was beginning to age , `` next year '' finally came . The fabled `` Boys of Summer '' shot down the `` Bronx Bombers '' in seven games , led by the first - class pitching of young left - hander Johnny Podres , whose key pitch was a changeup known as `` pulling down the lampshade '' because of the arm motion used right when the ball was released . Podres won two Series games , including the deciding seventh . The turning point of Game 7 was a spectacular double play that began with left fielder Sandy Amorós running down Yogi Berra 's long fly ball , then throwing to shortstop Pee Wee Reese , who relayed to first baseman Gil Hodges to double up a surprised Gil McDougald to preserve the Dodger lead . Hank Bauer grounded out and the Dodgers won 2 -- 0 . Although the Dodgers lost the World Series to the Yankees in 1956 during which the Yankees pitcher Don Larsen pitched the only World Series perfect game in baseball history and the only post-season no - hitter for the next 54 years , it hardly seemed to matter . Brooklyn fans had their memory of triumph , and soon that was all they were left with -- a victory that was remembered decades later in the Billy Joel single `` We Did n't Start the Fire '' , which included the line , `` Brooklyn 's got a winning team . '' Move to California ( edit ) Real estate businessman Walter O'Malley had acquired majority ownership of the Dodgers in 1950 , when he bought the shares of team co-owners Branch Rickey and the estate of John L. Smith . Before long , O'Malley was working to buy new land in Brooklyn for a new , more accessible and better ballpark than Ebbets Field . Beloved as it was , Ebbets Field had grown old and was not well served by infrastructure , to the point where the Dodgers could not `` sell out '' the park to maximum capacity even in the heat of a pennant race , despite dominating the league from 1946 to 1957 . New York City Construction Coordinator Robert Moses , however , sought to force O'Malley into using a site in Flushing Meadows , Queens -- the eventual location of Shea Stadium , the home of the future New York Mets . Moses ' vision involved a city - built , city - owned park , which was greatly at odds with O'Malley's real - estate savvy . When O'Malley realized that he was not going to be allowed to buy a suitable parcel of land in Brooklyn , he began thinking of team relocation . O'Malley was free to purchase land of his own choosing but wanted Robert Moses to condemn one parcel of land along the Atlantic Railroad Yards in downtown Brooklyn under Title I authority , after O'Malley had bought the bulk of the land he had in mind . Title I gave the city municipality power to condemn land for the purpose of building what it calls `` public purpose '' projects . Moses ' interpretation of `` public purpose '' included public parks , public housing and public highways and bridges . What O'Malley wanted was for Moses to use Title I authority , rather than to pay market value for the land . With Title I the city via Robert Moses could have sold the land to O'Malley at a below market price . Moses refused to honor O'Malley's request and responded , `` If you want the land so bad , why do n't you purchase it with your own money ? '' Meanwhile , non-stop transcontinental airline travel had become routine during the years since the Second World War , and teams were no longer bound by much slower railroad timetables . Because of civil aviation advances , it became possible to locate teams farther apart -- as far west as California -- while maintaining the same busy game schedules . When Los Angeles officials attended the 1956 World Series looking to entice a team to move there , they were not even thinking of the Dodgers . Their original target had been the Washington Senators franchise , which moved to Bloomington , Minnesota to become the Minnesota Twins in 1961 . At the same time , O'Malley was looking for a contingency in case Moses and other New York politicians refused to let him build the Brooklyn stadium he wanted , and sent word to the Los Angeles officials that he was interested in talking . Los Angeles offered him what New York did not : a chance to buy land suitable for building a ballpark , and own that ballpark , giving him complete control over all its revenue streams . At the same time , the National League was not willing to approve the Dodgers ' move unless O'Malley found a second team to willing to join them out west , largely out of concern for travel costs . Meanwhile , Giants owner Horace Stoneham was having similar difficulty finding a replacement for his team 's antiquated home stadium , the Polo Grounds . Stoneham was considering moving the Giants to Minneapolis , but was persuaded instead to move them to San Francisco , ensuring that the Dodgers had a National League rival closer than St. Louis . So the two arch - rival teams , the Dodgers and Giants , moved out to the West Coast together after the 1957 season . The Brooklyn Dodgers played their final game at Ebbets Field on September 24 , 1957 , which the Dodgers won 2 -- 0 over the Pittsburgh Pirates . On April 18 , 1958 , the Los Angeles Dodgers played their first game in L.A. , defeating the former New York and newly relocated and renamed San Francisco Giants , 6 -- 5 , before 78,672 fans at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . Sadly , catcher Roy Campanella , left partially paralyzed in an off - season accident , was never able to play for Los Angeles . A 2007 HBO film , Brooklyn Dodgers : The Ghosts of Flatbush , is a documentary covering the Dodgers history from early days to the beginning of the Los Angeles era . In the film , the story is related that O'Malley was so hated by Brooklyn Dodger fans after the move to California , that it was said , `` If you asked a Brooklyn Dodger fan , if you had a gun with only two bullets in it and were in a room with Hitler , Stalin and O'Malley , who would you shoot ? The answer : O'Malley , twice ! '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jackson , Kenneth T . The Encyclopedia of New York City , Second Edition , 2010 . pp. 176 - 177 Jump up ^ `` 1877 Hartford Dark Blues -- Statistics and Roster '' . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Lowry , Philip J. ( 2006 ) . Green Cathedrals . New York , N.Y. : Walker and Company . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8027 - 1562 - 3 . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ The Giants and the Dodgers : four ... -- Andrew Goldblatt -- Google Boeken Jump up ^ Okrent , Daniel ( 1988 ) . The Ultimate Baseball Book . Boston , USA : Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 352 . ISBN 0395361451 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Peter Jensen . `` The Grim Reality of the Trolley Dodgers '' . Early Sports ' n Pop - Culture Blog . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sports of All Sorts '' . The Roanoke Times . September 13 , 1895 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , Peter Jensen . `` Rail Service to Eastern Park Brooklyn '' . Early Sports ' n Pop - Culture Blog . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers Timeline '' . Los Angeles Dodgers . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Straight Games '' . Brooklyn Eagle . 3 June 1888 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wants More About the Brooklyn Team and Less About Ward '' . Brooklyn Eagle . 21 April 1892 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hits from the Diamond '' . Brooklyn Eagle . 12 August 1899 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Braves Win in 13th '' . New York Times . 3 June 1914 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Ball Parks '' . BrooklynBallParks.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Dressed to the Nines Uniform Database '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bernado , Leonard ; Weiss , Jennifer ( 2006 ) . Brooklyn By Name : From Bedford - Stuyvesant to Flatbush Avenue , And From Ebbets Field To Williamsburg . New York : New York University Press . p. 81 . Jump up ^ `` Buccaneers Rout Sleepy Superbas '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . 1916 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Buccaneers Take Last From Robins '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . 1918 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/store/new-york-times-baseball-history-book-nsbb.html Jump up ^ File : 1920 World Series program. jpg -- Wikimedia Commons Jump up ^ `` Dodgers Timeline '' . Los Angeles Dodgers . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers Timeline '' . Los Angeles Dodgers . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dodgers Timeline '' . Los Angeles Dodgers . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Vidmer , Richards ( August 16 , 1926 ) . `` Robins in Form , Win Two in Day - Take Double - Header From the Braves by 4 to 2 and 11 to 3 Before Starting West - Vance Pitches the Opener - Jess Barnes Keeps Up Victory Pace In Second - Batsmen Rouse From Their Slump '' . New York Times . p. 11 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , H. Allen ; Smith , Ira L. ( 1951 ) . Three Men on Third . Halcottsville , New York : Breakaway Books . p. 17 . ISBN 1 - 891369 - 15 - 6 . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Branch Rickey , 83 , Dies in Missouri '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( 1991 ) . Superstars and Screwballs : 100 Years of Brooklyn Baseball . New York : Dutton . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( 2007 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Lies , Damned Lies '' . Baseball Prospectus . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 World Series : Rare , Never - Seen '' . LIFE.com . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball '' . 2006 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Neil J. The Dodgers Move West . Jump up ^ Borzi , Pat ( June 17 , 2005 ) . `` The Giants Almost Headed Not Quite So Far West '' . New York Times . New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . The next day , according to Johnson , San Francisco officials met with Stoneham . By then the Dodgers were looking hard at Los Angeles . O'Malley needed the Giants because National League owners , concerned about travel costs , would not approve only one team going across the country . Jump up ^ `` Giants 5 Dodgers 6 ( Boxscore ) '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 10 . Other reading ( edit ) D'Agostino , Dennis ; Crosby , Bonnie . Through a Blue Lens : The Brooklyn Dodgers Photographs of Barney Stein , 1937 -- 1957 . Triumph Books . Prince , Carl E. Brooklyn 's Dodgers : The Bums , the Borough , and the Best of Baseball , 1947 -- 1957 ( 2011 ) DOI : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780195115789.001. 0001 online Histories of teams in Major League Baseball American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals ( Part I II III IV ) West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Relocated teams Milwaukee Brewers ( 1901 ) Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 02 ) Boston Braves ( 1870 -- 1953 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 53 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 54 ) New York Giants ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Washington Senators ( 1901 -- 60 ) Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 65 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 67 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) Washington Senators ( 1961 -- 71 ) Montreal Expos ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Defunct teams New York Mutuals ( 1876 ) Athletic of Philadelphia ( 1876 ) Hartford Dark Blues ( 1875 -- 76 ) St. Louis Brown Stockings ( 1876 -- 77 ) Louisville Grays ( 1876 -- 77 ) Indianapolis Blues ( 1878 ) Milwaukee Grays ( 1878 ) Syracuse Stars ( 1878 ) Cincinnati Red Stockings ( 1876 -- 79 ) Cincinnati Stars ( 1880 ) Worcester Worcesters ( 1880 -- 82 ) Providence Grays ( 1878 -- 85 ) Buffalo Bisons ( 1879 -- 85 ) Cleveland Blues ( 1879 -- 84 ) Troy Trojans ( 1879 -- 82 ) St. Louis Maroons ( 1885 -- 86 ) Kansas City Cowboys ( 1886 ) Detroit Wolverines ( 1881 -- 88 ) Indianapolis Hoosiers ( 1887 -- 89 ) Washington Nationals ( 1886 -- 89 ) Cleveland Spiders ( 1887 -- 99 ) Baltimore Orioles ( 1892 -- 99 ) Louisville Colonels ( 1892 -- 99 ) Washington Senators ( 1891 -- 99 ) Los Angeles Dodgers Established in 1884 Formerly the Brooklyn Robins and the Brooklyn Dodgers Based in Los Angeles , California Franchise History in Brooklyn History in Los Angeles Seasons Award winners Records No - hitters Players First - round draft picks Managers Owners and executives Coaches Broadcasters Los Angeles Dodgers Radio Network SportsNet LA Hall of Famers Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Washington Park Eastern Park Ridgewood Park Washington Park Ebbets Field Roosevelt Stadium Proposed domed stadium Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Dodger Stadium Spring training : Whittington Park Majestic Park Barrs Field Tinker Field Clearwater Athletic Field City Island Ball Park Gran Stadium de La Habana Holman Stadium Camelback Ranch Culture Dodger Dog The First Rick Monday saves the American flag Chavez Ravine Dodger blue `` I Love L.A. '' Roy Campanella Award Historic Dodgertown Vin Scully Tommy Lasorda Nancy Bea Hilda Chester 2011 bankruptcy 42 Lore Chronicle - Telegraph Cup 1955 World Series Fernandomania Kirk Gibson 's 1988 World Series home run Orel Hershiser 's scoreless innings streak Sandy Koufax 's perfect game `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' NL tie - breaker games / series 1946 NL tie - breaker series 1951 NL tie - breaker series 1959 NL tie - breaker series 1962 NL tie - breaker series 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Rivalries San Francisco Giants Los Angeles Angels New York Yankees Subway Series Hall of Fame members Walter Alston Roy Campanella Don Drysdale Leo Durocher Burleigh Grimes Willie Keeler Sandy Koufax Vin Scully Tommy Lasorda Walter O'Malley Pee Wee Reese Branch Rickey Jackie Robinson Wilbert Robinson Duke Snider Don Sutton Dazzy Vance Zack Wheat Key personnel Owner : Guggenheim Baseball Management President : Stan Kasten President of Baseball Operations : Andrew Friedman General Manager : Farhan Zaidi Manager : Dave Roberts World Series Championships ( 6 ) 1955 1959 1963 1965 1981 1988 League pennants ( 23 ) American Association : 1889 National League : 1890 1899 1900 1916 1920 1941 1947 1949 1952 1953 1955 1956 1959 1963 1965 1966 1977 1978 1981 1988 2017 Division titles ( 16 ) 1977 1978 1981 ( first half ) 1985 1988 1995 2008 2009 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 2 ) 2006 Minor league affiliates AAA : Oklahoma City Dodgers AA : Tulsa Drillers A Adv. : Rancho Cucamonga Quakes A : Great Lakes Loons Rookie Adv. : Ogden Raptors Rookie : AZL Dodgers DSL Dodgers Guerrero DSL Dodgers Robinson Minor League Rosters Seasons ( 136 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990s 1995 2000s 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Subway Series Teams American Association Brooklyn Bridegrooms American League New York Yankees National League Brooklyn Dodgers New York Giants New York Mets Stadiums Dodgers Ebbets Field Giants Polo Grounds Mets Shea Stadium Yankees Yankee Stadium Rivalries Bridegrooms -- Giants Giants -- Yankees Dodgers -- Yankees Mets -- Yankees World Series Bridegrooms -- Giants 1889 Giants -- Yankees 1921 1922 1923 1936 1937 1951 1962 Dodgers -- Yankees 1941 1947 1949 1952 1953 1955 1956 Mets -- Yankees 2000 Histories Brooklyn Bridegrooms / Dodgers New York Giants New York Mets New York Yankees Related articles Interleague play New York City Subway Major League Baseball rivalries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Brooklyn_Dodgers&oldid=841314662 '' Categories : Brooklyn Dodgers History of Major League Baseball by team Jackie Robinson Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto Français עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 02 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the name 'brooklyn dodgers' come from	[ "The Brooklyn Dodgers was an American Major League baseball team, active primarily in the National League from 1884 until 1957, after which the club moved to Los Angeles, where it continues its history as the Los Angeles Dodgers. The team's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city's trolley streetcar network. The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn, each named Washington Park, and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in the neighborhood of Flatbush in 1913. The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues.[1]" ]	[ "the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city's trolley streetcar network" ]
5746141140679803068	Red Desert (Wyoming)	Red Desert ( Wyoming ) - wikipedia Red Desert ( Wyoming ) The Killpecker Sand Dunes of the Red Desert support a wide range of wildlife and vegetation , ranging from elk who use the adjoining sagebrush steppe for shelter to aquatic organisms that thrive in snowmelt ponds . Photo by the Bureau of Land Management . The Red Desert is a high altitude desert and sagebrush steppe located in south central Wyoming , comprising approximately 9,320 square miles ( 24,000 km ) . Among the natural features in the Red Desert region are the Great Divide Basin , a unique endorheic drainage basin formed by a division in the Continental Divide , and the Killpecker Sand Dunes , the largest living dune system in the United States . In the 19th century , the Oregon , California and Mormon Trails crossed the Continental Divide at South Pass , just north of the Red Desert . Today , busy Interstate 80 bisects the desert 's southern region while gas field roads cross the desert . The majority of the Red Desert is public land managed by the Rock Springs and Rawlins field offices of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management ( BLM ) . The region is rich in oil , natural gas , uranium , and coal . An estimated 84 % of the Red Desert has been `` industrialized '' by oil and gas drilling or by mining operations and associated roads . The Red Desert supports an abundance of wildlife , despite its scarcity of water and vegetation . The largest migratory herd of pronghorn in the lower 48 states and a rare desert elk herd , said to be the world 's largest , live in the desert . Ponds fed by summer snow melt attract a wide range of migratory birds such as ducks , trumpeter swans , and white pelicans . Herds of feral horses roam the area in large numbers , despite roundups and population control efforts by the BLM . Bison were also common and their skulls and horns can occasionally be found there . Contents 1 Geography 1.1 Water 1.2 Killpecker Sand Dunes 1.3 Plant and wildlife 1.4 Cultural and economic landscape 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Geography ( edit ) Water ( edit ) Melting snowpack is the primary source of surface water in Wyoming , such as this temporary wetland in the Muddy Creek Watershed of the Red Desert . In a land known for its scarcity of precipitation , water has been a powerful force in shaping the Red Desert . Former rivers from the Paleocene and later epochs , and the ancient Lake Gosiute deposited between 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) and 20,000 feet ( 6,100 m ) of sediment in the Red Desert 's geographic basin . Lake Gosiute began to fill the Red Desert for the first time in the early Eocene Epoch . Subsequent climate and tectonic activities during the lake 's lifespan ( four million years ) saw repeated patterns of rising and falling water levels . Gosiute reached its maximum surface area of 15,000 square miles ( 39,000 km ) with its shoreline stretching into Utah . During other times the lake evaporated completely . Lake Gosiute left behind a high concentration of saline materials and a deep primal ooze of organic matter . The former produced today 's highly valued mineral trona , while the latter created coal - bed methane gas , coal , and the world 's largest known oil - shale deposit . Energy sources have made the region the epicenter of today 's natural gas boom in Wyoming . The contemporary Red Desert watershed includes saline lakes and ponds that feature mud flats during wet years and dry lakes in droughts . Intermittent streams , dependent primarily upon snow melt but accelerated by summer thundershowers , cut arroyos throughout the basin . Such small earth moving events , repeated over the eons , combined with the sculpting forces of wind have created the rugged landscape of buttes , pinnacles , gulches , and flats that characterize the Red Desert . Summer rains produce standing water in the desert , which supports wildlife , such as pronghorn , deer , and birds . The Continental Divide branches to the desert 's northwest and rejoins in the southeast , creating the Great Divide Basin , from which no surface water drains . Steamboat Mountain and other desert mesas or buttes provide seeps and springs that serve as water sources for small streams , such as Jack Morrow Creek . While the basin 's interior waters are intermittent , the desert is bounded to the west by the Green River and to the east by the North Platte River . In 2009 , the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers was poised to launch an environmental impact statement regarding a proposed 560 miles ( 900 km ) pipeline to divert water from the Green River to population centers near Denver , Colorado . The $4 billion project targeted a route east from Flaming Gorge Reservoir across the Red Desert to Laramie , Wyoming , and then south to the Colorado Front Range . Killpecker sand dunes ( edit ) Steamboat Mountain , overlooking the Killpecker Sand Dunes , provides habitat for desert elk . The Killpecker Sand Dunes stretch 55 miles ( 89 km ) east from the Green River Basin across the Continental Divide into the Great Divide Basin and encompass approximately 109,000 acres ( 440 km ) . These living dunes , one of North America 's largest fields , owe their presence to two key factors : The Big Sandy and Little Sandy Rivers northeast of Rock Springs , Wyoming where large volumes of sand accumulated on their banks during glacial melting from the Wind River Mountains . Westerly winds that during the past 20,000 years have moved the sand eastward across the continental divide to its present location . A vital function of the dune fields is storing snowmelt and rain which support vegetation and wildlife . Water percolates deep into sand where it is safe from evaporating winds and sun . Such water is stored for access by basin large sagebrush and other vegetation depending upon the dunes ' degree of stabilization . The few plant species that can survive on the active dunes include : Blowout grass , Indian rice grass , needle - and - thread grass , prairie sandweed , rusty lupine , salina wildrye , sand lovegrass , sand muhly , sandhill muhly , and scurfpea . Such plants help stabilize the sand by slightly reducing ground - level wind velocity . Stabilization is a cumulative process . Eventually the dunes may become stable as plant cover increases -- assuming disruptive forces such as drought , fire , livestock and human traffic are not present . Dune beetles and other insects in addition to small mammals such as shrews , white - footed mice and kangaroo rats inhabit the dunes . Their presence attracts owls , eagles , bobcats and other predators . Moreover , an oasis of short - lived summer ponds that occur in swales at the base of the dunes support migratory shore birds and waders , as well as large game animals such as elk . Cattle , sheep , and free roaming wild horses also frequent the ponds . The fresh water also provides a habitat for aquatic organism such as salamanders and freshwater shrimp . Active sand dunes within the 10,500 acres ( 42 km ) of the Killpecker Sand Dunes area are open to off - road vehicles . Motorists are required to avoid the fresh water ponds scattered throughout the dunes . Plant and wildlife ( edit ) Proposed energy development will likely further reduce an already declining pronghorn population in an area that includes the Southern Red Desert , according to a study by National Wildlife Federation . At first glance the Red Desert 's largely dry , barren landscape seems an unlikely location for some 350 wildlife species and more than 1,000 plant species . The sagebrush steppe and bunchgrass habitat support 40,000 to 50,000 pronghorn antelope , the largest migratory herd in the lower forty - eight states , mule deer and the world 's largest desert elk herd . What the desert lacks in concentrated animal habitat , it makes up in expanse . The Red Desert is home to the largest unfenced area in the continental United States . Nearly three - quarters of the area is covered by sagebrush grassland . Sagebrush is a critical habitat for a variety of wildlife ranging from pronghorn which browse it year round to small insects . However , habitat is constrained by oil and gas roads along with drilling and mining . Sagebrush also provides cover for animals such as elk and the pygmy rabbit . Elk depend upon tall brush near Steamboat Mountain for shelter during spring calving season and elsewhere for shade during the heat of summer . Yet the broader impact of sagebrush upon the ecology is its function as a living snow fence . Windblown snow builds up on the lee side of the brush during winter . This effectively stores moisture that is released into the soil in late spring and early summer . Unbranded and unclaimed horses on public lands in the Red Desert are protected by the Wild Free - Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971 . The result of the Red Desert 's unique ecology is that wildlife is varied . Predators such as coyotes and the occasional mountain lion , swift fox , and kit fox are attracted by the area 's mammals for feed . Pocket gophers , badgers , sage grouse , sage sparrows , and the sage thrasher are associated with the sagebrush habitat . The Red Desert is home to a range of burrowing animals . The white - tailed prairie dog , Great Basin spadefoot toad , tiger salamander , pygmy rabbits , and sagebrush lizards all go underground for protection from the desert 's extreme weather and predators . Similarly , the burrowing owl nests and roosts underground , typically in burrows dug by prairie dogs . Migratory summer birds such as the white - faced ibis , and white pelican are found at snow - melt ponds on the desert floor and at temporal wetlands . High above the desert floor , the Ferris Mountains and Green Mountains rim the Red Desert to the northeast . The mountains ' boreal environment reaches as high as 10,037 feet ( 3,059 m ) , in the case of Ferris Peak , and supports snowshoe hares , red squirrels , and pockets of big horn sheep . The high elevation with its cooler summer range attracts elk and mule deer . Prairie falcons , northern harriers and other raptors soar along mountain ridges and canyon rims looking for feed such as migratory mountain plovers , a small ground bird . The mountain plover is one of three species protected by the Endangered Species Act present in the Red Desert . The bald eagle and the black - footed ferret are also listed . However , the bald eagle is seldom seen in the desert because of the lack of streams or lakes with accompanying fish . Black - footed ferrets , which feed upon prairie dogs , are also rare . Cultural and economic landscape ( edit ) A truck hauling coal for the Jim Bridger Power Plant near Point of Rocks , Wyo. , dwarfs a nearby wild horse . Scientists trace the story of human presence in the Red Desert back 12,000 years . Striking evidence of early human inhabitants is seen in rock art found at the Boars Tusk , East Flaming Gorge , and Seedskadee areas . Researchers interpret the petroglyphs carved into rock at these sites as biographical , ceremonial , or spiritual expressions . The Red Desert 's Black Art petrogylph is thought to date back 11,500 years , according to anthropologist and cultural historian Russell L. Tanner who says the rock art may be the continent 's oldest . Tanner refers to the Red Desert as a marketplace and crossroads during more recent times of interaction between nomadic Plains Indians , including Blackfeet , Crows , and Shoshone . He writes that rock art of the times , especially along the Green River , sprang from a melding of Indian cultures represented by imagery of the Plains Indian warrior tradition . Other pre-historic evidence include Native American artifacts estimated to be more than 10,000 years old found in the Killpecker Sand Dunes , often in company with bison bones . The Red Desert 's ranching industry includes remote cattle and horse ranches . Generations of American families , beginning in the 1840s , also left their mark upon the desert as they migrated westward along emigrant trails . The environmental impact of an estimated 350,000 pioneers and their wagon trains traveling through Wyoming between 1841 and 1868 is still visible today . In some cases , such as at Guernsey , wagon wheels wore ruts deep into solid sandstone . However , most trail ruts are less dramatic but still evidence of a people 's history worn into the earth . Historic trails used by nineteenth century stagecoaches are also part of the Red Desert 's legacy . Of particular note , the Overland Stage initially followed the Platte River and the Oregon Trail to South Pass , but later shifted to a route across southern Wyoming . Stagecoach ruts in the desert are still visible in a variety of locations including north of Baggs . A short - lived gold rush in the mountains north of the Red Desert beginning in 1867 led to stage and freight service from Point of Rocks on the Union Pacific Railroad north to South Pass City . There are segments of the Oregon , California , Mormon , and Pony Express trails , along with and archeological and fossil artifacts . A westward - looking nation in 1869 united its eastern and western shores with the First Transcontinental Railroad , whose route traversed the Red Desert . University of Wyoming historian Phil Roberts described the notion of building a transcontinental railroad as `` today 's equivalent of the mission to Mars : Big , expensive and impossible '' . The preliminary survey for the railroad produced the first map of the Great Basin and Southern Wyoming , according to author Stephen E. Ambrose . The Red Desert 's lack of water presented a problem for steam locomotives of the time . The Union Pacific Company found reliable water by drilling deep artesian wells in the desert . Some of these railroad wells , such as at Wamsutter continue to supply much needed water today for residents and the influx of oil and gas field workers who live in temporary housing or `` man camps '' . Frontier expansion after the railroad 's completion spurred new trade routes such as the New Fork Wagon Road that ran 80 miles ( 130 km ) from Rock Springs , Wyoming to New Fork . The New Fork Wagon Road connected isolated ranchers and settlements in northern Sweetwater and eastern Sublette Counties . The volume of cargo is evidenced by freighters of the time who were known to hitch as many as 18 horses to haul five freight wagons at once . The Union Pacific Railroad helped launch western towns along its route , like Wamsutter . Beginning in 1913 , the Lincoln Highway connected them . The Lincoln Highway 's coast - to - coast route also cut across the Red Desert as it passed through Wyoming . Interstate 80 , nearly a half century later in 1956 , replaced the Lincoln Highway as America 's premier continental roadway . Today , Interstate 80 carries an estimated 11,000 vehicles across the desert daily . The four - lane highway slices the desert into a north and south Red Desert in terms of wildlife migration . Adobe Town is at the center of conflict between conservationists who want to block the area from natural gas exploration and industry seeking to expand into the region . Other Expansion Era roads branched off from Union Pacific railheads at Point of Rocks , Green River and Bryan . These trade routes linked remote mining , ranching , and military settlements . Signs of these early trade routes , such as stage stations and freighter camps , are still visible in areas such as Freighter 's Gap . Roadways used by modern - day freighters hauling oilfield supplies have created a spider web of dirt and gravel roads that crisscross the far reaches of the desert . BP , an energy company , reports service people associated with the Wamsutter gas field travel 800,000 miles ( 1,300,000 km ) per month , down from 1,000,000 miles ( 1,600,000 km ) . The explosion of natural gas wells drilled during Wyoming 's most recent energy industry boom continues with more than 2,000 projected wells in the Wamsutter gas field to be operational by 2020 . The gas field encompasses an area in the Red Desert about 55 miles ( 89 km ) long and 35 miles ( 56 km ) wide . Advances in drilling technology now allow grouping of multiple wells on a single drilling pad , thus reducing the footprint upon the land . Meanwhile , BLM expects the expansion in energy development to continue in the Red Desert including the Jack Morrow Hills of 600,000 acres ( 2,400 km ) near South Pass . Steve Dudley of Big Horn , Wyoming , shared his excitement on discovering the Red Desert : `` Imagine star gazing into ink black skies where the light of the stars is the most illuminating feature of the nightscape , exploring the micro oases of melting ice layers insulted by shifting sands or climbing the desert 's sand dunes . '' See also ( edit ) Wyoming Basin shrub steppe References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Desert Values '' . Friends of the Red Desert . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wyoming 's Red Desert and the Pronghorn '' . National Wildlife Federation . ^ Jump up to : Proulx ( Editor ) , Annie ( 2008 ) . Red Desert : History of Place . University of Texas Press . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Pipeline plan takes shape '' . Casper Star Tribune . March 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Killpecker Sand Dunes '' . Public Lands Information Center . ^ Jump up to : Knight , Dennis ( 1996 ) . Mountains and Plains : The Ecology of Wyoming Landscapes . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 06856 - 6 . Jump up ^ http://www.rawlinstimes.com/articles/2011/09/19/news/doc4e72c394c8d6f481657606.txt ( dead link ) ^ Jump up to : Steve Dudley . `` Wyoming 's Red Desert is an amazing place '' . Cheyenne , Wyoming : Wyoming Tribune - Eagle . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Site Profile : Red Desert '' . Audubon . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Field Guide : Wyoming 's Red Desert '' . eNature Field Guides . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Resources of the Red Desert and Jack Morrow Hills '' ( PDF ) . Western EcoSystems Technology , Inc . Center for the Wild West . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2004 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` South Pass City '' . Wyoming State Parks , Historic Sites & Trails . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ State wants to attract more visitors to railroad monument , by JODI ROGSTAD . Associated Press . December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E ( 2001 ) . Nothing like it in the world : the men who built the transcontinental railroad , 1863 -- 1869 . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 0317 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` The New Fork Wagon Road : a Nineteenth Century Southwestern Wyoming Lifeline to the Union Pacific Railspur '' . By David Vlcek , Pinedale Field Office . U.S. Bureau of Land Management . Jump up ^ `` When a boom is bust '' . High Country News . February 14 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Red Desert 's Adobe Town wins a pardon from natural gas leasing '' . Reddesertfiles.wordpress.com. 24 November 2009 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Natural Gas : Lessons from BP 's Tight Gas Facility in Wamsutter WY '' . June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BP Announces $2.2 Billion Expansion Of Wamsutter Natural Gas Field '' . BP press release . Jump up ^ `` Jack Morrow Hills Decision Ignores Public 's Request for Conservation '' . Friends of the Red Desert . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red Desert ( Wyoming ) . National Wildlife Federation -- Red Desert ( dead link ) BLM Rock Springs Field Office Recreation Page ( dead link ) Friends of the Red Desert ( dead link ) Biodiversity Conservation Alliance -- Red Desert ( blank page ) State of Wyoming Cheyenne ( capital ) Topics Bibliography Governors Delegations History People State symbols Radio stations Seal of Wyoming Society Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Black Hills Grand Teton Great Basin Powder River Country Red Desert Yellowstone Cities Buffalo Casper Cheyenne Cody Douglas Evanston Gillette Green River Jackson Lander Laramie Powell Rawlins Riverton Rock Springs Sheridan Torrington Worland Counties Albany Big Horn Campbell Carbon Converse Crook Fremont Goshen Hot Springs Johnson Laramie Lincoln Natrona Niobrara Park Platte Sheridan Sublette Sweetwater Teton Uinta Washakie Weston World deserts Desert Desertification List of deserts List of deserts by area Africa Algerian Bayuda Blue Chalbi Danakil Djurab Eastern Ferlo Farafra ( White ) Kalahari Libyan Moçâmedes Namib Nubian Nyiri Owami Richtersveld Sahara Tanezrouft Ténéré Western Asia Ad - Dahna Akshi Arabian Aral Karakum Aralkum Badain Jaran Betpak - Dala Cholistan Dasht - e Kavir Dasht - e Khash Dasht - e Leili Dasht - e Loot Dasht - e Margo Dasht - e Naomid Gurbantünggüt Gobi Hami Indus Valley Judaean Karakum Katpana Kharan Kumtag Kyzylkum Lop Maranjab Muyunkum Nefud Negev Polond Ordos Qaidam Ramlat al - Sab'atayn Rub ' al Khali Russian Arctic Registan Saryesik - Atyrau Syrian Taklamakan Tengger Thal Thar Ustyurt Plateau Wahiba Sands Australia Gibson Great Sandy Great Victoria Little Sandy Nullarbor Plain Painted Pedirka Simpson Strzelecki Sturt 's Stony Tanami Tirari Europe Accona Bardenas Reales Błędów Cabo de Gata Deliblatska Peščara Hálendi Monegros Oleshky Oltenian Sahara Ryn Stranja Tabernas North America Alvord Amargosa Baja California Black Rock Carcross Carson Channeled scablands Chihuahuan Colorado Escalante Forty Mile Gran Desierto de Altar Great Basin Great Salt Lake Great Sandy Jornada del Muerto Kaʻū Lechuguilla Mojave North American Arctic Owyhee Painted Desert Red Desert Sevier Smoke Creek Sonoran Tonopah Desert Tule ( Arizona ) Tule ( Nevada ) Yp Yuha Yuma South America Atacama La Guajira Los Médanos de Coro Monte Patagonian Sechura Tatacoa Oceania Rangipo Desert Central Desert Gibson Desert Great Sandy Desert Great Victoria Desert Little Sandy Desert Simpson Desert Strzelecki Desert Tanami Desert Polar Regions Antarctica Arctic Greenland North American Arctic Russian Arctic Project Commons Coordinates : 41 ° 49 ′ 29 '' N 108 ° 17 ′ 12 '' W / 41.82472 ° N 108.28667 ° W / 41.82472 ; - 108.28667 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Desert_(Wyoming)&oldid=846266477 '' Categories : Deserts of Wyoming Deserts of the United States Geology of the Rocky Mountains Great Divide of North America Geography of Sweetwater County , Wyoming Bureau of Land Management areas in Wyoming Protected areas of Sweetwater County , Wyoming Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano ქართული Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 15 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the red desert located in wyoming	[ "The Red Desert is a high altitude desert and sagebrush steppe located in south central Wyoming, comprising approximately 9,320 square miles (24,000 km2). Among the natural features in the Red Desert region are the Great Divide Basin, a unique endorheic drainage basin formed by a division in the Continental Divide, and the Killpecker Sand Dunes, the largest living dune system in the United States. In the 19th century, the Oregon, California and Mormon Trails crossed the Continental Divide at South Pass, just north of the Red Desert. Today, busy Interstate 80 bisects the desert's southern region while gas field roads cross the desert.\n" ]	[ "in south central Wyoming" ]
9103519816624415833	Washington Monument	Washington Monument - Wikipedia Washington Monument Jump to : navigation , search For other monuments dedicated to George Washington , see List of monuments dedicated to George Washington . Washington Monument The Washington Monument in October 2016 . Location National Mall , Washington , D.C. , United States Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 22.08920 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 6.92910 '' W / 38.8894692222 ° N 77.0352580833 ° W / 38.8894692222 ; - 77.0352580833 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 22.08920 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 6.92910 '' W / 38.8894692222 ° N 77.0352580833 ° W / 38.8894692222 ; - 77.0352580833 Area 106.01 acres ( 42.90 ha ) Visitors 671,031 ( in 2008 ) Governing body National Park Service Website Washington Monument U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name : Washington Monument Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000035 Location of Washington Monument in Central Washington , D.C. Location of Washington Monument in Central Washington , D.C. Location of Washington Monument in Central Washington , D.C. Show map of Central Washington , D.C. Show map of the District of Columbia Show map of the US Show all The Washington Monument is an obelisk on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , built to commemorate George Washington , once commander - in - chief of the Continental Army and the first President of the United States . Located almost due east of the Reflecting Pool and the Lincoln Memorial , the monument , made of marble , granite , and bluestone gneiss , is both the world 's tallest stone structure and the world 's tallest obelisk , standing 554 feet 7 ⁄ inches ( 169.046 m ) tall according to the National Geodetic Survey ( measured 2013 -- 14 ) or 555 feet 5 ⁄ inches ( 169.294 m ) tall according to the National Park Service ( measured 1884 ) . It is the tallest monumental column in the world if all are measured above their pedestrian entrances . Construction of the monument began in 1848 , and was halted from 1854 to 1877 due to a lack of funds , a struggle for control over the Washington National Monument Society , and the intervention of the American Civil War . Although the stone structure was completed in 1884 , internal ironwork , the knoll , and other finishing touches were not completed until 1888 . A difference in shading of the marble , visible approximately 150 feet ( 46 m ) or 27 % up , shows where construction was halted and later resumed with marble from a different source . The original design was by Robert Mills , but he did not include his proposed colonnade due to a lack of funds , proceeding only with a bare obelisk . Despite many proposals to embellish the obelisk , only its original flat top was altered to a pointed marble pyramidion , in 1884 . The cornerstone was laid on July 4 , 1848 ; the first stone was laid atop the unfinished stump on August 7 , 1880 ; the capstone was set on December 6 , 1884 ; the completed monument was dedicated on February 21 , 1885 ; and officially opened October 9 , 1888 . Upon completion , it became the world 's tallest structure , a title previously held by the Cologne Cathedral . The monument held this designation until 1889 , when the Eiffel Tower was completed in Paris , France . The monument was damaged during the 2011 Virginia earthquake and Hurricane Irene in the same year and remained closed to the public while the structure was assessed and repaired . After 32 months of repairs , the National Park Service and the Trust for the National Mall reopened the Washington Monument to visitors on May 12 , 2014 . The monument was closed again in September 2016 due to reliability issues with the elevator system . On December 2 , 2016 , the National Park Service announced that the monument would be closed until 2019 in order to modernize the elevator . The $2 to 3 million project will correct the elevator 's ongoing mechanical , electrical and computer issues , which have shuttered the monument since August 17 . The National Park Service has also requested funding in its FY 2017 President 's Budget Request to construct a permanent screening facility for the Washington Monument . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Proposals for a memorial 1.3 Design 1.4 Construction 1.4. 1 Excavation and initial construction 1.4. 2 Donations run out 1.4. 3 Post -- Civil War 1.4. 4 Resumption 1.5 Dedication 1.6 Later history 1.6. 1 2011 earthquake damage 2 Components 2.1 Cornerstone 2.2 Memorial stones 2.3 Aluminum apex 2.4 Lightning protection 2.5 Walls 2.6 Pyramidion 2.7 Foundation 2.8 Stairs and elevator 2.9 Miscellaneous details 2.10 Flags 2.11 Security 3 Transit 4 In popular culture 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Rationale ( edit ) George Washington ( 1732 -- 99 ) , hailed as the father of his country , and as the leader who was `` first in war , first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen '' ( in eulogy by Maj. Gen. ' Light - Horse Harry ' Lee at Washington 's funeral , December 26 , 1799 ) , was the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775 to 1799 . Even his former enemy King George III called him `` the greatest character of the age . '' At his death in 1799 he left a critical legacy ; he exemplified the core ideals of the American Revolution and the new nation : republican virtue and devotion to civic duty . Washington was the unchallenged public icon of American military and civic patriotism . He was also identified with the Federalist Party , which lost control of the national government in 1800 to the Jeffersonian Republicans , who were reluctant to celebrate the hero of the opposition party . Proposals for a memorial ( edit ) Starting with victory in the Revolution , there were many proposals to build a monument to Washington . After his death , Congress authorized a suitable memorial in the national capital , but the decision was reversed when the Democratic - Republican Party ( Jeffersonian Republicans ) took control of Congress in 1801 . The Republicans were dismayed that Washington had become the symbol of the Federalist Party ; furthermore the values of Republicanism seemed hostile to the idea of building monuments to powerful men . They also blocked his image on coins or the celebration of his birthday . Further political squabbling , along with the North - South division on the Civil War , blocked the completion of the Washington Monument until the late 19th century . By that time , Washington had the image of a national hero who could be celebrated by both North and South , and memorials to him were no longer controversial . As early as 1783 , the Continental Congress had resolved `` That an equestrian statue of George Washington be erected at the place where the residence of Congress shall be established . '' The proposal called for engraving on the statue which explained it had been erected `` in honor of George Washington , the illustrious Commander - in - Chief of the Armies of the United States of America during the war which vindicated and secured their liberty , sovereignty , and independence . '' Currently , there are two equestrian statues of President Washington in Washington , D.C. One is located in Washington Circle at the intersection of the Foggy Bottom and West End neighborhoods at the north end of the George Washington University , and the other is in the gardens of the National Cathedral . Ten days after Washington 's death , a Congressional committee recommended a different type of monument . John Marshall , a Representative from Virginia ( who later became Chief Justice of the United States ) proposed that a tomb be erected within the Capitol . However , a lack of funds , disagreement over what type of memorial would best honor the country 's first president , and the Washington family 's reluctance to move his body prevented progress on any project . Design ( edit ) Sketch of the proposed Washington Monument by architect Robert Mills ( circa 1836 ) Progress toward a memorial finally began in 1833 . That year a large group of concerned citizens formed the Washington National Monument Society . In 1836 , after they had raised $28,000 in donations ( equivalent to $18,000,000 in 2016 ) , they announced a competition for the design of the memorial . On September 23 , 1835 , the board of managers of the society described their expectations : It is proposed that the contemplated monument shall be like him in whose honor it is to be constructed , unparalleled in the world , and commensurate with the gratitude , liberality , and patriotism of the people by whom it is to be erected ... ( It ) should blend stupendousness with elegance , and be of such magnitude and beauty as to be an object of pride to the American people , and of admiration to all who see it . Its material is intended to be wholly American , and to be of marble and granite brought from each state , that each state may participate in the glory of contributing material as well as in funds to its construction . The society held a competition for designs in 1836 . In 1845 the winner was announced to be architect Robert Mills . The citizens of Baltimore had chosen him to build a monument to Washington , and he had designed a tall Greek column surmounted by a statue of the President . Mills also knew the capital well , having just been chosen Architect of Public Buildings for Washington . His design called for a circular colonnaded building 250 feet ( 76 m ) in diameter and 100 feet ( 30 m ) high from which sprang a four sided obelisk 500 feet ( 150 m ) high , for a total elevation of 600 feet ( 180 m ) . A massive cylindrical pillar 70 feet ( 21 m ) in diameter supported the obelisk at the center of the building . The obelisk was to be 70 feet ( 21 m ) square at the base and 40 feet ( 12 m ) square at the top with a slightly peaked roof . Both the obelisk and pillar were hollow within which a railway spiraled up . The obelisk had no doorway -- instead its interior was entered from the interior of the pillar upon which it was mounted . The pillar had an `` arched way '' at its base . The top of the portico of the building would feature Washington standing in a chariot holding the reins of six horses . Inside the colonnade would be statues of 30 prominent Revolutionary War heroes as well as statues of the signers of the Declaration of Independence . Criticism of Mills ' design and its estimated price tag of more than $1 million ( in 1848 , equivalent to $510,000,000 in 2016 ) caused the society to hesitate . On April 11 , 1848 the society decided , due to a lack of funds , to build only the obelisk . Mills ' 1848 obelisk was to be 500 feet tall , 55 feet ( 17 m ) square at the base and 35 feet ( 11 m ) square at the top . It had two massive doorways , each 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) high and 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) wide , on the east and west sides of its base . Surrounding each doorway were raised jambs , a heavy pediment , and entablature within which was carved an Egyptian - style winged sun and asps . This original design conformed to a massive temple which was to have surrounded the base of the obelisk , but because it was never built , the architect of the second phase of construction Thomas Lincoln Casey smoothed down the projecting jambs , pediment and entablature in 1885 , walled up the west entrance with marble forming an alcove , and reduced the east entrance to 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) high . The western alcove has contained a bronze statue of Washington since 1992 -- 93 . Also during 1992 -- 93 a limestone surround was installed at the east elevator entrance decorated with a winged sun and asps to mimic Mills ' 1848 design . Construction ( edit ) West side of Jefferson Pier with Washington Monument in background The Washington Monument was originally intended to be located at the point at which a line running directly south from the center of the White House crossed a line running directly west from the center of the Capitol . Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant 's 1791 `` Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of the United States ... '' designated this point as the location of the equestrian statue of George Washington that the Continental Congress had voted for in 1783 . The ground at the intended location proved to be too unstable to support a structure as heavy as the planned obelisk . At that originally intended site , which is 390 feet ( 119 m ) WNW from the current monument , there now stands a small monolith called the Jefferson Pier . Excavation and initial construction ( edit ) In early 1848 , workers started to build the Washington Monument 's foundation . According to historian Jesse Holland , it is very likely that African - American slaves were among the construction workers and stonecutters , given that slavery prevailed in Washington and its surrounding states at that time , and slaves were commonly used in public and private constructions . However , unlike with respect to the White House , no documents attesting to the use of slave labor in the Monument 's construction have been found . On July 4 , 1848 , the Freemasons , an organization to which Washington belonged , laid the cornerstone ( symbolically , not physically ) . According to Joseph R. Chandler : No more Washingtons shall come in our time ... But his virtues are stamped on the heart of mankind . He who is great in the battlefield looks upward to the generalship of Washington . He who grows wise in counsel feels that he is imitating Washington . He who can resign power against the wishes of a people , has in his eye the bright example of Washington . Two years later , on a torrid July 4 , 1850 , George Washington Parke Custis , the adopted son of George Washington and grandson of Martha Washington , dedicated a stone from the people of the District of Columbia to the Monument at a ceremony that President Zachary Taylor attended five days before he died from food poisoning . Donations run out ( edit ) The partially completed monument , photographed by Mathew Brady ; circa 1860 Construction continued until 1854 , when donations ran out and the monument had reached a height of 152 feet ( 46.3 m ) . At that time a memorial stone that was contributed by Pope Pius IX , called the Pope 's Stone , was destroyed by members of the anti-Catholic , nativist American Party , better known as the `` Know - Nothings '' , during the early morning hours of March 6 , 1854 ( a priest replaced it in 1982 ) . This caused public contributions to the Washington National Monument Society to cease , so they appealed to Congress for money . The request had just reached the floor of the House of Representatives when the Know - Nothing Party seized control of the Society on February 22 , 1855 . Congress immediately tabled its expected contribution of $200,000 to the Society , effectively halting the appropriation . During its tenure , the Know - Nothing Society added only two courses of masonry , or four feet , to the monument using rejected masonry it found on site , increasing the height of the shaft to 156 feet . The original Society refused to recognize the illegal takeover , so two Societies existed side by side until 1858 . With the Know - Nothing Party disintegrating and its inability to secure contributions toward building the monument , it surrendered its possession of the monument to the original Society on October 20 , 1858 . To prevent future takeovers , Congress incorporated the Society on February 22 , 1859 . Post -- Civil War ( edit ) Interest in the monument grew after the Civil War . Engineers studied the foundation several times to determine if it was strong enough . In 1876 , the Centennial of the Declaration of Independence , Congress agreed to appropriate another $200,000 to resume construction . Before work could begin again , arguments about the most appropriate design resumed . Many people thought a simple obelisk , one without the colonnade , would be too bare . Architect Mills was reputed to have said omitting the colonnade would make the monument look like `` a stalk of asparagus '' ; another critic said it offered `` little ... to be proud of . '' Monument plans and timeline of construction This attitude led people to submit alternative designs . Both the Washington National Monument Society and Congress held discussions about how the monument should be finished . The society considered five new designs , concluding that the one by William Wetmore Story seemed `` vastly superior in artistic taste and beauty . '' Congress deliberated over those five as well as Mills ' original . While it was deciding , it ordered work on the obelisk to continue . Finally , the members of the society agreed to abandon the colonnade and alter the obelisk so it conformed to classical Egyptian proportions . Resumption ( edit ) Construction resumed in 1879 under the direction of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Lincoln Casey of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Casey redesigned the foundation , strengthening it so it could support a structure that ultimately weighed more than 40,000 tons . The first stone atop the unfinished stump was laid August 7 , 1880 in a small ceremony attended by President Rutherford B. Hayes , Casey and a few others . The president placed a small coin on which he had scratched his initials and the date in the bed of wet cement at the 150 - foot level before the first stone was laid on top of it . Casey found 92 memorial stones ( presented stones ) already inlaid into the interior walls of the first phase of construction . Before construction continued he temporarily removed eight stones at the 150 - foot level so that the walls at that level could be sloped outward , producing thinner second - phase walls . He inserted those stones and most of the remaining memorial stones stored in the lapidarium into the interior walls during 1885 -- 89 . The bottom third of the monument is a slightly lighter shade than the rest of the construction because the marble was obtained from different quarries . P.H. McLaughlin setting the aluminum apex with Thomas Lincoln Casey ( hands up ) The building of the monument proceeded quickly after Congress had provided sufficient funding . In four years , it was completed , with the 100 - ounce ( 2.83 kg ) aluminum apex / lightning - rod being put in place on December 6 , 1884 . The apex was the largest single piece of aluminum cast at the time , when aluminum commanded a price comparable to silver . Two years later , the Hall -- Héroult process made aluminum easier to produce and the price of aluminum plummeted , making the once - valuable apex more ordinary , though it still provided a lustrous , non-rusting apex that served as the original lightning rod . The monument opened to the public on October 9 , 1888 . Dedication ( edit ) The Monument was dedicated on February 21 , 1885 . Over 800 people were present on the monument grounds to hear speeches during a frigid day by Ohio Senator John Sherman , the Rev. Henderson Suter , William Wilson Corcoran ( of the Washington National Monument Society ) read by Dr. James C. Welling because Corcoran was unable to attend , Freemason Myron M. Parker , Col. Thomas Lincoln Casey of the Army Corps of Engineers , and President Chester A. Arthur . President Arthur proclaimed : I do now ... in behalf of the people , receive this monument ... and declare it dedicated from this time forth to the immortal name and memory of George Washington . After the speeches Lieutenant - General Philip Sheridan led a procession , which included the dignitaries and the crowd , past the Executive Mansion , now the White House , then via Pennsylvania Avenue to the east main entrance of the Capitol , where President Arthur received passing troops . Then , in the House Chamber , the president , his Cabinet , diplomats and others listened to Representative John Davis Long read a speech written a few months earlier by Robert C. Winthrop , formerly the Speaker of the House of Representatives when the cornerstone was laid 37 years earlier , but now too ill to personally deliver his speech . A final speech was given by John W. Daniel of Virginia . The festivities concluded that evening with fireworks , both aerial and ground displays . Later History ( edit ) Diagram of the Principal High Buildings of the Old World , 1884 . The Washington Monument is the tallest structure represented . At the time of its completion , it was the tallest building in the world , a title it retained until the Eiffel Tower was completed in 1889 . Although several taller masonry structures were constructed during the first half of the 20th - century , all were demolished except for the Anaconda Smelter Stack in Montana at 585 feet 1 ⁄ inches ( 178.346 m ) ( made of brick , not stone ) . It is the tallest building in Washington , D.C. The Heights of Buildings Act of 1910 restricts new building heights to no more than 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) greater than the width of the adjacent street . This monument is vastly taller than the obelisks around the capitals of Europe and in Egypt and Ethiopia , but ordinary antique obelisks were quarried as a monolithic block of stone , and were therefore seldom taller than approximately 100 feet ( 30 m ) . The Washington Monument attracted enormous crowds before it officially opened . For six months after its dedication , 10,041 people climbed the 898 steps and 50 landings to the top . After the elevator that had been used to raise building materials was altered to carry passengers , the number of visitors grew rapidly , and an average of 55,000 people per month were going to the top by 1888 . The annual visitor count peaked between 1979 and 1997 , where an average of 1.1 million visitors visited annually ; however , from 2005 to 2010 , the Washington Monument has had an average of only 631,000 visitors each year . As with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service , the national memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15 , 1966 . In the early 1900s , material started oozing out between the outer stones of the first construction period below the 150 - foot mark , and was referred to by tourists as `` geological tuberculosis '' . This was caused by the weathering of the cement and rubble filler between the outer and inner walls . As the lower section of the monument was exposed to cold and hot and damp and dry weather conditions , the material dissolved and worked its way through the cracks between the stones of the outer wall , solidifying as it dripped down their outer surface . The monument undergoing restoration in 1999 For ten hours in December 1982 , the Washington Monument and eight tourists were held hostage by a nuclear arms protester , Norman Mayer , claiming to have explosives in a van he drove to the monument 's base . U.S. Park Police shot and killed Mayer . The monument was undamaged in the incident , and it was discovered later that Mayer did not have explosives . After this incident , the surrounding grounds were modified in places to restrict the possible unauthorized approach of motor vehicles . The monument underwent an extensive restoration project between 1998 and 2001 . During this time it was completely covered in scaffolding designed by the American architect Michael Graves ( who was also responsible for the interior changes ) . The project included cleaning , repairing and repointing the monument 's exterior and interior stonework . The stone in publicly accessible interior spaces was encased in glass to prevent vandalism , while new windows with narrower frames were installed ( to increase the viewing space ) . New exhibits celebrating the life of George Washington , and the monument 's place in history , were also added . A temporary interactive visitors center , dubbed the `` Discovery Channel Center '' was also constructed during the project . The center provided a simulated ride to the top of the monument , and shared information with visitors during phases in which the monument was closed . The majority of the project 's phases were completed by summer 2000 , allowing the monument to reopen July 31 , 2000 . The monument temporarily closed again on December 4 , 2000 to allow a new elevator cab to be installed , completing the final phase of the restoration project . The new cab included glass windows , allowing visitors to see some of the 194 memorial stones embedded in the monument 's walls . The installation of the cab took much longer than anticipated , and the monument did not reopen until February 22 , 2002 . The final cost of the restoration project was $10.5 million . On September 7 , 2004 the monument closed for a $15 million renovation , which included numerous security upgrades and redesign of the monument grounds by landscape architect Laurie Olin . The renovations were due partly to security concerns following the September 11 attacks and the start of the War on Terror . The monument reopened April 1 , 2005 , while the surrounding grounds remained closed until the landscape was finished later that summer . 2011 earthquake Damage ( edit ) Crack in a stone at the top of the monument after the 2011 Virginia earthquake Repairs on the Washington Monument in 2013 On August 23 , 2011 , the Washington Monument sustained damage during the 5.8 magnitude 2011 Virginia earthquake ; over 150 cracks were found in the monument . A National Park Service spokesperson reported that inspectors discovered a crack near the top of the structure , and announced that the monument would be closed indefinitely . A block in the pyramidion also was partially dislodged , and pieces of stone , stone chips , mortar , and paint chips came free of the monument and `` littered '' the interior stairs and observation deck . The Park Service said it was bringing in two structural engineering firms ( Wiss , Janney , Elstner Associates , Inc. and Tipping Mar Associates ) with extensive experience in historic buildings and earthquake - damaged structures to assess the monument . Officials said an examination of the monument 's exterior revealed a `` debris field '' of mortar and pieces of stone around the base of the monument , and several `` substantial '' pieces of stone had fallen inside the memorial . A crack in the central stone of the west face of the pyramidion was 1 inch ( 2.5 cm ) wide and 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) long . Park Service inspectors also discovered that the elevator system had been damaged , and was operating only to the 250 - foot ( 76 m ) level , but was soon repaired . On September 27 , 2011 , Denali National Park ranger Brandon Latham arrived to assist four climbers belonging to a `` difficult access '' team from Wiss , Janney , Elstner Associates . The reason for the inspection was the park agency 's suspicion that there were more cracks on the monument 's upper section not visible from the inside . The agency said it filled the cracks that occurred on August 23 . After Hurricane Irene hit the area on August 27 , water was discovered inside the memorial , leading the Park Service to suspect there was more undiscovered damage . The rappellers used radios to report what they found to engineering experts on the ground . Wiss , Janney , Elstner climber Dave Megerle took three hours to set up the rappelling equipment and set up a barrier around the monument 's lightning rod system atop the pyramidion ; it was the first time the hatch in the pyramidion had been open since 2000 . The external inspection of the monument was completed October 5 , 2011 . In addition to the 4 - foot ( 1.2 m ) long west crack , the inspection found several corner cracks and surface spalls ( pieces of stone broken loose ) at or near the top of the monument , and more loss of joint mortar lower down the monument . The full report was issued December 2011 . Bob Vogel , Superintendent of the National Mall and Memorial Parks , emphasized that the monument was not in danger of collapse . `` It 's structurally sound and not going anywhere '' , he told the national media at a press conference on September 26 , 2011 . More than $200,000 was spent between August 24 and September 26 inspecting the structure . The National Park Service said that it would soon begin sealing the exterior cracks on the monument to protect it from rain and snow . On July 9 , 2012 , the National Park Service announced that the monument would be closed for repairs until 2014 . The National Park Service hired construction management firm Hill International in conjunction with joint - venture partner Louis Berger Group to provide coordination between the designer , Wiss , Janney , and Elstner Associates , the general contractor Perini , and numerous stakeholders . NPS said a portion of the plaza at the base of the monument would be removed and scaffolding constructed around the exterior . In July 2013 , lighting was added to the scaffolding . Some stone pieces saved during the 2011 inspection will be refastened to the monument , while `` Dutchman patches '' will be used in other places . Several of the stone lips that help hold the pyramidion 's 2,000 - pound ( 910 kg ) exterior slabs in place were also damaged , so engineers will install metal brackets to more securely fasten them to the monument . The National Park Service reopened the Washington Monument to visitors on May 12 , 2014 , eight days ahead of schedule . Repairs to the monument cost US $ 15,000,000 , with taxpayers funding $7.5 million of the cost and David Rubenstein funding the other $7.5 million . At the reopening Interior Secretary Sally Jewell , Today show weatherman Al Roker , and American Idol Season 12 winner Candice Glover were present . The monument continues to be plagued by problems since the earthquake , including in January 2017 when the lights illuminating it went out . Components ( edit ) Cornerstone ( edit ) The cornerstone was laid with great ceremony at the northeast corner of the lowest course or step of the old foundation on July 4 , 1848 . Robert Mills , the architect of the monument , stated in September 1848 , `` The foundations are now brought up nearly to the surface of the ground ; the second step being nearly completed , which covers up the corner stone . '' Therefore , the cornerstone was laid below the 1848 ground level . In 1880 , the ground level was raised 17 feet ( 5.2 m ) to the base of the shaft by the addition of a 30 - foot ( 9.1 m ) wide earthen embankment encircling the reinforced foundation , widened another 30 feet in 1881 , and then the knoll was constructed in 1887 -- 88 . If the cornerstone was not moved during the strengthening of the foundation in 1879 -- 80 , its upper surface would now be 21 feet ( 6.4 m ) below the pavement just outside the northeast corner of the shaft . It would now be sandwiched between the concrete slab under the old foundation and the concrete buttress completely encircling what remains of the old foundation . During the strengthening process , about half by volume of the periphery of the lowest seven of eight courses or steps of the old foundation ( gneiss rubble ) was removed to provide good footing for the buttress . Although a few diagrams , pictures and descriptions of this process exist , the fate of the cornerstone is not mentioned . The cornerstone was a 24,500 - pound ( 11,100 kg ) marble block 2.5 feet ( 0.76 m ) high and 6.5 feet ( 2.0 m ) square with a large hole for a zinc case filled with memorabilia . The hole was covered by a copper plate inscribed with the date of the Declaration of Independence ( July 4 , 1776 ) , the date the cornerstone was laid ( July 4 , 1848 ) , and the names of the managers of the Washington National Monument Society . The memorabilia in the zinc case included items associated with the monument , the city of Washington , the national government , state governments , benevolent societies , and George Washington , plus miscellaneous publications , both governmental and commercial , a coin set , and a bible , totaling 73 items or collections of items , as well as 71 newspapers containing articles relating to George Washington or the monument . The ceremony began with a parade of dignitaries in carriages , marching troops , fire companies , and benevolent societies . A long oration was delivered by the Speaker of the House of Representatives Robert C. Winthrop . Then , the cornerstone was pronounced sound after a Masonic ceremony using George Washington 's Masonic gavel , apron and sash , as well as other Masonic symbols . In attendance were President James K. Polk and other federal , state and local government officials , Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton , Mrs. Dolley Madison , Mrs. John Quincy Adams , and George Washington Parke Custis , among 15,000 to 20,000 others , including a bald eagle . The ceremony ended with fireworks that evening . Memorial stones ( edit ) Memorial stone from Utah representing the former State of Deseret States , cities , foreign countries , benevolent societies , other organizations , and individuals have contributed 194 memorial stones , all inserted into the east and west interior walls above stair landings or levels for easy viewing , except one on the south interior wall between stairs that is difficult to view . The sources disagree on the number of stones for two reasons : whether one or both `` height stones '' are included , and stones not yet on display at the time of a source 's publication can not be included . The `` height stones '' refer to two stones that indicate height : during the first phase of construction a stone with an inscription that includes the phrase `` from the foundation to this height 100 feet '' was installed just below the 80 -- 90 - foot stairway and high above the 60 -- 70 - foot stairway ; during the second phase of construction a stone with a horizontal line and the phrase `` top of statue on Capitol '' was installed on the 330 - foot level . The Historic Structure Report ( HSR , 2004 ) named 194 `` memorial stones '' by level , including both height stones . Jacob ( 2005 ) described in detail and pictured 193 `` commemorative stones '' , including the 100 - foot stone but not the Capitol stone . The Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS , 1994 ) showed the location of 193 `` memorial stones '' , but did not describe or name any . HABS showed both height stones , but did not show one stone not yet installed in 1994 . Olszewski ( 1971 ) named 190 `` memorial stones '' by level , including the Capitol stone but not the 100 - foot stone . Olszewski did not include three stones not yet installed in 1971 . Of 194 stones , 95 are marble , 41 are granite , 30 are limestone , 9 are sandstone , with 19 miscellaneous types , including combinations of the aforesaid and those whose materials are not identified . Unusual materials include native copper ( Michigan ) , pipestone ( Minnesota ) , petrified wood ( Arizona ) , and jadeite ( Alaska ) . The stones vary in size from about 1.5 feet ( 0.46 m ) square ( Carthage ) to about 6 by 8 feet ( 1.8 m × 2.4 m ) ( Philadelphia and New York City ) . Utah contributed one stone as a territory and another as a state , both with inscriptions that include its pre-territorial name , Deseret , both located on the 220 - foot level . A stone at the 240 - foot level of the monument is inscribed in Welsh : Fy Iaith , Fy Ngwlad , Fy Nghenedl , Cymry am byth ( Our language , our country , our birthplace , Wales forever ) . The stone , imported from Wales , was donated by Welsh citizens of New York . Two other stones were presented by the Sunday Schools of the Methodist Episcopal Church in New York and the Sabbath School children of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia -- the former quotes from the Bible verse Proverbs 10 : 7 , `` The memory of the just is blessed '' . Another inscription , this one sent by the Ottoman government , combines the works of two eminent calligraphers : an imperial tughra by Mustafa Rakım 's student Haşim Efendi , and an inscription in jalī ta'līq script by Kadıasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi , the calligrapher who wrote the giant medallions at Hagia Sophia in Istanbul . One stone was donated by the Ryukyu Kingdom and brought back by Commodore Matthew C. Perry , but never arrived in Washington ( it was replaced in 1989 ) . Many of the stones donated for the monument carried inscriptions which did not commemorate George Washington . For example , one from the Templars of Honor and Temperance stated `` We will not make , buy , sell , or use as a beverage , any spiritous or malt liquors , Wine , Cider , or any other Alcoholic Liquor . '' ( George Washington himself had owned a whiskey distillery which operated at Mount Vernon after he left the presidency . ) Aluminum apex ( edit ) Aluminum apex showing inscriptions on its east ( left ) and north ( right ) faces . Lightning rods not shown . The aluminum apex , at the time a rare metal as valuable as silver , was cast by William Frishmuth of Philadelphia . At the time of casting , it was the largest piece of aluminum in the world . Before the installation it was put on public display at Tiffany 's in New York City and stepped over by visitors who could say they had `` stepped over the top of the Washington Monument '' . It was 8.9 inches ( 23 cm ) tall before ⁄ inch ( 1 cm ) was removed from its tip by lightning strikes during 1885 -- 1934 , when it was protected from further damage by tall lightning rods surrounding it . Its base is 5.6 inches ( 14 cm ) square . The angle between opposite sides at its tip is 34 ° 48 ' . It weighed 100 ounces ( 2.83 kg ) before lightning strikes removed a small amount of aluminum from its tip and sides . Spectral analysis in 1934 showed that it was composed of 97.87 % aluminum with the rest impurities . It has a shallow depression in its base to match a slightly raised area atop the small upper surface of the marble capstone , which aligns the sides of the apex with those of the capstone , and the downward protruding lip around that area prevents water from entering the joint . It has a large hole in the center of its base to receive a threaded 1.5 - inch ( 3.8 cm ) diameter copper rod which attaches it to the monument and used to form part of the lightning protection system . The four faces of the external aluminum apex all bear inscriptions in cursive writing ( Snell Round hand ) , which are incised into the aluminum . The apex was inscribed on site after it was delivered . Most inscriptions are the original 1884 inscriptions , except for the top three lines on the east face which were added in 1934 . A wide gold - plated copper band that held eight lightning rods covered most of the inscriptions from 1885 until it was removed and discarded in 2013 . The inscriptions that it covered were damaged and are now illegible . Only the top four and bottom two lines of the north face , the first and last lines of the west face , the top four lines of the south face , and the top three lines of the east face are still legible . Even though the inscriptions are no longer covered , no attempt was made to repair them when the apex was accessible in 2013 . The following table shows legible inscriptions in blue and illegible inscriptions in red . No colors appear on the actual apex . The inscriptions occupy the lower portions of triangles , thus the inscribed upper lines are necessarily shorter than some lower lines . North face West face South face East face Joint Commission at Setting of Cap Stone . -- -- -- -- -- Chester A. Arthur . W.W. Corcoran , Chairman . M.E. Bell . Edward Clark . John Newton . Act of August 2 , 1876 . Corner Stone Laid on Bed of Foundation July 4 , 1848 . First Stone at Height of 152 feet laid August 7 , 1880 . Capstone set December 6 , 1884 . Chief Engineer and Architect , Thos . Lincoln Casey , Colonel , Corps of Engineers . Assistants : George W. Davis , Captain , 14th Infantry . Bernard R. Green , Civil Engineer . Master Mechanic , P.H. McLaughlin . Repaired 1934 , National Park Service , Department of the Interior . Laus Deo . Although most printed sources , Harvey ( 1903 ) , Olszewski ( 1971 ) , Torres ( 1984 ) , and the Historic Structure Report ( 2004 ) , refer to the original 1884 inscriptions , the National Geodetic Survey ( 2015 ) refers to both the 1884 and 1934 inscriptions . All sources print them according to their own editorial rules , resulting in excessive capitalization ( Harvey , Olszewski , and NGS ) and inappropriate line breaks . No printed source uses cursive writing , although pictures of the apex clearly show that it was used for both the 1884 and 1934 inscriptions . A replica displayed on the 490 - foot level uses totally different line breaks than those on the external apex -- it also omits the 1934 inscriptions . In October 2007 , it was discovered that the display of this replica was positioned so that the Laus Deo ( Latin for `` praise be to God '' ) inscription could not be seen and Laus Deo was omitted from the placard describing the apex . The National Park Service rectified the omission by creating a new display . Lightning protection ( edit ) The pyramidion , the pointed top 55 feet ( 17 m ) of the monument , was originally designed with an 8.9 - inch ( 23 cm ) tall inscribed aluminum apex which served as a single lightning rod , installed December 6 , 1884 . Six months later on June 5 , 1885 lightning damaged the marble blocks of the pyramidion , so a net of gold - plated copper rods supporting 200 3 - inch ( 7.6 cm ) gold - plated , platinum - tipped copper points spaced every 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) was installed over the entire pyramidion . The original net included a gold - plated copper band attached to the aluminum apex by four large set screws which supported eight closely spaced vertical points that did not protrude above the apex . In 1934 these eight short points were lengthened to extend them above the apex by 6 inches ( 15 cm ) . In 2013 this original system was removed and discarded . It was replaced by only two thick solid aluminum lightning rods protruding above the tip of the apex by about one foot ( 0.3 m ) attached to the east and west sides of the marble capstone just below the apex . Until it was removed , the original lightning protection system was connected to the tops of the four iron columns supporting the elevator with large copper rods . Even though the aluminum apex is still connected to the columns with large copper rods , it is no longer part of the lightning protection system because it is now disconnected from the present lightning rods which shield it . The two lightning rods present since 2013 are connected to the iron columns with two large braided aluminum cables leading down the surface of the pyramidion near its southeast and northwest corners . They enter the pyramidion at its base , where they are tied together ( electrically shorted ) via large braided aluminum cables encircling the pyramidion two feet ( 0.6 m ) above its base . The bottom of the iron columns are connected to ground water below the monument via four large copper rods that pass through a 2 - foot ( 0.6 m ) square well half filled with sand in the center of the foundation . The effectiveness of the lightning protection system has not been affected by a significant draw down of the water table since 1884 because the soil 's water content remains roughly 20 % both above and below the height of the water table . Walls ( edit ) Cross section of rubble in shaft at 150 feet and typical of rubble below 150 feet During the first phase of construction ( 1848 -- 54 ) , the walls were built with bluestone gneiss rubble , ranging from very large irregular stones having a cross section of about 5 by 10 feet ( 1.5 m × 3.0 m ) down to spalls ( broken pieces of stone ) all embedded in a large amount of mortar . The outer surface is marble stones 14 to 18 inches ( 36 -- 46 cm ) thick in 2 - foot ( 61 cm ) high courses or rows horizontally encircling the monument . Although each course contains both stretchers ( stones parallel to the wall ) and headers ( stones projecting into the wall ) , about two to three times as many stretchers as headers were used . Their joints were so thin that some stones pressed on bare stone below them , breaking off many pieces since it was constructed . The batter or slope of the outer surface is 0.247 inches per foot ( 2.06 cm / m , 1 ° 11 ' ) . The inner surface has disorderly rows of smaller roughly dressed bluestone gneiss . The base of the first phase walls has an outer dimension of 55 feet 1 ⁄ inches ( 16.80 m ) square and a thickness of 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) . The interior well is 25 feet 1 inch ( 7.65 m ) square and has square corners . The weight of the first phase walls up to 150 feet ( 45.7 m ) is 22,373 long tons ( 25,058 short tons ; 22,732 tonnes ) . During the second phase ( 1879 -- 84 ) , the walls were constructed of smoothly dressed ( ashlar ) large marble and granite blocks ( rectangular cuboids ) laid down in an orderly manner ( Flemish bond ) with thick joints . Two - foot high marble surface stones , using an equal number of stretchers and headers , were backed by granite blocks from the 152 - foot level ( the first course above the rubble ) to the 218 - foot level , where marble headers become increasingly visible on the internal surface of the walls up to the 450 - foot level , above which only marble stones are used . Between the 150 - and 160 - foot levels the inner walls rapidly slope outward , increasing the shaft well from 25 feet 1 inch square to 31 feet 5 ⁄ inches ( 9.59 m ) square with a corresponding decrease in the thickness of the walls and their weight . The second phase walls at the 160 - foot level were 8 feet 7 ⁄ inches ( 2.63 m ) thick , which , combined with the larger shaft well , yields an outer dimension of 48 feet 8 ⁄ inches ( 14.85 m ) square at that level . The top of the second phase walls are 34 feet 5 ⁄ inches ( 10.50 m ) square and 1 foot 6 inches ( 46 cm ) thick . The second phase interior walls have rounded ( 2 - foot ( 0.61 m ) radii ) corners . The weight of the second phase walls ( from 150 feet to 500 feet ) are 21,260 long tons ( 23,810 short tons ; 21,600 tonnes ) . The walls of the entire shaft ( combined first and second phases ) are 500 feet 5 ⁄ inches ( 152.530 m ) high . The first phase of the walls was constructed under the direction of William Dougherty . Its white marble exterior came from the Texas quarry now adjacent to and east of north I - 83 near the Warren Road exit in Cockeysville , Maryland . The quarry was named for the Texas Station ( no longer extant ) and 19th - century town on the Northern Central Railway . During the first phase it was operated by Thomas Symington , but is now operated by Lafarge and no longer produces building stone . The second phase of construction was under the direction of Lt Col / Col Thomas Lincoln Casey of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , who removed two defective courses added by the Know - Nothings and the last 152 - foot course added by Dougherty before Casey began his construction . The next three courses of white marble ( 152 -- 156 feet ( 46 -- 48 m ) ) came from Sheffield , Massachusetts , while all courses above them came from the Beaver Dam quarry just west of the 19th - century town of Cockeysville . The latter quarry is located on Beaver Dam Road near its intersection with McCormick Road . During the second phase the quarry was operated by Hugh Sisson , but is now flooded , is called Beaverdam Pond , and is the home of the Beaver Dam Swimming Club . Both 19th - century towns are now within the city limits of Cockeysville . Pyramidion ( edit ) Rib structure of pyramidion with letter designations for courses The marble capstone of the pyramidion is a truncated pyramid with a cubical keystone projecting from its base and a deep groove surrounding the keystone . The aluminum apex replaces its truncated top . The inside upper edges of the topmost slabs on the four faces of the pyramidion rest on the keystone and in the groove . It has a large vertical hole through which a 1.5 - inch ( 3.8 cm ) threaded copper rod passes and screws into the base of the apex , which used to form part of its lightning protection system . The keystone and groove occupy so much of its base that only a small horizontal area near its outer edge remains . The weight of the capstone is transferred to both the inner and outer portions of the shiplap upper edges of the slabs . It weighs 3,300 pounds ( 1,500 kg ) , is 5 feet 2 inches ( 157 cm ) high from its base to its top , and is 3 feet ( 91 cm ) square at its base . The marble pyramidion has an extremely complex construction to save weight yet remain strong . Its surface slabs or panels are usually only 7 inches ( 18 cm ) thick ( with small thick and thin portions ) and generally do not support the weight of slabs above them , instead transferring their own weight via 1 - foot ( 30 cm ) wide internal marble ribs to the shaft 's walls . The slabs are generally 7 feet ( 213 cm ) wide and 4 feet 4 inches ( 132 cm ) high with a 2 - inch ( 5 cm ) vertical overlap ( shiplap ) to prevent water from entering the horizontal joints . Twelve such courses , the internal ribs , the marble capstone , and the aluminum apex comprise the pyramidion . Its height is 55 feet 0 inches ( 16.76 m ) . Its weight is 300 long tons ( 336 short tons ; 305 tonnes ) . The slope of the walls of the pyramidion is 17 ° 24 ' from the vertical . There are twelve ribs , three per wall , which spring from the 470 - foot ( 143.3 m ) level , all being integrated into the walls up to the 500 - foot ( 152.4 m ) level . All are free standing above 500 feet , relying on mortise and tenon joints to attach neighboring stones . The eight corner ribs terminate six courses above the shaft , each corner rib resting on its neighboring corner rib via a miter joint , forming four corner arches . Each such arch supports a pair of square corner stones , one above the other totaling one course in height . Each corner rib is linked to the nearest center rib at the sixth course via a marble tie beam . The four center ribs terminate eight courses above the shaft at a marble cruciform ( cross shaped ) keystone , forming two main arches that cross each other . Two stones , each one course high , are mounted on each of the four ribs , supporting two additional courses above the cruciform keystone , leaving two courses to support the capstone 's weight by themselves . The observation floor ( nominally the 500 - foot level ) is 499 feet 4 ⁄ inches ( 152.21 m ) above the entry lobby floor or lowest landing level . It is 1 ⁄ inches ( 3.2 cm ) above the marble base of the pyramidion and the top of the shaft walls . Four pairs of 3 - foot ( 91 cm ) wide observation windows are provided , spaced 4 feet ( 122 cm ) apart , inner stone edge to edge , all just above the lowest course of slabs ( 504 - foot level ) . Six are 1 foot 6 inches ( 46 cm ) high while two on the east face are 2 feet ( 61 cm ) high for easier egress . All were originally provided with thin marble shutters in a bronze frame each of which could be opened inward , one left and the other right per wall . After two people committed suicide by jumping through the open windows in the 1920s , hinged horizontal iron bars were added to them in 1929 . A ninth opening in a slab on the south face just below the capstone is provided for access to the outside of the pyramidion . It is covered by a stone slab which is internally removable . In 1931 , four red aircraft warning lights were installed , one per face in one of its observation windows . Pilots complained that they could not be easily seen , so the monument was floodlit on all sides as well . In 1958 , eight 14 - inch ( 36 cm ) diameter holes for new red aircraft warning lights were bored , one above each window near the top edge of the fourth course of slabs ( 516 - foot level ) in the pyramidion . In 1958 the observation windows were glazed with shatterproof glass . In 1974 -- 76 , they were glazed with bulletproof glass and the shutters removed . New bulletproof glass was installed during 1997 -- 2000 . The pyramidion has two inscriptions , neither of which is regarded as a memorial stone . One is the year `` 1884 '' on the underside of the cruciform keystone ; the other is at the same level as that keystone on the north face of the west center rib containing the names and titles of the four highest ranked builders . Its inscription ( `` Chief Engineer ... '' ) is almost identical to the inscription on the south face of the aluminum apex except for `` U.S. '' , which is part of the phrase `` 14th U.S. Infantry '' in the inscription inside the pyramidion , but the apex has only `` 14th Infantry '' . Additionally , the internal inscription does not use cursive writing and all letters in all names are capitals . Foundation ( edit ) Cross section of foundation , both old and reinforced , showing dimensions The first phase began with the excavation of about 7 feet 8 inches ( 2.3 m ) of topsoil down to a level of loam , consisting of equal parts of sand and clay , hard enough to require picks to break it up . On this `` bed of the foundation '' the cornerstone was laid at the northeast corner of the proposed foundation . The rest of the foundation was then constructed of bluestone gneiss rubble and spalls , with every crevice filled with lime mortar . The dimensions of this old foundation were 23 feet 4 inches ( 7.1 m ) high , 80 feet ( 24.4 m ) square at the base , and 58 feet 6 inches ( 17.8 m ) square at the top , laid down in eight steps , similar to a truncated step pyramid . At the center of the foundation a brick - lined 2 - foot ( 60 cm ) square well was dug to a depth of 20 feet ( 6 m ) below the bed of the foundation to keep it dry and to supply water during construction . During the second phase , after determining that the proposed weight of the monument was too great for the old foundation to safely bear , the thickness of the walls atop the unfinished stump was reduced and the foundation was strengthened by adding a large unreinforced concrete slab below the perimeter of the old foundation to increase the monument 's load bearing area two and one half times . The slab was 13 feet 6 inches ( 4.1 m ) thick , with an outer perimeter 126 feet 5 ⁄ inches ( 38.54 m ) square , an inner perimeter 44 feet ( 13.4 m ) square , with undisturbed loam inside the inner perimeter except for the water well . The area at the base of the second phase foundation is 15,992 square feet ( 1,485.7 m ) . The strengthened foundation ( old foundation and concrete slab ) has a total depth of 36 feet 10 inches ( 11.2 m ) below the bottom of the lowest course of marble blocks ( now below ground ) , and 38 feet ( 11.6 m ) below the entry lobby floor . Casey reported that nowhere did the load exceed 9 long tons per square foot ( 140 psi ; 970 kPa ) and did not exceed 3 long tons per square foot ( 47 psi ; 320 kPa ) near the outer perimeter . To properly distribute the load from the shaft to slab , about half by volume of the outer periphery of the old rubble foundation below its top step was removed . A continuous sloping unreinforced concrete buttress encircles what remains . The buttress is 100 feet 4 inches ( 30.6 m ) square at its base , 64 feet 6 inches ( 19.7 m ) square at its top , and 20 feet 5 inches ( 6.2 m ) high . The perimeter of the original top step of the old rubble foundation rests on the larger top of the concrete buttress . Its slope ( lower external angle from the vertical ) is 49 ° . This buttress rests in a depression ( triangular cross-section ) on the top surface of the concrete slab . The slab was constructed by digging pairs of 4 - foot ( 1.2 m ) wide drifts on opposite sides of the monument 's center line to keep the monument properly balanced . The drifts were filled with unreinforced concrete with depressions or dowel stones on their sides to interlock the sections . An earthen terrace 60 feet ( 18 m ) wide with its top at the base of the walls and steep sides was constructed in 1880 -- 81 over the reinforced foundation while the rest of the monument was being constructed . During 1887 -- 88 , a knoll was constructed around the terrace tapering out roughly 300 feet ( 90 m ) onto the surrounding terrain . This earthen terrace and knoll serves as an additional buttress for the foundation . The weight of the foundation is 36,912 long tons ( 41,341 short tons ; 37,504 tonnes ) , including earth and gneiss rubble above the concrete foundation that is within its outer perimeter . Stairs and elevator ( edit ) North interior wall with its stairs and their wire screening . The monument is filled with ironwork , consisting of its stairs , elevator columns and associated tie beams , none of which supports the weight of the stonework . It was redesigned in 1958 to reduce congestion and improve the flow of visitors . Originally , visitors entered and exited the west side of the elevator on the observation floor , causing congestion . So the large landing at the 490 - foot level was expanded to a full floor and the original spiral stair in the northeast corner between the 490 - and 500 - foot levels was replaced by two spiral stairs in the northeast and southeast corners . Now visitors exit the elevator on the observation floor , then walk down either spiral stair before reboarding the elevator for their trip back down . The main stairs spiral up the interior walls from the entry lobby floor to the elevator reboarding floor at the 490 - foot level . The elevator occupies the center of the shaft well from the entry lobby to the observation floor , with an elevator machine room ( installed 1925 -- 26 ) whose floor is 18 feet 10 inches ( 5.7 m ) above the observation floor and an elevator pit ( excavated 1879 ) whose floor is 9 feet ( 2.74 m ) below the entry lobby floor . The stairs and elevator are supported by four wrought iron columns each . The four supporting the stairs extend from the entry lobby floor to the observation floor and were set at the corners of a 15 - foot - 8 - inch ( 4.78 m ) square . The four supporting the elevator extend from the floor of the elevator pit to 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) above the observation floor and were set at the corners of a 9 - foot - 9 ⁄ - inch ( 2.98 m ) square . The weight of the ironwork is 275 long tons ( 308 short tons ; 279 tonnes ) . Cast iron , wrought iron , and steel were all used . The two small spiral stairs installed in 1958 are aluminum . Most landings occupy the entire east and west interior walls every 10 feet from and including the east landing at the 30 - foot level up to the west landing at the 480 - foot level , east then west alternately . Three stairs with small landings rise from the entry lobby floor to the 30 - foot level successively along the north , west and south interior walls . Landings from the 30 - foot level up to the 150 - foot level are 3 feet 2 ⁄ inches ( 0.97 m ) by 25 feet 1 inch ( 7.65 m ) , while landings from the 160 - foot level to the 480 - foot level are 7 feet 10 ⁄ inches ( 2.41 m ) by 31 feet 5 ⁄ inches ( 9.59 m ) . All stairs are on the north and south walls except for the aforementioned west stair between the 10 - and 20 - foot levels , and the two spiral stairs . About one fourth of visitors chose to ascend the monument using the stairs when they were available . They were closed to up traffic in 1971 , and then closed to all traffic except by special arrangement in 1976 . The stairs had 898 steps until 1958 , consisting of 18 risers in each of the 49 main stairs plus 16 risers in the spiral stair . Since 1958 the stairs have had 897 risers if only one spiral stair is counted because both spiral stairs now have 15 risers each . These figures do not include two additional steps in the entry passage that were covered up in 1975 by a ramp and its inward horizontal extension to meet the higher ( since 1886 ) entry lobby floor . One step was 3.2 feet ( 1 m ) away from the outer walls and the other was at the end of the passage , 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) away from the outer walls . As initially constructed , the interior was relatively open with two - rail handrails , but a couple of suicides and an accidental fall prompted the addition of tall wire screening ( 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) high with a large diamond mesh ) on the inside edge of the stairs and landings in 1929 . The original steam powered elevator , which took 10 to 12 minutes to ascend to the observation floor , was replaced by an electric elevator powered by an on - site dynamo in 1901 which took five minutes to ascend . The monument was connected to the electrical grid in 1923 , allowing the installation of a modern electric elevator in 1925 -- 26 which took 70 seconds . The latter was replaced in 1958 and again in 1998 by 70 - second elevators . During 1997 -- 2000 , the wire screening at three platforms was replaced by large glass panels to allow visitors on the elevator to view three clusters of memorial stones that were synchronously lit as the elevator automatically slowed as it passed them during its descent . Miscellaneous details ( edit ) The total cost of the monument from 1848 to 1888 was $1,409,500 ( equivalent to $350,000,000 in 2016 ) . The weight of the above ground portion of the monument is 44,208 long tons ( 49,513 short tons ; 44,917 tonnes ) , whereas its total weight , including the foundation below ground and any earth above it that is within its outer perimeter is 81,120 long tons ( 90,854 short tons ; 82,422 tonnes ) . The total number of blocks in the monument , including all marble , granite and gneiss blocks , whether externally or internally visible or hidden from view within the walls or old foundation is over 36,000 . The number of marble blocks externally visible is about 10,000 . The monument stands 554 feet 7 ⁄ inches ( 169.046 m ) tall according to the National Geodetic Survey ( measured 2013 -- 14 ) or 555 feet 5 ⁄ inches ( 169.294 m ) tall according to the National Park Service ( measured 1884 ) . In 1975 , a ramp covered two steps at the entrance to the monument , so the ground next to the ramp was raised to match its height , reducing the remaining height to the monument 's apex . It is both the world 's tallest stone structure and the world 's tallest obelisk . It is the tallest monumental column in the world if all are measured above their pedestrian entrances , but two are taller when measured above ground , though they are neither all stone nor true obelisks . The tallest masonry structure in the world is the brick Anaconda Smelter Stack in Montana at 585 feet 1 ⁄ inches ( 178.346 m ) , including a concrete foundation . Flags ( edit ) Overhead view showing all 50 American flags . Fifty American flags ( not state flags ) , one for each state , are now flown 24 hours a day around a large circle centered on the monument . Forty eight American flags ( one for each state then in existence ) were flown on wooden flag poles on Washington 's birthday since 1920 and later on Independence Day , Memorial Day , and other special occasions until early 1958 . Both the flags and flag poles were removed and stored between these days . In 1958 fifty 25 - foot ( 7.6 m ) tall aluminum flag poles ( anticipating Alaska and Hawaii ) were installed , evenly spaced around a 260 - foot ( 79 m ) diameter circle . During 2004 -- 05 , the diameter of the circle was reduced to 240 feet ( 73 m ) . Since Washington 's birthday 1958 , 48 American flags were flown on a daily basis , increasing to 49 flags on July 4 , 1959 , and then to 50 flags since July 4 , 1960 . When 48 and 49 flags were flown , only 48 and 49 flag poles of the available 50 were placed into base receptacles . All flags were removed and stored overnight . Since July 4 , 1971 , 50 American flags have flown 24 hours a day . Security ( edit ) Visitor security screening center The temporary visitor screening center , erected in 2001 Proposed high - security , more aesthetically pleasing replacement In 2001 , a temporary visitor security screening center was added to the east entrance of the Washington Monument in the wake of the September 11 attacks . The one - story facility was designed to reduce the ability of a terrorist attack on the interior of the monument , or an attempt to seize and hold it . Visitors obtained their timed - entry tickets from the Monument Lodge east of the memorial , and passed through metal detectors and bomb - sniffing sensors prior to entering the monument . After exiting the monument , they passed through a turnstile to prevent them from re-entering . This facility , a one - story cube of wood around a metal frame , was intended to be temporary until a new screening facility could be designed . On March 6 , 2014 , the National Capital Planning Commission approved a new visitor screening facility to replace the temporary one . The 785 - square - foot ( 72.9 m ) facility will be two stories high and contain space for screening 20 to 25 visitors at a time . The exterior walls ( which will be slightly frosted to prevent viewing of the security screening process ) will consist of an outer sheet of bulletproof glass or polycarbonate , a metal mesh insert , and another sheet of bulletproof glass . The inner sheet will consist of two sheets ( slightly separated ) of laminated glass . A 0.5 - inch ( 1.3 cm ) airspace will exist between the inner and outer glass walls to help insulate the facility . Two ( possibly three ) geothermal heat pumps will be built on the north side of the monument to provide heating and cooling of the facility . The new facility will also provide an office for National Park Service and United States Park Police staff . The structure is designed so that it may be removed without damaging the monument . The United States Commission of Fine Arts approved the aesthetic design of the screening facility in June 2013 . A low - profile ha - ha wall surrounds the monument A recessed trench wall known as a ha - ha has been built to minimize the visual impact of a security barrier surrounding the monument . After the September 11 attacks and another unrelated terror threat at the monument , authorities had put up a circle of temporary Jersey barriers to prevent large motor vehicles from approaching . The unsightly barrier was replaced by a less - obtrusive low 30 - inch ( 0.76 m ) granite stone wall that doubles as a seating bench and also incorporates lighting . The installation received the 2005 Park / Landscape Award of Merit from the American Society of Landscape Architects . Transit ( edit ) The Washington Monument is served by the Smithsonian metro station . In popular culture ( edit ) As a landmark of the U.S. capital , the Washington Monument has been featured in film and television depictions . The symbolic meaning of the shape is referenced in the novel The Lost Symbol by Dan Brown . The monument is also the subject of Carl Sandburg 's 1922 poem , `` Washington by Night '' . In the musical Hamilton , the monument is referenced in a song , as Eliza Hamilton collected money for it to be constructed . Gallery ( edit ) The Lincoln Memorial , Washington Monument , and United States Capitol together are a typical establishing shot for Washington , D.C. View from the top of the Washington Monument in July 2015 facing toward the Capitol 2003 view of monument , surrounded by a ring of Jersey barriers . The White House is visible at the upper right . The Lincoln Memorial is beyond the frame , at left . Washington Monument - Clouds at sunset , March 2016 Cherry blossoms at the Tidal Basin and Washington Monument , March 2016 2005 aerial view facing east from above the Potomac River See also ( edit ) Washington , D.C. portal Architecture portal List of public art in Washington , D.C. , Ward 2 List of tallest freestanding structures in the world List of tallest towers in the world Yule Marble Tuckahoe Marble Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Several heights have been specified , all of which exclude the foundation whose top is 15 feet 8 inches ( 4.78 m ) above the pre-construction ground level . The foundation is surrounded by a grassy knoll which effectively places the foundation below ground level . This knoll serves as a buttress for the foundation . 554 feet 7 ⁄ inches ( 169.046 m ) according to the National Geodetic Survey ( NGS ) using the criteria of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat ( CTBUH ) , that is , from the `` level of the lowest , significant , open - air , pedestrian entrance '' to the highest point of the building . From among four candidate points suggested by the NGS , the CTBUH chose a point on the entry ramp installed in 1975 where it crosses the outer face of the marble facade of the monument . Measured 2013 -- 14 and reported February 16 , 2015 . This is also its new above ground height because the ground at the shaft was raised in 1975 to match the ramp . The ground surrounding the shaft was replaced by granite pavers during 2004 -- 05 to match the raised ground level and the ramp . This height is 22.0 centimeters ( 8.66 in ) above four `` CASEY marks '' , 2.5 - inch ( 6.4 cm ) diameter brass bolt heads whose shafts are inserted vertically into the topmost level of the foundation just outside the four corners of the monument . These CASEY marks were set flush with the lower surface of the marble blocks . The NGS thinks they were likely used by Col. Thomas Lincoln Casey , the engineer in charge of construction , to determine the traditional height in 1884 . The floor at the elevator is now 13.9 centimeters ( 5.47 in ) above this pedestrian entrance , and 35.9 centimeters ( 14.13 in ) above the CASEY marks . The highest point of the monument is a one millimeter diameter dimple atop the aluminum apex . 555 feet 5 ⁄ inches ( 169.294 m ) according to the National Park Service . Measured and reported in 1884 by Col. Thomas Lincoln Casey , the engineer in charge of construction . It was measured from the top of the foundation ( the lowest marble joint or the door - sills of the two empty doorways ) , which was in place in 1884 . This is the traditional height of the monument that became moot when the pavement or ground next to the monument was raised in 1975 . 554 feet 11 ⁄ inches ( 169.151 m ) according to architectural drawings in the Historic American Buildings Survey ( 1994 ) , pavement at shaft to tip . This height is comparable to the NGS height because it was also determined after the ramp was installed in 1975 . None of these heights include a set of lightning rods surrounding the monument 's aluminum apex . An old set was installed in 1934 , which protruded above its tip by 6 inches ( 15 cm ) . In 2013 a new set of lightning rods was installed which protrude above the apex by about one foot ( 0.3 m ) . ^ Jump up to : Two other monumental columns ( honoring a person or thing ) have heights comparable to that of the Washington Monument , the San Jacinto Monument in Texas and the Juche Tower in North Korea . Which of the three is taller depends on how its height is measured . A traditional method is above a part of the monument comparable to ground level . A more recent method is that used by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat ( CTBUH ) , the arbiter of the height of tall buildings since 1969 . The CTBUH states the height of a building must be measured above the `` level of the lowest , significant , open - air , pedestrian entrance '' . The three CTBUH ( above pedestrian entrance ) heights from tallest to shortest are the Washington Monument , the San Jacinto Monument ( − 2.6 feet ( − 0.79 m ) ) , and the Juche Tower ( − 20 feet ( − 6 m ) ) . The above ground heights of the three monumental columns from tallest to shortest are the San Jacinto Monument ( + 12.70 feet ( 3.871 m ) ) , the Juche Tower ( 3.3 feet ( + 1 m ) ) , and the Washington Monument . Height differences are relative to the height of the Washington Monument . The Washington Monument 's CTBUH ( above pedestrian entrance ) height , 554 feet 7 ⁄ inches ( 169.046 m ) , is the same as its above ground height . The San Jacinto Monument has a surveyed height of 567.31 feet ( 172.916 m ) from its footing to the top of its beacon . However , the architect of the monument , Albert C. Finn , stated , `` San Jacinto ... is actually 552 feet ( 168.2 m ) from the first floor to the top of the beacon '' ... in the `` customary way '' of measuring such things . The `` first floor '' is the CTBUH criterion . A stepped terrace elevates this pedestrian entrance above ground , thus reducing the monument 's remaining height by its thickness , about 15.5 feet ( 4.7 m ) , to the monument 's CTBUH height . The monument is made of reinforced concrete , not stone , although it has a facade of limestone . The Juche Tower has a specified height of 558 feet ( 170 m ) above a very large concrete bus parking lot just east of the tower . A stepped terrace elevates its pedestrian entrance , also on its east side , above this ground level . Its thickness , 23 feet ( 7 m ) , reduces the remaining height of the tower to 535 feet ( 163 m ) , its CTBUH height . The tower is made of reinforced concrete , not stone , although it has a facade of granite . A metal cage holding many panels of red glass in the shape of a flame , internally illuminated at night , surmounting a gold - colored `` fuel chamber '' , occupies its top 66 feet ( 20 m ) . Jump up ^ The base of the obelisk atop the circular pillar was to have been `` 70 feet square '' according to the House report of 1872 and Torres ( 1984 ) , but only `` 50 feet square '' according to Harvey ( 1903 ) . The corners of a 70 - foot square base ( 99 - foot diagonal ) would dangerously overhang a 70 - foot diameter pillar , whereas a 50 - foot square base ( 71 - foot diagonal ) would not . Jump up ^ L'Enfant identified himself as `` Peter Charles L'Enfant '' during most of his life , while residing in the US . He wrote this name on his `` Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t ( he ) United States ... '' and on other legal documents . However , during the early 1900s , a French ambassador to the U.S. , Jean Jules Jusserand , popularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name , `` Pierre Charles L'Enfant '' . The National Park Service identifies L'Enfant as `` Major Peter Charles L'Enfant '' and as `` Major Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant '' on pages of its website that describe the Washington Monument . The United States Code states in 40 U.S.C. § 3309 : `` ( a ) In General. -- The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant . '' ^ Jump up to : The Anaconda Smelter Stack consists entirely of brick , although it is reinforced by steel rods encircling most of its height . Masonry , by definition , includes manufactured brick as well as natural stone units . Taller stacks or chimneys are made of reinforced concrete . See the list of tallest towers ( designed for regular public access ) , and the list of tallest chimneys ( not designed for regular public access ) . Jump up ^ A `` Dutchman Repair '' `` is a type of partial replacement or ' piecing - in ' '' that `` involves replacing a small area of damaged stone '' with a small piece of natural or imitation stone , `` wedged in place or secured with an adhesive '' , with the joint being `` as narrow as possible to maintain the appearance of a continuous surface . '' Jump up ^ The Carthage stone was the last memorial stone installed in the monument , in 2000 . Jump up ^ Three types of levels exist , one for marble courses in the walls , one for marble courses in the pyramidion , and one for stair landings . The level of a marble course in the walls is named by the height of its upper surface or joint , in multiples of 2 feet ( 61 cm ) , above the lower surface ( zero feet ) of the lowest marble course in the walls ( now below ground ) , which rests on the old foundation and is at the same height as four Casey marks ( the tops of four brass bolts inserted vertically into the top of the old foundation ) . The level of a marble course in the pyramidion is similar to those in the walls except that they are in multiples of 4 feet ( 122 cm ) . The level of a stair landing is named by its height , in multiples of 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) , above the lowest landing , which coincides with the entry lobby floor . The zero - foot height or reference for marble courses in the first phase walls ( which do not extend through the rubble walls ) is 14 ⁄ inches ( 36 cm ) below that for stair landings , but marble levels in the second phase walls ( except for the 500 - foot level ) are only 11 inches ( 28 cm ) below their corresponding stair levels . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Geodetic Survey , `` 2013 -- 2014 Survey of the Washington Monument '' Archived March 3 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2015 . Horizontal coordinates converted from NAD83 ( 2011 ) to WGS84 ( G1674 ) , the required coordinate system for Wikipedia coordinates , via NGS Horizontal Time - Dependent Positioning , epoch 2010.0 including ellipsoidal height . Jump up ^ `` Foundation Statement for the National Mall and Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Park '' ( PDF ) , National Park Service , retrieved May 20 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Wunsch , Aaron V. ( 1994 ) . Historic American Buildings Survey , Washington Monument , HABS DC - 428 ( text ) ( PDF ) . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` CTBUH Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings '' . ctbuh.org . Jump up ^ National Geodetic Survey , `` Why does the value obtained in 2014 ... disagree with the 1884 value ... ? '' Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2015 , picture of precise spot used . ^ Jump up to : John Milner Associates , Historic Structure Report : Washington Monument Archived June 20 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2004 ( HSR ) ^ Jump up to : Arzola , Robert R. ; Lockett , Dana L. ; Schara , Mark ; Vazquez , Jose Raul ( 1994 ) . Historic American Buildings Survey , Washington Monument , HABS DC - 428 ( drawings ) . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions about the Washington Monument by the National Park Service '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Thos . Lincoln Casey , `` report of operations upon the Washington Monument for the year ( 1884 ) '' in Letter from William W. Corcoran , Chairman of the Joint Commission for the Completion of the Washington Monument , transmitting the annual report of the Commission , December 19 , 1884 , U.S. Congressional Serial Set , Vol. 2310 , 48th Congress , 2nd Session , House of Representatives Misc . Doc . 8 , p. 5 . Available for free in most large United States libraries in government documents or online . Establish a connection to Readex collections before clicking on link . ^ Jump up to : George J. Binczewski ( 1995 ) . `` The Point of a Monument : A History of the Aluminum Cap of the Washington Monument '' . JOM. 47 ( 11 ) : 20 -- 25 . doi : 10.1007 / bf03221302 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aerial America : Washington D.C. '' . Aerial America . Smithsonian channel . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , John ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Local : The Washington Monument is tall , but is it the tallest ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul Gervais Bell Jr. , `` Monumental Myths '' Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Southwestern Historical Quarterly `` , vol. 103 , 2000 , frontispiece - 14 , pp. 13 - 14 ^ Jump up to : Marking a people 's love , an article from The New York Times published February 22 , 1885 . Jump up ^ `` '' Washington Monument Remains Closed Indefinitely . '' ' ' Associated Press . ' ' `` . Photoblog.msnbc.msn.com . August 23 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Monument reopening '' . National Park Service . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Photos From the Top of the Washington Monument Reopening '' . I Hit The Button . May 13 , 2014 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Monument reopens after quake repairs '' . CNN.com . August 23 , 2011 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 Facts About the Washington Monument as It Reopens '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Monument draws crowds as it reopens after renovations '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hedgpeth , Dana ; Ruane , Michael E. ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Washington Monument closed indefinitely over elevator 's ' reliability issues ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Rubenstein Donates Funds to Modernize Washington Monument Elevator - National Mall and Memorial Parks ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . www.nps.gov . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E. ( November 2002 ) . `` Founding Fathers and Slaveholders '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Paul K. Longmore ( 1999 ) . The Invention of George Washington . Univ. of Virginia Press . p. 207 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1872 - 3 . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sheldon S. Cohen , `` Monuments to Greatness : George Dance , Charles Polhill , and Benjamin West 's Design for a Memorial to George Washington . '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography , April 1991 , Vol. 99 Issue 2 , pp. 187 -- 203 . JSTOR 4249215 ISSN 0042 - 6636 . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kirk Savage , Monument Wars : Washington , D.C. , the National Mall , and the Transformation of the Memorial Landscape ( 2009 ) pp 32 -- 45 Jump up ^ George Cochrane Hazelton , The national capitol : its architecture , art and history ( 1902 ) p. 288 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Washington Monument : Tribute in Stone '' . National Park Service , ParkNet . ^ Jump up to : Olszewski , George J. ( 1971 ) . `` A History of the Washington Monument , 1844 -- 1968 , Washington , D.C. '' . Washington , D.C. : National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` The Washington Monument : Tribute in Stone , Reading 3 '' . National Park Service . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Washington National Monument , April 19 , 1872 , U.S. Congressional Serial Set , Vol. 1528 , 42d Congress , 2d Session , House Report 48 . Available for free in most large United States libraries in government documents or online . Establish a connection to Readex collections before clicking on link . ^ Jump up to : Louis Torres , `` To the immortal name and memory of George Washington '' : The United States Army Corps of Engineers and the Construction of the Washington Monument Archived June 24 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , ( Washington , D.C. : US Government Printing Office , 1984 ) . ^ Jump up to : Frederick L. Harvey , History of the Washington National Monument and Washington National Monument Society , Congressional Serial Set , volume 4436 , 57th Congress , 2nd session , Senate Doc . 224 , 1903 . This 1903 edition is about three times the size of the 1902 edition , which has the slightly different name History of the Washington National Monument and of the Washington National Monument Society Archived September 3 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... The 1903 edition is available for free in most large United States libraries in government documents or online . Establish a connection to Readex collections before clicking on 1903 link . Jump up ^ Richard G. Carrott , The Egyptian Revival , 1978 , plate 33 ^ Jump up to : ( Thomas Lincoln Casey ) , Letter from the Joint Commission for Completion of the Washington Monument , transmitting their annual report . December 15 , 1885 Congressional Serial Set , volume 2333 , 49th Congress , 1st session , Senate Doc . 6 . Available for free in most large United States libraries in government documents or online . Establish a connection to Readex collections before clicking on link . ^ Jump up to : Peter Charles L'Enfant's `` Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t ( he ) United States ... '' in official website of the U.S. Library of Congress . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Freedom Plaza in downtown Washington , D.C. , contains an inlay of the central portion of L'Enfant's plan and of its legends . Archived July 31 , 2007 , at WebCite Jump up ^ Bowling , Kenneth R ( 2002 ) . Peter Charles L'Enfant : vision , honor , and male friendship in the early American Republic . George Washington University , Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument '' section in `` Washington , D.C. : A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary '' page in official website of U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument '' page in `` American Presidents '' section of official website of U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Data Sheet Retrieval '' . noaa.gov . Jump up ^ Pfanz , Donald C. , National Park Service , National Capital Region ( December 2 , 1980 ) . `` Jefferson Pier Marker '' ( PDF ) . National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form : Washington Monument . United States Department of the Interior : National Park Service . p . Continuation Sheet , Item No. 7 , p. 4 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Reeves , Thomas C. ( February 1975 ) . Gentleman Boss . New York , NY : Alfred A. Knopf . p. 413 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 46095 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jesus , Austin Elias - de ( 11 July 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming Says the Washington Monument Was Built by Slaves . Was It ? '' . Slate . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reading 2 : Construction of the Monument '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , John ( 2010 ) . Lee : A Life of Virtue . Nashville , Tennessee : Thomas Nelson . pp. 93 -- 94 . ISBN 1595550283 . OCLC 456177249 . At Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Judith M. Jacob , The Washington Monument : A technical history and catalog of the commemorative stones Archived June 20 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument '' . National Park Service . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . The walls of the monument range in thickness from 15 ' at the base to 18 at the upper shaft . They are composed primarily of white marble blocks from Maryland with a few from Massachusetts , underlain by Maryland blue gneiss and Maine granite . A slight color change is perceptible at the 150 ' level near where construction slowed in 1854 . Jump up ^ `` Hall Process : Production and Commercialization of Aluminum '' . National Historic Chemical Landmarks . American Chemical Society . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument '' Archived December 27 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Teaching with Historic Places . National Park Service . Retrieved October 15 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Crutchfield , James A. ( 2005 ) . George Washington : First in War , First in Peace . New York , N.Y. : A Forge Book : Tom Doherty Associates , LLC . p. 218 . ISBN 0765310694 . OCLC 269434694 . ^ Jump up to : The Dedication of the Washington National Monument , 1885 . Jump up ^ Reeves , Thomas C. ( February 1975 ) . Gentleman Boss . NY , NY : Alfred A. Knopf . p. 414 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 46095 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Acts passed by U.S. Congress '' . Loislaw . Retrieved August 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Edward Chaney , `` Roma Britannica and the Cultural Memory of Egypt : Lord Arundel and the Obelisk of Domitian '' , in Roma Britannica : Art Patronage and Cultural Exchange in Eighteenth - Century Rome , eds . D. Marshall , K. Wolfe and S. Russell , British School at Rome , 2011 , pp. 147 -- 70 . Jump up ^ `` Determining the Facts Reading 3 : Finishing the Monument '' . nps.gov . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Visitors to the Washington Monument '' . The New York Times . August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument attacked by Geological Tuberculosis '' Archived September 2 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Popular Mechanics , December 1911 , pp. 829 -- 830 . This source mistakenly said the lower 190 feet was constructed during the early period -- it was actually 150 feet . Jump up ^ Jeffrey David Simon ( 2001 ) . The Terrorist Trap : America 's Experience with Terrorism . Indiana UP . p. 285 . Jump up ^ Gabriel Escobar ( December 30 , 1998 ) . `` Obelisk 's Scaffold Is First of Its Kind '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Linda Wheeler ( July 30 , 2000 ) . `` It 's Ready for Its Close - Up Now : Big Crowds Are Expected For Monument 's Reopening '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Metro in Brief '' . The Washington Post . August 30 , 2000 . Jump up ^ John Heilprin ( February 23 , 2002 ) . `` New sight from Washington Monument '' . Deseret News . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument reopens to public '' . USA Today . April 1 , 2005 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Paul Schwartzman ( March 19 , 2005 ) . `` Washington Monument To Reopen Next Month '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ FoxNews.com ( August 23 , 2011 ) . `` Disasters Washington Monument Indefinitely Closes After Earthquake Causes Cracks '' . Fox News . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument top cracked by earthquake '' . Associated Press . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Michael E. Ruane ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Washington Monument Elevator Damage Inspected as Earthquake 's Toll Is Assessed '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Patricia . `` Washington Monument Cracks Indicate Earthquake Damage . '' Washington Post . August 25 , 2011 . Assessed August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument Finds Additional Cracks . '' Press release . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . August 25 , 2011 Archived May 2 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Nuckols , Ben . `` Weather May Delay Washington Monument Rappelling '' Associated Press . September 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : O'Toole , Molly . `` Engineers to Rappel Down Washington Monument to Inspect Damage '' . Reuters.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Charles S. ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Washington Monument Elevator Woes '' . Government Executive . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Markette ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Climbers Rappel Washington Monument to Assess Damage '' . Wamu.org . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Post-Earthquake Assessment '' ( PDF ) . www.nps.gov . National Park Service . December 22 , 2011 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Washington Monument Earthquake Update Archived August 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , NPS , page contains news releases , a picture , video , and images of the earthquake and damage Jump up ^ Cohn , Alicia . `` Washington Monument could be closed until 2014 for earthquake repairs '' . The Hill . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Monument Earthquake Repair '' . CMAA . May 1 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Freed , Benjamin R. `` Washington Monument Nearly Topped Out , Will Be Lighted in June '' . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grimmer , Anne E. , `` Dutchman Repair '' ( 1984 ) , A Glossary of Historic Masonry Deterioration Problems and Preservation Treatments . Washington , D.C. : Department of the Interior , National Park Service Preservation Assistance Division . p. 56 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ruane , Michael E. `` Earthquake - Damaged Washington Monument May Be Closed Into 2014 . '' Washington Post . July 9 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` The lights went out at the Washington Monument '' , Dana Hedgpeth . Washington Post . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Inscription at level 330 - Washington Monument , High ground West of Fifteenth Street , Northwest , between Independence & Constitution Avenues , Washington , District of Columbia , DC '' . loc.gov . Jump up ^ `` The Washington Monument 's Inner Jewels '' , nps.gov Jump up ^ The Cambrian , vol . XVII , p. 139 . 1897 . Jump up ^ Kadiasker Mustafa Izzet Efendi ( 1801 -- 76 ) Journal of Ottoman Calligraphy Jump up ^ `` Sister Monuments : Hagia Sophia and Washington Monument '' . ( not to be ) Missed Turkey & Istanbul Sites and Facts . Jump up ^ Kerr , George H. Okinawa : The History of an Island People . ( revised ed . ) Tokyo : Tuttle Publishing , 2003 . p337n . Jump up ^ Ferling , John E. ( 1988 ) . The First of Men : A Life of George Washington . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 488 . ISBN 0199742278 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ External apex east and north faces Archived October 9 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ External apex west and south faces Archived May 15 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` A Monumental Omission '' . Nationaltreasures.org . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ M. , `` The Washington Monument , and the Lightning Stroke of June 5 '' Archived September 2 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Science 5 ( 1885 ) 517 -- 518 . Jump up ^ Gabriel Escobar , `` Workers prepare to fill a tall order '' , Washington Post Tuesday , October 13 , 1998 , page B1 . Jump up ^ Jean - Louis Briaud et al , `` The Washington Monument case history '' Archived August 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , International Journal of Geoengineering Case Histories 1 ( 2009 ) 170 -- 188 , pp. 176 -- 179 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1993 Evaluation of the Washington Monument ( 1 of 5 ) '' . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Google ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Marble quarries near Cockeysville , MD '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ William D. Purdum ( March 5 , 1940 ) . `` The history of the marble quarries in Baltimore County , Maryland '' . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument Seismic Report without appendices '' . Washington Monument Seismic Study . National Park Service . pp. 10 -- 16 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Charles W. Snell , A Brief History of the Washington Monument and Grounds , 1783 -- 1978 Archived June 20 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 1978 ) 17 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Download Conversion Factors Archived August 29 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Oregon State University . Jump up ^ Michael D. Hoover , The origins and history of the Washington Monument flag display , 1992 Archived June 20 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ National Park Service and National Capital Planning Commission . `` Visitor Screening Facility , Washington Monument Between 14th and 17th Streets , NW and Constitution Avenue , NW and the Tidal Basin . '' Executive Director 's Recommendation . NCPC File Number 6176 . March 6 , 2014 , pp. 5 , 7 Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Neibauer , Michael . `` Here 's Where You 'll Queue to Visit the Washington Monument . '' Washington Business Journal . March 7 , 2014 Archived August 29 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ National Park Service and National Capital Planning Commission . `` Visitor Screening Facility , Washington Monument Between 14th and 17th Streets , NW and Constitution Avenue , NW and the Tidal Basin . '' Executive Director 's Recommendation . NCPC File Number 6176 . March 6 , 2014 , pp. 15 - 16 Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Washington Monument Archived April 30 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ( from the OLIN website ) Jump up ^ Monument Security ( from the American Society of Landscape Architects website , ASLA awards 2006 ) Jump up ^ Risk Management Series : Site and Urban Design for Security . U.S. Department Security , Federal Emergency Agency . pp. 4 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Jesse Leaf ( March 13 , 2007 ) . The Everything Family Guide To Washington D.C. : All the Best Hotels , Restaurants , Sites , and Attractions . Adams Media . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4405 - 2411 - 0 . accessible from the Smithsonian Metro station ... Jump up ^ Christopher Hodapp ( January 13 , 2010 ) . Deciphering the Lost Symbol : Freemasons , Myths and the Mysteries of Washington . Ulysses Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56975 - 773 - 4 . Jump up ^ Sandburg , Carl . `` Washington Monument by Night '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Washington Monument ( category ) Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Washington Monument . Official NPS website : Washington Monument `` Trust for the National Mall : Washington Monument '' . Trust for the National Mall . Harper 's Weekly cartoon , February 21 , 1885 , the day of formal dedication Today in History -- December 6 Washington National Monument at Structurae Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) No . DC - 428 , `` Washington Monument '' Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . DC - 5 , `` Washington Monument '' Prehistory on the Mall at the Washington Monument Records Preceded by Cologne Cathedral World 's tallest structure 1884 -- 1889 169.29 m Succeeded by Eiffel Tower George Washington 1st President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 Senior Officer of the Army , 1798 -- 1799 Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , 1775 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 First Continental Congress , 1774 Military career Revolutionary War Military career French and Indian War Jumonville Glen Battle of Fort Necessity Forbes Expedition Washington and the American Revolution Commander - in - chief , Continental Army Aides - de-Camp Washington 's headquarters Boston campaign Siege of Boston New York and New Jersey campaign Delaware River crossing Battle of Trenton Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of Germantown Battle of White Marsh Valley Forge Battle of Monmouth Battles of Saratoga Sullivan Expedition Yorktown campaign Siege of Yorktown Culper spy ring Newburgh Conspiracy Newburgh letter Badge of Military Merit Purple Heart Washington Before Boston Medal Horses : Nelson and Blueskin Other U.S. founding events 1769 Virginia Association Continental Association 1774 Fairfax Resolves Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 1785 Mount Vernon Conference Chairman , 1787 Constitutional Convention Presidency United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 1792 First inauguration inaugural bible Second inauguration Title of `` Mr. President '' Cabinet of the United States Secretary of State Attorney General Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Judiciary Act of 1789 Nonintercourse Act Whiskey Rebellion Militia Acts of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Proclamation of Neutrality Neutrality Act of 1794 Jay Treaty Pinckney 's Treaty Slave Trade Act of 1794 Residence Act Thanksgiving Proclamation Farewell Address State of the Union Address 1790 1791 1792 1793 1796 Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Views and public image Presidential library The Washington Papers Religious views Washington and slavery Town Destroyer Legacy Life and homes Early life Birthplace Ferry Farm boyhood home Mount Vernon Gristmill Woodlawn Plantation Samuel Osgood House , First Presidential Mansion Alexander Macomb House , Second Presidential Mansion President 's House , Philadelphia Germantown White House Custis estate Potomac Company James River and Kanawha Canal Mountain Road Lottery Congressional Gold Medal Thanks of Congress President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Washington College Washington and Lee University Electoral history of George Washington Memorials and depictions Washington , D.C. Washington state Washington Monument Mount Rushmore Washington 's Birthday Purple Heart The Apotheosis of Washington George Washington ( Houdon ) George Washington ( Ceracchi ) George Washington ( Trumbull ) Washington Crossing the Delaware General George Washington at Trenton Washington at Verplanck 's Point Unfinished portrait Lansdowne portrait The Washington Family portrait Washington at Princeton painting Point of View sculpture George Washington University Washington University Washington Masonic National Memorial George Washington Memorial Parkway George Washington Bridge Washington and Jefferson National Forests Washington Monument , Baltimore Washington , D.C. statue List of memorials U.S. Postage stamps Washington - Franklin Issues 1932 bicentennial Currency Washington quarter Washington dollar Cultural depictions George Washington ( 1984 miniseries 1986 sequel ) Related Bibliography Founding Fathers of the United States Republicanism Federalist Party Federalist Era Virginia dynasty Coat of arms Cherry - tree anecdote River Farm Washington 's Crossing 1751 Barbados trip Category Syng inkstand General of the Armies American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association Ancestry and family Martha Washington ( wife ) John Parke Custis ( stepson ) George Washington Parke Custis ( step - grandson , adopted son ) Eleanor Parke Custis ( step - granddaughter , adopted daughter ) Augustine Washington ( father ) Mary Ball ( mother ) Lawrence Washington ( half - brother ) Augustine Washington Jr. ( half - brother ) Betty Washington Lewis ( sister ) Samuel Washington ( brother ) John A. Washington ( brother ) Charles Washington ( brother ) Lawrence Washington ( grandfather ) John Washington ( great - grandfather ) Bushrod Washington ( nephew ) John Adams → Category ( hide ) Landmarks of Washington , D.C. Memorials Adams African American Civil War American Veterans Disabled for Life Belmont - Paul Women 's Equality National Monument Mary McLeod Bethune Boy Scout James Buchanan D.C. War Albert Einstein Emancipation John Ericsson First Division James A. Garfield Samuel Gompers Ulysses S. Grant Holocaust Museum Holodomor Genocide Japanese American Patriotism During World War II Jefferson Memorial Lyndon Baines Johnson Grove John Paul Jones Marquis de Lafayette Law Enforcement Officers Lincoln Memorial Martin Luther King , Jr . Korean War Veterans George Mason George Meade National Statuary Hall Collection Navy -- Merchant Marine Nuns of the Battlefield Peace Monument Pentagon Second Division Signers of the Declaration of Independence The Extra Mile The Three Soldiers Jean de Rochambeau Franklin Delano Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Island Taras Shevchenko Statues of the Liberators Oscar Straus Robert A. Taft Titanic United States Air Force United States Navy Victims of Communism Vietnam Veterans Vietnam Women 's Washington Monument Daniel Webster World War II Rainbow Pool Other Capitol Reflecting Pool Immaculate Conception Basilica Healy Hall Islamic Center Jefferson Pier John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Library of Congress National Arboretum National Building Museum National Gallery of Art Lincoln 's Cottage at Soldiers ' Home Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool National Archives Newseum National Cathedral National Mall Old Post Office Pavilion Old Stone House Smithsonian Institution The Arts of War and The Arts of Peace Tidal Basin Treasury Building Tudor Place Union Station United States Capitol United States Supreme Court Building White House Willard Hotel Parks and plazas Constitution Gardens Dupont Circle East Potomac Park Freedom Plaza Lafayette Square L'Enfant Plaza Meridian Hill Park National Arboretum Pershing Park Rock Creek Park The Ellipse United States Botanic Garden West Potomac Park Boundaries Anacostia River Arlington Memorial Bridge Boundary Markers of the Original District of Columbia Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Constitution Avenue Francis Scott Key Bridge Pennsylvania Avenue Potomac River Zero Milestone Planned Adams Memorial Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial General Francis Marion Memorial Gold Star Mothers Monument National Desert Storm and Desert Shield War Memorial National Liberty Memorial Peace Corps Monument World War I Related National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington , D.C. National Register of Historic Places in Washington , D.C. Public art in Washington , D.C. ( Outdoor sculpture , American Revolution Statuary , Civil War Monuments , commemorating African - Americans ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_Monument&oldid=804306095 '' Categories : 1888 establishments in Washington , D.C. Monuments and memorials to George Washington Cultural infrastructure completed in 1888 Former world 's tallest buildings Historic American Buildings Survey in Washington , D.C. Historic American Engineering Record in Washington , D.C. Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks IUCN protected area errors Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington , D.C. National Mall and Memorial Parks National Memorials of the United States Obelisks in the United States Robert Mills buildings Terminating vistas in the United States Towers in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Good articles Use mdy dates from June 2017 Use American English from October 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Welsh - language text Structurae ID different from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Башҡортса Беларуская Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kernowek Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 03 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is taller the washington monument or the statue of liberty	[]	[]
-8043320945901086516	University of Delhi	University of Delhi - wikipedia University of Delhi Jump to : navigation , search University of Delhi Motto in English `` Dedicated to Truth '' Type Public Established 1922 Chancellor Vice President of India Vice-Chancellor Prof. Yogesh K Tyagi Students 132,435 Undergraduates 114,477 Postgraduates 17,941 Location New Delhi , Delhi , India 28 ° 41 ′ N 77 ° 13 ′ E / 28.69 ° N 77.21 ° E / 28.69 ; 77.21 Coordinates : 28 ° 41 ′ N 77 ° 13 ′ E / 28.69 ° N 77.21 ° E / 28.69 ; 77.21 Campus Urban Colours Purple Nickname DU , UOD Affiliations UGC , NAAC , AIU , ACU , Universitas 21 Mascot Elephant Website du.ac.in The University of Delhi ( UOD ) informally known as Delhi University ( DU ) is a public central collegiate university , located in New Delhi , India . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Present form 3 Campus 3.1 North Campus 3.2 South campus 3.3 Others 4 First Vice Chancellor 5 Faculties and departments 5.1 Affiliated faculties 6 Constituents 6.1 Colleges 6.2 Centres and institutes 6.3 Postgraduate centres 6.4 Centres 6.5 Recognised institutes 6.6 Affiliated institutions 7 Rankings 8 Courses 9 Administration 10 Student life 11 Sports 12 Notable alumni and faculty 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) The University of Delhi was established in 1922 as a unitary , teaching and residential university by an Act of the then Central Legislative Assembly of the British India . The University was originally to be named Prince Charles University , but Rai Kedarnath , counselor to the Chief Commissioner of Delhi and founder of Ramjas College , argued that if the university should fail , that would certainly antagonise the Prince . He suggested the name by which it is known today . Only four colleges existed in Delhi at the time : St. Stephen 's College founded in 1881 , Hindu College founded in 1899 , Zakir Husain Delhi College ( then known as The Delhi College ) , founded in 1692 and Ramjas College founded in 1917 , which were subsequently affiliated to the university . The university initially had two faculties ( Arts and Science ) and about 750 students . The seat of power in British India had been transferred from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911 . The Viceregal Lodge Estate became the residence of the Viceroy of India until October 1933 , when it was given to the University of Delhi . Since then , it has housed the office of the vice-chancellor and other offices . When Sir Maurice Gwyer came to India in 1937 to serve as Chief Justice of British India , he became the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Delhi . During his time , postgraduate teaching courses were introduced and laboratories were established at the university . Members of the faculty included Daulat Singh Kothari in Physics and Panchanan Maheshwari in Botany . Gwyer has been called the `` maker of university '' . He served as Vice-Chancellor until 1950 . The silver jubilee year of the university in 1947 coincided with India 's independence , and the national flag was hoisted in the main building for the first time by VKRV Rao . In that year there was no convocation ceremony due to the partition of India . Instead a special ceremony was held in 1948 , attended by the Prime Minister of India , Jawaharlal Nehru , as well as by Lord Mountbatten , Lady Mountbatten , Abul Kalam Azad , Zakir Hussain and S.S. Bhatnagar . Twenty - five years later the golden jubilee celebrations of 1973 were attended by then Prime Minister of India , Indira Gandhi , Satyajit Ray , Amrita Pritam and MS Subbulakshmi . Present form ( edit ) The University has grown into one of the largest universities in India . At present , there are 16 faculties , 86 academic departments , 77 colleges and 5 other recognised institutes spread all over the city , with 132,435 regular students which includes 114,494 undergraduates & 17,941 postgraduates . There are also 261,169 students in non-formal education programme , of which UG students make up 258,831 where as PG students are 2,338 in number . Five departments namely Chemistry , Geology , Zoology , Sociology and History have been awarded the status of the Centres of Advanced Studies . These Centres of Advanced Studies have carved a niche for themselves as centres of excellence in teaching and research in their respective areas . In addition , a good number of university departments are also receiving grants under the Special Assistance Programme of the UGC in recognition of their outstanding academic work . DU is one of the most sought after institution of higher education in India . It is also among the university with highest publication count in India . The annual honorary degree ceremony of the University have been conferred upon several distinguished people , which includes Amitabh Bachchan , former Chief Minister of Delhi - Sheila Dikshit , Cartoonist R.K. Laxman , Scientist CNR Rao and former Prime Minister of United Kingdom - Gordon Brown . Campus ( edit ) There are about 77 colleges affiliated to the University of Delhi , spread out all over Delhi . There are two main campuses of the University : the North Campus & the South Campus . North Campus ( edit ) Faculty of Arts North Campus hosts the three founding colleges of the university which constituted the University of Delhi when it was founded . North campus proper now has 10 colleges geographically centred on the Faculty of Arts , Science and Law which are Kirori Mal College Daulat Ram College , Hansraj College , Hindu College , Indraprastha College for Women , Miranda House , SGTB Khalsa College . Ramjas College , St. Stephen 's College and Shri Ram College of Commerce . The extended off campus also has colleges in Old Rajendra Nagar , Pitampura and Ashok Vihar areas of Delhi . The campus also houses other centres and institutes of Delhi which includes Cluster Innovation Centre , Delhi School of Economics , etc . South Campus ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The University of Delhi started the south campus in 1973 as an effort to cope with the expansion . It moved to its present location on Benito Juarez Road , near Dhaula Kuan , in 1984 . The campus is spread across 28 hectares ( 69 acres ) . The various departments are located in the Faculty of Arts , Inter-disciplinary , Applied Sciences and the S.P. Jain Centre for Management Studies . South Campus has the following colleges : Acharya Narendra Dev College , Aryabhatta College , Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College , College of Vocational Studies , Deshbandhu college , Jesus and Mary College , Maitreyi College , Moti Lal Nehru College , Ram Lal Anand College , Pannalal Girdharlal Dayanand Anglo Vedic College , Sri Aurobindo College , Shaheed Bhagat Singh College and Sri Venkateswara College . Others ( edit ) Zakir Husain Delhi College which is situated in the central part of New Delhi is the oldest college in Delhi carrying 300 years of legacy . The East Campus is being developed with the University College of Medical Sciences as its nucleus , while the West Campus will have as its focus on Engineering and Technology. The west campus currently contains faculty of technology along with its affiliate Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology located in Dwarka suburbs is University 's only top tier engineering college First Vice Chancellor ( edit ) Hari Singh Gour ( 1922 - 1926 ) Faculties and departments ( edit ) Faculty of Mathematical Sciences The University of Delhi has 16 faculties and 86 academic departments which offer courses in a wide variety of subjects and concentrations . Faculty of Applied Social Sciences & Humanities : The faculty has two departments namely - Business Economics and Slavonic & Finno - Ugrian Studies . Faculty of Arts : It has 14 departments including Arabic , Buddhist Studies , English , Germanic & Romance Studies , Hindi , Library & Information Science , Linguistics , Modern Indian Languages and Literary Studies , Persian , Philosophy , Psychology , Punjabi , Sanskrit , and Urdu . Faculty of Commerce and Business Studies : It has two departments : - ( i ) Commerce ( ii ) Financial Studies . Faculty of Education : There is only one department of Faculty of Education i.e. Department of Education . Faculty of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences : There are seven - departments which are of Bio-Physics , Biochemistry , Electronics Science , Genetics , Microbiology , Physical Education & Sports Sciences , and Plant Molecular Biology . Faculty of Law : The only department is of Department of Law . Faculty of Management Studies : It also has only one Department of Business Management & Industrial Administration . Faculty of Mathematical Sciences : It has four departments Computer Science , Mathematics , Operational Research and Statistics . Faculty of Medical Sciences : Faculty of Medical Sciences provides education to medical education to students of the University of Delhi . It has 22 departments - Anaesthesiology , Anatomy , Biochemistry , Biostatistics & Medical Informatics , Community Medicine , Dentistry , Dermatology , ENT , Forensic Medicine , Medicine , Microbiology , Obstetrics & Gynaecology , Ophthalmology , Orthopaedics , Otorhinolaryngology , Paediatrics , Paediatrics Surgery , Pathology , Pharmacology , Physiology , Psychiatry , Radio Diagnosis , Radio Therapy , and Surgery . Faculty of Music and Fine Arts : The faculty has two departments - Fine Arts and Music . Faculty of Open Learning : The faculty is concerned with distance education . It has one department - Distance & Continuing Education . Faculty of Science : It has 10 departments - Anthropology , Botany , Chemistry , Environmental Studies , Geology , Home Science , Nursing , Pharmacy , Physics & Astrophysics , and Zoology . Faculty of Social Sciences : It has 9 departments - Adult Continuing Education & Extension , African Studies , East Asian Studies , Economics , Geography , History , Political Science , Social Work and Sociology . Faculty of Technology : The faculty offers courses in Engineering and Technology . The faculty earlier included the Delhi College of Engineering , before it was transformed into the Delhi Technological University currently it includes only Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology . It has 8 departments - Applied Sciences & Humanities , Computer Engineering , Information Technology , Electronics & Communication Engineering , Manufacturing Process and Automation Engineering , Instrumentation & Control Engineering , Mechanical Engineering , and Bio Technology Affiliated faculties ( edit ) University of Delhi has two affiliated facilities : . Faculty of Ayurvedic & Unani Medicine : The faculty awards to degrees to its students in Ayurvedic medicine and Unani medicine . It has two departments , Department of Ayurvedic Medicine and other being Department of Unani Medicine . . Faculty of Homeopathic Medicine : It provides education in field of Homeopathy . And there 's only one department under the faculty i.e. of Department of Homeopathic Medicine . Constituents ( edit ) University of Delhi have colleges and some other institutions as its constituents . Colleges ( edit ) Though the colleges are all constituent to the University of Delhi , as it is a collegiate university , depending upon the funding Delhi Colleges broadly fall into three categories : Colleges established by Educational or Charitable Trusts . Colleges maintained by Delhi Administration , which acts as trust for them . Colleges maintained by University of Delhi . The colleges maintained by university get 100 % deficit maintenance grant while the colleges run by trusts get 95 % deficit grants . The university has 65 colleges that have liberal courses in humanities , social sciences and science . Twenty - five of these colleges are affiliated with the South Campus while the others are to the North Campus . These colleges except two -- Lady Irwin College and Institute of Home Economics -- are undergraduates The number of colleges under the university goes up to 77 , if the colleges that run professional courses are included . Some colleges also offer evening courses . For all the colleges of the University of Delhi , see : Colleges of the University of Delhi . Centres and institutes ( edit ) There are about 28 centres and institutes of DU . These are divided into four categories : Postgraduate centres ( edit ) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Centre For Biomedical Research -- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research is a centre where multispecialty group of scientists work as a cohesive team and participate in active teaching and research in some of the frontline areas of basic and applied biomedical sciences . Institute of Informatics and Communication -- focuses on the field of communication and information technology . Delhi School of Economics : Commonly referred to as DSE , it is a centre of post graduate learning . Started in the year 1949 , the campus of the Delhi School of Economics houses the University of Delhi 's Departments of Economics , Commerce , Sociology and Geography . Delhi School of Journalism - The University of Delhi established the Delhi School of Journalism ( DSJ ) in 2017 and introduced a Five - Year Integrated Course in Journalism . Centres ( edit ) Cluster Innovation Centre aims to present its students with a creative and innovative study system that involves hands - on projects and connects research with application in society . CIC is supported by the National Innovation Council and aided by Union Human Resource Development Ministry . D.S. Kothari Centre for Science , Ethics and Education -- The principal objective of Daulat Singh Kothari Centre for Science , Ethics and Education is to raise the standard of living of our people . It is based on science & technology , and education that determines the level of prosperity , welfare and security of the people . Agricultural Economics Research Centre -- The centre was established and is completely funded by the Ministry of Agriculture of India to carry out research related to rural economy and agriculture in India . Since then , the centre has completed more than hubdreds of policy - oriented studies for the Ministry of Agriculture . Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystem -- The centre works towards strengthening awareness , research and training in priority areas of environmental management of degraded ecosystems . The centre closely coordinates with the other departments of SES , viz . Department of Environmental Biology and Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of Mountain & Hill Environment on issues of biodiversity conservation , habitat loss , pollution and rehabilitation of displaced people due to developmental activities . Centre for Inter-disciplinary Studies of Mountain & Hill Environment -- The concept of the centre revolves around the idea that the upland areas play a crucial role in the production and regeneration of natural resources like fresh water , forests , besides sustaining a rich genetic diversity of plant and animal life . The Centre for Professional Development in Higher Education is committed to provide opportunities for professional and career development to teachers across the universities of India . Keeping in view the role of higher education in national development , CPDHE helps build competence in research methodologies and pedagogy , expansion of technologies in ICT , Science and Technology , Environment and Education . The Centre For Science Education & Communication is for the pursuit and teaching of science . It is an autonomous institution in which studies can be carried out by teachers , students and other interested individuals , for the generation of ideas and materials for the improvement of science education at university and school levels ; and for the promotion of a wider interest in science and scientific issues , through all means of communications . Developing Countries Research Centre -- Its objective is to critically address important political and intellectual issues that emerge from the study of the post colonial world and integrate these insights into teaching at the undergraduate , post-graduate and research levels in the vast educational network of the University of Delhi . Scholars in Political Science , Economics , Sociology , History , Education , Philosophy , Psychology and Literature have been involved in the effort . The Women 's Study Development Centre is the focal point for women 's and gender studies in the university . The activities of WSDC place women and gender at the centre of its inquiry focusing mostly on multidisciplinary perspectives of class , caste , race , ethnicity , sexuality , religion , age . It also addresses several other contemporary socio - political issues concerning women . The University Science Instrumentation Centre ( USIC ) is a central facility and houses sophisticated analytical instruments . Its main objective is to provide services to all researchers and students of science departments in the University and the constituent colleges of the University of Delhi . Recognised institutes ( edit ) The Institute of Life Long Learning ( ILLL ) is dedicated to the cause of those who believe that learning is not age - bound nor classroom - bound , but it takes place throughout life and in all kinds of situations . The Ahilaya Bai College of Nursing is a leading nursing institute . It provides practical exposure to their students , which helps them in acquiring in - depth knowledge of nursing . The Amar Jyoti Institute of Physiotherapy offers degrees in physiotherapy and the institute sees it as a profession . The Durgabai Deshmukh College of Special Education is especially meant for Blind students . The undergraduate course Special Education for Visually Impaired students has a motto to empower visually impaired pupils in long run . Pt . Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Institute for the Physically Handicapped is an autonomous organisation under the administrative and financial control of Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment , Government of India . It provides education to people with disabilities . School of Rehabilitation Sciences -- Its aim is to disseminate knowledge on developmental therapy and special education on rehabilitation sciences . Affiliated institutions ( edit ) Army Hospital ( Research & Referral ) Central Health Education Bureau G.B. Pant Hospital Hindu Rao Hospital Institute of Human Behaviour & Allied Sciences Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences Kasturba Hospital National Institute of Health & Family Welfare Rankings ( edit ) University rankings General -- international QS ( World ) 481 - 490 QS ( BRICS ) 41 QS ( Asian ) 66 Times ( World ) ( 2018 ) 601 - 800 Times ( BRICS ) 109 Times ( Asia ) 131 - 140 General -- India NIRF ( Overall ) ( 2017 ) 15 NIRF ( Universities ) ( 2017 ) 8 Careers360 11 Law -- India The Week ( 2016 ) Careers360 7 Internationally , the University of Delhi was ranked 481 - 490 in the QS World University Rankings of 2018 . The same institute ranked it 66 in Asia and 41 among BRICS nations in 2016 . It was ranked 601 - 800 in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2018 , 131 - 140 in Asia and 109 among BRICS & Emerging Economies University Rankings in 2017 . In India , Careers360 ranked it 11th among all universities in 2017 . It was ranked 15 in India overall by the National Institutional Ranking Framework in 2017 and 8th among universities . The Faculty of Law was ranked third in India by The Week 's `` Top Law Colleges In 2016 '' and seventh by Careers360 's `` Top Law Colleges in India 2017 '' , sixth among government institutes . Courses ( edit ) There are 240 courses available in University of Delhi for UG ( 87 ) and PG ( 153 ) . UG Course Intake Education , Computer Science , Engineering , Information Technology , Manufacturing Process and Automation Engineering , Biotechnology , Unani Medicine , Ayurveda PG Course Intake Political Science , Sanskrit , English , Mathematics , Commerce , History , Chemistry , Philosophy , Economics , Others College AIR - 15 , Overall Score - 289.54 , National Rating - AAAA+ There are as many as 75 courses in University running under the 3 - year under - graduate programme structure , with few exceptions like MBBS , BTech etc . Courses are mainly classified under the three faculties of the central university , including arts , commerce and science . The University offers 70 post-graduate degrees . DU also offers MPhil in about 28 subjects . In addition to these , it offers 90 + Certificate courses and 28 Diplomas . There are also 15 Advanced Diplomas offered in various languages . The University offers PhD courses , which may be awarded by any faculty of university under ordinance VI - B . But , speciality and super speciality medical degrees like DM , DCh etc. , could only be awarded by the faculty of medical sciences . Due to lack of surety in quality of legal education , The Bar Council of India has issued a notification asking Delhi University ( DU ) to shut down law courses offered in evening shift at its colleges . hindi - A , political science , globalisation , education Administration ( edit ) The President of India is the Visitor , the Vice President of India is the Chancellor and the Chief Justice of India is the Pro-Chancellor of the University . The Court , the Executive Council , the Academic Council and the Finance Committee are the administrative authorities of the University . University Court The Court is the supreme authority of the University and has the power to review the acts of the Executive Council and the Academic Council . Executive Council The Executive Council is the highest executive body of the University . Academic Council The Academic Council is the highest academic body of the University and is responsible for the maintenance of standards of instruction , education and examination within the University . It has the right to advise the Executive Council on all academic matters . Finance Committee U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton speaks at the University of Delhi , India 19 July 2009 . The committee is responsible for recommending financial policies , goals , and budgets that support the mission , values and strategic goals of the university . Student life ( edit ) Students of the university are involved in various national and state level social activism . One of such student run endeavors is Campus Drift , which is a student - run newspaper and it functions as an information base for the updates regarding all the colleges . There are various MUN circuits associated with Delhi University and they hold the events throughout the year . Each college has its own annual cultural fest , some known fests are Crossroads of SRCC , Nexus of Sri Venkateswara College , Mecca of Hindu college , Renaissance of Kirori Mal College , Tryst of Keshav Mahavidyalaya and Confluence held in Hansraj College . Each college has their own societies promoting a variety of ECAs . Sports ( edit ) Delhi University Stadium is a Rugby 7s stadium , situated within the North Campus of Delhi University . Spread over 10,000 square metres ( 110,000 sq ft ) , the stadium has a seating capacity of 2,500 permanent and 7,500 temporary seats . The construction work began in 2008 and it was inaugurated in July 2010 , ahead of the 2010 Commonwealth Games , and also includes training area for Netball , Boxing , Women 's Wrestling and Athletics . After the games the stadium was handed over to the university by Commonwealth Games Organising Committee , there after in 2011 , the university initiated an extensive upgrade plan , to create a multi-purpose arena with both outdoor and indoor facilities , after its completion the university students could access its facilities in late 2011 . Notable alumni and Faculty ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : List of University of Delhi people The University of Delhi has produced many distinguished personalities , including at least seven Heads of state or government and two Nobel Laureates . Notable alumni of Delhi University include major politicians of India , including Narendra Modi , Prime Minister of India and former Chief Minister of Gujarat Sheila Dikshit , former Chief Minister of Delhi Madan Lal Khurana , former Chief Minister of Delhi and Governor of Rajasthan Sucheta Kripalani , former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and India 's first woman Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik , current Chief Minister of Orissa ; Naveen Jindal , Indian National Congress politician ; Montek Singh Ahluwalia , former Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission ; Rahul Gandhi , Indian National Congress Member of Parliament ; Salman Khurshid , former Minister of State for Corporate and Minority Affairs ; Kapil Sibal , former Union Minister for Human Resource Development ; Ambika Soni , former Minister of Information and Broadcasting ; Arun Jaitley , the Minister of Finance ; and Arun Shourie , former Union Minister for Disinvestment . Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed , the fifth President of India , graduated from St. Stephen 's College , when the college was under the University of the Punjab Amrita Meghwal , Member of the Legislative Assembly , from Jalore Foreign notable DU alumni include Bingu wa Mutharika , President of Malawi Muhammad Zia - ul - Haq ( a graduate of St. Stephen 's College ) , the sixth President of Pakistan ; Girija Prasad Koirala , who served as the Prime Minister of Nepal on four occasions Aung San Suu Kyi , pro-democracy activist , leader of the National League for Democracy in Myanmar and 1991 Nobel Peace Prize laureate . Amrish Tyagi , Indian psephologist and political stragegist In science and engineering , notable alumni of DU include physicists Archana Bhattacharyya , Pran Nath , Jogesh Pati ( MSc in 1957 ) and Amitava Raychaudhuri ; chemists Charusita Chakravarty Anil Kumar Tyagi ( PhD in Medical Biochemistry ) Vinod Dham , also accomplished as `` Pentium Engineer '' Eknath Prabhakar Ghate , Mathematician Yogi Goswami , Engineer In humanities and social sciences , notable alumni include Balram Shukla , academician and poet of Sanskrit and Persian ; Gita Gopinath , professor of economics at Harvard University ; Kaushik Basu , economist and Senior Vice President and Chief Economist of the World Bank ; Historians such as Arundhati Virmani , Ramnarayan Rawat , Upinder Singh , Usha Sanyal ; and Veena Das , professor of anthropology at Johns Hopkins University . The university also has produced a large number of major actors of Indian cinema and theatre including Amitabh Bachchan , Imran Zahid Siddharth Malhotra Shah Rukh Khan Huma Qureshi . In the field of arts the University has notable alumni such as Sahitya Akademi Award winner Punjabi playwright Dr. Harcharan Singh , Kathak exponent Uma Sharma , Bharatnatyam exponent Geeta Chandran , Odissi exponent Baisali Mohanty . The notable faculty members of DU include eminent historian Professor R.S. Sharma ; Amartya Sen , recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences ; Manmohan Singh , former Prime Minister of India ; Sukhamoy Chakravarty , economist and a key architect of the Five - Year plans of India ; Jagdish N. Bhagwati , economist at Columbia University ; and Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan , wife of the first Prime Minister of Pakistan , Liaquat Ali Khan . See also ( edit ) University of Mumbai University of Calcutta University of Madras University of Roorkee Bangalore University Delhi University Community Radio List of colleges affiliated with the University of Delhi Educational Institutions in Delhi DUSU Rameshwari Photocopy Service shop copyright case References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ministry of Human Resources and Development , Government of India '' . Jump up ^ `` The Campus Connect '' . Jump up ^ S.N , Vijetha ( 12 December 2011 ) . `` Delhi University 's grand inheritance from British India '' . New Delhi : The Hindu . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` This Day That Age dated October 16 , 1952 : Sir Maurice Gwyer '' . Group Publications . The Hindu . 16 October 2002 . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About University of Delhi '' . Jump up ^ Sonal Manchanda ( 17 August 1997 ) . `` Delhi University 's date with history '' . Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` University of Delhi - Statistics '' . Jump up ^ `` India Research Ranking '' . Jump up ^ `` Delhi University honours Big B '' . The Times of India . 4 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Brown 's sense of humour floors audience at DU '' . The Hindu . 21 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` University of Delhi : North Campus Colleges '' . Jump up ^ `` About CIC '' . Jump up ^ `` QS Top Universities : University of Delhi '' . Jump up ^ `` Faculty of Applied Social Sciences and Humanities , University of Delhi '' . Hindustan Times . 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Us - Faculty of Commerce and Business Studies '' . Jump up ^ `` Faculty of Law , University of Delhi '' . Careers360 . Jump up ^ `` B - Schools in India '' . Careers360 . Jump up ^ `` FMS , University of Delhi '' . Jump up ^ `` Faculty of Social Sciences , University of Delhi '' . Jump up ^ `` Faculty of Technology , University of Delhi '' . NSIT . Jump up ^ `` DU : Faculty of Ayurvedic & Unani medicine '' . successcds . Jump up ^ `` Funding Higher Education Institutes '' ( PDF ) . University Grants Commission . Jump up ^ `` Colleges Under DU '' . EduArena . Jump up ^ `` Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research , DU '' . Internshala . Jump up ^ `` About Institute of Informatics & Communication '' . iic.ac.in . Jump up ^ Journalism , Delhi School of . `` VC 's Message '' . dsj.du.ac.in . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` About Cluster Innovation Centre '' . dubeat.com . Jump up ^ `` D.S. Centre for Science , Ethics and Education '' . mirandahouse.ac.in . Jump up ^ `` CDEMDE , University of Delhi '' . Ministry of Environment , Forest and Climate Change , Government of India . Jump up ^ `` Centre for Inter-disciplinary Studies of Mountain & Hill Environment , DU '' . cismhe.org . Jump up ^ `` CPDHE , University of Delhi '' . Jump up ^ `` Developing Countries Research Centre , Delhi '' . punjabcolleges.com . Jump up ^ `` ILLL , Delhi '' . Jump up ^ `` Ahilya Bai College of Nursing , DU '' . minglebox.com . Jump up ^ `` Visual Impairment Colleges '' . Jagran Josh . Jump up ^ `` School of Rehabilitation Sciences , Hauz Khas , Delhi '' . Higher Education India . ^ Jump up to : `` QS World University Rankings 2018 '' . QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited . 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` QS BRICS University Rankings 2016 '' . QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited . 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` QS Asian University Rankings 2016 '' . QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited . 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 1000 World University Rankings 2018 '' . The Times Higher Education . 2017 . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 400 - Times Higher Education BRICS and Emerging Economies University Rankings ( 2017 ) '' . The Times Higher Education . 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 400 - Times Higher Education Asia University Rankings ( 2017 ) '' . The Times Higher Education . 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Institutional Ranking Framework 2017 ( Overall ) '' . National Institutional Ranking Framework . Ministry of Human Resource Development . 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Institutional Ranking Framework 2017 ( Universities ) '' . National Institutional Ranking Framework . Ministry of Human Resource Development . 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Universities in India 2017 '' . Careers360. 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Colleges : Worldly Wisdom '' . The Week . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Law Colleges in India 2017 '' . Careers360. 2017 . Jump up ^ `` University of Delhi '' . Careers360 . Jump up ^ `` UG Programs in University of Delhi '' . Jump up ^ `` DU : Courses & Syllabi '' . Jump up ^ `` Ordinance VI - B - Doctor of Philosophy ( Ph. D . ) - University of Delhi '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` FMSc - Courses Offered '' . Jump up ^ `` Shutdown evening law colleges at DU : Bar Council '' . Jump up ^ `` DU Administration '' . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Jump up ^ `` Delhi University gets swanky new stadium '' . Hindustan Times . 15 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Delhi University 2010 Commonwealth Games website . Jump up ^ `` Delhi University Sports Council - University of Delhi '' . Jump up ^ `` A guide to Delhi University facilities : All play '' . The Times of India . 19 Jul 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brand new '' . The Times of India . 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ http://srcc.edu/alumni.html Jump up ^ `` INSA - Archana Bhattacharyya '' . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Biographical sketch : Jogesh Chandra Pati '' ( PDF ) . Stanford University . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Curriculum vitae : Anil K. Tyagi '' ( PDF ) . Delhi University . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Singh , Chaheti ( 7 March 2016 ) . `` 10 Amazing Women Alumni from Delhi University '' . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Delhi School of Economics . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Professor Jagdish N. Bhagwati '' . Columbia University . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan '' . Herald ( Pakistan ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to University of Delhi . Official website University of Delhi Leadership Chancellor : Honorable Vice-President of India - Mohammad Hamid Ansari Vice-Chancellor : Yogesh K Tyagi Colleges Aditi Mahavidyalaya Acharya Narendra Dev Ambedkar Aryabhatta Atma Ram Bhagini Nivedita College Bhaskraycharya Daulat Ram Deen Dayal Delhi College of Arts and Commerce Delhi School of Economics Department of Business Economics Deshbandhu Dyal Singh College Faculty of Management Studies Gargi College Hans Raj Hindu Indraprastha Institute of Home Economics Janki Devi Memorial College Jesus and Mary College Kamala Nehru College Keshav Mahavidyalaya Kirori Mal Khalsa College Lady Hardinge Lady Irwin Lady Shri Ram Maharaja Agrasen Maharishi Valmiki College of Education Maitreyi Maulana Azad Miranda House Motilal Nehru Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology Pannalal Girdharlal Dayanand Anglo Vedic College Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Institute for the Physically Handicapped Rajdhani Ramanujan Ramjas Ram Lal Anand College Satyawati School of Open Learning Shaheed Bhagat Singh College Shaheed Sukhdev College of Business Studies Sherubtse Shivaji Shri Ram College of Commerce Sri Guru Gobind Singh College of Commerce Sri Guru Nanak Dev Khalsa College Sri Venkateswara St. Stephen 's Swami Shraddhanand Tibbia College UCMS Zakir Hussain Categories University Vice-Chancellors Academics Alumni DUSU Presidents Sports Delhi University Stadium Delhi portal Universities in Delhi All India Institute of Medical Sciences Ambedkar University Delhi Delhi Pharmaceutical Science and Research University Delhi Technological University Indira Gandhi National Open University Indian Agricultural Research Institute Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Indian Statistical Institute Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Indraprastha University Jamia Hamdard Jamia Millia Islamia Jawaharlal Nehru University National University for Educational Planning and Administration National Institute of Technology Delhi National Law University , Delhi School of Planning and Architecture , Delhi TERI University University of Delhi Delhi topics History Timeline Indraprastha Hastinapur Tomaras Chauhan Prithviraj Raso Islamic invasions of India Delhi Sultanate Slave dynasty Khilji dynasty Tughluq dynasty Sayyid dynasty Lodhi dynasty Sher Shah Suri Mughal dynasty Maratha Empire British East India Company Bahadur Shah Zafar Indian rebellion of 1857 British Raj Viceroy of India Indian independence movement Partition of India New Delhi Government and localities Government Legislative Assembly Lt. Governor Chief Minister Delhi Commission for Women Neighbourhoods Districts District Centres Municipal Corporation Development Authority New Delhi Municipal Council Cantonment Board New Delhi Connaught Place Chandni Chowk Karol Bagh Chanakyapuri Lajpat Nagar Hauz Khas Buildings and landmarks Tourist attractions Akshardham Temple Amar Jawan Jyoti Ashokan Edicts Bahá'í House of Worship Bara Gumbad Barakhamba Chausath Khamba Chhatarpur Temple Chor Minar Coronation Park Gates of Delhi Hanuman Temple , Connaught Place Hauz Khas Complex Hauz - i - Shamsi Hijron Ka Khanqah Humayun 's Tomb India Gate ISKCON Temple Jahanpanah Jahaz Mahal Jama Masjid Jamali Kamali Mosque and Tomb Jantar Mantar Khirki Masjid List of parks Metcalfe House Moth Ki Masjid Nizamuddin Dargah Parliament of India Purana Qila Qutb Minar Ramlila Maidan Raj Ghat Rajpath Rashtrapati Bhavan Red Fort Safdarjung 's Tomb Salimgarh Fort Shisha Gumbad Siri Fort Sultan Ghari Teen Murti Bhavan Vijay Chowk Yogmaya Temple Zafar Mahal Economy Stock Exchange Association Transport Air Indira Gandhi International Airport Safdarjung Airport Rail Anand Vihar Terminal Delhi Junction Hazrat Nizamuddin New Delhi Sarai Rohilla Delhi Light Rail Transit Delhi Metro Delhi Monorail Delhi Suburban Railway Road Delhi Transport Corporation Inter State Bus Terminals Delhi BRTS Culture Independence Day Republic Day Punjabi cuisine Dilli Haat Ghantewala Khari Baoli Hinduism Sikhism Islam Cinema Shopping Sports Teams Delhi cricket team Delhi Daredevils Hindustan Football Club New Delhi Heroes FC Delhi United S.C. Delhi Waveriders Delhi Smashers Delhi Dynamos FC Delhi football team Delhi Defenders Delhi Giants Delhi Wizards Garhwal F.C. Dabang Delhi Simla Youngs F.C. Stadiums Ambedkar Stadium Chhatrasal Stadium Delhi University Stadium Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range Ferozshah Kotla Harbax Singh Stadium Indira Gandhi Arena Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium Jamia Millia Islamia University Ground Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Karnail Singh Stadium Dhyan Chand National Stadium Siri Fort Sports Complex SPM Swimming Pool Complex Talkatora Stadium Thyagaraj Sports Complex Yamuna Sports Complex Games 1951 Asian Games 1982 Asian Games 1987 Cricket World Cup 1989 Asian Athletics Championships 1996 Cricket World Cup 2010 Commonwealth Games 2010 Hockey World Cup 2011 Cricket World Cup Nehru Cup Delhi Half Marathon Education Education in Delhi Kendriya Vidyalaya Indian Statistical Institute Delhi Public School Society University of Delhi National Law University , Delhi Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Faculty of Management Science , University of Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru University Jamia Millia Islamia Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Indira Gandhi National Open University All India Institute of Medical Sciences Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology Delhi School of Economics Miranda House Shri Ram College of Commerce Lady Shri Ram College for Women Delhi College of Engineering St. Stephen 's College Districts Central Delhi East Delhi New Delhi North Delhi North East Delhi North West Delhi South Delhi South West Delhi West Delhi National Capital Region ( NCR ) Gurgaon Noida Faridabad Ghaziabad Greater Noida Other topics Famous people from Delhi Buildings and structures List of cities in India See also Hindu temples Landmarks Museums Neighbourhoods Power Plants Universities Delhi portal Central universities of India Central universities Aligarh Muslim University Assam University Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Banaras Hindu University Central Agricultural University Dr. Hari Singh Gour University English and Foreign Languages University Indian Maritime University Indira Gandhi National Open University Indira Gandhi National Tribal University Jamia Millia Islamia Jawaharlal Nehru University Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya Manipur University Maulana Azad National Urdu University Mizoram University Nagaland University North Eastern Hill University Pondicherry University Rajiv Gandhi University Sikkim University Tezpur University Tripura University University of Allahabad University of Delhi University of Hyderabad Visva - Bharati University New central universities ( 19 ) Central University of South Bihar Central University of Gujarat Central University of Himachal Pradesh Central University of Haryana Central University of Jammu Central University of Jharkhand Central University of Karnataka Central University of Kashmir Central University of Kerala Central University of Orissa Central University of Punjab Central University of Rajasthan Central University of Tamil Nadu Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University Mahatma Gandhi Central University Nalanda University Rajiv Gandhi National Aviation University South Asian University Established or granted central university status in 2009 or afterwards . Universitas 21 Asia Delhi Fudan Hong Kong ( HKU ) Korea NUS Shanghai Jiao Tong Waseda Europe Amsterdam Birmingham Dublin ( UCD ) Edinburgh Glasgow Lund Nottingham North America British Columbia Connecticut Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education Maryland McGill Ohio State Virginia Oceania Auckland Melbourne New South Wales ( UNSW ) Queensland South America Pontifical Catholic University of Chile Africa Johannesburg Asia - Pacific Association for International Education ( APAIE ) Chinese University of Hong Kong Griffith University Kasetsart University Korea University National University of Singapore Renmin University of China Sun Yat - sen University University of Auckland University of Brawijaya University of Delhi University of Hawaii at Manoa University of the Philippines Los Baños Waseda University Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Delhi&oldid=800465191 '' Categories : University of Delhi Central universities in India Universities in Delhi Commonwealth Games rugby union venues Educational institutions established in 1922 1922 establishments in India 1920s establishments in British India Hidden categories : Coordinates not on Wikidata Instances of Infobox university using image size Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages using outdated Infobox India university ranking Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 EngvarB from November 2015 Use dmy dates from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kiswahili Latina Lietuvių മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Русский संस्कृतम् Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 18 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is north campus and south campus in du	[]	[]
-2460574716644185017	Devonian	Devonian - wikipedia Devonian This article is about the geological period . For the residents of the English county , see Devon . Devonian Period 419.2 -- 358.9 million years ago PreЄ Є O Pg Mean atmospheric O content over period duration c. 15 vol % ( 75 % of modern level ) Mean atmospheric CO content over period duration c. 2200 ppm ( 8 times pre-industrial level ) Mean surface temperature over period duration c. 20 ° C ( 6 ° C above modern level ) Sea level ( above present day ) Relatively steady around 189m , gradually falling to 120m through period Events of the Devonian Period view discuss edit - 420 -- -- - 415 -- -- - 410 -- -- - 405 -- -- - 400 -- -- - 395 -- -- - 390 -- -- - 385 -- -- - 380 -- -- - 375 -- -- - 370 -- -- - 365 -- -- - 360 -- -- - 355 -- Silurian Lochkovian Pragian Emsian Eifelian Givetian Frasnian Famennian Carbon - iferous ← Rhynie chert ← Hangenberg event ← Kellwasser event ( s ) ← Widespread shrubs & trees ← S. America glaciation begins ← Hunsrück fauna o n i n Palæozoic Key events of the Devonian Period . Axis scale : millions of years ago . The Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic , spanning 60 million years from the end of the Silurian , 419.2 million years ago ( Mya ) , to the beginning of the Carboniferous , 358.9 Mya . It is named after Devon , England , where rocks from this period were first studied . The first significant adaptive radiation of life on dry land occurred during the Devonian . Free - sporing vascular plants began to spread across dry land , forming extensive forests which covered the continents . By the middle of the Devonian , several groups of plants had evolved leaves and true roots , and by the end of the period the first seed - bearing plants appeared . Various terrestrial arthropods also became well - established . Fish reached substantial diversity during this time , leading the Devonian to often be dubbed the `` Age of Fish '' . The first ray - finned and lobe - finned bony fish appeared , while the placoderms began dominating almost every known aquatic environment . The ancestors of all four - limbed vertebrates ( tetrapods ) began adapting to walking on land , as their strong pectoral and pelvic fins gradually evolved into legs . In the oceans , primitive sharks became more numerous than in the Silurian and Late Ordovician . The first ammonites , species of molluscs , appeared . Trilobites , the mollusc - like brachiopods and the great coral reefs , were still common . The Late Devonian extinction which started about 375 million years ago severely affected marine life , killing off all placodermi , and all trilobites , save for a few species of the order Proetida . The palaeogeography was dominated by the supercontinent of Gondwana to the south , the continent of Siberia to the north , and the early formation of the small continent of Euramerica in between . Contents 1 History 2 Subdivisions 3 Climate 4 Paleogeography 5 Life 5.1 Marine biota 5.2 Reefs 5.3 Terrestrial biota 5.3. 1 The greening of land 5.3. 2 Animals and the first soils 6 Late Devonian extinction 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The rocks of Lummaton Quarry in Torquay in Devon played an early role in defining the Devonian period . The period is named after Devon , a county in southwestern England , where a controversial argument in the 1830s over the age and structure of the rocks found distributed throughout the county was eventually resolved by the definition of the Devonian period in the geological timescale . The Great Devonian Controversy was a long period of vigorous argument and counter-argument between the main protagonists of Roderick Murchison with Adam Sedgwick against Henry De la Beche supported by George Bellas Greenough . Murchison and Sedgwick won the debate and named the period they proposed as the Devonian System . While the rock beds that define the start and end of the Devonian period are well identified , the exact dates are uncertain . According to the International Commission on Stratigraphy ( Ogg , 2004 ) , the Devonian extends from the end of the Silurian 419.2 Mya , to the beginning of the Carboniferous 358.9 Mya ( in North America , the beginning of the Mississippian subperiod of the Carboniferous ) . In nineteenth - century texts the Devonian has been called the `` Old Red Age '' , after the red and brown terrestrial deposits known in the United Kingdom as the Old Red Sandstone in which early fossil discoveries were found . Another common term is `` Age of the Fishes '' , referring to the evolution of several major groups of fish that took place during the period . Older literature on the Anglo - Welsh basin divides it into the Downtonian , Dittonian , Breconian and Farlovian stages , the latter three of which are placed in the Devonian . The Devonian has also erroneously been characterised as a `` greenhouse age '' , due to sampling bias : most of the early Devonian - age discoveries came from the strata of western Europe and eastern North America , which at the time straddled the Equator as part of the supercontinent of Euramerica where fossil signatures of widespread reefs indicate tropical climates that were warm and moderately humid but in fact the climate in the Devonian differed greatly during its epochs and between geographic regions . For example , during the Early Devonian , arid conditions were prevalent through much of the world including Siberia , Australia , North America , and China , but Africa and South America had a warm temperate climate . In the Late Devonian , by contrast , arid conditions were less prevalent across the world and temperate climates were more common . Subdivisions ( edit ) The Devonian Period is formally broken into Early , Middle and Late subdivisions . The rocks corresponding to those epochs are referred to as belonging to the Lower , Middle and Upper parts of the Devonian System . Early Devonian The Early Devonian lasted from 419.2 ± 2.8 to 393.3 ± 2.5 and began with the Lochkovian stage , which lasted until the Pragian . It spanned from 410.8 ± 2.8 to 407.6 ± 2.5 , and was followed by the Emsian , which lasted until the Middle Devonian began , 393.3 ± 2.7 million years ago . During this time , the first ammonoids appeared , descending from bactritoid nautiloids . Ammonoids during this time period were simple and differed little from their nautiloid counterparts . These ammonoids belong to the order Agoniatitida , which in later epochs evolved to new ammonoid orders , for example Goniatitida and Clymeniida . This class of cephalopod molluscs would dominate the marine fauna until the beginning of the Mesozoic era . Middle Devonian The Middle Devonian comprised two subdivisions : first the Eifelian , which then gave way to the Givetian 387.7 ± 2.7 million years ago . During this time the jawless agnathan fishes began to decline in diversity in freshwater and marine environments partly due to drastic environmental changes and partly due to the increasing competition , predation and diversity of jawed fishes . The shallow , warm , oxygen - depleted waters of Devonian inland lakes , surrounded by primitive plants , provided the environment necessary for certain early fish to develop such essential characteristics as well developed lungs , and the ability to crawl out of the water and onto the land for short periods of time . Late Devonian Finally , the Late Devonian started with the Frasnian , 382.7 ± 2.8 to 372.2 ± 2.5 , during which the first forests took shape on land . The first tetrapods appeared in the fossil record in the ensuing Famennian subdivision , the beginning and end of which are marked with extinction events . This lasted until the end of the Devonian , 358.9 ± 2.5 million years ago . Climate ( edit ) The Devonian was a relatively warm period , and probably lacked any glaciers . The temperature gradient from the equator to the poles was not as large as it is today . The weather was also very arid , mostly along the equator where it was the driest . Reconstruction of tropical sea surface temperature from conodont apatite implies an average value of 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) in the Early Devonian . CO levels dropped steeply throughout the Devonian period as the burial of the newly evolved forests drew carbon out of the atmosphere into sediments ; this may be reflected by a Mid-Devonian cooling of around 5 ° C ( 9 ° F ) . The Late Devonian warmed to levels equivalent to the Early Devonian ; while there is no corresponding increase in CO concentrations , continental weathering increases ( as predicted by warmer temperatures ) ; further , a range of evidence , such as plant distribution , points to a Late Devonian warming . The climate would have affected the dominant organisms in reefs ; microbes would have been the main reef - forming organisms in warm periods , with corals and stromatoporoid sponges taking the dominant role in cooler times . The warming at the end of the Devonian may even have contributed to the extinction of the stromatoporoids . Paleogeography ( edit ) The Paleo - Tethys Ocean opened during the Devonian The Devonian period was a time of great tectonic activity , as Euramerica and Gondwana drew closer together . The continent Euramerica ( or Laurussia ) was created in the early Devonian by the collision of Laurentia and Baltica , which rotated into the natural dry zone along the Tropic of Capricorn , which is formed as much in Paleozoic times as nowadays by the convergence of two great air - masses , the Hadley cell and the Ferrel cell . In these near - deserts , the Old Red Sandstone sedimentary beds formed , made red by the oxidised iron ( hematite ) characteristic of drought conditions . Near the equator , the plate of Euramerica and Gondwana were starting to meet , beginning the early stages of the assembling of Pangaea . This activity further raised the northern Appalachian Mountains and formed the Caledonian Mountains in Great Britain and Scandinavia . The west coast of Devonian North America , by contrast , was a passive margin with deep silty embayments , river deltas and estuaries , found today in Idaho and Nevada ; an approaching volcanic island arc reached the steep slope of the continental shelf in Late Devonian times and began to uplift deep water deposits , a collision that was the prelude to the mountain - building episode at the beginning of the Carboniferous called the Antler orogeny . Sea levels were high worldwide , and much of the land lay under shallow seas , where tropical reef organisms lived . The deep , enormous Panthalassa ( the `` universal ocean '' ) covered the rest of the planet . Other minor oceans were the Paleo - Tethys Ocean , Proto - Tethys Ocean , Rheic Ocean , and Ural Ocean ( which was closed during the collision with Siberia and Baltica ) . During the Devonian Chaitenia , an island arc , accreted to Patagonia . Life ( edit ) Marine biota ( edit ) Spindle diagram for the evolution of fish and other vertebrate classes . The diagram is based on Michael Benton , 2005 . See also : Evolution of fish § Devonian : Age of fishes Sea levels in the Devonian were generally high . Marine faunas continued to be dominated by bryozoa , diverse and abundant brachiopods , the enigmatic hederellids , microconchids and corals . Lily - like crinoids ( animals , their resemblance to flowers notwithstanding ) were abundant , and trilobites were still fairly common . Among vertebrates , jawless armored fish ( ostracoderms ) declined in diversity , while the jawed fish ( gnathostomes ) simultaneously increased in both the sea and fresh water . Armored placoderms were numerous during the lower stages of the Devonian Period and became extinct in the Late Devonian , perhaps because of competition for food against the other fish species . Early cartilaginous ( Chondrichthyes ) and bony fishes ( Osteichthyes ) also become diverse and played a large role within the Devonian seas . The first abundant genus of shark , Cladoselache , appeared in the oceans during the Devonian Period . The great diversity of fish around at the time has led to the Devonian being given the name `` The Age of Fish '' in popular culture . The first ammonites also appeared during or slightly before the early Devonian Period around 400 Mya . Reefs ( edit ) A now dry barrier reef , located in present - day Kimberley Basin of northwest Australia , once extended a thousand kilometres , fringing a Devonian continent . Reefs in general are built by various carbonate - secreting organisms that have the ability to erect wave - resistant frameworks close to sea level . The main contributors of the Devonian reefs were unlike modern reefs , which are constructed mainly by corals and calcareous algae . They were composed of calcareous algae and coral - like stromatoporoids , and tabulate and rugose corals , in that order of importance . Dunkleosteus , one of the largest armoured fish ever to roam the planet , lived during the late Devonian Early shark Cladoselache , several lobe - finned fishes , including Eusthenopteron that was an early marine tetrapod , and the placoderm Bothriolepis in a painting from 1905 Enrolled phacopid trilobite from the Devonian of Ohio The common tabulate coral Aulopora from the Middle Devonian of Ohio -- view of colony encrusting a brachiopod valve Tropidoleptus carinatus , an orthid brachiopod from the Middle Devonian of New York . Pleurodictyum americanum , Kashong Shale , Middle Devonian of New York SEM image of a hederelloid from the Devonian of Michigan ( largest tube diameter is 0.75 mm ) Devonian spiriferid brachiopod from Ohio which served as a host substrate for a colony of hederelloids Terrestrial biota ( edit ) By the Devonian Period , life was well underway in its colonisation of the land . The moss forests and bacterial and algal mats of the Silurian were joined early in the period by primitive rooted plants that created the first stable soils and harbored arthropods like mites , scorpions , trigonotarbids and myriapods ( although arthropods appeared on land much earlier than in the Early Devonian and the existence of fossils such as Climactichnites suggest that land arthropods may have appeared as early as the Cambrian ) . Also the first possible fossils of insects appeared around 416 Mya in the Early Devonian . Evidence for the earliest tetrapods takes the form of trace fossils in shallow lagoon environments within a marine carbonate platform / shelf during the Middle Devonian , although these traces have been questioned and an interpretation as fish feeding traces ( Piscichnus ) has been advanced . The greening of land ( edit ) The Devonian period marks the beginning of extensive land colonisation by plants . With large land - dwelling herbivores not yet present , large forests grew and shaped the landscape . Many Early Devonian plants did not have true roots or leaves like extant plants although vascular tissue is observed in many of those plants . Some of the early land plants such as Drepanophycus likely spread by vegetative growth and spores . The earliest land plants such as Cooksonia consisted of leafless , dichotomous axes and terminal sporangia and were generally very short - statured , and grew hardly more than a few centimetres tall . By far the largest land organism during this period was the enigmatic Prototaxites , which was possibly the fruiting body of an enormous fungus , rolled liverwort mat , or another organism of uncertain affinities that stood more than 8 metres tall , and towered over the low , carpet - like vegetation . By the Middle Devonian , shrub - like forests of primitive plants existed : lycophytes , horsetails , ferns , and progymnosperms had evolved . Most of these plants had true roots and leaves , and many were quite tall . The earliest - known trees , from the genus Wattieza , appeared in the Late Devonian around 385 Mya . In the Late Devonian , the tree - like ancestral Progymnosperm Archaeopteris which had conifer - like true wood and fern - like foliage and the cladoxylopsids grew . ( See also : lignin . ) These are the oldest - known trees of the world 's first forests . By the end of the Devonian , the first seed - forming plants had appeared . This rapid appearance of so many plant groups and growth forms has been called the `` Devonian Explosion '' . The ' greening ' of the continents acted as a carbon sink , and atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide may have dropped . This may have cooled the climate and led to a massive extinction event . See Late Devonian extinction . Animals and the first soils ( edit ) Primitive arthropods co-evolved with this diversified terrestrial vegetation structure . The evolving co-dependence of insects and seed - plants that characterised a recognisably modern world had its genesis in the Late Devonian period . The development of soils and plant root systems probably led to changes in the speed and pattern of erosion and sediment deposition . The rapid evolution of a terrestrial ecosystem that contained copious animals opened the way for the first vertebrates to seek out a terrestrial living . By the end of the Devonian , arthropods were solidly established on the land . Late Devonian extinction ( edit ) Main article : Late Devonian extinction The Late Devonian is characterised by three episodes of extinction ( `` Late D '' ) A major extinction occurred at the beginning of the last phase of the Devonian period , the Famennian faunal stage ( the Frasnian - Famennian boundary ) , about 372.2 Mya , when all the fossil agnathan fishes , save for the psammosteid heterostraci , suddenly disappeared . A second strong pulse closed the Devonian period . The Late Devonian extinction was one of five major extinction events in the history of the Earth 's biota , and was more drastic than the familiar extinction event that closed the Cretaceous . The Devonian extinction crisis primarily affected the marine community , and selectively affected shallow warm - water organisms rather than cool - water organisms . The most important group to be affected by this extinction event were the reef - builders of the great Devonian reef systems . Amongst the severely affected marine groups were the brachiopods , trilobites , ammonites , conodonts , and acritarchs , as well as jawless fish , and all placoderms . Land plants as well as freshwater species , such as our tetrapod ancestors , were relatively unaffected by the Late Devonian extinction event ( there is a counterargument that the Devonian extinctions nearly wiped out the tetrapods ) . The reasons for the Late Devonian extinctions are still unknown , and all explanations remain speculative . Canadian paleontologist Digby McLaren suggested in 1969 that the Devonian extinction events were caused by an asteroid impact . However , while there were Late Devonian collision events ( see the Alamo bolide impact ) , little evidence supports the existence of a large enough Devonian crater . See also ( edit ) Category : Devonian plants Falls of the Ohio State Park USA , Indiana . One of the largest exposed Devonian fossil beds in the world . Geologic time scale List of Early Devonian land plants List of fossil sites ( with link directory ) Phacops rana : a Devonian trilobite . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Image : Sauerstoffgehalt - 1000mj. svg Jump up ^ File : OxygenLevel - 1000ma. svg Jump up ^ Image : Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide. png Jump up ^ Image : All palaeotemps. png Jump up ^ Haq , B.U. ; Schutter , SR ( 2008 ) . `` A Chronology of Paleozoic Sea - Level Changes '' . Science . 322 ( 5898 ) : 64 -- 68 . Bibcode : 2008Sci ... 322 ... 64H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1161648 . PMID 18832639 . Jump up ^ Parry , S.F. ; Noble , S.R. ; Crowley , Q.G. ; Wellman , C.H. ( 2011 ) . `` A high - precision U -- Pb age constraint on the Rhynie Chert Konservat - Lagerstätte : time scale and other implications '' . Journal of the Geological Society . London : Geological Society . 168 ( 4 ) : 863 -- 872 . doi : 10.1144 / 0016 - 76492010 - 043 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann , B. ; Trapp , E. ; Mezger , K. ( 2004 ) . `` The numerical age of the Upper Frasnian ( Upper Devonian ) Kellwasser horizons : A new U-Pb zircon date from Steinbruch Schmidt ( Kellerwald , Germany ) '' . The Journal of Geology. 112 ( 4 ) : 495 -- 501 . Bibcode : 2004JG ... 112 ... 495K . doi : 10.1086 / 421077 . Jump up ^ Algeo , T.J. ( 1998 ) . `` Terrestrial - marine teleconnections in the Devonian : links between the evolution of land plants , weathering processes , and marine anoxic events '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 353 ( 1365 ) : 113 -- 130 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 1998.0195 . ^ Jump up to : Gradstein , Felix M. ; Ogg , J.G. ; Smith , A.G. ( 2004 ) . A Geologic Time Scale 2004 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521786737 . Jump up ^ Amos , Jonathan . `` Fossil tracks record ' oldest land - walkers ' '' . news.bbc.co.uk . BBC News . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Newitz , Annalee . `` How Do You Have a Mass Extinction Without an Increase in Extinctions ? '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Rudwick M.S.J. 1985 The great Devonian controversy : the shaping of scientific knowledge among gentlemanly specialists . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Note : Sedgwick and Murchison coined the term `` Devonian system '' in : Adam Sedgwick and Roderick Impey Murchison ( 1840 ) `` On the physical structure of Devonshire , and on the subdivisions and geological relations of its older stratified deposits , etc. , '' Transactions of the Geological Society of London , 2nd series , 5 ( part II ) : 633 - 687 ( Part I ) and 688 - 705 ( Part II ) . From p. 701 : `` We propose therefore , for the future , to designate these groups collectively by the name Devonian system , ... . '' Sedgwick and Murchison acknowledged William Lonsdale 's role in proposing , on the basis of fossil evidence , the existence of a Devonian stratum between those of the Silurian and Carboniferous periods . From ( Sedgwick and Murchison , 1840 ) , p. 690 : `` Again , Mr. Lonsdale , after an extensive examination of the fossils of South Devon , had pronounced them , more than a year since , to form a group intermediate between those of the Carboniferous and Silurian systems , ... . '' William Lonsdale stated that in December 1837 he had suggested the existence of a stratum between the Silurian and Carboniferous ones . See : William Lonsdale ( 1840 ) `` Notes on the age of limestones from south Devonshire , '' Transactions of the Geological Society of London , 2nd series , 5 ( part II ) : 721 - 738 ; see especially pp. 724 and 727 . From p. 724 : `` ... Mr. Austen 's communication ( was ) read December 1837 , ... . It was immediately after the reading of that paper ... that I formed the opinion relative to the limestones of Devonshire being of the age of the old red sandstone ; and which I afterwards suggested first to Mr. Murchison and then to Prof. Sedgwick , ... . '' Jump up ^ Gradstein , Felix M. ; Ogg , James G. ; Smith , Alan G. ( 2004 ) . A Geologic Time Scale 2004 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521786737 . Jump up ^ Age of Fishes Museum Jump up ^ Barclay , W.J. 1989 . Geology of the South Wales Coalfield Pt II , the country around Abergavenny , 3rd edn . Memoir of the British Geological Survey Sheet 232 ( Eng & Wales ) pp18 - 19 ^ Jump up to : Joachimski , M.M. ; Breisig , S. ; Buggisch , W.F. ; Talent , J.A. ; Mawson , R. ; Gereke , M. ; Morrow , J.R. ; Day , J. ; Weddige , K. ( 2009 ) . `` Devonian climate and reef evolution : Insights from oxygen isotopes in apatite '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 284 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 599 -- 609 . Bibcode : 2009E&PSL. 284 ... 599J . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2009.05. 028 . - Graph of palaeotemperature from Conodont apatite Jump up ^ `` Devonian Period geochronology '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Devonian Paleogeography Jump up ^ Hervé , Francisco ; Calderón , Mauricio ; Fanning , Mark ; Pankhurst , Robert ; Rapela , Carlos W. ; Quezada , Paulo ( 2018 ) . `` The country rocks of Devonian magmatism in the North Patagonian Massif and Chaitenia '' . Andean Geology. 45 ( 3 ) : 301 -- 317 . doi : 10.5027 / andgeoV45n3 - 3117 . Jump up ^ Benton , M.J. ( 2005 ) Vertebrate Palaeontology John Wiley , 3rd edition , page 14 . ISBN 9781405144490 . Jump up ^ Palaeos Paleozoic : Devonian : The Devonian Period - 2 Jump up ^ Garwood , Russell J. ; Dunlop , Jason ( July 2014 ) . `` The walking dead : Blender as a tool for paleontologists with a case study on extinct arachnids '' . Journal of Paleontology. 88 ( 4 ) : 735 -- 746 . Bibcode : 1974JPal ... 48 ... 524M . doi : 10.1666 / 13 - 088 . ISSN 0022 - 3360 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Garwood , Russell J. ; Edgecombe , Gregory D. ( September 2011 ) . `` Early Terrestrial Animals , Evolution , and Uncertainty '' . Evolution : Education and Outreach . New York . 4 ( 3 ) : 489 -- 501 . doi : 10.1007 / s12052 - 011 - 0357 - y . ISSN 1936 - 6426 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Niedźwiedzki ( 2010 ) . `` Tetrapod trackways from the early Middle Devonian period of Poland '' . Nature . 463 ( 7277 ) : 43 -- 48 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 463 ... 43N . doi : 10.1038 / nature08623 . PMID 20054388 . Jump up ^ Lucas ( 2015 ) . `` Thinopus and a Critical Review of Devonian Tetrapod Footprints '' . Ichnos. 22 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 136 -- 154 . doi : 10.1080 / 10420940.2015. 1063491 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Ying - ying ; Xue , Jin - Zhuang ; Liu , Le ; Wang , De-ming ( 2016 ) . `` Periodicity of reproductive growth in lycopsids : An example from the Upper Devonian of Zhejiang Province , China '' . Paleoworld. 25 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 20 . doi : 10.1016 / j. palwor. 2015.07. 002 . Jump up ^ Gonez , Paul ; Gerrienne , Philippe ( 2010 ) . `` A new definition and a lectotypification of the genus Cooksonia Lang 1937 '' . International Journal of Plant Sciences . 171 ( 2 ) : 199 -- 215 . doi : 10.1086 / 648988 . Jump up ^ Hueber , Francis M. ( 2001 ) . `` Rotted wood - alga fungus : The history and life of Prototaxites Dawson 1859 '' . Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 116 : 123 -- 159 . doi : 10.1016 / s0034 - 6667 ( 01 ) 00058 - 6 . Jump up ^ Graham , Linda E. ; Cook , Martha E ; Hanson , David T. ; Pigg , Kathleen B. ; Graham , James M. ( 2010 ) . `` Rolled liverwort mats explain major Prototaxites features : Response to commentaries '' . American Journal of Botany. 97 ( 7 ) : 1079 -- 1086 . doi : 10.3732 / ajb. 1000172 . PMID 21616860 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Thomas N. ; Taylor , Edith L. ; Decombeix , Anne - Laure ; Schwendemann , Andrew ; Serbet , Rudolph ; Escapa , Ignacio ; Krings , Michael ( 2010 ) . `` The enigmatic Devonian fossil Prototaxites is not a rolled - up liverwort mat : Comment on the paper by Graham et al. ( AJB 97 : 268 -- 275 ) '' . American Journal of Botany. 97 ( 7 ) : 1074 -- 1078 . doi : 10.3732 / ajb. 1000047 . PMID 21616859 . Jump up ^ Smith , Lewis ( April 19 , 2007 ) . `` Fossil from a forest that gave Earth its breath of fresh air '' . The Times . London . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . 2010 . Fern . Encyclopedia of Earth . eds . Saikat Basu and C. Cleveland . National Council for Science and the Environment . Washington DC . Jump up ^ Gess , R.W. ( 2013 ) . `` The earliest record of terrestrial animals in Gondwana : A scorpion from the Famennian ( Late Devonian ) Witpoort Formation of South Africa '' . African Invertebrates. 54 ( 2 ) : 373 -- 379 . doi : 10.5733 / afin. 054.0206 . Jump up ^ McGhee , George R. ( 2013 ) . When the Invasion of Land Failed . New York : Columbia University Press . Jump up ^ Citation needed General Ogg , Jim ; June , 2004 , Overview of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points ( GSSP 's ) https://web.archive.org/web/20060716071827/http://www.stratigraphy.org/gssp.htm Accessed April 30 , 2006 . Palaeos Age of Fishes Museum External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original works on the topic : Paleozoic # Devonian Wikimedia Commons has media related to Devonian . The Devonian times - an excellent and frequently updated resource focussing on the Devonian period UC Berkeley site introduces the Devonian . `` International Commission on Stratigraphy ( ICS ) '' . Geologic Time Scale 2004 . Retrieved September 19 , 2005 . Examples of Devonian Fossils Geologic history of Earth Cenozoic era ( present -- 66.0 Mya ) Quaternary ( present -- 2.588 Mya ) Holocene ( present -- 11.784 kya ) Pleistocene ( 11.784 kya -- 2.588 Mya ) Neogene ( 2.588 -- 23.03 Mya ) Pliocene ( 2.588 -- 5.333 Mya ) Miocene ( 5.333 -- 23.03 Mya ) Paleogene ( 23.03 -- 66.0 Mya ) Oligocene ( 23.03 -- 33.9 Mya ) Eocene ( 33.9 -- 56.0 Mya ) Paleocene ( 56.0 -- 66.0 Mya ) Mesozoic era ( 66.0 -- 251.902 Mya ) Cretaceous ( 66.0 -- 145.0 Mya ) Late ( 66.0 -- 100.5 Mya ) Early ( 100.5 -- 145.0 Mya ) Jurassic ( 145.0 -- 201.3 Mya ) Late ( 145.0 -- 163.5 Mya ) Middle ( 163.5 -- 174.1 Mya ) Early ( 174.1 -- 201.3 Mya ) Triassic ( 201.3 -- 251.902 Mya ) Late ( 201.3 -- 237 Mya ) Middle ( 237 -- 247.2 Mya ) Early ( 247.2 -- 251.902 Mya ) Paleozoic era ( 251.902 -- 541.0 Mya ) Permian ( 251.902 -- 298.9 Mya ) Lopingian ( 251.902 -- 259.8 Mya ) Guadalupian ( 259.8 -- 272.3 Mya ) Cisuralian ( 272.3 -- 298.9 Mya ) Carboniferous ( 298.9 -- 358.9 Mya ) Pennsylvanian ( 298.9 -- 323.2 Mya ) Mississippian ( 323.2 -- 358.9 Mya ) Devonian ( 358.9 -- 419.2 Mya ) Late ( 358.9 -- 382.7 Mya ) Middle ( 382.7 -- 393.3 Mya ) Early ( 393.3 -- 419.2 Mya ) Silurian ( 419.2 -- 443.8 Mya ) Pridoli ( 419.2 -- 423.0 Mya ) Ludlow ( 423.0 -- 427.4 Mya ) Wenlock ( 427.4 -- 433.4 Mya ) Llandovery ( 433.4 -- 443.8 Mya ) Ordovician ( 443.8 -- 485.4 Mya ) Late ( 443.8 -- 458.4 Mya ) Middle ( 458.4 -- 470.0 Mya ) Early ( 470.0 -- 485.4 Mya ) Cambrian ( 485.4 -- 541.0 Mya ) Furongian ( 485.4 -- 497 Mya ) Miaolingian ( 497 -- 509 Mya ) Series 2 ( 509 -- 521 Mya ) Terreneuvian ( 521 -- 541.0 Mya ) Proterozoic eon ( 541.0 Mya -- 2.5 Gya ) Neoproterozoic era ( 541.0 Mya -- 1 Gya ) Ediacaran ( 541.0 -- ~ 635 Mya ) Cryogenian ( ~ 635 -- ~ 720 Mya ) Tonian ( ~ 720 Mya -- 1 Gya ) Mesoproterozoic era ( 1 -- 1.6 Gya ) Stenian ( 1 -- 1.2 Gya ) Ectasian ( 1.2 -- 1.4 Gya ) Calymmian ( 1.4 -- 1.6 Gya ) Paleoproterozoic era ( 1.6 -- 2.5 Gya ) Statherian ( 1.6 -- 1.8 Gya ) Orosirian ( 1.8 -- 2.05 Gya ) Rhyacian ( 2.05 -- 2.3 Gya ) Siderian ( 2.3 -- 2.5 Gya ) Archean eon ( 2.5 -- 4 Gya ) Eras Neoarchean ( 2.5 -- 2.8 Gya ) Mesoarchean ( 2.8 -- 3.2 Gya ) Paleoarchean ( 3.2 -- 3.6 Gya ) Eoarchean ( 3.6 -- 4 Gya ) Hadean eon ( 4 -- 4.6 Gya ) kya = thousands years ago . Mya = millions years ago . Gya = billions years ago . GND : 4011991 - 9 NDL : 00561288 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devonian&oldid=866493547 '' Categories : Devonian Geological periods Paleozoic Geology of Devon Hidden categories : Periods with timeline in infobox All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs La . lojban . Magyar മലയാളം مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語中文 70 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 17 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which period is known as the age of the fishes	[ "Fish reached substantial diversity during this time, leading the Devonian to often be dubbed the \"Age of Fish\". The first ray-finned and lobe-finned bony fish appeared, while the placoderms began dominating almost every known aquatic environment. The ancestors of all four-limbed vertebrates (tetrapods) began adapting to walking on land, as their strong pectoral and pelvic fins gradually evolved into legs.[10] In the oceans, primitive sharks became more numerous than in the Silurian and Late Ordovician.\n" ]	[ "the Devonian" ]
639517099025447528	Trinity	Trinity - wikipedia Trinity Jump to : navigation , search `` Father , Son , Holy Ghost '' ; `` Holy Trinity '' ; and `` Trinitarian '' redirect here . For the related liturgical observance , see Trinity Sunday . For the album , see Father , Son , Holy Ghost ( album ) . For other uses , see Holy Trinity ( disambiguation ) , Trinitarian ( disambiguation ) , and Trinity ( disambiguation ) . Holy Trinity , depicted by Szymon Czechowicz ( 1756 -- 1758 ) Part of a series on God General conceptions ( show ) Agnosticism Apatheism Atheism Deism Henotheism Ignosticism Monotheism Monism Dualism Monolatrism Kathenotheism Omnism Panpsychism Panentheism Pantheism Polytheism Theism Transtheism Specific conceptions ( show ) Creator Demiurge Deus Father Great Architect Monad Mother Supreme Being Sustainer The All The Lord Trinity Tawhid Ditheism Monism Personal Unitarianism In particular religions ( show ) Abrahamic Judaism Christianity Islam Bahá'í Mormonism Indo - Iranian Hinduism Buddhism Jainism Sikhism Zoroastrianism Chinese Tian Shangdi Hongjun Laozu Attributes ( show ) Eternalness Existence Gender Names ( `` God '' ) Omnibenevolence Omnipotence Omnipresence Omniscience Experiences Practices ( show ) Belief Esotericism Faith Fideism Gnosis Hermeticism Metaphysics Mysticism Prayer Revelation Worship Related topics ( show ) Euthyphro dilemma God complex God gene Theology Ontology Problem of evil ( theodicy ) Religion philosophy texts Portrayals of God in popular media Part of a series on Christianity Jesus Christ ( show ) Jesus in Christianity Son of God Virgin birth Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Bible Foundations ( show ) Old Testament New Testament Gospel Canon Books Church Creed New Covenant Theology ( show ) God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Catholicism Christology History of theology Mission Patriology Pneumatology Salvation History Tradition ( show ) Mary Joseph Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Christianity Constantine Councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades Aquinas Luther Protestant Reformation Radical Reformation Related topics ( show ) Art Holidays ( list ) Criticism Culture Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Denominations Groups ( show ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Charismatic Evangelical Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Assyrian Nontrinitarian Jehovah 's Witness Latter Day Saint Oneness Pentecostal Christianity portal The Holy Trinity , by Masaccio ( 1425 ) The `` Heavenly Trinity '' joined to the `` Earthly Trinity '' through the Incarnation of the Son , by Murillo , c. 1677 . The Christian doctrine of the Trinity ( Latin : Trinitas , lit . ' triad ' , from trinus , `` threefold '' ) holds that God is three consubstantial persons or hypostases -- the Father , the Son ( Jesus Christ ) , and the Holy Spirit -- as `` one God in three Divine Persons '' . The three persons are distinct , yet are one `` substance , essence or nature '' ( homoousios ) . In this context , a `` nature '' is what one is , whereas a `` person '' is who one is . The opposing view is referred to as Nontrinitarianism . According to this central mystery of most Christian faiths , there is only one God in three persons : while distinct from one another in their relations of origin ( as the Fourth Council of the Lateran declared , `` it is the Father who generates , the Son who is begotten , and the Holy Spirit who proceeds '' ) ; and in their relations with one another , they are stated to be one in all else , co-equal , co-eternal and consubstantial , and each is God , whole and entire . Accordingly , the whole work of creation and grace in Christianity is seen as a single operation common to all three divine persons , in which each shows forth what is proper to him in the Trinity , so that all things are `` from the Father '' , `` through the Son '' and `` in the Holy Spirit '' . Christian theologians believe that manifestations of the Trinity are made evident from the very beginning of the Bible . Genesis 1 : 1 - 3 posits God , His Spirit and the `` creative word of God '' together in the initial Genesis creation narrative account . While the Fathers of the Church saw Old Testament elements such as the appearance of three men to Abraham in Book of Genesis , chapter 18 , as foreshadowings of the Trinity , it was the New Testament that they saw as a basis for developing the concept of the Trinity . One of the most influential of the New Testament texts seen as implying the teaching of the Trinity was Matthew 28 : 19 , which mandated baptizing `` in the name of the Father , and of the Son , and of the Holy Spirit '' . Another New Testament text pointing to the Trinity was John 1 : 1 - 14 , in which the inter-relationships of the Triune God are reflected in the gospel author 's description of `` the Word '' , again showing the elements of the Triune God and their eternal ( always was , always is , and always shall be ) existence . ( Revelation 1 : 8 ) Reflection , proclamation , and dialogue led to the formulation of the doctrine that was felt to correspond to the data in the Bible . The simplest outline of the doctrine was formulated in the 4th century , largely in terms of rejection of what was considered not to be consonant with general Christian belief . Further elaboration continued in the succeeding centuries . Scripture does not contain the word Trinity , yet , an indication of three distinct persons can be found in 1 John 5 : 7 for the validity of which exist a controversy known as Comma Johanneum . Early Christian belief in the deity of Jesus Christ existed since the first century , in the writings of John the Apostle . ( John 1 : 1 ) Jesus is also quoted as claiming to be one with , though not the same as , the Father . ( John 10 : 30 ) Subsequently , in the understanding of Trinitarian Christian theology , Scripture `` bears witness to '' the activity of a God who can only be understood in Trinitarian terms . The doctrine did not take its definitive shape until late in the fourth century . During the intervening period , various tentative solutions , some more and some less satisfactory , were proposed . Trinitarianism contrasts with nontrinitarian positions which include Binitarianism ( one deity in two persons , or two deities ) , Unitarianism ( one deity in one person , analogous to Jewish interpretation of the Shema and Muslim belief in Tawhid ) , Oneness Pentecostalism or Modalism ( one deity manifested in three separate aspects ) . Additionally , the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints believes the Father , the Son , and the Holy Ghost are three separate deities , two of which possess separate bodies of flesh and bones , while the Holy Ghost has only a body of spirit ; and that their unity is not physical , but in purpose . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Theology 3.1 Trinitarian baptismal formula 3.2 Fundamental monotheism 3.3 One God as Three Persons 3.4 Perichoresis 3.5 Eternal generation and procession 3.6 Economic and immanent Trinity 3.7 Political aspect 4 Biblical background 4.1 Jesus as God 4.2 Holy Spirit as God 4.3 Old Testament parallels 5 Impact of Stoic philosophy 6 Artistic depictions 6.1 Image gallery 7 Nontrinitarianism 8 Islamic views 9 Judaism 10 See also 11 Extended notes 12 Endnotes and references 12.1 Other references 13 Further reading 14 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word `` trinity '' is derived from Latin trinitas , meaning `` the number three , a triad '' . This abstract noun is formed from the adjective trinus ( three each , threefold , triple ) , as the word unitas is the abstract noun formed from unus ( one ) . The corresponding word in Greek is tριάς , meaning `` a set of three '' or `` the number three '' . The first recorded use of this Greek word in Christian theology was by Theophilus of Antioch in about 170 . He wrote : In like manner also the three days which were before the luminaries , are types of the Trinity ( Τριάδος ) , of God , and His Word , and His wisdom . And the fourth is the type of man , who needs light , that so there may be God , the Word , wisdom , man . Tertullian , a Latin theologian who wrote in the early 3rd century , is credited as being the first to use the Latin words `` Trinity '' , `` person '' and `` substance '' to explain that the Father , Son , and Holy Spirit are `` one in essence -- not one in Person '' . History ( edit ) Further information : Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers The earliest known depiction of the Trinity , Dogmatic Sarcophagus , AD 350 . Vatican Museums The Ante - Nicene Fathers asserted Christ 's deity and spoke of `` Father , Son and Holy Spirit '' , even though their language is not that of the traditional doctrine as formalised in the fourth century . Trinitarians view these as elements of the codified doctrine . Ignatius of Antioch provides early support for the Trinity around 110 , exhorting obedience to `` Christ , and to the Father , and to the Spirit '' . Justin Martyr ( AD 100 -- c. 165 ) also writes , `` in the name of God , the Father and Lord of the universe , and of our Saviour Jesus Christ , and of the Holy Spirit '' . The first of the early church fathers to be recorded using the word `` Trinity '' was Theophilus of Antioch writing in the late 2nd century . He defines the Trinity as God , His Word ( Logos ) and His Wisdom ( Sophia ) in the context of a discussion of the first three days of creation . The first defence of the doctrine of the Trinity was in the early 3rd century by the early church father Tertullian . He explicitly defined the Trinity as Father , Son , and Holy Spirit and defended the Trinitarian theology against the `` Praxean '' heresy . St. Justin and Clement of Alexandra used the Trinity in their doxologies and St. Basil likewise , in the evening lighting of lamps . Another early , and already more philosophic , formulation of the Trinity ( again without usage of that term ) is attributed to the Gnostic teacher Valentinus ( lived c. 100 -- c. 160 ) , who according to the fourth century theologian Marcellus of Ancyra , was `` the first to devise the notion of three subsistent entities ( hypostases ) , in a work that he entitled On the Three Natures . '' The highly allegorical exegesis of the Valentinian school inclined it to interpret the relevant scriptural passages as affirming a Divinity that , in some manner , is threefold . The Valentinian Gospel of Philip , which dates to approximately the time of Tertullian , upholds the Trinitarian formula . Whatever his influence on the later fully formed doctrine may have been , however , Valentinus 's school is rejected as heretical by orthodox Christians . Although there is much debate as to whether the beliefs of the Apostles were merely articulated and explained in the Trinitarian Creeds , or were corrupted and replaced with new beliefs , all scholars recognize that the Creeds themselves were created in reaction to disagreements over the nature of the Father , Son , and Holy Spirit . These controversies took some centuries to be resolved . Of these controversies , the most significant developments were articulated in the first four centuries by the Church Fathers in reaction to Adoptionism , Sabellianism , and Arianism . Adoptionism was the belief that Jesus was an ordinary man , born of Joseph and Mary , who became the Christ and Son of God at his baptism . In 269 , the Synods of Antioch condemned Paul of Samosata for his Adoptionist theology , and also condemned the term homoousios ( ὁμοούσιος , `` of the same being '' ) in the sense he used it . Sabellianism taught that the Father , the Son , and the Holy Spirit are essentially one and the same , the difference being simply verbal , describing different aspects or roles of a single being . For this view Sabellius was excommunicated for heresy in Rome c. 220 . In the fourth century , Arius , as traditionally understood , taught that the Father existed prior to the Son who was not , by nature , God but rather a changeable creature who was granted the dignity of becoming `` Son of God '' . In 325 , the Council of Nicaea adopted the Nicene Creed which described Christ as `` God of God , Light of Light , very God of very God , begotten , not made , being of one substance with the Father '' . The creed used the term homoousios ( of one substance ) to define the relationship between the Father and the Son . After more than fifty years of debate , homoousios was recognised as the hallmark of orthodoxy , and was further developed into the formula of `` three persons , one being '' . The third Council of Sirmium , in 357 , was the high point of Arianism . The Seventh Arian Confession ( Second Sirmium Confession ) held that both homoousios ( of one substance ) and homoiousios ( of similar substance ) were unbiblical and that the Father is greater than the Son . ( This confession was later known as the Blasphemy of Sirmium ) But since many persons are disturbed by questions concerning what is called in Latin substantia , but in Greek ousia , that is , to make it understood more exactly , as to ' coessential , ' or what is called , ' like - in - essence , ' there ought to be no mention of any of these at all , nor exposition of them in the Church , for this reason and for this consideration , that in divine Scripture nothing is written about them , and that they are above men 's knowledge and above men 's understanding ; Athanasius ( 293 -- 373 ) , who was present at the Council as one of the Bishop of Alexandria 's assistants , stated that the bishops were forced to use this terminology , which is not found in Scripture , because the biblical phrases that they would have preferred to use were claimed by the Arians to be capable of being interpreted in what the bishops considered to be a heretical sense . Moreover , the meanings of `` ousia '' and `` hypostasis '' overlapped then , so that `` hypostasis '' for some meant `` essence '' and for others `` person '' . The Confession of the Council of Nicaea said little about the Holy Spirit . The doctrine of the divinity and personality of the Holy Spirit was developed by Athanasius in the last decades of his life . He defended and refined the Nicene formula . By the end of the 4th century , under the leadership of Basil of Caesarea , Gregory of Nyssa , and Gregory of Nazianzus ( the Cappadocian Fathers ) , the doctrine had reached substantially its current form . Gregory of Nazianzus would say of the Trinity , `` No sooner do I conceive of the One than I am illumined by the splendour of the Three ; no sooner do I distinguish Three than I am carried back into the One . When I think of any of the Three , I think of Him as the Whole , and my eyes are filled , and the greater part of what I am thinking escapes me . I can not grasp the greatness of that One so as to attribute a greater greatness to the rest . When I contemplate the Three together , I see but one torch , and can not divide or measure out the undivided light . '' Devotion to the Trinity centered in the French monasteries at Tours and Aniane where Saint Benedict dedicated the abbey church to the Trinity in 872 . Feast Days were not instituted until 1091 at Cluny and 1162 at Canterbury and papal resistance continued until 1331 . Theology ( edit ) Trinitarian baptismal formula ( edit ) The Baptism of Christ , by Piero della Francesca , 15th century Main article : Trinitarian formula In the synoptic Gospels the baptism of Jesus is often interpreted as a manifestation of all three persons of the Trinity : `` And when Jesus was baptized , he went up immediately from the water , and behold , the heavens were opened and he saw the spirit of God descending like a dove , and alighting on him ; and lo , a voice from heaven , saying , ' This is my beloved Son , with whom I am well pleased . ' '' Baptism is generally conferred with the Trinitarian formula , `` in the name of the Father , and of the Son , and of the Holy Spirit '' . Trinitarians identify this name with the Christian faith into which baptism is an initiation , as seen for example in the statement of Basil the Great ( 330 -- 379 ) : `` We are bound to be baptized in the terms we have received , and to profess faith in the terms in which we have been baptized . '' The First Council of Constantinople ( 381 ) also says , `` This is the Faith of our baptism that teaches us to believe in the Name of the Father , of the Son and of the Holy Spirit . According to this Faith there is one Godhead , Power , and Being of the Father , of the Son , and of the Holy Spirit . '' Matthew 28 : 19 may be taken to indicate that baptism was associated with this formula from the earliest decades of the Church 's existence . Oneness Pentecostals demur from the Trinitarian view of baptism and emphasize baptism ' in the name of Jesus Christ ' as the original apostolic formula . For this reason , they often focus on the baptisms in Acts . Those who place great emphasis on the baptisms in Acts often likewise question the authenticity of Matthew 28 : 19 in its present form . Most scholars of New Testament textual criticism accept the authenticity of the passage , since there are no variant manuscripts regarding the formula , and the extant form of the passage is attested in the Didache and other patristic works of the 1st and 2nd centuries : Ignatius , Tertullian , Hippolytus , Cyprian , and Gregory Thaumaturgus . Commenting on Matthew 28 : 19 , Gerhard Kittel states : This threefold relation ( of Father , Son and Spirit ) soon found fixed expression in the triadic formulae in 2 Cor. 13 : 14 and in 1 Cor. 12 : 4 -- 6 . The form is first found in the baptismal formula in Matthew 28 : 19 ; Did. , 7 . 1 and 3 ... ( I ) t is self - evident that Father , Son and Spirit are here linked in an indissoluble threefold relationship . Fundamental monotheism ( edit ) Main article : Monotheism Christianity , having emerged from Judaism , is a monotheistic religion . Never in the New Testament does the Trinitarian concept become a `` tritheism '' ( three Gods ) nor even two . God is one , and that God is a single being is strongly declared in the Bible : The Shema of the Hebrew Scriptures : `` Hear , O Israel : the LORD our God , the LORD is one . '' The first of the Ten Commandments -- `` Thou shalt have no other gods before me . '' And `` Thus saith the LORD the King of Israel and his redeemer the LORD of hosts : I am the first and I am the last ; and beside me there is no God . '' In the New Testament : `` The LORD our God is one . '' In the Trinitarian view , the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit share the one essence , substance or being . The central and crucial affirmation of Christian faith is that there is one savior , God , and one salvation , manifest in Jesus Christ , to which there is access only because of the Holy Spirit . The God of the Old Testament is still the same as the God of the New . In Christianity , statements about a single God are intended to distinguish the Hebraic understanding from the polytheistic view , which see divine power as shared by several beings , beings which can and do disagree and have conflicts with each other . One God as three persons ( edit ) The Father Son Holy Spirit The `` Shield of the Trinity '' or Scutum Fidei diagram of traditional medieval Western Christian symbolism In Trinitarian doctrine , God exists as three persons or hypostases , but is one being , having a single divine nature . The members of the Trinity are co-equal and co-eternal , one in essence , nature , power , action , and will . As stated in the Athanasian Creed , the Father is uncreated , the Son is uncreated , and the Holy Spirit is uncreated , and all three are eternal without beginning . `` The Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit '' are not names for different parts of God , but one name for God because three persons exist in God as one entity . They can not be separate from one another . Each person is understood as having the identical essence or nature , not merely similar natures . For Trinitarians , emphasis in Genesis 1 : 26 is on the plurality in the Deity , and in 1 : 27 on the unity of the divine Essence . A possible interpretation of Genesis 1 : 26 is that God 's relationships in the Trinity are mirrored in man by the ideal relationship between husband and wife , two persons becoming one flesh , as described in Eve 's creation later in the next chapter . Perichoresis ( edit ) Main article : Perichoresis A depiction of the Council of Nicaea in AD 325 , at which the Deity of Christ was declared orthodox and Arianism condemned Perichoresis ( from Greek , `` going around '' , `` envelopment '' ) is a term used by some theologians to describe the relationship among the members of the Trinity . The Latin equivalent for this term is circumincessio . This concept refers for its basis to John 14 -- 17 , where Jesus is instructing the disciples concerning the meaning of his departure . His going to the Father , he says , is for their sake ; so that he might come to them when the `` other comforter '' is given to them . Then , he says , his disciples will dwell in him , as he dwells in the Father , and the Father dwells in him , and the Father will dwell in them . This is so , according to the theory of perichoresis , because the persons of the Trinity `` reciprocally contain one another , so that one permanently envelopes and is permanently enveloped by , the other whom he yet envelopes '' . ( Hilary of Poitiers , Concerning the Trinity 3 : 1 ) . Perichoresis effectively excludes the idea that God has parts , but rather is a simple being . It also harmonizes well with the doctrine that the Christian 's union with the Son in his humanity brings him into union with one who contains in himself , in the Apostle Paul 's words , `` all the fullness of deity '' and not a part . ( See also : Divinization ( Christian ) ) . Perichoresis provides an intuitive figure of what this might mean . The Son , the eternal Word , is from all eternity the dwelling place of God ; he is the `` Father 's house '' , just as the Son dwells in the Father and the Spirit ; so that , when the Spirit is `` given '' , then it happens as Jesus said , `` I will not leave you as orphans ; for I will come to you . '' According to the words of Jesus , married persons are in some sense no longer two but are joined into one . Therefore , Orthodox theologians also see the marriage relationship between a man and a woman to be an example of this sacred union . `` Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother , and shall cleave unto his wife : and they shall be one flesh . '' Gen. 2 : 24 . `` Wherefore they are no more twain but one flesh . What therefore God hath joined together , let no man put asunder . '' Matt . 19 : 6 . Eternal generation and Procession ( edit ) Further information : Filioque Trinitarianism affirms that the Son is `` begotten '' ( or `` generated '' ) of the Father and that the Spirit `` proceeds '' from the Father , but the Father is `` neither begotten nor proceeds '' . The argument over whether the Spirit proceeds from the Father alone , or from the Father and the Son , was one of the catalysts of the Great Schism , in this case concerning the Western addition of the Filioque clause to the Nicene Creed . The Roman Catholic Church teaches that , in the sense of the Latin verb procedere ( which does not have to indicate ultimate origin and is therefore compatible with proceeding through ) , but not in that of the Greek verb ἐκπορεύεσθαι ( which implies ultimate origin ) , the Spirit `` proceeds '' from the Father and the Son , and the Eastern Orthodox Church , which teaches that the Spirit `` proceeds '' from the Father alone , has made no statement on the claim of a difference in meaning between the two words , one Greek and one Latin , both of which are translated as `` proceeds '' . The Eastern Orthodox Churches object to the Filioque clause on ecclesiological and theological grounds , holding that `` from the Father '' means `` from the Father alone '' . This language is often considered difficult because , if used regarding humans or other created things , it would imply time and change ; when used here , no beginning , change in being , or process within time is intended and is excluded . The Son is generated ( `` born '' or `` begotten '' ) , and the Spirit proceeds , eternally . Augustine of Hippo explains , `` Thy years are one day , and Thy day is not daily , but today ; because Thy today yields not to tomorrow , for neither does it follow yesterday . Thy today is eternity ; therefore Thou begat the Co-eternal , to whom Thou saidst , ' This day have I begotten Thee . ' '' Most Protestant groups that use the creed also include the Filioque clause . Its controversial use is addressed in several confessions : the Westminster Confession 2 : 3 , the London Baptist Confession 2 : 3 , and the Lutheran Augsburg Confession 1 : 1 -- 6 . Economic and immanent Trinity ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The term `` immanent Trinity '' focuses on who God is ; the term `` economic Trinity '' focuses on what God does . According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church , The Fathers of the Church distinguish between theology ( theologia ) and economy ( oikonomia ) . `` Theology '' refers to the mystery of God 's inmost life within the Blessed Trinity and `` economy '' to all the works by which God reveals himself and communicates his life . Through the oikonomia the theologia is revealed to us ; but conversely , the theologia illuminates the whole oikonomia . God 's works reveal who he is in himself ; the mystery of his inmost being enlightens our understanding of all his works . So it is , analogously , among human persons . A person discloses himself in his actions , and the better we know a person , the better we understand his actions . The ancient Nicene theologians argued that everything the Trinity does is done by Father , Son , and Spirit working in unity with one will . The three persons of the Trinity always work inseparably , for their work is always the work of the one God . The Son 's will can not be different from the Father 's because it is the Father 's . They have but one will as they have but one being . Otherwise they would not be one God . According to Phillip Cary , if there were relations of command and obedience between the Father and the Son , there would be no Trinity at all but rather three gods . On this point St. Basil observes `` When then He says , ' I have not spoken of myself ' , and again , ' As the Father said unto me , so I speak ' , and ' The word which ye hear is not mine , but ( the Father 's ) which sent me ' , and in another place , ' As the Father gave me commandment , even so I do ' , it is not because He lacks deliberate purpose or power of initiation , nor yet because He has to wait for the preconcerted key - note , that he employs language of this kind . His object is to make it plain that His own will is connected in indissoluble union with the Father . Do not then let us understand by what is called a ' commandment ' a peremptory mandate delivered by organs of speech , and giving orders to the Son , as to a subordinate , concerning what He ought to do . Let us rather , in a sense befitting the Godhead , perceive a transmission of will , like the reflexion of an object in a mirror , passing without note of time from Father to Son . '' A Greek fresco of Athanasius of Alexandria , the chief architect of the Nicene Creed , formulated at Nicaea . Athanasius of Alexandria explained that the Son is eternally one in being with the Father , temporally and voluntarily subordinate in his incarnate ministry . Such human traits , he argued , were not to be read back into the eternal Trinity . Likewise , the Cappadocian Fathers also insisted there was no economic inequality present within the Trinity . As Basil wrote : `` We perceive the operation of the Father , Son , and Holy Spirit to be one and the same , in no respect showing differences or variation ; from this identity of operation we necessarily infer the unity of nature . '' The traditional theory of `` appropriation '' consists in attributing certain names , qualities , or operations to one of the Persons of the Trinity , not , however , to the exclusion of the others , but in preference to the others . This theory was established by the Latin Fathers of the fourth and fifth centuries , especially by Hilary of Poitiers , Augustine , and Leo the Great . In the Middle Ages , the theory was systematically taught by the Schoolmen such as Bonaventure . Roger E. Olson says that a number of evangelical theologians hold the view that there is a hierarchy of authority in the Trinity with the Son being subordinate to the Father . `` The Gospel of John makes this clear as Jesus repeatedly mentions that he came to do the Father 's will . '' Olsen cautions , however , that the hierarchy in the `` economic Trinity '' should be distinguished from the `` immanent Trinity '' . He cites the Cappadocian Fathers , `` the Father is the source or `` fount '' of divinity within the Godhead ; the Son and the Spirit derive their deity from the Father eternally ( so there is no question of inequality of being ) . Their favorite analogy was the sun and its light and heat . There is no imagining the sun without its light and heat and yet it is the source of them . '' Benjamin B. Warfield saw a principle of subordination in the `` modes of operation '' of the Trinity , but was also hesitant to ascribe the same to the `` modes of subsistence '' in relation of one to another . While noting that it is natural to see a subordination in function as reflecting a similar subordination in substance , he suggests that this might be the result of `` ... an agreement by Persons of the Trinity -- a `` Covenant '' as it is technically called -- by virtue of which a distinct function in the work of redemption is assumed by each `` . Political aspect ( edit ) Richard E. Rubenstein says that Emperor Constantine and his advisor Hosius of Corduba were aware of the usefulness of having a divinely ordained church in which the church authority , and not the individual , was able to determine individual salvation , and threw their support toward the homoousion Nicene formula . According to Eusebius , Constantine suggested the term homoousios at the Council of Nicaea , though most scholars have doubted that Constantine had such knowledge and have thought that most likely Hosius had suggested the term to him . Constantine later changed his view about the Arians , who opposed the Nicene formula , and supported the bishops who rejected the formula , as did several of his successors , the first emperor to be baptized in the Nicene faith being Theodosius the Great , emperor from 379 to 395 . Biblical background ( edit ) From the Old Testament , the early church retained the conviction that God is one . The New Testament does not use the word Τριάς ( Trinity ) nor explicitly teach the Nicene Trinitarian doctrine , but it contains several passages that use twofold and threefold patterns to speak of God . Binitarian passages include Rom. 8 : 11 , 2 Cor. 4 : 14 , Galatians 1 : 1 , Eph. 1 : 20 , 1 Tim . 1 : 2 , 1 Pet. 1 : 21 , and 2 John 1 : 13 . Passages which refer to the Godhead with a threefold pattern include Matt . 28 : 19 , 1 Cor. 6 : 11 and 12 : 4ff. , Gal. 3 : 11 -- 14 , Heb. 10 : 29 , 1 Pet. 1 : 2 and 1 John 5 : 7 . These passages provided the material with which Christians would develop doctrines of the Trinity . Reflection by early Christians on passages such as the Great Commission : `` Go therefore and make disciples of all nations , baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit '' and Paul the Apostle 's blessing : `` The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ and the love of God and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit be with you all '' , while at the same time the Jewish Shema Yisrael : `` Hear , O Israel : the Lord our God , the Lord is one '' led the early Christians to question how the Father , Son , and Holy Spirit are `` one '' . Later , the diverse references to God , Jesus , and the Spirit found in the New Testament were systematized into a Trinity -- one God subsisting in three persons and one substance -- to combat heretical tendencies of how the three are related and to defend the church against charges of worshiping two or three gods . Some scholars dispute the idea that support for the Trinity can be found in the Bible , and argue that the doctrine is the result of theological interpretations rather than sound exegesis of scripture . The concept was expressed in early writings from the beginning of the 2nd century forward , and other scholars hold that the way the New Testament repeatedly speaks of the Father , the Son , and the Holy Spirit is such as to require one to accept a Trinitarian understanding . The Comma Johanneum , 1 John 5 : 7 , is a disputed text which states : `` For there are three that bear record in heaven , the Father , the Word , and the Holy Ghost : and these three are one . '' However , this passage is not considered to be part of the genuine text , and most scholars agree that the phrase was a gloss . Jesus as God ( edit ) God in the person of the Son confronts Adam and Eve , by Master Bertram ( d.c. 1415 ) The Gospel of John has been seen as especially aimed at emphasizing Jesus ' divinity , presenting Jesus as the Logos , pre-existent and divine , from its first words , `` In the beginning was the Word , and the Word was with God , and the Word was God . '' The Gospel of John ends with Thomas 's declaration that he believed Jesus was God , `` My Lord and my God ! '' There is no significant tendency among modern scholars to deny that John 1 : 1 and John 20 : 28 identify Jesus with God . John also portrays Jesus as the agent of creation of the universe . There are also a few possible biblical supports for the divinity of Jesus found in the Synoptic Gospels . The Gospel of Matthew , for example , quotes Jesus as saying , `` All things have been handed over to me by my Father . '' This is similar to John , who wrote that Jesus said , `` All that the Father has is mine . '' These verses have been quoted to defend the omnipotence of Christ , having all power , as well as the omniscience of Christ , having all wisdom . Expressions also in the Pauline epistles have been interpreted as attributing divinity to Jesus . They include : `` For by him all things were created : things in heaven and on earth , visible and invisible , whether thrones or powers or rulers or authorities ; all things were created by him and for him '' and `` For in Christ all the fullness of the Deity lives in bodily form '' , and in Paul the Apostle 's claim to have been `` sent not from men nor by man , but by Jesus Christ and God the Father '' . Some have suggested that John presents a hierarchy when he quotes Jesus as saying , `` The Father is greater than I '' , a statement which was appealed to by nontrinitarian groups such as Arianism . However , Church Fathers such as Augustine of Hippo argued this statement was to be understood as Jesus speaking in the form of a man . Holy Spirit as God ( edit ) As the Arian controversy was dissipating , the debate moved from the deity of Jesus Christ to the equality of the Holy Spirit with the Father and Son . On one hand , the Pneumatomachi sect declared that the Holy Spirit was an inferior person to the Father and Son . On the other hand , the Cappadocian Fathers argued that the Holy Spirit was an equal person to the Father and Son . Although the main text used in defense of the deity of the Holy Spirit was Matthew 28 : 19 , Cappadocian Fathers such as Basil the Great argued from other verses such as `` But Peter said , ' Ananias , why has Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit and to keep back for yourself part of the proceeds of the land ? While it remained unsold , did it not remain your own ? And after it was sold , was it not at your disposal ? Why is it that you have contrived this deed in your heart ? You have not lied to men but to God . ' '' Another passage the Cappadocian Fathers quoted from was `` By the word of the Lord the heavens were made , and by the breath of his mouth all their host . '' According to their understanding , because `` breath '' and `` spirit '' in Hebrew are both `` רוּחַ '' ( `` ruach '' ) , Psalm 33 : 6 is revealing the roles of the Son and Holy Spirit as co-creators . And since , according to them , because only the holy God can create holy beings such as the angels , the Son and Holy Spirit must be God . Yet another argument from the Cappadocian Fathers to prove that the Holy Spirit is of the same nature as the Father and Son comes from `` For who knows a person 's thoughts except the spirit of that person , which is in him ? So also no one comprehends the thoughts of God except the Spirit of God . '' They reasoned that this passage proves that the Holy Spirit has the same relationship to God as the spirit within us has to us . The Cappadocian Fathers also quoted , `` Do you not know that you are God 's temple and that God 's Spirit dwells in you ? '' and reasoned that it would be blasphemous for an inferior being to take up residence in a temple of God , thus proving that the Holy Spirit is equal with the Father and the Son . They also combined `` the servant does not know what his master is doing '' with 1 Corinthians 2 : 11 in an attempt to show that the Holy Spirit is not the slave of God , and therefore his equal . The Pneumatomachi contradicted the Cappadocian Fathers by quoting , `` Are they not all ministering spirits sent out to serve for the sake of those who are to inherit salvation ? '' in effect arguing that the Holy Spirit is no different from other created angelic spirits . The Church Fathers disagreed , saying that the Holy Spirit is greater than the angels , since the Holy Spirit is the one who grants the foreknowledge for prophecy so that the angels could announce events to come . The usage of the word `` paraclete '' ( Greek : parakletos ) for the Holy Spirit in John 14 : 16 , which can be translated as advocate , intercessor , counsellor or protector , and the Holy Spirit 's essence and action characterized by truth , as all three persons of the Trinity are linked with truth ( see v. 17 ) , are seen as arguments that he is a divine person ; especially that Jesus calls him another counsellor , in this way expressing that the Holy Spirit is similar to himself in regard to our counsel . Old Testament parallels ( edit ) Russian icon of the Old Testament Trinity by Andrey Rublev , between 1408 and 1425 In addition , the Old Testament has also been interpreted as foreshadowing the Trinity , by referring to God 's word , his spirit , and Wisdom , as well as narratives such as the appearance of the three men to Abraham . However , it is generally agreed among Trinitarian Christian scholars that it would go beyond the intention and spirit of the Old Testament to correlate these notions directly with later Trinitarian doctrine . Some Church Fathers believed that a knowledge of the mystery was granted to the prophets and saints of the Old Testament , and that they identified the divine messenger of Genesis 16 : 7 , 21 : 17 , 31 : 11 , Exodus 3 : 2 and Wisdom of the sapiential books with the Son , and `` the spirit of the Lord '' with the Holy Spirit . Other Church Fathers , such as Gregory Nazianzen , argued in his Orations that the revelation was gradual , claiming that the Father was proclaimed in the Old Testament openly , but the Son only obscurely , because `` it was not safe , when the Godhead of the Father was not yet acknowledged , plainly to proclaim the Son '' . Genesis 18 -- 19 has been interpreted by Christians as a Trinitarian text . The narrative has the Lord appearing to Abraham , who was visited by three men . Then in Genesis 19 , `` the two angels '' visited Lot at Sodom . The interplay between Abraham on the one hand and the Lord / three men / the two angels on the other was an intriguing text for those who believed in a single God in three persons . Justin Martyr , and John Calvin similarly , interpreted it such that Abraham was visited by God , who was accompanied by two angels . Justin supposed that the God who visited Abraham was distinguishable from the God who remains in the heavens , but was nevertheless identified as the ( monotheistic ) God . Justin appropriated the God who visited Abraham to Jesus , the second person of the Trinity . Augustine , in contrast , held that the three visitors to Abraham were the three persons of the Trinity . He saw no indication that the visitors were unequal , as would be the case in Justin 's reading . Then in Genesis 19 , two of the visitors were addressed by Lot in the singular : `` Lot said to them , ' Not so , my lord . ' '' Augustine saw that Lot could address them as one because they had a single substance , despite the plurality of persons . According to Swedenborg , the three angels which appeared to Abraham do represent the Trinity , but a Trinity of one being : the Divine Itself , the Divine Human and the Divine Proceeding . That one being is represented is indicated by the fact that they are referred to in the singular as Jehovah and Lord . The reason why only two of the angels went to visit Sodom and Gomorrah is that they represent the Divine Human and the Divine Proceeding , and to those aspects of the Divine belongs judgment , as Jesus declared that all judgment was entrusted by the Father to the Son . The three angels did indeed appear to Abraham as three men , but they are only a symbolic representation of the Trinity , which should not be taken literally as three distinct persons . In the Old Testament , Swedenborg finds the earliest direct reference to a Trine in the Divinity in the account of Moses ' encounter with the Lord in Exodus which states , `` And Jehovah passed by upon his face , and called , Jehovah , Jehovah , a God merciful and gracious . '' Some Christians interpret the theophanies or appearances of the Angel of the Lord as revelations of a person distinct from God , who is nonetheless called God . This interpretation is found in Christianity as early as Justin Martyr and Melito of Sardis , and reflects ideas that were already present in Philo . The Old Testament theophanies were thus seen as Christophanies , each a `` preincarnate appearance of the Messiah '' . Impact of Stoic philosophy ( edit ) In his Introduction to the 1964 book Meditations , the Anglican priest Maxwell Staniforth discussed the profound influence of Stoic philosophy on Christianity . In particular : Again in the doctrine of the Trinity , the ecclesiastical conception of Father , Word , and Spirit finds its germ in the different Stoic names of the Divine Unity . Thus Seneca , writing of the supreme Power which shapes the universe , states , ' This Power we sometimes call the All - ruling God , sometimes the incorporeal Wisdom , sometimes the holy Spirit , sometimes Destiny . ' The Church had only to reject the last of these terms to arrive at its own acceptable definition of the Divine Nature ; while the further assertion ' these three are One ' , which the modern mind finds paradoxical , was no more than commonplace to those familiar with Stoic notions . Artistic depictions ( edit ) Main article : Trinity in art The Trinity is most commonly seen in Christian art with the Spirit represented by a dove , as specified in the Gospel accounts of the Baptism of Christ ; he is nearly always shown with wings outspread . However depictions using three human figures appear occasionally in most periods of art . The Father and the Son are usually differentiated by age , and later by dress , but this too is not always the case . The usual depiction of the Father as an older man with a white beard may derive from the biblical Ancient of Days , which is often cited in defense of this sometimes controversial representation . However , in Eastern Orthodoxy the Ancient of Days is usually understood to be God the Son , not God the Father ( see below ) -- early Byzantine images show Christ as the Ancient of Days , but this iconography became rare . When the Father is depicted in art , he is sometimes shown with a halo shaped like an equilateral triangle , instead of a circle . The Son is often shown at the Father 's right hand . He may be represented by a symbol -- typically the Lamb ( agnus dei ) or a cross -- or on a crucifix , so that the Father is the only human figure shown at full size . In early medieval art , the Father may be represented by a hand appearing from a cloud in a blessing gesture , for example in scenes of the Baptism of Christ . Later , in the West , the Throne of Mercy ( or `` Throne of Grace '' ) became a common depiction . In this style , the Father ( sometimes seated on a throne ) is shown supporting either a crucifix or , later , a slumped crucified Son , similar to the Pietà ( this type is distinguished in German as the Not Gottes ) in his outstretched arms , while the Dove hovers above or in between them . This subject continued to be popular until the 18th century at least . By the end of the 15th century , larger representations , other than the Throne of Mercy , became effectively standardised , showing an older figure in plain robes for the Father , Christ with his torso partly bare to display the wounds of his Passion , and the dove above or around them . In earlier representations both Father , especially , and Son often wear elaborate robes and crowns . Sometimes the Father alone wears a crown , or even a papal tiara . In the later part of the Christian Era , in Renaissance European iconography , the Eye of Providence began to be used as an explicit image of the Christian Trinity and associated with the concept of Divine Providence . Seventeenth - century depictions of the Eye of Providence sometimes show it surrounded by clouds or sunbursts . Image gallery ( edit ) Depiction of Trinity from Saint Denis Basilica in Paris ( 12th century ) Father , The Holy Spirit , and Christ Crucified , depicted in a Welsh manuscript . c. 1390 -- 1400 God the Father , God the Son , and God the Holy Spirit as a dove , by Lucas Cranach the Elder ( d . 1553 ) God the Father ( top ) , and the Holy Spirit ( represented by a dove ) depicted above Jesus . Painting by Francesco Albani ( d . 1660 ) God the Father ( top ) , the Holy Spirit ( a dove ) , and child Jesus , painting by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo ( d . 1682 ) Pope Clement I prays to the Trinity , in a typical post-Renaissance depiction by Gianbattista Tiepolo ( d . 1770 ) Atypical depiction . The Son is identified by a lamb , the Father an Eye of Providence , and the Spirit a dove , painting by Fridolin Leiber ( d . 1912 ) 13th Century depiction of the Trinity from a Roman de la Rose manuscript A Christian version of the Eye of Providence , emphasizing the triangle representing the Trinity Nontrinitarianism ( edit ) Main article : Nontrinitarianism Nontrinitarianism ( or antitrinitarianism ) refers to Christian belief systems that reject the doctrine of the Trinity as found in the Nicene Creed as not having a scriptural origin . Nontrinitarian views differ widely on the nature of God , Jesus , and the Holy Spirit . Various nontrinitarian views , such as Adoptionism , Monarchianism and Arianism existed prior to the formal definition of the Trinity doctrine in AD 325 , 360 , and 431 , at the Councils of Nicaea , Constantinople , and Ephesus , respectively . Following the final victory of orthodoxy at Constantinople in 381 , Arianism was driven from the Empire , retaining a foothold amongst the Teutonic tribes . When the Franks converted to Catholicism in 496 , however , it gradually faded out . Nontrinitarianism was later renewed in the Gnosticism of the Cathars in the 11th through 13th centuries , in the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century , and in some groups arising during the Second Great Awakening of the 19th century . Modern nontrinitarian groups or denominations include Christadelphians , Christian Scientists , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , Dawn Bible Students , Friends General Conference , Iglesia ni Cristo , Jehovah 's Witnesses , Living Church of God , Members Church of God International , Oneness Pentecostals , the Seventh Day Church of God , Unitarian Universalist Christians , United Church of God , The Shepherd 's Chapel and Spiritism . Islamic views ( edit ) Main articles : Islamic view of the Trinity and Shirk ( Islam ) Islam considers Jesus to be a prophet , but not divine , and Allah to be absolutely indivisible ( a concept known as tawhid ) . Several verses of the Qur'an state that the doctrine of the Trinity is blasphemous . `` Say : He is God , the One and Only ; God , the Eternal , Absolute ; He begetteth not , nor is He begotten ; And there is none like unto Him . -- Qur'an , sura 112 ( Al - Ikhlas ) , ayat 1 -- 4 Certainly they disbelieve who say : Surely Allah is the third ( person ) of the three ; and there is no god but the one Allah , and if they desist not from what they say , a painful chastisement shall befall those among them who disbelieve . -- Qur'an , sura 5 ( Al - Ma'idah ) , ayat 73 And when Allah will say : O Isa son of Marium ! did you say to men , Take me and my mother for two gods besides Allah he will say : Glory be to Thee , it did not befit me that I should say what I had no right to ( say ) ; if I had said it , Thou wouldst indeed have known it ; Thou knowest what is in my mind , and I do not know what is in Thy mind , surely Thou art the great Knower of the unseen things . -- Qur'an , sura 5 ( Al - Ma'idah ) , ayat 116 Interpretation of these verses by modern scholars has been varied . Verse 5 : 73 has been interpreted as a potential criticism of Syriac literature that references Jesus as `` the third of three '' and thus an attack on the view that Christ was divine . Edward Hulmes writes : `` The Qur'anic interpretation of trinitarian orthodoxy as belief in the Father , the Son , and the Virgin Mary , may owe less to a misunderstanding of the New Testament itself than to a recognition of the role accorded by local Christians ( see Choloridians ) to Mary as mother in a special sense . '' There is also debate about whether this verse should be taken literally . For example , Thomas states that verse 5 : 116 need not be seen as describing actually professed beliefs , but rather , giving examples of shirk ( claiming divinity for beings other than God ) and a `` warning against excessive devotion to Jesus and extravagant veneration of Mary , a reminder linked to the central theme of the Qur'an that there is only one God and He alone is to be worshipped . '' When read in this light , it can be understood as an admonition , `` Against the divinization of Jesus that is given elsewhere in the Qur'an and a warning against the virtual divinization of Mary in the declaration of the fifth - century church councils that she is ' God - bearer ' . '' Judaism ( edit ) See also : God in Judaism , Judaism 's view of Jesus , and Shituf Judaism traditionally maintains a tradition of monotheism to the exclusion of the possibility of a Trinity . In Judaism , God is understood to be the absolute one , indivisible , and incomparable being who is the ultimate cause of all existence . The idea of God as a duality or trinity is heretical -- it is even considered by some polytheistic . See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Ahura , the Zoroastrian Trinity Ayyavazhi Trinity Social trinitarianism Thomas F. Torrance , contemporary theologian Trikaya , the three Buddha bodies Trinitarian Order Trinitarian Universalism Trinity Sunday , a day to celebrate the doctrine Triple deity , an associated term in Comparative religion Trimurti Extended notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Very little of Arius ' own writings have survived . We depend largely on quotations made by opponents which reflect what they thought he was saying . Furthermore , there was no single Arian party or agenda but rather various critics of the Nicene formula working from distinct perspectives. ( see Williams , Rowan . Arius SPCK ( 2nd edn , 2001 ) p. 95ff & pp. 247ff ) Jump up ^ Augustine had poor knowledge of the Greek language , and no knowledge of Hebrew . So he trusted the LXX Septuagint , which differentiates between κύριοι ( ' lords ' , vocative plural ) and κύριε ( ' lord ' , vocative singular ) , even if the Hebrew verbal form , נא - אדני ‎ ( na - adoni ) , is exactly the same in both cases . Endnotes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Heavenly and Earthly Trinities on the site of the National Gallery in London . Jump up ^ `` Definition of trinity in English '' . Oxford Dictionaries - English . Jump up ^ The Family Bible Encyclopedia ( 1972 ) . p. 3790 . Jump up ^ See Geddes , Leonard ( 1911 ) . `` Person '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton . Jump up ^ Definition of the Fourth Lateran Council quoted in Catechism of the Catholic Church § 253 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Sheed , ' ' Theology and Sanity ' ' '' . Ignatiusinsight.com . Retrieved 3 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding the Trinity '' . Credoindeum.org. 16 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2016 . Retrieved 16 Aug 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Catechism , No. 1 , Lesson 7 '' . Quizlet.com . Retrieved 3 November 2013 . Jump up ^ CCC § 254 ; Latin : Est Pater , qui generat , et Filius , qui gignitur , et Spiritus Sanctus , qui procedit ( DS § 804 ) . Jump up ^ Coppens , Charles , S.J. ( 1903 ) . A Systematic Study of the Catholic Religion . St. Louis : B. HERDER . Jump up ^ CCC § 253 -- 267 : `` The dogma of the Holy Trinity '' . Jump up ^ `` Genesis 1 : 1 - 3 '' . Biblia.com . Faithlife . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Younker , Randall W. `` Crucial Questions of Interpretation in Genesis 1 '' ( PDF ) . Biblical Research Institute . Biblical Research Institute General Conference of Seventh - day Adventists . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John 1 : 1 - 4 '' . Biblia.com . Faithlife . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trinity , doctrine of '' in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978 - 0 - 192 - 80290 - 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Trinity word not in Scripture '' . carm.org. 24 November 2008 . Jump up ^ McGrath Alister E. Christian Theology : An Introduction Blackwell , Oxford ( 2001 ) p. 321 Jump up ^ McGrath , Alister E. Christian Theology : An Introduction Blackwell , Oxford ( 2001 ) p. 324 Jump up ^ Kelly , J.N.D. Early Christian Doctrines A & G Black ( 1965 ) p. 88 Jump up ^ `` Godhead '' . www.mormon.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Lewis and Short : ' ' trinus ' ' '' . Perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Liddell & Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon . entry for Τριάς , retrieved 19 December 2006 Jump up ^ Theophilus of Antioch , To Autolycus , II. XV ( retrieved on 19 December 2006 ) . Jump up ^ W. Fulton in the `` Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics '' Jump up ^ Aboud , Ibrahim ( Fall 2005 ) . Theandros an online Journal of Orthodox Christian Theology and Philosophy. 3 , number 1 . Jump up ^ `` Against Praxeas , chapter 3 '' . Ccel.org. 1 June 2005 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Against Praxeas , chapter 2 and in other chapters Jump up ^ History of the Doctrine of the Trinity . Accessed 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ See Elizabeth Lev , `` Dimming the Pauline Spotlight ; Jubilee Fruits '' , 2009 Archived 14 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Orthodox Outlet for Dogmatic Enquiries : On God '' . Oodegr.com . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Eusebius of Caesarea , Church History iii. 36 Jump up ^ `` St. Ignatius of Antioch to the Magnesians ( Shorter Recension ) , Roberts - Donaldson translation '' . Earlychristianwritings.com . Retrieved 3 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First Apology , LXI '' . Ccel.org. 13 July 2005 . Retrieved 3 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Theophilus , Apologia ad Autolycum , Book II , Chapter 15 Jump up ^ Tertullian Against Praxeas Jump up ^ Mulhern , Philip F. ( 1967 ) `` Trinity , Holy , Devotion '' , in New Catholic encyclopedia . Prepared by an editorial staff at the Catholic University of America . New York : McGraw - Hill , 14 . 306 ^ Jump up to : Bingham , Jeffrey , `` HT200 Class Notes '' , Dallas Theological Seminary , ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia Americana ( 1956 ) , Vol . XXVII , p. 294L Jump up ^ Nouveau Dictionnaire Universel ( Paris , 1865 -- 1870 ) , Vol. 2 , p. 1467 . Jump up ^ `` Catholic Encyclopedia : article : ' ' Paul of Samosata ' ' '' . Newadvent.org. 1 February 1911 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Chadwick , Henry . The Early Church Pelican / Penguin ( 1967 ) p. 87 Jump up ^ `` Arianism '' in Cross , F.L. & Livingstone , E.A. ( eds ) The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ `` Creeds of Christendom , with a History and Critical notes . Volume I . The History of Creeds . - Christian Classics Ethereal Library '' . www.ccel.org . Jump up ^ Anderson , Michael . `` The Nicaeno - Constantinopolitan Creed '' . www.creeds.net . Jump up ^ `` Second Creed of Sirmium or `` The Blasphemy of Sirmium '' `` . www.fourthcentury.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Athanasius , Bishop of Alexanria , Theologian , Doctor '' . Justus.anglican.org . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Athanasius : De Decretis or Defence of the Nicene Definition , Introduction , 19 '' . Tertullian.org. 6 August 2004 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trinity '' . Britannica Encyclopaedia of World Religions . Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006 . Jump up ^ On Athanasius , Oxford Classical Dictionary , Edited by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth . Third edition . Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press , 1996 . Jump up ^ Gregory of Nazianzus , Orations 40.41 Jump up ^ Mulhern , 306 . Jump up ^ Mulhern , p. 306 Jump up ^ Wolfgang Vondey , Pentecostalism , A Guide for the Perplexed ( London ; New Delhi ; New York ; Sydney : Bloomsbury , 2013 ) , 78 . Jump up ^ 7 : 1 , 3 online Jump up ^ Epistle to the Philippians , 2 : 13 online Jump up ^ On Baptism 8 : 6 online , Against Praxeas , 26 : 2 online Jump up ^ Against Noetus , 1 : 14 online Jump up ^ Seventh Council of Carthage online Jump up ^ A Sectional Confession of Faith , 13 : 2 online Jump up ^ Kittel , 3 : 108 . ^ Jump up to : Stagg , Frank . New Testament Theology . Broadman Press , 1962 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8054 - 1613 - 8 , pp. 38 ff . Jump up ^ Grudem , Wayne A. 1994 . Systematic theology an introduction to biblical doctrine . Leicester , England : Inter-Varsity Press . Page 226 . Jump up ^ `` Athanasian Creed '' . Ccel.org . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Barth , Karl , and Geoffrey William Bromiley. 1975 . The doctrine of the word of God prolegomena to church dogmatics , being volume I , 1 . Edinburgh : T. & T. Clark . Pages 348 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Thomas , and Anton Charles Pegis. 1997 . Basic writings of Saint Thomas Aquinas . Indianapolis , Indiana : Hackett Pub . Pages 307 -- 9 . Jump up ^ For ' person ' , see Richard De Smet , A Short History of the Person , available in Brahman and Person : Essays by Richard De Smet , ed . Ivo Coelho ( Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ `` NPNF2 - 09 . Hilary of Poitiers , John of Damascus Christian Classics Ethereal Library '' . Ccel.org. 13 July 2005 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity : The Greek and the Latin Traditions regarding the Procession of the Holy Spirit ( scanned image of the English translation on L'Osservatore Romano of 20 September 1995 ) ; also text with Greek letters transliterated and text omitting two sentences at the start of the paragraph that it presents as beginning with `` The Western tradition expresses first ... '' Jump up ^ CCC § 236 . Jump up ^ Phillip Cary , Priscilla Papers Vol. 20 , No. 4 , Autumn 2006 Jump up ^ `` Basil the Great , De Spiritu Sancto , NPNF , Vol 8 '' . Ccel.org. 13 July 2005 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Athanasius , 3.29 ( p. 409 ) Jump up ^ Basil `` Letters '' , NPNF , Vol 8 , 189.7 ( p. 32 ) Jump up ^ Sauvage , George . `` Appropriation . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 1 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1907 . 20 October 2016 ^ Jump up to : Olsen , Roger E. , `` Is there hierarchy in the Trinity ? '' , Patheos , December 8 , 2011 Jump up ^ Warfield , Benjamin B. , `` Trinity '' , § 20 , The Question of Subordination , The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia , Vol. 5 , ( James Orr , ed . ) , Howard - Severance Company , 1915 , pp. 3020 - 3021 Jump up ^ Rubinstein , Richard . When Jesus Became God , The Struggle to Define Christianity During the Last Days of Rome . p. 64 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Susan Ashbrook ; Hunter , David G. ( 4 September 2008 ) . `` The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies '' . OUP Oxford -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` What Was Debated at the Council of Nicea ? '' . Jump up ^ Philip Schaff , History of the Christian Church . Volume III . Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity , fifth edition revised , § 27 ^ Jump up to : Rusch , William G. ( 1980 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Rusch , William G . The Trinitarian Controversy . Minneapolis : Fortress Press ( subscription required ) . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Neither the word Trinity nor the explicit doctrine appears in the New Testament ... the New Testament established the basis for the doctrine of the Trinity '' ( Encyclopædia Britannica Online : article Trinity ) . Jump up ^ `` Trinity '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The Oxford Companion to the Bible ( ed . Bruce Metzger and Michael Coogan ) 1993 , p. 782 -- 3 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Alister E. Understanding the Trinity . Zondervan , 9789 ISBN 0 - 310 - 29681 - 1 Jump up ^ Harris , Stephen L. Understanding the Bible . Mayfield Publishing : 2000 . pp. 427 -- 428 Jump up ^ See , for instance , the note in 1 Jn 5 : 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Bruce M. Metzger , The Text of the New Testament : Its Transmission , Corruption , and Restoration , 2d ed . Oxford University , 1968 p. 101 Jump up ^ `` The Presentation of Jesus in John 's Gospel '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , Raymond E. The Anchor Bible : The Gospel According to John ( XIII -- XXI ) , pp. 1026 , 1032 Jump up ^ Hoskyns , Edwyn Clement ( ed Davey F.N. ) The Fourth Gospel Faber & Faber , 1947 p. 142 commenting on `` without him was not any thing made that was made . '' Jump up ^ St. Paul helps us understand truths about Jesus Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Simonetti , Manlio . `` Matthew 14 -- 28 . '' New Testament Volume 1b , Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture . Intervarsity Press , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 1469 - 5 Jump up ^ St. Augustine of Hippo , De Trinitate , Book I , Chapter 3 . ^ Jump up to : St. Basil the Great , On the Holy Spirit Chapter 16 . Jump up ^ St. Basil the Great , On the Holy Spirit Chapter 19 . Jump up ^ St. Basil the Great , On the Holy Spirit Chapter 21 . Jump up ^ `` Catholic Encyclopedia : article ' ' Pneumatomachi ' ' '' . Newadvent.org. 1 June 1911 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ New Jerusalem Bible , Standard Edition published 1985 , introductions and notes are a translation of those that appear in La Bible de Jerusalem -- revised edition 1973 , Bombay 2002 ; footnote to Joh 14 : 16 . Jump up ^ Zondervan NIV ( New International Version ) Study Bible , 2002 , Grand Rapids , Michigan , USA ; footnote to Joh 14 : 17 . Jump up ^ Trinity -- see `` 3 The Holy Spirit As a Person '' . Jump up ^ See Book of Wisdom # Messianic interpretation by Christians Jump up ^ The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( Oxford University Press , 2005 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280290 - 3 ) , article Trinity , doctrine of the ^ Jump up to : `` Catholic Encyclopedia : article ' ' The Blessed Trinity ' ' '' . Newadvent.org. 1 October 1912 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia of Religion '' , Vol. 14 , p. 9360 , on Trinity Jump up ^ Gregory Nazianzen , Orations , 31.26 Jump up ^ For the two chapters as a single text , see Letellier , Robert . Day in Mamre , night in Sodom : Abraham and Lot in Genesis 18 and 19 . Brill Publishers : 1995. ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 10250 - 7 pp. 37ff . Web : 9 January 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Francis Watson , Abraham 's Visitors , The Journal of Scriptural Reasoning , Number 2.3 , September 2002 '' . Etext.lib.virginia.edu . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Swedenborg , Emanuel . Heavenly Arcana , 1749 -- 58 . Rotch Edition . New York : Houghton , Mifflin and Company , 1907 , in the Divine Revelation of the New Jerusalem ( 2012 ) , n . 2149 , 2156 , 2218 . Jump up ^ Swedenborg , n . 2319 -- 2320 . Jump up ^ Swedenborg , n . 10617 . Jump up ^ The Trinity in the Old Testament Archived 4 May 2003 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Larry W. Hurtado , Lord Jesus Christ : Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , 2005 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3167 - 2 pp. 573 -- 578 Jump up ^ `` Baker 's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology : ' ' Angel of the Lord ' ' '' . Studylight.org . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Aurelius , Marcus ( 1964 ) . Meditations . London : Penguin Books . p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 14044140 - 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 140 - 44140 - 6 . Jump up ^ See below and G Schiller , Iconography of Christian Art , Vol . I , 1971 , Vol II , 1972 , ( English trans from German ) , Lund Humphries , London , figs I ; 5 -- 16 & passim , ISBN 0 - 85331 - 270 - 2 and ISBN 0 - 85331 - 324 - 5 Jump up ^ Cartlidge , David R. , and Elliott , J.K. . Art and the Christian Apocrypha , pp. 69 -- 72 ( illustrating examples ) , Routledge , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 23392 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23392 - 7 , Google books Jump up ^ G Schiller , Iconography of Christian Art , Vol. II , 1972 , ( English trans from German ) , Lund Humphries , London , figs I ; 5 -- 16 & passim , ISBN 0 - 85331 - 270 - 2 and ISBN 0 - 85331 - 324 - 5 , pp. 122 -- 124 and figs 409 -- 414 Jump up ^ G Schiller , Iconography of Christian Art , Vol. II , 1972 , ( English trans from German ) , Lund Humphries , London , figs I ; 5 -- 16 & passim , ISBN 0 - 85331 - 270 - 2 and ISBN 0 - 85331 - 324 - 5 , pp. 219 -- 224 and figs 768 -- 804 Jump up ^ Potts , Albert M. The World 's Eye . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 68 -- 78 . Jump up ^ von Harnack , Adolf ( 1 March 1894 ) . `` History of Dogma '' . Retrieved 15 June 2007 . ( In the 2nd century , ) Jesus was either regarded as the man whom God hath chosen , in whom the Deity or the Spirit of God dwelt , and who , after being tested , was adopted by God and invested with dominion , ( Adoptionist Christology ) ; or Jesus was regarded as a heavenly spiritual being ( the highest after God ) who took flesh , and again returned to heaven after the completion of his work on earth ( pneumatic Christology ) Jump up ^ Cross , F.L. ( 1958 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . London : OUP , p. 81 . ^ Jump up to : Glassé , Cyril ; Smith , Huston ( 2003 ) . The New Encyclopedia of Islam . Rowman Altamira . pp. 239 -- 241 . ISBN 0759101906 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the Qur'an . Thomas , David . 2006 . Volume V : Trinity . Jump up ^ Quran 3 : 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Quran 112 : 1 -- 4 Jump up ^ Quran 112 : 1 -- 4 Jump up ^ Quran 5 : 73 Jump up ^ Quran 5 : 116 ^ Jump up to : David Thomas , Trinity , Encyclopedia of the Qur'an Jump up ^ Mun'im Sirry ( 1 May 2014 ) . Scriptural Polemics : The Qur'an and Other Religions . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ S. Griffith : Christians and Christianity . Jump up ^ Edward Hulmes : Qur'an and the Bible , The ; entry in the Oxford Companion to the Bible . Jump up ^ Mun'im Sirry ( 1 May 2014 ) . Scriptural Polemics : The Qur'an and Other Religions . Oxford University Press . p. 47 . Jump up ^ The concept of Trinity is incompatible with Judaism : Response - Reference Center - FAQ - Proof Texts - Trinity ( Jews for Judaism ) The Trinity in the Shema ? by Rabbi Singer ( outreachjudaism.org ) The Doctrine of the Trinity ( religionfacts.com ) Other references ( edit ) Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online , Trinity Further reading ( edit ) Emery , Gilles , O.P. ; Levering , Matthew , eds. ( 2012 ) . The Oxford Handbook of the Trinity . ISBN 978 - 0199557813 . Holmes , Stephen R. ( 2012 ) . The Quest for the Trinity : The Doctrine of God in Scripture , History and Modernity . ISBN 9780830839865 . Dolezal , James . `` Trinity , Simplicity and the Status of God 's Personal Relations '' , International Journal of Systematic Theology 16 ( 1 ) ( 2014 ) : 79 -- 98 . Fiddes , Paul , Participating in God : a pastoral doctrine of the Trinity ( London : Darton , Longman , & Todd , 2000 ) . Johnson , Thomas K. , `` What Difference Does the Trinity Make ? '' ( Bonn : Culture and Science Publ. , 2009 ) . La Due , William J. , The Trinity guide to the Trinity ( Continuum International Publishing Group , 2003 ISBN 1 - 56338 - 395 - 0 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56338 - 395 - 3 ) . Letham , Robert ( 2004 ) . The Holy Trinity : In Scripture , History , Theology , and Worship . ISBN 9780875520001 . O'Collins , Gerald ( 1999 ) . The Tripersonal God : Understanding and Interpreting the Trinity . ISBN 9780809138876 . Olson , Roger E. ; Hall , Christopher A. ( 2002 ) . The Trinity . ISBN 9780802848277 . Phan , Peter C. , ed. ( 2011 ) . The Cambridge Companion to the Trinity . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87739 - 8 . So , Damon W.K. , Jesus ' Revelation of His Father : A Narrative - Conceptual Study of the Trinity with Special Reference to Karl Barth . ( Milton Keynes : Paternoster , 2006 ) . ISBN 1 - 84227 - 323 - X . Hillar , Marian , From Logos to Trinity . The Evolution of Religious Beliefs from Pythagoras to Tertullian . ( Cambridge University Press , 2012 ) . Tuggy , Dale ( Summer 2014 ) , `` Trinity ( History of Trinitarian Doctrines ) '' , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Feazell , J. and Morrison , M. ( 2013 ) . You 're Included -- Complete List of Trinitarian Conversations , 108 Interviews With 25 Theologians : Ray S. Anderson , Douglas A. Campbell , Elmer Colyer , Gerrit Scott Dawson , Cathy Deddo , Gary W. Deddo , Gordon Fee , Trevor Hart , George Hunsinger , Christian Kettler , C. Baxter Kruger , John E. McKenna , Jeff McSwain , Steve McVey , Paul Louis Metzger , Paul Molnar , Roger Newell , Cherith Fee Nordling , Robin Parry , Andrew Purves , Andrew Root , Alan Torrance , David Torrance , Robert T. Walker , William Paul Young . 4th ed. ebook Grace Communion International , pp. 1 -- 1279 . Webb , Eugene , In Search of The Triune God : The Christian Paths of East and West ( Columbia , MO : University of Missouri Press , 2014 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Holy Trinity . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Trinity Trinity Entry at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A Formulation and Defense of the Doctrine of the Trinity A brief historical survey of patristic Trinitarian thought Doctrine of the Trinity Trinity Article at Theopedia Eastern Orthodox Trinitarian Theology Doctrine of the Trinity Reading Room : Extensive collection of on - line sources on the Trinity ( Tyndale Seminary ) Christian theology Systematic Scripture Inspiration Preservation Canonics Biblical studies Exegesis Law and Gospel Hermeneutics God Attributes Patriology Christology Pneumatology Theocentricism Theology proper Immutability Impassibility Trinity Father Son ( Hypostatic union Incarnation Jesus Logos Christocentric ) Holy Spirit Cosmology Creation Angels Angelic hierarchy Humanity Fallen angels Satan Theodicy Soteriology Absolution Adoption Assurance Atonement Baptism Calling Conversion Election Eternal life Faith Forgiveness Glorification Grace Irresistible grace Imputation Justification Lapsarianism Means of grace Monergism Mortification Ordo salutis Perseverance Predestination Recapitulation Reconciliation Redemption Regeneration Repentance Resurrection Salvation Sanctification Synergism Theosis Union with Christ Hamartiology Adam Anthropology The Fall Incurvatus in se Original sin Sin Theodicy Total depravity Ecclesiology Sacrament Eucharist Missiology Polity ( Congregational Episcopal Presbyterian ) Synod Conciliarity Eschatology Summary of differences Historicism Idealism Dispensationalism Futurism Preterism Millenarianism ( Pre - / Post - / A-millennialism ) Adventism Antichrist Apocalypse Apocalypticism Covenant / New Covenant theology End times Heaven Hell Last Judgment Millennialism New Jerusalem Rapture Second Coming Soul sleep Tribulation War in Heaven Historical History of Christian theology Calvinist -- Arminian debate Apostolic Age Canon Patristics Caesaropapism Semipelagianism Iconoclasm Scholasticism Thomism Conciliarism Renaissance Reformation Counter-Reformation Pietism Great Awakenings Practical Apologetics Biblical law Education Ethics Homiletics Liturgics Missiology Moral Pastoral Polemics Political By tradition Eastern Orthodox Apophatic theology Cataphatic theology Economy Essence -- energies Filioque Gnomic will Metousiosis Phronema Phyletism Proskynesis Sobornost Symphonia Tabor Light Theoria Theosis Theotokos Roman Catholic Absolution Apostolic succession Assumption of Mary Traditionalism Ecumenical Councils Immaculate Conception Indulgences Infant baptism Josephology Liturgy Mariology Mass Modernism Natural law Papal infallibility Priesthood Purgatory Quartodecimanism Real presence Sacerdotalism Sacrament Sainthood Thomism Transubstantiation Ultramontanism Veneration Protestant General Adiaphora Assurance Believer 's baptism Protestant ecclesiology ( Branch theory ) Priesthood of all believers Anglican Anglo - Catholicism Evangelical Catholic High church Latitudinarian Low church Arminian / Wesleyan Christian perfection Conditional preservation of the saints Imparted righteousness Lordship salvation Prevenient grace Lutheran Two kingdoms Loci Theologici Theology of the Cross Confessional Lutheranism Haugean Lutheran orthodoxy Lutheran scholasticism Neo-Lutheranism Reformed ( Calvinist ) Christian Reconstructionism Covenant theology Free Grace Monergism Predestination Five solae ( Sola fide Sola gratia Sola scriptura Soli Deo gloria Solus Christus ) Supersessionism Total depravity TULIP Pentecostalist Baptism with the Holy Spirit Faith healing Fivefold ministry Glossolalia Other Adventism Anabaptism Dispensationalism Evangelicalism Fundamentalism Messianic Judaism Pietism Prosperity theology Restorationism Outline of Christian theology Christianity portal Christianity Jesus Christ Jesus in Christianity Virgin birth Crucifixion Resurrection Son of God Foundations Church Creed Gospel New Covenant Bible Books Canon Old Testament New Testament Theology God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Catholicism Christology Ecclesiology History of theology Mission Salvation History and tradition Mary Joseph Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Constantine Ecumenical councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades Aquinas Reformation Luther Denomi - nations and traditions ( list ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Charismatic Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox ( Miaphysite ) Assyrian Church of the East ( `` Nestorian '' ) Eastern Catholic Churches Nontrinitarian Jehovah 's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement Oneness Pentecostalism Related topics Art Criticism Culture Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Christianity portal Theology : Outline Conceptions of God Theism Forms Deism Dystheism Henotheism Hermeticism Kathenotheism Nontheism Monolatrism Monotheism Mysticism Panentheism Pandeism Pantheism Polydeism Polytheism Spiritualism Theopanism Concepts Deity Divinity Gender of God and gods Male deity Goddess Numen Singular god theologies By faith Abrahamic religions Judaism Christianity Islam the Bahá'í Faith Buddhism Hinduism Jainism Sikhism Zoroastrianism Concepts Absolute Brahman Emanationism Logos Supreme Being God as the Devil Sustainer Time Trinitarianism Athanasian Creed Comma Johanneum Consubstantiality Homoousian Homoiousian Hypostasis Perichoresis Shield of the Trinity Trinitarian formula Trinity Trinity of the Church Fathers Trinitarian Universalism Eschatology Afterlife Apocalypticism Buddhist Christian Heaven Hindu Islamic Jewish Taoist Zoroastrian Feminist Buddhism Christianity Hinduism Islam Judaism Mormonism Goddesses Other concepts The All Aristotelian view Attributes of God in Christianity / in Islam Binitarianism Demiurge Divine simplicity Divine presence Egotheism Exotheology Holocaust Godhead in Christianity Latter Day Saints Great Architect of the Universe Great Spirit Apophatic theology Olelbis Open theism Personal god Phenomenological definition Philo 's view Process Tian Unmoved mover Names of God in Christianity Hinduism Islam Jainism Judaism By Faith Christian History Outline Biblical canon Glossary Christology Cosmology Ecclesiology Ethics Hamartiology Messianism Nestorianism Philosophy Practical Sophiology Soteriology Hindu Ayyavazhi theology Krishnology Islamic Oneness of God Prophets Holy Scriptures Angels Predestination Last Judgment Jewish Abrahamic prophecy Aggadah Denominations Kabbalah Philosophy LCCN : sh85137555 GND : 4060909 - 1 NDL : 00570172 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trinity&oldid=806140505 '' Categories : Trinitarianism Ancient Christian controversies Attributes of God in Christian theology Christian iconography Christian terminology Christianity and Judaism related controversies Triple deities Pauline Christianity Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles containing Latin - language text Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template archiveis links Use dmy dates from July 2013 NPOV disputes from June 2016 All NPOV disputes Pages with numeric Bible version references Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch አማርኛ ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Walon 吴语粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 23 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who first held that the trinity is defined as one substance in three persons	[ "The Ante-Nicene Fathers asserted Christ's deity and spoke of \"Father, Son and Holy Spirit\", even though their language is not that of the traditional doctrine as formalised in the fourth century. Trinitarians view these as elements of the codified doctrine.[30] Ignatius of Antioch provides early support for the Trinity around 110,[31] exhorting obedience to \"Christ, and to the Father, and to the Spirit\".[32] Justin Martyr (AD 100–c. 165) also writes, \"in the name of God, the Father and Lord of the universe, and of our Saviour Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Spirit\".[33] The first of the early church fathers to be recorded using the word \"Trinity\" was Theophilus of Antioch writing in the late 2nd century. He defines the Trinity as God, His Word (Logos) and His Wisdom (Sophia)[34] in the context of a discussion of the first three days of creation. The first defence of the doctrine of the Trinity was in the early 3rd century by the early church father Tertullian. He explicitly defined the Trinity as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit and defended the Trinitarian theology against the \"Praxean\" heresy.[35] St. Justin and Clement of Alexandra used the Trinity in their doxologies and St. Basil likewise, in the evening lighting of lamps.[36]" ]	[ "Theophilus of Antioch" ]
7439508943851521514	Money	Money - wikipedia Money Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Money ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Capitalism Concepts ( hide ) Business Business cycle Businessperson Capital Capital accumulation Capital markets Capitalist mode of production Company Corporation Competitive markets Economic interventionism Economic surplus Entrepreneurship Fictitious capital Financial market Free price system Free market Goods and services Investor Invisible hand Liberalization Marginalism Money Private property Privatization Profit Rent seeking Supply and demand Surplus value Value Wage labour Economic systems ( show ) Anglo - Saxon Free market Laissez - faire Mercantile Mixed Nordic Regulated market Regulatory Rhine Social market State Welfare East Asian Economic theories ( show ) American Austrian Chicago Classical Institutional Keynesian Marxian Modern Monetary Monetarist Neoclassical New institutional New Keynesian Supply - side Origins ( show ) Age of Enlightenment Capitalism and Islam Commercial Revolution Feudalism Industrial Revolution Mercantilism Primitive accumulation Physiocracy Simple commodity production Development ( show ) Advanced Consumer Corporate Crony Finance Global Late Marxist Merchant Rentier State monopoly Techno People ( show ) Adam Smith John Stuart Mill David Ricardo Thomas Malthus Jean - Baptiste Say Milton Friedman Friedrich Hayek John Maynard Keynes Alfred Marshall Ludwig von Mises Ayn Rand Murray Rothbard Joseph Schumpeter Thorstein Veblen Max Weber Ronald Coase Related topics ( show ) Anti-capitalism Capitalist state Consumerism Corporatism Crisis theory Criticism of capitalism Cronyism Culture of capitalism Exploitation Globalization History History of theory Market economy Periodizations of capitalism Perspectives on capitalism Post-capitalism Speculation Spontaneous order Venture philanthropy Ideologies ( show ) Anarcho - capitalism Democratic capitalism Dirigisme Eco-capitalism Humanistic capitalism Inclusive capitalism Liberalism ( economic ) Libertarianism Neo-Capitalism Neoliberalism Objectivism Ordoliberalism Social democracy Capitalism portal Economics portal Philosophy portal Politics portal A sample picture of a fictional ATM card . The largest part of the world 's money exists only as accounting numbers which are transferred between financial computers . Various plastic cards and other devices give individual consumers the power to electronically transfer such money to and from their bank accounts , without the use of currency . Money is any item or verifiable record that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts in a particular country or socio - economic context . The main functions of money are distinguished as : a medium of exchange , a unit of account , a store of value and sometimes , a standard of deferred payment . Any item or verifiable record that fulfills these functions can be considered as money . Money is historically an emergent market phenomenon establishing a commodity money , but nearly all contemporary money systems are based on fiat money . Fiat money , like any check or note of debt , is without use value as a physical commodity . It derives its value by being declared by a government to be legal tender ; that is , it must be accepted as a form of payment within the boundaries of the country , for `` all debts , public and private '' . The money supply of a country consists of currency ( banknotes and coins ) and , depending on the particular definition used , one or more types of bank money ( the balances held in checking accounts , savings accounts , and other types of bank accounts ) . Bank money , which consists only of records ( mostly computerized in modern banking ) , forms by far the largest part of broad money in developed countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Functions 3.1 Medium of exchange 3.2 Measure of value 3.3 Standard of deferred payment 3.4 Store of value 4 Properties 5 Money supply 5.1 Creation of money 5.2 Market liquidity 6 Types 6.1 Commodity 6.2 Representative 6.3 Fiat 6.4 Coinage 6.5 Paper 6.6 Commercial bank 6.7 Electronic or digital 7 Monetary policy 8 Counterfeit 9 Laundering 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology The word `` money '' is believed to originate from a temple of Juno , on Capitoline , one of Rome 's seven hills . In the ancient world Juno was often associated with money . The temple of Juno Moneta at Rome was the place where the mint of Ancient Rome was located . The name `` Juno '' may derive from the Etruscan goddess Uni ( which means `` the one '' , `` unique '' , `` unit '' , `` union '' , `` united '' ) and `` Moneta '' either from the Latin word `` monere '' ( remind , warn , or instruct ) or the Greek word `` moneres '' ( alone , unique ) . In the Western world , a prevalent term for coin - money has been specie , stemming from Latin in specie , meaning ' in kind ' . History Main article : History of money A 640 BC one - third stater electrum coin from Lydia The use of barter - like methods may date back to at least 100,000 years ago , though there is no evidence of a society or economy that relied primarily on barter . Instead , non-monetary societies operated largely along the principles of gift economy and debt . When barter did in fact occur , it was usually between either complete strangers or potential enemies . Many cultures around the world eventually developed the use of commodity money . The Mesopotamian shekel was a unit of weight , and relied on the mass of something like 160 grains of barley . The first usage of the term came from Mesopotamia circa 3000 BC . Societies in the Americas , Asia , Africa and Australia used shell money -- often , the shells of the cowry ( Cypraea moneta L. or C. annulus L . ) . According to Herodotus , the Lydians were the first people to introduce the use of gold and silver coins . It is thought by modern scholars that these first stamped coins were minted around 650 -- 600 BC . Song Dynasty Jiaozi , the world 's earliest paper money The system of commodity money eventually evolved into a system of representative money . This occurred because gold and silver merchants or banks would issue receipts to their depositors -- redeemable for the commodity money deposited . Eventually , these receipts became generally accepted as a means of payment and were used as money . Paper money or banknotes were first used in China during the Song dynasty . These banknotes , known as `` jiaozi '' , evolved from promissory notes that had been used since the 7th century . However , they did not displace commodity money , and were used alongside coins . In the 13th century , paper money became known in Europe through the accounts of travelers , such as Marco Polo and William of Rubruck . Marco Polo 's account of paper money during the Yuan dynasty is the subject of a chapter of his book , The Travels of Marco Polo , titled `` How the Great Kaan Causeth the Bark of Trees , Made Into Something Like Paper , to Pass for Money All Over his Country . '' Banknotes were first issued in Europe by Stockholms Banco in 1661 , and were again also used alongside coins . The gold standard , a monetary system where the medium of exchange are paper notes that are convertible into pre-set , fixed quantities of gold , replaced the use of gold coins as currency in the 17th -- 19th centuries in Europe . These gold standard notes were made legal tender , and redemption into gold coins was discouraged . By the beginning of the 20th century almost all countries had adopted the gold standard , backing their legal tender notes with fixed amounts of gold . After World War II and the Bretton Woods Conference , most countries adopted fiat currencies that were fixed to the U.S. dollar . The U.S. dollar was in turn fixed to gold . In 1971 the U.S. government suspended the convertibility of the U.S. dollar to gold . After this many countries de-pegged their currencies from the U.S. dollar , and most of the world 's currencies became unbacked by anything except the governments ' fiat of legal tender and the ability to convert the money into goods via payment . According to proponents of modern money theory , fiat money is also backed by taxes . By imposing taxes , states create demand for the currency they issue . Functions Economics A supply and demand diagram , illustrating the effects of an increase in demand Index Outline Category History Branches Classification History of economics Schools of economics Mainstream economics Heterodox economics Economic methodology Economic theory Political economy Microeconomics Macroeconomics International economics Applied economics Econometrics Economic history JEL classification codes Concepts Theory Techniques Economic growth Economic system Experimental economics Mathematical economics Game theory Post-scarcity Market National accounting By application Agricultural Behavioral Business Computational Cultural Demographic Development Digitization Ecological Education Engineering Environmental Evolutionary Expeditionary Economic geography Financial Health Industrial organization Information Institutional Knowledge Labour Law Managerial Monetary Natural resource Organizational Personnel Economic policy Public economics Public / Social choice Regional Rural Service Socioeconomics Economic sociology Economic statistics Urban Welfare Welfare economics Lists Economists Publications ( journals ) Glossary Glossary of economics Business and economics portal In Money and the Mechanism of Exchange ( 1875 ) , William Stanley Jevons famously analyzed money in terms of four functions : a medium of exchange , a common measure of value ( or unit of account ) , a standard of value ( or standard of deferred payment ) , and a store of value . By 1919 , Jevons 's four functions of money were summarized in the couplet : Money 's a matter of functions four , A Medium , a Measure , a Standard , a Store . This couplet would later become widely popular in macroeconomics textbooks . Most modern textbooks now list only three functions , that of medium of exchange , unit of account , and store of value , not considering a standard of deferred payment as it is a distinguished function , but rather subsuming it in the others . There have been many historical disputes regarding the combination of money 's functions , some arguing that they need more separation and that a single unit is insufficient to deal with them all . One of these arguments is that the role of money as a medium of exchange is in conflict with its role as a store of value : its role as a store of value requires holding it without spending , whereas its role as a medium of exchange requires it to circulate . Others argue that storing of value is just deferral of the exchange , but does not diminish the fact that money is a medium of exchange that can be transported both across space and time . The term `` financial capital '' is a more general and inclusive term for all liquid instruments , whether or not they are a uniformly recognized tender . Medium of exchange Main article : Medium of exchange When money is used to intermediate the exchange of goods and services , it is performing a function as a medium of exchange . It thereby avoids the inefficiencies of a barter system , such as the `` coincidence of wants '' problem . Money 's most important usage is as a method for comparing the values of dissimilar objects . Measure of value Main article : Unit of account A unit of account ( in economics ) is a standard numerical monetary unit of measurement of the market value of goods , services , and other transactions . Also known as a `` measure '' or `` standard '' of relative worth and deferred payment , a unit of account is a necessary prerequisite for the formulation of commercial agreements that involve debt . Money acts as a standard measure and common denomination of trade . It is thus a basis for quoting and bargaining of prices . It is necessary for developing efficient accounting systems . Standard of deferred payment Main article : Standard of deferred payment While standard of deferred payment is distinguished by some texts , particularly older ones , other texts subsume this under other functions . A `` standard of deferred payment '' is an accepted way to settle a debt -- a unit in which debts are denominated , and the status of money as legal tender , in those jurisdictions which have this concept , states that it may function for the discharge of debts . When debts are denominated in money , the real value of debts may change due to inflation and deflation , and for sovereign and international debts via debasement and devaluation . Store of value Main article : Store of value To act as a store of value , a money must be able to be reliably saved , stored , and retrieved -- and be predictably usable as a medium of exchange when it is retrieved . The value of the money must also remain stable over time . Some have argued that inflation , by reducing the value of money , diminishes the ability of the money to function as a store of value . Properties To fulfill its various functions , money must have certain properties : Fungibility : its individual units must be capable of mutual substitution ( i.e. , interchangeability ) . Durability : able to withstand repeated use . Portability : easily carried and transported . Cognizability : its value must be easily identified . Stability of value : its value should not fluctuate . Money supply Main article : Money supply Money Base , M1 and M2 in the U.S. from 1981 to 2012 Printing paper money at a printing press in Perm In economics , money is a broad term that refers to any financial instrument that can fulfil the functions of money ( detailed above ) . These financial instruments together are collectively referred to as the money supply of an economy . In other words , the money supply is the number of financial instruments within a specific economy available for purchasing goods or services . Since the money supply consists of various financial instruments ( usually currency , demand deposits and various other types of deposits ) , the amount of money in an economy is measured by adding together these financial instruments creating a monetary aggregate . Modern monetary theory distinguishes among different ways to measure the money supply , reflected in different types of monetary aggregates , using a categorization system that focuses on the liquidity of the financial instrument used as money . The most commonly used monetary aggregates ( or types of money ) are conventionally designated M1 , M2 and M3 . These are successively larger aggregate categories : M1 is currency ( coins and bills ) plus demand deposits ( such as checking accounts ) ; M2 is M1 plus savings accounts and time deposits under $100,000 ; and M3 is M2 plus larger time deposits and similar institutional accounts . M1 includes only the most liquid financial instruments , and M3 relatively illiquid instruments . The precise definition of M1 , M2 etc. may be different in different countries . Another measure of money , M0 , is also used ; unlike the other measures , it does not represent actual purchasing power by firms and households in the economy . M0 is base money , or the amount of money actually issued by the central bank of a country . It is measured as currency plus deposits of banks and other institutions at the central bank . M0 is also the only money that can satisfy the reserve requirements of commercial banks . Creation of money In current economic systems , money is created by two procedures : Legal tender , or narrow money ( M0 ) is the cash money created by a Central Bank by minting coins and printing banknotes . Bank money , or broad money ( M1 / M2 ) is the money created by private banks through the recording of loans as deposits of borrowing clients , with partial support indicated by the cash ratio . Currently , bank money is created as electronic money . In most countries , the majority of money is mostly created as M1 / M2 by commercial banks making loans . Contrary to some popular misconceptions , banks do not act simply as intermediaries , lending out deposits that savers place with them , and do not depend on central bank money ( M0 ) to create new loans and deposits . Market liquidity Main article : Market liquidity `` Market liquidity '' describes how easily an item can be traded for another item , or into the common currency within an economy . Money is the most liquid asset because it is universally recognised and accepted as the common currency . In this way , money gives consumers the freedom to trade goods and services easily without having to barter . Liquid financial instruments are easily tradable and have low transaction costs . There should be no ( or minimal ) spread between the prices to buy and sell the instrument being used as money . Types Currently , most modern monetary systems are based on fiat money . However , for most of history , almost all money was commodity money , such as gold and silver coins . As economies developed , commodity money was eventually replaced by representative money , such as the gold standard , as traders found the physical transportation of gold and silver burdensome . Fiat currencies gradually took over in the last hundred years , especially since the breakup of the Bretton Woods system in the early 1970s . Commodity Main article : Commodity money A 1914 British gold sovereign Many items have been used as commodity money such as naturally scarce precious metals , conch shells , barley , beads etc. , as well as many other things that are thought of as having value . Commodity money value comes from the commodity out of which it is made . The commodity itself constitutes the money , and the money is the commodity . Examples of commodities that have been used as mediums of exchange include gold , silver , copper , rice , Wampum , salt , peppercorns , large stones , decorated belts , shells , alcohol , cigarettes , cannabis , candy , etc . These items were sometimes used in a metric of perceived value in conjunction to one another , in various commodity valuation or price system economies . Use of commodity money is similar to barter , but a commodity money provides a simple and automatic unit of account for the commodity which is being used as money . Although some gold coins such as the Krugerrand are considered legal tender , there is no record of their face value on either side of the coin . The rationale for this is that emphasis is laid on their direct link to the prevailing value of their fine gold content . American Eagles are imprinted with their gold content and legal tender face value . Representative Main article : Representative money In 1875 , the British economist William Stanley Jevons described the money used at the time as `` representative money '' . Representative money is money that consists of token coins , paper money or other physical tokens such as certificates , that can be reliably exchanged for a fixed quantity of a commodity such as gold or silver . The value of representative money stands in direct and fixed relation to the commodity that backs it , while not itself being composed of that commodity . Fiat Main article : Fiat money Gold coins are an example of legal tender that are traded for their intrinsic value , rather than their face value . Fiat money or fiat currency is money whose value is not derived from any intrinsic value or guarantee that it can be converted into a valuable commodity ( such as gold ) . Instead , it has value only by government order ( fiat ) . Usually , the government declares the fiat currency ( typically notes and coins from a central bank , such as the Federal Reserve System in the U.S. ) to be legal tender , making it unlawful not to accept the fiat currency as a means of repayment for all debts , public and private . Some bullion coins such as the Australian Gold Nugget and American Eagle are legal tender , however , they trade based on the market price of the metal content as a commodity , rather than their legal tender face value ( which is usually only a small fraction of their bullion value ) . Fiat money , if physically represented in the form of currency ( paper or coins ) can be accidentally damaged or destroyed . However , fiat money has an advantage over representative or commodity money , in that the same laws that created the money can also define rules for its replacement in case of damage or destruction . For example , the U.S. government will replace mutilated Federal Reserve Notes ( U.S. fiat money ) if at least half of the physical note can be reconstructed , or if it can be otherwise proven to have been destroyed . By contrast , commodity money which has been lost or destroyed can not be recovered . Coinage Main article : Coin These factors led to the shift of the store of value being the metal itself : at first silver , then both silver and gold , and at one point there was bronze as well . Now we have copper coins and other non-precious metals as coins . Metals were mined , weighed , and stamped into coins . This was to assure the individual taking the coin that he was getting a certain known weight of precious metal . Coins could be counterfeited , but they also created a new unit of account , which helped lead to banking . Archimedes ' principle provided the next link : coins could now be easily tested for their fine weight of metal , and thus the value of a coin could be determined , even if it had been shaved , debased or otherwise tampered with ( see Numismatics ) . In most major economies using coinage , copper , silver and gold formed three tiers of coins . Gold coins were used for large purchases , payment of the military and backing of state activities . Silver coins were used for midsized transactions , and as a unit of account for taxes , dues , contracts and fealty , while copper coins represented the coinage of common transaction . This system had been used in ancient India since the time of the Mahajanapadas . In Europe , this system worked through the medieval period because there was virtually no new gold , silver or copper introduced through mining or conquest . Thus the overall ratios of the three coinages remained roughly equivalent . Paper Main article : Banknote Huizi currency , issued in 1160 In premodern China , the need for credit and for circulating a medium that was less of a burden than exchanging thousands of copper coins led to the introduction of paper money , commonly known today as banknotes . This economic phenomenon was a slow and gradual process that took place from the late Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) into the Song dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) . It began as a means for merchants to exchange heavy coinage for receipts of deposit issued as promissory notes from shops of wholesalers , notes that were valid for temporary use in a small regional territory . In the 10th century , the Song dynasty government began circulating these notes amongst the traders in their monopolized salt industry . The Song government granted several shops the sole right to issue banknotes , and in the early 12th century the government finally took over these shops to produce state - issued currency . Yet the banknotes issued were still regionally valid and temporary ; it was not until the mid 13th century that a standard and uniform government issue of paper money was made into an acceptable nationwide currency . The already widespread methods of woodblock printing and then Pi Sheng 's movable type printing by the 11th century was the impetus for the massive production of paper money in premodern China . Paper money from different countries At around the same time in the medieval Islamic world , a vigorous monetary economy was created during the 7th -- 12th centuries on the basis of the expanding levels of circulation of a stable high - value currency ( the dinar ) . Innovations introduced by Muslim economists , traders and merchants include the earliest uses of credit , cheques , promissory notes , savings accounts , transactional accounts , loaning , trusts , exchange rates , the transfer of credit and debt , and banking institutions for loans and deposits . In Europe , paper money was first introduced in Sweden in 1661 . Sweden was rich in copper , thus , because of copper 's low value , extraordinarily big coins ( often weighing several kilograms ) had to be made . The advantages of paper currency were numerous : it reduced transport of gold and silver , and thus lowered the risks ; it made loaning gold or silver at interest easier , since the specie ( gold or silver ) never left the possession of the lender until someone else redeemed the note ; and it allowed for a division of currency into credit and specie backed forms . It enabled the sale of stock in joint stock companies , and the redemption of those shares in paper . However , these advantages held within them disadvantages . First , since a note has no intrinsic value , there was nothing to stop issuing authorities from printing more of it than they had specie to back it with . Second , because it increased the money supply , it increased inflationary pressures , a fact observed by David Hume in the 18th century . The result is that paper money would often lead to an inflationary bubble , which could collapse if people began demanding hard money , causing the demand for paper notes to fall to zero . The printing of paper money was also associated with wars , and financing of wars , and therefore regarded as part of maintaining a standing army . For these reasons , paper currency was held in suspicion and hostility in Europe and America . It was also addictive , since the speculative profits of trade and capital creation were quite large . Major nations established mints to print money and mint coins , and branches of their treasury to collect taxes and hold gold and silver stock . At this time both silver and gold were considered legal tender , and accepted by governments for taxes . However , the instability in the ratio between the two grew over the course of the 19th century , with the increase both in supply of these metals , particularly silver , and of trade . This is called bimetallism and the attempt to create a bimetallic standard where both gold and silver backed currency remained in circulation occupied the efforts of inflationists . Governments at this point could use currency as an instrument of policy , printing paper currency such as the United States Greenback , to pay for military expenditures . They could also set the terms at which they would redeem notes for specie , by limiting the amount of purchase , or the minimum amount that could be redeemed . Banknotes with a face value of 5000 of different currencies By 1900 , most of the industrializing nations were on some form of gold standard , with paper notes and silver coins constituting the circulating medium . Private banks and governments across the world followed Gresham 's Law : keeping gold and silver paid , but paying out in notes . This did not happen all around the world at the same time , but occurred sporadically , generally in times of war or financial crisis , beginning in the early part of the 20th century and continuing across the world until the late 20th century , when the regime of floating fiat currencies came into force . One of the last countries to break away from the gold standard was the United States in 1971 . No country anywhere in the world today has an enforceable gold standard or silver standard currency system . Commercial bank Main article : Demand deposit A check , used as a means of converting funds in a demand deposit to cash Commercial bank money or demand deposits are claims against financial institutions that can be used for the purchase of goods and services . A demand deposit account is an account from which funds can be withdrawn at any time by check or cash withdrawal without giving the bank or financial institution any prior notice . Banks have the legal obligation to return funds held in demand deposits immediately upon demand ( or ' at call ' ) . Demand deposit withdrawals can be performed in person , via checks or bank drafts , using automatic teller machines ( ATMs ) , or through online banking . Commercial bank money is created through fractional - reserve banking , the banking practice where banks keep only a fraction of their deposits in reserve ( as cash and other highly liquid assets ) and lend out the remainder , while maintaining the simultaneous obligation to redeem all these deposits upon demand . Commercial bank money differs from commodity and fiat money in two ways : firstly it is non-physical , as its existence is only reflected in the account ledgers of banks and other financial institutions , and secondly , there is some element of risk that the claim will not be fulfilled if the financial institution becomes insolvent . The process of fractional - reserve banking has a cumulative effect of money creation by commercial banks , as it expands money supply ( cash and demand deposits ) beyond what it would otherwise be . Because of the prevalence of fractional reserve banking , the broad money supply of most countries is a multiple larger than the amount of base money created by the country 's central bank . That multiple ( called the money multiplier ) is determined by the reserve requirement or other financial ratio requirements imposed by financial regulators . The money supply of a country is usually held to be the total amount of currency in circulation plus the total value of checking and savings deposits in the commercial banks in the country . In modern economies , relatively little of the money supply is in physical currency . For example , in December 2010 in the U.S. , of the $8853.4 billion in broad money supply ( M2 ) , only $915.7 billion ( about 10 % ) consisted of physical coins and paper money . Electronic or digital Main article : Electronic money Many digital currencies , in particular Flooz and Beenz , had gained momentum before the Dot - com bubble of the early 2000s . Not much innovation occurred until the conception of Bitcoin in 2009 , which introduced the concept of a cryptocurrency . Monetary policy Main article : Monetary policy US dollar banknotes When gold and silver are used as money , the money supply can grow only if the supply of these metals is increased by mining . This rate of increase will accelerate during periods of gold rushes and discoveries , such as when Columbus discovered the New World and brought back gold and silver to Spain , or when gold was discovered in California in 1848 . This causes inflation , as the value of gold goes down . However , if the rate of gold mining can not keep up with the growth of the economy , gold becomes relatively more valuable , and prices ( denominated in gold ) will drop , causing deflation . Deflation was the more typical situation for over a century when gold and paper money backed by gold were used as money in the 18th and 19th centuries . Modern day monetary systems are based on fiat money and are no longer tied to the value of gold . The control of the amount of money in the economy is known as monetary policy . Monetary policy is the process by which a government , central bank , or monetary authority manages the money supply to achieve specific goals . Usually the goal of monetary policy is to accommodate economic growth in an environment of stable prices . For example , it is clearly stated in the Federal Reserve Act that the Board of Governors and the Federal Open Market Committee should seek `` to promote effectively the goals of maximum employment , stable prices , and moderate long - term interest rates . '' A failed monetary policy can have significant detrimental effects on an economy and the society that depends on it . These include hyperinflation , stagflation , recession , high unemployment , shortages of imported goods , inability to export goods , and even total monetary collapse and the adoption of a much less efficient barter economy . This happened in Russia , for instance , after the fall of the Soviet Union . Governments and central banks have taken both regulatory and free market approaches to monetary policy . Some of the tools used to control the money supply include : changing the interest rate at which the central bank loans money to ( or borrows money from ) the commercial banks currency purchases or sales increasing or lowering government borrowing increasing or lowering government spending manipulation of exchange rates raising or lowering bank reserve requirements regulation or prohibition of private currencies taxation or tax breaks on imports or exports of capital into a country In the US , the Federal Reserve is responsible for controlling the money supply , while in the Euro area the respective institution is the European Central Bank . Other central banks with significant impact on global finances are the Bank of Japan , People 's Bank of China and the Bank of England . For many years much of monetary policy was influenced by an economic theory known as monetarism . Monetarism is an economic theory which argues that management of the money supply should be the primary means of regulating economic activity . The stability of the demand for money prior to the 1980s was a key finding of Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz supported by the work of David Laidler , and many others . The nature of the demand for money changed during the 1980s owing to technical , institutional , and legal factors and the influence of monetarism has since decreased . Counterfeit Main article : Counterfeit money Counterfeit money is imitation currency produced without the legal sanction of the state or government . Producing or using counterfeit money is a form of fraud or forgery . Counterfeiting is almost as old as money itself . Plated copies ( known as Fourrées ) have been found of Lydian coins which are thought to be among the first western coins . Before the introduction of paper money , the most prevalent method of counterfeiting involved mixing base metals with pure gold or silver . A form of counterfeiting is the production of documents by legitimate printers in response to fraudulent instructions . During World War II , the Nazis forged British pounds and American dollars . Today some of the finest counterfeit banknotes are called Superdollars because of their high quality and likeness to the real U.S. dollar . There has been significant counterfeiting of Euro banknotes and coins since the launch of the currency in 2002 , but considerably less than for the U.S. dollar . Laundering Main article : Money laundering Money laundering is the process in which the proceeds of crime are transformed into ostensibly legitimate money or other assets . However , in a number of legal and regulatory systems the term money laundering has become conflated with other forms of financial crime , and sometimes used more generally to include misuse of the financial system ( involving things such as securities , digital currencies , credit cards , and traditional currency ) , including terrorism financing , tax evasion , and evading of international sanctions . See also Calculation in kind Coin of account Commons - based peer production Digital currency Foreign exchange market Gift economy Intelligent banknote neutralisation system Labour voucher Leprosy colony money Local exchange trading system Money bag Orders of magnitude ( currency ) Seigniorage Slang terms for money Social capital Social reputation in fiction ( category ) World currency Counterfeit money References Jump up ^ Mishkin , Frederic S. ( 2007 ) . The Economics of Money , Banking , and Financial Markets ( Alternate Edition ) . Boston : Addison Wesley . p. 8 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 42177 - 9 . Jump up ^ What Is Money ? By John N. Smithin . Retrieved July - 17 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` money : The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics '' . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . Retrieved 18 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mankiw , N. Gregory ( 2007 ) . `` 2 '' . Macroeconomics ( 6th ed . ) . New York : Worth Publishers . pp. 22 -- 32 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 6213 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : T.H. Greco . Money : Understanding and Creating Alternatives to Legal Tender , White River Junction , Vt : Chelsea Green Publishing ( 2001 ) . ISBN 1 - 890132 - 37 - 3 Jump up ^ `` The Etymology of Money '' . Thewallstreetpsychologist.com . Archived from the original on 3 April 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Boyle , David ( 2006 ) . The Little Money Book . The Disinformation Company . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932857 - 26 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` History of Money '' . Zzaponline.com . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Peter , A Primer on Money and Banking , and Gold , Wiley , 2008 edition , pp. 29 -- 39 Jump up ^ D'Eprio , Peter & Pinkowish , Mary Desmond ( 1998 ) . What Are the Seven Wonders of the World ? First Anchor Books , p. 192 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 49062 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . etymonline.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Mauss , Marcel . The Gift : The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies . pp. 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ `` What is Debt ? -- An Interview with Economic Anthropologist David Graeber '' . Naked Capitalism . Jump up ^ David Graeber : Debt : The First 5000 Years , Melville 2011 . Cf . review Jump up ^ David Graeber ( 2001 ) . Toward an anthropological theory of value : the false coin of our own dreams . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 153 -- 154 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 24045 - 5 . Retrieved 10 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Kramer , History Begins at Sumer , pp. 52 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Herodotus . Histories , I , 94 Jump up ^ Goldsborough , Reid ( 2003 - 10 - 02 ) . `` World 's First Coin '' . rg.ancients.info . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Moshenskyi , Sergii ( 2008 ) . History of the weksel : Bill of exchange and promissory note . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4363 - 0694 - 2 . Jump up ^ Marco Polo ( 1818 ) . The Travels of Marco Polo , a Venetian , in the Thirteenth Century : Being a Description , by that Early Traveller , of Remarkable Places and Things , in the Eastern Parts of the World . pp. 353 -- 355 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Wray , L. Randall ( 2012 ) . Modern money theory : a primer on macroeconomics for sovereign monetary systems . Houndmills , Basingstoke , Hampshire : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 45 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 0230368897 . Jump up ^ Milnes , Alfred ( 1919 ) . The economic foundations of reconstruction . Macdonald and Evans . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Dwivedi , DN ( 2005 ) . Macroeconomics : Theory and Policy . Tata McGraw - Hill . p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Krugman , Paul & Wells , Robin , Economics , Worth Publishers , New York ( 2006 ) ^ Jump up to : Abel , Andrew ; Bernanke , Ben ( 2005 ) . `` 7 '' . Macroeconomics ( 5th ed . ) . Pearson . pp. 266 -- 269 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 32789 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Functions of Money '' . boundless.com . Jump up ^ Desjardins , Jeff ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Infographic : The Properties of Money '' . The Money Project . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Money creation in the modern economy Bank of England '' . www.bankofengland.co.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Mises , Ludwig von . The Theory of Money and Credit , ( Indianapolis , IN : Liberty Fund , Inc. , 1981 ) , trans . H.E. Batson . Ch. 3 Part One : The Nature of Money , Chapter 3 : The Various Kinds of Money , Section 3 : Commodity Money , Credit Money , and Fiat Money , Paragraph 25 . Jump up ^ randRefinery.com . Retrieved July - 18 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : usmiNT.gov . Retrieved July - 18 - 09 . Jump up ^ Jevons , William Stanley ( 1875 ) . `` XVI : Representative Money '' . Money and the Mechanism of Exchange . ISBN 1 - 59605 - 260 - 0 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Deardorff , Prof. Alan V. ( 2008 ) . `` Deardorff 's Glossary of International Economics '' . Department of Economics , University of Michigan . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Black , Henry Campbell ( 1910 ) . A Law Dictionary Containing Definitions Of The Terms And Phrases Of American And English Jurisprudence , Ancient And Modern , p. 494 . West Publishing Co . Black 's Law Dictionary defines the word `` fiat '' to mean `` a short order or warrant of a Judge or magistrate directing some act to be done ; an authority issuing from some competent source for the doing of some legal act '' Jump up ^ Tom Bethell ( 1980 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Crazy as a Gold Bug '' . New York . 13 ( 5 ) . New York Media . p. 34 . Retrieved July - 18 - 09 Jump up ^ Shredded & Mutilated : Mutilated Currency , Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Banaji , Jairus ( 2007 ) . `` Islam , the Mediterranean and the Rise of Capitalism '' . Historical Materialism . Brill Publishers . 15 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 74 . doi : 10.1163 / 156920607X171591 . ISSN 1465 - 4466 . OCLC 440360743 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2009 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Robert Sabatino ; Raymond , Irving Woodworth ; Constable , Olivia Remie ( 2001 ) ( 1955 ) . Medieval trade in the Mediterranean world : Illustrative documents . Records of Western civilization. ; Records of civilization , sources and studies , no . 52 . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 12357 - 4 . OCLC 466877309 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Labib , Subhi Y. ( March 1969 ) . `` Capitalism in Medieval Islam '' . The Journal of Economic History . Wilmington , DE : Economic History Association . 29 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 86 . ISSN 0022 - 0507 . JSTOR 2115499 . OCLC 478662641 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 258 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Bank Credit Analysis Handbook : A Guide for Analysts , Bankers and Investors by Jonathan Golin . Publisher : John Wiley & Sons ( August 10 , 2001 ) . ISBN 0 - 471 - 84217 - 6 ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 84217 - 0 Jump up ^ `` bankintroductions.com -- Economic Definitions '' . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Statistic February 17 , 2011 Jump up ^ The Federal Reserve . ' Monetary Policy and the Economy `` . ( PDF ) Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , ( 2005 - 07 - 05 ) . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Milton Friedman ; Anna Jacobson Schwartz ( 1971 ) . Monetary History of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 . Princeton , N.J : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00354 - 8 . Jump up ^ David Laidler ( 1997 ) . Money and Macroeconomics : The Selected Essays of David Laidler ( Economists of the Twentieth Century ) . Edward Elgar Publishing . ISBN 1 - 85898 - 596 - X . Jump up ^ `` A Case for the World 's Oldest Coin : '' . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Counterfeiting statistics for several currencies '' . Itsamoneything.com . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Duhaime , Christine . `` What is Money Laundering ? Duhaime 's Financial Crime and Anti-Money Laundering Law '' . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Further reading Keen , Steve ( February 2015 ) . `` What Is Money and How Is It Created ? '' Uses arguments from Graziani , Augusto ( 1989 ) , The Theory of the Monetary Circuit , Thames Papers in Political Economy , Spring : pp. 1 -- 26 . `` Banks create money by issuing a loan to a borrower ; they record the loan as an asset , and the money they deposit in the borrower 's account as a liability . This , in one way , is no different to the way the Federal Reserve creates money ... money is simply a third party 's promise to pay which we accept as full payment in exchange for goods . The two main third parties whose promises we accept are the government and the banks ... money ... is not backed by anything physical , and instead relies on trust . Of course that trust can be abused ... we continue to ignore the main game : what the banks do ( for good and for ill ) that really drives the economy . '' Forbes Hartman , Mitchell ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` How Much Money Is There in the World ? '' . I 've Always Wondered ... ( story series ) . Marketplace . American Public Media . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . External links Media related to Money ( category ) at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Money at Wikiquote The dictionary definition of money at Wiktionary `` Money '' , BBC Radio 4 discussion with Niall Ferguson , Richard J. Evans and Jane Humphries ( In Our Time , Mar. 1 , 2001 ) Medium of exchange Commodity money Precious metals Salt ( Roman world ) Koku ( rice ) Shells Shekel ( barley ) Cocoa bean ( PreHispanic ) Rai stones ( Micronesia ) Manilla ( W. Africa ) Trade bead Domestic animals Water buffalo ( SE Asia ) Cow ( Hindu ) Camel ( Arabia ) Yak ( Tibet ) Money Currency Local Coinage Paper money Representative money Fiat money Gold certificates Electronic money Digital currency General List of historical currencies Barter Alternative currency Economics Economic theory Political economy Applied economics Econometrics Microeconomics Aggregation problem Budget set Consumer choice Convexity Cost Average Marginal Opportunity Social Sunk Transaction Cost -- benefit analysis Deadweight loss Distribution Economies of scale Economies of scope Elasticity Equilibrium General Externality Firm Game theory Indifference curve Intertemporal choice Market failure Market structure Monopolistic competition Monopoly Bilateral Monopsony Oligopoly Oligopsony Perfect competition Non-convexity Operations research Pareto efficiency Preference Production set Profit Public good Returns to scale Risk aversion Scarcity Shortage Surplus Social choice Supply and demand Trade Value Uncertainty Utility Expected Marginal Publications Macroeconomics Adaptive expectations Aggregate demand Balance of payments Business cycle Capacity utilization Capital flight Central bank Consumer confidence Currency Demand shock Depression Great DSGE Effective demand General Theory of Keynes Growth Hyperinflation Indicators Inflation Interest Interest rate Investment IS -- LM model Microfoundations Monetary policy Money NAIRU National accounts PPP Rate of profit Rational expectations Recession Rent Saving Shrinkflation Stagflation Supply shock Unemployment Publications Applied fields Agricultural Business Demographic Development Economic history Education Engineering Environmental Financial Health Industrial organization International Knowledge Labour Law and economics Monetary Natural resource Economic policy Public economics Public choice Service Socioeconomics Economic sociology Economic statistics Transportation Urban Welfare Methodology Computational economics Econometrics Economic systems Experimental economics Mathematical economics Methodological publications Schools of economic thought Ancient economic thought Anarchist Mutualism Austrian Behavioral Buddhist Chicago Classical Ecological Evolutionary Feminist Georgism Heterodox Historical Institutional Keynesian Neo New Post Mainstream Malthusianism Marxian Neo Mercantilism Neoclassical Lausanne Marginalism New classical New institutional Physiocracy Socialist Stockholm Supply - side Thermoeconomics Notable economists and thinkers within economics Kenneth Arrow Gary Becker Francis Ysidro Edgeworth Milton Friedman Ragnar Frisch Friedrich Hayek Harold Hotelling John Maynard Keynes Tjalling Koopmans Paul Krugman Robert Lucas Jr . Jacob Marschak Alfred Marshall Karl Marx John von Neumann Vilfredo Pareto David Ricardo Paul Samuelson Joseph Schumpeter Amartya Sen Herbert A. Simon Adam Smith Robert Solow Léon Walras more International organizations Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation Economic Cooperation Organization European Free Trade Association International Monetary Fund Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development World Bank World Trade Organization Category Index Lists Outline Publications Business and economics portal GND : 4019889 - 3 HDS : 47970 NDL : 00564460 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Money&oldid=840329778 '' Categories : Money Monetary economics Currency Economic anthropology Emergence Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Аҧсшәа Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛語客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Iñupiak IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лакку ລາວ لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois Piemontèis Tok Pisin Polski Português Română Romani Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Walon 文言 Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 ГӀалгӀай 150 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 05 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which money is most economical in terms of its cost	[]	[]
6912326254402664310	International Women's Day	International Women 's Day - wikipedia International Women 's Day Jump to : navigation , search International Women 's Day German poster for International Women 's Day , March 8 , 1914 This poster was banned in Germany . Observed by Worldwide Type International Significance Civil awareness day Women and girls day Anti-sexism day Anti-Discrimination Day Date March 8 Next time March 8 , 2019 ( 2019 - 03 - 08 ) Frequency Annual Related to Russian Revolution Children 's Day International Men 's Day International Workers ' Day Part of a series on Feminism Women Girls Femininity History ( show ) Social Feminist history History of feminism Women 's history American British Canadian German Timelines Women 's suffrage Muslim countries US Other women 's rights Suffrage by country Australia Canada Japan Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Wales United States In states Utah Waves First Second Third Fourth Variants ( general ) ( show ) Analytical Anarchist Atheist Conservative Cultural Cyber Difference Eco - Vegetarian Equality Fat French French post-structuralist Gender Global Hip - hop / Activism Individualist Jineology Labor Lesbian Radical lesbians Liberal Equity Lipstick Marxist Material Maternal Neo - New Post - Postcolonial Postmodern Anti-abortion Post-structural Multicultural Black Chicana White Indigenous Native American Radical Separatist Sex - positive Social Socialist Standpoint Third world Trans Transnational Womanism Africana Variants ( religious ) ( show ) Buddhist Christian Neopagan Dianic Wicca Reclaiming Hindu Islamic Jewish Orthodox Mormon Sikh Concepts ( show ) Criticism of marriage Children 's literature Effects on society Embedded feminism Equality Female education Female genital mutilation Femicide Feminism in culture Feminist movement African - American women 's suffrage movement Art movement In hip hop Feminist stripper Gender equality Girl power Honor killing International Girl 's Day and Women 's Day Language reform Male gaze Matriarchal religion Media Men in feminism Misogyny Networked feminism Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Political lesbianism Lesbian separatism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Reproductive justice Sex workers ' rights Sexual harassment Sexual objectification Socialist feminism State feminism Theory in composition studies Triple oppression Victim feminism Violence against women Views on BDSM Views on pornography Views on prostitution Views on sexual orientation Views on sexuality Views on transgender topics War on Women Women 's health Women 's rights Theory ( show ) Feminist method Gender studies Gender mainstreaming Gynocentrism Kyriarchy Matriarchy Women 's studies Men 's studies Patriarchy Écriture féminine Feminist ... anthropology archaeology architecture art art criticism literary criticism film theory biology composition studies criminology pathways perspective economics fpda geography international relations constructivism legal theory pedagogy philosophy aesthetics empiricism epistemology ethics justice ethics existentialism metaphysics political ecology political theory pornography psychology revisionist mythology science fiction sex wars sexology sociology technoscience theology thealogy womanist theology By country ( show ) Albania Australia Bangladesh Canada China Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Egypt Ethiopia Finland France Germany Ghana Greece Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Republic of Ireland Feminism in Israel Italy Japan Latin America Argentina Brazil Chile Haiti Honduras Mexico Feminism in Paraguay Trinidad and Tobago Lebanon Malaysia Mali Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Northern Cyprus Norway Pakistan Philippines Poland Russia Syria South Africa South Korea Sweden Taiwan Thailand Turkey Vietnam Ukraine United Kingdom United States History of women Lists and categories ( show ) Lists Articles Feminists by nationality Literature American feminist literature Feminist comic books Conservative feminisms Countries by women 's average years in school Ecofeminist authors Feminist art critics Feminist economists Feminist philosophers Feminist poets Feminist rhetoricians Jewish feminists Muslim feminists Feminist parties Suffragists and suffragettes Women 's rights activists Women 's studies journals Women 's suffrage organizations Categories Women 's rights by country Feminists by nationality Feminism portal International Women 's Day ( IWD ) is celebrated on March 8 every year . It is a focal point in the movement for women 's rights . After the Socialist Party of America organised a Women 's Day on February 28 , 1909 in New York , the 1910 International Socialist Woman 's Conference suggested a Women 's Day be held annually . After women gained suffrage in Soviet Russia in 1917 , March 8 became a national holiday there . The day was then predominantly celebrated by the socialist movement and communist countries until it was adopted in 1975 by the United Nations . Today , International Women 's Day is a public holiday in some countries and largely ignored elsewhere . In some places , it is a day of protest ; in others , it is a day that celebrates womanhood . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 IWD 2010 1.2 IWD 2011 1.3 IWD 2012 1.4 IWD 2013 1.5 IWD 2014 1.6 IWD 2015 1.7 IWD 2016 1.8 IWD 2017 1.9 IWD 2018 2 Around the world 3 Official UN themes 4 See also 4.1 Other holidays honoring women 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) Women 's demonstration for bread and peace - March the 8th , 1917 , Petrograd , Russia Clara Zetkin and Rosa Luxemburg in January 1910 The earliest Women 's Day observance , called `` National Woman 's Day , '' was held on February 28 , 1909 in New York , organized by the Socialist Party of America at the suggestion of Theresa Malkiel . Though there have been claims that the day was commemorating a protest by women garment workers in New York on March 8 , 1857 , researchers have described this as a myth . In August 1910 , an International Socialist Women 's Conference was organized to precede the general meeting of the Socialist Second International in Copenhagen , Denmark . Inspired in part by the American socialists , German Socialist Luise Zietz proposed the establishment of an annual Women 's Day and was seconded by fellow socialist and later communist leader Clara Zetkin , supported by Käte Duncker , although no date was specified at that conference . Delegates ( 100 women from 17 countries ) agreed with the idea as a strategy to promote equal rights including suffrage for women . The following year on March 19 , 1911 , IWD was marked for the first time , by over a million people in Austria , Denmark , Germany and Switzerland . In the Austro - Hungarian Empire alone , there were 300 demonstrations . In Vienna , women paraded on the Ringstrasse and carried banners honouring the martyrs of the Paris Commune . Women demanded that they be given the right to vote and to hold public office . They also protested against employment sex discrimination . The Americans continued to celebrate National Women 's Day on the last Sunday in February . Female members of the Australian Builders Labourers Federation march on International Women 's Day 1975 in Sydney In 1913 Russian women observed their first International Women 's Day on the last Saturday in February ( by the Julian calendar then used in Russia ) . In 1914 International Women 's Day was held on March 8 , possibly because that day was a Sunday , and now it is always held on March 8 in all countries . The 1914 observance of the Day in Germany was dedicated to women 's right to vote , which German women did not win until 1918 . In London there was a march from Bow to Trafalgar Square in support of women 's suffrage on March 8 , 1914 . Sylvia Pankhurst was arrested in front of Charing Cross station on her way to speak in Trafalgar Square . On March 8 , 1917 , on the Gregorian calendar , in the capital of the Russian Empire , Petrograd , women textile workers began a demonstration , covering the whole city . This marked the beginning of the Russian Revolution . Women in Saint Petersburg went on strike that day for `` Bread and Peace '' -- demanding the end of World War I , an end to Russian food shortages , and the end of czarism . Leon Trotsky wrote , `` 23 February ( 8th March ) was International Woman 's Day and meetings and actions were foreseen . But we did not imagine that this ' Women 's Day ' would inaugurate the revolution . Revolutionary actions were foreseen but without date . But in the morning , despite the orders to the contrary , textile workers left their work in several factories and sent delegates to ask for support of the strike ... which led to mass strike ... all went out into the streets . '' Seven days later , the Emperor of Russia , Nicholas II abdicated and the provisional Government granted women the right to vote . Following the October Revolution , the Bolshevik Alexandra Kollontai and Vladimir Lenin made it an official holiday in the Soviet Union , but it was a working day until 1965 . On May 8 , 1965 by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet International Women 's Day was declared a non-working day in the USSR `` in commemoration of the outstanding merits of Soviet women in communistic construction , in the defense of their Fatherland during the Great Patriotic War , in their heroism and selflessness at the front and in the rear , and also marking the great contribution of women to strengthening friendship between peoples , and the struggle for peace . But still , women 's day must be celebrated as are other holidays . '' From its official adoption in Soviet Russia following the Revolution in 1917 , the holiday was predominantly celebrated in communist countries and by the communist movement worldwide . It was celebrated by the communists in China from 1922 . After the founding of the People 's Republic of China on October 1 , 1949 the State Council proclaimed on December 23 that March 8 would be made an official holiday with women in China given a half - day off . Communist leader Dolores Ibárruri led a women 's march in Madrid in 1936 on the eve of the Spanish Civil War . The United Nations began celebrating International Women 's Day in the International Women 's Year , 1975 . In 1977 , the United Nations General Assembly invited member states to proclaim March 8 as the UN Day for women 's rights and world peace . IWD 2010 ( edit ) A U.S. servicemember dressed in a traditional Afghan dress during a celebration of International Women 's Day in Bagram Air Base , Afghanistan On the occasion of 2010 International Women 's Day the International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) drew attention to the hardships displaced women endure . The displacement of populations is one of the gravest consequences of today 's armed conflicts . It affects women in a host of ways . IWD 2011 ( edit ) Though the celebration in the West was low - key , events took place in more than 100 countries on March 8 , 2011 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of International Women 's Day . In the United States , President Barack Obama proclaimed March 2011 to be `` Women 's History Month '' , calling Americans to mark IWD by reflecting on `` the extraordinary accomplishments of women '' in shaping the country 's history . Secretary of State Hillary Clinton launched the `` 100 Women Initiative : Empowering Women and Girls through International Exchanges '' , on the eve of IWD . In the run - up to 2011 International Women 's Day , the Red Cross called on States and other entities not to relent in their efforts to prevent rape and other forms of sexual violence that harm the lives and dignity of countless women in conflict zones around the world every year . Australia issued an IWD 100th anniversary commemorative 20 - cent coin . In Egypt , however , the day was a step back for women . In Egypt 's Tahrir Square , hundreds of men came out not in support , but to harass the women who came out to stand up for their rights as the police and military stood by watching the events unfold in front of them , doing nothing to stop the crowds of men . `` The women -- some in headscarves and flowing robes , others in jeans -- had marched to Cairo 's central Tahrir Square to celebrate International Women 's Day . But crowds of men soon outnumbered them and chased them out '' , wrote Hadeel Al - Shalchi for The Associated Press ( AP ) . IWD 2012 ( edit ) The UN theme for International Women 's Day 2012 was Empower Rural Women -- End Hunger and Poverty . In that year , Oxfam America invited people to celebrate inspiring women in their lives by sending a free International Women 's Day e-Card or honoring a woman whose efforts had made a difference in the fight against hunger and poverty with Oxfam 's International Women 's Day award . On the occasion of International Women 's Day 2012 , the ICRC called for more action to help the mothers and wives of people who have gone missing during armed conflict . The vast majority of people who go missing in connection with conflict are men . As well as the anguish of not knowing what has happened to the missing husband or son , many of these women face economic and practical difficulties . The ICRC underlined the duty of parties to a conflict to search for the missing and provide information to the families . IWD 2013 ( edit ) The UN theme for International Women 's Day 2013 was `` A promise is a promise : Time for action to end violence against women '' , while International Women 's Day 2013 declared the year 's theme as The Gender Agenda : Gaining Momentum . The 2013 International Women 's Day , the International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) draw attention to the plight of women in prison . IWD 2014 ( edit ) The UN theme for International Women 's Day 2014 was `` Equality for Women is Progress for All '' . American singer Beyoncé also posted an International Women 's Day video to her YouTube account . Throughout the video , her song `` * * * Flawless '' plays , which includes a portion of the `` We Should All Be Feminists '' speech given by author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie . Beyoncé is a feminist . IWD 2015 ( edit ) Women on the street celebrating International Women 's Day in Cameroon The UN theme for International Women 's Day 2015 was `` Empowering Women , Empowering Humanity : Picture it ! '' . Governments and activists around the world will commemorate the 20th anniversary year of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action , an historic roadmap that sets the agenda for realizing women 's rights . IWD 2016 ( edit ) The International Women 's Day theme for 2016 was `` Planet 50 - 50 by 2030 : Step It Up for Gender Equality '' . The President of India , Shri Pranab Mukherjee , in his message issued on the eve of International Women 's Day said : `` On the occasion of International Womens Day , I extend warm greetings and good wishes to the women of India and thank them for their contributions over the years in the building of our nation . '' The ministry of women and child development announced the setting up of four more one - stop crisis centers on March 8 , in addition to the eight already functioning across the country . Ahead of Women 's Day , the national carrier Air India operated what it claimed to be the world 's longest non-stop flight where the entire flight operations were handled by women , as part of International Women 's Day celebrations . The flight , from Delhi to San Francisco , covered a distance of around 14,500 kilometers in around 17 hours . IWD 2017 ( edit ) The theme for International Women 's Day 2017 was `` Women in the Changing World of Work : Planet 50 - 50 by 2030 '' . In a message in support of International Women 's Day , the UN Secretary - General António Guterres commented on how women 's rights were being `` reduced , restricted and reversed '' . With men still in leadership positions and a widening economic gender gap , he called for change `` by empowering women at all levels , enabling their voices to be heard and giving them control over their own lives and over the future of our world '' . IWD 2018 ( edit ) The theme for International Women 's Day 2018 was'Time is Now : Rural and urban activists transforming women 's lives ' . Around the world ( edit ) Official holiday Holiday for women Non-official holiday Soviet poster : `` 8th of March is the day of rebellion of the working women against kitchen slavery . Down with the oppression and narrow - mindedness of household work ! '' The day is an official holiday in Afghanistan , Angola , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Burkina Faso , Cambodia , China ( for women only ) , Cuba , Georgia , Guinea - Bissau , Eritrea , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Laos , Madagascar ( for women only ) , Moldova , Mongolia , Nepal , Russia , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uganda , Ukraine , Uzbekistan , Vietnam , and Zambia . In some countries , such as Cameroon , Croatia , Romania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria and Chile , the day is not a public holiday , but is widely observed nonetheless . On this day it is customary for men to give the women in their lives -- friends , mothers , wives , girlfriends , daughters , colleagues , etc. -- flowers and small gifts . In some countries ( such as Bulgaria and Romania ) it is also observed as an equivalent of Mother 's Day , where children also give small presents to their mothers and grandmothers . In Russia , the day has lost all political context through the time , becoming simply a day to honor women and feminine beauty . In the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic , huge Soviet - style celebrations were held annually . After the fall of Communism , the holiday , generally considered to be one of the major symbols of the old regime , fell into obscurity . International Women 's Day was re-established as an official `` important day '' by the Parliament of the Czech Republic in 2004 on the proposal of the Social Democrats and Communists . This has provoked some controversy as a large part of the public as well as the political right see the holiday as a relic of the nation 's Communist past . International Women 's Day sparked violence in Tehran , Iran on March 4 , 2007 , when police beat hundreds of men and women who were planning a rally . ( A previous rally for the occasion was held in Tehran in 2003 . ) Police arrested dozens of women and some were released after several days of solitary confinement and interrogation . Shadi Sadr , Mahbubeh Abbasgholizadeh and several more community activists were released on March 19 , 2007 , ending a fifteen - day hunger strike . Yellow mimosa is the symbol of IWD in Italy In Italy , to celebrate the day , men give yellow mimosas to women . Communist politician Teresa Mattei chose the mimosa in 1946 as the symbol of IWD in Italy because she felt that the French symbols of the day , violets and lily - of - the - valley , were too scarce and expensive to be used effectively in Italy . In the United States , actress and human rights activist Beata Pozniak worked with the Mayor of Los Angeles and the Governor of California to lobby members of the U.S. Congress to propose official recognition of the holiday . In February 1994 , H.J. Res. 316 was introduced by Rep. Maxine Waters , along with 79 cosponsors , in an attempt to officially recognize March 8 of that year as International Women 's Day . The bill was subsequently referred to , and remained in , the House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service . No vote of either house of Congress was achieved on this piece of legislation . Official UN themes ( edit ) Year UN Theme Celebrating the Past , Planning for the Future Women and the Peace Table 1998 Women and Human Rights 1999 World Free of Violence Against Women 2000 Women Uniting for Peace Women and Peace : Women Managing Conflicts 2002 Afghan Women Today : Realities and Opportunities 2003 Gender Equality and the Millennium Development Goals Women and HIV / AIDS 2005 Gender Equality Beyond 2005 ; Building a More Secure Future 2006 Women in Decision - making 2007 Ending Impunity for Violence Against Women and Girls 2008 Investing in Women and Girls 2009 Women and Men United to End Violence Against Women and Girls Equal Rights , Equal Opportunities : Progress for All 2011 Equal Access to Education , Training , and Science and Technology : Pathway to Decent Work for Women 2012 Empower Rural Women , End Poverty and Hunger 2013 A Promise is a Promise : Time for Action to End Violence Against Women 2014 Equality for Women is Progress for All 2015 Empowering Women , Empowering Humanity : Picture it ! 2016 Planet 50 - 50 by 2030 : Step It Up for Gender Equality 2017 Women in the Changing World of Work : Planet 50 - 50 by 2030 2018 Time is Now : Rural and urban activists transforming women 's lives See also ( edit ) Business and economics portal Holidays portal Human rights portal Feminism portal Socialism portal Soviet Union portal Communist Women 's International Day Without a Woman International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women International Day of the Girl Child International Men 's Day List of uprisings led by women Identity Politics UN Women Other holidays honoring women ( edit ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( February 15 ) Rosa Parks Day ( February 4 / December 1 ) National Girls and Women in Sports Day ( one day first week of February ) Harriet Tubman Day ( March 10 ) Kartini Day ( April 21 in Indonesia ) Helen Keller Day ( June 27 ) Women 's Equality Day ( August 26 ) Mother 's Day Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ English : `` Give Us Women 's Suffrage . Women 's Day , March 8 , 1914 . Until now , prejudice and reactionary attitudes have denied full civic rights to women , who as , mothers , and citizens wholly fulfill their duty , who must pay their taxes to the state as well as the municipality . Fighting for this natural human right must be the firm , unwavering intention of every woman , every female worker . In this , no pause for rest , no respite is allowed . Come all , you women and girls , to the 9th public women 's assembly on Sunday , March 8 , 1914 , at 3 pm . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Give Us Women 's Suffrage ( March 1914 ) '' . German History in Documents and Images . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frencia , Cintia ; Gaido , Daniel ( 8 March 2017 ) . `` The Socialist Origins of International Women 's Day '' . Jacobin . ^ Jump up to : `` UN WomenWatch : International Women 's Day -- '' . UN.org . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sindelar , Daisy . `` Women 's Day Largely Forgotten in West , Where It Got Its Start '' . Radio Free Europe . Radio Free Europe . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day History International Women 's Day The University of Chicago '' . iwd.uchicago.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` United Nations page on the background of the IWD '' . Un.org . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Sally M. ( December 1978 ) . `` From Sweatshop Worker to Labor Leader : Theresa Malkiel , A Case Study '' . American Jewish History . 68 ( 2 ) : 197 . JSTOR 23881894 . Jump up ^ Temma Kaplan , `` On the Socialist Origins of International Women 's Day '' , in : Feminist Studies , 11 , 1985 , S. 163 -- 171 . ( PDF Archived June 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ Liliane Kandel / Françoise Picq , `` Le Mythe des origines à propos de la journée internationale des femmes '' Archived September 27 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , in : La Revue d'en face , 12 , 1982 , S. 67 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Angela Howard Zophy , Handbook of American Women 's History , Garland , 1991 , 187 . Jump up ^ Rochelle Goldberg Ruthchild , `` From West to East : International Women 's Day , the First Decade '' , Aspasia : The International Yearbook of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern European Women 's and Gender History , vol. 6 ( 2012 ) : 1 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Temma Kaplan , `` On the Socialist Origins of International Women 's Day '' , Feminist Studies , 11 / 1 ( Spring , 1985 ) Jump up ^ `` History of International Women 's Day '' . United Nations . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About International Women 's Day '' . Internationalwomensday.com . March 8 , 1917 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 8th of March -- International woman 's day : in search of lost memory '' . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2011 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Suffrage '' . Inter-Parliamentary Union . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suffragist Disorders '' . The Times . March 9 , 1914 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` February Revolution '' . RIA Novosti . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anniversaries of important events '' . China Factfile . Chinese Government . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` Women and displacement : strength in adversity '' . International Committee of the Red Cross . March 2 , 2010 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pasha , Masroor Afzal . `` To commemorate 100th International Women 's Day '' . Daily Times . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McKellogg , JulieAnn . `` Clinton Launches 100th Anniversary of International Women 's Day '' . VOA News . voanews.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day : the fight against sexual violence must not falter '' . Icrc.org . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Al - Shalchi , Hadeel ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` Egyptian women 's rights protest marred by hecklers '' . The Washington Post . AP . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UN WomenWatch : International Women 's Day 2012 -- UN Observances Worldwide '' . Un.org . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day Celebration '' . Actfast.oxfamamerica.org . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Helping women take matters into their own hands International Committee of the Red Cross Jump up ^ `` UN WomenWatch : International Women 's Day 2014 '' . Un.org . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` INTERNATIONAL WOMEN 'S DAY 2013 Theme : The Gender Agenda -- Gaining Momentum '' . Aurora Ventures . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The forgotten plight of women behind bars '' . ICRC . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day UN Women -- Headquarters '' . UN Women . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ -- 19 : 00 . `` International Women 's Day conference '' . Unesco - Ihe . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eliana Dockterman . `` Beyoncé : Lessons in Modern Feminism '' . TIME.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day UN Women -- Headquarters '' . UN Women . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Beijing Platform for Action , inspiration then and now Beijing + 20 campaign '' . UN Women . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day 2016 '' . UN Women . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` President of Indias message on the eve of International Womens Day '' . business-standard.com . Delhi . March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Day gift : Govt to come with 4 one - stop crisis centres '' . The Times of India . March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ PTI ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Ahead of Women 's Day , Air India operates ' world 's longest all - women flight ' '' . The Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day 2017 '' . UN Women . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UN Secretary - General 's Message for International Women 's Day '' . UN. 6 March 2017 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day 2018 '' . unwomen.org . UN Women . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Saul , Heather ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` International Women 's Day around the world : from sex worker strikes to women - only public holidays '' . News The Essential Daily Briefing . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Armenian Holidays -- ARMENIA Information '' . Armeniainfo.am . July 5 , 1995 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Azerbaijan.msntour.az Archived September 12 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Public Holidays in Azerbaijan -- International Women 's Day '' . advantour.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) President 's decree on public holidays in Belarus -- 1998 Jump up ^ Coordination Team ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` Taking International Women 's Day Seriously in Burkina Faso '' . capacity4dev.ec.europa.eu . Development and Cooperation -- EuropeAid . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Cambodia Public Holiday -- Cambodia e-Visa Blog '' . Cambodiaevisa.com . August 4 , 2007 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Public holidays in the People 's Republic of China '' . Sg2.mofcom.gov.cn . January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba '' . Cubaminrex.cu . March 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` დღესასწაულები '' . Embassy.mfa.gov.ge . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Holidays and weekends in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2014 year '' . E.gov.kz . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kyrgyz and American Holidays ( In Russian ) '' . U.S. Embassy Bishkek . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2012 . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lao Cultural Events / Public Holidays '' . laoyp.com . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2008 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madagascar 2009 Public Holidays '' . Qppstudio.net . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( in Romanian ) Article 111 ( 1c ) of the work codex of Moldova , PDF , page 53 `` Article 111 . Non-working holidays . ( 1 ) in Moldova , non-working holidays , maintaining the average salary , are : ( ... ) c ) March 8 -- International Women 's Day ; ( ... ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Mongolia Web News '' . Mongolia-web.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Women Demand Equal Rights In Kyiv March , RFE / RL ( March 08 , 2018 ) Jump up ^ `` National Holidays ( In Russian ) '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hanoi streets jammed on Int'l Day for Women Vietnam News & Information Portal '' . En.www.info.vn . March 9 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2011 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Zambia 2009 Public Holidays '' . Qppstudio.net . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` QPPstudio.net '' . QPPstudio.net . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( in Croatian ) Zakon o blagdanima , spomendanima i neradnim danima u Republici Hrvatskoj ^ Jump up to : `` Ziua Internațională a Femeii . De 8 martie Google posteaza un desen pentru acest eveniment '' . Agentia.org . November 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2011 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Žene su heroji ovog društva ( in Bosnian ) '' . Oslobodjenje . March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgarian national radio '' . Bulgarian national radio . Jump up ^ `` Días Nacionales en Chile ( in Spanish ) '' . feriadoschilenos.cl . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Сергей Гуриев. ( in Russian ) In defense of 8 March / / Forbes , 03.03. 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Karen Kapusta ‐ Pofahl . `` Reinstating International Women 's Day in the Czech Republic : Feminism , Politics and the Specter of Communism '' . Washburn University . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Iranian Women Rally to Demand Equal Social , Political Rights '' Index - Journal ( March 9 , 2003 ) : 9 . via Newspapers.com Jump up ^ Harrison , Frances ( March 8 , 2007 ) . `` Middle East Iranian women struggle for equality '' . BBC News . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iran : Release Women 's Rights Advocates Human Rights Watch '' . Hrw.org . March 8 , 2007 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` la Repubblica / societa : 8 marzo , niente manifestazione tante feste diverse per le donne '' . Repubblica.it . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` politica '' Festa della donna , parla Ciampi `` La parità è ancora lontana '' `` . Repubblica.it . March 8 , 2006 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pirro , Dierdre ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` Teresa Mattei , Flower power '' . The Florentine . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Summary & Status 103rd Congress ( 1993 -- 1994 ) H.J. RES. 316 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WomenWatch : International Women 's Day '' . Un.org . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) `` The socialist roots of International Women 's Day '' . Al Jazeera America . March 7 , 2015 Rochelle Goldberg Ruthchild , `` From West to East : International Women 's Day , the First Decade '' , Aspasia : The International Yearbook of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern European Women 's and Gender History , vol. 6 ( 2012 ) : 1 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutInternational Women 's Dayat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata UN Women , International Women 's Day page Holidays , observances , and celebrations in Algeria January New Year 's Day ( 1 ) Yennayer ( 12 ) February Valentine 's Day ( 14 ) Tafsut ( 28 ) March International Women 's Day ( 8 ) Victory Day ( 19 ) World Water Day ( 22 ) Maghrebi Blood Donation Day ( 30 ) Spring vacation ( 2 last weeks ) April April Fools ' Day ( 1 ) Knowledge Day ( 16 ) Berber Spring ( 20 ) Earth Day ( 22 ) Election Day ( Thursday ) May International Workers ' Day ( 1 ) World Press Freedom Day ( 3 ) Mother 's Day ( last Sunday ) June -- July -- August Summer vacation ( varies ) June Children 's Day ( 1 ) Father 's Day ( 21 ) July Independence Day ( 5 ) September International Day of Peace ( 21 ) October International Day of Non-Violence ( 2 ) Halloween ( 31 ) November Revolution Day ( 1 ) December Christmas Eve ( 24 ) Christmas ( 25 ) New Year 's Eve ( 31 ) Winter vacation ( 2 last weeks ) Varies ( year round ) Hijri New Year 's Day ( Muharram 1 ) Ashura ( Muharram 10 ) Mawlid ( Rabi ' al - Awwal 12 ) Ramadan ( Ramadan 1 ) Laylat al - Qadr ( Ramadan 27 ) Eid al - Fitr ( Shawwal 1 ) Day of Arafah ( Dhu al - Hijjah 9 ) Eid al - Adha ( Dhu al - Hijjah 10 ) Holi ( varies ) Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in Algeria , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays . Public holidays in Russia New Year 's Day ( 1 Jan ) Christmas ( 7 Jan ) Defender of the Fatherland Day ( 23 Feb ) International Women 's Day ( 8 Mar ) International Workers ' Day ( 1 May ) Victory Day ( 9 May ) Russia Day ( 12 Jun ) Unity Day ( 4 Nov ) Public holidays in Ukraine New Year 's Day ( 1 Jan ) ( Julian ) Christmas ( 7 Jan ) International Women 's Day ( 8 Mar ) Orthodox Easter ( moveable ) Orthodox Pentecost ( moveable ) Labour Day ( 1 May ) Victory Day over Nazism ( 9 May ) Constitution Day ( 28 June ) Independence Day ( 24 Aug ) Defender of Ukraine Day ( 14 Oct ) ( Gregorian and Revised Julian ) Christmas ( 25 Dec ) Suffrage Basic topics Universal suffrage Women Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Women 's liberation movement By country Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Japan Hong Kong Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women Native Americans foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico amendments 15th 19th 23rd 24th 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 1 July marches 2014 protests UK Mud March ( 1907 ) Women 's Sunday ( 1908 ) Black Friday ( 1910 ) Great Pilgrimage ( 1913 ) Open Christmas Letter U.S. Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments Rochester Convention Ohio Women 's Convention National Women 's Rights Convention Suffrage Hikes 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Silent Sentinels Night of Terror `` Give Us the Ballot '' Selma to Montgomery marches Related Age of candidacy US Voting Rights Museum Umbrella Movement Women Suffragists Timeline of women 's suffrage US in majority - Muslim countries Women 's suffrage organizations and publications Women 's rights activists Suffragette Memorial Pankhurst Centre Pankhurst Memorial Belmont - Paul Monument International Women 's Day Susan B. Anthony Day Women 's Equality Day Eagle House Justice Bell 1920 US presidential election Leser v. Garnett Popular culture `` The March of the Women '' ( 1910 song ) The Mother of Us All ( 1947 opera ) `` Sister Suffragette '' ( 1964 song ) Shoulder to Shoulder ( 1974 series ) Not for Ourselves Alone ( 1999 documentary ) Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Great Petition ( 2008 sculpture ) Selma ( 2014 film ) Suffragette ( 2015 film ) Susan B. Anthony dollar 2020 US ten - dollar bill GND : 4027395 - 7 LCCN : sh95006691 VIAF : 150612508 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Day&oldid=840128768 '' Categories : Civil awareness days Feminism March observances Public holidays in North Korea Public holidays in Russia Public holidays in the Soviet Union Public holidays in Ukraine Recurring events established in 1909 Women in history Public holidays in Kazakhstan Women 's events United Nations days 1909 establishments in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with Russian - language external links Articles with Romanian - language external links Articles with Croatian - language external links Use mdy dates from March 2016 Infobox holiday fixed day Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego گیلکی ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語 Zazaki 中文 95 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 May 2018 , at 22 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did women's day celebration started in india	[]	[]
6152485462635560178	List of GLOW characters	List of GLOW characters - wikipedia List of GLOW characters Jump to : navigation , search GLOW is an American television series created by Liz Flahive and Carly Mensch , based on the women 's wrestling promotion Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling ( GLOW ) . The following is a list of characters from the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Ruth Wilder 1.2 Debbie Eagan 1.3 Sam Sylvia 1.4 Cherry Bang 1.5 Carmen Wade 2 Recurring characters 2.1 Melanie Rosen 2.2 Rhonda Richardson 2.3 Justine Biagi 2.4 Tammé Dawson 2.5 Sheila the She - Wolf 2.6 Arthie Premkumar 2.7 Jenny Chey 2.8 Dawn and Stacey 2.9 Reggie Walsh 2.10 Sebastian Howard 2.11 Mark Eagan 2.12 Mallory 2.13 Keith Bang 2.14 Florian 2.15 Glen Klitnick 2.16 Billy Offal 2.17 Goliath Jackson 2.18 Big Kurt Jackson and Mighty Tom Jackson 2.19 Patrick O'Towne 2.20 Gregory 3 Guest characters 4 References Main characters ( edit ) Ruth Wilder ( edit ) Ruth Wilder ( Alison Brie ) is an actress struggling to land a role on film and television . Having studied the works of August Strindberg , Ruth relies heavily on method acting . One day , she is given an invitation for an audition which turns out to be for the fledgling women 's wrestling promotion Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling ( GLOW ) . Ruth initially has personality conflicts with director Sam Sylvia due to her tendency to overact in the ring . Aside from her acting style , Sam often questions her looks , unsure whether of not he finds her attractive . Making matters worse is her affair with Mark Eagan , the husband of her best friend Debbie . Because of this , she is known by the other women as a `` homewrecker '' . After several weeks of struggling to come up with a character , she creates the in - ring persona of `` Zoya the Destroya '' , a Soviet heel based on the real GLOW wrestler Colonel Ninotchka . Debbie Eagan ( edit ) Debbie Eagan ( Betty Gilpin ) is a former actress and Ruth 's best friend . She is best known for her role as Laura Morgan in the soap opera Paradise Cove until she was written off the series due to her pregnancy . Her friendship with Ruth is severely strained when she discovers that Ruth had an affair with her husband Mark during and after her pregnancy , sparking a cat fight during practice that inspires Sam to cast Debbie as GLOW 's leading lady . While trying to convince her to join GLOW , Sam theorizes that despite her popularity in Paradise Cove , she was being held back by the show 's writers and her character was put in a coma for a whole season as punishment for improvising too many lines . Originally oblivious to the professional wrestling business , Debbie 's mindset changes when she watches a local wrestling show and sees its similarities to soap opera before having a one - night - stand with male wrestler Steel Horse . She later on realizes that wrestling is a liberating experience , as her body is not constrained by Mark or her son Randy in the ring . Debbie 's in - ring persona is `` Liberty Belle '' , a patriotic Southern belle based on the real GLOW wrestlers Americana and The Southern Belles : Scarlet and Tara . Sam Sylvia ( edit ) Sam Sylvia ( Marc Maron ) is an exploitation film director hired to direct GLOW . He had directed eight films in the 1970s and claims that two of them are taught in colleges . In addition , his film Gina the Machina was deemed so controversial that it was banned in 49 states . Sam has a chronic drug and alcohol addiction that has led to one divorce and multiple affairs with other women ; his habits continue in GLOW when he has an affair with wrestler Rhonda Richardson . He often has conflicts with GLOW 's producer Sebastian `` Bash '' Howard over the creative direction of the promotion , with Sam going for a dystopian sci - fi theme and Bash incorporating colorful stereotypes . Sam is loosely based on Matt Cimber , the director of the original GLOW series . Cherry Bang ( edit ) Cherry Bang ( Sydelle Noel ) is a former stuntwoman who becomes GLOW 's head trainer . She previously worked in Sam 's exploitation films in the 1970s and had an affair with him . Prior to GLOW , Cherry had not worked with Sam since 1978 and she had been out of work since 1979 , as the blaxploitation subgenre went on a decline toward the 1980s . She also suffered a miscarriage two years before joining GLOW . Cherry 's in - ring persona is `` Junkchain '' , a female rapper . Carmen Wade ( edit ) Carmen Wade ( Britney Young ) is a 25 - year - old heavy - set woman who is part of a professional wrestling family . Her father , legendary wrestler Goliath Jackson , disapproves of her desire to become a wrestler , as he sees women 's wrestling as a cheap sideshow . While she has wrestling skills and helps Cherry train the other ladies , Carmen suffers from stage fright . Carmen 's in - ring persona is `` Machu Picchu '' , a gentle Peruvian giant loosely based on the real GLOW wrestler Mount Fiji . Recurring characters ( edit ) Melanie Rosen ( edit ) Melanie Danielle `` Melrose '' Rosen ( Jackie Tohn ) is a `` party girl '' and chauffeur who worked as an extra in several films and music videos . She initially is at odds with Cherry Bang , who sees through her as an attention - starved Jewish - American princess who has never had a real job . Melrose introduces herself as `` Melanie Rose , '' even though her real last name is Rosen . Her in - ring personality is based on the real GLOW wrestler Hollywood . Rhonda Richardson ( edit ) Rhonda Richardson ( Kate Nash ) is a British model who takes the in - ring persona of `` Britannica '' , an English genius inspired by the real GLOW wrestlers Zelda the Brain and Godiva . Prior to joining GLOW , she was homeless , living in a car and asking men for money in Santa Monica . Rhonda becomes romantically involved with Sam , but he becomes concerned when she makes their affair obvious in front of the other ladies . Justine Biagi ( edit ) Justine Victoria Biagi ( Britt Baron ) is a punk rock girl who uses the in - ring name `` Scab '' . On the first day of auditions , she claims to be 19 years old . She is a fan of Sam 's exploitation films and has a romantic relationship with pizza boy Billy Offal . Later in the series , Justine reveals herself to be Sam 's illegitimate daughter , as he had a one - night - stand with her mother Rosalie after being kicked out of a Black Panther Party rally in Sacramento nearly two decades ago . Her sole purpose of joining GLOW was to meet him . Tammé Dawson ( edit ) Tammé Dawson ( Kia Stevens ) is a heavy - set black woman who takes the in - ring persona of `` The Welfare Queen '' , an arrogant wrestler who flaunts her wealth from America 's welfare policies and preys on the impoverished . She is initially concerned with her gimmick , as her son is studying at Stanford University . Prior to joining GLOW , Tammé worked as an extra in several TV shows such as Knots Landing and Gimme a Break ! and as an audience coordinator for some game shows such as Family Feud . Sheila the she - wolf ( edit ) Sheila the She - Wolf ( Gayle Rankin ) is an antisocial woman who wears heavy black eye makeup and has a savage personality . She claims to have an acute sense of smell and hearing , hence being a light sleeper . She also says that she is spiritually a wolf and has been using her persona for at least five years . Sheila actually has blond hair underneath her thick black wig , but she refuses to break kayfabe even in everyday life . Aside from wrestling , Sheila is in charge of audio production . She can play the keyboard , but is limited to `` Theme of Exodus '' . Arthie Premkumar ( edit ) Arthie Premkumar ( Sunita Mani ) is an Indo - American pre-med student who takes the in - ring persona of `` Beirut the Mad Bomber '' , a Middle Eastern terrorist based on the real GLOW wrestler Palestina . Jenny Chey ( edit ) Jenny Chey ( Ellen Wong ) is a Cambodian - American woman who takes the in - ring persona of `` Fortune Cookie '' , a stereotypical Chinese martial artist . Aside from wrestling , Jenny is in charge of the wrestlers ' costumes . Dawn and Stacey ( edit ) Dawn Rivecca ( Rebekka Johnson ) and Stacey Beswick ( Kimmy Gatewood ) are hairstylists who pull practical jokes on the other GLOW women . Their in - ring personas are `` Edna and Ethel Rosenblatt : The Beatdown Biddies '' - a geriatric tag team based on the real GLOW wrestlers The Housewives : Arlene and Phyllis . In GLOW 's first show , Dawn are Stacey are put on a bind when they are scheduled to face Cherry and Tammé , as two black women beating up two elderly white women looks bad on all sides . As a compromise , The Beatdown Biddies wear Ku Klux Klan outfits ( somewhat inspired by original GLOW characters The Hicks : Sara and Mabel ) to completely put the match in favor of their opponents . Aside from wrestling , Dawn and Stacey are in charge of the wrestlers ' hair and make - up . Reggie Walsh ( edit ) Reggie Walsh ( Marianna Palka ) is an Olympic medalist . She originally uses the `` Liberty Belle '' gimmick in the persona test , but because of a lack of personality , the gimmick is given to Debbie instead , and Reggie becomes `` Vicky the Viking '' due to her tall , athletic stature and blond hair . Her in - ring persona is loosely based on the real GLOW wrestler Brunhilda . Sebastian Howard ( edit ) Sebastian `` Bash '' Howard ( Chris Lowell ) is the heir to the Howard Foods business empire and producer of GLOW , as well as the promotion 's ring announcer and commentator . He provides the women with an old boxing gym for them to train and The Dusty Spur motel as their sleeping quarters . Bash also coordinates with K - DTV for broadcast rights and Patio Town for sponsorship . However , he is in a bind when his mother freezes his assets after having spent over $600,000 on GLOW . Bash is loosely based on GLOW creator David McLane and his dealings with financier / owner Meshulam Riklis . Mark Eagan ( edit ) Mark Eagan ( Rich Sommer ) is Debbie 's husband . He had encouraged Debbie to leave Paradise Cove to be happy and raise a family ; however , during Debbie 's pregnancy , he had a sexual affair with Ruth after they both got drunk at a party . After Debbie learns of his infidelity , Mark makes several attempts to mend their marriage . However , Debbie realizes that he has never taken her career seriously ever since her Paradise Cove days . Mallory ( edit ) Mallory ( Amy Farrington ) is a casting director who purposefully brings in Ruth to casting calls to show directors who not to cast in their projects . Seeing that Ruth is desperate for a break , Mallory leaves a message on her answering machine about a potential opportunity with GLOW . She also threatens to have Ruth blacklisted from all casting calls if she continues to stalk her in the office restroom . Later in the series , Mallory calls Cherry to inform her that K - DTV has invited her to audition for a TV drama titled Chambers and Gold . Keith Bang ( edit ) Keith Bang ( Bashir Salahuddin ) is Cherry 's husband and the GLOW referee . Like Cherry , Keith previously worked with Sam on his exploitation films in the 1970s . Florian ( edit ) Florian ( Alex Rich ) is Bash 's butler . He and Bash have known each other since the third grade . Florian participates in GLOW 's pilot episode to present the GLOW Crown . Glen Klitnick ( edit ) Glen Klitnick ( Andrew Friedman ) is an executive for K - DTV who picks up the broadcast rights of GLOW . On the night of GLOW 's pilot episode taping , Glen tells Cherry that she won the audition for Chambers and Gold , but she must quit GLOW if she wants to take the part . Billy Offal ( edit ) Billy Offal ( Casey Johnson ) is a pizza delivery boy who develops a relationship with Justine . He and Justine have very differing opinions on Sam Sylvia 's films , as he considers him to be a hack . Goliath Jackson ( edit ) Goliath Jackson ( Winston James Francis ) is a veteran wrestler and Carmen 's father . He is against Carmen pursuing a career in GLOW , as he wants her to get married and be a good housewife instead , but comes around to the idea by GLOW 's pilot airing when he influences the crowd to cheer for her . Big Kurt Jackson and Mighty Tom Jackson ( edit ) Big Kurt Jackson ( Carlito ) and Mighty Tom Jackson ( Brodus Clay ) are Carmen 's elder brothers . They are known in the wrestling business as the tag team `` The Lumberjacksons '' . The duo train Ruth and Debbie for their main event . Patrick O'Towne ( edit ) Patrick O'Towne ( Andy Umberger ) is the CEO of Patio Town , an indoor / outdoor lifestyle store chain . He initially declines to sponsor GLOW due to his lack of interest , but Sam convinces him to reconsider when Ruth cuts a promo as Zoya the Destroya during the ribbon - cutting ceremony of Patio Town 's new Calabasas branch . Gregory ( edit ) Gregory ( Ravil Isyanov ) is the cranky Russian manager of The Dusty Spur motel . When Ruth needs help in developing her Zoya the Destroya character , he takes her to a Russian Jewish family party . Fortunately , Ruth does not speak Russian and thus ca n't understand what the family is saying about her . Guest characters ( edit ) Salty `` The Sack '' Johnson ( John Morrison ) is a professional wrestler assigned as GLOW 's original trainer , but is fired by Sam due to creative differences . Carolyn ( Esther Anderson ) is Sam 's ex-wife . Sam divorced her after he caught her having sex with his steadicam operator . They share joint custody of their dog Lenny . Lorene ( Lisa Ann Walter ) is Debbie 's mother , who takes care of Debbie 's son Randy while she is out training for GLOW . Ron ( Allan Havey ) is Debbie 's stepfather . Dale ( Alex Riley ) is a professional wrestler who takes the persona of `` Steel Horse '' , a working - class hero . He admits to Debbie that his promotion 's storylines were inspired by soap operas , and that he has been a fan of hers since her days in Paradise Cove . Rick ( Joey Ryan ) is a professional wrestler who takes the persona of `` Mr. Monopoly '' , an arrogant business tycoon who is Steel Horse 's arch nemesis and half - brother . His gimmick is a parody of `` The Million Dollar Man '' Ted DiBiase , and he is accompanied by his valet and Steel Horse 's ex-girlfriend Crystal ( Laura James ) , a parody of Miss Elizabeth . Michael ( Daniel Polo ) is Gregory 's cousin and a young Russian Jewish chess champion who migrates to America . He undergoes bris during his welcome party , and upon overhearing Ruth talking about Yentl , he asks her to sing one of Barbra Streisand 's songs to ease his pain . Amber Fredrickson ( Brooke Hogan ) is the manager of a night club ( which looks like the Mayan Theater ) that Sam and Ruth see as a possible venue for GLOW shows . Birdie Howard ( Elizabeth Perkins ) is Bash 's mother . Upon discovering that Bash spent over $600,000 on investing on GLOW , she freezes his assets . After Bash brings in the GLOW wrestlers as mock speakers in Birdie 's anti-drug fundraiser , Birdie allows him to use the Hayworth Hotel 's ballroom for GLOW 's pilot episode . Regina Offal ( Christine Elliott ) is Billy 's mother . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Alison Brie To Star In Netflix Comedy Series ' G.L.O.W. ' From Jenji Kohan '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' G.L.O.W. ' : Betty Gilpin To Co-Star In Netflix 's 1980s Wrestling Comedy Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Marc Maron To Co-Star In Netflix Comedy Series ' G.L.O.W. ' From Jenji Kohan '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 17 , 2016 ) . `` Britney Young & Sydelle Noel Join Netflix Comedy Series ' G.L.O.W. ' From Jenji Kohan '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' G.L.O.W. ' : Jenji Kohan Netflix Comedy Series Adds Britt Baron , Jackie Tohn & Five More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lebow , Sara ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Wrestling with Women 's Relationships in GLOW '' . Jewish Women 's Archive . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` Alex Rich Joins ' GLOW ' ; ' Animal Kingdom ' Adds Jennifer Landon '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_GLOW_characters&oldid=798118519 '' Categories : Lists of American television series characters Professional wrestling - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 02 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays salty the sack johnson on glow	[ "Salty \"The Sack\" Johnson (John Morrison) is a professional wrestler assigned as GLOW's original trainer, but is fired by Sam due to creative differences." ]	[ "John Morrison)" ]
-7103829011624072803	History of ethics	History of ethics - wikipedia History of ethics Jump to : navigation , search Ethics is the branch of philosophy that examines right and wrong moral behavior , moral concepts ( such as justice , virtue , duty ) and moral language . Various ethical theories pose various answers to the question `` What is the greatest good ? '' and elaborate a complete set of proper behaviors for individuals and groups . Ethical theories are closely related to forms of life in various social orders . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Jewish ethics 3 Ancient Greek ethics 4 Christian ethics 5 Natural law ethics 6 Kantian ethics 7 Utilitarianism 8 Twentieth century 9 See also 10 Bibliography 11 References 12 External links Origins ( edit ) The epic poems that stand at the beginning of many world literatures , such as the Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh , Homer 's Iliad and the Icelandic Eddas , portray a set of values that suit the strong leader of a small tribe . Valour and success are the principal qualities of a hero , and are generally not constrained by moral considerations . Revenge and vendetta are appropriate activities for heroes . The gods that appear in such epics are not defenders of moral values but are capricious forces of nature , and are to be feared and propitiated . More strictly ethical claims are found occasionally in the literature of ancient civilizations that is aimed at lower classes of society . The Sumerian Farmer 's Almanac and the Egyptian Instruction of Amenhotep both advise farmers to leave some grain for poor gleaners , and promise favours from the gods for doing so . A number of ancient religions and ethical thinkers also put forward some version of the golden rule , at least in its negative version : do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself . Jewish ethics ( edit ) Further information : Jewish ethics and Jewish philosophy Since the origin of Ethical Monotheism in ( Hebrew ) Judaism , something Greek - sounding like `` ethics '' may be said to have been originated in Judaism 's up to four thousand years old passed down traditions and instructions of the Torahs ( Hebrew : / ˈtɔːrɔːt / , toroth ; plural of Torah ) , Oral , Written , and Mystical . Ancient Greek ethics ( edit ) Socrates , as portrayed in Plato 's Republic , articulates the greatest good as the transcendent `` form of good itself '' . The good , Socrates says , is like the sun . The sun gives light and life to the earth , the good gives knowledge and virtue to the intelligible world . It is the cause of goodness in people and actions , and it also is the cause of existence and knowledge . The pursuit of and love of the good itself ( rather than any particular good thing ) Socrates thought was the chief aim of education and ( especially ) of philosophy . In his personal life , Socrates lived extremely morally . He was chaste , disciplined , pious , responsible , and cared for his friends In Gorgias he defends the notion that it is better to suffer injustice than to do it . The Greeks found this paradoxical , but Socrates both argued and lived this philosophy consistently . That is because the doing of evil damages the soul , which is the highest part of humans . In the Republic , Socrates is challenged to defend the view that we have reasons to be moral that do not come from rational self - interest , in response to Glaucon 's arguments in Book 2 . The Republic develops the view that being a good person in an ethical sense involves achieving internal harmony of the parts of the soul . However , Plato 's ethical ideal , as expressed in the Republic , still has much in common with the Homeric conception of the leader of a tribe or city : the successful running of the city and the internal harmony of the citizen who runs it is the main ethical aim , and there is little mention in Plato of any strictly moral obligations the ruler may be under . Aristotle 's ethics builds upon Plato 's with important variations . Aristotle 's highest good was not the good itself but goodness embodied in a flourishing human life . His ethics are based on eudaimonia , variously translated as `` happiness , '' `` prosperity , '' `` flourishing , '' or `` success . '' A `` great - souled '' citizen who lives a life of virtue can expect to achieve eudaimonia , which Aristotle argues is the highest good for man . Following Plato , Aristotle gives a significant role in moral life the virtues , fixed habits of behavior that lead to good outcomes ; the main virtues are courage , justice , prudence and temperance . The highest form of life is , however , purely intellectual activity . Later Greek schools of philosophy , such as the Epicureans and Stoics , debated the conditions of the good life . Epicurus taught that the greatest good was pleasure and freedom from pain . The Epicureans emphasized the quiet enjoyment of pleasures , especially mental pleasure , free of fear and anxiety . The Stoics thought the greatest good not pleasure but reason and everything in accord with reason , even if painful . Hence they praised the life of reason lived in accordance with nature . A theme of Ancient Greek ethics then is the role of the virtuous life in achieving eudaimonia , or the good life ; and Aristotle , Epicurus and the Stoics all argued that virtue was necessary for happiness , albeit in different ways and with different conceptions of those terms . Christian ethics ( edit ) A passage of the Torah , `` Love your neighbour as yourself '' was taken up by the writers of the New Testament and made part of the theological centerpiece of Christian ethical stance . In the New Testament Jesus teaches that all the commandments of Jewish religious law could be summarized in the two rules , `` Love God and love your neighbour '' ( Mark 12 : 28 - 31 ) . This is illustrated with the Parable of the Good Samaritan , which praises action to help any human in need . Natural law ethics ( edit ) Main article : Natural law In the Middle Ages , Thomas Aquinas developed a synthesis of Biblical and Aristotelian ethics called natural law theory , according to which the nature of humans determines what is right and wrong . For example , murder is wrong because life is essential to humans so depriving someone of it is inherently an evil . Education is needed for humans , and is their right , because their intellectual nature requires developing . Natural law theory remains at the heart of Catholic moral teaching , for example in its positions on contraception and other controversial moral issues . The Catholic practice of compulsory confession led to the development of manuals of casuistry , the application of ethical principles to detailed cases of conscience , such as the conditions of a just war . Kantian ethics ( edit ) Main article : Kantian ethics Immanuel Kant , in the 18th century , argued that right and wrong are founded on duty , which issues a Categorical Imperative to us , a command that , of its nature , ought to be obeyed . An action is only truly moral if done from a sense of duty , and the most valuable thing is a human will that has decided to act rightly . To decide what duty requires , Kant proposes the principle of universalizability : correct moral rules are those we could will everyone to adopt . Kant 's philosophy marks a number of important conceptual shifts in philosophical thinking about ethics . Kant argues that questions about happiness should not be a focus in ethical thought , because ethics should be universal while happiness may involve very different modes of life for different individuals . He also believed this approach was necessary if an ethical theory was to avoid becoming ' heteronomous ' ; that is , locating the source of proper moral motivation outside of properly moral concerns . Utilitarianism ( edit ) Main article : Utilitarianism In 19th century Britain , Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill advocated utilitarianism , the view that right actions are those that are likely to result in the greatest happiness of the greatest number . Utilitarianism remains popular in the twenty - first century . Both Kantianism and Utilitarianism provide ethical theories that can support contemporary liberal political developments , and associated enlightenment ways of conceiving of the individual . Twentieth century ( edit ) The early twentieth century saw many debates on metaethics , that is , philosophical theory on the nature of ethics . Views ranged from moral realism , which holds that moral truths are about mind - independent realities , to evolutionary ethics , which believes ethical practices are merely evolved ways of behavior that led to evolutionary success , to the error theory of J.L. Mackie , which held that the entire notion of ethical obligation is a mistake . Reflections on the Holocaust , such as those of Hannah Arendt , led to a deepening appreciation of the reality of extreme evil . Also in reaction to the Holocaust , rights theories , as expressed for example in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights , asserted the inalienable moral rights of humans to life , education , and other basic goods . Another response to the atrocities of World War II included existential reflections on the meaning of life , leading to approaches to ethics based on `` the situation '' and personal interaction . The 1970s saw the revival of casuistry in the form of applied ethics , the consideration of detailed practical cases in bioethics , business ethics , environmental ethics and other such special fields . The development of new medical technologies such as IVF and stem cell research produced many new issues requiring ethical debate . See also ( edit ) Ethics Ethics in religion History of ethics in Ancient Greece List of years in philosophy Bibliography ( edit ) MacIntyre , Alasdair ( 1967 ) . A Short History of Ethics . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 415 - 04027 - 2 . Becker , Lawrence C. ; Charlotte B. Becker ( 2003 ) . A History of Western Ethics . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 04027 - 2 . Irwin , Terence ( 2007 ) . The Development of Ethics . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 415 - 96824 - 0 . Crisp , Roger ( 2013 ) . Oxford Handbook of the History of Ethics . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954597 - 1 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MacIntyre , Alistair ( 1998 ) . A Short History of Ethics : A History of Moral Philosophy from the Homeric Age to the 20th Century . Routledge . Jump up ^ T. Cahill , The Gifts of the Jews ( New York , 1998 ) , ch. 1 ; A.W.H. Adkins , Merit and Responsibility : A Study in Greek Values ( Oxford , 1960 ) . Jump up ^ S.N. Kramer , The Sumerians ( Chicago , 1963 ) , 108 . Jump up ^ J. Wattles , The Golden Rule ( New York , 1996 ) , ch. 1 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum ( 1979 ) , p. 630 Jump up ^ Republic , Book VI Jump up ^ Cf . Symposium , Phaedo , and Republic , Book I Jump up ^ Plato , Gorgias 475e . Jump up ^ J.O. Urmson , Aristotle 's Ethics ( New York , 1988 . ) Jump up ^ W.O. Stephens , Stoic ethics in Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jump up ^ Julia Annas , The Morality of Happiness . Oxford University Press , 1995 . Jump up ^ Leviticus 19 : 18 Jump up ^ J. Finnis , Fundamentals of Ethics ( Oxford , 1983 ) . Jump up ^ A.R. Jonsen and S. Toulmin , The Abuse of Casuistry : A History of Moral Reasoning , Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press , 1990 . Jump up ^ R. Johnson , Kant 's moral philosophy ( Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ) . Jump up ^ E.g.P. Singer , Practical Ethics ( 2nd ed , Cambridge , 1993 ) . Jump up ^ R. Shafer - Landau , Moral Realism : A Defence ( Oxford , 2003 ) . Jump up ^ J. Mackie , Ethics : Inventing Right and Wrong ( New York , 1977 ) . Jump up ^ For example , Simone de Beauvoir , The Ethics of Ambiguity . Citadel , 1949 . Jump up ^ R. Martensen , The history of bioethics : an essay review , Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 56 ( 2001 ) , 168 - 175 . Jump up ^ T.F. McMahon , A brief history of American business ethics , in R. Frederick , ed , A Companion to Business Ethics , Oxford : Blackwell , 2002 , pp. 342 - 52 . External links ( edit ) Ancient ethical theory ( Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ) Ancient ethics ( Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy ) The Natural Law Tradition in Ethics ( Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethics&oldid=789600552 '' Categories : Ethics History of philosophy History of science by discipline History of ethics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Қазақша Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2017 , at 09 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is recognized as the founder of modern ethics	[]	[]
-858650845033615272	A Lesson Before Dying	A Lesson Before Dying - wikipedia A Lesson Before Dying Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For the film , see A Lesson Before Dying ( film ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A Lesson Before Dying Author Ernest J. Gaines Country United States Language English Publisher Knopf Publishing Group Publication date 1993 Media type Print ( Paperback ) Pages 256 pp ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 70270 - 9 OCLC 438410499 A Lesson Before Dying Is Ernest J. Gaines ' eighth novel , published in 1993 . While it is a fictional work , it is loosely based on the true story of Willie Francis , a young Black man sentenced to death by the electric chair twice in Louisiana , in 1945 and 1947 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Point of view 3 Setting 3.1 Plantation 3.2 School / Church 3.3 Bayonne 3.4 Jailhouse 3.5 Jail cell 4 Title 5 Awards and nominations 6 Film , TV or theatrical adaptations 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The story begins with the murder of Mr. Grope by two black men . An innocent bystander named Jefferson is charged with and convicted of the murder . He is sentenced to death . In his trial , Jefferson 's attorney explains to the jury `` What justice would there be to take his life ? Justice , gentlemen ? Why , I would as soon put a hog in the electric chair as this . '' This statement causes Jefferson to believe that he is indeed a hog and not a man . Jefferson 's godmother , Miss Emma Glenn , and Aunt Lou , ask Grant Wiggins , the local schoolteacher and Lou 's nephew , to turn Jefferson from a `` hog '' to a `` man '' . However , they must first get permission from Sheriff Sam Guidry . To accomplish this , they ask Sheriff Guidry 's brother - in - law Henri Pichot for assistance . The Sheriff gives Grant permission . When Grant is not there , Miss Emma , Aunt Lou , and Reverend Ambrose also visit Jefferson . At the same time , Grant is dating a schoolteacher from nearby Bayonne named Vivian . Over the course of the novel , Grant and Jefferson form a close friendship . Unusual for the time , Grant also forms a friendship with Deputy Paul Bonin . In early February , it is announced that Jefferson will be executed on April 8 . Around this time , Reverend Ambrose becomes concerned that Grant , an agnostic , is not teaching Jefferson about God and thus begins visiting him regularly . This conflict reaches a head when Grant buys Jefferson a radio , which the seniors in the black community , or `` quarter '' , see as sinful . The novel ends with Jefferson 's execution , and , much to Grant 's surprise , a visit from Paul in which he tells Grant that `` Jefferson was the strongest man in that crowded room '' when he was executed . Point of view ( edit ) The reader is given a unique outlook on the status of African Americans in the South , after World War II and before the Civil Rights Movement . We see a Jim Crow South through the eyes of a formally educated African American teacher who often feels helpless and alienated from his own country . In `` A Lesson Before Dying , '' Grant is the only educated black man in the area and the only member of the black community who might be considered capable of becoming free of overt oppression . Nevertheless , his life and career choices are severely limited and he must refer to white male authority figures as `` Sir . '' Because of this , he yearns to leave the disheartening situation he is in . Grant feels that he is cornered by myriad forces : his aunt 's incessant wants , pressure to conform to a fundamentalist religion he does not believe in , the children 's need for a teacher , and the community 's need for leadership . Setting ( edit ) This section contains too many or too - lengthy quotations for an encyclopedic entry . Please help improve the article by editing it to take facts from excessively quoted material and rewrite them as sourced original prose . Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote . ( March 2013 ) Plantation ( edit ) `` All there was to see were old white weather - houses , with smoke rising out of the chimneys and drifting across the corrugated tin roofs overlooking the yard toward the field , where some of the cane had been cut . The cane had not been hauled to the derrick yet , and it was lying across the rows . A little farther over , where another patch of cane was standing , tall and blue - green , you could see the leaves swaying softly from a breeze . `` Left of the weighing scales and the derrick was the plantation cemetery , where my ancestors had been buried for the past century . The cemetery had lots of trees in it , pecans and oaks , and it was weedy too . '' School / church ( edit ) `` My classroom was the church . My desk was a table , used as a collection table by the church on Sundays , and also used for the service of the Holy Sacrament . My students ' desks were the benches upon which their parents and grandparents sat during church meeting . Ventilation into the church was by way of the four windows on either side , and from the front and back doors . There was a blackboard on the back wall . Behind my desk was the pulpit and the altar . This was my school . '' Ironically , Grant , an agnostic , spends most of his time in the church on the Henry Pichot Plantation . The school that he teaches in is the same place in which the town gathers on Sunday morning for praise and worship . Grant is continually challenged with the fact that he is an outsider in his place of work ; he does not attend church with the rest of his settlement . Throughout the entire novel , this school is seen as a place of discrimination . Segregated schools provide another example of racial persecution . Bayonne ( edit ) `` Bayonne was a small town of about six thousand . Approximately three thousand five hundred whites ; approximately two thousand five hundred colored . It was the parish seat for St. Raphael . The courthouse was there ; so was the jail . There was a Catholic church uptown for whites ; a Catholic church back of town for colored . There was a white movie theater uptown ; a colored movie theater back of town . There were two elementary schools uptown , one catholic , one public , for whites ; and the same back of town for colored . Bayonne 's major industries were a cement plant , a sawmill , and a slaughterhouse , mostly for hogs . There was only one main street in Bayonne , and it ran along the St. Charles river . '' Bayonne is an actual city in France , but also the fictional Louisiana town depicted in the novel . Jailhouse ( edit ) `` We followed him down a long , dark corridor , passing offices with open doors , and bathrooms for white ladies and white men . At the end of the corridor we had to go up a set of stairs . The stairs were made of steel . There were six steps , then a landing , a sharp turn , and another six steps . Then we went through a heavy steel door to the area where the prisoners were quartered . The white prisoners were also on this floor , but in a separate section . I counted eight cells for black prisoners , with two bunks to each cell . Half of the cells were empty , the others had one or two prisoners . They reached their hands out between the bars and asked for cigarettes or money . Miss Emma . She told them she did n't have any money , but she had brought some food for Jefferson , and if there was anything left she would give it to them . They asked me for money , and I gave them the change I had . '' Jail cell ( edit ) `` The cell was roughly six by ten , with a metal bunk covered by a thin mattress and a woolen army blanket ; a toilet without seat or toilet paper ; a washbowl , brownish from residue and grime ; a small metal shelf upon which was a pan , a tin cup , and a tablespoon . A single bulb hung over the center of the cell , and at the end opposite the door was a barred window , which looked out onto a sycamore tree behind the courthouse . I could see the sunlight on the upper leaves . But the window was too high to catch sight of any other buildings or the ground . '' Title ( edit ) The title of this novel is imperative in understanding one of the major themes . The entire book focuses on Grant 's attempts to teach Jefferson a lesson . In order for Grant to be able to show Jefferson how to ' become a man , ' he must himself understand the meaning . Symbolically , the butterfly towards the end of the novel is proof that both of these men have succeeded in their goals . `` I probably would not have noticed it at all had not a butterfly , a yellow butterfly with dark spots like ink dots on its wings , not lit there . What had brought it there ? ... I watched it fly over the ditch and down into the quarter , I watched it until I could not see it anymore . Yes , I told myself . It is finally over . '' At this point Grant realizes that Jefferson really did learn a ' lesson before dying . ' When he says `` It is finally over , '' he is not only referring to Jefferson 's life , but also that his cowardly nature is `` finally over . '' He has once and for all taken a stand for what he believes in . This insures that he , too , has benefited from this entire experience . Jefferson 's life was sacrificed in order for the white people in the community to gain a better understanding of the value of the black members of society . Awards and nominations ( edit ) 1993 National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction October 1997 choice of Oprah 's Book Club Film , tv or theatrical adaptations ( edit ) On May 22 , 1999 HBO premiered A Lesson Before Dying , which subsequently received two Emmy Awards for Outstanding Made - For - Television Movie and Outstanding Writing for a Mini-Series or Movie ( South African writer Ann Peacock ) and a Peabody Award . Don Cheadle portrays Grant , Mekhi Phifer portrays Jefferson , and Cicely Tyson is featured as Tante Lou . A play by Romulus Linney and a Southern Writers ' Project , based on the novel and having the same title , had its World Premiere at the Alabama Shakespeare Festival in January 2000 and Off - Broadway in September 2000 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Writing A Lesson Before Dying '' ( PDF ) . 2005 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ 59th Annual Peabody Awards , May 2000 . External links ( edit ) Article / essay on `` Women and Community in A Lesson Before Dying A Lesson Before Dying at SparkNotes A Lesson Before Dying on IMDb Ernest J. Gaines : The biography of a famous black author , Thinkquest.org Ernest Gaines , African American Literature Book Club Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Lesson_Before_Dying&oldid=796755699 '' Categories : 1993 American novels Novels by Ernest J. Gaines Peabody Award - winning broadcasts American novels adapted into plays American novels adapted into films African - American novels Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing style editing from March 2013 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 21 : 32 . About Wikipedia	how long does it take to read a lesson before dying	[]	[]
-4640761631255762633	Capital punishment in New Zealand	Capital punishment in New Zealand - wikipedia Capital punishment in New Zealand Capital punishment in New Zealand first appeared in a codified form when it became a British territory in 1840 , and was first employed in 1842 . It was last used in 1957 , abolished for murder in 1961 , and abolished altogether , including for treason , in 1989 . During the period that it was in effect , 85 people were executed . Contents 1 Method 2 History 3 Abolition : 1949 -- 1961 4 Abolition and its aftermath : 1961 onwards 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Method ( edit ) The method of execution was always by hanging . At first , there were many possible execution sites all around the country , but later , the only two cities where hangings were carried out were Wellington ( the capital ) and Auckland ( now the largest city ) . Initially , there was no professional hangman employed -- the executioner was simply chosen from among any who were deemed qualified . On occasion , convicted criminals were employed as hangmen , often in exchange for reduced sentences or monetary reward . In 1877 , the sheriff of Blenheim recommended that a professional executioner be hired . Tom Long , an Irishman who claimed to have been an executioner in Australia , was hired as the first official hangman . He was the only official hangman to be publicly known ; others remained anonymous . History ( edit ) The first person to be sentenced to death was a Māori youth named Maketu , who was found guilty of murdering a pakeha shepherd . However , he died of dysentery before the sentence could be carried out . The first person to be executed was Wiremu Kingi Maketu , who was found guilty of murdering five people on Motuarohia Island , in the Bay of Islands . The people killed were Thomas Bull , employed by Elisabeth Roberton , who was also murdered along with her son aged eight , her daughter of two , and a girl of nearly three named Isabella Brind , the natural daughter of one Captain Brind by a Maori woman , the daughter of Rewa , chief of Ngapuhi in that area . Mrs Roberton 's husband , Captain John Roberton , had drowned prior in Paroa Bay , just opposite the island . Thomas Bull had a reputation for strength and brutality . He seemed at all times to have made a set at Maketu and had on several occasions struck , thrown , or otherwise maltreated him . Maketu , was unable to defend himself against such an opponent ; nor indeed did it conform with his notions of dignity to do so , he being by virtue of his chiefly rank above combat with one who was a servant and whom he therefore regarded on the same plane as a slave . Maketu , therefore , bided his time for revenge . Maketu then killed Thomas Bull in the night with an axe ; he then brutally murdered Mrs Roberton , who was shouting abuse at him and then went to murder the two girls ( ransacking the house and then burning Mrs Roberton and the two children within it ) . The boy ran up Pa Hill , where Maketu chased him and threw him off the 200 - foot ( 60 m ) cliff . He was sentenced to death by an all - white jury ( his defence had wanted a half - white , half - Māori jury ) in an Auckland court , and executed in March 1842 . All the people executed were men , except Minnie Dean , found guilty of infanticide in 1895 , and all were convicted of murder , except for Hamiora Pere , convicted of treason . However , before Dean 's trial , imprisonment and execution , several other women had been found guilty of Infanticide in nineteenth - century New Zealand , but had had their death sentences commuted to life imprisonment . These were Caroline Whitting ( 1872 ) , Phoebe Veitch ( 1883 ) and Sarah - Jane and Anna Flannagan ( 1891 ) . The last person to be executed was Walter James Bolton , for poisoning his wife , on 18 February 1957 . Abolition : 1949 -- 1961 ( edit ) When the Labour Party formed its first government following the 1935 general election , it commuted all death sentences to life imprisonment . In 1941 , the Crimes Amendment Act changed the penalty for murder from death to life imprisonment with hard labour . The only crimes for which the death penalty still applied were treason and piracy . The Labour Party lost power to the more conservative National Party , which had pledged to reintroduce capital punishment , in 1949 . During that earlier period , support and opposition for capital punishment were clearly delineated on partisan grounds . The National Party supported the restoration and maintenance of the death penalty , while the Labour Party opposed it . During debate over the Capital Punishment Act 1950 , Labour expressed concern about the constitutional implications of the concentration of executive power in this context , while National Party Attorney - General Clifton Webb referred to the alleged `` deterrent '' value of the death penalty as potential threat and punitive severity . However , Webb was relatively sparing in his use of the death penalty , while his successor , Attorney - General Jack Marshall ( 1955 -- 1958 ) , was a hardliner on that issue and the number and pace of executions accelerated , arousing debate . During the time that the National Party was in office ( 1949 -- 1958 ) , 36 people were convicted of murder , and 22 of those were sentenced to death . The final decision on executions rested with Cabinet , and only eight of the condemned were executed . The rest were commuted to life imprisonment . Even then , professional opinion was divided . Film censor Gordon Mirams did not regard spectacles of hanging as appropriate content within crime dramas and western films and excised such content and dialogue on the basis of family propriety . According to Department of Justice historian Pauline Engel , the British Royal Commission on Capital Punishment ( 1953 ) may have heavily influenced the rise of abolitionism , as did the controversies that surrounded the executions of Harry Whiteland and Edward Te Whiu , which raised questions about post-war trauma , intellectual and developmental disability as factors for leniency . Social historian Redmer Yska has argued that such concern arose much earlier . When the National Party restored capital punishment in 1950 , it became an administrative ordeal for civil servants involved , particularly those within correctional facilities like Mount Eden Prison in Auckland , law enforcement and the judiciary . Corrections staff needed to maintain suicide watch for the convicted felon , conduct regular health checks and provide pastoral care for the condemned individual 's relatives , as well as insure prison security during executions . Official requirements mandated the presence of a magistrate , doctor and sheriffs . During the late fifties , Attorney - General Jack Marshall accelerated the pace of executions and post-traumatic stress disorder , alcoholism and duodenal haemorrhaging developed amongst two of the three staff obliged to participate during execution procedures . In cases of political import , prudent reprieves and commuted penalties did occur , as happened when three Niue Islanders were sentenced to death after killing a manifestly brutal and oppressive Resident Commissioner . On that occasion , the Public Questions Committee of the Presbyterian Church of New Zealand became involved in strenuously lobbying against the verdict . Class differences were also seen to affect the verdict . Dr. Senga Wintringham was convicted of manslaughter , rather than murder , in February 1955 , after shooting and killing Dr Bill Saunders . Wintringham claimed that she had only meant to intimidate him , rather than kill him . The Peoples Voice , newspaper of the Communist Party of New Zealand , criticised the perceived `` double standard '' in this context , as the courts had just convicted and sentenced nineteen - year - old British migrant and itinerant labourer Frederick Foster to death , despite questions about mental illness and intellectual impairment in his context , as well as appeals from his mother . Foster had shot and killed Sharon Skeffington , his former girlfriend . Although Foster was sentenced to death and executed , defence counsel Dr Martyn Finlay succeeded in raising questions about the limited intellectual capabilities and mental health of the condemned person in this context . Similar questions would arise in the trial , conviction and execution of Albert Webb . The New Zealand Listener editorialised against the death penalty in July 1955 , and received supportive feedback from its letters page correspondents . Eddie Te Whiu was hanged in August 1955 , after he had killed an elderly widow in Ngararatunua , near Kamo , when an attempted burglary went wrong . Abolitionist sentiment grew again , as , with the Foster and Black cases , there was perceptible anxiety about the failure of `` deterrence '' value in the context of violent homicides , and whether Te Whiu should have been convicted of manslaughter instead , due to his dysfunctional family origins and limited intellectual capabilities . As a result , a National Committee for Abolition of the Death Penalty was formed in November 1956 , with branches in Auckland , Wellington , Christchurch and Dunedin . Engel and Maureen Garing have drawn attention to the involvement of Protestant Christian opposition to capital punishment . In 1941 and 1951 , the Christian Social Justice League , Christchurch Anglican Diocesan Synod and Methodist Public Questions Committee supported abolition , as did individual Catholics , although their hierarchy remained neutral in this debate . The New Zealand Theosophical Society also opposed capital punishment , and the Churches of Christ and Baptist Union declared its opposition in the late fifties . As religious opposition grew , it provided opponents of capital punishment with an organisational base that was used to good effect . Redmer Yska notes that clergy often refused to participate in legitimising executions through their presence , of whatever denomination . As a consequence of controversy over the perceived escalation in use of capital punishment , abolitionist petitions started to circulate as well . In 1956 , a proposal for a referendum on capital punishment was put forward by the Minister of Justice , Jack Marshall . This referendum was to be voted on during the 1957 general election , but the proposal was defeated . Meanwhile , Walter James Bolton ( 1888 -- 1957 ) was executed at Mount Eden Prison in Auckland in February 1957 , after he had allegedly poisoned his wife with arsenic . Given that the National Party lost that election , there were to be no further executions within New Zealand . However , while the election saw a short - lived Labour government elected , capital punishment was not debated in Parliament again before the National party regained power after the 1960 election . In 1961 , the National Party reaffirmed its support for the death penalty , although restricted its use to premeditated murders , and those committed during another crime or during an escape from custody . The issue of capital punishment generated intensive debate within the National Party -- the Minister of Justice in the Second National Government , who was responsible for introducing the Crimes Bill 1961 , Ralph Hanan , strongly opposed the death penalty , while Jack Marshall , the Deputy Prime Minister , had condoned its use while serving as Minister of Justice and Attorney General , as noted above . Abolition and its aftermath : 1961 onwards ( edit ) Aware of growing public opposition to capital punishment , the National Party allowed its MPs to exercise a conscience vote in Parliament , and ten National MPs subsequently voted in favour of abolition . The result was a majority of 11 against capital punishment , 41 - 30 . The ten National MPs were Rev. Ernest Aderman , Gordon Grieve , Ralph Hanan , Duncan MacIntyre , Robert Muldoon , Herbert Pickering , Logan Sloane , Brian Talboys , Mrs Esme Tombleson and Bert Walker . The death penalty was therefore abolished for murder , being retained only for treason and other similar acts in theory . In principle , this meant that de facto abolition had occurred from that point onward . These last theoretical vestiges of capital punishment were abolished under the Palmer Labour cabinet in November 1989 with the passage of the Abolition of the Death Penalty Act 1989 , and there were no further executions during the interim period . Passage of the Abolition of the Death Penalty Act ended all capital punishment in New Zealand . The Cook Islands , which based its statutes on New Zealand law , formally retained the death penalty for treason until it was abolished in 2007 . The death penalty was never used in the Cook Islands . Occasional calls to reinstate capital punishment still occur , but no major political party has made capital punishment an element of any of their election manifestos since the 1989 Abolition act . A 2004 1 News Colmar Brunton poll found 28 % were in favour of bringing back the death penalty , 67 % did not want to bring the death penalty back , and 5 % were undecided . In a 2013 Curia poll for TV3 's The Nation , 38 % of New Zealanders were in favour of the death penalty -- a nominal increase from the 28 % in 2004 -- while 55 % were opposed it , and 7 % were undecided . Also in the poll , 35 % of Labour voters favoured the death penalty and National voters ' support polled at 44 % . Least likely to be in favour were Green Party voters at 19 % , but the strongest support came from New Zealand First voters at 84 % . See also ( edit ) List of people executed in New Zealand References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A history of capital punishment in NZ '' . TVNZ. 17 December 2008 . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Yska , 1996 : 33 Jump up ^ Yska , 1996 : 34 Jump up ^ Yska , 1996 : 116 Jump up ^ Young , Sherwood . `` Te Whiu , Edward Thomas 1935 -- 1955 '' . Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Yska , 1996 : 154 ^ Jump up to : Yska , 1996 : 164 ^ Jump up to : Yska , 1996 : 165 Jump up ^ Yska , 1996 : 166 Jump up ^ Yska , 1996 : 161 Jump up ^ Yska , 1996 : 187 Jump up ^ Young , Sherwood . `` Edward Thomas Te Whiu '' . Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Yska , 1996 : 188 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Poll shows 28pc want death penalty back -- National -- NZ Herald News '' . Nzherald.co.nz. 15 July 2004 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sizeable support for reintroduction of death penalty The National Business Review '' . Nbr.co.nz. 18 August 2013 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Death Penalty poll -- Curia Market Research Ltd '' . Curia.co.nz. 24 August 2013 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Creswell , J.C.M. ( 1998 ) Murder in paradise : The strange adventures of the Roberton brothers Whangarei : J.M. Glover ISBN 1 - 876135 - 00 - X Engel , Pauline ( 1977 ) : The Abolition of Capital Punishment in New Zealand : Wellington : Department of Justice . Gee , David ( 1975 ) . The devil 's own brigade : A History of Lyttelton Gaol : Wellington : Millwood Press . Garing , Maureen ( 1994 ) : `` Lex talionis and the Christian Churches : The Question of Capital Punishment in New Zealand '' ( p. 112 -- 122 ) in J. Veitch ( ed ) To Strive and Not to Yield : Essays in Honour of Colin Brown : Wellington : Victoria University Department of Religious Studies : ISBN 0 - 475 - 11013 - 7 Harcourt , Melville ( 1942 ) . A Parson In Prison : Auckland : Whitcombs and Tombs . Howard League for Penal Reform ( 1949 ) Capital Punishment : An Inquiry : Wellington : Howard League for Penal Reform . Newbold , Greg ( 1990 ) . `` Capital Punishment in New Zealand : An Experiment that Failed '' Deviant Behaviour : 11 : 2 ( April 1990 ) : 154 -- 177 . Ross , Cuthbert ( 1993 ) Issues in the Death Penalty Debate in New Zealand : 1935 -- 1992 LLB ( Hons ) Dissertation : University of Auckland Faculty of Law Treadwell , CAL ( 1936 ) . Notable New Zealand Trials : New Plymouth : T. Avery . Young , Sherwood ( 1998 ) Guilty on the Gallows : Famous Capital Crimes of New Zealand : Wellington : Grantham House : ISBN 1 - 86934 - 068 - X Yska , Redmer ( 1996 ) All Shook Up : Auckland : Penguin : 1996 : ISBN 0 - 14 - 016999 - 7 Meccano Set , a program by Radio New Zealand produced by Matthew Leonard and Paul Diamond External links ( edit ) Capital Punishment in New Zealand at NZHistory.net Capital Punishment in 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Abolition of the Death Penalty Act 1989 Dictionary of New Zealand Biography ( articles on Maketu , Dean , Marshall , and Hanan ) The Howard League Capital punishment Retentionist countries Afghanistan Bahamas Bangladesh Belarus Botswana China Cuba Egypt India Indonesia Iran Iraq Jamaica Japan Jordan Lebanon Malaysia Nigeria North Korea Pakistan Saint Kitts and Nevis Saudi Arabia Singapore Somalia Syria Taiwan Thailand United Arab Emirates United States Vietnam Yemen Abolitionist in practice countries Kenya Laos Maldives Russia South Korea Sri Lanka Tajikistan Tonga Abolitionist for ordinary crimes only Brazil Guatemala Israel Abolitionist countries Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bhutan Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia South Africa Spain Suriname Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Venezuela Current methods Hanging Shooting / firing squad Lethal injection Electrocution Gas inhalation Beheading Stoning Crucifixion Ancient methods Bestiarii Damnatio ad bestias Blood eagle Blowing from a gun Brazen bull Boiling Breaking wheel Burial Burning Crushing Disembowelment Dismemberment Drowning Republican marriage Elephant Falling Flaying Garrote Hanged , drawn and quartered Immurement Impalement Ishikozume Mazzatello Sawing Scaphism Slow slicing Stoning Suffocation in ash Upright jerker Waist chop Related topics Use by country Most recent executions by country Crime Death row Final statement Last meal Penology Religion and capital punishment Wrongful execution Capital punishment for drug trafficking Capital punishment in Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_New_Zealand&oldid=850704733 '' Categories : Human rights in New Zealand Capital punishment by country Law enforcement in New Zealand Death in New Zealand 1989 disestablishments in New Zealand 1961 disestablishments in New Zealand 1840 establishments in New Zealand Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch മലയാളം Polski Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 17 July 2018 , at 15 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was death penalty abolished in new zealand	[ "\nCapital punishment in New Zealand first appeared in a codified form when it became a British territory in 1840, and was first employed in 1842.[1] It was last used in 1957, abolished for murder in 1961, and abolished altogether, including for treason, in 1989. During the period that it was in effect, 85 people were executed.\n" ]	[ "1989" ]
8930249069713281290	Let It Be (song)	Let It Be ( song ) - wikipedia Let It Be ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search For the cover by Ferry Aid , see Ferry Aid . For the song by Benny Benassi , see Hypnotica ( Benny Benassi album ) . For the song by Labrinth , see Let It Be ( Labrinth song ) . `` Let It Be '' US picture sleeve Single by the Beatles from the album Let It Be B - side `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' Released 6 March 1970 Format Vinyl record 7 '' Recorded Apple Studio 31 January 1969 EMI Studios 30 April 1969 4 January 1970 Genre Rock , pop , gospel Length 3 : 50 ( single version ) , 4 : 03 ( album version ) Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin ( single version ) , Phil Spector ( album version ) The Beatles UK singles chronology `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' ( 1969 ) `` Let It Be '' ( 1970 ) `` Yesterday '' ( 1976 ) `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' ( 1969 ) `` Let It Be '' ( 1970 ) `` Yesterday '' ( 1976 ) The Beatles US singles chronology `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' ( 1969 ) Something Come Together 1969 `` Let It Be '' ( 1970 ) Let It Be1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' ( 1970 ) The Long and Winding Road 1970 `` Let It Be '' The Beatles ' `` Let It Be '' from Let It Be Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Let It Be '' is a song by the English rock band the Beatles , released in March 1970 as a single , and ( in an alternate mix ) as the title track of their album Let It Be . At the time , it had the highest debut on the Billboard Hot 100 , beginning its chart run at number 6 . It was written and sung by Paul McCartney . It was their final single before McCartney announced his departure from the band . Both the Let It Be album and the US single `` The Long and Winding Road '' were released after McCartney 's announced departure from and the subsequent break - up of the group . The alternate mix on their album Let It Be features an additional guitar solo and some minor differences in the orchestral sections . In 1987 , the song was recorded by charity supergroup Ferry Aid ( which included McCartney ) . It reached number 1 on the UK Singles Chart for three weeks and reached the top ten in many other European countries . Paul McCartney 's verse used the original take from The Beatles ' `` Let It Be '' sessions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and recording 1.1 Origins 1.2 Recordings 1.3 Single version 1.4 Album version 1.5 Anthology version 1.6 Let It Be ... Naked version 1.7 Unused mixes 2 Piano theme 3 Critical reception 4 Live performances 5 Personnel 6 Singles charts 7 Cover versions 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Composition and recording ( edit ) See also : Jim and Mary McCartney Origins ( edit ) McCartney said he had the idea of `` Let It Be '' after he had a dream about his mother during the tense period surrounding the sessions for The Beatles ( `` the White Album '' ) in 1968 . According to McCartney , the song 's reference to `` Mother Mary '' was not biblical . The phrase has at times been used as a reference to the Virgin Mary , the mother of Jesus Christ . Nevertheless , McCartney explained that his mother -- who died of cancer when he was fourteen -- was the inspiration for the `` Mother Mary '' lyric . He later said : `` It was great to visit with her again . I felt very blessed to have that dream . So that got me writing ' Let It Be ' . '' He also said in a later interview about the dream that his mother had told him , `` It will be all right , just let it be . '' When asked if the song referred to the Virgin Mary , McCartney has typically answered the question by assuring his fans that they can interpret the song however they like . Recordings ( edit ) The first rehearsal of `` Let It Be '' took place at Twickenham Film Studios on 3 January 1969 , where the group had , the previous day , begun what would become the Let It Be film . During this stage of the film they were only recording on the mono decks used for syncing to the film cameras , and were not making multi-track recordings for release . A single take was recorded , with just McCartney on piano and vocals . The first attempt with the other Beatles was made on 8 January . Work continued on the song throughout the month . Multi-track recordings commenced on 23 January at Apple Studios . The master take was recorded on 31 January 1969 , as part of the `` Apple studio performance '' for the project . McCartney played Blüthner piano , Lennon played six - string electric bass ( replaced by McCartney 's own bass part on the final version at the behest of George Martin ) , George Harrison and Ringo Starr assumed their conventional roles , on guitar and drums respectively , and Billy Preston contributed on organ . This was one of two performances of `` Let It Be '' that day . The first version , designated take 27 - A , would serve as the basis for all officially released versions of the song . The other version , take 27 - B , was performed as part of the `` live studio performance '' , along with `` Two of Us '' and `` The Long and Winding Road '' . This performance , in which Lennon and Harrison harmonised with McCartney 's lead vocal and Harrison contributed a subdued guitar solo , can be seen in the film Let It Be . The film performance of `` Let It Be '' has never been officially released as an audio recording . The lyrics in the two versions differ a little in the last verse . The studio version has mother Mary comes to me ... there will be an answer , whereas the film version has mother Mary comes to me ... there will be no sorrow . In addition , McCartney 's vocal performance is noticeably different in both versions : in the film version , it sounds rough in certain moments since he is not using anti-pop on his mic ; there are also a couple of falsetto vocals performed by him ( extending the vocal ' e ' on the word ' be ' ) , for instance in the ' let it be ' line that precedes the second chorus . Finally , the instrumental progression featured on the middle of the song after the second chorus ( that descends from F to C ) , which is played twice on all released studio versions , is played ( or at least is shown being played ) only once in the film . On 30 April 1969 , Harrison overdubbed a new guitar solo on the best take from 31 January . He overdubbed another solo on 4 January 1970 . The first overdub solo was used for the original single release , and the second overdub solo was used for the original album release . Some fans mistakenly believe that there were two versions of the basic track -- based mostly on the different guitar solos , but also on other differences in overdubs and mixes . Single version ( edit ) The single used the same cover photographs as the Let It Be album , and was originally released on 6 March 1970 , backed by `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' , with a production credit for George Martin . This version includes orchestration and backing vocals overdubbed on 4 January 1970 , under the supervision of Martin and McCartney , with backing vocals that included the only known contribution by Linda McCartney to a Beatles song . It was during this same session that Harrison recorded the second overdubbed guitar solo . The intention at one point was to have the two overdub solos playing together . This idea was dropped for the final mix of the single , and only the 30 April solo was used , although the 4 January overdub can be heard faintly during the final verse . Martin mixed the orchestration very low in this version . The single mix made its album debut on the Beatles ' 1967 -- 1970 compilation album . Original pressings erroneously show the running time of 4 : 01 ( from the Let It Be album ) , and not the single version 's running time of 3 : 52 . This version was also included on 20 Greatest Hits , Past Masters Volume 2 and 1 . Album version ( edit ) On 26 March 1970 , Phil Spector remixed the song for the Let It Be album . This version features the `` more stinging '' 4 January 1970 guitar solo , no backing vocals ( except during the first chorus ) , a delay effect on Starr 's hi - hat , and more prominent orchestration . The final chorus has three `` let it be ... '' lines , as the `` there will be an answer '' line is repeated twice ( instead of once as on the single ) before the `` whisper words of wisdom '' line to close the song . On the album , as the preceding track `` Dig It '' ends , Lennon is heard saying in a falsetto voice , mimicking Gracie Fields : `` That was ' Can You Dig It ' by Georgie Wood , and now we 'd like to do ' Hark , the Angels Come ' . '' Allen Klein brought in Spector to mix the album without telling McCartney or asking for his agreement , because McCartney had not signed Klein 's management contract . Anthology version ( edit ) An early version of the song also appears on Anthology 3 , which was released on 28 October 1996 . This version , take 1 , was recorded on 25 January 1969 . It is a much simpler version , as McCartney had still not written the final verse yet ( `` And when the night is cloudy ... I wake up to the sound of music ... '' ) . Instead , the first verse is repeated . The song also features studio talk between Lennon and McCartney prior to another take : John : Are we supposed to giggle ( or perhaps ' get ( a ) little ' ) in the solo ? Paul : Yeah . John : OK . Paul : This 'll -- this is gon na knock you out , boy . Also , following the end of the recording , Lennon can be heard saying , `` I think that was rather grand . I 'd take one home with me . OK let 's track it . ( Gasps ) You bounder , you cheat ! '' ( This is a reference to the no - overdub policy that the Beatles had adopted for the Get Back project -- `` tracking '' refers to double tracking the vocals on a recording . ) The running time of the Anthology version is 4 : 05 . Let It Be ... Naked version ( edit ) Still another version of the song appeared on the Let It Be ... Naked album in 2003 . This version contains a different piano track than the one on the studio and single version ; it can be noted that in the intro , McCartney plays an extra A bass note during the A minor chord ( very similar to the way he plays the intro in the film version ) and also plays a standard A minor chord in the piano at the first beat of measure two in the last verse ( on the lyric `` mother '' , also like in the film version ) , while the other versions have a different piano harmonisation which can be easily interpreted as an unfixed mistake . The backing vocals in the chorus of this version are similar to those in the single version , but are significantly reduced in volume while still retaining a reverb - heavy , choral effect . Starr disliked Spector 's version where his drumming was augmented by Spector 's `` tape - delay - effect '' to his hi - hats during the song 's second verse and added shakers , so Let It Be ... Naked features his original `` stripped - down - approach '' drumming . Also departed were the tom - tom overdub rolls , heard after the guitar solo during the third verse . The guitar solo used in this version -- similar to the single version -- was taken from the subsequent take as seen in the film `` Let It Be '' . Starr also commented that after the release of Naked , he would now have to listen to McCartney saying , `` I told you so '' , when talking about Spector 's production . The song 's running time on Let It Be ... Naked is 3 : 52 . Unused mixes ( edit ) Glyn Johns mixed the song on 28 May 1969 as he finished the mixing for the Get Back album . This version was never released . He used the same mix on 5 January 1970 , which was an attempt to compile an acceptable version of the LP . Again , this version of the LP was never officially released . Piano theme ( edit ) Main piano theme The piano introduces the song , through a series of chords in the right hand over single notes in the left hand . Critical reception ( edit ) In his review of the single , for the NME , Derek Johnson admired McCartney 's performance and the lyrics ' `` pseudo-religious '' qualities . Although he considered that the melody paled beside some of the band 's previous singles , Johnson added : `` As ever with The Beatles , this is a record to stop you dead in your tracks and compel you to listen attentively . '' John Gabree of High Fidelity magazine found the lyrics `` dangerous politically '' , but viewed the song as possibly `` the best thing musically that McCartney has done '' . In 2010 , Rolling Stone magazine placed `` Let It Be '' at number 8 on the Beatles ' 100 Greatest Songs . Mojo magazine ranked it at number 50 in a similar list , compiled in 2006 . AllMusic said it was one of `` the Beatles ' most popular and finest ballads '' . Ian MacDonald disagreed , writing that the song `` achieved a popularity well out of proportion to its artistic weight '' and that it was `` ' Hey Jude ' , without the musical and emotional release '' . Former Creem critic Richard Riegel included it on his 1996 list of the ten most overrated Beatles tracks , saying that , like Simon & Garfunkel 's `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' , the song `` cater ( ed ) to the lowest - common - denominator emotional stasis of its listeners . ' Let It Be ' left the Beatles no artistic choice but dissolution . '' Lennon also commented disparagingly on `` Let It Be '' . In his Playboy interview in 1980 , he disavowed any involvement with composing the song , saying : `` That 's Paul . What can you say ? Nothing to do with the Beatles . It could 've been Wings . I do n't know what he 's thinking when he writes `` Let It Be '' . '' `` Let It Be '' holds the top spot on `` The Fans ' Top 10 '' poll included in The 100 Best Beatles Songs : An Informed Fan 's Guide by Stephen J. Spignesi and Michael Lewis . The song is ranked third on the 100 Best Beatles Songs list , behind `` A Day in the Life '' and `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' . Live performances ( edit ) Film of the Beatles performance was shown on the Ed Sullivan Show on February 15 , 1970 . Although the song is performed regularly during McCartney 's performances , there are a few notable performances . On 13 July 1985 , McCartney performed `` Let It Be '' as one of the closing acts of the Live Aid charity concert in front of an estimated global television audience exceeding one billion people . It was beset by technical difficulties when his microphone failed for the first two minutes of his piano performance , making it difficult for television viewers and impossible for those in the stadium to hear him . As a result , previous performers David Bowie , Bob Geldof , Alison Moyet and Pete Townshend returned to the stage to back him up . He later joked about changing the lyrics to `` There will be some feedback , let it be '' . He re-recorded his vocals afterwards for future home video releases . Along with a 700 - strong congregation , McCartney , Harrison and Starr sang `` Let It Be '' during a memorial service for Linda McCartney at St Martin - in - the - Fields church in Trafalgar Square , in 1998 . McCartney also led a crowd rousing rendition as part of the finale of the Concert for New York City , a benefit concert he organised , featuring many famous musicians , that took place on 20 October 2001 at Madison Square Garden in New York City in response to the 11 September attacks . In 2003 , before playing his concert in Moscow 's Red Square , McCartney performed a private rendition for Russian president Vladimir Putin in the Kremlin . On 18 July 2008 , McCartney performed `` Let It Be '' with Billy Joel and his band to close the final concert at Shea Stadium in Queens , New York before its demolition . On 4 June 2012 , McCartney performed the song as part of his set during the Concert for the Queen , celebrating the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II . Personnel ( edit ) The Beatles Paul McCartney -- lead and backing vocals , piano , maracas , electric piano , bass ( final release ) John Lennon -- six - string bass ( early and movie takes ) , backing vocals George Harrison -- lead guitar , backing vocals Ringo Starr -- drums Additional musicians Billy Preston -- Hammond organ Linda McCartney -- backing vocals Session musicians -- orchestration Per John Winn 's `` That Old Magic Feeling '' , Mark Lewisohn 's `` The Complete Beatles Chronicle '' and Steve Sullivan 's `` Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 1 '' Singles Charts ( edit ) The Beatles : Release : 6 March 1970 Tracks : 7 '' single ( Apple ) `` Let It Be '' b / w `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' Producer : George Martin and Chris Thomas UK chart position : number 2 US Hot 100 chart position : number 1 ( 2 weeks ) US easy listening chart position : number 1 ( 4 weeks ) On the US charts , the song set a number of milestones . The song gave the Beatles their seventh consecutive year charting a number 1 hit , sharing the all - time record , at the time , with Elvis Presley . The song gave George Martin his seventh consecutive year producing a number 1 hit , sharing the all - time record , at the time , with Steve Sholes ( who produced Presley ) . The song gave Lennon and McCartney their seventh consecutive year writing a number 1 hit , an all - time record at the time . ( see List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones ) Cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Let It Be '' has been covered numerous times by various artists : 1969 : Joe Cocker recorded the track in sessions for the album Joe Cocker ! , but it remained unreleased until CD - reissues . 1970 : Aretha Franklin released her version in January 1970 ( before the Beatles ' ) , on the album This Girl 's in Love with You , along with her cover of `` Eleanor Rigby '' . 1971 : The Hollies performed the song on their `` Do n't Get Sunburnt '' tour of Australia . Only twenty minutes of audio from the concert survives . 1971 : Joan Baez included `` Let It Be '' on her album Blessed Are ... , and released the song as a single ( Baez ' version includes the lyric `` there will be no sorrow '' , as the Beatles performed in the film version of the song ) . The song also appears on her live album Diamonds & Rust in the Bullring , and she performed it at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970 , as captured in the film Message to Love . 1971 : John Denver included `` Let It Be '' as the second track on his album Poems , Prayers & Promises 1987 : Ferry Aid covered the song as a charity single raising money for victims of the Zeebrugge Disaster . Notable featured artists included McCartney , Boy George , Mark Knopfler and Kate Bush as well as an ensemble chorus made up of media personalities and musicians . 1988 : Euro - American multi-generational folk rock band the Kelly Family covered this song for many years , mainly from 1987 to 1995 . As long - time members John , Joey , Jimmy , Patrick and Angelo , and member Adam had all lead vocals , both the film and single versions ' lyrics are used . It has been released on the live album Live in 1988 , and in the studio album New World in 1990 . 1991 : Australian rock band Noiseworks covered the song on their 1991 album Love Versus Money and as a live single from their 1992 album Greatest Hits . 1996 : Tori Amos covered the song during her Drew Drop Inn Tour along with her own song `` Space Dog '' . 1998 ( and several later dates ) Judy Collins covered the song in her album Both Sides Now and in several later albums . 2001 : Nick Cave 's version was on the soundtrack of Jessie Nelson 's 2001 film I Am Sam and the soundtrack album released the following year . 2007 : Dyme Def used a sample of the original `` Let It Be '' in a significantly different hip hop version , also called `` Let It Be '' , on their album Space Music . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 20 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 39 Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 96 Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 39 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Rank Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 25 US Billboard Hot 100 9 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Unterberger 2009 . ^ Jump up to : A Lesson on Text Criticism and the Beatles ' Let it Be Jeff McLeod , Catholic Stand , 30 July 2013 , Accessed 9 February 2014 Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , pp. 73 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , pp. 88 -- 90 . Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Sold on Song 2009 . Jump up ^ The Beatles Bible 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Song Facts : The Beatles -- `` Let It Be '' ( Both Versions ) `` . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 175 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1988 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1996 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , pp. 195 -- 198 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 851 . Jump up ^ The Observer Music Monthly 2003 . Jump up ^ Apple Records 2003 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Steve ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) . NME Originals : Lennon . London : IPC Ignite ! . p. 74 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Gabree , John ( August 1970 ) . `` Review : The Beatles Let It Be ; Paul McCartney McCartney ; Ringo Starr Sentimental Journey '' . High Fidelity . p. 110 . Jump up ^ `` 8 . Let It Be '' . 100 Greatest Beatles Songs . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone 2010 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Phil ; et al. ( July 2006 ) . `` The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs '' . Mojo . p. 80 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1994 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Riegel , Richard ( December 1996 ) . `` We Can Work It Out : The Ten Most Over - & Underrated Beatles Songs '' . Real Groove . Available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Sheff 2000 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ CNN 1998 . Jump up ^ BBC News 2003 . Jump up ^ Winn , John C. ( 2009 ) . That Magic Feeling . New York : Three Rivers Press . p. 361 . ISBN 0307452395 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Steve ( 4 October 2013 ) . `` Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings '' . Scarecrow Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Lewisohn , Mark ( 1996 ) . The Complete Beatles Chronicle . Chancellor Press . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 0327 - 2 . Jump up ^ Calkin 2000 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 1996 . Jump up ^ Second Hand Songs 2007 . Jump up ^ Wexler 2007 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Liddle , Steven . `` Lyn Paul website : New Seekers - Collectors ' Items ( flexi discs , vinyl and cassettes ) '' . www.lynpaulwebsite.org . London , UK : The Lyn Paul Website . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Both Sides Now ( Intersound ) - Judy Collins Songs , Reviews , Credits AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Australia No. 1 hits -- 1970 's '' . World Charts . Archived from the original on 24 April 2014 . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Beatles -- Let It Be '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Beatles -- Let It Be '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 3797 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Beatles -- Let It Be '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Let It Be '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Beatles -- Let It Be '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Beatles -- Let It Be '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Beatles -- Let It Be '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles : Let It Be '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- The Beatles -- Let It Be '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Beatles -- Let It Be '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- The Beatles -- Let It Be '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 3740 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1970 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1970 - Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2 February 2010 . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- The Beatles -- Let It Be '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- The Beatles -- Let It Be '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH References ( edit ) The Beatles Anthology , Episode 8 ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . EMI. 2003 . Event occurs at 0 : 53 : 40 . `` The Beatles , Let it Be ... Naked '' . The Observer Music Monthly . London . 19 October 2003 . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . The Beatles ( 2000 ) . Anthology . Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . Calkin , Graham ( 2000 ) . `` Let It Be '' . Retrieved 9 December 2009 . `` Let It Be '' . The Beatles Bible . 2007 . Retrieved 15 October 2007 . `` Let It Be '' . Second Hand Songs . 2007 . Archived from the original on 10 December 2007 . Retrieved 21 October 2007 . `` Let It Be '' . Sold on Song . 2009 . Retrieved 10 April 2009 . Let It Be ... Naked ( Media notes ) . The Beatles . Apple Records . 2003 . Levine , Robert ( 14 December 2003 ) . `` Letting ' Let It Be ' Be : McCartney Wins '' . New York Times . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1996 ) . The Complete Beatles Chronicle . Chancellor Press . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 0327 - 2 . `` Linda McCartney farewell celebrates her passions '' . CNN . 8 June 1998 . MacDonald , Ian ( 1994 ) . Revolution in the Head : the Beatles ' Records and the Sixties . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 2780 - 7 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . `` McCartney plays Red Square '' . BBC News . 24 May 2003 . Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Many Years From Now . Vintage - Random House . ISBN 0 - 7493 - 8658 - 4 . `` Overview of The Singer '' . Allmusic. 2009 . Retrieved 9 December 2009 . Pollack , Alan W. ( 1995 ) . `` Let It Be '' . Notes on Series . Retrieved 10 July 2008 . `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . 9 December 2004 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2008 . `` The RS 100 Greatest Beatles Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . 30 August 2010 . Sheff , David ( 2000 ) . All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono ( Paperback ) . St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25464 - 4 . Spitz , Bob ( 2005 ) . The Beatles . Little Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 80352 - 9 . Unterberger , Richie ( 2009 ) . `` Review of `` Let It Be '' `` . Allmusic . Retrieved 10 April 2009 . Wexler , Jerry ( 2007 ) . Rare and Unreleased Recordings from the Golden Reign of the Queen of Soul ( booklet ) . Aretha Franklin . Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits ( 6th ed . ) . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Let It Be Alan W. Pollack 's Notes on `` Let It Be '' Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Bridge Over Troubled Water '' by Simon And Garfunkel Billboard Hot 100 number - one single 11 April 1970 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` ABC '' by The Jackson Five Preceded by `` Respectable '' by Mel and Kim UK number - one single 4 April 1987 ( 3 weeks ) ( Ferry Aid version ) Succeeded by `` La Isla Bonita '' by Madonna Let It Be Let It Be ( film ) Let It Be ... Naked Songs Side one `` Two of Us '' `` Dig a Pony '' `` Across the Universe '' `` I Me Mine '' `` Dig It '' `` Let It Be '' `` Maggie Mae '' Side two `` I 've Got a Feeling '' `` One After 909 '' `` The Long and Winding Road '' `` For You Blue '' `` Get Back '' Non-album B - side `` Do n't Let Me Down '' Outtakes `` All Things Must Pass '' `` Another Day '' `` The Back Seat of My Car '' `` Gimme Some Truth '' `` Hear Me Lord '' `` Let It Down '' `` Teddy Boy '' `` Watching Rainbows '' Related articles Rooftop concert Billy Preston Phil Spector Let It Be ( Laibach album ) Kum Back Let It Be ( musical ) Let It Be ... Naked The Beatles discography Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Bill Withers Studio albums Just as I Am Still Bill +'Justments Making Music Naked & Warm Menagerie ' Bout Love Live Albums Live at Carnegie Hall Songs `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` Grandma 's Hands '' `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' `` Let It Be '' `` Use Me '' `` Lean on Me '' `` Lovely Day '' `` Just the Two of Us '' `` Who Is He ( And What Is He to You ) ? '' Related Still Bill ( film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let_It_Be_(song)&oldid=834477922 '' Categories : The Beatles songs 1970 singles 1987 singles 2010 singles Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney Apple Records singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Australia European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Switzerland Rock ballads Pop ballads Joan Baez songs Aretha Franklin songs Bill Withers songs John Denver songs Meat Loaf songs Nick Cave songs Song recordings produced by Phil Spector Songs published by Northern Songs 1970 songs Songs about death 1970s ballads Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) EngvarB from September 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United States Pages using citations with format and no URL Use dmy dates from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Brezhoneg Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 23 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the lyrics to let it be	[ "\"Let It Be\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, released in March 1970 as a single, and (in an alternate mix) as the title track of their album Let It Be. At the time, it had the highest debut on the Billboard Hot 100, beginning its chart run at number 6. It was written and sung by Paul McCartney. It was their final single before McCartney announced his departure from the band. Both the Let It Be album and the US single \"The Long and Winding Road\" were released after McCartney's announced departure from and the subsequent break-up of the group. The alternate mix on their album Let It Be features an additional guitar solo and some minor differences in the orchestral sections." ]	[ "Paul McCartney" ]
-4302581970726274474	Back in the High Life Again	Back in the High Life Again - Wikipedia Back in the High Life Again Jump to : navigation , search `` Back in the High Life Again '' Cover art for UK and non-US editions Single by Steve Winwood from the album Back in the High Life Released December 1986 Recorded Unique Recording Studio New York , 1985 Genre R&B , blue - eyed soul , pop Length 5 : 50 4 : 12 ( edit ) Label Island -- IS 288 Songwriter ( s ) Steve Winwood Will Jennings Producer ( s ) Russ Titelman Steve Winwood singles chronology `` Freedom Overspill '' ( 1986 ) `` Back in the High Life Again '' ( 1986 ) `` The Finer Things '' ( 1986 ) `` Freedom Overspill '' ( 1986 ) `` Back in the High Life Again '' ( 1986 ) `` The Finer Things '' ( 1986 ) `` Back in the High Life Again '' is a 1986 single written by Steve Winwood and Will Jennings and performed by Winwood . The single was included on his album Back in the High Life and included backing vocals by James Taylor as well as a prominent mandolin played by Winwood . `` Back in the High Life Again '' was Winwood 's second number one on the Adult Contemporary chart . The single stayed at number one for three weeks and went to number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Personnel ( edit ) Steve Winwood -- vocals , piano , synthesizer , mandolin , Moog bass , drum machine programming Jimmy Bralower -- additional drum machine programming Rob Mounsey -- additional synthesizer John Robinson -- drums James Taylor -- harmony vocals In popular culture ( edit ) The song was in closing credits of the CBS Sports coverage of the NBA Finals in 1987 , and appeared in the It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episode `` The Gang Buys a Boat '' . It was also used in a photo montage of the NASCAR on TNN production crew after TNN 's final NASCAR race broadcast , the 2000 Checker Auto Parts / Dura Lube 500 at Phoenix International Raceway . Warren Zevon subsequently covered the song on his 2000 album Life 'll Kill Ya . The Warren Zevon version appeared in season 6 , episode 6 of `` Longmire '' entitled `` No Greater Character Endorsment . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Steve Winwood '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 2001 . Record Research . p. 262 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Bralower : Web Exclusive Modern Drummer Magazine Jump up ^ 1987 NBA Finals on YouTube Jump up ^ 2000 Checker Auto Parts 500 -- Part 13 / 13 ( Closing ) ( montage starts at the 7 : 10 mark ) Preceded by `` Moonlighting '' by Al Jarreau Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one single August 1 , 1987 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Love Power '' by Dionne Warwick & Jeffrey Osborne Steve Winwood Albums Steve Winwood Arc of a Diver Talking Back to the Night Back in the High Life Roll With It Refugees of the Heart Junction Seven About Time Nine Lives Live albums Live from Madison Square Garden Compilations Winwood Chronicles The Finer Things Keep on Running The Best of Steve Winwood - 20th Century Masters : The Millennium Collection Revolutions -- The Very Best of Steve Winwood Related articles Discography Traffic Blind Faith The Spencer Davis Group Eric Clapton and the Powerhouse Ginger Baker 's Air Force Go Book : Steve Winwood This 1980s rock song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Back_in_the_High_Life_Again&oldid=811001301 '' Categories : Steve Winwood songs 1986 songs 1986 singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs written by Steve Winwood Songs with lyrics by Will Jennings Song recordings produced by Russ Titelman Island Records singles National Basketball Association music 1980s rock song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 November 2017 , at 22 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings back in the high life again in longmire season 6	[]	[]
6510251863031303978	Harichavank Monastery	Harichavank monastery - wikipedia Harichavank monastery Jump to : navigation , search Harichavank Հառիճավանք Rear view of the monastery . Basic information Location Harich , Shirak Province , Armenia Geographic coordinates 40 ° 36 ′ 23 '' N 43 ° 59 ′ 58 '' E / 40.606464 ° N 43.999422 ° E / 40.606464 ; 43.999422 Coordinates : 40 ° 36 ′ 23 '' N 43 ° 59 ′ 58 '' E / 40.606464 ° N 43.999422 ° E / 40.606464 ; 43.999422 Affiliation Armenian Apostolic Church Architectural description Architectural style Armenian Completed 7th century , 13th century The Harichavank ( Armenian : Հառիճավանք ; transliterated as Harijavank or Harichavank ) is 7th century Armenian monastery located near the village of Harich ( Armenian : Հառիճ ) in the Shirak Province of the Republic of Armenia . The village is 3 km southeast of the town of Artik . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Gallery 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 External links History ( edit ) Harichavank known as one of the most famous monastic centers in Armenia and it was especially renowned for its school and scriptorium . Archaeological excavations of 1966 indicate that Harich was in existence during the 2nd century BC , and was one of the more well known fortress towns in Armenia . The oldest part of this Armenian monastery is the Church of St. Gregory the Enlightener ( Սբ . Գրիգոր Լուսավորիչ ) ; it is a domed structure that is usually placed in the category of so - called `` Mastara - style '' churches ( named after the fifth century church of St. Hovhannes in the village of Mastara , in the southern part of Shirak ) . The founding date of the monastery is unknown , but probably it was built no later than the 7th century , when St. Gregory was erected . The Cathedral of the Holy Mother of God ( Սբ . Աստվածածին ) that dominates the monastic complex was built by the orders of Zakare Zakarian , Amirspasalar ( commander - in - chief ) and Prince who ruled Eastern Armenia in the 13th century together with his brother Ivane Zakarian . Prince Zakare started the Cathedral after he bought Harich from a family representing the Pahlavuni dynasty . Cathedral of the Holy Mother of God , Harichavank Monastery ( 1201 ) The Cathedral is a cruciform church with two - story sacristies in each of the four extensions of the building . The tall 20 - hedral drum of the cupola is of original style . Initially tent - roofed , it acquired triple columns on its facets and large rosettes in the piers which , together with platbands , form an unusual decorative girder around the middle of the drum height . Later , the cupola drum of the Gandzasar Monastery ( 1216 - 1238 ) was decorated in the same way . The eastern facade of the Cathedral features a relief carving depicting the Zakarian brothers holding a model of the Cathedral in their hands . This theme can be found in many other Armenian churches of the time e.g. on the Memorial Cathedral of the Dadivank Monastery in Nagorno Karabakh , as well as on main churches of the Sanahin and Haghartsin monasteries in Armenia . This relief was covered in 1895 with a marble plaque featuring Madonna ; when the plaque was removed , the original carving showed beneath . Haritchavank 's Cathedral belongs to the category of `` Gandzasar - style '' ecclesiastical edifices that were built approximately at the same time in different parts of Armenia , and were endowed with similar compositional and decorative characteristics ( another example -- Cathedral of the Hovhannavank Monastery ) . Those include umbrella - shaped dome , cruciform floor plan , narthex ( often with stalactite - ornamented ceiling ) , and high - relief of a large cross on one of church 's walls . The privileges granted by the princes to the monastery contributed towards its becoming a large cultural and enlightenment center of medieval Armenia . At the end of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th century , two monumental gavits ( narthexes ) were built of big stones , some measuring 3.5 meters . The larger narthex ( gavit ) is adjacent to the western facade of the Cathedral and is linked to the northern apse of the Church of St. Gregory . It is a rectangular building supported by four pillars , with a stalactite carving in the central part of the ceiling . Over 800 years the monastery was repeatedly reconstructed . Damages inflicted on it were repaired and small annexes and chapels were added to it at various times . The largest of these dates back to the second half of the 19th century , when Harich was made the summer audience of the Katholikos of Echmiadzin in 1850 . The monastery grounds expanded northwards and were encircled with walls and towers . New one - and two - storey structures were erected : Katholikos ' offices , a refectory with a kitchen and a bakery , a school , a hostel for monks and disciples , an inn , stores and cattlesheds . Greenery was planted in the yards . South of the monastery , on a steep cliff , stands the Hermitage Chapel . In the cemetery there are ruins of a small single - nave basilica of the fifth century with annexes in the sides of the altar apse and interesting tombstones with ornamented slabs dating from the 5th - 6th centuries ( now at Armenia 's State History Museum in Yerevan ) . Gallery ( edit ) Harichavank Narthex view of the monastery Intricately detailed tympanum above the rear portal Church of the Holy Mother of God ( 1201 ) Dome of church of the Holy Mother of God ( 1201 ) Harichavank , general view References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thierry , Jean . Eglises et Couvents du Karabagh . Antelais , Lebanon , 1991 , pages 161 - 165 Bibliography ( edit ) Armenia : 1700 years of Christian Architecture . Moughni Publishers , Yerevan , 2001 Tom Masters and Richard Plunkett . Georgia , Armenia & Azerbaijan , Lonely Planet Publications ; 2 edition ( July 2004 ) Nicholas Holding . Armenia with Nagorno Karabagh , Bradt Travel Guides ; Second edition ( October , 2006 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harichavank . Armeniapedia.org : Harichavank Monastery Armenica.org : Haritchavank Monastery Ancient , medieval , and historical Armenian churches and monasteries Armenia Aghjots Vank Akhtala Arakelots of Kirants Areni Artavazik Aruchavank Arshakid Mausoleum Bgheno - Noravank Byurakan Ddmashen Dvin Etchmiadzin Garnahovit Gayane Geghard Gharghavank Gladzor Gndevank Goshavank Haghartsin Haghpat Harichavank Havuts Tar Hayravank Hnevank Horomayri Hovhannavank Hripsime Jukhtak Vank Karbi Karmravor Kasagh Katoghike Katoghike Tsiranavor of Avan Kecharis Khor Virap Kirants Kobayr Kotavank Kristapori Vank Lmbatavank Makaravank Makenyats Vank Makravank Marmashen Mashtots Hayrapet Mastara Matosavank Neghutsi Vank Nor Varagavank Noratus Noravank Odzun Oshakan Pemzashen Ptghavank Saghmosavank Saint Paul and Peter Saint Gevork of Mughni Samsoni Sanahin Sevanavank Shoghakat Spitakavor of Ashtarak Spitakavor of Vayots Dzor Surp Astvatsatsin of Vagharshapat Surp Hakob of Kanaker Surp Mariane of Ashtarak Surp Sarkis of Ashtarak Talin Tanahat Targmanchats Vank Tatev Tatevi Anapat Tegher Tsakhats Kar Tsiranavor of Ashtarak Tsovinar Ushi Vahanavank Vahramashen Vanevan Vorotnavank Voskepar Voskevaz Yeghipatrush Yeghvard Yererouk Zoravor Zvartnots Artsakh Amaras Dadivank Gandzasar Gtichavank Katarovank Tsitsernavank Yeghishe Arakyal Yerits Mankants Azerbaijan Saint Sarkis Monastery of Gag Targmanchats List of Armenian churches in Azerbaijan Cyprus Sourp Magar Monastery Notre Dame de Tyre Ganchvor monastery Georgia Arants Vank Betlehemi Chugureti Ejmiatsnetsots Surp Gevork S. Grigor Lusavorich Jigrasheni Avetyats Kamoyants Karapet Karapi Karmir Avetaran Khojivank Krtsanits Tsiranavor ( Geghardavank ) Mughni Norashen Surp Nshan Saint Sarkis Surp Stepanos Zrkinyants Iran Saint Stepanos Monastery Saint Thaddeus Monastery Surp Asdvadsadsin Church of Darashamb Surp Asdvadsadsin Church of Tabriz Chapel of Chupan Saint Gevorg Church of Haftvan Chapel of Dzordzor Surp Asdvadzadzin Surp Amenaprkich Vank Surp Bethlehem Church Surp Asdvadsadsin of New Julfa Surp Gevorg Church of New Julfa Jerusalem , Palestine & Israel Armenian Quarter Cathedral of St. James Church of Saint Toros Church of the Holy Archangels Chapel of Saint Helena Saint Nicholas Monastery Turkey Aghperig Monastery Aghtamar Ani Cathedral Arakelots Monastery Arapgir Cathedral Arter Holy Mother of God Cathedral Horomos Karmravank Kars Cathedral Khtzkonk Ktuts Lim Monastery of the All - Saviour ( Trebizond ) Mren Diyarbakir Soradir Narekavank Saint Bartholomew Monastery Surb Nshan Monastery Saint George of Samatya , Istanbul Saint Hakob of Akori Monastery Surb Karapet Monastery Surp Gevork of Goms Surp Marineh Church , Mush Tekor Basilica Varagavank Varzahan Monastery Yerazgavors Ukraine Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Surp Khach Monastery Armenia Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harichavank_Monastery&oldid=803233257 '' Categories : Christian monasteries in Armenia Tourist attractions in Shirak Province Christian monasteries established in the 7th century Oriental Orthodox congregations established in the 7th century Buildings and structures in Shirak Province Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox religious building with unsupported parameters Articles containing Armenian - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto فارسی Français Հայերեն ქართული Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 08 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the oldest (800 years) monastery situated	[ "The Harichavank (Armenian: Հառիճավանք; transliterated as Harijavank or Harichavank) is 7th century Armenian monastery located near the village of Harich (Armenian: Հառիճ) in the Shirak Province of the Republic of Armenia. The village is 3 km southeast of the town of Artik." ]	[ "located near the village of Harich (Armenian: Հառիճ) in the Shirak Province of the Republic of Armenia" ]
3864416293208854591	The Incredible True Story	The Incredible True Story - wikipedia The Incredible True Story Jump to : navigation , search The Incredible True Story Studio album by Logic Released November 13 , 2015 Recorded 2014 -- 15 Genre Hip hop Length 61 : 52 Label Visionary Music Group Def Jam Producer 6ix ( also exec . ) Logic ( also exec . ) Chris Zarou ( also co-exec . ) C - Sick DJ Khalil DJ Dahi OZ Syk Sense Stefan Ponce Sir Dylan Tae Beast Logic chronology Under Pressure ( 2014 ) Under Pressure 2014 The Incredible True Story ( 2015 ) Bobby Tarantino ( 2016 ) Bobby Tarantino 2016 Singles from The Incredible True Story `` Young Jesus '' Released : September 22 , 2015 `` Like Woah '' Released : October 14 , 2015 `` Fade Away '' Released : November 5 , 2015 The Incredible True Story is the second studio album by American rapper Logic . It was released on November 13 , 2015 , by Visionary Music Group and Def Jam Recordings . Recording sessions took place upon the completion and the release of Under Pressure , from late 2014 to early 2015 . The album saw extensive production by Logic along with a variety of contributors , including 6ix , Stefan Ponce , Sir Dylan , Syk Sense , OZ and DJ Dahi . The album also saw limited appearances from guest vocalists , with Big Lenbo , Lucy Rose , Dria and Jesse Boykins III being credited with guest appearances . It was supported by three singles : `` Young Jesus '' , `` Like Woah '' and `` Fade Away '' . Each song was released to coincide with a three - week delay . The Incredible True Story has been characterized as an experimental musical work , with particular attention drawn to the running storyline detailed within the album . It incorporates elements inspired by filmmaker Quentin Tarantino , including its non-linear storytelling , the satirical subject matter discussed between the characters , and its introduction of 20th century score pieces typically seen deployed by Tarantino . Logic translated the storyline sonically by introducing scenes within the album , as well as offcuts within songs to help establish plot and context . Initial promotion of The Incredible True Story included worldwide video projections of the album 's music and live television performances , as well as The Incredible World Tour . The Incredible True Story received generally positive critical reception from critics . It debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 , earning 135,000 album - equivalent units , selling 118,000 copies in its first week . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Plot 1.2 Cast 2 Composition 3 Promotion 4 Critical reception 5 Commercial performance 6 Track listing 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 References Background ( edit ) Plot ( edit ) By 2023 , Japan and the United States merge to create a super-nation to combat famine , depleted resources and the increasing extinction in animals caused by the amplification of pollution . As the leaders in world science , the conjoined nation are able to create genetically engineered meat that is enhanced and grown in an unconscious state , which is then slaughtered for consumption . They decide that the quickest way to distribute the food to a worldwide scale is through China , as China interlinks with other first world countries in Europe and Oceania . China then use their newly found power to their advantage , often overpricing the conjoined nation for its distribution route through the country . This prompts the conjoined nation to contact Russia , who have displaced democracy in favor of a royal family . The conjoined nation enters into a working agreement with Russia to assassinate the President of China , in exchange for Russian occupation of Alaska , which the conjoined nation reluctantly agrees to . Soon after , the President of China is assassinated , and is replaced by the country 's vice president . Following the successful assassination , a secret treaty is to be agreed upon between the conjoined nation and Russia , to formally hand over Alaska . As soon as the Russian King arrives , however , he dies due to cardiac arrest at 59 , which calls off the treaty . The Prince of Russia hears of the news and immediately suspects the conjoined nation , declaring war by firing nuclear missiles to land inhabited by the conjoined nation . As a result of the nuclear attack , the world 's oceans become poisoned , forcing the remaining first world countries to move to and operate within free land in the Midwestern United States , alongside the Great Lakes . Dubbing the new city `` Babel '' , they worked to purify the Earth 's oceans , hoping to eradicate the issues that had arose from the nuclear attacks . A chemical is soon created , which adequately purifies the water to make it fit for human consumption on a wide scale . Following the creation of this chemical , billions of people begin to die , leaving scientists dumbfounded at the situation . Babel soon decreases from billions in population , to millions . It is later revealed that the genetically engineered meat previously created by the conjoined nation , reacted to form an inharmonious solution with the purified water . As the remainder of Babel calculated the rate at which humans are dying , the decision is made for the rest of the city 's population to dissipate from Earth . By 2065 , the residents work to create the Babel Space Station , which holds the 5 million remaining inhabitants , and left Earth in search of a similar planet . The album follows Quentin Thomas , William Kai , and Thalia , who are listening to `` The Incredible True Story '' on their way to Paradise . They use the album as a backing track to the queries they have on life , often contemplating the point of finding Paradise , and what it will hold should they arrive . During the journey , they enter into the vicinity of another ship , an out of the norm situation due to the Aquarius III being one of the only remaining ships in current space travel . Thomas soon instructs Thalia to hack the system , before she stumbles upon a damaged audio distress signal located in its interface . Upon opening the signal , it details Christopher Smith , a pilot from Aquarius I , in his final hours , warning future travelers to suspend their journey , and to return to where it was they came . Despite initially being shaken by the message , Thomas instructs that Aquarius III should continue . Following further travel , they arrive at a planet with similar conditions to what they were searching for , and leave the ship . The album concludes with the trio successfully landing to what is now known as Paradise . Cast ( edit ) Steven Blum as Quentin Thomas The captain and pilot of the Aquarius III . Kevin Randolph as William Kai The first man in charge of infantry on the Aquarius III , and Thomas ' partner . He was named after the AKAI MPC 2000 XL musical instrument . Anna Elyse Palchikoff as Thalia The name given to a computer program that operates the Aquarius III . Will Poulter as Christopher Smith The deceased captain and pilot of the Aquarius I . Big Lenbo as Thalia He appears in a cameo appearance , as a demonstration of Thalia 's ability to become unisex . Big Sean as Thalia He also appears in a cameo appearance , as a demonstration of Thalia 's ability for the user to have a conversation with anyone in recorded history . Composition ( edit ) Logic was involved with a considerable amount of the production on The Incredible True Story , a move acclaimed by contemporary music critics . The Incredible True Story was noted for its `` improvement in production '' and its emphasis to be `` aesthetically pleasing ( in terms of the music ) '' in distinction to Logic 's previous works . Martín Caballero of The Boston Globe calls the album a success due to the way it was able to portray itself as `` polished and appealing '' material , in comparison to the `` overeager and overproduced nature '' prevalent in his previous releases . The album also represents a significant tonal shift , with Logic exploring duality across the album , introducing a back - and - forth of lighter and darker tracks . Insanul Ahmed of Complex outlined the album 's sound calling the music `` some of the happiest ( Logic 's ) ever made , but there are dark undertones to songs like `` Fade Away '' and `` City of Stars '' , which ( mesh ) together to create something special . '' The album 's production and lyrics also draws some multiple comparisons to various songs within hip - hop , which can be seen on `` City of Stars '' and `` Paradise '' . The former has been described as appearing extremely similar to Kanye West 's `` Flashing Lights '' , borrowing the emphasized drums inertly prevalent in West 's release eight years prior . `` Paradise '' was deliberately crafted to resemble the sound displayed by hip hop duo , Outkast . `` Paradise '' openly references `` SpottieOttieDopaliscious '' , a single from Outkast 's 1998 release Aquemini . Logic had also wanted to reunite Outkast by featuring both André 3000 and Big Boi on the track , who began working as solo artists following the dissolution of Outkast . The duo were unable to participate to the song , deciding against the reunification of the group . Promotion ( edit ) Logic first announced the album on September 8 , 2015 , with a promotional video that said that the project would be released during fall of 2015 . The video detailed Logic wearing his trademark NASA MA - 1 bomber jacket , whilst being positioned inside a large spacecraft . He then proceeds to sample a loop which repeats , `` I Am the Greatest '' , by Cassius Clay on an AKAI MPC 2000 XL music controller . Logic would soon tweet a promotional hashtag for social media usage , showcasing `` its key contribution '' towards the album . The hashtag was announced as TITSATOTMWSTW and was later shortened to simply TITS . The longer hashtag was in reference to the album 's subtitle of `` ... And Transformation of the Man Who Saved The World '' . On October 23 , 2015 , the album and its track list was revealed on the iTunes pre-order page , showcasing an eighteen track long album , clocking in at over an hour . This showcased a slight increase in length compared to his previous album , which only boasted thirteen tracks and clocked in at under an hour . Logic soon embarked on The Incredible World Tour in promotion of the album , travelling to various cities through the United States , as well to Europe and Canada . He also appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon alongside FaZe Banks , performing `` Fade Away '' to the show 's studio audience . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 75 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The Boston Globe ( favorable ) Exclaim ! 7 / 10 HipHopDX 3.5 / 5 Pitchfork 6.1 / 10 RapReviews.com 8 / 10 The Incredible True Story received generally positive reviews from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , the album received an average score of 75 , based on seven reviews . David Jeffries of AllMusic said , `` This is the album where it all changed , as the one they call Young Sinatra comes into his own and proves his nearly perfect debut was no isolated fluke . '' Martín Caballero of The Boston Globe said , `` With the creative confidence to go with his considerable skills and heart , Logic crafts some polished and appealing material ... Overall , a step up for the sophomore . '' Julian Kimble of Pitchfork said `` The Incredible True Story is a pleasant voyage to Paradise orchestrated by an artist who 's earned the approval of legends from Rick Rubin to Big Daddy Kane . Logic has the tools to create music that has longevity , but has yet to unlock the characteristics that truly set him apart . If he 's able to tap into that , his subsequent releases will have the impact he aspires for . '' Erin Lowers of Exclaim ! wrote that `` The Incredible True Story is Logic 's best work yet , but there 's still work to be done bridging the gulf between his ambition and his ability . '' Kellan Miller of HipHopDX stated `` With every remarkable release , one can only hope that Logic will continue in this vein and not float too far into the stratosphere . '' Clara Wang of RapReviews.com said , `` There 's enough variation in energy and production to keep the listener engaged throughout , and several times there are sudden drops into another beat entirely in the middle of a song . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) Within the next marked chart date for Billboard , The Incredible True Story opened at number three on the Billboard 200 , selling 118,000 copies and 135,000 equivalent album units in the United States in its first week . The album was able to reach past the 100,000 sales projections , and marked Logic 's highest opening week sales as an artist in the US . The album also saw Logic overseeing his highest duration for an album on the chart , spending a combined 16 weeks on charts . The album also oversaw a 9 % sale increase in the following weeks , selling an additional 13,000 album equivalent units by the year 's end . The album also debuted at number one on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums chart , surpassing Under Pressure , which opened at number two . Alongside the album 's commercial performance , two songs from within the album ( `` Fade Away '' and `` I Am the Greatest '' ) also entered the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs . `` Fade Away '' debuted at number 44 , combining sales with the majority of contributions coming from the song 's 1.9 million weekly streams , with 56 % stemming from activity on Spotify . `` I Am the Greatest '' also entered , arriving at number 50 , with 1.7 million streams supporting its entry into the chart . The album was soon confirmed to have sold 185,000 copies by January 2016 . The album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , for combined sales and album - equivalent units of over 500,000 units in the United States . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Contact '' Sir Robert Bryson Hall II Patrick Wolf Stefan Ponce Logic Ponce 2 : 43 2 . `` Fade Away '' Hall II Gene Puerling Logic 4 : 47 3 . `` Upgrade '' Hall II Arjun Ivatury Gilbert O'Sullivan 6ix Logic 2 : 53 4 . `` White People ( Scene ) '' Hall II 1 : 39 5 . `` Like Woah '' Hall II Ivatury John Cameron 6ix Logic 3 : 52 6 . `` Young Jesus '' ( featuring Big Lenbo ) Hall II Ivatury Leon Ressalam Robert Diggs Renee Scroggins James Blake 6ix 3 : 35 7 . `` Innermission '' ( featuring Lucy Rose ) Hall II Ivatury Dylan Wiggins 6ix Sir Dylan 4 : 00 8 . `` I Am the Greatest '' Hall II Joshua Scruggs Ozan Yildirim Christopher Bear Ed Droste Chris Taylor Daniel Rossen Syk Sense OZ Logic 3 : 22 9 . `` The Cube ( Scene ) '' Hall II 0 : 27 10 . `` Lord Willin ' '' Hall II Ivatury Wiggins Logic 6ix Sir Dylan 3 : 28 11 . `` City of Stars '' Hall II Ivatury Jim Diamond Steve Hackett 6ix Logic 6 : 16 12 . `` Stainless '' ( featuring Dria ) Hall II Ivatury Scruggs Yildirim Dria Thornton Christopher Thornton Dacoury Natche Logic 6ix DJ Dahi 3 : 19 13 . `` Babel ( Scene ) '' Hall II 1 : 11 14 . `` Paradise '' ( featuring Jesse Boykins III ) Hall II Wiggins Sam Hardaker Henry Binns José González Donte Perkins Sir Dylan Logic 6ix Tae Beast 4 : 42 15 . `` Never Been '' Hall II Lawrence Matthews Charles Dumazer Dijon McFarlane C - Sick 4 : 07 16 . `` Run It '' Hall II Dumazer Richard Wylie Anthony Hester C - Sick 3 : 20 17 . `` Lucidity ( Scene ) '' Hall II Khalil Abdul - Rahman DJ Khalil 0 : 55 18 . `` The Incredible True Story '' Hall II Ivatury Sam Barsh Jeff Gitelman Daniel Seeff Abdul - Rahman DJ Khalil Logic 6ix 6 : 56 Total length : 61 : 52 Sample credits `` Contact '' contains elements of `` Amazing '' performed by Kanye West ; and `` Time of My Life '' performed by Patrick Wolf . `` Fade Away '' samples `` Deck the Halls '' performed by The Singers Unlimited . `` Upgrade '' samples `` Clair '' performed by The Singers Unlimited . `` Like Woah '' interpolates `` Liquid Sunshine '' performed by John Cameron . `` Young Jesus '' interpolates `` U.F.O. '' performed by ESG ; and `` Take a Fall for Me '' performed by James Blake . `` Innermission '' interpolates `` Life 's a Bitch '' performed by Nas . `` I Am the Greatest '' samples `` Fine for Now '' performed by Grizzly Bear ; and a dialogue from the `` I Am the Greatest '' line by Cassius Clay . `` City of Stars '' samples `` Days of Long Ago '' performed by Steve Hackett ; and interpolates `` Last Call '' performed by Kanye West . `` Stainless '' samples `` Backyard '' performed by Travis Scott . `` Paradise '' samples `` Today '' performed by Zero 7 and José González . `` Never Been '' interpolates `` Call on Jesus '' performed by Lawrence Matthews . `` Run It '' samples `` Maybe So , Maybe No '' performed by Mayer Hawthorne . `` The Incredible True Story '' samples `` What If Money Was No Object '' performed by Alan Watts . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 43 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 105 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 196 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 7 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 79 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 27 UK Albums ( OCC ) 47 US Billboard 200 US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ( Billboard ) US Top Rap Albums ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position US Billboard 200 63 US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ( Billboard ) 11 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) List of release dates , formats , and label Date Format Label November 13 , 2015 Streaming digital download Visionary Music Group Def Jam References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ortiz , Edwin . `` Logic Announces His Sophomore Album , ' The Incredible True Story ' '' . Complex . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Music : Logic feat . Big Lenbo -- ' Young Jesus ' '' . Rap - Up . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trevor Smith ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Logic -- Like Woah '' . HotNewHipHop . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Trevor . `` Logic Announces Sophomore Album Title '' . HotNewHipHop . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ C.M. , Emmanuel ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Three Things You Need to Know About Logic 's New Album '' . XXL . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Incredible True Story '' . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2016 . @ Logic301 ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` # TITSATOTMWSTW '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Goddard , Kevin ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Logic Explains Background Story Behind `` The Incredible True Story '' ( New Video ) `` . HotNewHipHop . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ahmed , Insanul . `` The Winning Formula : How Logic Found the Key to Success '' . Complex . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Caballero , Martín . `` Album review : Logic , ' The Incredible True Story ' '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zach Frydenlund ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Check Out Logic 's New Song , `` Fade Away '' `` . Complex . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Herdandez , Victoria . `` Logic Announces `` The Incredible True Story '' Album `` . HipHopDX . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TITSATOTMWSTW '' . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TITS '' . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Incredible True Story by Logic on iTunes '' . iTunes Store . November 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Logic and FaZe Banks on the Tonight Show ! '' . YouTube . November 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Incredible True Story by Logic '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` The Incredible True Story '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erin Lowers ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Logic -- The Incredible True Story '' . Exclaim ! . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Kellan . `` Logic -- The Incredible True Story '' . HipHopDX . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kimble , Julian . `` Logic : The Incredible True Story Review '' . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Clara Wang ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` RapReviews.com Feature for November 17 , 2015 -- Logic 's `` The Incredible True Story '' `` . RapReviews.com . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Check Out The 15 Best Selling Hip Hop Albums Of The Year '' . hiphopearly . December 30 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Amaya Mendizabal ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Logic 's ' Incredible True Story ' Crowns Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold & Platinum '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Logic -- The Incredible True Story '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Logic -- The Incredible True Story '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Logic -- The Incredible True Story '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Logic -- Chart history '' Billboard Canadian Albums Chart for Logic . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GFK Chart - Track Albums : Week 47 , 2015 '' . Chart - Track . IRMA . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Logic -- The Incredible True Story '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Logic -- Chart history '' Billboard 200 for Logic . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Logic -- Chart history '' Billboard Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums for Logic . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Logic -- Chart history '' Billboard Top Rap Albums for Logic . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Billboard 200 Albums -- Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums -- Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . ( hide ) Logic Studio albums Under Pressure The Incredible True Story Everybody Mixtapes Young Sinatra Young Sinatra : Undeniable Young Sinatra : Welcome to Forever Bobby Tarantino Singles `` Buried Alive '' `` Fade Away '' `` Flexicution '' `` Wrist '' `` Sucker for Pain '' `` Everybody '' `` Black Spiderman '' `` 1 - 800 - 273 - 8255 '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Incredible_True_Story&oldid=806115134 '' Categories : 2015 albums Def Jam Recordings albums English - language albums Concept albums Logic ( rapper ) albums Science fiction concept albums Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 20 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is talking at the end of the incredible true story	[]	[]
6729329265815666348	World Series Most Valuable Player Award	World Series Most Valuable player award - wikipedia World Series Most Valuable player award Jump to : navigation , search Willie Mays World Series MVP Award George Springer , 2017 World Series MVP Given for Annual Most Valuable Player of the World Series Country United States Presented by Major League Baseball History First award 1955 Most recent George Springer , 2017 Houston Astros Hall of Famer Reggie Jackson won the 1973 and 1977 World Series MVPs. Jackson hit five home runs in the 1977 World Series , and took the nickname `` Mr. October '' . The Willie Mays World Series Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Award is given to the player deemed to have the most impact on his team 's performance in the World Series , which is the final round of the Major League Baseball ( MLB ) postseason . The award was first presented in 1955 as the SPORT Magazine Award , but is now decided during the final game of the Series by a committee of reporters and officials present at the game . On September 29 , 2017 , it was renamed in honor of Willie Mays in remembrance of the 63rd anniversary of The Catch . Mays never won the award himself . The series follows a best - of - seven playoff format , and occurs after the Division Series and the League Championship Series ( LCS ) . It is played by the winners of the National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) and the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) . The most recent champions are the Houston Astros , who won in the 2017 World Series . Pitchers have been named Series MVP twenty - seven times ; four of them were relief pitchers . Twelve of the first fourteen World Series MVPs were won by pitchers ; from 1969 until 1986 , the proportion of pitcher MVPs declined -- Rollie Fingers ( 1974 ) and Bret Saberhagen ( 1985 ) were the only two pitchers to win the award in this period . From 1987 until 1991 , all of the World Series MVPs were pitchers , and , since 1995 , pitchers have won the award nine times . Bobby Richardson of the 1960 New York Yankees is the only player in World Series history to be named MVP despite being on the losing team . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Winners ( edit ) Don Larsen won the World Series MVP in the 1956 World Series with the New York Yankees . Larsen is the only pitcher to pitch a perfect game in World Series history . Hall of Famer Brooks Robinson won the 1970 World Series MVP Award . Hall of Famer Rollie Fingers won the 1974 World Series MVP with the Oakland Athletics . Pete Rose won the 1975 World Series MVP with the Cincinnati Reds , and became the second third baseman to win the award . Hall of Famer Johnny Bench won the World Series MVP in the 1976 World Series . Hall of Famer Mike Schmidt won the 1980 World Series MVP with the Philadelphia Phillies . Steve Yeager was one of the three 1981 World Series MVPs for the Los Angeles Dodgers . Orel Hershiser won the NL Cy Young Award , the NLCS MVP and the World Series MVP in the 1988 season . Dave Stewart won the 1989 World Series MVP with the Oakland Athletics . Tom Glavine won the World Series MVP in the 1995 World Series with the Atlanta Braves . Mariano Rivera won the 1999 World Series MVP with the New York Yankees . Derek Jeter won the World Series MVP in 2000 World Series with the New York Yankees . Randy Johnson ( top ) and Curt Schilling shared the World Series MVP Award in 2001 . Troy Glaus won the MVP award in 2002 with the Anaheim Angels . Mike Lowell won the World Series MVP in the 2007 World Series with the Boston Red Sox . In 2009 , Hideki Matsui became the first Japanese - born player , as well as the first full - time designated hitter , to win the award . Pablo Sandoval was MVP in 2012 for the San Francisco Giants . Ben Zobrist won the MVP award in 2016 with the Chicago Cubs . Key Year Links to the article about that corresponding World Series Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Active player * Indicates player also won the LCS MVP Award in the same postseason § Indicates losing team in the World Series Indicates multiple award winners in the same World Series ( # ) Indicates number of times winning World Series MVP at that point ( if he won multiple times ) Year Player Team Position Selected statistics Note 1955 Podres , Johnny Johnny Podres Brooklyn Dodgers Starting pitcher 2 -- 0 record over 2 games started ; both were complete games - 1 shutout 2 earned runs allowed over 18 innings pitched 10 strikeouts 1956 Larsen , Don Don Larsen New York Yankees Starting pitcher 1 -- 0 record over 2 games started ; 1 perfect game in Game 5 7 strikeouts Pitched first no - hitter in World Series history 1957 Burdette , Lew Lew Burdette Milwaukee Braves Starting pitcher 3 -- 0 record over 3 games started ; all were complete games - 2 shutouts 2 earned runs allowed over 27 innings pitched 13 strikeouts 1958 Turley , Bob Bob Turley New York Yankees Pitcher 2 -- 1 record and 1 save over 4 appearances ( 2 starts ) ; 1 shutout 5 earned runs allowed over 16 ⁄ innings pitched 13 strikeouts 1959 Sherry , Larry Larry Sherry Los Angeles Dodgers Relief pitcher 2 -- 0 record and 2 saves over 4 appearances 1 earned run allowed over 12 ⁄ innings pitched 5 strikeouts 1960 Richardson , Bobby Bobby Richardson New York Yankees Second baseman . 367 batting average 1 grand slam 12 runs batted in 1961 Ford , Whitey Whitey Ford New York Yankees Starting pitcher 2 -- 0 record over 2 games started ; 1 shutout 14 scoreless innings pitched 7 strikeouts 1962 Terry , Ralph Ralph Terry New York Yankees Starting pitcher 2 -- 1 record over 3 games started ; 2 complete games - 1 shutout 5 earned runs allowed over 25 innings pitched 16 strikeouts 1963 Koufax , Sandy Sandy Koufax Los Angeles Dodgers Starting pitcher 2 -- 0 record over 2 games started ; both were complete games 3 earned runs allowed over 18 innings pitched 23 strikeouts 1964 Gibson , Bob Bob Gibson St. Louis Cardinals Starting pitcher 2 -- 1 record over 3 games started ; 2 complete games 27 innings pitched 31 strikeouts 1965 Koufax , Sandy Sandy Koufax ( 2 ) Los Angeles Dodgers Starting pitcher 2 -- 1 record over 3 games started ; 2 shutouts 1 earned run allowed over 24 innings pitched 29 strikeouts 1966 Robinson , Frank Frank Robinson Baltimore Orioles Outfielder . 286 batting average 2 home runs 3 runs batted in 1967 Gibson , Bob Bob Gibson ( 2 ) St. Louis Cardinals Starting pitcher 3 -- 0 record over 3 games started ; all were complete games ; 1 shutout 3 earned runs allowed over 27 innings pitched 26 strikeouts 1968 Lolich , Mickey Mickey Lolich Detroit Tigers Starting pitcher 3 -- 0 record over 3 games started ; all were complete games 5 earned runs allowed over 27 innings pitched 21 strikeouts 1969 Clendenon , Donn Donn Clendenon New York Mets First baseman . 357 batting average 3 home runs 4 runs batted in 1970 Robinson , Brooks Brooks Robinson Baltimore Orioles Third baseman . 429 batting average 2 home runs 6 runs batted in 1971 Clemente , Roberto Roberto Clemente Pittsburgh Pirates Outfielder . 414 batting average 2 home runs 4 runs batted in 1972 Tenace , Gene Gene Tenace Oakland Athletics Catcher . 348 batting average 4 home runs 9 runs batted in 1973 Jackson , Reggie Reggie Jackson Oakland Athletics Outfielder . 310 batting average 1 home run 6 runs batted in Fingers , Rollie Rollie Fingers Oakland Athletics Relief pitcher 1 -- 0 record and 2 saves over 4 appearances 2 earned runs allowed over 9 ⁄ innings pitched 6 strikeouts Rose , Pete Pete Rose Cincinnati Reds Third baseman . 370 batting average 10 hits 2 runs batted in 1976 Bench , Johnny Johnny Bench Cincinnati Reds Catcher . 533 batting average 2 home runs 6 runs batted in 1977 Jackson , Reggie Reggie Jackson ( 2 ) New York Yankees Outfielder . 450 batting average 5 home runs ( 3 in Game 6 ) 8 runs batted in 1978 Dent , Bucky Bucky Dent New York Yankees Shortstop . 417 batting average 10 hits 7 runs batted in 1979 * Stargell , Willie Willie Stargell Pittsburgh Pirates First baseman . 400 batting average 7 extra-base hits 7 runs batted in 1980 Schmidt , Mike Mike Schmidt Philadelphia Phillies Third baseman . 381 batting average 2 home runs 7 runs batted in 1981 ^ Cey , Ron Ron Cey Los Angeles Dodgers Third baseman . 350 batting average 1 home run 6 runs batted in 1981 ^ Guerrero , Pedro Pedro Guerrero Los Angeles Dodgers Outfielder . 333 batting average 4 extra-base hits 7 runs batted in 1981 ^ Yeager , Steve Steve Yeager Los Angeles Dodgers Catcher . 286 batting average 2 home runs 4 runs batted in 1982 * Porter , Darrell Darrell Porter St. Louis Cardinals Catcher . 286 batting average 1 home run 5 runs batted in Dempsey , Rick Rick Dempsey Baltimore Orioles Catcher . 385 batting average 5 hits ; all were extra-base hits - ( 4 doubles and 1 home run ) 2 runs batted in 1984 Trammell , Alan Alan Trammell Detroit Tigers Shortstop . 450 batting average 2 home runs 6 runs batted in 1985 Saberhagen , Bret Bret Saberhagen Kansas City Royals Starting pitcher 2 -- 0 record over 2 games started ; both were complete games - 1 shutout 1 earned run allowed over 18 innings pitched 10 strikeouts 1986 Knight , Ray Ray Knight New York Mets Third baseman . 391 batting average Series - winning home run in 7th inning of Game 7 5 runs batted in Viola , Frank Frank Viola Minnesota Twins Starting pitcher 2 -- 1 record over 3 games started 8 earned runs allowed over 19 ⁄ innings pitched 16 strikeouts 1988 * Hershiser , Orel Orel Hershiser Los Angeles Dodgers Starting pitcher 2 -- 0 record over 2 games started ; both were complete games - 1 shutout 2 earned runs allowed over 18 innings pitched 17 strikeouts 1989 Stewart , Dave Dave Stewart Oakland Athletics Starting pitcher 2 -- 0 record over 2 games started ; 1 shutout 3 earned runs allowed over 16 innings pitched 14 strikeouts 1990 Rijo , José José Rijo Cincinnati Reds Starting pitcher 2 -- 0 record over 2 games started 1 earned run allowed over 15 ⁄ innings pitched 14 strikeouts 1991 Morris , Jack Jack Morris Minnesota Twins Starting pitcher 2 -- 0 record over 3 games started ; 10 - inning shutout in Game 7 3 earned runs allowed over 23 innings pitched 15 strikeouts 1992 Borders , Pat Pat Borders Toronto Blue Jays Catcher . 450 batting average 1 home run 3 runs batted in 1993 Molitor , Paul Paul Molitor Toronto Blue Jays Designated hitter , first baseman , third baseman . 500 batting average 12 hits ; 6 extra-base hits 8 runs batted in / 10 runs scored 1994 -- -- -- Series cancelled due to player 's strike 1995 Glavine , Tom Tom Glavine Atlanta Braves Starting pitcher 2 -- 0 record over 2 games started 2 earned runs allowed over 14 innings pitched 11 strikeouts Wetteland , John John Wetteland New York Yankees Relief pitcher 4 saves over 5 appearances 1 earned run allowed over 4 ⁄ innings pitched 6 strikeouts 1997 * Hernández , Liván Liván Hernández Florida Marlins Starting pitcher 2 -- 0 record over 2 games started 13 ⁄ innings pitched 7 strikeouts 1998 Brosius , Scott Scott Brosius New York Yankees Third baseman . 471 batting average 2 home runs in Game 3 6 runs batted in 1999 Rivera , Mariano Mariano Rivera New York Yankees Relief pitcher 1 -- 0 record and 2 saves in 3 appearances 4 ⁄ scoreless innings pitched 3 strikeouts 2000 Jeter , Derek Derek Jeter New York Yankees Shortstop . 409 batting average 2 home runs / 19 total bases 6 runs scored 2001 ^ Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson Arizona Diamondbacks Pitcher 3 -- 0 record over 3 appearances ( 2 starts ) ; 1 shutout 2 earned runs allowed over 17 ⁄ innings pitched 19 strikeouts 2001 ^ Schilling , Curt Curt Schilling Arizona Diamondbacks Starting pitcher 1 -- 0 record over 3 games started 4 earned runs allowed over 21 ⁄ innings pitched 26 strikeouts 2002 Glaus , Troy Troy Glaus Anaheim Angels Third baseman . 385 batting average 3 home runs 8 runs batted in 2003 Beckett , Josh Josh Beckett Florida Marlins Starting pitcher 1 -- 1 record over 2 games started ; 1 shutout 2 earned runs allowed over 16 ⁄ innings pitched 19 strikeouts Ramirez , Manny Manny Ramirez Boston Red Sox Outfielder . 412 batting average 1 home run 4 runs batted in 2005 Dye , Jermaine Jermaine Dye Chicago White Sox Outfielder . 438 batting average 1 home run 3 runs batted in 2006 Eckstein , David David Eckstein St. Louis Cardinals Shortstop . 364 batting average 8 hits 4 runs batted in 2007 Lowell , Mike Mike Lowell Boston Red Sox Third baseman . 400 batting average 1 home run 4 runs batted in 2008 * Hamels , Cole Cole Hamels Philadelphia Phillies Starting pitcher 1 -- 0 record over 2 games started 4 earned runs allowed over 13 innings pitched 8 strikeouts 2009 Matsui , Hideki Hideki Matsui New York Yankees Designated hitter . 615 batting average 3 home runs 8 runs batted in Rentería , Edgar Edgar Rentería San Francisco Giants Shortstop . 412 batting average 2 home runs 6 runs batted in 2011 * Freese , David David Freese St. Louis Cardinals Third baseman . 348 batting average Game tying triple in the 9th and Walk - off home run in 11th inning of Game 6 7 runs batted in 2012 Sandoval , Pablo Pablo Sandoval San Francisco Giants Third baseman . 500 batting average 3 home runs in Game 1 4 runs batted in 2013 Ortiz , David David Ortiz Boston Red Sox Designated hitter . 688 batting average 2 home runs / 4 intentional walks 6 runs batted in 2014 * Bumgarner , Madison Madison Bumgarner San Francisco Giants Starting pitcher 2 -- 0 record and 1 save over 3 appearances ( 2 starts ) ; 1 shutout 1 earned run allowed over 21 innings pitched 17 strikeouts 2015 Pérez , Salvador Salvador Pérez Kansas City Royals Catcher . 364 batting average 51 innings caught in 5 games played 3 runs scored 2016 Zobrist , Ben Ben Zobrist Chicago Cubs Outfielder . 357 batting average 10 hits ; including go ahead , RBI double in 10th inning of Game 7 5 runs scored 2017 Springer , George George Springer Houston Astros Outfielder . 379 batting average 5 home runs , 7 RBI 8 runs scored , 11 hits See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Babe Ruth Award List of Major League Baseball awards Baseball awards # United States Notes ( edit ) Johnny Podres won the inaugural award in 1955 with the Brooklyn Dodgers . Podres , with nine wins and ten losses during the regular season , beat the Yankees twice in the series ; both victories were complete games . Don Larsen won the 1956 World Series MVP after pitching the only no - hitter in World Series history , in the fifth game of the series ; the no - hitter was also a perfect game . Bobby Richardson won the 1960 World Series MVP while playing for the losing team in the series , the New York Yankees , and had 12 runs batted in , a World Series record ; he is also the only second baseman to win the World Series MVP . Depending upon definitions , the first non-American to win the award was either Roberto Clemente in 1971 or Pedro Guerrero in 1981 . In 1977 , Reggie Jackson hit three home runs in the deciding game , taking the nickname `` Mr. October '' , in which October is the month of the MLB postseason ; Jackson had a total of five home runs in the series , a World Series record . Willie Stargell won the 1979 World Series MVP at the age of 39 , and is the oldest World Series MVP . In 1996 , John Wetteland won the World Series MVP , setting a World Series record with four saves . Sixteen World Series MVPs were inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame ; Alan Trammel ( 1984 ) , Jack Morris ( 1991 ) , Paul Molitor ( 1993 ) , Tom Glavine ( 1995 ) , and Randy Johnson ( 2001 ) are the only Hall of Famers to have won the World Series MVP since 1981 . Molitor is also the first designated hitter to win the World Series MVP . Hideki Matsui , the 2009 winner , batted in six runs in the sixth game of the 2009 World Series , tying Richardson 's record of most runs batted in for a single World Series game . Matsui became the first Japanese - born player to win the award , as well as the first player to win it as a full - time designated hitter . He is also the only player named both a World Series and a Japan Series MVP . Hall of Famer Sandy Koufax won the award twice . Three players have won the award twice : Sandy Koufax ( 1963 , 1965 ) , Gibson ( 1964 , 1967 ) , and Jackson ( 1973 , 1977 ) ; Jackson is the only player to have won the award with two different teams . There have been two occasions on which multiple winners were awarded in the same World Series : Ron Cey , Pedro Guerrero , and Steve Yeager in 1981 , and Johnson and Schilling in 2001 . The duo of Johnson and Schilling combined for all four of Arizona 's wins in the 2001 World Series ; Johnson had three of them . Twelve of the fifty - eight World Series MVPs have also won the MLB MVP , the Cy Young Award , or the LCS MVP in the same season . Koufax ( 1963 ) , Frank Robinson ( 1966 ) , Jackson ( 1973 ) , Stargell , and Mike Schmidt ( 1980 ) are the only players to have won the MLB MVP and the World Series MVP . A total of six players won the Cy Young Award and the World Series MVP in the same season : Bob Turley ( 1958 ) , Whitey Ford ( 1961 ) , Koufax ( 1963 , 1965 ) , Bret Saberhagen ( 1985 ) , Orel Hershiser ( 1988 ) , and Johnson ( 2001 ) . Seven players have won the World Series MVP in the same season in which they won the LCS MVP : Stargell ( 1979 ) , Darrell Porter ( 1982 ) , Hershiser ( 1988 ) , Liván Hernández ( 1997 ) , Cole Hamels ( 2008 ) , David Freese ( 2011 ) , and Madison Bumgarner ( 2014 ) -- all of them were the NLCS MVPs . Koufax ( 1963 ) is the only person to have won the Cy Young Award , the MLB MVP , and the World Series MVP in the same season , while Stargell ( 1979 ) is the only person to have won the MLB MVP , the LCS MVP and the World Series MVP in the same season . Hershiser ( 1988 ) won the Cy Young Award , the LCS MVP and the World Series MVP in the same season . In the 4th inning of the 2015 All Star Game , 2014 World Series MVP Madison Bumgarner pitched to future 2015 World Series MVP Salvador Pérez , who struck out but reached first due to a passed ball . This was the first time the previous year 's MVP faced the current year 's future MVP in the All Star Game . Bumgarner and Pérez also faced each other in the final play of the 2014 World Series : Pérez popped out . References ( edit ) General `` World Series History : Most Valuable Players '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . `` Post-Season Awards & All - Star Game MVP Award Winners '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 24 , 2009 . `` Playoff and World Series Stats '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 24 , 2009 . Specific Jump up ^ Rand , Michael ( September 3 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday ( Derek Jeter over Joe Mauer for MVP ? ) edition : Wha ' Happened ? '' . Minneapolis Star - Tribune . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Most Valuable Player Award '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved November 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adler , David ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` World Series MVP Award renamed for Mays '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gillette , Gary ; Palmer , Pete , eds. ( 2006 ) . The 2006 ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia . Sterling . p. 1656 . ISBN 1 - 4027 - 3625 - 8 . Retrieved October 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vass , George ( January 1 , 1994 ) . `` Major League Baseball Embarks on a New Era in ' 94 '' . Baseball Digest . Lakeside Publishing Company . 53 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 45 . ISSN 0005 - 609X . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1955 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 World Series : Game 5 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1981 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Howard ( 2005 ) . Juicing the Game . Penguin Group . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03445 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Livan Hernandez Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mariano Rivera Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Jeter Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2001 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Johnson Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Curt Schilling Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Troy Glaus Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Beckett Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Manny Ramirez Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jermaine Dye Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Eckstein Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Lowell Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cole Hamels Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hideki Matsui Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar Renteria Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Freese Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pablo Sandoval Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Ortiz Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Most Valuable Papi : Ortiz outstanding '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` MadBum seals MVP with outing , postseason for the ages '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2015 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Bumgarner Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Perez voted unanimous World Series MVP '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trezza , Joe ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Zobrist 's heroics net MVP honors '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Springer swats his way to MVP honors '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joshua ( October 9 , 2009 ) . `` Live Analysis : Twins vs. Yankees '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 World Series : Game 5 ; Three words : Larsen 's Perfect Game '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - time and Single - Season WS Batting Leaders '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Series History : Most Valuable Players by Position '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Clemente was born in 1934 in Puerto Rico , which has been a U.S. territory since 1898 but has its own Olympic committee and national sports teams . Puerto Ricans were collectively given U.S. citizenship in 1917 , but Puerto Ricans were not unequivocally granted U.S. citizenship by birth until a 1952 law that applied to all natives of the island born on or after April 11 , 1899 . ( For more details on this issue , see United States nationality law and Jones -- Shafroth Act . ) Guerrero , a native of the Dominican Republic , is indisputably non-American . Jump up ^ Boeck , Scott ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Reggie `` Mr. October '' Jackson thanks the Dodgers for his nickname `` . USA Today . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( October 29 , 2007 ) . `` World Series MVP rewarding to Lowell '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All - time and Single - Season WS Pitching Leaders '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Hall of Fame '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Matsui Becomes 1st Japanese - Born World Series MVP '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . November 5 , 2009 . Retrieved November 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Statsui : MVP delivers jaw - dropping numbers '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Jim ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` Matsui backs idea of global World Series '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved May 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Most Valuable Player winners '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cy Young Award winners '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` Perfect Hamels is World Series MVP '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . World Series MVP Award 1955 : Podres 1956 : Larsen 1957 : Burdette 1958 : Turley 1959 : Sherry 1960 : Richardson 1961 : Ford 1962 : Terry 1963 : Koufax 1964 : Gibson 1965 : Koufax 1966 : F. Robinson 1967 : Gibson 1968 : Lolich 1969 : Clendenon 1970 : B. Robinson 1971 : Clemente 1972 : Tenace 1973 : Jackson 1974 : Fingers 1975 : Rose 1976 : Bench 1977 : Jackson 1978 : Dent 1979 : Stargell 1980 : Schmidt 1981 : Cey , Guerrero & Yeager 1982 : Porter 1983 : Dempsey 1984 : Trammell 1985 : Saberhagen 1986 : Knight 1987 : Viola 1988 : Hershiser 1989 : Stewart 1990 : Rijo 1991 : Morris 1992 : Borders 1993 : Molitor 1994 : No series 1995 : Glavine 1996 : Wetteland 1997 : Hernandez 1998 : Brosius 1999 : Rivera 2000 : Jeter 2001 : Johnson & Schilling 2002 : Glaus 2003 : Beckett 2004 : Ramirez 2005 : Dye 2006 : Eckstein 2007 : Lowell 2008 : Hamels 2009 : Matsui 2010 : Rentería 2011 : Freese 2012 : Sandoval 2013 : Ortiz 2014 : Bumgarner 2015 : Pérez 2016 : Zobrist 2017 : Springer World Series No World Series was held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate ; no World Series was held in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 See also Pre-World Series champions World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup Book : World Series Category : World Series Major League Baseball awards and trophies Team Commissioner 's Trophy ( list of winners ) Warren Giles Trophy ( NL pennant winners ) William Harridge Trophy ( AL pennant winners ) Individual Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Cy Young Manager of the Year Rookie of the Year Roberto Clemente Hank Aaron Gold Glove Silver Slugger World Series MVP All - Star Game MVP Rolaids Relief Man Comeback Player of the Year League Championship Series MVP Reliever of the Year Player of the Month Pitcher of the Month Rookie of the Month Player of the Week Other Commissioner 's Historic Achievement Award Book : Major League Baseball awards Category : Major League Baseball awards Portal : Baseball Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Series_Most_Valuable_Player_Award&oldid=815984026 '' Categories : World Series Most Valuable Player Award winners World Series lists World Series trophies and awards Major League Baseball trophies and awards Most valuable player awards Awards established in 1955 Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 13 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the mvp in 2017 world series	[ "\n\nWillie Mays World Series MVP Award\n\n\n\nGeorge Springer, 2017 World Series MVP\n\n\n\nGiven for\nAnnual Most Valuable Player of the World Series\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nPresented by\nMajor League Baseball\n\n\nHistory\n\n\nFirst award\n1955\n\n\nMost recent\nGeorge Springer, 2017 Houston Astros\n\n" ]	[ "George Springer" ]
8013874795128779742	House at the End of the Street	House at the End of the Street - wikipedia House at the End of the Street Jump to : navigation , search House at the End of the Street Theatrical release poster Directed by Mark Tonderai Produced by Aaron Ryder Peter Block Ryan Kavanaugh Sonny Mallhi Written by David Loucka Jonathan Mostow Starring Jennifer Lawrence Max Thieriot Gil Bellows Elisabeth Shue Eva Link Nolan Gerard Funk Allie MacDonald Music by Theo Green Cinematography Miroslaw Baszak Edited by Steve Mirkovich Karen Porter Production company FilmNation Entertainment Distributed by Relativity Media Alliance Films ( Canada ) Release date September 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 21 ) Running time 101 minutes 102 minutes ( Unrated cut ) Country Canada United States Language English Budget $6.9 million Box office $44.1 million House at the End of the Street is a 2012 American psychological thriller film directed by Mark Tonderai that stars Jennifer Lawrence , Max Thieriot , Gil Bellows , and Elisabeth Shue . The film 's plot revolves around a teenaged girl named Elissa , who along with her newly divorced mother Sarah , moves to a new neighborhood , only to discover that the house at the end of the street was the site of a gruesome double murder committed by a girl named Carrie - Ann who disappeared without a trace . Elissa then starts a relationship with Carrie Anne 's brother Ryan , who now lives in the same house . Although filming had been completed in 2010 , the film was not released until 2012 by Relativity Media . Despite a negative response from critics , Jennifer Lawrence 's performance was praised and the film was a commercial success , ranking number one at the box office in its opening weekend . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Novelization 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reception 7 Home Media 7.1 Unrated cut 8 Awards 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) A newly divorced medical doctor Sarah Cassidy ( Elisabeth Shue ) , and her 17 - year - old daughter Elissa ( Jennifer Lawrence ) move to a small , upscale town . They are disturbed to discover the house they are moving into is on the same street as a house in which a family used to live before they were massacred . The story of the massacre is told to them by the neighbors . Four years prior , a girl named Carrie - Ann Jacobson killed her parents , then fled into the forest and was never seen again , leaving her brother Ryan ( Max Thieriot ) as the sole survivor . Ryan now lives alone and is hated by his neighbors ; Bill Weaver ( Gil Bellows ) , a local police officer , appears to be Ryan 's only supporter . The mother - daughter relationship becomes rocky and Elissa starts seeing Ryan against her mother 's wishes , finding Ryan to be lonely but a sweet boy . Ryan confides in her that he accidentally injured Carrie - Ann by allowing her to fall from a swing when they were little ; he was supposed to be watching her while their parents were getting high on drugs . The resulting brain damage from the accident made her extremely aggressive , leading to their parents ' murder . Ryan is revealed to have been secretly taking care of a seemingly now - grown Carrie - Ann ( Eva Link ) in a hidden room . Carrie - Ann manages to escape and approaches a young couple in a car while brandishing a kitchen knife . Ryan catches up to her before she can reach the couple but accidentally kills her while trying to hide her . In grief , he goes to a diner , where he meets a kind waitress named Peggy ( Jordan Hayes ) . Later , some unruly high school boys pick a fight with Ryan and he flees , and Elissa drives to his house and subdues a fire the boys started . She finds tampons in the kitchen garbage and explores the house with suspicion until she finds the secret room and is attacked by Carrie - Ann , who is revealed to actually be Peggy . Ryan restrains `` Carrie - Ann '' while frantically screaming at Elissa to leave . Elissa finds blue contact lenses and Peggy Jones 's wallet in the kitchen . Ryan has kidnapped the waitress and attempted to make her look like Carrie - Ann . Elissa tells Ryan she has to go home but Ryan hits her , knocking her unconscious . Elissa wakes to find herself tightly tied to a chair . Ryan reveals that Carrie - Ann actually died during the swing accident . He says his parents blamed him for it , and implies that he was the one who killed them . He explains that he wants Elissa , but that he needs Carrie - Ann and can not have both . Officer Weaver goes to Ryan 's house to look for Elissa , but Ryan stabs him to death . Elissa frees herself and tries to escape in Ryan 's car , but Ryan knocks her out with chloroform and traps her in his car trunk with Peggy 's body . Sarah arrives and is also stabbed by Ryan . Elissa struggles out of the car and ultimately shoots Ryan with Weaver 's gun . When she approaches him , he suddenly wakes up and grabs her wrist . When Ryan attempts to stab Elissa with the knife , Sarah strikes him in the head with the hammer . Elissa and Sarah move out ; Ryan is placed in a psychiatric ward . A flashback shows young Ryan in girl 's clothing about to blow out birthday candles . His mother calls him `` Carrie - Ann '' and when Ryan protests that his name is Ryan , not Carrie - Ann , she slaps him violently ; it 's implied Ryan was the only child who killed the parents . Cast ( edit ) Jennifer Lawrence as Elissa Cassidy Max Thieriot as Ryan Jacobson Bobby Osborne as Young Ryan Elisabeth Shue as Sarah Cassidy Gil Bellows as Officer Bill Weaver Eva Link as Carrie Anne Nolan Gerard Funk as Tyler Reynolds Allie MacDonald as Jillian Jordan Hayes as Peggy Jones Krista Bridges as Mary Jacobson John Healy as John Jacobson Grace Tucker - Duguay as Carrie - Ann Jacobson Production ( edit ) The film was originally announced in 2003 with Jonathan Mostow directing and Richard Kelly screenwriting , but the film was put through development hell for 9 years until production was revived in 2010 with Mark Tonderai directing and Jonathan Mostow screenwriting , instead . Principal photography and filming mostly took place in Metcalfe , Ontario and Carp , Ontario from August 2 , 2010 , until September 3 , 2010 . Release ( edit ) The film was originally scheduled to be released in February 2012 , but was moved to a September 2012 release . The film had its theatrical premiere in the USA on September 21 , 2012 , and was released in Canada on the same date . The film was not released theatrically in Sweden or Spain and was released direct - to - video on January 30 , 2013 , in Sweden and on August 28 , 2013 in Spain . Novelization ( edit ) A tie - in novelization of the movie was released on August 12 , 2012 , to accompany the movie by Little , Brown and Company . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film debuted at number one at the US box office on its opening Friday and Saturday nights . In what was one of the tightest races in years for first place at the box - office weekend , the film finished the weekend at number two with $12.3 million , just less than a million behind End of Watch , which included takings from Thursday night through Monday morning , where that movie finished at number one , with $13.1 million . The film went on to gross over $44 million worldwide , from a budget of $6.9 million . Critical reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 11 % based on 61 reviews with an average rating of 3.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Poorly conceived , clumsily executed , and almost completely bereft of scares , House at the End of the Street strands its talented star in a film as bland as its title . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 31 out of 100 based on 19 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Home Media ( edit ) House at the End of the Street was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc on January 8 , 2013 . Unrated cut ( edit ) The unrated cut was also released on January 8 , 2013 . The extended edition increased the length of certain scenes in the final cut by a few seconds and the amount of violence , blood , and gore was increased by a small amount . The extended cut also included an additional twist in which Bill Weaver was actually a family friend of the Jacobsons and was aware of Carrie - Anne 's fate , and he also knew about Ryan 's abuse , but did nothing to help him . On the day of Carrie - Anne 's accident , he supplied John and Mary Jacobson with drugs and actually could have prevented Carrie - Anne 's death if he had not sold them the drugs , as the drugs prevented John and Mary from heeding the cries of Ryan , and he was then disowned as a friend by John Jacobson . Awards ( edit ) Year Award Recipients and nominees Outcome 2012 Directors Guild of Canada Best Sound Editing -- Feature Film Mark Gingras , John D. Smith , Katrijn Halliday , Tom Bjelic , James Robb , Dale Lennon Nominated 2013 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actress ( also for Silver Linings Playbook and The Hunger Games ) Jennifer Lawrence Won 2013 MTV Movie Award Best Scared - As - S * * t Performance Jennifer Lawrence Nominated 2013 ASCAP Awards Film Award Theo Green Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` House at the End of The Street '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Horror flick to film in Ottawa Movies Entertainment '' . Ottawa Sun . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` house - at - the - end - of - the - street gets a release date '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Daily Box Office for Friday , September 21 , 2012 -- Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ http://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3530&p=.htm Jump up ^ http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/House-at-the-End-of-the-Street Jump up ^ `` House at the End of the Street ( 2012 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` House at the End of the Street Reviews '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ `` House at the End of the Street with Jennifer Lawrence Blu - ray is Unrated '' . Thehdroom.com. 2012 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Killer Blu - ray Art For ' House at the End of the Street ' '' . NextMovie . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Directors Guild of Canada , National Office 2012 Directors Guild of Canada Awards nominees announced '' . Newswire.ca. 2012 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Best Scared - As - S * * t Performance Winner 2013 MTV Movie Awards '' . MTV . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Honors Top PRS Songwriters and Publishers '' . Ascap.com. 2013 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . External links ( edit ) House at the End of the Street on IMDb House at the End of the Street at Box Office Mojo House at the End of the Street at Rotten Tomatoes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_at_the_End_of_the_Street&oldid=806936375 '' Categories : 2012 films English - language films 2012 horror films 2010s horror thriller films 2010s psychological thriller films 2010s teen horror films American films American horror thriller films American psychological thriller films American teen horror films FilmNation Entertainment films Films about revenge Films shot in Ontario Films shot in Ottawa Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 01 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	house at the end of the street who was the girl in the basement	[]	[]
8435404945708094595	List of Dragon Ball episodes	List of dragon ball episodes - wikipedia List of dragon ball episodes First volume of the Dragon Ball DVD series , released by Toei Entertainment on April 4 , 2007 . Dragon Ball is the first of two anime adaptations of the Dragon Ball manga series by Akira Toriyama . Produced by Toei Animation , the anime series premiered in Japan on Fuji Television on February 26 , 1986 , and ran until April 19 , 1989 . Spanning 153 episodes ( Episode 140 was delayed by the death of Emperor Hirohito ) , it covers the first 194 chapters of the 519 chapter - long manga series . It is followed by Dragon Ball Z , which covers the remainder of the manga . Contents 1 Sagas overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Emperor Pilaf Saga ( 1986 ) 2.2 Tournament Saga ( 1986 ) 2.3 Red Ribbon Army Saga ( 1986 -- 1987 ) 2.4 General Blue Saga ( 1987 ) 2.5 Commander Red Saga ( 1987 ) 2.6 Fortuneteller Baba Saga ( 1987 ) 2.7 Tien Shinhan Saga ( 1987 -- 1988 ) 2.8 King Piccolo Saga ( 1988 ) 2.9 Piccolo Jr . Saga ( 1988 -- 1989 ) 3 Films 3.1 TV Specials 4 DVD releases 4.1 Region 1 ( North America ) 4.1. 1 Season Box Sets 4.2 Region 2 ( Japan ) 4.2. 1 Dragon Box Set 5 Notes 6 References Sagas overview ( edit ) Saga Episodes Japanese Airdates English Airdates Emperor Pilaf Saga 13 ( 1 -- 13 ) February 26 , 1986 -- May 21 , 1986 September 9 , 1995 -- December 2 , 1995 ( original ) August 20 , 2001 -- September 5 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Tournament Saga 15 ( 14 -- 28 ) May 28 , 1986 -- September 3 , 1986 September 6 , 2001 -- September 26 , 2001 Red Ribbon Army Saga 17 ( 29 -- 45 ) September 10 , 1986 -- January 7 , 1987 February 11 , 2002 -- March 5 , 2002 General Blue Saga 12 ( 46 -- 57 ) January 14 , 1987 -- April 8 , 1987 March 6 , 2002 -- March 15 , 2002 October 21 , 2002 -- October 24 , 2002 5 Commander Red Saga 10 ( 58 -- 67 ) April 15 , 1987 -- June 24 , 1987 October 28 , 2002 -- November 13 , 2002 6 Fortuneteller Baba Saga 16 ( 68 -- 83 ) July 1 , 1987 -- October 14 , 1987 November 14 , 2002 -- December 3 , 2002 7 Tien Shinhan Saga 18 ( 84 -- 101 ) October 21 , 1987 -- February 17 , 1988 December 4 , 2002 -- December 31 , 2002 8 King Piccolo Saga 21 ( 102 -- 122 ) February 24 , 1988 -- August 10 , 1988 September 1 , 2003 -- October 6 , 2003 9 Piccolo Jr . Saga 31 ( 123 -- 153 ) August 17 , 1988 -- April 19 , 1989 October 7 , 2003 -- December 1 , 2003 Episode list ( edit ) Emperor Pilaf Saga ( 1986 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Storyboards Animation Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date `` Bulma and Son Goku '' / `` The Secret of the Dragon Balls '' `` Buruma to Son Gokū '' ( ブルマと孫悟空 ) Minoru Okazaki Yasushi Hirano Not Credited Minoru Maeda February 26 , 1986 September 9 , 1995 August 20 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Goku , a young , but strong orphan living alone in the mountains , and Bulma , a teenage girl searching for seven mystical balls , come together when Bulma hits Goku head - on while driving a motorized vehicle . The balls that Bulma is searching for , known as Dragon Balls , summon the wish granting `` dragon god '' , Shenron ( Shenlong ) . Before Goku 's grandfather died , he gave him a Dragon Ball with four stars in it : the Four - Star Ball ( Si Xing Qui ) . Bulma , already possessing two of the balls , decides to let Goku `` join her on a fun adventure '' so she can borrow his strength and Dragon Ball . They take off on a motorcycle , but Bulma is abducted by a giant flying dinosaur during a little pit stop . Goku takes out the monster with his Power Pole and rescues her . `` What the ... ? ! No Balls ! '' / `` The Emperor 's Quest '' `` Arararaa ! Tama ga Nai ! '' ( あらららー ! タマがない ! ) Daisuke Nishio Toshiki Inoue Not Credited Tomekichi Take'uchi March 5 , 1986 September 16 , 1995 August 21 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Goku and Bulma set up a shelter to sleep in . At night , Goku goes out looking for some food . He sees a plane fly overhead , and , thinking that it is a bird , goes running after it . The plane belongs to Mai and Shu , who are servants of Emperor Pilaf . The Emperor is also looking for the Dragon Balls , and he plans to use them to rule the world ( Planet Earth ) . Goku saves them from wolves , and heads back . In the morning , he finds a Giant turtle who is looking for the sea . Goku volunteers to take him there , so he picks up the turtle on his back and begins running , with Bulma following on her motorcycle . `` The Turtle Hermit 's Kinto Un '' / `` The Nimbus Cloud of Roshi '' `` Kame - Sennin no Kinto - Un '' ( 亀仙人のキント雲 ) Kazuhisa Takenōchi Keiji Terui Not Credited Masayuki Uchiyama March 12 , 1986 September 23 , 1995 August 22 , 2001 ( re-dub ) On their way to the sea , Goku and Bulma run into a giant beast that wants to eat the turtle . Goku makes short work of him , and they continue on their way . When they arrive at the shore , the turtle tells them to wait for him . When he comes back , a man is riding on his back . That man is the turtle hermit : Master Roshi , and as a reward for helping his sea turtle , he gives Goku a flying cloud called the Flying Nimbus . Master Roshi himself can not ride the cloud , because only good and pure people can . Bulma ca n't ride it either , but Goku can , because he has a good heart . Roshi also gives Bulma the Three - Star Ball ( San Xing Qui ) , not knowing what it is . When Master Roshi returns to his island , he finds Pilaf and his two henchmen searching his house for the Dragon Ball . After he tells them that he gave it away , the three leave his island . `` Oolong , the Kidnapping Monster '' / `` Oolong the Terrible '' `` Hitosarai Yōkai Ūron '' ( 人さらい妖怪ウーロン ) Minoru Okazaki Michiru Shimada Not Credited Minoru Maeda March 19 , 1986 September 30 , 1995 August 23 , 2001 ( re-dub ) The Dragon Radar leads Goku and Bulma into a remote village . They find that the village is being terrorized by a shape shifter named Oolong . An old woman in this village has the Six - Star Ball ( Liu Xing Qui ) , and she agrees to give it to them if they drive Oolong away from their village . Oolong wants to marry a girl in the village , so Goku dresses up like her to trick Oolong . When Oolong discovers this , he gets very angry . To protect his identity , he reverts back into his original state after he transformed and runs away from the village . Goku follows , and eventually catches and defeats him . With the village saved , the old woman gives them the Six - Star Ball . 5 `` Yamcha , The Strong Yet Cruel Desert Bandit '' / `` Yamcha the Desert Bandit '' `` Tsuyokute Warui Sabaku no Yamucha '' ( つよくて悪い砂漠のヤムチャ ) Daisuke Nishio Takao Koyama Not Credited Yukio Ebisawa March 26 , 1986 October 7 , 1995 August 24 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Bulma forces Oolong to join their group , thinking that his shape shifting ability will come in handy . Their boat runs out of gas , so they have to walk through the desert . Yamcha , a dangerous bandit , is said to live in this desert . While they walk through the desert , Yamcha and his shape shifting cat Puar ambush them . Goku and Yamcha begin to fight . Yamcha thinks he has won after he uses his Wolf Fang Fist , but Goku is able to get up . Just as Yamcha is about to attack again , he sees Bulma . Yamcha gets nervous around girls , so he panics and runs away . 6 `` Midnight Callers '' / `` Keep an Eye on the Dragon Balls '' `` Mayonaka no Hōmonsha - tachi '' ( 真夜中の訪問者たち ) Kazuhisa Takenōchi Yasushi Hirano Not Credited Masayuki Uchiyama April 2 , 1986 October 14 , 1995 August 27 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Oolong remembers that he has a camper Dyno - Cap , so the three spend the night in it . Goku tells Oolong about the Dragon Balls . Oolong drugs the drinks of Goku and Bulma , causing them to fall asleep . Yamcha and Puar have been listening from outside the window , and now plan to take the balls . Puar changes into Goku to lure Oolong ( who transformed into Bulma , thinking she was Goku ) out of the camper and Yamcha sneaks inside . But what he thinks are the Dragon Ball but after uncovering the `` Dragon Balls '' and finding out they were Bulma 's breasts ; Yamcha completely loses it and retreats with Puar who flew away from Oolong , after the shape shifting pig and cat discovered each other 's true identities from being Goku and Bulma . 7 `` Mt . Frypan 's Gyumao '' / `` The Ox King on Fire Mountain '' `` Furaipan Yama no Gyūmaō '' ( フライパン山の牛魔王 ) Yoshihiro Ueda Toshiki Inoue Katsumi Endō Mitsuo Shindō April 9 , 1986 October 21 , 1995 August 28 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Goku , Bulma , and Oolong arrive at Fire Mountain , with Yamcha and Puar following closely behind . There , they meet the Ox King , who lives in the castle on Fire Mountain . The Ox King notices Goku 's flying Nimbus Cloud , and realizes that he must have received it from Master Roshi . He sent his daughter Chi Chi to go to Master Roshi 's island to borrow the Bansho Fan to put out the flames on Fire Mountain , but she never came back . The Ox King tells Goku that if he finds Chi Chi and returns with the Bansho Fan , he can have the Dragon Ball that 's inside his castle . Goku takes off and finds Chi Chi right away . But after Chi Chi accidentally grabs Goku 's tail to help herself climbed onto the Nimbus Cloud which causes him to get dizzy , Yamcha and Puar discovered Goku 's tail is his only weak point . And as Goku and Chi Chi leaves for Master Roshi 's island , in order to steal the Dragon Balls , they planned to grab Goku 's tail to weaken him . After asking for directions from a dolphin , Goku and Chi Chi arrive at Master Roshi 's island . 8 `` The Turtle Hermit 's Kamehameha '' / `` The Kamehameha Wave '' `` Kame - Sennin no Kamehameha '' ( 亀仙人のカメハメ波 ) Yoshihiro Ueda Keiji Terui Toshihiko Arisako Minoru Maeda April 16 , 1986 October 28 , 1995 August 29 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Master Roshi agrees to let Goku borrow the Bansho fan , but when he goes to retrieve it , he remembers that he spilled juice on it and threw it out . He decides to put out the fire himself . When they arrive back at Fire Mountain , Master Roshi uses his famous Kamehame - Ha to blow out the flames . The wave puts out the fire , but it also destroys the entire mountain . With the Dragon Radar , Bulma is able to search through the rubble and find the Seven - Star Ball ( Qi Xing Qui ) . Goku asks Master Roshi if he can learn the Kamehame - Ha , but is disappointed to find out that it took the turtle hermit 50 years to learn it . He tries it anyway , and is miraculously able to do it on the first try . 9 `` The Rabbit Boss ' Special Technique '' / `` Boss Rabbit 's Magic Touch '' `` Usagi Oyabun no Tokui Waza '' ( うさぎオヤブンの得意技 ) Minoru Okazaki Michiru Shimada Not Credited Minoru Maeda April 23 , 1986 November 4 , 1995 August 30 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Goku , Bulma , and Oolong drive into a city to get gas , unaware that they were still being followed by Yamcha and Puar , who then hides behind the wall to spy on them . Everyone in this town seems to be afraid of Bulma , but after she buys some new clothes and gets rid of her bunny costume , so no one even notices her . Just as they 're about to leave , two men in bunny ears begin to hassle them . Goku beats both of them up , so they call in `` the boss '' . The boss , whose name is Monster Carrot arrives . He is a giant rabbit whose special power is his touch ; if anyone touch him , he / she turn into a carrot . Not knowing this , Bulma slaps him , turning her into a carrot which Monster Carrot grabs . His two men then started to beat up Goku . Watching from behind a wall , Puar turns into a bird and snatches the carrot out of his hand , and Yamcha beats up the two men to save Goku . Goku then hits him with his Power Pole , forcing Monster Carrot to surrender . He changes Bulma back . Goku then ties up Monster Carrot and his henchmen and takes them to the moon by extending his Power Pole , proceeding to force them to make treats for children . 10 `` The Dragon Balls are Stolen ! ! ! '' / `` The Dragon Balls are Stolen ! '' `` Doragon Bōru Ubawareru ! ! '' ( D.B. うばわれる ! ! ) Kazuhisa Takenōchi Takao Koyama Not Credited Tomekichi Takeuchi April 30 , 1986 November 11 , 1995 August 31 , 2001 ( re-dub ) While they are driving towards the final Dragon Ball , Shu in his battle robot fires a rocket at their car . Then he jumps down and runs off with Bulma 's suitcase , which contains their Dragon Balls . Goku tries to follow , but loses him . Luckily , Goku still has the Four - Star Ball , so Pilaf ca n't make his wish to rule the world . Bulma 's Dyno - Caps were in her suitcase as well , so they have no ride . With no other options , Yamcha is forced to give them a lift . They arrive at Pilaf 's castle . Inside , they come to a dead end , but before they can turn around , a wall comes down , trapping them inside . 11 `` At Last the Dragon Appears ! '' / `` The Penalty is Pinball '' `` Tsui ni Doragon Arawaru ! '' ( ついに龍あらわる ! ) Daisuke Nishio Yasushi Hirano Not Credited Masayuki Uchiyama May 7 , 1986 November 18 , 1995 September 3 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Pilaf releases sleeping gas inside the chamber , which knocks everyone out . Mai goes in and steals the Four - Star Ball from Goku while he 's sleeping . When they wake up , they realize the ball has been stolen , and begin to run through the hallways . Pilaf sends giant pinballs rolling after them . Just when one of the balls has them cornered , it suddenly backs off , and a wall comes down again . They are trapped in the same room as before . Goku tries to use a Kamehameha wave to blast away the wall , but only manages to open up a small hole that leads outside , where Pilaf is summoning Shenron to grant his wish for world domination . Puar and Oolong turn into bats and fly through the hole to try to steal one of the balls . But before they can get close enough , Shenron himself appears . 12 `` The Wish to Shen Long '' / `` A Wish to the Eternal Dragon '' `` Shenron e no Negai '' ( 神龍への願い ) Yoshihiro Ueda Toshiki Inoue Toshihiko Arisako Yukio Ebisawa May 14 , 1986 November 25 , 1995 September 4 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Desperate to stop Emperor Pilaf , and just as Goku manages to destroy the wall with another Kamehameha , Oolong interrupts his wish for world domination with his own : a pair of underpants . This wish is granted , Shenron disappears , and the seven balls scatter all over the earth . Furious , Pilaf sends Mai and Shu after Oolong and Puar , and noticing Goku , Yamcha and Bulma escaped , he orders them executed . Many guard dogs suddenly appear : some chase Oolong and Puar and others corner Goku , Yamcha and Bulma . Goku and Yamcha beat these dogs to protect Bulma , and on their way out they find Oolong and Puar . Before they can leave , Mai and Shu corner them with another pack of dogs . They are transported to a room with a glass ceiling that gathers energy from the sun and heats up . By morning , they will be burnt alive . Goku and Yamcha try to break down the walls , but fail . Puar notices the full moon and Goku warns them about a monster that appears during the full moon . This monster ( though it was Goku who killed his grandfather , but he has no memory of that ) trampled his grandfather Gohan to death , and that before that his grandfather told him never to look at the moon . He then accidentally looks at it and transforms into a Great Ape . 13 `` Goku 's Great Transformation '' / `` The Legend of Goku '' `` Gokū no Dai - Henshin '' ( 悟空の大変身 ) Yutaka Satō Keiji Terui Akinori Nagaoka Mitsuo Shindō May 21 , 1986 December 2 , 1995 September 5 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Goku , now a Great Ape , begins demolishing Pilaf 's castle . Bulma , Yamcha , Oolong , and Puar are able to escape . Pilaf , Mai , and Shu board an airplane and start attacking Goku . They are able to bring him down temporarily , but Goku recovers and destroys their plane . He then picks up Bulma and prepares to eat her . Remembering that his tail is his weak point , Yamcha grabs Goku 's tail , and Puar changes into a giant pair of scissors and cuts it off . Goku regresses back to his normal self ; naked , and sleeps until morning . When he wakes up , he is shocked to find that his tail is missing and that he is naked , and remembers nothing about his transformation and rampage . He borrows Oolong 's pants and finds his Power Pole in the rubble , but finds it hard to balance without his tail . Yamcha and Bulma decide to go back to West City together , with Puar and Oolong tagging along . Goku decides to go find the turtle hermit to get the training he was promised . Bulma gives Goku the Dragon Radar so he can find the Four - Star Ball when the Dragon Balls reappear . Notes Emperor Pilaf Saga is referred to as The Saga of Goku in the original 1995 Funimation dub . Tournament Saga ( 1986 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date 14 `` Goku 's Rival ? Appears ! ! '' / `` Goku 's Rival '' `` Gokū no Raibaru ? Sanjō ! ! '' ( 悟空のライバル ? 参上 ! ! ) Kazuhisa Takenōchi Keiji Terui Not Credited Katsumi Aoshima May 28 , 1986 September 6 , 2001 Goku stops by his house to gather his things , then heads towards Master Roshi 's island . When he arrives , Master Roshi tells him that he will only train him if he brings him a girlfriend . Goku brings back a big ugly - looking girl but Master Roshi wanted a beautiful girl . So Goku brings a beautiful mermaid , but that does n't go well either . Suddenly , a small boy named Krillin paddles ashore on a boat and requests training from Master Roshi . With the help of a bribe , Master Roshi agrees to train him . He sends Goku and Krillin into the city to find him another girl . Meanwhile , Yamcha 's ship crashed , so he , Bulma , Puar , and Oolong are forced to walk through the jungle and desert . 15 `` The Peculiar Girl , Lunch '' / `` Look Out for Launch '' `` Fushigi na On'na no Ko Ranchi '' ( 不思議な女の子ランチ ) Not Credited June 4 , 1986 September 7 , 2001 Because Krillin ca n't sit on the Nimbus Cloud , he is forced to cling to Goku 's back during their search for a girl . They find a girl being attacked by two men . Goku beats up these two guys , and they bring the girl back to Master Roshi 's island . Unknown to either of them , the girl , Launch , was being arrested when they found her . When she sneezes , she turns into a mean , aggressive , blonde criminal . Back on the island , Roshi likes Launch so much that he agrees to take her on as a student , along with Goku and Krillin . Launch sneezes , and then takes out a machine gun and shoots at the three boys . After another sneeze , everything is back to normal . 16 `` Training -- The Rock Hunt '' / `` Find That Stone ! '' `` Shugyō Ishi Sagashi '' ( 修業石さがし ) Not Credited June 11 , 1986 September 10 , 2001 Master Roshi packs up his house in a dyno capsule , and the four of them head to a bigger island . Master Roshi tests the boys ' speed by timing them in a 100 - meter dash . Krillin goes first , and runs the distance in 10.4 seconds . Goku 's time is 11 seconds , but after he takes off his old , beat - up shoes , he runs it in 8 seconds . Master Roshi dazzles them by running it in 5.6 seconds . Then he gives them their final test for the day . He makes a mark on a stone , then throws it into the woods , telling them to find it ; the loser must go without dinner for the night . Krillin tries to fool Master Roshi with a stone of his own , but Roshi sees through the lie . Goku finds the stone , but Krillin steals it and runs away . Goku catches up , and the two of them fight . Goku wins , so Krillin throws a decoy stone back into the woods , and Goku runs after it , thinking it 's the real one . Krillin takes the real stone back to Master Roshi . However , Krillin ultimately loses , as Launch made pufferfish for dinner and did n't know that it was poisonous . 17 `` With Life at Stake ! Milk Delivery '' / `` Milk Delivery '' `` Inochigake ! Gyūnyū Haitatsu '' ( 命がけ ! 牛乳はいたつ ) Not Credited June 18 , 1986 September 11 , 2001 Master Roshi wakes the boys up early to begin their training . Their job is to deliver milk , but there are several miles between each house . After several exhausting runs , they are made to climb a mountain to deliver milk to the monk at the top . While at the top , Master Roshi tells them that in eight months , they will be competing in the 21st World Martial Arts Tournament . This encouraging thought is enough to drive Goku and Krillin through the end of their milk delivery . Once the delivery ends , Master Roshi tells them that they will be delivering milk every day until the tournament . The boys are shocked to find out that the milk delivery was only their early morning training , and that they have much more to do every day . Meanwhile , Yamcha is also training for the World Martial Arts Tournament . 18 `` The Turtle Hermit 's Intense Training '' / `` The Turtle Hermit Way '' `` Kame - senryū Kitsūi Shugyō '' ( 亀仙流きつーい修業 ) Yukio Ebisawa June 25 , 1986 September 12 , 2001 The boys continue their workout by plowing an entire field with their bare hands . After a quick breakfast , they head over to a construction site . Here , they dig holes and haul equipment . Their speed dazzles the foreman . They eat lunch and then take a nap . Goku is getting impatient , and wants to learn fighting moves , but Master Roshi says he will not teach them fighting moves until their bodies are in the proper condition . Their next task is to swim 10 laps on a lake while they 're being chased by sharks . Then Master Roshi ties them to a tree and makes them dodge angry wasps . At the end of the day 's training , Master Roshi tells them they will be doing the same thing every day for the next eight months , but with 50 lb . turtle shells on their backs . 19 `` The Tenkaichi Tournament Begins ! '' / `` The Tournament Begins '' `` Tenka'ichi Budōkai Hajimaru ! '' ( 天下一武道会はじまる ! ) Not Credited July 2 , 1986 September 13 , 2001 After several months of training , the boys are anxious to learn fighting techniques . Master Roshi tells them that he has no technique to teach them . The whole point of turtle hermit training is to get your body in superhuman condition . He says fighting is just the expression of your power . Then he gives them 100 lb . turtle shells to wear from now on . After a couple of months , the day before the tournament finally arrives . After everyone checks in ; Yamcha , Bulma , Oolong , and Puar meet up with Goku . The next morning , Master Roshi gives Goku and Krillin fighting uniforms to wear . 20 `` Will it Appear ! ? The Power From the Training '' / `` Elimination Round '' `` Deru ka ! ? Shugyō no Iryoku '' ( でるか ! ? 修行の威力 ) Not Credited July 9 , 1986 September 14 , 2001 The preliminary rounds are divided into four sections , with the top two from each section going on to the finals . Goku and Krillin are drawn into the same section , but are on opposite ends , so they wo n't have to fight each other . Goku 's first match is against a giant , but he is able to knock him out of the ring with only a slight tap to the leg . Krillin 's first opponent is an enemy from his old martial arts school . He kicks his opponent so hard that he breaks a hole in the wall . Bulma , Oolong , and Puar are able to watch the matches through this hole . At the end of the day , Goku , Krillin , and Yamcha all advance to the quarter final round of the World Martial Arts Tournament . 21 `` Watch Out ! Kuririn '' / `` Smells Like Trouble '' `` Ayaushi ! Kuririn '' ( 危うし ! クリリン ) Haruki Iwanami July 16 , 1986 September 17 , 2001 Goku and Krillin meet up with Bulma , Oolong , and Puar before the finals start . Master Roshi arrives , saying that he missed the preliminaries because of a long line in the bathroom . When the contestants are called to the arena , Goku and Krillin leave , and Master Roshi mysteriously disappears . They draw numbers to set the quarterfinal matches . Krillin is in the first match against Bacterian , a giant whose stench is paralyzing . Yamcha is in the second match against Jackie Chun , and Goku is in the fourth match . The first match starts , and right away Krillin is paralyzed by Bacterian 's stench . Just when it looks like he 's going to lose , Goku reminds him that he does n't have a nose , and Krillin is able to get up and give Bacterian a taste of his own medicine . Krillin moves on to the semifinals . 22 `` Yamucha vs. Jackie Chun '' / `` Quarterfinals Begin '' `` Yamucha Tai Jakkī Chun '' ( ヤムチャ VS ジャッキーチュン ) Not Credited July 23 , 1986 September 18 , 2001 The second match begins . Yamcha tries his best moves against Jackie Chun , but he ca n't even land a punch because the old man is far too quick for him . The fight ends when Jackie Chun pushes Yamcha out of the ring with his energy . The third match between Nam and Ranfan begins . Nam is fighting for prize money to buy water for his village . Nam hits Ranfan and she starts to cry , but the crying is just an act . She takes advantage of Nam 's hesitation and quickly attacks . When Nam is able to defend her attacks easily , she takes off her clothes to distract him . Jackie Chun begins hooting wildly , and Yamcha recognizes this laughter as Master Roshi 's . He realizes that Jackie Chun is Roshi . Nam closes his eyes and is able to beat Ranfan . 23 `` He 's Here ! The Mighty Foe Giran '' / `` Monster Beast Giran '' `` Detā ! Kyōteki Giran '' ( 出たーっ ! 強敵ギラン ) Not Credited July 30 , 1986 September 19 , 2001 Goku 's match is postponed by rain . While they 're waiting for the weather to clear up , they relax in the bar . Giran , Goku 's opponent , comes in and gets made fun of by the monks where kurirun 's old temple and starts attacking them for bothering him . Yamcha warns Goku that Giran has been known to cheat . When the match finally starts , Giran tricks Goku into dropping his guard , then punches him . Goku responds with a furious attack and throws Giran out of the ring . Giran reveals that he can fly , and he lands safely back in bounds . He then spits rock - hard gum onto Goku , wraply trapping him . He throws Goku out of the ring , but Goku calls the flying Nimbus Cloud to save him . Just as Giran is about to punch Goku , his tail grows back and he dodges the punch . Since he is stronger with his tail , he is now able to break the gum . Shocked at this incredible display of strength , Giran forfeits the match . 24 `` Kuririn 's Desperate Offensive and Defensive Battle '' / `` Krillin 's Frantic Attack ! '' `` Kuririn Hisshi no Dai - Kōbōsen '' ( クリリン必死の大攻防戦 ) Not Credited August 6 , 1986 September 20 , 2001 The first semifinal begins , as Krillin and Jackie Chun fight . Unfortunately , Jackie Chun 's punches are too fast for Krillin to see . He attacks Jackie Chun , and after a brief instant , they fly away from each other . The announcer asks them to slowly reenact what happened . Jackie Chun tried to kick Krillin , but he dodged it and then tried to land a punch , but Jackie spit at him . Krillin countered this with his own spit . Then they played janken , which was just a distraction , allowing Jackie to kick Krillin in the face . After the reenactment , Krillin distracts Jackie with a pair of panties , then kicks him far out of the ring . Jackie uses a Kamehameha wave to blast himself back into the ring . Then he uses the after - image technique to distract Krillin , allowing him to land a double karate chop , which knocks Krillin out . After the match , Yamcha , thinking that Jackie Chun is Master Roshi , tries to pull his wig off , but ca n't . Even though it seems like Jackie Chun is Master Roshi , no one can prove it . 25 `` Get Up , Goku ! The Fearsome Tenku Pekeji - ken '' / `` Danger From Above '' `` Tate Gokū ! Osoru Beki Tenkū Pekeji - ken '' ( たて悟空 ! 恐るべき天空 X 字拳 ) Haruki Iwanami August 13 , 1986 September 21 , 2001 Goku starts his semifinal match against Nam . He uses a tornado attack to push Nam out of the ring , but gets too dizzy before he can finish it . Nam then uses his aerial attack , which is supposed to leave the victim unconscious . Goku is somehow able to stand up afterwards , and jumps up in the air just like Nam . Once Nam lands , Goku kicks him out of the ring . Afterwards , Nam packs up to leave , but Jackie Chun stops him . He gives him a dyno capsule that can be used for storage . Nam asks Jackie how he knew about his water problem , and Jackie says that he read his mind . Nam realizes that Jackie Chun is Master Roshi , but Jackie keeps him quiet . He explains that he is fighting undercover to beat Goku and Krillin . He does n't want them to think that they 're the strongest in the world if they win the tournament and stop trying to improve their skills afterwards . Nam then does Jackie a favor by dressing up like Master Roshi and standing in the crowd . Yamcha sees him , and no longer thinks that Jackie Chun is Master Roshi . 26 `` The Final Round ! ! Kamehame - Ha '' / `` The Grand Finals '' `` Kesshōsen da ! ! Kamehame - Ha '' ( 決勝戦だ ! ! カメハメ波 ) Not Credited August 20 , 1986 September 24 , 2001 The final match begins . Goku jumps up in the air , but Jackie Chun sees it coming and kicks him out of the ring . Everyone thinks that Jackie has won , but Goku flies back into the ring by spinning his tail like a helicopter blade . Jackie challenges Goku to use the Kamehameha wave and ( to his great surprise ) Goku can do it just as well as he can . Jackie uses a double after - image to fool Goku . Goku counters with a triple after - image . Jackie then begins staggering wildly around the ring . With his unpredictable movements , he begins beating up Goku . Yamcha tells Goku that he is using the drunken boxing technique , so Goku counters with his crazy monkey attack . He runs around like a monkey , and Jackie Chun ca n't follow him . Once this is over , Jackie Chun says that his next move will win the match . 27 `` Goku 's Greatest Pinch '' / `` Number One Under the Moon ? '' `` Gokū Saidai no Pinch '' ( 悟空最大のピンチ ) Not Credited August 27 , 1986 September 25 , 2001 The sun begins to go down for dusk as the final match between Goku and Jackie Chun continues . Jackie hypnotizes Goku and puts him to sleep . Goku ca n't wake up unless Jackie tells him to . Just before the count reaches 10 , Bulma yells `` Goku ! Your dinner is ready ! '' and Goku wakes up . Then Goku uses janken attack moves , but Jackie blocks them . Goku tries it again and this time tricks him by saying `` paper '' , but throwing rock . Jackie decides to use an attack that he 's only ever used once before : the Lightning Flash Surprise attack . He gathers his energy and shoots it at Goku . This energy is transformed into 20,000 volts when it hits Goku . Just as Goku is about to give up , he glimpses the full moon and transforms into a Great Ape again . Knowing that he must stop Goku 's rampage at any cost , Jackie Chun fires his most powerful Kamehameha wave . When the dust clears , Goku is nowhere to be seen and Bulma , Yamcha and the others believe Jackie killed Goku . 28 `` Clash ! ! Power vs. Power '' / `` The Final Blow '' `` Gekitotsu ! ! Pawā Tai Pawā '' ( 激突 ! ! パワー対パワー ) Not Credited September 3 , 1986 September 26 , 2001 Jackie Chun reveals that the actual target of his Kamehameha wave was the moon , and not Goku . Goku ; now in his normal but naked self , is shown to be asleep naked in the rubble but wakes up confused on why he is naked , and after borrowing Krillin 's clothes for his new one , continue fighting . When the match resumes , Jackie Chun attempts to fire another Kamehameha wave at Goku , but he finds that he does n't have the energy to do so . Goku then kicks him out of the ring , but Jackie cleverly avoids touching the ground by smashing his foot in the side of the platform . With both of them completely exhausted , they agree on a straightforward finish to the match . After a long bout of fighting , Goku and Jackie jump and kick each other in the face , knocking each other down . The count goes past 10 , and the judge says the first person to stand up and declare victory wins . Goku struggles to his feet and manages to stand , but he collapses before finishing his victory declaration . Jackie Chun then stands up and proudly announces his victory . Roshi later takes off his disguise and goes out to eat with his friends , where Goku eats so much food that Roshi has to spend all of his prize money . Red Ribbon Army Saga ( 1986 -- 1987 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Storyboards Animation Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date 29 `` Another Adventure -- The Wandering Lake '' / `` The Roaming Lake '' `` Futatabi Bōken Samayō Mizūmi '' ( ふたたび冒険さまよう湖 ) Not Credited September 10 , 1986 February 11 , 2002 Master Roshi tells Goku and Krillin to take a break from training for now , but Krillin still decides to go live with him . Goku sets off on his search for the four - star Dragon Ball . Meanwhile , Nam has arrived at his village with the water , but it is still not enough . The river has run dry , so Nam heads upstream to find the source of the disturbance . He is attacked by a dinosaur , but luckily Goku is swimming in a nearby lake and comes to rescue him . He and Nam continue upstream and find that a dam has been built . The monsters that live there refuse to tear it down . Their leader , Giran , recognizes Goku from the tournament . He says that he would tear it down , but it 's too strong for them to break . Goku fires a Kamehameha wave at it , which is enough to destroy the dam . With the river replenished , everything seems okay , but a sandstorm suddenly kicks up and dries up the river again . Goku notices the lake he was swimming before . This is the Roaming Lake , and it came to help the village . 30 `` Pilaf and the Mysterious Army '' / `` Pilaf and the Mystery Force '' `` Pirafu to Nazo no Gundan '' ( ピラフと謎の軍団 ) Not Credited September 17 , 1986 February 12 , 2002 Goku stops at a lake for a swim . When he gets out , he finds that the dragon radar and his clothes have been stolen . He is forced to go naked and searches for his belongings . He picks up on the thief 's scent and follows it to its source . The thief tells him that he sold the radar to an antique salesman in a nearby town . Goku locates the shop and finds his dragon radar there . He picks up a signal coming from the shop , so he turns around and sees Emperor Pilaf and Mai holding the four - star ball , having just bought it from this store . They are able to escape on their ship , but Goku follows them on the Nimbus Cloud . Back at the antique store , a mysterious military force has arrived looking for a Dragon Ball . The salesman gives them a four - star ball , but they recognize it as a fake . Pilaf 's four - star ball was also a fake , but Goku does not yet know . The signal he picked up on was the six - star ball in a nest above the shop . A bird then flies away with the ball in its talons . 31 `` Yikes ! A Fake Goku Appears ! ! '' / `` Wedding Plans ? '' `` Gege ! Nise Gokū Shutsugen ! ! '' ( ゲゲ ! ニセ悟空出現 ! ! ) Not Credited September 24 , 1986 February 13 , 2002 Emperor Pilaf gives Goku the fake four - star , but Goku drops it . The bird that had the six - star ball got eaten by a larger bird , and that bird got captured by the Ox King . Chi Chi thinks Goku is coming , and since she wants to marry him , the Ox King roasts the bird for a wedding feast . Emperor Pilaf 's radar picks up the signal coming from Ox King 's village , so Shu dresses up like Goku to get close enough to steal the ball . Goku follows his radar 's signal and finds Chi Chi in a field picking flowers for the wedding . Back at the feast , suddenly the mysterious military force , the Red Ribbon Army , attacks the village , having followed the six - star ball 's signal as well . Ox King tries to fight back , but gets captured . Pilaf snatches the Dragon Ball from inside the bird and takes off in his ship . Goku and Chi Chi notice smoke coming from the village , so they go to check it out . 32 `` Vanished ! ? The Flying Fortress in the Sky '' / `` The Flying Fortress -- Vanished ! '' `` Kieta ! ? Sora Tobu Yōsai '' ( 消えた ! ? 空とぶ要塞 ) Not Credited October 1 , 1986 February 14 , 2002 Goku and Chi Chi arrive at the village in time to rescue the Ox King . After a quick meal , Goku follows the signal on the dragon radar again . Emperor Pilaf 's flying fortress shoots down the jets of the Red Ribbon Army and escapes . Both the Red Ribbon Army and Goku follow their signals to a remote point in the middle of the desert , but neither can find Pilaf . Goku , searching on foot , is suddenly attacked by automatic guns rising from the sand . Colonel Silver notices this and realizes Pilaf is hiding in an underground base . Pilaf , Mai , and Shu all try to escape on the flying fortress . Goku follows them and clings to the wall of the ship . The Red Ribbon Army is waiting for them with hundreds of fighter jets , and they destroy the fortress . Pilaf , Mai , and Shu parachute down and are forced to hand over the six - star ball . 33 `` Legend of the Dragon '' / `` The Legend of a Dragon '' `` Doragon no Densetsu '' ( 龍の伝説 ) Not Credited October 8 , 1986 February 15 , 2002 Goku calls the Nimbus Cloud to save him just before the flying fortress explodes . Then he heads off towards the nearest signal on the dragon radar . Back at Kame House , Master Roshi tells Krillin and Launch the legend of the Dragon Balls . Long ago , the seven balls were one , but evil forces tried to steal it . The ball split itself into seven useless parts , but when combined , they summon the eternal dragon who will grant one wish . Goku follows the radar to a forest where he finds the Red Ribbon Army also in search of the ball . The army is burning down the forest , so Goku tries to stop them . Suddenly , a monkey runs by holding the five - star ball . Colonel Silver shoots at it , causing the monkey to fly over the edge of a cliff . Goku grabs it , but the monkey drops the ball into a river . 34 `` The Heartless Red Ribbon '' / `` Cruel General Red '' `` Hijō no Reddo Ribon '' ( 非情のレッドリボン ) Not Credited October 15 , 1986 February 18 , 2002 While the Red Ribbon Army is searching the river for the five - star ball , Goku follows the dragon radar downstream and finds it . Before he can escape , Colonel Silver destroys the flying Nimbus . Angry , Goku easily defeats him . He finds some dyno caps in a nearby building and throws them . One is a robot , and the other is a plane . The robot flies the plane for Goku as he follows the nearest signal on the dragon radar . Goku instructs the robot to land the plane , but the robot 's circuits freeze up in the extreme cold , so the plane crashes . Goku , frozen solid , is dragged away by a mysterious young girl . 35 `` Suno , Girl of the North '' / `` Cold Reception '' `` Kita no Shōjo Suno '' ( 北の少女スノ ) Not Credited October 22 , 1986 February 19 , 2002 The girl called Snow , takes Goku back to her house to recover . She and her mother explain that the Red Ribbon Army has taken their village chief hostage and are forcing the men to help them look for the Dragon Ball . The chief is being held in a fortress called Muscle Tower . Two soldiers break in , just as Goku is in the bathroom but Goku beats them . Snow gives Goku warm clothes to wear outside . Goku arrives at Muscle Tower and makes short work of the guards waiting outside . He uses his power pole to vault up onto the first level . 36 `` The Terror of Muscle Tower '' / `` Major Metallitron '' `` Massuru Tawā no Kyōfu '' ( マッスル塔の恐怖 ) Not Credited October 29 , 1986 February 20 , 2002 Goku enters the second floor of Muscle Tower and defeats the guards waiting for him . He heads up to the third floor where he finds a large android named Major Metallitron . Goku and Major start to fight , and after a few hits , Goku knocks him over . Goku is caught off guard when the giant gets up and grabs him . Major launches a missile at him , but he dodges it . Goku counters with a Kamehameha wave and blows Metallitron 's head off . The android still moves though . Goku punches a hole through the robot 's chest , but even that does n't stop him . The fight finally ends when Major Metallitron 's batteries die . 37 `` Enter Ninja Murasaki '' / `` Ninja Murasaki is Coming ! '' `` Ninja Murasaki Sanjō '' ( 忍者ムラサキ参上 ) Not Credited November 5 , 1986 February 21 , 2002 Goku enters the fourth floor of Muscle Tower and finds himself in the middle of a forest . Ninja Murasaki who is hiding , has been sent to kill Goku . After games of hide and seek , racing and shuriken throwing , Ninja Murasaki finally decides to fight , and Goku breaks his sword with the power pole . Murasaki throws a boomerang at him which hits and knocks out Goku . 38 `` Be Afraid ! ! The Split - Image Technique '' / `` Five Murasakis '' `` Osorubeshi ! ! Bunshin no Jutsu '' ( 恐るべし ! ! 分身の術 ) Not Credited November 12 , 1986 February 22 , 2002 Goku recovers from his injury and begins to chase Murasaki . Murasaki , then Goku , cross a piranha invested lake . Murasaki decides to use his ultimate technique and seemingly splits into five . The five Murasakis nearly overwhelm Goku . They reveal that they are quintuplet brothers , not five parts of one person . Goku takes them out one by one . He chases the last Murasaki brother up to a cage . The ninja releases the monster within , Android 8 . 39 `` The Mysterious Cyborg No. 8 '' / `` Mysterious Android No. 8 '' `` Nazo no Jinzōningen Hachi - Gō '' ( 謎の人造人間 8 号 ) Not Credited November 19 , 1986 February 25 , 2002 Ninja Murasaki releases Android 8 to fight Goku . Android 8 however refuses to fight . Murasaki threatens Android 8 with a remote to set off a bomb inside him . Goku stops Murasaki , destroys the remote and beats the ninja . Goku has walked into a labyrinth but can not find a way past . Android 8 comes to repay Goku with help to get past the maze . Goku nicknames Android 8 `` Eighter '' . They easily stop approaching soldiers . Finally they manage to get past the trick wall at the end of the maze . They find General White waiting for them in the 6th floor command room . General White wo n't give up and drops Goku and Eighter down a trapdoor . 40 `` What Now , Goku ! ! ? The Horrible Buyon '' / `` Horrifying Buyon '' `` Dō Suru Gokū ! ! Senritsu no Buyon '' ( どうする悟空 ! ! 戦慄のブヨン ) Not Credited November 26 , 1986 February 26 , 2002 Goku and Eighter land on 5th floor . General White releases a monster to destroy both of them . Meanwhile Snow has found some sweet furry rodents . Eighter cowers at the other side of the room while Goku fights the monster Buyon . Goku ca n't even hurt Buyon . Buyon eats Goku , but he struggles out . Even a Kamehameha Wave does n't affect Buyon . Goku saves Eighter from being eaten . Recalling an earlier exchange with Snow , Goku punches a hole in the wall letting in cold air and freezing Buyon solid . Goku smashes Buyon and ascends with Eighter back to the command room . 41 `` The End of Muscle Tower '' / `` The Fall of Muscle Tower '' `` Massuru Tawā no Saigo '' ( マッスルタワーの最期 ) Not Credited December 3 , 1986 February 27 , 2002 Goku fights General White who is not very fit . Eighter is too pacifistic to join in the fight as General White grabs Goku by the tail . After giving General White a severe bashing , the latter pretends to surrender and releases the village chief . When the chief 's back is turned , General White threatens Goku and Eighter to shoot the chief . The chief is hesitant whether he wants to live or die . Then the General blackmails Eighter into beating Goku . Hearing this , an enraged Goku demands that White deal with him , and White promptly shoots Goku . Eighter loses his temper and punches General White out of the tower . Finally all three leave the tower and Eighter destroys it . They all receive a warm welcome back at Snow 's house . 42 `` Imminent Danger ! ! Go for it , Ha - chan '' / `` The Secret of Dr. Flappe '' `` Kiki Ippatsu ! ! Ganbare Hatchan '' ( 危機一髪 ! ! ガンバレ 8 ちゃん ) Not Credited December 10 , 1986 February 28 , 2002 The village is safe again but Snow 's parents wonder where the dragon ball was . Eighter had it all along so General White would n't exterminate the village . Unfortunately Eighter can not risk staying in the village with the bomb still inside him . The chief suggests they go to Dr. Flappe to sort the problem . Goku has broken his dragon radar . While Snow , Goku and Eighter head to Dr. Flappe , Murasaki ( who has survived ) stalks them . Before Dr. Flappe can get to work , Murasaki surprises him . It is revealed Dr. Flappe created Eighter , not the RR Army . Murasaki forces Dr. Flappe to swipe Goku 's dragon balls . Goku chases and beats the ninja . Dr. Flappe is able to take the bomb out of Eighter but can not fix Goku 's radar . Goku throws the bomb which kills Murasaki . 43 `` Bulma 's House in Metro West '' / `` A Trip to the City '' `` Nishi no Miyako no Buruma n'chi '' ( 西の都のブルマんち ) Not Credited December 17 , 1986 March 1 , 2002 After spending a night in Snow 's house one of the villagers helps Goku summon his Nimbus next morning . Goku reaches West City , but has no idea where to find Bulma . Nobody he meets has a clue . Goku does not have any money , but manages to win a lot in a street fighting competition . Along the way , Goku is abducted by a couple of thieving rogues , but they are far from a problem for him . Goku finds a policeman to direct him to Bulma 's house which is the Capsule Corp where dyno caps were first invented . 44 `` Goku and Friends and Tons of Danger '' / `` Master Thief , Hasky '' `` Gokū to Nakama to Kiken ga Ippai '' ( 悟空と仲間と危険がいっぱい ) Not Credited December 24 , 1986 March 4 , 2002 Bulma is currently out . Bulma shortly returns skipping school hours . Bulma leads Goku and the policeman to the garden where Bulma 's father is . While Bulma fixes the radar , her father fixes the policeman 's motorcycle . Bulma finds Goku has procured two dragon balls . To come with Goku , Bulma demonstrates her Microband invention . Meanwhile the RR Army are plotting against Goku . General Black has hired a master thief , Hasky , to get the balls from him . The thieving rogues team up with her . Goku and Bulma meet up with Yamcha , Puar and Oolong . They all decide to go to the new Dreamland amusement park . Hasky is ready to make her move . 45 `` Watch Out ! A Mid-Air Trap '' / `` Danger in the Air '' `` Ki o Tsukero ! Kūchū no Wana '' ( 気をつけろ ! 空中の罠 ) Tetsuo Imazawa January 7 , 1987 March 5 , 2002 Goku 's group enters the Dreamland amusement park , with Hasky and her two men stalking them . Hasky plans how to steal the Dragon Balls while Goku 's group is having fun . Hasky baits the group into thinking she is a poor but promising fortuneteller . Goku makes it difficult for Hasky but with the Dragon Balls in Yamcha 's possession , Hasky seizes her chance . Hasky 's cover is shortly blown but she swipes the Dragon Balls . Hasky says she has planted a bomb to blow up Dreamland . Yamcha manages to tell Goku . On his Flying Nimbus , Goku chases Hasky 's hover ship . Goku pins down Hasky , disarms the bomb and takes back the Dragon Balls . Bulma dumps Yamcha and she and Goku head off to search for the remaining Dragon Balls . General Blue Saga ( 1987 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Storyboards Animation Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date 46 `` Bulma 's Big Failure '' / `` Bulma 's Bad Day '' `` Buruma no Dai - Shippai '' ( ブルマの大失敗 ) Not Credited January 14 , 1987 March 6 , 2002 Goku and Bulma head to an island to look for a dragon ball . The island however is under the control of General Blue of the RR Army . Goku lands on the island and Bulma finds only one dyno cap in her father 's case , and there are several nudie mags . Bulma snatches the lot and gets frustrated and furious that her father is into this , and shreds them up . Goku dives into the ocean but can not dive deep enough to find the dragon ball . Meanwhile a couple of RR pilots are shooting at Bulma . As the pilots harass Bulma , Goku comes and blows them from the sky . Goku decides to go to Master Roshi 's , much to Bulma 's dismay . 47 `` Kame House is Discovered ! ! '' / `` Kame House -- Found ! '' `` Kame Hausu Hakken Saru ! ! '' ( KAME HOUSE 発見さる ! ! ) Not Credited January 21 , 1987 March 7 , 2002 As General Blue 's men recover the scouts , Goku makes it to Roshi 's island . Roshi offers the submarine ( which Krillin and Launch are using ) in exchange for Bulma 's microband . Meanwhile Commander Red orders General Blue to take action . Roshi attempts to use the microband for some indecent mischief , and Launch and Krillin return . While planning to find the dragon ball , Krillin mentions something about Pirates ' Treasure and Master Roshi tells its tale . After Goku , Bulma and Krillin leave , a RR scout spies the island . 48 `` General Blue Begins Attacking ! ! '' / `` Deep Blue Sea '' `` Burū Shōgun Kōgeki Kaishi ! ! '' ( ブルー将軍攻撃開始 ! ! ) Not Credited January 28 , 1987 March 8 , 2002 Krillin manages to maneuver the air / sub ship to the location where the dragon ball is . General Blue plans to tail Goku , while another squad heads to Roshi 's Island . Despite their searching , Bulma , Krillin and Goku do not find the dragon ball on the ocean bed . Meanwhile , General Blue prepares and launches all his forces . As Krillin drives the sub into a cave , General Blue 's submarines tail and attack them . Krillin makes it to narrower caves , but General Blue sends his mini-subs to pursue them . 49 `` Lunch - san in Danger '' / `` Roshi Surprise '' `` Ayaushi Ranchi - san '' ( 危うしランチさん ) Tatsuo Higashino February 4 , 1987 March 11 , 2002 General Blue continues to chase Bulma , Goku and Krillin in their submarine . He resorts to ramming them into the cave walls . Meanwhile , Master Roshi is having a bit of trouble with an aggressive Launch . As Launch turns back into her gentle self , Captain Dock 's flying circus approaches and lands on the island . Roshi mocks the Captain and does a surprise attack on the men , aggressive Launch finishing it off . Goku , Bulma and Krillin narrowly escape Blue 's subs and surface into a long dark tunnel . Goku finds a button and lights up the tunnel . At the sight of a skeleton , Krillin confirms the place is the Pirates ' hideout . Hearing that the legend is true , General Blue has new ideas . 50 `` The Pirates ' Traps '' / `` The Trap is Sprung ! '' `` Kaizoku - tachi no Wana '' ( 海賊たちのワナ ) Not Credited February 11 , 1987 March 12 , 2002 General Blue continues to follow Goku , Krillin and Bulma , whilst Commander Red is impatient for results . The trio walk into a spear trap room . Goku and Krillin jump over the floor buttons but Goku has to maneuver Bulma with his power pole . Blue 's soldiers are killed by the trap but General Blue finds a secret passage . As the trio cross a dark passage , they fall down an unstable floor into a lava pit , but Goku vaults them out with his power pole . General Blue gets attacked by an electric eel but manages to kill it . As the trio linger in the Pirates ' port , a deadly robot emerges bent on terminating intruders . 51 `` The Security Guard at the Bottom of the Ocean '' / `` Beware of Robot '' `` Kaitei no Gādoman '' ( 海底のガードマン ) Not Credited February 18 , 1987 March 13 , 2002 Goku and Krillin fight the Pirate robot in between evading its heavy machine gun and sword . Krillin manages to disarm the sword from it . General Blue stays in hiding watching the fight . Bulma fires a gun cannon on the robot as it skis across a pool . As Goku fights the robot with his power pole , Bulma rams a truck on it . Next , the robot drags Goku into an underwater battle , Goku narrowly escaping . The robot chases Bulma and Krillin through the hideout where all the pirates are dead . Goku recovers and rescues the other two . Goku performs an aerial attack smashing the robot . As everyone makes their way through the inner halls , the place begins to collapse . Goku takes a different route from the others . Bulma , Krillin and General Blue dive into a well . 52 `` We Did It ! Treasure Discovered '' / `` The Pirate Treasure '' `` Yatta ! Otakara Hakken '' ( やった ! お宝発見 ) Not Credited February 25 , 1987 March 14 , 2002 As the hideout continues to collapse , Goku reaches a dead end and falls down a trapdoor onto a giant octopus . Krillin and Bulma emerge into a room with a booby trapped 10 - armed statue and three chests , and General Blue emerges . Krillin disarms the statue and opens the gold chest while Goku blasts and eats the octopus . Bulma inserts a key in the statue and General Blue shows himself to the two . General Blue mocks Krillin as he fights him . Goku hears the fight and swims to them . General Blue demonstrates that he is very sensitive about his good looks and stuns Krillin , making it easy to beat him . General Blue is n't affected by Bulma 's charms . Goku arrives just before General Blue can kill Krillin . 53 `` The Eyes that Sparkle with Terror '' / `` Blue , Black and Blue '' `` Kyōfu no Hikaru Me '' ( 恐怖の光る眼 ) Not Credited March 4 , 1987 March 15 , 2002 Goku and Blue start fighting and Goku is winning until Blue powers up . Meanwhile , the whole ceiling is collapsing . He is just about to kill Goku when a mouse scares him . Goku gets up and beats Blue . Bulma and Krillin want to get out before the ceiling falls , but Goku wants to find the dragon ball . Once he gets it , he picks the mouse that saved him and runs , but Bulma and Krillin are about to leave . 54 `` Run ! Run ! The Great Escape '' / `` Escape From Pirate Cave '' `` Nigero ya Nigero ! ! Dai - Dasshutsu '' ( 逃げろや逃げろ ! ! 大脱出 ) Not Credited March 11 , 1987 October 21 , 2002 Goku makes it to the getaway submarine in the nick of time , still carrying the mouse in his mouth . As the trio escape , rocks collapse and hit the sub and it soon runs out of fuel . Goku manages to launch the sub to the surface with a Kamehameha Wave . Bulma has managed to take one diamond with her . General Blue also reaches the surface . In the Blue Sector HQ , Goku fiddles with the radio . As the trio make their way to Master Roshi 's , General Blue follows . As Roshi gets the diamond , he is forced to hand it to aggressive Launch who makes off with it . General Blue lands on the island preparing for revenge . 55 `` ' Lo ! Chased to Penguin Village '' / `` Penguin Village '' `` Ncha ! Otte Pengin Mura '' ( んちゃ ! 追ってペンギン村 ) Not Credited March 18 , 1987 October 22 , 2002 General Blue binds the occupants of the Kame house with rope he powered with psychic waves . General Blue then steals the dragon balls and sets a 5 minute bomb . Gentle Launch makes it in time to release Goku and Goku throws out the bomb . Goku then chases General Blue . As Goku and General Blue speed up to max , they both fly across a strange island . A speedy girl with a couple of sprites watch in awe . General Blue causes Goku to fall but crashes his jet into a mountain . 56 `` Woohoo ! Arale Rides the Cloud '' / `` Strange Visitor '' `` Uhohōi ! Arare Kumo ni Noru '' ( うほほーい ! アラレ雲にのる ) Yukio Ebisawa March 25 , 1987 October 23 , 2002 The girl introduces herself as Arale and the sprites are Gachem 1 & 2 . Blue flees before Goku can find him . Arale and Gachem 1 & 2 catch up with Goku and are able to ride on the Nimbus with him . Blue meets Sour Man and commandeers his car . Goku meets a lady called Akuma and a policeman called Toro , both incapable of riding the Nimbus . The mention of the RR Army terrifies Toro . Blue meets someone who resembles his little brother and attacks Toro and his partners . As Goku tries to find the General , Arale bumps into Blue , and she and Gachem 1 and 2 try to socialise with him , to Blue 's horror . Goku fails to find Blue and can not get the dragon radar to work . Arale takes Goku to a doctor to get it fixed . 57 `` A Face - off ! Arale vs. Blue '' / `` Arale vs. Blue '' `` Taiketsu ! Arare Tai Burū '' ( 対決 ! アラレ VS ブルー ) Not Credited April 8 , 1987 October 24 , 2002 Senbei attempts to fix the dragon radar while Officer Toro stumbles in the coffee shop . Baby Turbo manages to help Senbei fix the radar . Blue arrives and waits for his chance to steal the plane by the family 's house . Blue tries to avoid detection from Goku 's fixed radar . The police at the station are getting trigger happy . Goku finds Blue by surprise and Blue threatens Arale with a knife in front of the family . Blue stuns Goku and swipes his radar . Before Blue can kill Goku , Arale jumps in and chases him through Penguin village . Meanwhile a small fight occurs between the police and a couple of aliens , mistaken for the Red Ribbon Army . Turbo offers to make a new radar for the one Goku lost . Blue is shown making contact with Red from a desolated area . Commander Red Saga ( 1987 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Storyboards Animation Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date 58 `` The Sacred , Yet Ominous Land of Karin '' / `` The Land of Korin '' `` Makyō no Seichi Karin '' ( 魔境の聖地カリン ) Not Credited April 15 , 1987 October 28 , 2002 In the Land of Korin , Captain Yellow finds another dragon ball in a volcano crater . Near a massive tower that reaches the sky , Bora and his son Upa are fishing . As Captain Yellow 's men retrieve the dragon ball , the volcano erupts . Bora gets hold of the dragon ball . As Yellow and his men land , Bora demands they leave . When they see him carrying the dragon ball they attack him but Bora resists . Bora kills a grenadier who comes from behind him and beats down Yellow 's men . Yellow kidnaps Upa to blackmail Bora . Goku arrives in time to defeat Yellow and save Upa ( who is able to ride the Nimbus ) . The dragon ball Bora has is the very one Goku was looking for . Meanwhile , the guards of the RR base hardly recognize General Blue on his arrival . Commander Red has summoned the infamous Mercenary Tao . 59 `` It 's Him ! The World 's Greatest Assassin , Taopaipai '' / `` The Notorious Mercenary '' `` Kita ! Sekaiichi no Koroshiya Taopaipai '' ( きた ! 世界一の殺し屋 `` 桃白白 '' ) Not Credited April 22 , 1987 October 29 , 2002 General Blue enters the RR base and meets with Commander Red . Despite procuring the dragon radar , Red is displeased with Blue and offers him a second chance if he can defeat Mercenary Tao , which he fails and Mercenary Tao easily kills him . Meanwhile , Bora tells Goku the legend of the Korin Tower . After being briefed on his target , Tao travels on a flying pillar to Korin 's Land . As Goku , Bora and Upa are enjoying themselves , Tao storms in and Bora fights him . Bora is killed by Tao , leaving Upa in grief and Goku in anger . 60 `` A Battle ! ! The Kamehameha vs. the Dodonpa '' / `` Tao Attacks ! '' `` Shōbu ! ! Kamehameha Tai Dodonpa '' ( 勝負 ! ! カメハメ波 VS どどん波 ) Not Credited April 29 , 1987 October 30 , 2002 Goku fights Tao , taking a severe beating from Tao . A Kamehameha Wave has no effect on Tao , but it sears his outfit . Angered , Tao fires a lethal beam ( Dodon Ray ) on Goku . Tao takes the dragon balls and taunts Upa before making his leave . Tao heads to a town to get a new outfit , while Red tells him that he is one dragon ball short . Upa has buried his father and is about to bury Goku when an RR pilot lands . As the pilot tries to take the dragon ball Goku kept , Goku beats him and blasts his jet . Apparently Goku 's grandfather 's dragon ball blocked the Dodon Wave . Goku begins to climb the Korin Tower , while Tao waits for his outfit to be tailored to Red 's frustration . 61 `` Karin - sama of Karin Tower '' / `` Korin Tower '' `` Karin - Tō no Karin - sama '' ( カリン塔のカリン様 ) Not Credited May 6 , 1987 November 4 , 2002 Goku eventually reaches the summit of Korin 's tower . Goku is then met with Korin , who is not about to hand the sacred water to Goku . An assassin fails to kill Mercenary Tao as he heads to his usual luxurious hotel to take a boiling hot bath . Korin seems to be deceitful not letting Goku take the bottle of sacred water . After a long hard attempt trying to get the sacred water , Korin reveals that Master Roshi was the first to climb the tower and it took him three years to get the water . 62 `` What Will the Effect of the Super Spirit Water Be ! ? '' / `` Sacred Water '' `` Hatashite ! ? Chōseisui no Kikime '' ( 果して ! ? 超聖水のききめ ) Not Credited May 13 , 1987 November 5 , 2002 Goku attempts to snatch the sacred water from Korin with his `` After Image '' technique which is no surprise to Korin . The next day Korin gives Goku a Sensu Bean to last Goku 's appetite and energy for 10 days . Korin throws Goku 's dragon ball out of the tower forcing Goku to run down and up the tower again . Goku attempts to take the sacred water while Korin sleeps , but thinks better of it . Goku tries long and hard for the next two days to get the sacred water . Mercenary Tao realises how he was n't able to kill Goku . Goku attempts to read Korin by mimicking his every move . The very next day , Goku finally manages to get the sacred water . To his disappointment it does n't strengthen him , but all that exercise did him good . Tao kills the tailor who made his outfit before leaving . 63 `` Son Goku 's Revenge '' / `` The Return of Goku '' `` Son Gokū no Gyakushū '' ( 孫悟空の逆襲 ) Yukio Ebisawa May 20 , 1987 November 6 , 2002 Tao arrives and bullies Upa . Goku arrives to save him and rounds on Tao . After some small talk , Goku demonstrates his speed and strength on Tao . Tao also happens to know the legend of Korin 's tower and the sacred water . Goku blocks most attacks from Tao to Upa 's surprise . Meanwhile , Bulma is working on a new scout plane to assist Goku . Goku beats Tao a lot . Tao 's Dodon Ray only singes Goku 's hands . Tao resorts to wielding a sword on Goku , but Upa fetches Goku his power pole and Goku breaks Tao 's sword . Tao kicks a stone , missing Upa and destroying the teepee . Tao decides to climb the tower to get the sacred water . 64 `` The End of Taopaipai '' / `` The Last of Mercenary Tao '' `` Saigo no Taopaipai '' ( 最後の桃白白 ) Not Credited May 27 , 1987 November 7 , 2002 While Mercenary Tao tires himself climbing the tower , Goku enjoys his moments with Upa who is amazed at Goku 's confidence . Meanwhile , Bulma 's dragon radar is malfunctioning due to some radar jamming situation which is also affecting Commander Red . Tao reaches the tower summit and meets Korin . Arrogant Tao drinks the sacred water and Korin tricks him into thinking his strength is boosted . In addition , Korin gives Tao a dark cloud to ride . Korin then causes Tao to plummet to the ground . Tao beats Goku , but Goku was just taking blows to read his moves . Tao acts as if to surrender and throws a napalm grenade at Goku , but Goku kicks it back . The bomb explodes right in front of Tao , killing him . Meanwhile , Bulma has finished engineering her radar against the radar jammer , which also boosts Goku 's . Goku is off to defeat the RR at their HQ . 65 `` Go , Goku ! Commence Assault '' / `` Confront the Red Ribbon Army '' `` Yuke Gokū ! Totsugeki Kaishi '' ( ゆけ悟空 ! 突撃開始 ) Not Credited June 10 , 1987 November 8 , 2002 Commander Red receives word that Colonel Violet has tracked another dragon ball . Her divers successfully procure the ball . As they are attacked by a giant alligator and savages , Violet selfishly leaves her men to die , giving her the chance to escape with the ball . Violet hands the ball to Commander Red , receiving a pint - sized reward . Bulma has completed her spy camera to find Goku and launches it . As Goku makes his way to the RR HQ , Commander Red is convinced it is Mercenary Tao . Bulma 's spy camera is destroyed when it hovers above the RR base . Bulma , Launch and Roshi realise Goku is making a direct attack on the RR base . Yamcha , Oolong and Puar receive the news and take off with the others to follow Goku . 66 `` The Red Ribbon Army Desperately Fights Back '' / `` A Real Bind '' `` Reddo Ribon Gun Hisshi no Kōbō '' ( レッドリボン軍必死の攻防 ) Not Credited June 17 , 1987 November 11 , 2002 While Yamcha and the others are flying after Goku , they decide to find Krillin . They find Krillin swimming but he flees before he realises they are here to pick him up . Goku beats a scout out of the sky and his cover is blown . Goku gets past the defenses and penetrates the base perimeter . All at once , he has the entire army on top of him . Yamcha flies the plane into the RR sector barely escaping a heat seeker missile . Colonel Violet is grabbing every scrap of money she can get . Goku infiltrates Red 's command building as Commander Red retreats to his office with General Black . 67 `` Commander Red Perishes ! ! '' / `` The End of Commander Red '' `` Reddo Sōsui Shisu ! ! '' ( レッド総帥死す ! ! ) Not Credited June 24 , 1987 November 12 , 2002 The warfare against Goku continues for the RR Army . Then , the soldiers flee in terror except for Colonel Violet who is heading for Red 's treasure vault . Violet swipes all the money and valuables and makes her leave . Red gets frustrated and angry and leaves Black to face Goku as he retreats to his penthouse . As Goku beats Black , Red activates the ceiling to crush Goku . Having been betrayed and risking his life , Black kills Red . Goku emerges from the wreckage and Black tries to talk his way out , but Goku wo n't fall for his lies . As a last resort Black uses a mech robot machine to take out Goku . Meanwhile , Yamcha and Violet are both trying to evade each other . General Black beats Goku plenty and is preparing to fire a lethal weapon on him . Fortuneteller Baba Saga ( 1987 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Storyboards Animation Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date 68 `` The Last Dragon Ball '' / `` The Last Dragon Ball '' `` Saigo no Doragon Bōru '' ( 最後のドラゴンボール ) Not Credited July 1 , 1987 November 13 , 2002 As Yamcha nears the RR base , Goku evades Black 's laser cannon . Black uses all he has got against him , and Goku destroys the robot mech suit along with Black . Goku now has six Dragon Balls but can not track the last one . By the time Yamcha and the others arrive , the war is over and Goku reunites with the lot . Goku 's success in crippling the RR Army amazes everyone . Puar scouts around the RR base with her ability to fly , but she finds no one . Even Goku 's climbing Korin 's Tower surprises Roshi . Bulma promises to fix the Dragon Radar and Goku promises to have Bora resurrected . 69 `` The Possibly Cute Fortuneteller Baba '' / `` Who is Fortuneteller Baba ? '' `` Kyūto na ! ? Uranai Baba '' ( キュートな ! ? 占いババ ) Not Credited July 8 , 1987 November 14 , 2002 Bulma finds there is nothing wrong with the dragon radar and thinks something organic may have swallowed the ball that puts the ball off detection . Roshi suggests Goku visits Fortuneteller Baba to find the last Dragon Ball with her clairvoyance . Goku takes off with Yamcha , Puar and Krillin . They stop at a town and Goku needs to get a new suit of clothes . While a new martial suit is being made , Goku takes Upa on the adventure with him . After changing into his new clothes , Goku and his friends head off to Fortuneteller Baba 's palace , passing desert tornadoes and storms . They are greeted by Fortuneteller Baba 's assistant Ghost at the palace . A group of mean - looking visitors enter the palace and leave in a devastated state . Goku and the others enter and meet Fortuneteller Baba herself who is not what they expected . Baba is asking a huge price for a single fortune and Goku 's only alternative is to battle five warriors of Baba 's . 70 `` Attack ! We Five Fighters '' / `` We are the Five Warriors '' `` Totsugeki ! Warera Gonin no Senshi '' ( 突撃 ! われら 5 人の戦士 ) Haruki Iwanami July 15 , 1987 November 15 , 2002 Yamcha , Krillin and Goku feel up to fighting while Upa and Puar choose to stay back . Krillin starts against Fangs the Vampire . Krillin misses every time , and is beaten when Fangs sinks his fangs into Krillin 's scalp and suck almost all of his blood . Krillin loses a lot of blood and Fangs pushes him into the lake with a knee kick . Ghost attends to Krillin 's blood loss . Unsuspecting Upa and Puar volunteer to be the next to fight Fangs together , which Fangs agrees to . Scared but determined , Upa breathes crunched up garlic in Fangs ' face . Fangs then rounds on Puar , but she turns into porcupine that impales Fangs ' jaws . Upa then used his resemblance to form the cross of Jesus Christ which scares Fangs , and he transformed into a bat to retreat . Puar then turns into a giant hand and slaps Fangs into the lake . Yamcha chooses to fight next . Baba tells Yamcha he is fighting an invisible warrior . While Yamcha 's attempts are unsuccessful , Krillin sends Goku to fetch Bulma and Roshi . Yamcha tries hearing the invisible man out . 71 `` A Bloody and Desperate Battle ! '' / `` Deadly Battle '' `` Kesshi no Dairyūkessen '' ( 決死の大流血戦 ) Not Credited July 22 , 1987 November 18 , 2002 Goku locates Roshi and Bulma in their capsule ship . Goku collects Roshi and Bulma in a careless manner then makes the ship swerve down and aggressive Launch takes control in the nick of time . Yamcha 's hearing the invisible man works out at first until Baba starts singing awfully . Yamcha takes repetitive blows . Krillin diverts the invisible man with applause giving Yamcha the chance to fight back , but the invisible man becomes silent and starts devastating Yamcha . Goku arrives with Roshi and Bulma . With a thrust of Bulma 's breasts , Krillin causes Roshi to have a violent nosebleed right on the invisible man , exposing him to Yamcha . Yamcha beats the invisible man with a Wolf Fang Fist , making him surrender . Roshi reveals that Baba is his sister . For the next fight , Baba leads the whole lot into her creepy tower . Yamcha is to fight in a realm called `` The Devil 's Toilet '' . Baba takes Goku to her home room , serving him a meal while testing his reflexes . Baba has creepy ideas in store for Goku and his friends . 72 `` Meet Son Goku ! The Demons ' Toilet '' / `` Goku 's Turn '' `` Son Gokū Kenzan ! Akuma no Benjo '' ( 孫悟空見参 ! 悪魔の便所 ) Not Credited July 29 , 1987 November 19 , 2002 Baba summons a coffin . Out comes Yamcha 's opponent , a mummified warrior . The mummy is a lot faster and stronger than he looks and Yamcha nearly falls in the Devil 's Toilet . The mummy beats Yamcha despite his attempt to retaliate a surprise attack as the gang watched in horror , threatening to crush him by breaking his limbs if he refuse to surrender . Unable to watch his master being tortured in the fight , Puar has finally had enough . He cuts in and transformed into a woodpecker to peck the mummy , forcing him to release Yamcha , but it makes matters worse ; the mummy knocked down Puar to the ground with Yamcha and he was seemingly dead ( he was only knocked out and not dead ) . Furiously pained by the loss of his shape shifting friend , Yamcha tries his last effort to defeat the mummy , but was too weaken from the beating . The mummy then grabs Yamcha and forces him to give up or fall into the Devil 's Toilet . When Yamcha refuses , he drops him into the green lava of the Devil 's Toilet . Goku saves Yamcha with his Power Pole thus Baba decides he 's already lost , and while Yamcha and Puar recovered to watch with the others , he enters the next fight . 73 `` What is the Deadly Devil Might Beam ! ? '' / `` The Devilmite Beam '' `` Hissatsu Akumaitokōsen to wa ! ? '' ( 必殺アクマイト光線とは ! ? ) Not Credited August 5 , 1987 November 20 , 2002 The mummy feels a bit hesitant to fight Goku . Goku whets the mummy 's appetite and counter-strikes . The mummy binds Goku with his own bandages . After a long struggle , Goku jumps down just beyond the deadly toilet water and breaks free . Goku defeats the mummy with a single punch . Goku 's next opponent is a demon called Spike . The demon seems easy to beat and he nearly falls in the toilet . Spike prepares to use his Devilmite beam to finish Goku . 74 `` The Mysterious Fifth Man '' / `` The Mysterious Fifth Man '' `` Nazo no Goninme no Otoko '' ( なぞの五人目の男 ) Haruki Iwanami August 12 , 1987 November 21 , 2002 Master Roshi briefs the others on the story of Spike . Spike fires his Devilmite beam on Goku . Goku resists the beam entirely . Spike fires a stronger Devilmite beam . Goku resists that one entirely as well . Spike then flails a trident at Goku . A mysterious man wearing a cat mask and a halo on his head has been watching Goku closely . Goku almost falls in the Devil 's Toilet but climbs on the other side of the bridge and surprises Spike . Goku finishes Spike with a mighty kick . The final fighter requests Baba that he and Goku fight outside . Roshi senses some familiarity about the fifth fighter . The fight begins . 75 `` A Clash ! ! Powerful Adversaries '' / `` The Strong Ones '' `` Gekitotsu ! ! Kyōteki Dōshi '' ( 激突 ! ! 強敵同志 ) Not Credited August 19 , 1987 November 22 , 2002 The final fight begins with a struggle . Both opponents are evenly matched . The masked man launches Goku in the air and sends him crashing through the stage , but Goku attacks back . The masked man launches a Kamehameha Wave , which Goku avoids . Goku does his own Kamehameha Wave on the masked man , causing him to fell on the ground and lands a knee blow on him . Goku believes he has won , but it was not over . The masked man grabs Goku 's tail , disabling him through his weakness from fighting and starts slamming him . The masked man is becoming more familiar to Roshi all the time and he has a good idea who is under the mask . Roshi reveals to the gang that the man is none other than Goku 's deceased grandfather , Gohan . 76 `` The Identity of the Masked Man '' / `` True Colors of the Masked Man '' `` Kamen Otoko no Shōtai ha ! ? '' ( 仮面男の正体は ! ? ) Not Credited August 26 , 1987 November 25 , 2002 Gohan repeatedly slams Goku against the floor . Meanwhile , Emperor Pilaf is trying out his new power suit and Shu and Mai spy from a satellite on Goku . It turns out Pilaf has the final Dragon Ball and has jammed the Dragon Radar . After they soon discovered Goku 's weak point is his tail , Pilaf , Shu and Mai sets off to Fortuneteller Baba 's palace to squeeze Goku 's tail for defeat and steal his last six Dragon Balls . Back at Fortuneteller Baba 's palace , as Goku is still refusing to give up through the weakness of his tail , Gohan is about to slam Goku one more time to kill his own grandson much to the horror of Goku 's friends . However , Goku 's tail eventually rips off , just in the nick of time to avoid the final blow . Completely free from his weak point , but enraged at Gohan for pulling off his tail , Goku is about fight back . But Gohan surrenders and reveals his face to Goku . Bulma retells her adventures with Goku . Gohan chooses to stay dead and vanishes after a farewell . Baba reveals the exact location of the last Dragon Ball . 77 `` Pilaf 's Great Strategy '' / `` Pilaf 's Tactics '' `` Pirafu no Daisakusen '' ( ピラフの大作戦 ) Not Credited September 2 , 1987 November 26 , 2002 Goku flies his Nimbus after Pilaf 's car to get the last Dragon Ball . Emperor Pilaf is heading to Baba 's place in the hope of procuring the other dragon balls , thinking that Goku still has a weakness . Goku stops the car and recognises his previous enemies . Pilaf challenges Goku to a battle , with his dragon ball against all six in Goku 's possession . Pilaf , Shu and Mai get in their powersuits . The machines are unaffected by Goku 's first attacks . The machines corner Goku and Shu burns his clothes off . To Pilaf 's horror he finds Goku has no tail . Pilaf , Mai and Shu combine their powersuits into a titanic machine . Using a Kamehameha Wave , Goku blasts the side of Mai 's powersuit . Mai ditches her broken powersuit and rides Pilaf 's and Shu 's combined powersuits as the trio flees . Shu fires a missile , but Goku throws it right back , trashing the powersuits . Pilaf gives Goku the dragon ball and Shu gives him his clothes . 78 `` Shen Long , Again '' / `` The Eternal Dragon Rises '' `` Shenron Futatabi '' ( 神龍ふたたび ) Minoru Okazaki Not Credited September 9 , 1987 November 27 , 2002 Goku flies back to Baba 's place and takes Upa with all the dragon balls to the Land of Korin . Yamcha wants to train with Roshi who does n't feel up to it but Bulma changes his mind . Goku and Upa have fun on their journey . Goku summons the eternal dragon and with a pluck of his courage , Upa wishes his father be resurrected . The dragon grants the wish and Bora rises from his grave . Upa delightfully embraces his father and the dragon vanishes into the seven balls . Before they can scatter , Goku grabs the four - star ball , which is already turning into stone . Goku bids Bora and Upa farewell and heads back to Baba 's place . Roshi says that he has nothing more to teach Goku . Master Roshi tells Goku that he will get more training by walking instead of riding on the Nimbus Cloud , so Goku starts his journey across the globe , while Yamcha and Krillin head off to Master Roshi 's for another round of training . 79 `` Kinkaku and Ginkaku 's Man - Eating Gourd '' / `` Terror and Plague '' `` Kinkaku Ginkaku no Hito Kui Hyōtan '' ( 金角銀角の人食いひょうたん ) Not Credited September 16 , 1987 November 28 , 2002 Goku is traveling when he sees a girl about to be eaten by a tiger - monster . He saves her and she asks him to help her village which is being terrorized by two men called Terror and Plague . When they reach the village , they see that there is a call going on in which when a person 's name is called , and if they do n't reply `` here '' , they will be sent inside the gourd ( a bottle used by Terror and Plague to trap people and dissolve them into a drinkable potion ) . Goku shows , challenges and beats them , but they use the gourd and trap him . Goku uses his power pole to prevent himself from completely falling into the bottle . One of the thugs decides to drink the new potion thinking Goku has been dissolved . Once Goku is freed , he surprises Terror and Plague and traps them into the gourd . Terror and Plague beg for mercy and as punishment for their tyranny they are put to work . 80 `` Imperial Match ! Goku vs. Ten Long '' / `` Goku vs. Sky Dragon '' `` Iza Gozen Shiai ! Gokū Tai Tenron '' ( いざ御前試合 ! 悟空 VS 天龍 ) Not Credited September 23 , 1987 November 29 , 2002 Goku makes an enduring journey to challenge Master Chin . Chin is busy fending off Rising Dragon and his two men . Before Rising Dragon can begin a fight , his brother Sky Dragon stops him . Chin agrees to work out with Goku , his son Shoken getting worried . Goku finds Chin has been in weak health lately and learns from him about the King 's Tournament . Goku manages to get medicine for Chin , managing to avoid conflict with the Dragon brothers . Sky Dragon spends his time terrifying his students . Goku volunteers to take Chin 's place in the King 's Tournament . Jealous Shoken spikes Goku 's breakfast . At the tournament Goku is battling Sky Dragon as the laxative kicks in , but he resists the effect and beats Sky Dragon . The Dragon brothers and students join Chin for his teachings and Goku resumes his journey . 81 `` Goku Goes to the Demon World '' / `` Goku Goes to Demon Land '' `` Gokū Makai e Iku '' ( 悟空魔界へ行く ) Not Credited September 30 , 1987 December 2 , 2002 In a castle , Princess Misa is taken by a demon . Goku reaches the village avoiding the traps . In the castle , the king has doubts Goku will succeed but recruits him to face the demon Shula , after seeing his fighting skills . At that moment , the demons are rampaging the village . The king escorts Goku to the portal the next day , and Goku can not pull Shula 's sword from the door . At the Kame House , Launch is getting agitated with Roshi , while Yamcha and Krillin are hard at training . Goku meets the guards Gola and Maylay , who advise caution fighting Shula , who intends to marry Princess Misa . Goku defeats the first demon and shocks everyone with his intention to fight Shula . Goku beats Shula and escapes with Misa , Maylay and Gola helping . Goku pulls out Shula 's sword and seals the portal . 82 `` The Ferocious Beast , Inoshi Kacho '' / `` The Rampage of InoShikaCho '' `` Abare Kaijū InoShikaChō '' ( あばれ怪獣イノシカチョウ ) Not Credited October 7 , 1987 December 3 , 2002 Goku finds some people running away from their village . They say that a monster named InoShikaCho is terrorizing their village . Goku goes to the village and finds two men , one of whom has a third eye , who defeated Inoshikacho . The villagers pay them 100,000 zeni for their services . Later , Goku finds them in the woods with InoShikaCho around a campfire . Goku realizes that they only pretended to kill the monster to get money . The three - eyed stranger fights Goku . He chops down a tree , which falls on Goku . A girl wakes him up , saying that she found him unconscious in the woods . Goku goes to the next village and finds the two strangers pulling the same trick . Goku says that they 're friends with InoShikaCho , but they trick the villagers into believing Goku is friends with them . Goku picks up InoShikaCho and runs off , but the villagers catch him . The girl who saved him appears and clears Goku 's name . 83 `` Hurry to the Tenkaichi Martial Arts Tournament , Goku ! '' / `` Which Way to Papaya Island ? '' `` Isoge Gokū ! Tenka - ichi Budōkai '' ( いそげ悟空 ! 天下一武道会 ) Not Credited October 14 , 1987 December 4 , 2002 Three years have passed , and it is the day before the World Martial Arts Tournament . Goku sees three guys beating someone up , so he steps in and fights . They run away , and the guy he saved , Konkichi , is very thankful . Konkichi takes Goku to the airport so he can fly to Papaya Island , the site of the tournament . Goku has no money , so they go to a carnival to win some . Goku wins enough money for the tickets , so they head back to the airport . Goku sees Fortuneteller Baba , so he stops to talk . Konkichi runs off , but is caught by the same guys as before . They force him to rob a bank , but he gets caught . Konkichi admits to Goku that he was a criminal , but he wants to change . Baba tells Goku where the three men are , so he takes off after them . He catches them and brings them to jail . Unfortunately , he missed his flight , so he decides to swim to Papaya Island . Tien Shinhan Saga ( 1987 -- 1988 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Storyboards Animation Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date 84 `` Aim to Be the World 's Best Martial Artist ! ! '' / `` Rivals and Arrivals '' `` Mezase Budō Tenka - ichi ! ! '' ( めざせ武道天下一 ! ! ) Not Credited October 21 , 1987 December 5 , 2002 Krillin , Yamcha and the others arrive at Papaya Island and check - in . While they wait for Goku to arrive -- who is having troubles of his own , even if they are minor ( for his standards ) -- the Crane Hermit and his two students , the same two who were swindling villages with Inoshikacho , turn up . Once they check - in , Master Roshi says that he and Master Shen , the Crane Hermit , used to be friends . Just as the registration period is about to end , Goku shows up . He and the others go out for a meal , and Master Roshi promises the restaurant owner he will pay him with the prize money from the tournament . That night , Krillin and Yamcha go out for a run and come across many of the other contestants training . The next morning , Goku , Krillin and Yamcha head towards the preliminary round arena . Master Roshi disappears , and Jackie Chun arrives . 85 `` Devoted to Victory ! ! Qualifier Survival '' / `` Preliminary Peril '' `` Kachinokoru zo ! ! Yosen Sabaibaru '' ( 勝ちのこるぞっ ! ! 予選サバイバル ) Satoru Kusuda October 28 , 1987 December 6 , 2002 Goku , Krillin , Yamcha and Jackie Chun all get drawn into separate eighths of the bracket , so they wo n't meet each other until the finals . Yamcha easily defeats his first opponent . Krillin pretends to struggle with his opponent , but is easily victorious . Master Shen 's two students , Tien Shinhan , who has three eyes , and Chiaotzu , approach Yamcha , Krillin and Goku to tell them how weak they are . Chiaotzu also calls Krillin a `` midget '' . With tensions running high , Yamcha and Tien square off to fight , but Jackie Chun steps in and reminds them that fighting now would disqualify them . Later , Tien quickly wins his first match . The time has come for Goku 's match , but unfortunately he is up against King Choppa . The last time King Choppa entered the tournament , he won without even getting hit . 86 `` It 's Decided ! ! Eight Brave Men '' / `` Then There Were Eight '' `` Kettei ! ! Hachinin no Yūshatachi '' ( 決定 ! ! 8 人の勇者たち ) Not Credited November 4 , 1987 December 9 , 2002 From the start , it is clear that Goku is much faster and stronger than King Choppa . He jumps in the air , and on his way down , he blows at the ground to slow himself down and throw off King Choppa 's timing . He then delivers the final blow . Jackie Chun then enters his fight , and although he is completely distracted with thoughts of Goku 's new strength , he defeats his opponent in three blows . The preliminary rounds continue until the first intermission . During the meal , Yamcha and Tien nearly get in a fight , but once again , Jackie Chun stops them . Nam comes up to Goku to greet him . He is fighting in the tournament again , but this time it is only for fun , since his village is in no need of water anymore . Later , in the last match before the finals , Nam is nearly killed by Tien . Goku , Krillin , Yamcha and Jackie Chun all advance to the final round . 87 `` Showdown ! ! Yamcha vs. Tenshinhan '' / `` Yamcha vs. Tien '' `` Taiketsu ! ! Yamucha Tai Tenshinhan '' ( 対決 ! ! ヤムチャ VS 天津飯 ) Not Credited November 11 , 1987 December 10 , 2002 The finalists prepare to draw their numbers for the championship round . Chiaotzu uses his powers to rig the seeding . The first match is Yamcha against Tien , the second match is Jackie Chun against Man Wolf , the third is Krillin against Chiaotzu , and the fourth is Goku against Pomput . After a quick meal for Goku , the finals begin . Yamcha and Tien start fighting , and the two of them seem evenly matched . They each are surprised with the other 's strength . During a lull in the action , Yamcha says that he is going to use his new technique : Wolf Fang Blowing Wind . 88 `` Onwards , Yamcha ! The Incredible Tenshinhan '' / `` Yamcha 's Big Break '' `` Yuke Yamucha ! Osoru Beshi Tenshinhan '' ( ゆけヤムチャ ! 恐るべし天津飯 ) Not Credited November 18 , 1987 December 11 , 2002 Yamcha uses his Wolf Fang Blowing Wind technique , but it has no effect . He lands dozens of punches on Tien , but they too , do n't seem to work . To everyone 's surprise , Yamcha fires a Kamehameha Wave , but Tien deflects it back at him . Yamcha jumps up to avoid it , but Tien is there and kicks him to the ground . Tien comes down hard on Yamcha 's leg , breaking it . Once Tien is declared the winner , Puar rushes in and transforms into a flying carpet to transport Yamcha to the hospital . Everyone heads back to the hotel to await tomorrow 's match : Jackie Chun vs. Man Wolf . 89 `` Scary ! ! The Full Moon 's Grudge '' / `` Full - Moon Vengeance '' `` Kyōfu ! ! Mangetsu no Urami '' ( 恐怖 ! ! 満月の恨み ) Not Credited November 25 , 1987 December 12 , 2002 Man Wolf has been waiting three years for the opportunity to fight Jackie Chun . He is angry with Jackie because he destroyed the moon , preventing him from changing back into a human . Man Wolf tries to hit Jackie as hard as he can , but Jackie dodges with no effort . Man Wolf pulls a knife on Jackie Chun , thereby disqualifying himself , but Jackie easily stops Man Wolf from hurting him . He paralyzes Man Wolf with a special technique , then brings Krillin out into the ring . He hypnotizes Man Wolf into thinking that Krillin 's bald , shiny head is the moon . Man Wolf changes back into a human . He thanks Jackie Chun and leaves the tournament . 90 `` Nanana ! ! What , a Dodon Wave ? '' / `` The Dodon Wave '' `` Nanana ! ! Nanto Dodonpa '' ( なななっ ! ! なんとどどん波 ) Not Credited December 2 , 1987 December 13 , 2002 Krillin and Chiaotzu begin to fight . Chiaotzu reveals that he has the ability to fly . Before Krillin can lay a hand on him , he floats up above the ring . He starts firing Dodon rays at Krillin , who is forced to run wildly around the ring to avoid them . Goku realizes that the Dodon ray is the same technique that was used by Mercenary Tao . Tien overhears Goku talking about the Dodon ray , so Goku tells him that Tao used it right before he killed him . Tien is shocked to hear this because Tao was one of the strongest men he ever knew . Jackie Chun tells Goku that Tao was Master Shen 's brother . Tien tells Shen about Tao , causing Shen to become even angrier at Master Roshi 's students . Meanwhile , Krillin tries to knock Chiaotzu out of the air , but fails . He decides to try the Kamehameha wave , even though he 's never used it . Jackie Chun tries to tell Krillin that he 's not ready to use it yet . 91 `` A Sudden Reversal ! ! Kuririn 's Great Strategy '' / `` Counting Controversy ! ! '' `` Gyakuten ! ! Kuririn no Paaden ne Daisakusen '' ( 逆転 ! ! クリリンの 8 でんネ大作戦 ) Not Credited December 9 , 1987 December 16 , 2002 Chiaotzu fires his Dodon ray at Krillin , and it seems to destroy him . Suddenly , Krillin appears in the air behind Chiaotzu and fires a Kamehameha wave at him . Chiaotzu is only barely able to float above the ring now , so he tries another special attack . He jumps head - first towards Krillin in an attempt to push him out of the ring , but Krillin pushes him back . Chiaotzu then uses his special powers to paralyze Krillin . As Krillin is getting beaten up , he realizes Chiaotzu needs his hands to use his powers , so he gives him a math problem . Chiaotzu begins counting on his fingers , allowing Krillin to punch him out of the ring . Later that night , someone sneaks into Goku 's room and tries to kill him . Goku wakes up , so the man flees . Goku and Krillin catch up to him and find that it was the Crane Hermit trying to avenge the death of Tao . They square off to fight , but Tien suddenly shows up and stops them . He says that Goku must be punished and humiliated in the ring , not in the street at night . 92 `` Hang on ! Son Goku is here ! ! '' / `` Goku Enters the Ring '' `` Omatase ! Son Gokū Sanjō ! ! '' ( おまたせーっ ! 孫悟空参上 ! ! ) Not Credited December 16 , 1987 December 17 , 2002 Goku and Master Roshi have a sparring session before the fourth match . Pomput 's manager sees how strong Goku is and realizes Pomput ca n't beat him . Goku goes for a quick run and Pomput 's manager follows in his car . He catches Goku and tells him that the fight has been moved . He offers to take Goku to the new arena . Launch , who is getting some ice cream , witnesses Goku getting in the car , so she chases after them . When she catches up to him , she easily defeats the manager 's bodyguards . Goku runs back to the arena just in time for his fight . Pomput is a movie star and has never lost a fight , so he is very confident he can win . Once the fight starts , he tries to punch Goku , but Goku dodges it and gives Pomput three quick elbows to the gut , knocking him out . 93 `` Evenly Matched ! ! Tenshinhan vs. Jackie '' / `` Tien Shinhan vs. Jackie Chun '' `` Jitsuryoku Hakuchū ! ! Tenshinhan Tai Jakkii '' ( 実力伯仲 ! ! 天津飯 VS ジャッキー ) Not Credited December 23 , 1987 December 18 , 2002 Everyone waits for the first semifinal to start . Finally , Jackie Chun and Tien Shinhan begin their match . Tien attacks first , and Jackie Chun grabs him and throws him out of the ring . Tien reveals that he too , has the ability to fly , and floats back into the ring . Jackie Chun tries the mirror - image technique . He creates eight images of himself that rapidly rotate around Tien . They close in and attack from all sides . Tien uses his three eyes to figure out which is the real Jackie Chun , and give that one a harsh kick to the face . Jackie discards his shirt and powers up . The two of them begin attacking wildly . After a while , they fall apart from each other , badly beaten . 94 `` Gegege ! ! The New Crane Hermit School Technique : Taiyōken '' / `` Stepping Down '' `` Gegege ! ! Shintsurusenryū Taiyōken '' ( ゲゲゲッ ! ! 新鶴仙流太陽拳 ) Not Credited December 30 , 1987 December 19 , 2002 Tien and Jackie Chun continue fighting . Tien kicks Jackie in the face , causing him to fly to the edge of the ring . Tien tries to push him out , but Jackie manages to get away and get back to the center of the ring . Tien decides to use his Solar Flare technique , which blinds everyone in the stadium , including Jackie . He delivers a powerful blow , nearly knocking Jackie out . The announcer begins to count , but before he reaches 10 , Jackie gets up . Jackie then begins preaching to Tien , telling him the error of his ways . Tien ignores him and begins a furious attack . As Jackie continues preaching , Master Shen suddenly realizes Jackie Chun is really Master Roshi in disguise . He telepathically communicates this to Tien , who then fires a Kamehameha wave . Jackie Chun is able to deflect it upwards , and with some last words of wisdom , he inexplicably walks out of the ring . 95 `` Fight ! ! Goku vs. Kuririn '' / `` Goku vs. Krillin '' `` Faito ! ! Gokū Tai Kuririn '' ( ファイト ! ! 悟空 VS クリリン ) Not Credited January 6 , 1988 December 20 , 2002 Goku and Krillin start their semifinal match . After several minutes of fighting , they seem evenly matched . Goku jumps high in the air , and Krillin follows him . The sun reflects off of Krillin 's bald head and blinds Goku , allowing Krillin to kick him to the ground . Goku somehow lands on his feet and attacks Krillin as he falls . Krillin sucks in some air , causing him to float , thus throwing off Goku 's timing . Meanwhile , Tien confronts Master Roshi to ask him why he quit the match . Master Roshi tells Tien that he is not a killer , even though he acts like it . He says that Tien has a conscience , and this will make him into a hero . Tien tries to ignore Roshi 's teachings , and promises to kill Goku to prove him wrong . 96 `` Really , Goku ? ! Kuririn 's Great Strategy '' / `` Tail 's Tale '' `` Masa ka Gokū ! ? Kuririn no Daisakusen '' ( まさか悟空 ! ? クリリンの大作戦 ) Not Credited January 13 , 1988 December 23 , 2002 Goku and Krillin continue their fight . Goku runs toward Krillin , creating a Kamehameha wave as he goes . He jumps in the air and uses the wave to blast himself into Krillin . The announcer begins the count , but Krillin gets up , so they continue fighting . Goku gets several powerful hits in on Krillin , who realizes he only has one chance to win . He fires a Kamehameha wave at Goku , who easily blocks it . Suddenly , Krillin appears behind Goku and grabs his tail . Goku passes out and the announcer begins counting . Before he reaches 10 , Goku gets up and slams Krillin to the ground , saying that during the last three years , he worked with his tail until the weakness was gone . Krillin fools Goku and gets in a cheap shot , causing the two of them to launch into another furious bout . After Krillin hits him again , Goku disappears . He is moving so fast that no one can see him . He suddenly appears next to Krillin and kicks him out of the ring . 97 `` The Finals ! ! The World 's Greatest Martial Artist is ... ? ! '' / `` Final Match : Goku vs. Tien '' `` Kesshō ! ! Hatashite Budō Tenka - ichi wa ! ? '' ( 決勝 ! ! はたして武道天下一は ! ? ) Not Credited January 20 , 1988 December 25 , 2002 Yamcha sneaks out of the hospital to watch the final match , while Oolong and Puar transforms into giant monsters to save front - row seats for everyone . The match finally starts , and right away Goku attacks . He grabs Tien 's leg with his tail and swings around to punch him in the face . Tien flies up in the air , and Goku jumps up after him . Tien hits Goku with a Dodon ray , blasting him down through the floor of the ring . Goku jumps up from the rubble and continues his assault . He tries his disappearing trick again , but Tien 's three eyes help him to keep track of Goku 's movements . While Goku is running around , Tien hits him , sending him flying to the wall of the ring . Tien pins Goku against the wall and beats him mercilessly . 98 `` The Secret Technique Haikyūken vs. Fighting Power '' / `` Victory 's Edge / Battle Power ! '' `` Higi Haikyūken Tai Sentō Pawā '' ( 秘技排球拳 VS 戦闘パワー ) Not Credited January 27 , 1988 December 26 , 2002 Tien grabs Goku and begins to play volleyball with him . He spikes Goku down into the ground , but to his surprise , Goku gets up . He says that throughout the tournament , he had only been using a fraction of his strength to protect his opponent , but now he is going to fight at full power . He unleashes a brutal assault on Tien , then starts conjuring a Kamehameha wave , but stops , realizing Tien would have dodged it . Tien meditates briefly , then they continue the match . Goku 's next assault nearly pushes Tien out of the ring , but Tien is able to counter it . Goku then creates 10 images of himself to confuse Tien . When Tien attacks one of the false images , Goku sneaks up and knocks him down . Tien uses his Solar Flare technique , but Goku borrows Master Roshi 's glasses and counters with his own attack . Goku jumps up for an attack , but is mysteriously frozen , allowing Tien to knock him down . 99 `` Tenshinhan in Distress ! ! '' / `` Tien 's Insurrection '' `` Tenshinhan no Kunō ! ! '' ( 天津飯の苦悩 ! ! ) Satoru Kusuda February 3 , 1988 December 27 , 2002 Goku once again gets frozen in midair , allowing Tien to kick him down to the ground . Goku uses a Kamehameha wave to prevent landing outside the ring . He attacks Tien , but is frozen again . Yamcha realizes Chiaotzu is using his powers to paralyze Goku . Tien hits Goku dozens of times , nearly knocking him out . Goku gets up and kicks Tien in the face , but is frozen once more . Tien once again pounds Goku mercilessly . Realizing that he 's winning too easily , Tien figures out that Chiaotzu is helping him and forces him to stop , wanting to beat Goku in a fair fight . Seeing the error in Shen 's teachings , Tien refuses to kill Goku . An angry Shen tells Chiaotzu to paralyze Tien and Goku to kill them , but he refuses . Shen tries to kill him , but Master Roshi hits him with a Kamehameha wave , blasting him out of the arena . Goku then attacks Tien with incredible force . Afterwards , Tien says that he let Goku beat him up to make up for the beating Goku took when he was paralyzed . Suddenly , Tien grows two extra arms out from his back . 100 `` Life ? ! Death ? ! A Last Resort '' / `` The Spirit Cannon '' `` Sei ka Shi ka ! ? Saigo no Shudan '' ( 生か死か ! ? 最後の手段 ) Katsumi Aoshima February 10 , 1988 December 30 , 2002 With four arms , Tien clearly has an advantage over Goku . He nearly pushes him out of the ring , forcing Goku to jump up . Tien grabs Goku 's arms and legs and repeatedly headbutts him . Goku begins to smack Tien in the face with his tail , forcing Tien to let him go . Goku then appears to grow six extra arms to counter Tien 's four . The two of them continue fighting until they simultaneously knock each other down . The count reaches eight before they both stand up . Goku trips Tien and grabs his legs . He pulls on his legs , causing Tien tremendous pain . Tien 's extra arms reach up and choke Goku , but Tien quickly give up . After a long struggle , Tien 's legs flip Goku off of him and into the wall . Goku gets up , so Tien decides to use the Tri-Beam Cannon , a devastatingly powerful attack . Tien first tells Goku to dodge what is coming then Tien floats high above the ring and fires the Tri-Beam on Goku . When the dust clears , the entire ring is gone , leaving a gaping hole in the ground . Goku is nowhere to be found . 101 `` The Martial Arts Tournament Comes to an End ! And Then ... ! ! '' / `` The Fallen '' `` Budōkai Shūryō ! Soshite ... ! ! '' ( 武道会終了 ! そして ... ! ! ) Not Credited February 17 , 1988 December 31 , 2002 Everyone looks up and finds Goku miles above the surface . Tien jumps up and tells Goku that he never meant to hit him with the Tri-Beam Cannon . He just wanted to knock him out of bounds , and since there 's no stage to land on and since Tien can fly , Goku seems to have no chance . With a Kamehameha wave , Goku blasts himself into Tien . As they rapidly approach the surface , Goku is hit by a car , causing him to touch the ground slightly before Tien . The announcer declares Tien the winner , and the entire crowd rushes over to the landing site . Later , Tien offers Goku half of his prize money , but Goku declines the offer . Tien apologizes to Yamcha for breaking his leg , then takes everyone out to dinner . Right before they eat , Goku realizes he left the power pole and the four - star ball at the arena , so Krillin leaves to get them for him . While they 're eating , Goku has a bad feeling something has happened to Krillin . He suddenly runs back to the arena and finds Krillin dead . King Piccolo Saga ( 1988 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Storyboards Animation Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date 102 `` The Terrifying Conspiracy of Kuririn 's Death ! ! '' / `` Enter King Piccolo '' `` Kuririn no Shi Osoroshiki Inbō ! ! '' ( クリリンの死恐ろしき陰謀 ! ! ) Not Credited February 24 , 1988 September 1 , 2003 Goku and his friends find Krillin murdered . The referee says it was a monster that also took Goku 's Dragon Ball and a list of tournament participants . Goku takes the Dragon Radar and charges off in pursuit of the killer . Judging by a crest on a paper , Roshi knows this to be the work of King Piccolo . Roshi explains how the world suffered his carnage long ago and how he and his master Mutaito trapped him in a jar at the cost of his own life . It turns out Emperor Pilaf released King Piccolo and is assisting him . Having learned from Pilaf about the origin of the dragon balls , Piccolo insist on using them to restore his youth while continuing his plan of world conquest . Meanwhile , Goku catches up with King Piccolo 's minion Tambourine . 103 `` The Terror of Piccolo - Daimaō ! '' / `` Tambourine Attacks ! '' `` Pikkoro Daimaō no Kyōfu ! ! '' ( ピッコロ大魔王の恐怖 ! ! ) Not Credited March 2 , 1988 September 2 , 2003 Goku engages Tambourine in combat , but Goku is weak from hunger , so Tambourine overpowers him and destroys the Flying Nimbus , leaving Goku for dead . Roshi and the others head to the Kame house . After Tambourine hands King Piccolo the dragon ball and list of fighters , he is sent to kill all the fighters , starting with King Chappa . 104 `` Come Back to Life , Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Mark of the Demon '' `` Yomigaere Son Gokū ! ! '' ( よみがえれ孫悟空 ! ! ) Not Credited March 9 , 1988 September 3 , 2003 While Tambourine kills fighter after fighter around the world ( leaving the mark of the demon behind ) , King Piccolo creates and sends a new warrior called Cymbal to gather the remaining dragon balls . Goku wakes up and tries to look for food . Roshi plans to move from the island to somewhere else once Bulma makes another dragon radar . Goku finds a fish cooking and eats it . When he 's finished , he vows for revenge . Suddenly , a mountain man emerges from the thickets mad that Goku ate his fish . 105 `` A Mysterious Man : Enter Yajirobe ! ! '' / `` Here Comes Yajirobe '' `` Kaidanji Yajirobee Tōjō ! ! '' ( 怪男児ヤジロベー登場 ! ! ) Satoru Kusuda March 16 , 1988 September 4 , 2003 Goku fights with Yajirobe . Yajirobe is a skilled and tough fighter . Roshi finds a safe haven for his friends and sets out with Tien and Chiaotzu to find the dragon balls and stop King Piccolo . Bulma preserves Krillin in a freezing capsule . Goku accuses Yajirobe of assisting Tambourine but Goku learns Yajirobe is not lying and never steals . Cymbal appears eyeing Yajirobe 's dragon ball . After a game of rock , paper and scissors , Yajirobe fights Cymbal . Eventually Yajirobe slices Cymbal killing him . At that moment , King Piccolo feels the presence of Cymbal 's death . 106 `` Demon Beast Tambourine is Coming ! ! '' / `` Terrible Tambourine '' `` Majū Tanbarin ga Yatte Kuru ! ! '' ( 魔獣タンバリンがやってくる ! ! ) Yukio Ebisawa March 23 , 1988 September 5 , 2003 King Piccolo is furious about Cymbal 's death . Tambourine next targets Giran . Yamcha is next on Tambourine 's hit list . Goku requests for Yajirobe 's dragon ball explaining their powers to him . Tambourine finds Yamcha but before he can kill him , King Piccolo telepathically orders him to find Cymbal 's killer . Master Roshi procures one of the dragon balls . Goku intends to use the dragon balls to resurrect Krillin . 107 `` Son Goku : Explosive Rage ! ! '' / `` Tien 's Atonement '' `` Son Gokū Ikari Bakuhatsu ! ! '' ( 孫悟空怒り爆発 ! ! ) Not Credited April 6 , 1988 September 9 , 2003 Master Roshi drives a hard bargain with pirates on a land battleship to get another dragon ball . Yajirobe refuses to hand his dragon ball to Goku . Goku wo n't leave Yajirobe until Tambourine finds them . They both stop at a river , exhausted from their long run . During their search for another dragon ball in a town , Tien comes across an old rival he previously broke a leg in a fight . Tien tries to ask nicely for the dragon ball , but the man refuses . Several soldiers storm the house thinking Tien is the killer of the martial arts fighters , but Master Roshi convinces them they 're mistaken . The man forgives Tien and offers to give the dragon ball . Tambourine finds Yajirobe and Goku catches up ready to take his revenge . 108 `` Piccolo - Daimaō Descends ! ! '' / `` Goku 's Revenge '' `` Pikkoro Daimaō Oritatsu ! ! '' ( ピッコロ大魔王降り立つ ! ! ) Not Credited April 13 , 1988 September 10 , 2003 As Roshi follows a dragon ball in motion , Goku begins his fight with Tambourine , immediately overwhelming him . Tambourine fires an incinerating beam at Goku , but Goku evades it and kills him with a Kamehameha Wave in midair . Sensing Tambourine 's death , King Piccolo decides to deal with Goku himself . Roshi and Tien find a fourth dragon ball in a cave , tangled with crows . King Piccolo decides to wait for all the other dragon balls to be gathered as he gets closer to Goku 's location . 109 `` Son Goku vs. Piccolo - Daimaō '' / `` Goku vs. King Piccolo '' `` Son Gokū Tai Pikkoro Daimaō '' ( 孫悟空対ピッコロ大魔王 ) Not Credited April 20 , 1988 September 11 , 2003 Roshi is on the verge of getting the fifth dragon ball . Pilaf 's ship lands near Goku and Yajirobe . Recalling King Piccolo , Yajirobe hands Goku the dragon ball and hides . King Piccolo jumps down to face Goku . Goku uses his speed to land a few hits on King Piccolo , but it is not enough against King Piccolo 's counter attack . King Piccolo stuns Goku . Roshi procures the fifth dragon ball , but drops it down a canyon . After a long fight , King Piccolo fires several explosive beams at Goku . When Goku 's Kamehameha fails , King Piccolo prepares to finish him off . 110 `` Keep at it ! Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Piccolo Closes In '' `` Ganbare ! Son Gokū ! ! '' ( がんばれっ ! 孫悟空 ! ! ) Satoru Kusuda May 4 , 1988 September 15 , 2003 After a few more hits , King Piccolo critically wounds Goku with one of his most powerful beams and takes his dragon ball . King Piccolo makes his way to get the rest of the dragon balls . In his state , Goku requests Yajirobe to take him to Korin Tower . Meanwhile Chiaotzu finds the fifth dragon ball . Roshi decides they head to King Piccolo to get the other two balls . Roshi takes to the ground and hides the dragon balls he collected . King Piccolo swallows his two dragon balls thwarting Roshi 's plan . To prevent Tien from fighting , Roshi paralyses him . King Piccolo jumps down to face Roshi . 111 `` The Turtle Hermit 's Last Mafūba '' / `` Roshi 's Gambit '' `` Kame - Sennin no Saigo no Mafūba ! ! '' ( 亀仙人の最後の魔封波 ! ! ) Not Credited May 11 , 1988 September 16 , 2003 Roshi tells King Piccolo where his dragon balls are , but knowing full well that he is no match for King Piccolo , has no wish to fight , and toys with King Piccolo , enduring the pain he receives . King Piccolo does n't recall meeting Roshi before , until Roshi mentions Mutaito , and grows fearful as he realizes what Roshi is here to do . Roshi takes a special jar out a capsule and unleashes an evil containment wave , King Piccolo attempting to resist . Unfortunately , Roshi misses at the last second and dies . King Piccolo unites all seven balls and summons the Eternal Dragon . 112 `` Newfound Youth ? ! Piccolo - Daimaō '' / `` King Piccolo 's Wish '' `` Wakagaeru ka ! ? Pikkoro Daimaō '' ( 若がえるか ! ? ピッコロ大魔王 ) Not Credited May 18 , 1988 September 17 , 2003 Chiaotzu tries to thwart King Piccolo 's wish , but is killed instead . King Piccolo makes his wish and becomes younger . Before Shenron can disperse , King Piccolo kills him , and nobody else can use the Dragon Balls against him . King Piccolo intends to target the Kingdom of Chow . There , King Furry is a kindhearted person . Tien intends to use the evil containment wave on King Piccolo . Pilaf tries to reclaim his reward but King Piccolo dumps him , Mai and Shu off the ship . Yajirobe and Goku finally reach Korin 's tower . 113 `` King Castle , on Offense and Defense ! ! '' / `` Siege on Chow Castle '' `` Kingu Kyassuru no Kōbō ! ! '' ( キングキャッスルの攻防 ! ! ) Not Credited May 25 , 1988 September 18 , 2003 As King Piccolo prepares to attack Chow Castle , everyone is celebrating King Furry 's anniversary including Snow . Goku intends to climb Korin 's tower to meet Korin once more . With Bora 's help , Yajirobe begins his climb up the tower . Yamcha and the others arrive , where Tien is waiting . As girls hand King Furry bouquets , King Piccolo storms the castle . Things get ugly in the kingdom , even for King Furry . King Piccolo kills the commander and captures the evacuating king . Yajirobe finally reaches near the tower summit . 114 `` Goku 's Wish ! ! Even Karin - sama is worried '' / `` Conquest and Power '' `` Gokū no Negai ! ! Karin - sama mo Nayamu '' ( 悟空のねがい ! ! カリン様もなやむ ) Not Credited June 1 , 1988 September 22 , 2003 King Piccolo kills King Furry 's first officer and demands Furry send word to the world of his conquest . Furry refuses and King Piccolo destroys a large part of the city making him give in . Bulma places Chiaotzu and Roshi 's corpses in freezing capsules . Meanwhile Yajirobe meets Korin and eats too many Sensu beans . Goku 's friends are trying to enjoy themselves while Tien is trying hard to learn the evil containment wave . Sadly Korin has nothing left to teach Goku , but tips Goku on Ultra Divine Water . 115 `` Go Get It ! The Mysterious Super God Water '' / `` Awaken Darkness '' `` Te ni Irero ! Nazo no Chōshinsui '' ( 手に入れろ ! 謎の超神水 ) Satoru Kusuda June 8 , 1988 September 23 , 2003 Piano antagonizes King Piccolo 's enslaved subjects . Korin tells Goku that the Ultra Divine Water is hidden deep in an icy labyrinth where many have perished trying to pass . Yajirobe refuses to go , but accidentally goes in the same portal that Goku enters after . As Goku fights an indestructible ice monster , Darkness awakens . Yajirobe and Goku escape sliding down a long twisty path . Snow is very tempted to shoot King Piccolo with a rifle , but knows how unwise it is . Darkness has something bad in store for Goku and Yajirobe . 116 `` The Turtle Hermit Lives ? ! '' / `` A Taste of Destiny '' `` Ikite Ita Kame - sen'nin ! ? '' ( 生きていた亀仙人 ! ? ) Not Credited June 22 , 1988 September 24 , 2003 As Yajirobe and Goku press on , they go their separate ways . Goku meets Master Roshi and is taken to the Kame House in the middle of the labyrinth where all his friends await him . Goku sees all this is an illusion to bait him into danger and this Roshi is a fraud . Yajirobe falls onto Goku and they both fall off a cliff clinging for their lives . With effort , Goku stays put , even as Roshi injures him . Satisfied , Darkness meets with Goku and warns him the possibility of death from drinking the water if he is not fit for it . Goku takes the risk and drinks the water . Meanwhile , King Piccolo broadcasts that criminals are free to reign in the world . 117 `` Son Goku Finally Departs ! ! '' / `` The Ultimate Sacrifice '' `` Son Gokū Tsui ni Hasshin ! ! '' ( 孫悟空ついに発進 ! ! ) Katsumi Aoshima June 29 , 1988 September 25 , 2003 Goku has survived the Ultra Divine Water and vaults his and Yajirobe 's way out with the power pole . Meanwhile a crime wave spreads throughout the world . Eighter has traveled to Chow Kingdom to find Snow . Snow is making use herself helping those in casualty as Eighter finds her . Eighter forcefully persuades a band of rogues to aid the casualties . Tien finally masters the evil containment wave and makes his way to confront King Piccolo . Goku and Yajirobe manage to get back to Korin 's Tower . Korin gives Goku a new Nimbus cloud and Goku makes his way to face King Piccolo once more . 118 `` Tenshinhan 's Determination '' / `` Prelude to Vengeance '' `` Tenshinhan no Ketsui ! ! '' ( 天津飯の決意 ! ! ) Not Credited July 6 , 1988 September 29 , 2003 King Piccolo keeps the world at suspense as he chooses a target sector to annihilate . King Piccolo chooses to destroy Sector 28 , which is none other than Bulma 's homeland . The entire city tries to evacuate in a frenzy , including Bulma 's parents . A team of convicts storms the Kame House , but Yamcha and Launch beat them . Tien arrives at Chow Castle just as King Piccolo is about to depart . Before Tien can start his plan , King Piccolo creates a new warrior called Drum . 119 `` Will it Work ? ! The Legendary Mafūba '' / `` Battle Cry '' `` Kimaru ka ! ? Densetsu no Mafūba '' ( きまるか ! ? 伝説の魔封波 ) Not Credited July 20 , 1988 September 30 , 2003 As crisis continues in West City , Tien is forced to fight Drum . Goku stops halfway on his journey to help the Ox King and Chi Chi from soldiers blackmailed into killing martial artists by King Piccolo . Tired of waiting , Yamcha and the others decide to go after Tien . After taking blows Tien seizes his chance to perform the evil containment wave , but Piccolo destroys the jar . Goku arrives and kicks Drum hard , killing him . 120 `` Goku : Rage at Full Power ! ! '' / `` Goku Strikes Back '' `` Gokū Ikari no Furu Pawā ! ! '' ( 悟空怒りのフルパワー ! ! ) Yukio Ebisawa July 27 , 1988 October 1 , 2003 Goku starts his fight by throwing King Piccolo through Chow Castle . King Piccolo 's first attacks fail to harm Goku . Piccolo gets many blows from Goku , so he harnesses his full power , killing Piano in the process . Goku takes a powerful hit and Piccolo rounds on Tien . Goku suddenly leaps out about to launch a Kamehameha Wave . 121 `` Son Goku 's Greatest Crisis '' / `` The Biggest Crisis '' `` Son Gokū Saidai no Kiki ! ! '' ( 孫悟空最大の危機 ! ! ) Not Credited August 3 , 1988 October 2 , 2003 Goku blasts King Piccolo in the back with a Kamehameha Wave . Goku continues to devastate King Piccolo . News of the fight reaches everywhere . King Piccolo manages to wound Goku 's right knee , forcing Goku to use his power pole to strike back . King Piccolo fired deadly beams until Goku lost his power pole and hits him , destroying the entire kingdom , King Furry evading death . Tien was able to save Goku from certain death but gets exhausted . Goku prevents King Piccolo from conjuring another explosive wave , but King Piccolo manages to hit Goku and create a huge crater . Goku gets out with his Nimbus Cloud . 122 `` The Final Gamble '' / `` Final Showdown '' `` Saigo no Kake ! ! '' ( 最後の賭け ! ! ) Not Credited August 10 , 1988 October 6 , 2003 Sensing he is in a losing battle , King Piccolo resorts to a cowardly act , threatening to kill Tien , if Goku moves a muscle . Yamcha reaches the place and lands his plane . Yajirobe has also arrived to watch Goku fight . Upon discovering that King Piccolo killed Shenron , Goku resigns himself to endure repetitive pains getting his limbs crippled . With Goku incapacitated , King Piccolo prepares to finish him off , but Goku uses full power in his right fist to punch a hole through King Piccolo 's torso . Seconds before King Piccolo 's death , he uses the last of his energy to create his final offspring . Yajirobe saves Goku from falling to his death and retrieves Tien . Piccolo jr . Saga ( 1988 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Storyboards Animation Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date 123 `` The Nyoibō 's Secret '' / `` Lost and Found '' `` Nyoibō no Himitsu '' ( 如意棒の秘密 ) Osamu Kasai August 17 , 1988 October 7 , 2003 Tien retrieves Goku 's power pole as Bulma , Yamcha and sweet Launch scan the place . Yajirobe takes Goku back to Korin 's tower . News of King Piccolo 's defeat spreads with much celebration . Even as the eternal dragon is dead , Bulma procured all the stones anyway . An old lady spots King Piccolo 's egg and she and her husband bring to their house and Piccolo Junior is about to hatch . Korin is shocked to hear that the eternal dragon is dead . Korin knows the creator of the dragon balls , Kami . To get to him Goku searches for the power pole while meeting King Furry . Fortuneteller Baba tells Goku the power pole is at Master Roshi 's . Goku gets the power pole and flies back to Korin 's tower . Piccolo Junior destroys the couple 's house and vows for revenge . 124 `` Temple Above the Clouds '' / `` Temple Above the Clouds '' `` Kumo no Ue no Shinden '' ( 雲の上の神殿 ) Yutaka Satō August 24 , 1988 October 8 , 2003 Goku extends the Power Pole from the top of Korin 's Tower to reach the temple above . Once there he must battle Mr. Popo in order to obtain an audience with Kami . The placid Mr. Popo proves to be a lot stronger than he appears . Meanwhile , back on the ground , Kame House gets flooded with reporters looking for Goku after it is discovered that he is the one who defeated King Piccolo . 125 `` Kami - sama Appears ! ! '' / `` Earth 's Guardian Emerges '' `` Kami - sama Tōjō ! ! '' ( 神様登場 ! ! ) Not Credited August 31 , 1988 October 9 , 2003 Mr. Popo finally agrees to train Goku after seeing his potential . At the same time , Tien vows to train hard to beat Goku in the next Martial Arts Tournament . Realizing Goku 's determination , Kami reveals himself to Goku , who is shocked by his appearance and the story he tells . Kami agrees to revive the Eternal Dragon if Goku will stay and train with Mr. Popo for a while , terms which Goku gladly accepts . 126 `` Shen Long is Resurrected ! ! '' / `` Eternal Dragon Resurrected '' `` Yomigaeru Shenron ! ! '' ( よみがえる神龍 ! ! ) Not Credited September 14 , 1988 October 13 , 2003 Kami revives Shenron , the Eternal Dragon . When Goku 's friends down on Earth call Shenron , he tells them that Goku is training in Heaven under Kami - sama and will meet them at the next Martial Arts Tournament . They wish for everyone who was killed by Piccolo to be revived . The news that Goku is training under Kami spurs Tien , Yamcha , and Krillin to train hard as well for the competition . 127 `` Faster than Lightning ! ! '' / `` Quicker than Lightning '' `` Kaminari yori mo Hayaku ! ! '' ( カミナリよりも速く ! ! ) Osamu Kasai September 21 , 1988 October 14 , 2003 Tien , Krillin , and Yamcha continue to train at Kame House . Simultaneously , Kami and Mr. Popo send Goku on a special training mission to fetch a crown . As Goku tries to take the crown from the top of a mountain , he is struck by lightning . Goku meets a young girl who uses her `` sixth sense '' to find her lost bird . This makes Goku realize how he must acquire the crown : he must be faster than lightning . 128 `` Quiet as the Sky '' / `` Secret of the Woods '' `` Sora no yō ni Shizuka ni '' ( 空のように静かに ) Satoru Kusuda September 28 , 1988 October 15 , 2003 Tien , Krillin , and Yamcha ask Master Roshi why he is not teaching them anymore and he explains to them that he has nothing more to teach and that they should seek training on their own . Mr. Popo sends Goku to a forest in search of someone who can train his mind . Goku meets a large family that lives in a cabin and the grandfather of the family , a simple fisherman , turns out to be able to teach Goku more than he expected . 129 `` Time Traveler Goku '' / `` The Time Room '' `` Toki o Kakeru Gokū '' ( 時をかける悟空 ) Not Credited October 12 , 1988 October 16 , 2003 Mr. Popo sends Goku back in time to train more . In the past he meets the young Master Roshi and his rival , the young Crane Hermit . Goku learns from their master Mutaito how to harness his spirit energy . During an incident where the Crane Hermit steals Roshi 's love interest , Goku gets angry and manages to use his spirit energy successfully . Back in the present , Tien contemplates visiting Korin 's Tower in order to train as Goku once had . 130 `` Goku 's Opponent is ... Goku ? ! '' / `` Goku 's Doll '' `` Gokū no Teki wa ... Gokū ! ? '' ( 悟空の敵は ... 悟空 ! ? ) Mitsuo Hashimoto Hajime Satsuki Daisuke Nishio Masayuki Uchiyama October 19 , 1988 October 20 , 2003 Tien , Krillin , Yamcha , and Chaozu all are heading toward 's Korin 's Tower , and are training on the way . Mr. Popo finally gives Goku an opponent to train with , and it turns out to be a clay version of Goku . Their skills are exactly the same , the only difference is that the clay Goku has no interference in his mind , and can concentrate completely on fighting . This shows Goku that he needs to quiet his mind , and he begins to realize how to achieve that . 131 `` Each on Their Own Way '' / `` Walking Their Own Ways '' `` Sorezore no Michi o Mezashite '' ( それぞれの道をめざして ) Yukio Ebisawa October 26 , 1988 October 21 , 2003 Mr. Popo plays hide and seek with Goku to teach him about concentration and finding people 's ki . Meanwhile , Tien , Krillin , Yamcha , and Chaozu continue their search for Korin 's Tower . In doing so they happen across a small village at the base of a large mountain that the townsfolk consider to be their protecting god . Suddenly the mountain explodes and the four warriors rush to try to stop the lava flowing towards the town . 132 `` Hotter than Magma '' / `` Hotter than Lava '' `` Maguma yori Atsuku '' ( マグマより熱く ) Not Credited November 2 , 1988 October 22 , 2003 Still training with Mr. Popo , Goku can not yet harness his ki . Back on the ground , Tien , Krillin , Yamcha , and Chaozu each try individually to stop the flow of lava towards the defenseless village . Just as it looks like the threat has passed , the volcano erupts again with even more power . This time the four warriors work together to avert the magma for good . Training continues as the next Martial Arts Tournament is only three years away . 133 `` Reunion Before the Storm '' / `` Changes '' `` Arashi no Mae no Saikai '' ( 嵐の前の再会 ) Not Credited November 9 , 1988 October 23 , 2003 Three years have passed and all of the warriors reunite for the 23rd Martial Arts Tournament . Goku , Tien , Krillin , Yamcha , and Chaozu have all been training for the last three years , resulting in drastic physical changes and improvement in martial arts skills . However , on the first day of the preliminary rounds , the warriors are encountered by an old nemesis . 134 `` Trouble at the Tenkaichi Tournament '' / `` Preliminary Peril '' `` Haran no Tenka - ichi Budōkai '' ( 波乱の天下一武道会 ) Not Credited November 16 , 1988 October 27 , 2003 Goku and Tien agree to keep it a secret that Piccolo 's spawn is at the tournament . In the preliminaries , all the fighters get a chance to show off the benefits of their training . Goku demonstrates that he has learned to harness his ki . Tao surfaces again , still alive and now a cyborg . He has entered the tournament and plans to kill Goku and Tien for vengeance . Tao who had become a cyborg seriously injures Chiaotzu . 135 `` The Chosen Eight '' / `` Battle of the Eight '' `` Erabareta Hachinin '' ( 選ばれた 8 人 ) Not Credited November 23 , 1988 October 28 , 2003 Even the preliminary rounds of the 23rd Martial Arts Tournament are more brutal than those of years past . Eventually eight people come out on top to advance to the final rounds : Tien , Tao , a strangely familiar girl , Goku , Krillin , Piccolo , Yamcha , and a bumbling man known as Hero . Everyone is worried that Tao will defeat Tien in the first match , but Goku is certain that Tien is stronger . 136 `` The Assassin Taopaipai 's Counterattack '' / `` Tien Shinhan vs. Mercenary Tao '' `` Koroshiya Taopaipai no Gyakushū '' ( 殺し屋桃白白の逆襲 ) Not Credited November 30 , 1988 October 29 , 2003 Tien proves to be much stronger than Tao . Being a former student under the assassin , Tien gives Tao a chance to back down . After Tao tries to kill Tien , however , he loses all respect for his former master and takes him out easily . The battle ends up being more of an emotional victory than one of strength . Meanwhile , Goku must face the angry , familiar woman . 137 `` Son Goku 's Marriage '' / `` Anonymous Proposal '' `` Son Gokū no Kekkon '' ( 孫悟空の結婚 ) Not Credited December 7 , 1988 October 30 , 2003 Goku 's female opponent proves to be a worthy contender , fueled by her anger at Goku . She says she will tell Goku who she is if he defeats her , which he does easily . It turns out that she is none other than Chi - Chi , daughter of the Ox King , and the girl who Goku promised he would marry . Goku agrees to live up to this promise , and warns Krillin to be careful of his opponent in the next match . Realizing that Krillin is indeed strong , Piccolo agrees to show his true strength . 138 `` The Mysterious Man , Shen '' / `` The Mysterious Hero '' `` Nazo no Otoko Shen '' ( 謎の男シェン ) Not Credited December 14 , 1988 November 3 , 2003 As a final act of desperation , Krillin unleashes a powerful Kamehameha upon Piccolo , who is unaffected . After getting what Piccolo thought was a fatal blow , Krillin surrenders ; everyone realizes he still did very well . In the next match , Yamcha does not take his seemingly foolish opponent , Hero , seriously . However , Hero decides to battle Yamcha with his real power , exhibiting strength that surprises everyone . 139 `` Another Fierce Fight ! Goku vs. Tenshinhan '' / `` Rematch '' `` Gekitō Futatabi ! Gokū Tai Tienshinhan '' ( 激闘ふたたび ! 悟空 VS 天津飯 ) Not Credited December 21 , 1988 November 4 , 2003 Hero tries to teach Yamcha as they battle , but Yamcha will hear nothing of it . Finally , after rebounding from Yamcha 's toughest attack , Hero ends the match with ease . Yamcha then thanks Hero for what he has taught him . Goku realizes that Hero is Kami in a human body . In the next battle , Tien and Goku seem to be of equal strength . But after an intense bout of sparring , Tien is panting while Goku breathes normally , seeming to have the upper hand . 140 `` True Strength '' / `` Goku Gains Speed '' `` Hontō no Chikara '' ( ほんとうの力 ) Not Credited January 11 , 1989 November 5 , 2003 Tien exhibits a drastic increase in speed , and notes that Goku has not sped up at all since the most recent tournament . However , asking for a quick pause , Goku removes his shirt , wrist bands , and boots -- a combined weight of 100 kg . With the extra training weight off Goku is faster than ever . Having no other choice , Tien decides to use a new skill : 12 eyes . 141 `` Four Tenshinhans '' / `` The Four Faces of Tien '' `` Yonin no Tenshinhan '' ( 四人の天津飯 ) Not Credited January 18 , 1989 November 6 , 2003 Tien splits his body into four separate Tiens , with a total of 12 eyes . Goku gets knocked down by their first attack , but used the opportunity to find the two weaknesses in this skill : the 12 eyes are too sensitive and each Tien is only a fourth as strong as the actual Tien . Goku uses Tien 's own Taiyoken technique against him to blind the 12 eyes , and then knocks all four Tiens out of the ring for the victory . 142 `` Who is Stronger ? ! Kami vs. Piccolo - Daimaō '' / `` Kami vs. Piccolo '' `` Docchi ga Tsuyoi ! ? Kami Tai Pikkoro Daimaō '' ( どっちが強い ! ? 神 VS ピッコロ大魔王 ) Not Credited January 25 , 1989 November 10 , 2003 Finally Kami battles his evil half . He tells Goku that he must vanquish Piccolo because he knows that Goku , knowing that if Piccolo dies Kami must die as well , will not have the heart to kill Piccolo himself . Kami uses the Mafuba technique to seal Piccolo in a Denshi jar , just like what happened centuries earlier . Piccolo counters the attack , sealing Kami in the Denshi jar and swallowing it . Before he is sealed Kami implores Goku to destroy Piccolo at any cost . 143 `` A Gamble on the Fate of the Earth ! '' / `` Battle for the Future '' `` Kono Yo no Unmei o Kakete ! '' ( この世の運命を賭けて ! ) Not Credited February 1 , 1989 November 11 , 2003 Goku explains to Master Roshi , Tien , Krillin , and Yamcha that Hero was Kami in a human body . He tells them about Kami and Piccolo splitting into two separate entities , good and evil . Goku realizes that it is up to him to stop Piccolo now . As their match begins , their strength appears to be equal . Soon , however , Piccolo unleashes a flurry of attacks that leaves Goku lying in a hole as the count rises . 144 `` Let Loose ! The Ultimate Super Kamehameha '' / `` Super Kamehameha '' `` Deta ! Kyūkyoku no Chōkamehameha '' ( でた ! 究極の超カメハメ波 ) Not Credited February 8 , 1989 November 12 , 2003 Goku turned out to be just testing Piccolo 's attacks , as he usually does . As they resume battling , Goku seems to be superior to his opponent . Getting worried , Piccolo decides to unleash a devastating attack that will wipe out everyone at the tournament . Krillin reminds Goku that even if Kami dies in the course of destroying Piccolo , they always have the dragon balls to revive him . Realizing this , Goku combats Piccolo 's blast with his most powerful Kamehameha . 145 `` Piccolo - Daimaō 's Super Giant - Body Technique '' / `` Junior No More '' `` Pikkoro Daimaō Chōkyoshinjutsu '' ( ピッコロ大魔王超巨身術 ) Not Credited February 15 , 1989 November 13 , 2003 Piccolo reveals to everyone that he is , in fact , the reincarnation of King Piccolo . Upon hearing this , all of the spectators rush from the arena leaving only Goku and his friends , though this works to Goku 's advantage , as he no longer has to worry about innocent bystanders getting hurt . Piccolo then concentrates his energy to turn into a giant form of himself . Even though he is considerably larger , Goku still has no problem battling him . However , he says that if Piccolo were to be any bigger he would be in trouble . Of course , Piccolo does just that , becoming gargantuan . 146 `` Son Goku 's Trap '' / `` Goku 's Trap '' `` Son Gokū no Wana '' ( 孫悟空のワナ ) Not Credited February 22 , 1989 November 17 , 2003 As soon as Piccolo increases his size again , Goku jumps down his throat to retrieve the swallowed Denshi jar , saving Kami . Realizing he was tricked , Piccolo returns to his normal size . As they continue battling , Kami jumps in to protect Goku from a punch . Goku says he wants to fight alone and allows Piccolo to redo the punch . As the battle continues , Piccolo resorts to using his ultimate attack . 147 `` Nothing More That Can Be Done ! ! '' / `` Goku Hangs On '' `` Banji Kyūsu ! ! '' ( 万事休す ! ! ) Not Credited March 1 , 1989 November 18 , 2003 As his friends run for cover , Goku prepares to take Piccolo 's final attack . Piccolo unleashes a giant wave of energy comparable to a nuclear explosion , leveling the entire island . As the dust settles Goku is still standing . He takes advantage of Piccolo 's weakened state after his huge energy expenditure and knocks him into the ground with a Kamehameha . Just as the count reaches nine , Piccolo lifts his head and emits an energy beam impaling Goku -- but he wo n't give up just yet . 148 `` Hooray ! The Earth 's Strongest Man '' / `` The Victor '' `` Yatta ! Chikyūjō Saikyō no Otoko '' ( やった ! 地球上最強の男 ) Not Credited March 8 , 1989 November 19 , 2003 After Piccolo weakens Goku to the point where he ca n't lift any limbs ( including the one arm his father made the mistake of leaving Goku ) , Piccolo flies to the sky , like his dad , to finish off his nemesis . However , unknown to Piccolo and the others , Goku can fly , and he uses the opportunity to headbutt Piccolo in mid-air for a ring out victory . Later , Goku uses a sensu bean on himself and to revive Piccolo , not wanting to jeopardize Kami 's health . Piccolo shows complete contempt for this , thinking Goku to be soft , and departs after vowing to defeat Goku . 149 `` Wedding Dress in Flames '' / `` Dress in Flames '' `` Honō no Naka no Uedingu Doresu '' ( 炎の中のウエディングドレス ) Not Credited March 15 , 1989 November 20 , 2003 Everyone starts heading home after the tournament . Goku and Chichi headed towards Chichi 's new home . Goku eats many meals ( which surprises all the maids and chefs ) . The Ox King shows Chichi 's wedding dress which belonged to her mother . Suddenly a blast of fire envelopes the entire castle ! Everyone heads out except the Ox King , who stays to retrieve the wedding dress . The Ox King gets trapped in his own castle and Goku and Chichi head to Baba for help . 150 `` The Phantom Fire - Eating Bird '' / `` The Fire - Eater '' `` Maboroshi no Hi Kui Dori '' ( 幻の火喰い鳥 ) Not Credited March 22 , 1989 November 24 , 2003 The people of Frying Pan are unable to extinguish the flames consuming the castle . Goku and Chi Chi seek the Turtle hermit 's help to make another Bansho fan . Goku and Chi Chi travel south to get one of the materials . In the volcano , Goku calms down an inhabiting beast . Mai and Shu are after the Fire Eater as well . Chi Chi finds a large egg being warmed by a scientist who explains what became of the Fire Eaters . Emperor Pilaf , Mai and Shu burst in , but they flee when Goku smashes their drill vehicle . A surviving Fire Eater comes out of the crater and hatches the egg . After Goku and Chi Chi escape with the scientist , they are disappointed to come empty handed ( Chi Chi has kept an egg fragment ) . The scientist tells them where they can find the Bansho fan . 151 `` Thanks to Chi Chi 's Homemaker Training ... '' / `` Outrageous Octagon '' `` Chichi no Hanayome Shugyō no Okage Desu '' ( チチの花嫁修業のおかげです ) Not Credited April 5 , 1989 November 25 , 2003 Goku and Chi Chi reach the mountain , but as they get close , a blizzard starts up . They meet an old woman named Octagon . She tells the mountain is disrupted by the presence of females but knows nothing about the Bansho fan . Goku goes to the mountain to gather snow while Pilaf , Shu and Mai are searching after the fan . The mountain starts up another blizzard . The cold weather prevents Pilaf from firing missiles and flamethrowers on Goku . Hearing from Goku that the mountain is provoked by women , Pilaf pushes Mai away . While Goku gathers snow and scares Pilaf , Chi Chi cleans up Octagon 's house , but smashes many of her dishes . Chi Chi comes across the Bansho fan as she sweeps the yard , while Goku 's snow is melting . Shu takes the fan but blows away his companions and flees . Before Goku and Chi Chi leave , Octagon gives them a jar of honey . The Ox King is getting desperate as they successfully return . Goku waves the fan , but the flames persist . 152 `` Hurry , Goku ! The Mysterious Mountain of Five Elements '' / `` Mystery of the Dark World '' `` Isoge Gokū ! Gogyōzan no Nazo '' ( いそげ悟空 ! 五行山のなぞ ) Not Credited April 12 , 1989 November 26 , 2003 Baba warns Goku that the fan wo n't work and he must go to the Magical Furnace in the Dark World and meet Tajoro . Goku and Chi Chi journey and enter the Dark World . They jump over a large gap on the road and get chased by bats . As Goku and Chi Chi go further things become more dangerous , but they discover all the dangers are imaginary and proceed . The Ox King gets trapped at the peak of the castle . Goku meets Gohan at the furnace , who tells him Tajoro is called Amin . Goku wants to put out the furnace which Gohan and Amin object to . 153 `` Mt . Frypan is Burning ! An Instant Do - or - Die Journey '' / `` The End , the Beginning '' `` Moeru Furaipan Yama ! Isshun no Kesshikō '' ( 燃えるフライパン山 ! 一瞬の決死行 ) Not Credited April 19 , 1989 December 1 , 2003 Gohan and Amin wo n't let Goku turn off the furnace for the simple reason that spirits would n't have access to their afterlife especially evil spirits . Instead of helping Goku , Amin resorts to fighting him . Amin formulates a plan after seeing Goku has the Bansho fan . Luckily Chi Chi has both vital requirements on her . With aid of the Bansho fan and Amin lifting the pot , Goku descends into the furnace and manages to seal the hole , barely making it out alive . The flames at the castle have died down and the Ox King has survived and kept the wedding dress intact . Goku and Chi Chi proceed with their wedding and the two of them are married . Films ( edit ) # Title Original release English release `` Dragon Ball : Curse of the Blood Rubies '' `` Doragon Bōru : Shenron no Densetsu '' ( ドラゴンボール神龍の伝説 ) December 20 , 1986 September 9 , 1995 December 28 , 2010 ( Funimation re-dub ) `` Dragon Ball : Sleeping Princess in Devil 's Castle '' `` Doragon Bōru : Majin - Jō No Nemuri Hime '' ( ドラゴンボール魔神城のねむり姫 ) July 18 , 1987 December 1998 `` Dragon Ball : Mystical Adventure '' `` Doragon Bōru : Makafushigi Dai - Bōken '' ( ドラゴンボール魔訶不思議大冒険 ) July 9 , 1988 November 21 , 2000 `` Dragon Ball : The Path to Power '' `` Doragon Bōru : Saikyō e no Michi '' ( ドラゴンボール最強への道 ) March 4 , 1996 April 29 , 2003 TV Specials ( edit ) # Title Original airdate `` Dragon Ball : Goku 's Fire Brigade '' `` Doragon Bōru : Gokū no shōbō tai '' ( ドラゴンボール悟空の消防隊 ) June 1988 `` Dragon Ball : Goku 's Traffic Safety '' `` Doragon Bōru : Gokū no kōtsū anzen '' ( ドラゴンボール悟空の交通安全 ) June 1988 DVD releases ( edit ) Region 1 ( north america ) ( edit ) Season box sets ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Sagas Season One September 15 , 2009 5 1 - 31 Emperor Pilaf / Tournament Saga Season Two November 10 , 2009 5 32 - 61 Red Ribbon Army / General Blue Saga Season Three February 2 , 2010 5 62 - 92 Commander Red / Fortuneteller Baba Saga Season Four May 4 , 2010 5 93 - 122 Tien Shinhan / King Piccolo Saga Season Five July 27 , 2010 5 123 - 153 Piccolo Jr . Saga Notes The season box sets has a few episodes from next saga that follows it . The sagas which have the majority episodes are listed above . Region 2 ( Japan ) ( edit ) Dragon Box Set ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Dragon Box July 7 , 2004 26 1 - 153 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ These sagas correspond to the sets released by Funimation in 2003 . However , they only correspond to story arcs , which are themselves split at debatable points , and not to the pattern in which the show aired in either Japan or the United States . In Japan , Dragon Ball like both of the other Dragon Ball series was aired year - round continuously with regular off - days for sporting events and television specials taking place about once every six weeks on average . References ( edit ) General `` Official list of Dragon Ball episodes '' . Toei Animation . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . `` Official list Dragon Ball episodes '' . Funimation . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . `` Unofficial list of Dragon Ball episodes '' . Dragonball Hub . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . Specific Jump up ^ Oversees the entire process of the episode Jump up ^ A visual version of the script , for Toei Animation series unless the 絵コンテ ( storyboard ) is credited specifically the 演出 ( episode director ) storyboarded it . Jump up ^ Corrects the layouts and key animation drawings of the key animators . Jump up ^ For Toei Animation series unless the 絵コンテ ( storyboard ) is credited specifically the 演出 ( episode director ) storyboarded it . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Season 4 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Season 5 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com . Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Z Kai episodes Super episodes Heroes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Master Roshi Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Arale Norimaki List of Dr. Slump characters Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Puff Puff Portal Anime and manga portal Dragon Ball portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_episodes&oldid=849985118 '' Categories : Dragon Ball episode lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego Italiano Magyar Polski Português Română ไทย Tiếng Việt 吴语 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 19 : 32 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who wins the second world martial arts tournament	[]	[]
-2713840946920040454	2017 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament	2017 NCAA Division I Baseball tournament - wikipedia 2017 NCAA Division I Baseball tournament 2017 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament Season 2017 Teams 64 Finals Site TD Ameritrade Park Omaha , Nebraska Champions Florida Gators ( 1st title ) Runner - Up LSU Tigers ( 18th CWS Appearance ) Winning coach Kevin O'Sullivan ( 1st title ) Television ESPN Networks ← 2016 NCAA Division I Baseball Championship 2018 → The 2017 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament began on June 1 , 2017 as part of the 2017 NCAA Division I baseball season . The 64 - team , double - elimination tournament concluded with the 2017 College World Series ( CWS ) in Omaha , Nebraska . The CWS started on June 17 and ended on June 27 . The 64 participating NCAA Division I college baseball teams were selected out of an eligible 299 teams . Thirty - one teams were awarded an automatic bid as champions of their conferences , and 33 teams were selected at - large by the NCAA Division I Baseball Committee . Teams were divided into sixteen regionals of four teams , which conducted a double - elimination tournament . Regional champions then faced each other in Super Regionals , a best - of - three - game series , to determine the eight participants in the College World Series . Contents 1 Bids 1.1 Automatic bids 1.2 By conference 2 National seeds 3 Regionals and Super Regionals 3.1 Corvallis Super Regional 3.2 Long Beach Super Regional 3.3 Tallahassee Super Regional 3.4 Baton Rouge Super Regional 3.5 Gainesville Super Regional 3.6 Fort Worth Super Regional 3.7 Louisville Super Regional 3.8 College Station Super Regional 4 College World Series 4.1 Participants 4.2 Bracket 4.3 Game results 4.4 All - Tournament Team 5 Final standings 6 Record by conference 7 Media coverage 7.1 Radio 7.2 Television 7.2. 1 Broadcast assignments 8 See also 9 References Bids ( edit ) Automatic bids ( edit ) School Conference Record ( Conf ) Berth Last NCAA Appearance UMBC America East 23 -- 23 ( 11 -- 9 ) Tournament 2001 ( Wilson Regional ) Houston American 40 -- 19 ( 15 -- 9 ) Tournament 2015 ( Houston Regional ) Florida State ACC 39 -- 20 ( 14 -- 14 ) Tournament 2016 ( Tallahassee Regional ) Florida Gulf Coast Atlantic Sun 42 -- 18 ( 13 -- 8 ) Tournament First Appearance Davidson Atlantic 10 32 -- 24 ( 13 -- 11 ) Tournament First Appearance Oklahoma State Big 12 30 -- 25 ( 8 -- 14 ) Tournament 2016 ( Clemson Regional ) Xavier Big East 32 -- 25 ( 10 -- 6 ) Tournament 2016 ( Nashville Regional ) Radford Big South 27 -- 30 ( 11 -- 13 ) Tournament 2015 ( Nashville Regional ) Iowa Big Ten 38 -- 20 ( 15 -- 9 ) Tournament 2015 ( Springfield Regional ) Long Beach State Big West 37 -- 17 -- 1 ( 20 -- 4 ) Regular Season 2016 ( Coral Gables Regional ) Delaware Colonial 34 -- 21 ( 15 -- 9 ) Tournament 2001 ( Columbus Regional ) Rice Conference USA 31 -- 29 ( 17 -- 14 ) Tournament 2016 ( Baton Rouge Regional ) UIC Horizon 39 -- 15 ( 22 -- 8 ) Tournament 2008 ( College Station Regional ) Yale Ivy League 30 -- 16 ( 16 -- 4 ) Championship Series 1993 ( Central I Regional ) Marist Metro Atlantic 32 -- 21 ( 16 -- 8 ) Tournament 2009 ( Tallahassee Regional ) Ohio Mid-American 31 -- 26 ( 13 -- 11 ) Tournament 2015 ( Champaign Regional ) Bethune -- Cookman Mid -- Eastern 33 -- 23 ( 15 -- 8 ) Tournament 2016 ( Gainesville Regional ) Dallas Baptist Missouri Valley 40 -- 19 ( 15 -- 6 ) Tournament 2016 ( Lubbock Regional ) San Diego State Mountain West 41 -- 19 ( 20 -- 10 ) Tournament 2015 ( Lake Elsinore Regional ) Central Connecticut Northeast 36 -- 20 ( 21 -- 7 ) Tournament 2010 ( Tallahassee Regional ) Tennessee Tech Ohio Valley 40 -- 19 ( 23 -- 7 ) Tournament 2009 ( Clemson Regional ) Oregon State Pac -- 12 49 -- 4 ( 27 -- 3 ) Regular Season 2015 ( Dallas Regional ) Holy Cross Patriot 23 -- 25 ( 12 -- 8 ) Tournament 1978 ( Northeast Regional ) LSU Southeastern 43 -- 17 ( 21 -- 9 ) Tournament 2016 ( Baton Rouge Regional ) UNC Greensboro Southern 35 -- 22 ( 14 -- 10 ) Tournament 1997 ( South I Regional ) Sam Houston Southland 40 -- 20 ( 19 -- 11 ) Tournament 2016 ( Lafayette Regional ) Texas Southern Southwestern Athletic 20 -- 32 ( 14 -- 10 ) Tournament 2015 ( College Station Regional ) Oral Roberts Summit 42 -- 14 ( 25 -- 4 ) Tournament 2016 ( Fort Worth Regional ) South Alabama Sun Belt 39 -- 19 ( 22 -- 8 ) Tournament 2016 ( Tallahassee Regional ) BYU West Coast 37 -- 19 ( 20 -- 7 ) Tournament 2002 ( Los Angeles Regional ) Sacramento State Western Athletic 32 -- 27 ( 12 -- 12 ) Tournament 2014 ( San Luis Obispo Regional ) By conference ( edit ) Conference Total Schools SEC 8 Arkansas , Auburn , Florida , Kentucky , LSU , Mississippi State , Texas A&M , Vanderbilt ACC 7 Clemson , Florida State , Louisville , North Carolina , NC State , Virginia , Wake Forest Big 12 7 Baylor , Oklahoma , Oklahoma State , TCU , Texas , Texas Tech , West Virginia Big Ten 5 Indiana , Iowa , Maryland , Michigan , Nebraska Pac - 12 Arizona , Oregon State , Stanford , UCLA American Houston , South Florida , UCF Big East St. John 's , Xavier Big West Cal State Fullerton , Long Beach State Conference USA Rice , Southern Miss Missouri Valley Dallas Baptist , Missouri State Southland Sam Houston State , Southeastern Louisiana America East UMBC Atlantic 10 Davidson Atlantic Sun Florida Gulf Coast Big South Radford Colonial Delaware Horizon UIC Ivy Yale MAAC Marist Mid-American Ohio MEAC Bethune - Cookman Mountain West San Diego State NEC Central Connecticut Ohio Valley Tennessee Tech Patriot Holy Cross Southern UNC Greensboro Summit Oral Roberts Sun Belt South Alabama SWAC Texas Southern West Coast BYU WAC Sacramento State National seeds ( edit ) The following eight teams automatically host a Super Regional if they advance to that round : Oregon State North Carolina † Florida LSU Texas Tech † TCU Louisville Stanford † Bold indicates College World Series participant † indicates teams that were eliminated in the Regional Tournament ‡ indicates teams that were eliminated in the Super Regional Tournament Regionals and Super Regionals ( edit ) Bold indicates winner . Seeds for regional tournaments indicate seeds within regional . Seeds for super regional tournaments indicate national seeds only . Corvallis Super Regional ( edit ) Regional Regional Regional Final Super Regional Oregon State 8 Holy Cross Oregon State 11 Yale 0 Yale 5 Nebraska Oregon State 8 -- Corvallis Regional -- Goss Stadium at Coleman Field Yale -- Holy Cross 7 Nebraska Holy Cross 5 Yale 9 Oregon State 8 9 -- Vanderbilt -- Clemson 5 UNC Greensboro Clemson Vanderbilt 9 St. John 's Vanderbilt 13 Vanderbilt 0 8 Clemson Regional -- Doug Kingsmore Stadium Clemson 6 0 UNC Greensboro St. John 's UNC Greensboro Clemson 6 Long Beach Super Regional ( edit ) Regional Regional Regional Final Super Regional Stanford 10 Sacramento State 0 Stanford Cal State Fullerton BYU Cal State Fullerton 13 Cal State Fullerton -- Stanford Regional -- Klein Field at Sunken Diamond Stanford -- Sacramento State BYU 6 BYU Stanford 9 Cal State Fullerton 0 12 Long Beach State 0 Long Beach State 6 San Diego State 0 Long Beach State Texas 5 UCLA Texas Texas Long Beach Regional -- Blair Field Long Beach State San Diego State UCLA San Diego State Long Beach State 7 Tallahassee Super Regional ( edit ) Regional Regional Regional Final Super Regional Texas Tech 5 Delaware Texas Tech 6 Sam Houston State 0 Sam Houston State 5 Arizona Texas Tech 8 Lubbock Regional -- Dan Law Field at Rip Griffin Park Sam Houston State 9 Delaware 5 Arizona 6 Arizona Sam Houston State 9 Sam Houston State 6 0 -- Florida State 7 19 -- Florida State Tennessee Tech Tennessee Tech Auburn 5 Auburn 7 UCF Auburn 7 0 Tallahassee Regional -- Mike Martin Field at Dick Howser Stadium Florida State 8 6 Florida State 6 UCF Florida State 5 Tennessee Tech Baton Rouge Super Regional ( edit ) Regional Regional Regional Final Super Regional LSU 15 Texas Southern 7 LSU 11 Southeastern Louisiana 6 Rice 6 Southeastern Louisiana 12 LSU 5 -- Baton Rouge Regional -- Alex Box Stadium Rice 0 -- Texas Southern 6 Rice 13 Rice 9 Southeastern Louisiana 5 LSU 14 -- Mississippi State -- Southern Miss 8 UIC 7 Southern Miss 8 South Alabama South Alabama 6 Mississippi State Southern Miss 6 Hattiesburg Regional -- Pete Taylor Park Mississippi State 8 8 UIC Mississippi State 5 Mississippi State 7 South Alabama Gainesville Super Regional ( edit ) Regional Regional Regional Final Super Regional Florida 10 Marist 6 Florida 5 South Florida Bethune - Cookman South Florida 9 Florida 6 Gainesville Regional -- Alfred A. McKethan Stadium Bethune - Cookman 6 Marist Bethune - Cookman Bethune - Cookman 6 South Florida Florida 6 Wake Forest 8 0 Wake Forest 11 UMBC Wake Forest West Virginia Maryland West Virginia 9 Wake Forest 12 -- Winston - Salem Regional -- Gene Hooks Field at Wake Forest Baseball Park West Virginia 8 -- UMBC Maryland 16 Maryland 5 West Virginia 8 Fort Worth Super Regional ( edit ) Regional Regional Regional Final Super Regional TCU 9 Central Connecticut State 6 TCU 5 Virginia Dallas Baptist Virginia 6 TCU 15 -- Fort Worth Regional -- Lupton Stadium Dallas Baptist -- Central Connecticut State 5 Dallas Baptist 6 Dallas Baptist 11 Virginia 8 6 TCU 8 -- Missouri State -- Arkansas Oral Roberts 0 Arkansas Missouri State 5 Oklahoma State 5 Missouri State 6 Missouri State 10 Fayetteville Regional -- Baum Stadium Arkansas 11 Oral Roberts 14 Oklahoma State 6 Oral Roberts Arkansas Louisville Super Regional ( edit ) Regional Regional Regional Final Super Regional Louisville 11 Radford 6 Louisville 11 Oklahoma Xavier Oklahoma 7 Louisville 8 -- Louisville Regional -- Jim Patterson Stadium Xavier 7 -- Radford Xavier Xavier 11 Oklahoma 0 7 Louisville 5 6 -- Kentucky -- Kentucky 6 Ohio Kentucky NC State 5 NC State 7 Indiana 6 NC State 6 5 Lexington Regional -- Cliff Hagan Stadium Kentucky 8 10 Ohio Indiana 11 Indiana 9 Kentucky 14 College Station Super Regional ( edit ) Hosted by Texas A&M at Olsen Field at Blue Bell Park Regional Regional Regional Final Super Regional North Carolina Davidson 8 Davidson Florida Gulf Coast Michigan 6 Florida Gulf Coast 10 Davidson -- Chapel Hill Regional -- Boshamer Stadium North Carolina -- North Carolina 8 Michigan North Carolina 10 Florida Gulf Coast Davidson 6 6 -- Texas A&M 7 12 -- Houston Iowa 6 Iowa Texas A&M Texas A&M 8 Baylor 5 Texas A&M -- Houston Regional -- Schroeder Park Houston -- Houston 17 Baylor Houston 7 Iowa 5 College World Series ( edit ) The College World Series is held at TD Ameritrade Park in Omaha , Nebraska . Participants ( edit ) School Conference Record ( Conference ) Head coach Previous CWS appearances CWS best finish CWS W -- L record Cal State Fullerton Big West 39 -- 22 ( 15 -- 9 ) Rick Vanderhook 17 ( last : 2015 ) 1st ( 1979 , 1984 , 1995 , 2004 ) 34 -- 29 Florida SEC 47 -- 18 ( 21 -- 9 ) Kevin O'Sullivan 10 ( last : 2016 ) 2nd ( 2005 , 2011 ) 14 -- 21 Florida State ACC 45 -- 21 ( 14 -- 14 ) Mike Martin 21 ( last : 2012 ) 2nd ( 1970 , 1986 , 1999 ) 28 -- 42 Louisville ACC 52 -- 10 ( 23 -- 6 ) Dan McDonnell ( last : 2014 ) 5th ( 2007 ) 1 -- 6 LSU SEC 48 -- 17 ( 21 -- 9 ) Paul Mainieri 17 ( last : 2015 ) 1st ( 1991 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 2000 , 2009 ) 36 -- 24 Oregon State Pac - 12 54 -- 4 ( 27 -- 3 ) Pat Casey 5 ( last : 2013 ) 1st ( 2006 , 2007 ) 13 -- 8 TCU Big 12 47 -- 16 ( 16 -- 8 ) Jim Schlossnagle ( last : 2016 ) 3rd ( 2010 , 2015 , 2016 ) 8 -- 8 Texas A&M SEC 41 -- 21 ( 16 -- 14 ) Rob Childress 5 ( last : 2011 ) 5th ( 1951 , 1993 ) 2 -- 10 Bracket ( edit ) Seeds listed below ( in the column before each team 's name ) indicate national seeds only First round Second round Semifinals Championship series Oregon State 6 Cal State Fullerton 5 Oregon State 13 LSU Florida State LSU 5 Oregon State LSU 6 Cal State Fullerton Florida State 6 Florida State LSU 7 LSU -- Florida 6 -- Florida 6 TCU 0 Florida 5 7 Louisville 7 Louisville 8 Texas A&M Florida 6 TCU 9 0 6 TCU Texas A&M 6 TCU 7 Louisville Game results ( edit ) Date Game Winning team Score Losing team Winning pitcher Losing pitcher Save Notes June 17 Game 1 Oregon State 6 -- 5 Cal State Fullerton Jake Mulholland ( 7 -- 1 ) Blake Workman ( 6 -- 3 ) Drew Rasmussen ( 2 ) Game 2 LSU 5 -- 4 Florida State Jared Poché ( 11 -- 3 ) Tyler Holton ( 10 -- 3 ) Zack Hess ( 2 ) June 18 Game 3 Louisville 8 -- 4 Texas A&M Brendan McKay ( 11 -- 3 ) Corbin Martin ( 7 -- 4 ) -- Game 4 Florida 3 -- 0 TCU Alex Faedo ( 8 -- 2 ) Jared Janczak ( 9 -- 1 ) Michael Byrne ( 17 ) June 19 Game 5 Florida State 6 -- 4 Cal State Fullerton Chase Haney ( 3 -- 2 ) Jack Pabich ( 1 -- 3 ) Drew Carlton ( 7 ) Cal State Fullerton eliminated Game 6 Oregon State 13 -- 1 LSU Bryce Fehmel ( 6 -- 2 ) Eric Walker ( 8 -- 2 ) -- June 20 Game 7 TCU 4 -- 1 Texas A&M Brian Howard ( 12 -- 3 ) Stephen Kolek ( 4 -- 5 ) Sean Wymer ( 2 ) Texas A&M eliminated Game 8 Florida 5 -- 1 Louisville Brady Singer ( 8 -- 5 ) Kade McClure ( 8 -- 4 ) -- June 21 Game 9 LSU 7 -- 4 Florida State Jared Poché ( 12 -- 3 ) Cole Sands ( 6 -- 4 ) Zack Hess ( 3 ) Florida State eliminated June 22 Game 10 TCU 4 -- 3 Louisville Sean Wymer ( 6 -- 4 ) Nick Bennett ( 5 -- 1 ) -- Louisville eliminated June 23 Game 11 LSU 3 -- 1 Oregon State Alex Lange ( 10 -- 5 ) Jake Thompson ( 14 -- 1 ) Zack Hess ( 4 ) Game 12 TCU 9 -- 2 Florida Charles King ( 1 -- 3 ) Jackson Kowar ( 12 -- 1 ) -- June 24 Game 13 LSU 6 -- 1 Oregon State Caleb Gilbert ( 7 -- 1 ) Bryce Fehmel ( 6 -- 3 ) -- Oregon State eliminated Game 14 Florida 3 -- 0 TCU Alex Faedo ( 9 -- 2 ) Jared Janczak ( 9 -- 2 ) Michael Byrne ( 18 ) TCU eliminated Finals June 26 Game 1 Florida 4 -- 3 LSU Brady Singer ( 9 -- 5 ) Russell Reynolds ( 1 -- 2 ) Michael Byrne ( 19 ) June 27 Game 2 Florida 6 -- 1 LSU Tyler Dyson ( 4 -- 0 ) Jared Poché ( 12 -- 4 ) Jackson Kowar ( 1 ) Florida wins CWS All - tournament team ( edit ) The following players were members of the College World Series All - Tournament Team . Position Player School P & MOP Alex Faedo Florida Brady Singer Florida 1B Drew Mendoza Florida State 2B Nick Madrigal Oregon State 3B Dylan Busby Florida State SS Timmy Richards Cal State Fullerton Michael Papierski LSU OF Antoine Duplantis LSU Austin Langworthy Florida Zach Watson LSU DH Brendan McKay Louisville Final standings ( edit ) Seeds listed below indicate national seeds only Place School Record 1st No. 3 Florida 10 -- 3 2nd No. 4 LSU 9 -- 3 3rd No. 1 Oregon St 7 -- 2 No. 6 TCU 8 -- 2 5th Florida State 7 -- 3 No. 7 Louisville 6 -- 2 7th Cal State Fullerton 5 -- 3 Texas A&M 5 -- 2 9th Davidson 3 -- 2 Kentucky 4 -- 3 Long Beach St . 5 -- 3 Mississippi State 4 -- 3 Missouri State 3 -- 3 Sam Houston St . 4 -- 3 Vanderbilt 3 -- 3 Wake Forest 4 -- 2 17th Arkansas 3 -- 2 Auburn 2 -- 2 Bethune -- Cookman 2 -- 2 Clemson 3 -- 2 Dallas Baptist 2 -- 2 Houston 2 -- 2 NC State 2 -- 2 No. 2 North Carolina 2 -- 2 Rice 2 -- 2 Southern Miss 2 -- 2 No. 8 Stanford 2 -- 2 Texas 2 -- 2 No. 5 Texas Tech 2 -- 2 West Virginia 2 -- 2 Xavier 2 -- 2 Yale 2 -- 2 33rd Arizona 1 -- 2 BYU 1 -- 2 Florida Gulf Coast 1 -- 2 Holy Cross 1 -- 2 Indiana 1 -- 2 Iowa 1 -- 2 Maryland 1 -- 2 Oklahoma 1 -- 2 Oral Roberts 1 -- 2 San Diego State 1 -- 2 South Alabama 1 -- 2 South Florida 1 -- 2 Southeastern Louisiana 1 -- 2 Tennessee Tech 1 -- 2 UNC Greensboro 1 -- 2 Virginia 1 -- 2 49th Baylor 0 -- 2 Central Connecticut State 0 -- 2 Delaware 0 -- 2 Marist 0 -- 2 Michigan 0 -- 2 Nebraska 0 -- 2 Ohio 0 -- 2 Oklahoma State 0 -- 2 Radford 0 -- 2 Sacramento State 0 -- 2 St. John 's 0 -- 2 Texas Southern 0 -- 2 UCF 0 -- 2 UCLA 0 -- 2 UIC 0 -- 2 UMBC 0 -- 2 Record by conference ( edit ) Conference # of Bids Record Win % RF SR WS NS CS NC SEC 8 40 -- 21 . 656 8 6 Big 12 7 15 -- 14 . 517 -- -- Pac - 12 10 -- 8 . 556 -- -- ACC 7 25 -- 15 . 625 6 -- -- -- Big West 10 -- 6 . 625 -- -- -- Missouri Valley 5 -- 5 . 500 -- -- -- -- Southland 5 -- 5 . 500 -- -- -- -- Atlantic 10 3 -- 2 . 600 -- -- -- -- Conference USA 4 -- 4 . 500 -- -- -- -- -- American 3 -- 6 . 333 -- -- -- -- -- Big East 2 -- 4 . 333 -- -- -- -- -- Big Ten 5 3 -- 10 . 231 -- -- -- -- -- -- Other 19 13 -- 38 . 255 -- -- -- -- -- The columns RF , SR , WS , NS , CS , and NC respectively stand for the Regional Finals , Super Regionals , College World Series Teams , National Semi-Finals , Championship Series , and National Champion . Media Coverage ( edit ) Radio ( edit ) NRG Media has once again contracted to provide nationwide radio coverage of the College World Series through its Omaha station KOZN , in association with Westwood One . It will once again be streamed at westwoodonesports.com , on TuneIn , and on SiriusXM . Kevin Kugler and John Bishop are contracted to call all games leading up to the Championship Series with Gary Sharp acting as the field reporter . The Championship Series will be called by Kugler and Scott Graham with Bishop acting as field reporter . Television ( edit ) ESPN carried every game from the Regionals , Super Regionals , and College World Series across its networks . During the Regionals and Super Regionals ESPN will once again offer a dedicated channel , ESPN Bases Loaded ( carried in the same channel allotments as its `` Goal Line '' and `` Buzzer Beater '' services for football and basketball ) , which will carry live look - ins and analysis across all games in progress . Broadcast assignments ( edit ) Regionals Steve Lenox and JT Snow : Stanford , California Jason Benetti and Todd Walker : Tallahassee , Florida Anish Shroff and Jay Walker : Lexington , Kentucky Roy Philpott and Rusty Ensor : Clemson , South Carolina Jim Barbar and JP Arencibia : Chapel Hill , North Carolina Mike Morgan and Nick Belmonte : Gainesville , Florida Richard Cross and David Dellucci : Hattiesburg , Mississippi Tom Hart and Chris Burke : Louisville , Kentucky Super Regionals Tom Hart , Kyle Peterson , Chris Burke , and Laura Rutledge : Louisville , Kentucky Mike Morgan and Jay Walker : College Station , Texas Anish Shroff and Gabe Gross : Long Beach , California Jason Benetti and Mike Rooney : Corvallis , Oregon College World Series Tom Hart , Chris Burke , Ben McDonald , and Mike Rooney : Afternoons , Wed night Karl Ravech , Eduardo Pérez , Kyle Peterson , and Laura Rutledge : Evenings minus Wed Regionals Doug Sherman and John Gregory : Winston - Salem , North Carolina Trey Bender and Jerry Kindall : Lubbock , Texas Lowell Galindo and Keith Moreland : Houston , Texas Alex Perlman and Lance Cormier : Fayetteville , Arkansas Dave Neal and Ben McDonald : Baton Rouge , Louisiana Mike Couzens and Greg Swindell : Fort Worth , Texas Roxy Bernstein and Wes Clements : Corvallis , Oregon Clay Matvick and Kyle Peterson : Long Beach , California Super Regionals Clay Matvick and Eduardo Pérez : Tallahassee , Florida Dari Nowkhah and Carlos Peña : Gainesville , Florida Lowell Galindo and Keith Moreland : Fort Worth , Texas Dave Neal and Ben McDonald : Baton Rouge , Louisiana College World Series Championship Series Karl Ravech , Eduardo Pérez , Kyle Peterson , and Laura Rutledge See also ( edit ) NCAA Division I Baseball Championships recent history References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Baseball Division I Championship '' . NCAA . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Team Directory Jump up ^ Nyatawa , Jon ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Florida 's Alex Faedo named CWS most outstanding player ; all - tournament team released '' . Omaha World - Herald . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Batter Up : ESPN 's Coverage of NCAA Division I Baseball Championship Begins Thursday with Regionals '' . ESPN Media Zone . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` NCAA Division I Baseball Championship Coverage Continues on ESPN This Weekend with Super Regionals '' . ESPN Media Zone . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Men 's College World Series Begins Saturday , June 17 on ESPN '' . ESPN Media Zone . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 15 . 2016 -- 17 NCAA Division I championships Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( FBS ) † Football ( FCS ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Indoor track and field Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Outdoor track and field Rifle Rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Tennis Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship NCAA Division I Baseball Championship 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1993 1997 1998 2017 2018 2019 NCAA Division I College World Series 2017 NCAA Division I baseball tournaments Conference America East American Atlantic 10 ACC Atlantic Sun Big Ten Big 12 Big East Big South Colonial Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC Mid-American MEAC Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Patriot SEC Southern Southland SWAC Summit Sun Belt WCC WAC National NCAA CWS Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament&oldid=851385022 '' Categories : NCAA Division I Baseball Championship 2017 NCAA Division I baseball season June 2017 sports events in the United States Sports competitions in Nebraska Baseball in Baton Rouge , Louisiana Baseball in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex Baseball in Houston Baseball in Lubbock , Texas Baseball in Arkansas Baseball in California Baseball in Florida Baseball in Kentucky Baseball in Mississippi Baseball in Nebraska Baseball in Oregon Baseball in North Carolina Baseball in South Carolina Baseball in Texas 2017 in sports in Nebraska Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 22 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the college baseball world series 2017	[ "2017 NCAA Division I Baseball TournamentSeason\n2017Teams\n64Finals Site\nTD Ameritrade ParkOmaha, NebraskaChampions\nFlorida Gators (1st title)Runner-Up\nLSU Tigers (18th CWS Appearance)Winning coach\nKevin O'Sullivan (1st title)Television\nESPN Networks\n← 2016 \nNCAA Division I Baseball Championship\n2018 →\n" ]	[ "Florida Gators" ]
-2666269028465903750	British Borneo	British Borneo - wikipedia British Borneo Jump to : navigation , search British Borneo Dutch Borneo British Borneo comprised the four northern parts of the island of Borneo , which are now Brunei , Labuan , Sabah , and Sarawak . During the British colonial rule until 1963 , Sarawak , Labuan and Sabah known as : Kingdom of Sarawak ( 1841 -- 1946 ) -- Crown Colony of Sarawak ( 1946 -- 1963 ) ( now Sarawak ) , Crown Colony of Labuan ( 1848 -- 1946 ) ( now Labuan ) and North Borneo ( 1881 -- 1946 ) -- Crown Colony of North Borneo ( 1946 -- 1963 ) ( now Sabah ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Catholic missions 2 British power 3 References 4 Further reading Catholic Missions ( edit ) In 1687 Father Ventimiglia , a Theatine , was commissioned by Pope Innocent XI to preach Christianity in Borneo . There are no memorials of this mission , which has left no traces in the island although the missionary declared that God had blessed his labours . The Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples decreed on 27 August 1855 the erection of the northern part of the island of Borneo into an independent prefecture of North Borneo and Labuan and entrusted it to the Rev. Carlos Cuarteron , a Spaniard . Father Cuarteron was originally a sea - captain and had vowed , after escaping great peril , to devote himself to the evangelisation of Borneo . He landed at Labuan in 1857 , in company with several missionaries who deserted him in 1860 . Although alone in the island of Labuan , Father Cuarteron courageously continued his labours . At length , seeing that isolation made him powerless , he went to Rome in 1879 to request that the Propaganda place the mission in charge of an institute . From Rome Father Cuarteron went to Spain , where he soon died . The island of Labuan has an area of 30 square miles ( 78 km ) and contains 6,800 inhabitants ; it is an important shipping station between Singapore and Hong Kong . The prefect Apostolic lives at Labuan . The stations served are Labuan and Kuching ( Sarawak ) , the two most important towns . Outside of these two places where the missionaries live ten stations are visited : Sibu , Kanowit , Igan , Oya , Mukah , Baram , Papar , Jesselton , Putatan , and Sandakan . According to the `` Missions - Atlas '' of P. Streit , the statistics of the Catholic mission in the early 20th century were : 19 regular priests , 2 lay brothers , 15 sisters ; 8 churches ; 20 chapels ; 16 catechists ; 14 schools with 740 pupils ; 2,600 baptisms ; about 1,000 catechumens . British power ( edit ) The British had obtained the island of Labuan in 1846 ; they gradually extended their power over the petty rulers of the northern part of Borneo until , in 1888 , the British protectorate of North Borneo was formally acknowledged . English speaking missionaries being desired in the British part of Borneo , the Propaganda ( 19 March 1881 ) confided the mission of North Borneo and Labuan to the Society for Foreign Missions of Mill Hill , from England . The first prefect Apostolic appointed under the new administration was the Rev. Thomas Jackson . The society continued in charge of the mission . During the Second World War , the British realised they were unable to defend the colony from the powerful Imperial Japanese Navy . They destroyed the airfields , and especially the oil fields there and in Brunei before the Japanese landed on 16 December 1941 . The small British forces surrendered . In 1943 , the Chinese population of about 50,000 rebelled against Japan and seized some towns . They were overwhelmed with many executed . Australia sent special operation forces , which trained and armed local militia units and aided the landing of an Australian division in June 1945 . Japanese forces numbered about 31,000 , and held out until October 1945 , long after the Emperor had surrendered . Evolution of Malaysia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ George Lawrence Harris ( 1956 ) . North Borneo , Brunei , Sarawak ( British Borneo ) . Human Relations Area Files . Jump up ^ W.H. ( William Hood ) Treacher , Sir ( December 2012 ) . British Borneo Sketches of Brunai , Sarawak , Labuan , and North Borneo . Tredition Classics . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8472 - 1906 - 4 . Jump up ^ Leigh R. Wright ( 1 July 1988 ) . The Origins of British Borneo . Hong Kong University Press . pp. 181 -- . ISBN 978 - 962 - 209 - 213 - 6 . Jump up ^ I.C.B Dear , ed , The Oxford Companion to World War II ( 1995 ) p 163 Further reading ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` article name needed '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton . WorldStatesmen - Malaysia historical context ( see Labuan and Sabah sections ) ; not worked in here Protectorates and Crown colonies of British Malaya and Borneo Malaya Straits Settlements ( 1826 -- 1946 ) Federated Malay States ( 1895 -- 1946 ) Unfederated Malay States ( 1800s -- 1946 ) Crown Colony of Malacca ( 1946 -- 1957 ) Crown Colony of Penang ( 1946 -- 1957 ) Borneo Kingdom of Sarawak ( 1841 -- 1946 ) Crown Colony of Sarawak ( 1946 -- 1963 ) Crown Colony of Labuan ( 1848 -- 1946 ) North Borneo ( 1882 -- 1946 ) Crown Colony of North Borneo ( 1946 -- 1963 ) Brunei articles History Bruneian Empire Castilian War Brunei Civil War White Rajahs British Borneo Japanese occupation Borneo campaign British Military Administration Brunei revolt Regional history Geography Borneo Cities and towns Rivers Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Districts Subdistricts Villages Cabinet Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT LGBT history Law enforcement Melayu Islam Beraja ( national philosophy ) Military Parliament Political parties Sultan Economy Dollar ( currency ) Companies Telecommunications Tourism Transport airports Society Cuisine Culture Demographics Bruneian Ethnicity Education Languages Brunei English Media Music Religion Sports Symbols Anthem Emblem Flag Outline Index Category Portal Malaysia articles History Timeline Prehistoric Portuguese Malacca Dutch Malacca British Malaya Straits Settlements Federated Malay States Unfederated Malay States British Borneo Kingdom of Sarawak Crown Colony of Labuan North Borneo Japanese occupation of Malaya / Borneo British Military Administration ( Malaya / Borneo ) Malayan Union Federation of Malaya Independence Malayan Emergency Crown Colony of Singapore Self - government Crown Colony of Sarawak Self - government Crown Colony of North Borneo Self - government Malaysia Agreement 1962 Singapore referendum Cobbold Commission 18 - point agreement 20 - point agreement Indonesia -- Malaysia confrontation Sarawak Communist Insurgency Proclamation Malaysia Day PAP -- UMNO relations 1964 race riots Singapore in Malaysia Second Malayan Emergency 13 May Incident 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis 1997 Asian financial crisis Geography Cities , towns and villages Districts Divisions East Malaysia Environment Fauna Flora World Heritage Sites Islands Lakes Mountains National parks Peninsular Malaysia Rivers States Politics Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Judiciary Law Law enforcement Military Monarchies Parliament Political parties Prime Minister State legislative assemblies Head of state Economy Agriculture Banks Central bank Energy Federal budget Ringgit ( currency ) States by GDP Science and technology Stock exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Unions Society Crime Demographics Malaysians Education Post-secondary Universities Ethnic groups Health Income disparity Languages Poverty Religion Water supply and sanitation Women International rankings Culture Architecture Cinema Cuisine Folklore Mythology Literature Malay lordship Media Music Names Public holidays Sport Symbols Animal Anthem Emblem Flag Flower Pledge Outline Index Book Category Portal British Empire Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Historical flags of the British Empire Europe 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) 1708 -- 1757 , 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey Since 1666 Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . South America 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4 . Now a department of Colombia . 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 . Africa 17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century Since 1658 Saint Helena 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope 1807 -- 1808 Madeira 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia 1856 -- 1910 Natal 1862 -- 1906 Lagos 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast 1882 -- 1922 Egypt 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland 1887 -- 1897 Zululand 1890 -- 1962 Uganda 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland 1895 -- 1920 East Africa 1899 -- 1956 Sudan 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria 1900 -- 1910 Orange River 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles 1910 -- 1931 South Africa 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons 1920 -- 1963 Kenya 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia 6 . League of Nations mandate . 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . Asia 17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore 1757 -- 1947 Bengal 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang 1786 -- 1946 Penang 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon 1796 -- 1965 Maldives 1811 -- 1816 Java 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton 1819 -- 1826 Malaya 1824 -- 1948 Burma 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements 1839 -- 1967 Aden 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak 1848 -- 1946 Labuan 1858 -- 1947 India 1874 -- 1963 Borneo 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1888 -- 1984 Brunei 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1898 -- 1930 Weihai 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan 1923 -- 1948 Palestine 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Singapore 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) League of Nations mandate . Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1953 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea 9 . Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand . 10 . Suspended member . 11 . Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu . 12 . Now the * Solomon Islands . 13 . Now * Papua New Guinea . Antarctica and South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) 14 . Since 2009 part of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena . 15 . Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Borneo&oldid=815255301 '' Categories : British Borneo History of Borneo British rule in Malaysian history Former colonies in Asia Former countries in Southeast Asia Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia History of Brunei History of Sabah History of Sarawak History of Malaysia ( 1945 -- 63 ) British Malaya Labuan 1848 establishments in Asia 1963 disestablishments in Asia 1848 establishments in the British Empire 1963 disestablishments in the British Empire 19th - century establishments in Malaysia 1960s disestablishments in Malaysia 1840s establishments in Southeast Asia 1960s disestablishments in Southeast Asia Brunei -- United Kingdom relations Malaysia -- United Kingdom relations Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with no article parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Nederlands Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 19 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the british empire arrive in borneo	[]	[]
7458383829653175138	Religious discrimination in Pakistan	Religious discrimination in Pakistan - wikipedia Religious discrimination in Pakistan Jump to : navigation , search Religious discrimination in Pakistan is a serious issue in modern day Pakistan . Christians , Hindus , Atheists and Ahmadi Muslims among other religious groups in Pakistan are routinely discriminated against . They are at times refused jobs , loans , housing and other similar things simply because of their choice of religious faith . Christian churches and Ahmadi mosques and their worshippers are often attacked . At the time of Pakistan 's creation the ' hostage theory ' had been espoused . According to this theory the Hindu minority in Pakistan was to be given a fair deal in Pakistan in order to ensure the protection of the Muslim minority in India . Khawaja Nazimuddin , the 2nd Prime Minister of Pakistan , stated : `` I do not agree that religion is a private affair of the individual nor do I agree that in an Islamic state every citizen has identical rights , no matter what his caste , creed or faith be '' . According to Farahnaz Ispahani , media advisor to the president of Pakistan from 2008 to 2012 , the population of Pakistan 's religious minorities has declined from 23 % in 1947 to around 3 - 4 % of the population today . In 1999 the United Nations Human Rights Council approved the first resolution against defamation of religions . However these resolutions have been severely criticized by the United States , various European nations and freedom of religion groups as these resolutions contained language which could be used to discriminate against minority religions , and in March 2010 the UN refused to enact the most recent resolution . In 2011 religious intolerance was reported to be at its height , hundreds of minorities , women , journalists and liberals were being killed by Islamist fundamentalist extremists , while the Government remained mostly a silent spectator , often only making statements which condemned the ruthless acts of violence by the extremists but taking no real concrete action against them . Progress on religious freedom is being made gradually as Pakistan transitions to democracy from Zia 's legacy , in 2016 Sindh with Pakistan 's largest Hindu minority passed a bill that outlawed forced conversions . The bill was tabled by a faction of the Pakistan Muslim League which in Sindh is led by Sufi leader Pir Pagara , called PML - F , Pakistan Muslim League functional . Contents ( hide ) 1 Violence against minorities 2 Blasphemy Law 3 Demographics 4 Education system 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Violence against minorities ( edit ) See also : Violence against Hindus in Pakistan , Forced conversion of Hindus in Pakistan , Sectarianism in Pakistan , 1930 Dhaka riots , 1964 East Pakistan riots , and 1950 East Pakistan riots Attacks on religious minorities in Pakistan have claimed hundreds of lives of religious minorities , such as Pakistani Ahmadis , Hindus , Sufis and Christians . Hindu women have also been known to be victims of kidnapping and forced conversion to Islam . An official of the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan said in 2010 that around 20 to 25 Hindu girls are abducted every month and forcibly converted to Islam . A Pakistan Muslim League politician has stated that abduction of Hindus and Sikhs is a business in Pakistan , along with conversions of Hindus to Islam . Forced conversion , rape , and forced marriages of Hindu women in Pakistan have recently become very controversial in Pakistan . Out of Pakistan 's 428 Hindu temples in Pakistan only 26 survive today and they remain neglected by the Evacuee Trust Property Board which controls those . In 1990s nearly 1000 Hindu temples were targeted by the frenzied Islamist in Pakistan for destruction . Hindus have to hide their identity , adopt muslim names and mannerism to survive and live in the fear while hundreds of temples have been vandalized or demolished . In the aftermath of the Babri Masjid demolition Pakistani Hindus faced riots . Mobs attacked five Hindu temples in Karachi and set fire to 25 temples in towns across the province of Sindh . Shops owned by Hindus were also attacked in Sukkur . Hindu homes and temples were also attacked in Quetta . Jain Mandar at Jain Mandar Chowk was destroyed by the bigoted Muslims mobs in 1992 and the government changed the name of Jain Mandar Chowk to Babri Masjid chowk , which became the official name . According to the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan data , just around 1,000 Hindu families fled to India in 2013 . In May 2014 , a member of the ruling Pakistan Muslim League - Nawaz ( PML - N ) , Dr. Ramesh Kumar Vankwani , revealed in the National Assembly of Pakistan that around 5,000 Hindus are migrating from Pakistan to India every year . In 2005 , 32 Hindus were killed by firing from the government side near Nawab Akbar Bugti 's residence during bloody clashes between Bugti tribesmen and paramilitary forces in Balochistan . The firing left the Hindu residential locality near Bugti 's residence badly hit . On 18 October 2005 , Sanno Amra and Champa , a Hindu couple residing in the Punjab Colony , Karachi , Sindh returned home to find that their three teenage daughters had disappeared . After inquiries to the local police , the couple discovered that their daughters had been taken to a local madrassah , had been converted to Islam , and were denied unsupervised contact with their parents . In January 2017 , a Hindu temple was demolished in Pakistan 's Haripur district . In 2006 , a Hindu temple in Lahore was destroyed to pave the way for construction of a multi-storied commercial building . When reporters from Pakistan - based newspaper Dawn tried to cover the incident , they were accosted by the henchmen of the property developer , who denied that a Hindu temple existed at the site . In 2009 , the Taliban imposed Jizya on non-muslims , houses of 11 Sikh families were demolished in Orakzai Agency for refusing to pay jizya ransom . In 2010 , a Sikh youth Jaspal Singh was beheaded in Khyber Agency after his family could not pay the big Jijzya ransom . Consequently , thousands of Sikhs had to abandon their homes and flee from tribal areas to resettled in areas with with larger Sikh population , such as Peshawar , Hassanabdal and Nankana Sahib . In July 2010 , Hindus were attacked and ethnically cleansed following an incident when a Hindu youth drank from a water tap near an Islamic mosque . In January 2014 , in an attack on a temple , the guard was gunned down . The July 2010 Lahore bombings killed 50 people and wounded 200 others in two suicide bombings on the Sufi shrine , Data Durbar Complex in Lahore . The May 2010 Lahore attacks left 94 dead and more than 120 injured in nearly simultaneous attacks against two mosques of the minority Ahmadiyya Community Tehrik - i - Taliban Pakistan , as well as their Punjab wing , claimed responsibility for the attacks and were also blamed by the Pakistani police . In 2012 Jundallah militants stopped buses and massacred 18 men travelling on buses . All but one of the victims were Shia Muslim , while others on the buses were spared . On 22 September 2013 , a twin suicide bomb attack took place at All Saints Church in Peshawar , Pakistan , in which 127 people were killed and over 250 injured . On 15 March 2015 , two blasts took place at Roman Catholic Church and Christ Church during Sunday service at Youhanabad town of Lahore . At least 15 people were killed and seventy were wounded in the attacks . On March 15 , 2014 , a crowd of Muslims burnt a Hindu temple and a dharmashala in Larkana , Sindh , Pakistan , after unverified allegations of a Hindu youth desecrating a copy of the Quran . In January 2014 , a policeman standing guard outside a Hindu temple at Peshawar was gunned down . The 25 March 2014 Express Tribune citing a All Pakistan Hindu Rights Movement ( PHRM ) survey said that 95 % of all Hindu temples in Pakistan have been converted since 1990 . Attacks on minorities in the country have led to condemnation of policies that are discriminatory to religious minorities in Pakistan . Following the 2010 Lahore massacre , United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon said `` Members of this religious community have faced continuous threats , discrimination and violent attacks in Pakistan . There is a real risk that similar violence might happen again unless advocacy of religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination , hostility or violence is adequately addressed . The Government must take every step to ensure the security of members of all religious minorities and their places of worship so as to prevent any recurrence of today 's dreadful incident . '' Ban 's spokesperson expressed condemnation and extended his condolences to the families of the victims and to the Government . The United States ambassador to Pakistan , Anne W. Patterson , issued an unusually strong statement saying Pakistan had witnessed an increase in `` provocative statements that promote intolerance and are an incitement to extremist violence . '' An editorial published in Dawn condemned the attacks , commenting that `` Bigotry in this country has been decades in the making and is expressed in a variety of ways . Violence by individuals or groups against those who hold divergent views may be the most despicable manifestation of such prejudice but it is by no means the only one . Religious minorities in Pakistan have not only been shunted to the margins of society but also face outright persecution on a regular basis . '' Blasphemy law ( edit ) Asia Bibi is a Pakistani Christian woman who was convicted of blasphemy by a Pakistani court , receiving a sentence of death by hanging . In June 2009 , Bibi was involved in an argument with a group of Muslim women with whom she had been harvesting berries after the other women grew angry with her for drinking the same water as them . She was subsequently accused of insulting the Islamic prophet Muhammad , a charge she denies , and was arrested and imprisoned . In November 2010 , a Sheikhupura judge sentenced her to death . If executed , Bibi would be the first woman in Pakistan to be lawfully killed for blasphemy . In August 2012 , Rimsha Masih , a Christian girl , reportedly 11 or 14 years old , and an illiterate with mental disabilities was accused of blasphemy for burning pages from a book containing Quranic verses . The allegation came from a Muslim cleric who himself has subsequently been accused by the police of framing the girl . The girl , and later the cleric , were both arrested and released on bail . In 2014 Junaid Jamshed was accused under the blasphemy law . According to The Economist , Jamshed `` is unable to return to Pakistan after being accused of mocking one of the Prophet 's wives in a throwaway remark about the weakness of women . '' On March 2017 a Hindu man Prakash Kumar was arrested on the charges of blasphemy in the province of Balochistan . Critics of the blasphemy laws have called for change . Demographics ( edit ) It is estimated that 95 % of Pakistanis are Muslims ( 75 - 95 % Sunni , 5 - 20 % Shia and 0.22 - 2.2 % Ahmadi ) , while the remaining 5 % includes Hindus , Christians and Sikhs . The Ahmadiyya have faced greater persecution since 1974 after being declared `` non Muslims '' over allegations that they do not recognize Muhammad as the last prophet . In addition , there have been many cases of religious persecution in of Hindus in the nation . Among these , the most recent include 19 - year - old Hindu girl Rinkle Kumari from Mirpur Mathelo in Ghotki district , Sindh province who was abducted by a gang and `` forced '' to convert to Islam , before being head shaved . Another recent case was the gunning down of four Hindu doctors in Chak town , Shikarpur sparking fears and panic among the minority community . Education System ( edit ) In 2011 the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom ( USCIRF ) released a report on the public schools and Madrassas in Pakistan . The study concluded Public school textbooks used by all children often had a strong Islamic orientation , Public school and madrassa teachers had limited awareness or understanding of religious minorities and their beliefs , and were divided on whether religious minorities were citizens ; Teachers often expressed very negative views about Ahmadis , Christians , and Jews , and successfully transmitted these biases to their students ; Interviewees ' expressions of tolerance often were intermixed with neutral and intolerant comments , leaving some room for improvement . See also ( edit ) Persecution of religious minorities in Pakistan Asia Bibi blasphemy case February 2012 Kohistan Shia Massacre Freedom of religion in Pakistan Lahore church bombings Religious violence in India Sectarian violence in Pakistan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bales , Kevin ( 2012 ) . Disposable People : New Slavery in the Global Economy , Updated With a New Preface ( 3rd Revised ed . ) . University of California Press . p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 0520272910 . Jump up ^ Zamindar , Vazira Fazila - Yacoobali ( 2010 ) . The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia : Refugees , Boundaries , Histories . Columbia University Press . p. 72 . ISBN 9780231138475 . The logic of the hostage theory tied the treatment of Muslim minorities in India to the treatment meted out to Hindus in Pakistan . Jump up ^ Dhulipala , Venkat ( 2015 ) . Creating a New Medina : State Power , Islam , and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India . Cambridge University Press . p. 19 . ISBN 9781316258385 . Within the subcontinent , ML propaganda claimed that besides liberating the ' majority provinces ' Muslims it would guarantee protection for Muslims who would be left behind in Hindu India . In this regard , it repeatedly stressed the hostage population theory that held that ' hostage ' Hindu and Sikh minorities inside Pakistan would guarantee Hindu India 's good behaviour towards its own Muslim minority . Jump up ^ Qasmi , Ali Usman ( 2015 ) . The Ahmadis and the Politics of Religious Exclusion in Pakistan . Anthem Press . p. 149 . ISBN 9781783084258 . Nazim - ud - Din favored an Islamic state not just out of political expediency but also because of his deep religious belief in its efficacy and practicality ... Nazim - ud - Din commented : ' I do not agree that religion is a private affair of the individual nor do I agree that in an Islamic state every citizen has identical rights , no matter what his caste , creed or faith be ' . Jump up ^ http://www.livemint.com/Politics/F4r3Tmf51k8Sm6DGjPRaEN/Slow-genocide-of-minorities-in-Pakistan-Farahnaz-Ispahani.html Jump up ^ Stepan , Alfred ( 2012 ) . Timothy Samuel Shah ; Alfred C. Stepan ; Monica Duffy Tof , eds . Rethinking Religion and World Affairs . Oxford University Press . pp. 113 -- 114 . ISBN 978 - 0199827978 . Jump up ^ `` World Report 2012 : Pakistan - Human Rights Watch '' . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The page you are looking for is not available at this URL '' . Daily Times . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan : The State of Human Rights in 2011 '' . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ http://tribune.com.pk/story/1243091/sindh-assembly-passes-bill-forced-religious-conversions/ Jump up ^ `` Violence Towards Religious Communities in Pakistan '' ( PDF ) . USCIRF . August 2014 . Jump up ^ Anwar , Syed . `` State of minorities '' . Retrieved 18 August 2006 . Jump up ^ 25 Hindu girls abducted every month , claims HRCP official The News , Tuesday , 30 March 2010 Jump up ^ Abduction of Hindus , Sikhs have become a business in Pak : PML MP Times of India -- 28 August 2011 Jump up ^ ' Pak Hindus not treated equally under law ' Zee News -- 20 April 2012 Jump up ^ Hounded in Pakistan Daily Pioneer -- 20 March 2012 Jump up ^ Hindu temples of Pakistan . ^ Jump up to : The Hindus of Pakistan , Friday Times , Oct 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistanis Attack 30 Hindu Temples '' . The New York Times . 1992 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 15 . Muslims attacked more than 30 Hindu temples across Pakistan today , and the Government of this overwhelmingly Muslim nation closed offices and schools for a day to protest the destruction of a mosque in India . Jump up ^ Pakistan 's attempt to erase all signs of its non-Islamic past runs up against popular imagination , Scroll.in , 9 Aug 2015 . Jump up ^ Rizvi , Uzair Hasan ( 10 September 2015 ) . `` Hindu refugees from Pakistan encounter suspicion and indifference in India '' . Dawn . Jump up ^ Haider , Irfan ( 13 May 2014 ) . `` 5,000 Hindus migrating to India every year , NA told '' . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Abbas , Zaffar ( 22 March 2005 ) . `` Journalists find Balochistan ' war zone ' '' . BBC . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . The Hindu residential locality that is close to Mr Bugti 's fortress - like house was particularly badly hit . Mr Bugti says 32 Hindus were killed by firing from the government side in exchanges that followed an attack on a government convoy last Thursday . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Minority rights : Another Hindu temple demolished - The Express Tribune '' . The Express Tribune . 2017 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Another temple is no more , Dawn Jump up ^ How Pakhtun Sikhs fleeing the Taliban made Nankana Sahib a cultural hub , Dawn ( newspaper ) , 9 Jan 2018 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference thehindu1 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Hindus attacked in Pakistan '' . Oneindia.in. 13 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hindu temple guard gunned down in Peshawar '' . Newsweek Pakistan . AG Publications ( Private ) Limited . Agence France - Presse. 26 January 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Deadly blasts hit Sufi shrine in Lahore '' . BBC . 1 July 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Tavernise , Sabrina ( 1 July 2010 ) . `` Blasts at Sufi Shrine in Pakistan Kill at Least 35 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Perlez , Jane ( May 28 , 2010 ) . `` Attackers Hit Mosques of Islamic Sect in Pakistan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan is in denial over spreading sectarian violence '' . The Guardian . 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Pakistan sectarian bus attack in Kohistan kills 18 '' . Bbc.co.uk. 28 February 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Suicide bombers attack historic church in Peshawar , 60 killed '' . Zee News . 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GHRD : Article '' . Global Human Rights Defense . Retrieved 6 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 40 die in Pakistan bombing '' . BBC News . 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twin church blasts claims 66 lives in Peshawar '' . Dawn. 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Suicide bomb attack kills 60 at Pakistan church '' . Associated Press via The Los Angeles Times . 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Two blasts at Lahore churches claim 15 lives - PAKISTAN - geo.tv '' . geo.tv. 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Agencies - Imran Gabol - Nadeem Haider - Waseem Riaz - Abbas Haider - Akbar Ali . `` 15 killed in Taliban attack on Lahore churches '' . dawn.com . Jump up ^ `` Worshippers killed in Pakistan church bombings '' . aljazeera.com . Jump up ^ Hindu temple set on fire in Pakistan over blasphemy , Reuters , March 16 , 2014 Jump up ^ Mob sets fire to Hindu community center in Pak over ' blasphemy ' , Firstpost , March 15 , 2014 Jump up ^ Pakistan mob sets ablaze Hindu temple over desecration of Koran , Economic Times , April 16 , 2014 Jump up ^ Hindu temple set on fire in Pakistan over alleged blasphemy , Indian Express , March 16 , 2014 Jump up ^ Gishkori , Zahid ( 25 March 2014 ) . `` 95 % of worship places put to commercial use : Survey '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan : USCIRF condemns attack on Ahmadi community ; Calls for repeal of blasphemy law '' . 28 May 2010 . Jump up ^ UN News Centre Jump up ^ `` Culture of intolerance '' . Dawn . May 30 , 2010 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Waqar ( 11 November 2010 ) . `` Christian Woman Sentenced to Death '' . Agence France - Presse . Archived from the original on 14 November 2010 . Retrieved 11 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Crilly , Rob ; Sahi , Aoun ( 9 November 2010 ) . `` Christian Woman sentenced to Death in Pakistan for blasphemy '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 11 November 2010 . Retrieved 11 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fear for Pakistan 's death row Christian woman '' . BBC News . 5 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2010 . Retrieved 5 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Girl held in Pakistan , accused of burning Quran pages '' . Edition.cnn.com. 2012 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Teenager in Hiding After Blasphemy Accusation , Pakistani Police Say Jump up ^ `` Pakistani activists alarmed by threats to minorities '' . Deutsche Welle. 21 Aug 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's blasphemy laws backfire on religious groups '' . Deutsche Welle. 5 Dec 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom of speech : The sound of silence '' . The Economist. 24 January 2015 . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ IANS ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Balochistan violence : One dies after Hindu man arrested for ' blasphemy ' '' . Business Standard India . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Minorities fear for their lives in Pakistan '' . Deutsche Welle. 25 Feb 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country Profile : Pakistan '' ( PDF ) . Library of Congress Country Studies on Pakistan . Library of Congress . February 2005 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Religion : The overwhelming majority of the population ( 96.3 percent ) is Muslim , of whom approximately 95 percent are Sunni and 5 percent Shia . ^ Jump up to : `` Religions : Muslim 95 % ( Sunni 75 % , Shia 20 % ) , other '' . Pakistan ( includes Christian and Hindu ) 5 % . The World Factbook . CIA . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mapping the Global Muslim Population : A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World 's Muslim Population '' . Pew Research Center . October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Miller , Tracy , ed . ( October 2009 ) . Mapping the Global Muslim Population : A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World 's Muslim Population ( PDF ) . Pew Research Center . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan - International Religious Freedom Report 2008 '' . United States Department of State . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Muslims : Unity and Diversity '' . Pew Research Center . 9 August 2012 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . On the other hand , in Pakistan , where 6 % of the survey respondents identify as Shia , Sunni attitudes are more mixed : 50 % say Shias are Muslims , while 41 % say they are not . Jump up ^ `` Field Listing : Religions '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2010 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 ( 0.22 % ) Ahmadis in Pakistan . However , the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate . Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya population to be somewhere between 2 million and 5 million Ahmadis . However , the 4 million figure is the most quoted figure and is approximately 2.2 % of the country . See : over 2 million : Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada ( 2008 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Pakistan : The situation of Ahmadis , including legal status and political , education and employment rights ; societal attitudes toward Ahmadis ( 2006 - Nov. 2008 ) '' . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 28 . 3 million : International Federation for Human Rights : International Fact - Finding Mission . Freedoms of Expression , of Association and of Assembly in Pakistan . Ausgabe 408 / 2 , Januar 2005 , S. 61 ( PDF ) 3 -- 4 million : Commission on International Religious Freedom : Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom . 2005 , S. 130 4.910. 000 : James Minahan : Encyclopedia of the stateless nations . Ethnic and national groups around the world . Greenwood Press . Westport 2002 , page 52 `` Pakistan : Situation of members of the Lahori Ahmadiyya Movement in Pakistan '' . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ CIA World Factbook . Jump up ^ Basu , Subho ( 2010 ) . Riaz , Ali , ed . Religion and Politics in South Asia ( 1st ed . ) . Routledge . p. 121 . ISBN 978 - 0415778008 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/26/world/asia/pakistani-hindus-say-womans-conversion-to-islam-was-coerced.html?pagewanted=all Jump up ^ `` Four Hindu doctors gunned down in Pakistan '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Leo , Leonard . `` Pakistan 's Educational System Fuels Religious Discrimination '' . USCIRF . External links ( edit ) Pakistan 's Shias fear sectarian attacks Socio - economic issues in Pakistan Economy Standard of living Poverty Slums Transport Communications Brain drain Labour force Pakistan Remittance Initiative Reverse brain drain Pensions Urbanisation Health Healthcare HIV / AIDS Malnutrition Obesity Polio Smoking Education Literacy School corporal punishment Family Family planning Abortion Sex - selective abortion Complex family Nuclear family Dowry Divorce Polygamy in Pakistan Children Street children Child labour Child marriage Swara Vani Child prostitution Women Eve teasing Acid throwing Bride burning Dowry death Honour killing Balochistan honour killings Hudood Ordinance Karo - kari Pornography Prostitution Rape Watta satta Women 's rights in Pakistan Caste system Caste system among South Asian Muslims Communalism Balochistan conflict Hazarewal Pashtunistan Sectarian violence Secessionist movements Religious discrimination Sindhudesh Freedom of religion Decline of Hinduism Crime and terrorism Terrorism List of terrorist incidents Corruption Human trafficking Illegal immigration Afghan refugees Organised crime War on Terror Environmental issues Effects of global warming Natural disasters Water supply and sanitation Media Censorship Internet censorship Other Democracy Domestic violence in Pakistan Human rights LGBT rights Hijra Suicide Gambling Alcohol prohibition Feudalism Secularism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan&oldid=843643229 '' Categories : Religious discrimination Religiously motivated violence in Pakistan Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 13 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	list of problems faced by minorities in pakistan	[]	[]
-2640844357815495329	Blood sugar regulation	Blood sugar regulation - wikipedia Blood sugar regulation Jump to : navigation , search Ball - and - stick model of a glucose molecule Blood sugar regulation is the process by which the levels of blood sugar , primarily glucose , are maintained by the body within a narrow range . This tight regulation is referred to as glucose homeostasis . Insulin , which lowers blood sugar , and glucagon , which raises it , are the most well known of the hormones involved , but more recent discoveries of other glucoregulatory hormones have expanded the understanding of this process . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mechanisms 1.1 Glucagon 1.2 Insulin 2 Hormones that influence blood glucose level 3 Food 4 References Mechanisms ( edit ) Blood sugar regulation the flatline is the level needed the sine wave the fluctuations . Blood sugar levels are regulated by negative feedback in order to keep the body in balance . The levels of glucose in the blood are monitored by many tissues , but the cells in the pancreatic islets are among the most well understood and important . Glucagon ( edit ) If the blood glucose level falls to dangerous levels ( as during very heavy exercise or lack of food for extended periods ) , the alpha cells of the pancreas release glucagon , a hormone whose effects on liver cells act to increase blood glucose levels . They convert glycogen into glucose ( this process is called glycogenolysis ) . The glucose is released into the bloodstream , increasing blood sugar . Hypoglycemia , the state of having low blood sugar , is treated by restoring the blood glucose level to normal by the ingestion or administration of dextrose or carbohydrate foods . It is often self - diagnosed and self - medicated orally by the ingestion of balanced meals . In more severe circumstances , it is treated by injection or infusion of glucagon . Insulin ( edit ) When levels of blood sugar rise , whether as a result of glycogen conversion , or from digestion of a meal , a different hormone is released from beta cells found in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas . This hormone , insulin , causes the liver to convert more glucose into glycogen ( this process is called glycogenesis ) , and to force about 2 / 3 of body cells ( primarily muscle and fat tissue cells ) to take up glucose from the blood through the GLUT4 transporter , thus decreasing blood sugar . When insulin binds to the receptors on the cell surface , vesicles containing the GLUT4 transporters come to the plasma membrane and fuse together by the process of endocytosis , thus enabling a facilitated diffusion of glucose into the cell . As soon as the glucose enters the cell , it is phosphorylated into Glucose - 6 - Phosphate in order to preserve the concentration gradient so glucose will continue to enter the cell . Insulin also provides signals to several other body systems , and is the chief regulator of metabolic control in humans . There are also several other causes for an increase in blood sugar levels . Among them are the ' stress ' hormones such as epinephrine ( also known as adrenaline ) , several of the steroids , infections , trauma , and of course , the ingestion of food . Diabetes mellitus type 1 is caused by insufficient or non-existent production of insulin , while type 2 is primarily due to a decreased response to insulin in the tissues of the body ( insulin resistance ) . Both types of diabetes , if untreated , result in too much glucose remaining in the blood ( hyperglycemia ) and many of the same complications . Also , too much insulin and / or exercise without enough corresponding food intake in diabetics can result in low blood sugar ( hypoglycemia ) . Hormones that influence blood glucose level ( edit ) Hormone Tissue of Origin Metabolic Effect Effect on Blood Glucose Insulin Pancreatic β Cells 1 ) Enhances entry of glucose into cells ; 2 ) Enhances storage of glucose as glycogen , or conversion to fatty acids ; 3 ) Enhances synthesis of fatty acids and proteins ; 4 ) Suppresses breakdown of proteins into amino acids , of adipose tissue into free fatty acids . Lowers Amylin Pancreatic β Cells 1 ) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating ; 2 ) Slows gastric emptying ; 3 ) Reduces food intake . Lowers GLP - 1 Intestinal L cells 1 ) Enhances glucose - dependent insulin secretion ; 2 ) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating ; 3 ) Slows gastric emptying ; 4 ) Reduces food intake . ( Only works while food is in the gut ) Lowers Glucagon Pancreatic α Cells 1 ) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen ( glycogenolysis ) ; 2 ) Enhances synthesis of glucose ( gluconeogenesis ) from amino acids or fats . Raises Asprosin White adipose tissue 1 ) Enhances release of liver glucose during fasting . Raises Somatostatin Pancreatic δ Cells 1 ) Suppresses glucagon release from α cells ( acts locally ) ; 2 ) Suppresses release of Insulin , Pituitary tropic hormones , gastrin and secretin . Lowers Epinephrine Adrenal medulla 1 ) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen ; 2 ) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue . Raises Cortisol Adrenal cortex 1 ) Enhances gluconeogenesis ; 2 ) Antagonizes Insulin . Raises ACTH Anterior pituitary 1 ) Enhances release of cortisol ; 2 ) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue . Raises Growth Hormone Anterior pituitary Antagonizes Insulin Raises Thyroxine Thyroid 1 ) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen ; 2 ) Enhances absorption of sugars from intestine Raises Food ( edit ) Some edible mushrooms are noted for the ability to lower blood sugar levels including reishi , maitake Agaricus blazei as well as some others . Some minerals play roles in glucose regulation : see Chromium in glucose metabolism for example . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Aronoff SL , Berkowitz K , Shreiner B , Want L ( 2004 ) . `` Glucose metabolism and regulation : Beyond insulin and glucagon '' . Diabetes Spectrum. 17 ( 3 ) : 183 -- 90 . doi : 10.2337 / diaspect. 17.3. 183 . Jump up ^ Ebey Soman , Scienceray , Regulation of Glucose by Insulin Archived July 16 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , May 4 , 2009 . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Romere C , Duerrschmid C , Bournat J , Constable P , Jain M , Xia F , Saha PK , Del Solar M , Zhu B , York B , Sarkar P , Rendon DA , Gaber MW , LeMaire SA , Coselli JS , Milewicz DM , Sutton VR , Butte NF , Moore DD , Chopra AR ( April 2016 ) . `` Asprosin , a Fasting - Induced Glucogenic Protein Hormone '' . Cell. 165 ( 3 ) : 566 -- 79 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2016.02. 063 . PMC 4852710 . PMID 27087445 . Jump up ^ Zhang HN , Lin ZB ( February 2004 ) , `` Hypoglycemic effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides '' , Acta Pharmacol. Sin. , 25 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 95 , PMID 14769208 Jump up ^ Yang BK , Jung YS , Song CH ( November 2007 ) , `` Hypoglycemic effects of Ganoderma applanatum and Collybia confluens exo - polymers in streptozotocin - induced diabetic rats '' , Phytother Res , 21 ( 11 ) : 1066 -- 69 , doi : 10.1002 / ptr. 2214 , PMID 17600864 Jump up ^ Konno S , Tortorelis DG , Fullerton SA , Samadi AA , Hettiarachchi J , Tazaki H ( Dec 2001 ) , `` A possible hypoglycaemic effect of maitake mushroom on Type 2 diabetic patients . '' , Diabet . Med. , 18 ( 12 ) : 1010 , doi : 10.1046 / j. 1464 - 5491.2001. 00532 - 5. x , PMID 11903406 Jump up ^ Hong L , Xun M , Wutong W ( Apr 2007 ) , `` Anti-diabetic effect of an alpha - glucan from fruit body of maitake ( Grifola frondosa ) on KK - Ay mice . '' , J Pharm Pharmacol , 59 ( 4 ) : 575 -- 82 , doi : 10.1211 / jpp. 59.4. 0013 , PMID 17430642 Jump up ^ Kubo K , Aoki H , Nanba H ( Aug 1994 ) , `` Anti-diabetic activity present in the fruit body of Grifola frondosa ( Maitake ) . I . '' , Biol Pharm Bull. , 17 ( 8 ) : 1106 -- 10 , doi : 10.1248 / bpb. 17.1106 , PMID 7820117 Jump up ^ Lo HC , Hsu TH , Chen CY ( 2008 ) , `` Submerged culture mycelium and broth of Grifola frondosa improve glycemic responses in diabetic rats . '' , Am J Chin Med. , 36 ( 2 ) : 265 -- 85 , doi : 10.1142 / S0192415X0800576X , PMID 18457360 Jump up ^ Manohar V , Talpur NA , Echard BW , Lieberman S , Preuss HG ( Jan 2002 ) , `` Effects of a water - soluble extract of maitake mushroom on circulating glucose / insulin concentrations in KK mice . '' , Diabetes Obes Metab. , 4 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 48 , doi : 10.1046 / j. 1463 - 1326.2002. 00180. x , PMID 11874441 Jump up ^ Horio H , Ohtsuru M ( Feb 2001 ) , `` Maitake ( Grifola frondosa ) improve glucose tolerance of experimental diabetic rats . '' , J Nutr Sci Vitaminol ( Tokyo ). , 47 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 63 , doi : 10.3177 / jnsv. 47.57 , PMID 11349892 Jump up ^ Liu Y , Fukuwatari Y , Okumura K , et al. ( June 2008 ) , `` Immunomodulating Activity of Agaricus brasiliensis KA21 in Mice and in Human Volunteers '' , Evidence - based Complementary and Alternative Medicine , 5 ( 2 ) : 205 -- 19 , doi : 10.1093 / ecam / nem016 , PMC 2396466 , PMID 18604247 . Jump up ^ Kim YW , Kim KH , Choi HJ , Lee DS ( April 2005 ) , `` Anti-diabetic activity of beta - glucans and their enzymatically hydrolyzed oligosaccharides from Agaricus blazei '' , Biotechnol . Lett. , 27 ( 7 ) : 483 -- 87 , doi : 10.1007 / s10529 - 005 - 2225 - 8 , PMID 15928854 . Jump up ^ Hsu CH , Liao YL , Lin SC , Hwang KC , Chou P ( January -- February 2007 ) , `` The mushroom Agaricus Blazei Murill in combination with metformin and gliclazide improves insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes : a randomized , double - blinded , and placebo - controlled clinical trial . '' , J Altern Complement Med. , 13 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 102 , doi : 10.1089 / acm. 2006.6054 , PMID 17309383 ( Primary result , not review ) Jump up ^ Fortes RC , Novaes MR , Recôva VL , Melo AL ( January 2009 ) , `` Immunological , hematological , and glycemia effects of dietary supplementation with Agaricus sylvaticus on patients ' colorectal cancer . '' , Exp Biol Med ( Maywood ). , 234 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 62 , doi : 10.3181 / 0806 - RM - 193 , PMID 18997106 ( hide ) Physiology of the endocrine system Regulatory systems Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- thyroid axis Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- adrenal axis Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- gonadal axis Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- somatotropic axis Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- prolactin axis Hypothalamic -- neurohypophyseal system Renin -- angiotensin system Metabolism Blood sugar regulation Calcium metabolism Fields Neuroendocrinology Pediatric endocrinology Psychoneuroendocrinology Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Other Wolff -- Chaikoff effect / Jod - Basedow effect Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_sugar_regulation&oldid=838575685 '' Categories : Diabetes Medical conditions related to obesity Nutrition Endocrinology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Português Svenska தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 22 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	regulation of blood sugar level takes place in the	[ "\n\nHormone\nTissue of Origin\nMetabolic Effect\nEffect on Blood Glucose\n\n\nInsulin\nPancreatic β Cells\n1) Enhances entry of glucose into cells; 2) Enhances storage of glucose as glycogen, or conversion to fatty acids; 3) Enhances synthesis of fatty acids and proteins; 4) Suppresses breakdown of proteins into amino acids, of adipose tissue into free fatty acids.\nLowers\n\n\nAmylin[1]\nPancreatic β Cells\n1) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating; 2) Slows gastric emptying; 3) Reduces food intake.\nLowers\n\n\nGLP-1[1]\nIntestinal L cells\n1) Enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion; 2) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating; 3) Slows gastric emptying; 4) Reduces food intake. (Only works while food is in the gut)\nLowers\n\n\nGlucagon\nPancreatic α Cells\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen (glycogenolysis); 2) Enhances synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis) from amino acids or fats.\nRaises\n\n\nAsprosin[3]\nWhite adipose tissue\n1) Enhances release of liver glucose during fasting.\nRaises\n\n\nSomatostatin\nPancreatic δ Cells\n1) Suppresses glucagon release from α cells (acts locally); 2) Suppresses release of Insulin, Pituitary tropic hormones, gastrin and secretin.\nLowers\n\n\nEpinephrine\nAdrenal medulla\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen; 2) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.\nRaises\n\n\nCortisol\nAdrenal cortex\n1) Enhances gluconeogenesis; 2) Antagonizes Insulin.\nRaises\n\n\nACTH\nAnterior pituitary\n1) Enhances release of cortisol; 2) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.\nRaises\n\n\nGrowth Hormone\nAnterior pituitary\nAntagonizes Insulin\nRaises\n\n\nThyroxine\nThyroid\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen; 2) Enhances absorption of sugars from intestine\nRaises\n\n", "\n\nHormone\nTissue of Origin\nMetabolic Effect\nEffect on Blood Glucose\n\n\nInsulin\nPancreatic β Cells\n1) Enhances entry of glucose into cells; 2) Enhances storage of glucose as glycogen, or conversion to fatty acids; 3) Enhances synthesis of fatty acids and proteins; 4) Suppresses breakdown of proteins into amino acids, of adipose tissue into free fatty acids.\nLowers\n\n\nAmylin[1]\nPancreatic β Cells\n1) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating; 2) Slows gastric emptying; 3) Reduces food intake.\nLowers\n\n\nGLP-1[1]\nIntestinal L cells\n1) Enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion; 2) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating; 3) Slows gastric emptying; 4) Reduces food intake. (Only works while food is in the gut)\nLowers\n\n\nGlucagon\nPancreatic α Cells\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen (glycogenolysis); 2) Enhances synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis) from amino acids or fats.\nRaises\n\n\nAsprosin[3]\nWhite adipose tissue\n1) Enhances release of liver glucose during fasting.\nRaises\n\n\nSomatostatin\nPancreatic δ Cells\n1) Suppresses glucagon release from α cells (acts locally); 2) Suppresses release of Insulin, Pituitary tropic hormones, gastrin and secretin.\nLowers\n\n\nEpinephrine\nAdrenal medulla\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen; 2) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.\nRaises\n\n\nCortisol\nAdrenal cortex\n1) Enhances gluconeogenesis; 2) Antagonizes Insulin.\nRaises\n\n\nACTH\nAnterior pituitary\n1) Enhances release of cortisol; 2) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.\nRaises\n\n\nGrowth Hormone\nAnterior pituitary\nAntagonizes Insulin\nRaises\n\n\nThyroxine\nThyroid\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen; 2) Enhances absorption of sugars from intestine\nRaises\n\n", "\n\nHormone\nTissue of Origin\nMetabolic Effect\nEffect on Blood Glucose\n\n\nInsulin\nPancreatic β Cells\n1) Enhances entry of glucose into cells; 2) Enhances storage of glucose as glycogen, or conversion to fatty acids; 3) Enhances synthesis of fatty acids and proteins; 4) Suppresses breakdown of proteins into amino acids, of adipose tissue into free fatty acids.\nLowers\n\n\nAmylin[1]\nPancreatic β Cells\n1) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating; 2) Slows gastric emptying; 3) Reduces food intake.\nLowers\n\n\nGLP-1[1]\nIntestinal L cells\n1) Enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion; 2) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating; 3) Slows gastric emptying; 4) Reduces food intake. (Only works while food is in the gut)\nLowers\n\n\nGlucagon\nPancreatic α Cells\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen (glycogenolysis); 2) Enhances synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis) from amino acids or fats.\nRaises\n\n\nAsprosin[3]\nWhite adipose tissue\n1) Enhances release of liver glucose during fasting.\nRaises\n\n\nSomatostatin\nPancreatic δ Cells\n1) Suppresses glucagon release from α cells (acts locally); 2) Suppresses release of Insulin, Pituitary tropic hormones, gastrin and secretin.\nLowers\n\n\nEpinephrine\nAdrenal medulla\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen; 2) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.\nRaises\n\n\nCortisol\nAdrenal cortex\n1) Enhances gluconeogenesis; 2) Antagonizes Insulin.\nRaises\n\n\nACTH\nAnterior pituitary\n1) Enhances release of cortisol; 2) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.\nRaises\n\n\nGrowth Hormone\nAnterior pituitary\nAntagonizes Insulin\nRaises\n\n\nThyroxine\nThyroid\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen; 2) Enhances absorption of sugars from intestine\nRaises\n\n", "\n\nHormone\nTissue of Origin\nMetabolic Effect\nEffect on Blood Glucose\n\n\nInsulin\nPancreatic β Cells\n1) Enhances entry of glucose into cells; 2) Enhances storage of glucose as glycogen, or conversion to fatty acids; 3) Enhances synthesis of fatty acids and proteins; 4) Suppresses breakdown of proteins into amino acids, of adipose tissue into free fatty acids.\nLowers\n\n\nAmylin[1]\nPancreatic β Cells\n1) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating; 2) Slows gastric emptying; 3) Reduces food intake.\nLowers\n\n\nGLP-1[1]\nIntestinal L cells\n1) Enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion; 2) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating; 3) Slows gastric emptying; 4) Reduces food intake. (Only works while food is in the gut)\nLowers\n\n\nGlucagon\nPancreatic α Cells\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen (glycogenolysis); 2) Enhances synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis) from amino acids or fats.\nRaises\n\n\nAsprosin[3]\nWhite adipose tissue\n1) Enhances release of liver glucose during fasting.\nRaises\n\n\nSomatostatin\nPancreatic δ Cells\n1) Suppresses glucagon release from α cells (acts locally); 2) Suppresses release of Insulin, Pituitary tropic hormones, gastrin and secretin.\nLowers\n\n\nEpinephrine\nAdrenal medulla\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen; 2) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.\nRaises\n\n\nCortisol\nAdrenal cortex\n1) Enhances gluconeogenesis; 2) Antagonizes Insulin.\nRaises\n\n\nACTH\nAnterior pituitary\n1) Enhances release of cortisol; 2) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.\nRaises\n\n\nGrowth Hormone\nAnterior pituitary\nAntagonizes Insulin\nRaises\n\n\nThyroxine\nThyroid\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen; 2) Enhances absorption of sugars from intestine\nRaises\n\n", "\n\nHormone\nTissue of Origin\nMetabolic Effect\nEffect on Blood Glucose\n\n\nInsulin\nPancreatic β Cells\n1) Enhances entry of glucose into cells; 2) Enhances storage of glucose as glycogen, or conversion to fatty acids; 3) Enhances synthesis of fatty acids and proteins; 4) Suppresses breakdown of proteins into amino acids, of adipose tissue into free fatty acids.\nLowers\n\n\nAmylin[1]\nPancreatic β Cells\n1) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating; 2) Slows gastric emptying; 3) Reduces food intake.\nLowers\n\n\nGLP-1[1]\nIntestinal L cells\n1) Enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion; 2) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating; 3) Slows gastric emptying; 4) Reduces food intake. (Only works while food is in the gut)\nLowers\n\n\nGlucagon\nPancreatic α Cells\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen (glycogenolysis); 2) Enhances synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis) from amino acids or fats.\nRaises\n\n\nAsprosin[3]\nWhite adipose tissue\n1) Enhances release of liver glucose during fasting.\nRaises\n\n\nSomatostatin\nPancreatic δ Cells\n1) Suppresses glucagon release from α cells (acts locally); 2) Suppresses release of Insulin, Pituitary tropic hormones, gastrin and secretin.\nLowers\n\n\nEpinephrine\nAdrenal medulla\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen; 2) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.\nRaises\n\n\nCortisol\nAdrenal cortex\n1) Enhances gluconeogenesis; 2) Antagonizes Insulin.\nRaises\n\n\nACTH\nAnterior pituitary\n1) Enhances release of cortisol; 2) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.\nRaises\n\n\nGrowth Hormone\nAnterior pituitary\nAntagonizes Insulin\nRaises\n\n\nThyroxine\nThyroid\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen; 2) Enhances absorption of sugars from intestine\nRaises\n\n", "\n\nHormone\nTissue of Origin\nMetabolic Effect\nEffect on Blood Glucose\n\n\nInsulin\nPancreatic β Cells\n1) Enhances entry of glucose into cells; 2) Enhances storage of glucose as glycogen, or conversion to fatty acids; 3) Enhances synthesis of fatty acids and proteins; 4) Suppresses breakdown of proteins into amino acids, of adipose tissue into free fatty acids.\nLowers\n\n\nAmylin[1]\nPancreatic β Cells\n1) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating; 2) Slows gastric emptying; 3) Reduces food intake.\nLowers\n\n\nGLP-1[1]\nIntestinal L cells\n1) Enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion; 2) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating; 3) Slows gastric emptying; 4) Reduces food intake. (Only works while food is in the gut)\nLowers\n\n\nGlucagon\nPancreatic α Cells\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen (glycogenolysis); 2) Enhances synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis) from amino acids or fats.\nRaises\n\n\nAsprosin[3]\nWhite adipose tissue\n1) Enhances release of liver glucose during fasting.\nRaises\n\n\nSomatostatin\nPancreatic δ Cells\n1) Suppresses glucagon release from α cells (acts locally); 2) Suppresses release of Insulin, Pituitary tropic hormones, gastrin and secretin.\nLowers\n\n\nEpinephrine\nAdrenal medulla\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen; 2) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.\nRaises\n\n\nCortisol\nAdrenal cortex\n1) Enhances gluconeogenesis; 2) Antagonizes Insulin.\nRaises\n\n\nACTH\nAnterior pituitary\n1) Enhances release of cortisol; 2) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.\nRaises\n\n\nGrowth Hormone\nAnterior pituitary\nAntagonizes Insulin\nRaises\n\n\nThyroxine\nThyroid\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen; 2) Enhances absorption of sugars from intestine\nRaises\n\n", "\n\nHormone\nTissue of Origin\nMetabolic Effect\nEffect on Blood Glucose\n\n\nInsulin\nPancreatic β Cells\n1) Enhances entry of glucose into cells; 2) Enhances storage of glucose as glycogen, or conversion to fatty acids; 3) Enhances synthesis of fatty acids and proteins; 4) Suppresses breakdown of proteins into amino acids, of adipose tissue into free fatty acids.\nLowers\n\n\nAmylin[1]\nPancreatic β Cells\n1) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating; 2) Slows gastric emptying; 3) Reduces food intake.\nLowers\n\n\nGLP-1[1]\nIntestinal L cells\n1) Enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion; 2) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating; 3) Slows gastric emptying; 4) Reduces food intake. (Only works while food is in the gut)\nLowers\n\n\nGlucagon\nPancreatic α Cells\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen (glycogenolysis); 2) Enhances synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis) from amino acids or fats.\nRaises\n\n\nAsprosin[3]\nWhite adipose tissue\n1) Enhances release of liver glucose during fasting.\nRaises\n\n\nSomatostatin\nPancreatic δ Cells\n1) Suppresses glucagon release from α cells (acts locally); 2) Suppresses release of Insulin, Pituitary tropic hormones, gastrin and secretin.\nLowers\n\n\nEpinephrine\nAdrenal medulla\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen; 2) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.\nRaises\n\n\nCortisol\nAdrenal cortex\n1) Enhances gluconeogenesis; 2) Antagonizes Insulin.\nRaises\n\n\nACTH\nAnterior pituitary\n1) Enhances release of cortisol; 2) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.\nRaises\n\n\nGrowth Hormone\nAnterior pituitary\nAntagonizes Insulin\nRaises\n\n\nThyroxine\nThyroid\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen; 2) Enhances absorption of sugars from intestine\nRaises\n\n", "\n\nHormone\nTissue of Origin\nMetabolic Effect\nEffect on Blood Glucose\n\n\nInsulin\nPancreatic β Cells\n1) Enhances entry of glucose into cells; 2) Enhances storage of glucose as glycogen, or conversion to fatty acids; 3) Enhances synthesis of fatty acids and proteins; 4) Suppresses breakdown of proteins into amino acids, of adipose tissue into free fatty acids.\nLowers\n\n\nAmylin[1]\nPancreatic β Cells\n1) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating; 2) Slows gastric emptying; 3) Reduces food intake.\nLowers\n\n\nGLP-1[1]\nIntestinal L cells\n1) Enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion; 2) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating; 3) Slows gastric emptying; 4) Reduces food intake. (Only works while food is in the gut)\nLowers\n\n\nGlucagon\nPancreatic α Cells\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen (glycogenolysis); 2) Enhances synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis) from amino acids or fats.\nRaises\n\n\nAsprosin[3]\nWhite adipose tissue\n1) Enhances release of liver glucose during fasting.\nRaises\n\n\nSomatostatin\nPancreatic δ Cells\n1) Suppresses glucagon release from α cells (acts locally); 2) Suppresses release of Insulin, Pituitary tropic hormones, gastrin and secretin.\nLowers\n\n\nEpinephrine\nAdrenal medulla\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen; 2) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.\nRaises\n\n\nCortisol\nAdrenal cortex\n1) Enhances gluconeogenesis; 2) Antagonizes Insulin.\nRaises\n\n\nACTH\nAnterior pituitary\n1) Enhances release of cortisol; 2) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.\nRaises\n\n\nGrowth Hormone\nAnterior pituitary\nAntagonizes Insulin\nRaises\n\n\nThyroxine\nThyroid\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen; 2) Enhances absorption of sugars from intestine\nRaises\n\n", "\n\nHormone\nTissue of Origin\nMetabolic Effect\nEffect on Blood Glucose\n\n\nInsulin\nPancreatic β Cells\n1) Enhances entry of glucose into cells; 2) Enhances storage of glucose as glycogen, or conversion to fatty acids; 3) Enhances synthesis of fatty acids and proteins; 4) Suppresses breakdown of proteins into amino acids, of adipose tissue into free fatty acids.\nLowers\n\n\nAmylin[1]\nPancreatic β Cells\n1) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating; 2) Slows gastric emptying; 3) Reduces food intake.\nLowers\n\n\nGLP-1[1]\nIntestinal L cells\n1) Enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion; 2) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating; 3) Slows gastric emptying; 4) Reduces food intake. (Only works while food is in the gut)\nLowers\n\n\nGlucagon\nPancreatic α Cells\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen (glycogenolysis); 2) Enhances synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis) from amino acids or fats.\nRaises\n\n\nAsprosin[3]\nWhite adipose tissue\n1) Enhances release of liver glucose during fasting.\nRaises\n\n\nSomatostatin\nPancreatic δ Cells\n1) Suppresses glucagon release from α cells (acts locally); 2) Suppresses release of Insulin, Pituitary tropic hormones, gastrin and secretin.\nLowers\n\n\nEpinephrine\nAdrenal medulla\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen; 2) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.\nRaises\n\n\nCortisol\nAdrenal cortex\n1) Enhances gluconeogenesis; 2) Antagonizes Insulin.\nRaises\n\n\nACTH\nAnterior pituitary\n1) Enhances release of cortisol; 2) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.\nRaises\n\n\nGrowth Hormone\nAnterior pituitary\nAntagonizes Insulin\nRaises\n\n\nThyroxine\nThyroid\n1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen; 2) Enhances absorption of sugars from intestine\nRaises\n\n" ]	[ "Pancreatic β Cells", "Intestinal L cells", "Pancreatic α Cells", "White adipose tissue", "Pancreatic δ Cells", "Adrenal medulla", "Adrenal cortex", "Anterior pituitary", "Thyroid" ]
4429260972651955248	Economic Espionage Act of 1996	Economic Espionage Act of 1996 - wikipedia Economic Espionage Act of 1996 Jump to : navigation , search Economic Espionage Act of 1996 Long title An Act to amend title 18 , United States Code , to protect proprietary economic information , and for other purposes . Acronyms ( colloquial ) EEA , NIIPA Nicknames National Information Infrastructure Protection Act of 1996 Enacted by the 104th United States Congress Effective October 11 , 1996 Citations Public law 104 - 294 Statutes at Large 110 Stat. 3488 Codification Titles amended 18 U.S.C. : Crimes and Criminal Procedure 42 U.S.C. : Public Health and Social Welfare U.S.C. sections amended 18 U.S.C. ch. 47 § 1030 18 U.S.C. ch. 90 § 1831 et seq . 18 U.S.C. ch. 227 , subch . A § 3552 18 U.S.C. ch. 313 § 4243 42 U.S.C. ch. 136 , subch. II § 13751 et seq . Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 3723 by Bill McCollum ( R -- FL ) on June 26 , 1996 Committee consideration by House Judiciary Passed the House on September 17 , 1996 ( 399 - 3 , Roll call vote 416 , via Clerk.House.gov ) Passed the Senate on September 18 , 1996 ( passed unanimous consent ) with amendment House agreed to Senate amendment on September 28 , 1996 ( agreed without objection ) with further amendment Senate agreed to House amendment on October 2 , 1996 ( agreed unanimous consent ) Signed into law by President William J. Clinton on October 11 , 1996 The Economic Espionage Act of 1996 ( Pub. L. 104 -- 294 , 110 Stat. 3488 , enacted October 11 , 1996 ) was a 6 title Act of Congress dealing with a wide range of issues , including not only industrial espionage ( e.g. , the theft or misappropriation of a trade secret and the National Information Infrastructure Protection Act ) , but the insanity defense , the Boys & Girls Clubs of America , requirements for presentence investigation reports , and the United States Sentencing Commission reports regarding encryption or scrambling technology , and other technical and minor amendments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure of the Act 2 Protection of trade secrets 3 Enforcement 3.1 Department of Justice policy 3.2 Use of EEA 3.3 § 1831 - First conviction and sentence 3.4 § 1832 - First conviction and sentence 4 Further developments 4.1 Intersection with trade law 4.2 Scope of trade secrets 4.3 Expansion of penalties 4.4 Civil cause of action 5 Impact of the Act 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Structure of the Act ( edit ) Title Name Description Protection of trade secrets Inserts 18 U.S.C. § § 1831 -- 1839 as Chapter 90 of Title 18 of the United States Code II National Information Infrastructure Protection Act of 1996 Amends 18 U.S.C. § 1030 regarding fraud and related activity in connection with computers . III Transfer of persons found not guilty by reason of insanity Amends 18 U.S.C. § 4243 with regard to such persons being transferred to the custody of the United States Attorney General IV Establishment of Boys and Girls Clubs Authorizes grants by the United States Department of Justice to the Boys and Girls Clubs of America V Use of certain technology to facilitate criminal conduct Requiring the United States Sentencing Commission to provide certain information in its reports VI Technical and minor amendments Various Protection of trade secrets ( edit ) The act makes the theft or misappropriation of a trade secret a federal crime . Unlike the Espionage Act of 1917 ( found at 18 U.S.C. § § 792 -- 799 ) , the offense involves commercial information , not classified or national defense information . Section Name Description 18 U.S.C. § 1831 Economic espionage Criminalizes the misappropriation of trade secrets ( including conspiracy to misappropriate trade secrets and the subsequent acquisition of such misappropriated trade secrets ) with the knowledge or intent that the theft will benefit a foreign power . Penalties for violation are fines of up to US $500,000 per offense and imprisonment of up to 15 years for individuals , and fines of up to US $10 million for organizations . 18 U.S.C. § 1832 Theft of trade secrets Criminalizes the misappropriation of trade secrets related to or included in a product that is produced for or placed in interstate ( including international ) commerce , with the knowledge or intent that the misappropriation will injure the owner of the trade secret . Penalties for violation of section 1832 are imprisonment for up to 10 years for individuals ( no fines ) and fines of up to US $5 million for organizations . 18 U.S.C. § 1833 Exceptions to prohibitions Provisions do not apply to lawful activity by government entities , or to the reporting of any suspected violation of law to any such entity . 18 U.S.C. § 1834 Criminal forfeiture Requires criminal forfeiture of any proceeds of the crime and property derived from proceeds of the crime , and any property used , or intended to be used , in commission of the crime . 18 U.S.C. § 1835 Orders to preserve confidentiality The court shall enter such orders and take such other action as may be necessary and appropriate to preserve the confidentiality of trade secrets , subject to certain specified provisions of law . 18 U.S.C. § 1836 Civil proceedings to enjoin violations Authorizes civil proceedings by the Department of Justice to enjoin violations of the Act , but does not create a private cause of action . Thus , victims or putative victims must work with the U.S. Attorney in order to obtain an injunction . 18 U.S.C. § 1837 Conduct outside the United States There is extraterritorial jurisdiction where : The offender is a U.S. citizen or permanent resident ; or The offender is an organization organized under the laws of the United States or any State or political subdivision thereof ; or An act in furtherance of the offense was committed in the United States 18 U.S.C. § 1838 Construction with other laws Does not affect any other civil or criminal laws with respect to misappropriation of trade secrets . 18 U.S.C. § 1839 Definitions `` Trade secrets '' are defined in the act consistent with generally accepted legal definitions such as those used in the Uniform Trade Secrets Act and state laws based on the UTSA . Specifically it declares : ( 3 ) the term `` trade secret '' means all forms and types of financial , business , scientific , technical , economic , or engineering information , including patterns , plans , compilations , program devices , formulas , designs , prototypes , methods , techniques , processes , procedures , programs , or codes , whether tangible or intangible , and whether or how stored , compiled , or memorialized physically , electronically , graphically , photographically , or in writing if -- ( A ) the owner thereof has taken reasonable measures to keep such information secret ; and ( B ) the information derives independent economic value , actual or potential , from not being generally known to , and not being readily ascertainable through proper means by , the public Enforcement ( edit ) Department of Justice Policy ( edit ) The United States Department of Justice Criminal Division has issued a prosecution policy relating to enforcement of the Act . In general , it states : The EEA is not intended to criminalize every theft of trade secrets for which civil remedies may exist under state law . It was passed in recognition of the increasing importance of the value of intellectual property in general , and trade secrets in particular to the economic well - being and security of the United States and to close a federal enforcement gap in this important area of law . Appropriate discretionary factors to be considered in deciding whether to initiate a prosecution under § 1831 or § 1832 include : ( a ) the scope of the criminal activity , including evidence of involvement by a foreign government , foreign agent or foreign instrumentality ; ( b ) the degree of economic injury to the trade secret owner ; ( c ) the type of trade secret misappropriated ; ( d ) the effectiveness of available civil remedies ; and ( e ) the potential deterrent value of the prosecution . The availability of a civil remedy should not be the only factor considered in evaluating the merits of a referral because the victim of a trade secret theft almost always has recourse to a civil action . The universal application of this factor would thus defeat the Congressional intent in passing the EEA . Use of EEA ( edit ) The Act can be employed to accomplish several purposes : It can be used to protect a company 's valuable intellectual property by prosecuting dishonest competitors who steal a company 's trade secrets , but it can also be used against a company that finds itself with trade secrets belonging to a competitor . In United States v. Lange , the EEA was used to protect a victim company that had learned that Lange , a disgruntled former employee , had been offering to sell its secret manufacturing processes to third parties . The company reported Lange to the FBI , and Lange was arrested and subsequently convicted and sentenced to 30 months in prison . The case was successful in large part because the company undertook reasonable measures to keep its information secret , including : physically securing the trade secrets in question limiting the distribution of documentation describing the trade secret limiting the number of employees with access to the trade secret notifying such employees that they were working with confidential information , and placing warnings on trade secret information providing vendors with only partial information of the trade secret , so that it could not be replicated The EEA has also been used to prosecute a Boeing manager , together with an employee he hired from Lockheed Martin with the offer of a higher salary in return for his inside information on Lockheed Martin 's pricing . Although the EEA charges were later dropped , the matter resulted in Boeing being denied $1 billion in contracts from the United States Air Force , as well as it paying a $615 million settlement to the US Government . § 1831 - first conviction and sentence ( edit ) In February 2010 , former Boeing engineer Dongfan `` Greg '' Chung was sentenced to 16 years in prison , following the first ever trial conviction under the 1996 Economic Espionage Act . Chung , a native of China , was convicted by the US District Court for the Central District of California of stealing Boeing trade secrets related to the US Space Shuttle program and the Delta IV rocket . He spent over 30 years providing U.S. aerospace technologies to China . Chung was convicted on charges related to more than 350,000 sensitive documents that were found concealed in crawl spaces underneath his home , including conspiracy to commit economic espionage , six counts of economic espionage to benefit a foreign country , one count of acting as an agent of the People 's Republic of China , and one count of making false statements to the FBI . The 15 - year sentence is viewed as a life sentence for Chung who is 74 years old . Chung was arrested by special agents from the FBI 's Los Angeles Field Office in February 2008 . He worked for Rockwell International from 1973 until its defense and space unit was acquired by Boeing in 1996 , and he continued to work for Boeing as an employee and then as a contractor through 2006 . Chung 's arrest resulted from an investigation into the case of Chi Mak , a Chinese - American engineer convicted in 2007 of conspiring to export sensitive naval technologies to China and sentenced to more than 24 years in prison . At Chung 's sentencing , presiding judge , Cormac Carney , said that he could not `` put a price tag '' on national security , and that with the long sentence for Chung he wanted to send a signal to China to `` stop sending your spies here . '' In April 2012 , Chung 's conviction was upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . § 1832 - first conviction and sentence ( edit ) Most prosecutions under the Economic Espionage Act have been for violation of Section 1832 ( Trade Secret Theft ) . The first such prosecution was of Daniel and Patrick Worthing , maintenance workers at PPG Industries in Pennsylvania who stole blueprints and diskettes . Both pleaded guilty in early 1997 . For another example , see the first conviction in California , that of David Brian Kern . After an August , 2007 plea of guilt for ( one count ) of violating the Economic Espionage Act and one count of violating the Arms Export Control Act , San Jose U.S. District Court Judge Jeremy Fogel sentenced Canadian citizen Xiaodong Sheldon Meng , 44 , to 24 months in federal prison , 3 years of parole and a $10,000 fine , with forfeiture of computer equipment seized . Meng was indicted in December 2006 , with 36 counts , `` for stealing military software from a Silicon Valley defense contractor and trying to sell it to the Chinese military . '' The first to be convicted of Economic Espionage ( Section 1831 ) , Meng admitted `` illegally obtaining a program used for military training from Quantum3D and later using the program in a demonstration to the People 's Liberation Army Navy after he no longer worked for the firm ; he attempted to sell the fighter - pilot training software programs to the Royal Thai Air Force , the Royal Malaysian Air Force and the Navy Research Center in China . '' He paid $500,000 bond , for temporary liberty , until August 18 when he begins serving sentence . On June 18 , 2008 , Meng was the first individual sentenced under the Economic Espionage statute . Meng was the first person convicted of both the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 and the Arms Export Control Act . He received a 24 - month sentence and $10,000 fine , which included a sentencing departure for cooperation , according to news reports . Further developments ( edit ) Intersection with trade law ( edit ) The International Trade Commission has used the EEA 's definition of misappropriation to support its enforcement of US trade laws that prohibit `` unfair methods of competition and unfair acts in the importation of articles ... in the United States . '' In Tianrui Group Company Limited LLC v International Trade Commission , the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit held that the manufacture abroad of products using a process that was developed in the United States , protected under domestic trade secret law , and misappropriated abroad , violated section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 , 19 U.S.C. § 1337 . The ITC therefore had the authority to bar the importation of such products into the United States . Scope of trade secrets ( edit ) The extent to which trade secrets are covered under § 1832 was expanded in 2012 , following the reversal of a conviction in April 2012 by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in United States v. Aleynikov In that case , it was held that the theft of the source code for a proprietary system at Goldman Sachs was never intended to be placed in interstate or foreign commerce . As Goldman had no intention of selling or licensing its system , § 1832 ( as it was written at that time ) did not apply . The provision was promptly amended on December 28 , 2012 with the passage of the Theft of Trade Secrets Clarification Act of 2012 , so that it now applies to products or services that are used or intended for use in interstate or foreign commerce . The amendment led to a conviction in United States v. Agrawal . Expansion of penalties ( edit ) On January 24 , 2013 , § 1831 was amended to increase the maximum fines : in the case of individuals , from $500,000 to $5,000,000 , and in the case of organizations , from $10,000,000 to `` the greater of $10,000,000 or 3 times the value of the stolen trade secret to the organization . '' Civil cause of action ( edit ) On May 11 , 2016 , in what Forbes called `` the single most important intellectual property development since Congress enacted the America Invents Act , '' the Defend Trade Secrets Act ( Pub. L. 114 -- 153 ) expanded the EEA 's reach . In cases filed after that date : 18 U.S.C. § 1836 ( b ) is replaced to provide for private civil actions , including ( subject to appropriate safeguards ) ex parte orders `` providing for the seizure of property necessary to prevent the propagation or dissemination of the trade secret that is the subject of the action . '' Remedies available to the court include the granting of injunctions , awarding of damages ( including treble damages in cases of wilful and malicious misappropriation ) and the awarding of costs in cases where the claim was made in bad faith . 18 U.S.C. § 1832 ( b ) is amended to provide for criminal fines to be the greater of $5,000,000 or three times the trade secret 's value ( including any reproduction costs that the holder of the trade secret has avoided ) . 18 U.S.C. § 1961 ( 1 ) is amended to include 18 U.S.C. § § 1831 -- 1832 in the RICO list of predicate offences signifying racketeering activity . 18 U.S.C. § 1833 is amended to provide for whistleblower protection for an individual who makes a confidential disclosure to a government official in cases of a suspected violation of the law , or files a sealed document to the court with respect to an antiretaliation lawsuit . As a reinforcing measure , employers are required to include a notice of such immunity in any employment agreement that governs trade secrets and other confidential information . Impact of the Act ( edit ) This legislation has created much debate within the business intelligence community regarding the legality and ethics of various forms of information gathering designed to provide business decision - makers with competitive advantages in areas such as strategy , marketing , research and development , or negotiations . Most business intelligence ( also known as competitive intelligence practitioners ) rely largely on the collection and analysis of open source information from which they identify events , patterns , and trends of actionable interest . However , some techniques focus on the collection of publicly available information that is in limited circulation . This may be obtained through a number of direct and indirect techniques that share common origins in the national intelligence community . The use of these techniques is often debated from legal and ethical standpoints based on this Act . One such example is the collection and analysis of gray literature . The techniques for developing actionable intelligence from limited circulation / limited availability documents such as selected corporate publications can raise difficult legal and ethical questions under both intellectual property laws and the Economic Espionage Act . The Society for Competitive Intelligence Professionals provides training and publications which outline a series of guidelines designed to support business intelligence professionals seeking to comply with both the legal restrictions of the EEA as well as the ethical considerations involved . In 1999 , the Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals published its Policy Analysis on Competitive Intelligence and the Economic Espionage Act which explained how the Economic Espionage Act will not affect legitimate competitive intelligence . The National Law Journal of March 29 , 2000 , reviewed the Policy Analysis and reported that the Policy Analysis ' conclusion was that the EEA 's `` impact on legitimate competitive intelligence would be negligible '' and that `` nearly four years '' after the EEA 's passage , `` it appears that the ( Policy Analysis ' ) predictions were on target . '' The EEA was developed on the basis of a national philosophy that emphasizes a `` level playing field '' for all business competitors that arose in no small part due to the size and diversity of the American private sector . Many other nations not only lack such legislation , but actively support industrial espionage using both their national intelligence services as well as less formal mechanisms including bribery and corruption . The United States Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive publishes an annual report on Foreign Economic Collection and Industrial Espionage mandated by the U.S. Congress which outlines these espionage activities of many foreign nations . The United States does not engage in state - sanctioned industrial espionage . In 2000 , in response to European concerns , a former U.S. Director of Central Intelligence , James Woolsy , said ( in the March 17 , 2000 Wall Street Journal editorial ) that if there is collection , it 's usually focused on bribery by European companies , not on access to technologies . Woolsey said `` most European technology just is n't worth our stealing . '' As DCI , Woolsey testified before Congress that he was reluctant to engage in economic espionage as the endeavor is `` fraught with complexities , legal difficulties ( and ) foreign policy difficulties . '' In 2000 , the European Parliament voted to carry out an investigation into the international surveillance project ECHELON . That same year the French government also began an official investigation into allegations that several collaborating nations may be using the program for illegal purposes . U.S. Central Intelligence Agency documents had been revealed to the British press , showing that the U.S. has been using the technology to monitor European business communications . The French and European allegations centered on the suspicion that such information was being passed to U.S. firms . The U.S. stated that monitoring was focused on the participation of European firms in supplying foreign WMD ( weapons of mass destruction ) programs , such as the Iran nuclear program , on evading sanctions in Iran and Libya , and on the bribery of foreign officials , such as French payments to Saudi Defense officials . See also ( edit ) ITT Corporation Non-disclosure agreement Trade secret References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` USAM Chapter 9 - 59.000 - Economic Espionage Act of 1996 ( 18 U.S.C. § § 1831 - 1837 ) -- Prosecutive Policy '' . United States Department of Justice Criminal Division . February 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Economic Espionage Act : The Double - edged Sword '' . Dorsey & Whitney LLP . Spring 2004 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Text of United States v. Lange , 312 F. 3d 263 ( 7th Cir. 2002 ) is available from : Findlaw resource.org Jump up ^ Searle 2010 , pp. 119 -- 121 . Jump up ^ US v. Branch and Erskine , Criminal case 2 : 03 - CR - 00715 - RSWL - 1 ( Central District of California , filed July 17 , 2003 ) Jump up ^ Searle 2010 , pp. 116 -- 119 . Jump up ^ United States Attorney 's Office Central District of California ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` Former Boeing Engineer Sentenced to Nearly 16 Years in Prison for Stealing Aerospace Secrets for China '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation Los Angeles . Retrieved 16 August 2010 . Jump up ^ United States v. Chung , 659 F. 3d 815 ( 9th Cir. 2011 ) , cert . denied , No. 11 - 1141 , 2012 WL 929750 ( U.S. Apr. 16 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ `` Ninth Circuit Upholds First Trial Conviction Under § 1831 of the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Harvard Law Review . Harvard Law School . 125 ( 8 ) . 2012 . Retrieved 27 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report to Congress on Foreign Economic Collection and Industrial Espionage : 1998 '' ( PDF ) . National Counterintelligence and Security Center ( NCSC ) . Office of the Director of National Intelligence . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Russell ( 2000 ) . `` David Brian Kern : Theft of Trade Secrets '' . Cryptologia . Jump up ^ Coté , John ( June 19 , 2008 ) . `` Salesman gets 2 years for industrial spying '' . Sfgate.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ United States v. Meng , No . CR 04 - 20216 JF ( U.S.D.C.N.D. Calif . ) Jump up ^ Dan Levine ( June 19 , 2008 ) . `` Judge Takes Hard Line in First Economic Espionage Sentence '' . The Recorder . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ John Coté ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` Salesman gets 2 years for industrial spying '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Strapp ( April -- May 2012 ) . `` Combating Trade Secret Theft Abroad through Legal Action at Home '' . Executive Counsel . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` In the Matter of Certain Cast Steel Railway Wheels , Processes for Manufacturing or Relating to Same and Certain Products Containing Same ; Issuance of a Limited Exclusion Order and Cease and Desist Orders ; Termination of the Investigation '' . Federal Register . February 23 , 2010 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Text of Tianrui Group Company Limited LLC v International Trade Commission , 661 F. 3d 1322 ( Fed . Cir. 2011 ) is available from : Findlaw Jump up ^ Emily Miao ( Fall 2012 ) . `` The TianRui Group Company Ltd. v. U.S. International Trade Commission : A Powerful New Weapon for Combating Trade Secret Misappropriation Abroad '' . McDonnell Boehnen Hulbert & Berghoff LLP . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Aleynikov , 676 F. 3d 71 , 75 ( 2d Cir. 2012 ) '' . Archived from the original Check url = value ( help ) on 2013 - 07 - 11 . Reversing United States v. Aleynikov , 737 F. Supp . 2d 173 ( S.D.N.Y. 2010 ) Jump up ^ Elacqua , James J. ; Nemec , Douglas ; Sammi , P. Anthony ; DeVito , Daniel A. ; Cohen , Stacey L. `` Recent amendment to the Economic Espionage Act extends protection against misappropriation '' . Thomson Reuters . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2013 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Theft of Trade Secrets Clarification Act of 2012 , Pub. L. 112 -- 236 Jump up ^ Foreign and Economic Espionage Penalty Enhancement Act of 2012 , Pub. L. 112 -- 269 Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` The New ' Defend Trade Secrets Act ' Is The Biggest IP Development In Years '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Society of Competitive Intelligence Policy Analysis on Competitive Intelligence and the Economic Espionage Act , written by Richard Horowitz , Esq . Jump up ^ Industry Spying Still Flourishes ; Criminalizing Trade Secret Theft Has n't Led to Mass Proseuctions , '' National Law Journal , March 29 , 2000 Further reading ( edit ) Committee on the Judiciary ( September 16 , 1996 ) . `` 104th Congress ( 1995 - 1996 ) , House Report 104 - 788 : H.R. 3723 , Economic Espionage Act of 1996 '' . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Charles Doyle ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Stealing Trade Secrets and Economic Espionage : An Overview of 18 U.S.C. 1831 and 1832 '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Searle , Nicola Charlotte ( 2010 ) . The economics of trade secrets : evidence from the Economic Espionage Act ( PhD ) . University of St Andrews . hdl : 10023 / 1632 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic_Espionage_Act_of_1996&oldid=799927581 '' Categories : 1996 in law Espionage in the United States United States federal criminal legislation United States federal intellectual property legislation Secrecy Trade secrets Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Pages with URL errors All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 17 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does the economic espionage act of 1996 protect	[]	[]
8417129972213965907	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - wikipedia Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty of Peace , Friendship , Limits , and Settlement between the United States and the Republic of Mexico Cover of the exchange copy of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Signed 2 February 1848 ( 1848 - 02 - 02 ) Location Guadalupe Hidalgo Effective 30 May 1848 Negotiators List ( show ) José Bernardo Couto Miguel de Atristain Luis Gonzaga Cuevas Nicholas Trist Signatories Mexico United States Citations 9 Stat. 922 ; TS 207 ; 9 Bevans 791 See also the military convention of 29 February 1848 ( 5 Miller 407 ; 9 Bevans 807 ) . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ( Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo in Spanish ) , officially titled the Treaty of Peace , Friendship , Limits and Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic , is the peace treaty signed on February 2 , 1848 , in the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo ( now a neighborhood of Mexico City ) between the United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 1848 ) . The treaty came into force on July 4 , 1848 . With the defeat of its army and the fall of its capital , Mexico entered into negotiations to end the war . The treaty called for the U.S. to pay US $ 15 million to Mexico and to pay off the claims of American citizens against Mexico up to US $5 million . It gave the United States the Rio Grande as a boundary for Texas , and gave the U.S. ownership of California and a large area comprising roughly half of New Mexico , most of Arizona , Nevada , and Utah , and parts of Wyoming and Colorado . Mexicans in those annexed areas had the choice of relocating to within Mexico 's new boundaries or receiving American citizenship with full civil rights . The U.S. Senate advised and consented to ratification of the treaty by a vote of 38 -- 14 . The opponents of this treaty were led by the Whigs , who had opposed the war and rejected Manifest destiny in general , and rejected this expansion in particular . The amount of land gained by the United States from Mexico was increased as a result of the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 , which ceded parts of present - day southern Arizona and New Mexico to the United States . Contents 1 Negotiators 2 Terms 2.1 Results 3 Background to the war 4 Conduct of war 4.1 Peace negotiations 4.2 Changes to the treaty and ratification 4.3 Protocol of Querétaro 4.4 Treaty of Mesilla 5 Effects 5.1 Additional issues 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Sources 8 External links Negotiators ( edit ) The peace talks were negotiated by Nicholas Trist , chief clerk of the US State Department , who had accompanied General Winfield Scott as a diplomat and President Polk 's representative . Trist and General Scott , after two previous unsuccessful attempts to negotiate a treaty with General José Joaquín de Herrera , determined that the only way to deal with Mexico was as a conquered enemy . Nicholas Trist negotiated with a special commission representing the collapsed government led by Don José Bernardo Couto , Don Miguel de Atristain , and Don Luis Gonzaga Cuevas of Mexico . Terms ( edit ) `` Mapa de los Estados Unidos de Méjico by John Distrunell , the 1847 map used during the negotiations Although Mexico ceded Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México , the text of the treaty did not list territories to be ceded , and avoided the disputed issues that were causes of war : the validity of the 1836 secession of the Republic of Texas , Texas 's unenforced boundary claims as far as the Rio Grande , and the 1845 annexation of Texas by the United States . Instead , Article V of the treaty simply described the new U.S. -- Mexico border . From east to west , the border consisted of the Rio Grande northwest from its mouth to the point Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico ( roughly 32 degrees north ) , as shown in the Disturnell map , then due west from this point to the 110th meridian west , then north along the 110th Meridian to the Gila River and down the river to its mouth . Unlike the New Mexico segment of the boundary , which depended partly on unknown geography , `` in order to preclude all difficulty in tracing upon the ground the limit separating Upper from Lower California '' , a straight line was drawn from the mouth of the Gila to one marine league south of the southernmost point of the port of San Diego , slightly north of the previous Mexican provincial boundary at Playas de Rosarito . Comparing the boundary in the Adams -- Onís Treaty to the Guadalupe Hidalgo boundary , Mexico conceded about 55 % of its pre-war , pre-Texas territorial claims and now has an area of 1,972,550 km2 ( 761,606 sq mi ) . In the United States , the 1.36 million km2 ( 525,000 square miles ) of the area between the Adams - Onis and Guadalupe Hidalgo boundaries outside the 1,007,935 km ( 389,166 sq mi ) claimed by the Republic of Texas is known as the Mexican Cession . That is to say , the Mexican Cession is construed not to include any territory east of the Rio Grande , while the territorial claims of the Republic of Texas included no territory west of the Rio Grande . The Mexican Cession included essentially the entirety of the former Mexican territory of Alta California , but only the western portion of Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico , and includes all of present - day California , Nevada and Utah , most of Arizona , and western portions of New Mexico , Colorado , and Wyoming . Articles VIII and IX ensured safety of existing property rights of Mexican citizens living in the transferred territories . Despite assurances to the contrary , the property rights of Mexican citizens were often not honored by the U.S. in accordance with modifications to and interpretations of the Treaty . The U.S. also agreed to assume $3.25 million ( equivalent to $91.9 million today ) in debts that Mexico owed to United States citizens . The residents had one year to choose whether they wanted American or Mexican citizenship ; Over 90 % chose American citizenship . The others returned to Mexico ( where they received land ) , or in some cases in New Mexico were allowed to remain in place as Mexican citizens . Article XII engaged the United States to pay , `` In consideration of the extension acquired '' , 15 million dollars ( equivalent to $420 million today ) , in annual installments of 3 million dollars . Article XI of the treaty was important to Mexico . It provided that the United States would prevent and punish raids by Indians into Mexico , prohibited Americans from acquiring property , including livestock , taken by the Indians in those raids , and stated that the U.S. would return captives of the Indians to Mexico . Mexicans believed that the United States had encouraged and assisted the Comanche and Apache raids that had devastated northern Mexico in the years before the war . This article promised relief to them . Article XI , however , proved unenforceable . Destructive Indian raids continued despite a heavy U.S. presence near the Mexican border . Mexico filed 366 claims with the U.S. government for damages done by Comanche and Apache raids between 1848 and 1853 . In 1853 , in the Treaty of Mesilla concluding the Gadsden Purchase , Article XI was annulled . Results ( edit ) The land that the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo brought into the United States became , between 1850 and 1912 , all or part of ten states : California ( 1850 ) , Nevada ( 1869 ) , Utah ( 1896 ) , and Arizona ( 1912 ) , as well as , depending upon interpretation , the entire state of Texas ( 1845 ) , which then included part of Kansas ( 1861 ) ; Colorado ( 1876 ) ; Wyoming ( 1890 ) ; Oklahoma ( 1907 ) ; and New Mexico ( 1912 ) . The remainder ( the southern parts ) of New Mexico and Arizona were peacefully purchased under the Gadsden Purchase , which was carried out in 1853 . In this purchase the United States paid an additional $10 million ( equivalent to $290 million today ) , for land intended to accommodate a transcontinental railroad . However , the American Civil War delayed construction of such a route , and it was not until 1881 that the Southern Pacific Railroad finally was completed , fulfilling the purpose of the acquisition . Background to the war ( edit ) Mexico had claimed the area in question since winning its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . The Spanish Empire had conquered part of the area from the American Indian tribes over the preceding three centuries , but there remained powerful and independent indigenous nations within that northern region of Mexico . Most of that land was too dry ( low rainfall ) and too mountainous to support many people , until the advent of new technology after about 1880 : means for damming and distributing water from the few rivers to irrigated farmland ; the telegraph ; the railroad ; the telephone ; and electrical power . About 80,000 Mexicans inhabited California , New Mexico , Arizona , and Texas during the period 1845 to 1850 , with far fewer in Nevada , southern and western Colorado , and Utah . On 1 March 1845 , U.S. President John Tyler signed legislation to authorize the United States to annex the Republic of Texas , effective on 29 December 1845 . The Mexican government , which had never recognized the Republic of Texas as an independent country , had warned that annexation would be viewed as an act of war . The United Kingdom and France , both of which recognized the independence of the Republic of Texas , repeatedly tried to dissuade Mexico from declaring war against its northern neighbor . British efforts to mediate the quandary proved fruitless , in part because additional political disputes ( particularly the Oregon boundary dispute ) arose between Great Britain ( as the ruler of Canada ) and the United States . On 10 November 1845 , before the outbreak of hostilities , President James K. Polk sent his envoy , John Slidell , to Mexico . Slidell had instructions to offer Mexico around $5 million for the territory of Nuevo México and up to $40 million for Alta California . The Mexican government dismissed Slidell , refusing to even meet with him . Earlier in that year , Mexico had broken off diplomatic relations with the United States , based partly on its interpretation of the Adams -- Onís Treaty of 1819 , under which newly - independent Mexico claimed it had inherited rights . In that agreement , the United States had `` renounced forever '' all claims to Spanish territory . Neither side took any further action to avoid a war . Meanwhile , Polk settled a major territorial dispute with Britain via the Oregon Treaty , which was signed on 15 June 1846 . By avoiding any chance of conflict with Great Britain , the U.S was given a free hand in regard to Mexico . After the Thornton Affair of 25 -- 26 April , when Mexican forces attacked an American unit in the disputed area , with the result that 11 Americans were killed , five wounded and 49 captured , Congress passed declaration of war , which Polk signed on 13 May 1846 . The Mexican Congress responded with its own war declaration on 7 July 1846 . Map o . S. Augustus Mitchell , Philadelphia , 1847 . Alta California shown including Nevada , Utah , Arizona Conduct of war ( edit ) Main article : Mexican -- American War California and New Mexico were quickly occupied by American forces in the summer of 1846 , and fighting there ended on 13 January 1847 with the signing of the `` Capitulation Agreement '' at `` Campo de Cahuenga '' and end of the Taos Revolt . By the middle of September 1847 , U.S. forces had successfully invaded central Mexico and occupied Mexico City . Peace negotiations ( edit ) Some Eastern Democrats called for complete annexation of Mexico and claimed that some Mexican liberals would welcome this , but President Polk 's State of the Union address in December 1847 upheld Mexican independence and argued at length that occupation and any further military operations in Mexico were aimed at securing a treaty ceding California and New Mexico up to approximately the 32nd parallel north and possibly Baja California and transit rights across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec . Despite its lengthy string of military defeats , the Mexican government was reluctant to agree to the loss of California and New Mexico . Even with its capital under enemy occupation , the Mexican government was inclined to consider factors such as the unwillingness of the U.S. administration to annex Mexico outright and what appeared to be deep divisions in domestic U.S. opinion regarding the war and its aims , which gave it reason to conclude that it was actually in a far better negotiating position than the military situation might have suggested . A further consideration was the Mexican government 's opposition to slavery and its awareness of the well - known and growing sectional divide in the U.S. over the issue of slavery . It therefore made sense for Mexico to negotiate with a goal of pandering to Northern U.S. interests at the expense of Southern U.S. interests . The Mexicans proposed peace terms that offered only sale of Alta California north of the 37th parallel north -- north of Santa Cruz , California and Madera , California and the southern boundaries of today 's Utah and Colorado . This territory was already dominated by Anglo - American settlers , but perhaps more importantly from the Mexican point of view , it represented the bulk of pre-war Mexican territory north of the Missouri Compromise line of parallel 36 ° 30 ′ north -- lands that , if annexed by the U.S. , would have been presumed by Northerners to be forever free of slavery . The Mexicans also offered to recognize the U.S. annexation of Texas , but held to its demand of the Nueces River as a boundary . While the Mexican government could not reasonably have expected the Polk Administration to accept such terms , it would have had reason to hope that a rejection of peace terms so favorable to Northern interests might have the potential to provoke sectional conflict in the United States , or perhaps even a civil war that would fatally undermine the U.S. military position in Mexico . Instead , these terms combined with other Mexican demands ( in particular , for various indemnities ) only provoked widespread indignation throughout the U.S. without causing the sectional conflict the Mexicans were hoping for . Jefferson Davis advised Polk that if Mexico appointed commissioners to come to the U.S. , the government that appointed them would probably be overthrown before they completed their mission , and they would likely be shot as traitors on their return ; so that the only hope of peace was to have a U.S. representative in Mexico . Nicholas Trist , chief clerk of the State Department under President Polk , finally negotiated a treaty with the Mexican delegation after ignoring his recall by President Polk in frustration with failure to secure a treaty . Notwithstanding that the treaty had been negotiated against his instructions , given its achievement of the major American aim , President Polk passed it on to the Senate . A section of the original treaty The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed by Nicholas Trist ( on behalf of the U.S. ) and Luis G. Cuevas , Bernardo Couto and Miguel Atristain as plenipotentiary representatives of Mexico on 2 February 1848 , at the main altar of the old Basilica of Guadalupe at Villa Hidalgo ( within the present city limits ) as U.S. troops under the command of Gen. Winfield Scott were occupying Mexico City . Changes to the Treaty and ratification ( edit ) The version of the treaty ratified by the United States Senate eliminated Article X , which stated that the U.S. government would honor and guarantee all land grants awarded in lands ceded to the U.S. to citizens of Spain and Mexico by those respective governments . Article VIII guaranteed that Mexicans who remained more than one year in the ceded lands would automatically become full - fledged United States citizens ( or they could declare their intention of remaining Mexican citizens ) ; however , the Senate modified Article IX , changing the first paragraph and excluding the last two . Among the changes was that Mexican citizens would `` be admitted at the proper time ( to be judged of by the Congress of the United States ) '' instead of `` admitted as soon as possible '' , as negotiated between Trist and the Mexican delegation . An amendment by Jefferson Davis giving the U.S. most of Tamaulipas and Nuevo León , all of Coahuila and a large part of Chihuahua was supported by both senators from Texas ( Sam Houston and Thomas Jefferson Rusk ) , Daniel S. Dickinson of New York , Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois , Edward A. Hannegan of Indiana , and one each from Alabama , Florida , Mississippi , Ohio , Missouri and Tennessee . Most of the leaders of the Democratic party , Thomas Hart Benton , John C. Calhoun , Herschel V. Johnson , Lewis Cass , James Murray Mason of Virginia and Ambrose Hundley Sevier were opposed and the amendment was defeated 44 -- 11 . An amendment by Whig Sen. George Edmund Badger of North Carolina to exclude New Mexico and California lost 35 -- 15 , with three Southern Whigs voting with the Democrats . Daniel Webster was bitter that four New England senators made deciding votes for acquiring the new territories . A motion to insert into the treaty the Wilmot Proviso ( banning slavery from the acquired territories ) failed 15 -- 38 on sectional lines . The treaty was subsequently ratified by the U.S. Senate by a vote of 38 to 14 on 10 March 1848 and by Mexico through a legislative vote of 51 to 34 and a Senate vote of 33 to 4 , on 19 May 1848 . News that New Mexico 's legislative assembly had just passed an act for organization of a U.S. territorial government helped ease Mexican concern about abandoning the people of New Mexico . The treaty was formally proclaimed on 4 July 1848 . Protocol of Querétaro ( edit ) On 30 May 1848 , when the two countries exchanged ratifications of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , they further negotiated a three - article protocol to explain the amendments . The first article stated that the original Article IX of the treaty , although replaced by Article III of the Treaty of Louisiana , would still confer the rights delineated in Article IX . The second article confirmed the legitimacy of land grants pursuant to Mexican law . The protocol further noted that said explanations had been accepted by the Mexican Minister of Foreign Affairs on behalf of the Mexican Government , and was signed in Santiago de Querétaro by A.H. Sevier , Nathan Clifford and Luis de la Rosa . The U.S. would later go on to ignore the protocol on the grounds that the U.S. representatives had over-reached their authority in agreeing to it . Treaty of Mesilla ( edit ) The Treaty of Mesilla , which concluded the Gadsden purchase of 1854 , had significant implications for the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . Article II of the treaty annulled article XI of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and article IV further annulled articles VI and VII of Guadalupe Hidalgo . Article V however reaffirmed the property guarantees of Guadalupe Hidalgo , specifically those contained within articles VIII and IX . Effects ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Mexican Cession agreed with Mexico ( white ) and the Gadsden Purchase ( brown ) . Part of the area marked as Gadsden Purchase near modern - day Mesilla , New Mexico , was disputed after the Treaty . In addition to the sale of land , the treaty also provided for the recognition of the Rio Grande as the boundary between the state of Texas and Mexico . The land boundaries were established by a survey team of appointed Mexican and American representatives , and published in three volumes as The United States and Mexican Boundary Survey . On 30 December 1853 , the countries by agreement altered the border from the initial one by increasing the number of border markers from 6 to 53 . Most of these markers were simply piles of stones . Two later conventions , in 1882 and 1889 , further clarified the boundaries , as some of the markers had been moved or destroyed . Photographers were brought in to document the location of the markers . These photographs are in Record Group 77 , Records of the Office of the Chief Engineers , in the National Archives . The southern border of California was designated as a line from the junction of the Colorado and Gila rivers westward to the Pacific Ocean , so that it passes one Spanish league south of the southernmost portion of San Diego Bay . This was done to ensure that the United States received San Diego and its excellent natural harbor , without relying on potentially inaccurate designations by latitude . The treaty extended the choice of U.S. citizenship to Mexicans in the newly purchased territories , before many African Americans , Asians and Native Americans were eligible . If they chose to , they had to declare to the U.S. government within a year the Treaty was signed ; otherwise , they could remain Mexican citizens , but they would have to relocate . Between 1850 and 1920 , the U.S. Census counted most Mexicans as racially `` white '' . Nonetheless , racially tinged tensions persisted in the era following annexation , reflected in such things as the Greaser Act in California , as tens of thousands of Mexican nationals suddenly found themselves living within the borders of the United States . Mexican communities remained segregated de facto from and also within other U.S. communities , continuing through the Mexican migration right up to the end of the 20th century throughout the Southwest . Community property rights in California are a legacy of the Mexican era . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the property rights of Mexican subjects would be kept inviolate . The early Californians felt compelled to continue the community property system regarding the earnings and accumulation of property during a marriage , and it became incorporated into the California constitution . Additional issues ( edit ) Border disputes continued . The U.S. 's desire to expand its territory continued unabated and Mexico 's economic problems persisted , leading to the controversial Gadsden Purchase in 1854 and William Walker 's Republic of Lower California filibustering incident in that same year . The Channel Islands of California and Farallon Islands are not mentioned in the Treaty . The border was routinely crossed by the armed forces of both countries . Mexican and Confederate troops often clashed during the American Civil War , and the U.S. crossed the border during the war of French intervention in Mexico . In March 1916 Pancho Villa led a raid on the U.S. border town of Columbus , New Mexico , which was followed by the Pershing expedition . The shifting of the Rio Grande would much later cause a dispute over the boundary between purchase lands and those of the state of Texas , called the Country Club Dispute . Controversy over community land grant claims in New Mexico persists to this day . Disputes about whether to make all this new territory into free states or slave - holding states contributed heavily to the rise in North - South tensions that led to the American Civil War just over a decade later . The treaty was leaked to John Nugent before the U.S. Senate could approve it . Nugent published his article in the New York Herald and , afterward , was questioned by Senators . Nugent did not reveal his source . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo led to the establishment in 1889 of the International Boundary and Water Commission to maintain the border , and pursuant to newer treaties to allocate river waters between the two nations , and to provide for flood control and water sanitation . Once viewed as a model of international cooperation , in recent decades the IBWC has been heavily criticized as an institutional anachronism , by - passed by modern social , environmental and political issues . See also ( edit ) Gadsden Purchase Treaty of Cahuenga United States and Mexican Boundary Survey 1848 in Mexico Annexation Bill of 1866 Reconquista ( Mexico ) United States Court of Private Land Claims Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ( History of New Mexico ) Californios in literature Botiller v. Dominguez Zimmermann Telegram Aboriginal title Aboriginal title in California Aboriginal title in New Mexico References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Treaty facsimile '' . www.loc.gov . Jump up ^ `` Avalon Project -- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ; February 2 , 1848 '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Defiant Peacemker : Nicholas Trist in the Mexican War , by author Wallace Ohrt Jump up ^ `` Avalon Project -- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ; February 2 , 1848 '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo '' . ourdocuments.gov . Retrieved 27 June 2007 . Jump up ^ U.S. Congress . Recommendation of the Public Land Commission for Legislation as to Private Land Claims , 46th Congress , 2nd Session , 1880 , House Executive Document 46 , pp. 1116 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Mexicanos : A history of Mexicans in the United States . Manuel G. Gonzales , Indiana University Press P. 86 - 87 ISBN 0 - 253 - 33520 - 5 Jump up ^ The U.S. - Mexico Border : The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , John C. Davenport , P. 48 , ISBN 0 - 7910 - 7833 - 7 Jump up ^ Linda C. Noel , `` ' I am an American ' : Anglos , Mexicans , Nativos , and the National Debate over Arizona and New Mexico Statehood , '' Pacific Historical Review , ( Aug 2011 ) 80 # 3 pp 430 -- 467 , at p 436 Jump up ^ Richard Griswold del Castillo , The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo : A Legacy of Conflict , ( 1990 ) ch 5 Jump up ^ `` Error -- File Not Found ( Hispanic Reading Room , Hispanic Division , Area Studies ) '' . www.loc.gov . Jump up ^ Delay , Brian ( 2007 ) . `` Independent Indians and the U.S. Mexican War '' . The American Historical Review . 112 ( 1 ) : 67 . doi : 10.1086 / ahr. 112.1. 35 . Jump up ^ Schmal , John P. `` Sonora : Four Centuries of Indigenous Resistance '' Houston Institute of Culture http://www.houstonculture.org/mexico/sonora2.html , accessed 12 Jul 2012 Jump up ^ Kluger , Richard Seizing Destiny : How America Grew From Sea to Shining Sea . ( 2007 ) , pp. 493 -- 494 ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 41341 - 4 Jump up ^ David Devine , Slavery , Scandal , and Steel Rails : The 1854 Gadsden Purchase and the Building of the Second Transcontinental Railroad Across Arizona and New Mexico Twenty - Five Years Later Mexico also got diabetes from this war ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Nostrand , Richard L. ( 1975 ) . `` Mexican Americans Circa 1850 '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 65 ( 3 ) : 378 -- 390 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.1975. tb01046. x . Jump up ^ Mills , B. 2003 . U.S. - Mexican War . Facts On File , p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4932 - 7 ^ Jump up to : `` James K. Polk 's Third Annual Message , 7 December 1847 '' . presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved 27 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Adams - Onis Treaty , Article III . Archived 19 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine . From : yale.edu . Retrieved 6 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The United States hereby cede to His Catholic Majesty , and renounce forever , all their rights , claims , and pretensions to the Territories lying West and South of the above described Line ( ... ) . http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/adamonis.htm Jump up ^ Original Capitulation Agreement document ( one of 25 ) on view at Campo de Cahuenga historical site Jump up ^ `` Mexican Argument for Annexation . '' The Living Age , Volume 10 , Issue 123 . 19 September 1846 . Jump up ^ Rives 1913 , p. 622 . ^ Jump up to : Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . National Archives . Retrieved 6 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . '' Library of Congress , Hispanic Reading Room . Retrieved 6 November 2007 . Jump up ^ George Lockhart Rives . The United States and Mexico , 1821 -- 1848 . pp. 634 -- 636 . Jump up ^ Rives 1913 , p. 649 . Jump up ^ Online Highways LLC editorial group . `` Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo '' . U-S-History.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Treaty of Hidalgo , Protocol of Querétaro . From : academic.udayton.edu . Retrieved 6 November 2007 . Jump up ^ David Hunter Miller , Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America , vol. 5 ( Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , 1937 ) Jump up ^ Mills , B. p. 122 . Jump up ^ Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , Article V. From : academic.udayton.edu . Retrieved 7 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Gibson , C.J. and E. Lennon. 1999 . `` Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign - born Population of the United States : 1850 -- 1990 . '' U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . Retrieved 6 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Cali . Const . art . XX , § 7 . Jump up ^ The U.S. - Mexico Border : The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , John C. Davenport , p. 60 , ISBN 0 - 7910 - 7833 - 7 . Jump up ^ Barnard R. Thompson . `` Mexico 's Claim to California Islands -- A Never - ending Story '' . Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo : Findings and Possible Options Regarding Longstanding Community Land Grant Claims in New Mexico '' ( PDF ) . General Accounting Office . Retrieved 5 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert J. McCarthy , Executive Authority , Adaptive Treaty Interpretation , and the International Boundary and Water Commission , U.S. - Mexico , 14 - 2 U. Denv . Water L. Rev. 197 ( Spring 2011 ) ( also available for free download at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1839903 ) . Sources ( edit ) Griswold del Castillo , Richard ( 1990 ) , The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo : A Legacy of Conflict , Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2240 - 4 Ohrt , Wallace ( 1997 ) , Defiant Peacemaker : Nicholas Trist in the Mexican War , College Station : Texas A&M University Press , ISBN 0 - 89096 - 778 - 4 Reeves , Jesse S. ( 1905 ) , `` The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo '' , American Historical Review , 10 ( 2 ) : 309 -- 324 , doi : 10.2307 / 1834723 , JSTOR 1834723 Rives , George Lockhart ( 1913 ) . The United States and Mexico , 1821 -- 1848 : a history of the relations between the two countries from the independence of Mexico to the close of the war with the United States . 2 . New York : C. Scribner 's Sons . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of a 1905 New International Encyclopedia article about Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and related resources at the U.S. Library of Congress Library of Congress -- Hispanic Reading Room portal , The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Text of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Copy of Treaty , including sections stricken out by Senate Text of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and anaysis U.S. General Accounting Office report on the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , June 2004 Library of Congress Guide to the Mexican War Time magazine article on the treaty leak Occupation and Aftermath at A Continent Divided : The U.S. - Mexico War , Center for Greater Southwestern Studies , the University of Texas at Arlington Map of North America and the Caribbean at the time of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at omniatlas.com Chicano and Mexican American topics Terms Chicano Hispanic La Raza Hispanic and Latino Americans Mexican American Hispanos Tejanos Californios Nuevomexicanos Pre-Chicano Movement History of Mexican Americans Mexican -- American War Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexican Repatriation Sleepy Lagoon trial Zoot Suit Riots Chicano Movement Aztlán Católicos por La Raza Chicanismo Chicana feminism Chicano Blowouts Chicano Moratorium PCUN Plan Espiritual de Aztlán Plan de Santa Bárbara Farm workers rights campaign Land grant struggle Colegio César Chávez Supreme Court cases Botiller v. Dominguez Hernandez v. Texas San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co . U.S. v. Brignoni - Ponce Plyler v. Doe Medellín v. Texas Flores - Figueroa v. U.S. Leal Garcia v. Texas Mendez v. Westminster Bernal v. Fainter Culture Chicano films Chicano literature Chicano poetry Chicano Park Chicano rock Chicano rap Cholo Estrada Courts murals Lowrider Mexican muralism New Mexican cuisine New Mexico music Pachuco Paño Skull art Teatro Campesino Tejano music Tex - Mex cuisine Tortilla art Zoot suit By city Arizona ( Tucson ) California ( Los Angeles ) Illinois ( Chicago ) Michigan ( Detroit ) Nebraska ( Omaha ) Texas Dallas - Fort Worth Houston Lists Caló Chicano poets U.S. communities with Hispanic majority Mexican Americans Writers List of Hispanic and Latino Americans Bibliography Category : American people of Mexican descent Category : Mexican - American organizations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo&oldid=865525832 '' Categories : Treaties of the Mexican -- American War 1848 treaties Mexico -- United States treaties Peace treaties of the United States Peace treaties of Mexico Treaties involving territorial changes History of the American West History of United States expansionism 1848 in Mexico 1848 in Alta California 1848 in California 1848 in the United States Pre-statehood history of Arizona Pre-statehood history of California Pre-statehood history of Colorado Pre-statehood history of Nevada Pre-statehood history of New Mexico Pre-statehood history of Utah Pre-statehood history of Wyoming Presidency of James K. Polk Mexican - American history Mexico -- United States border Texas border disputes Aboriginal title in the United States Southwestern United States Treaties of the Second Federal Republic of Mexico Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from June 2012 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from October 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 13 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the treaty of guadalupe hidalgo happen	[ "The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo in Spanish), officially titled the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits and Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic,[1] is the peace treaty signed on February 2, 1848, in the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo (now a neighborhood of Mexico City) between the United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). The treaty came into force on July 4, 1848.[2]\n" ]	[ "February 2, 1848" ]
-4117817276407530359	Dolly (sheep)	Dolly ( sheep ) - wikipedia Dolly ( sheep ) Jump to : navigation , search Dolly Dolly 's taxidermied remains Other name ( s ) 6LLS ( code name ) Species Domestic sheep , Finn - Dorset Sex Female 5 July 1996 Roslin Institute , Midlothian , Scotland 14 February 2003 ( aged 6 ) Roslin Institute , Midlothian , Scotland Resting place National Museum of Scotland ( remains on display ) Nation from Scottish Known for First mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell Offspring Six lambs ( Bonnie ; twins Sally and Rosie ; triplets Lucy , Darcy and Cotton ) Named after Dolly Parton Cause of death Lung disease and severe arthritis Dolly ( 5 July 1996 -- 14 February 2003 ) was a female domestic sheep , and the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell , using the process of nuclear transfer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Genesis 2 Birth 3 Life 4 Death 5 Legacy 6 References 7 External links Genesis Dolly was cloned by Keith Campbell , Ian Wilmut and colleagues at the Roslin Institute , part of the University of Edinburgh , Scotland , and the biotechnology company PPL Therapeutics , based near Edinburgh . The funding for Dolly 's cloning was provided by PPL Therapeutics and the Ministry of Agriculture . She was born on 5 July 1996 and died from a progressive lung disease five months before her seventh birthday . She has been called `` the world 's most famous sheep '' by sources including BBC News and Scientific American . The cell used as the donor for the cloning of Dolly was taken from a mammary gland , and the production of a healthy clone therefore proved that a cell taken from a specific part of the body could recreate a whole individual . On Dolly 's name , Wilmut stated `` Dolly is derived from a mammary gland cell and we could n't think of a more impressive pair of glands than Dolly Parton 's '' . Birth Dolly was born on 5 July 1996 and had three mothers : one provided the egg , another the DNA , and a third carried the cloned embryo to term . She was created using the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer , where the cell nucleus from an adult cell is transferred into an unfertilized oocyte ( developing egg cell ) that has had its cell nucleus removed . The hybrid cell is then stimulated to divide by an electric shock , and when it develops into a blastocyst it is implanted in a surrogate mother . Dolly was the first clone produced from a cell taken from an adult mammal . The production of Dolly showed that genes in the nucleus of such a mature differentiated somatic cell are still capable of reverting to an embryonic totipotent state , creating a cell that can then go on to develop into any part of an animal . Dolly 's existence was announced to the public on 22 February 1997 . It gained much attention in the media . A commercial with Scottish scientists playing with sheep was aired on TV , and a special report in Time magazine featured Dolly the sheep . Science featured Dolly as the breakthrough of the year . Even though Dolly was not the first animal cloned , she received media attention because she was the first cloned from an adult cell . Life The cloning process that produced Dolly Dolly lived her entire life at the Roslin Institute in Midlothian . There she was bred with a Welsh Mountain ram and produced six lambs in total . Her first lamb , named Bonnie , was born in April 1998 . The next year Dolly produced twin lambs Sally and Rosie , and she gave birth to triplets Lucy , Darcy and Cotton in the year after that . In late 2001 , at the age of four , Dolly developed arthritis and began to walk stiffly . This was treated with anti-inflammatory drugs . Death On 14 February 2003 , Dolly was euthanised because she had a progressive lung disease and severe arthritis . A Finn Dorset such as Dolly has a life expectancy of around 11 to 12 years , but Dolly lived 6.5 years . A post-mortem examination showed she had a form of lung cancer called ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma , also known as Jaagsiekte , which is a fairly common disease of sheep and is caused by the retrovirus JSRV . Roslin scientists stated that they did not think there was a connection with Dolly being a clone , and that other sheep in the same flock had died of the same disease . Such lung diseases are a particular danger for sheep kept indoors , and Dolly had to sleep inside for security reasons . Some in the press speculated that a contributing factor to Dolly 's death was that she could have been born with a genetic age of six years , the same age as the sheep from which she was cloned . One basis for this idea was the finding that Dolly 's telomeres were short , which is typically a result of the aging process . The Roslin Institute stated that intensive health screening did not reveal any abnormalities in Dolly that could have come from advanced aging . In 2016 scientists reported no defects in thirteen cloned sheep , including four from the same cell line as Dolly . The first study to review the long - term health outcomes of cloning , the authors found no evidence of late - onset , non-communicable diseases other than some minor examples of osteoarthritis and concluded `` We could find no evidence , therefore , of a detrimental long - term effect of cloning by SCNT on the health of aged offspring among our cohort . '' Legacy After cloning was successfully demonstrated through the production of Dolly , many other large mammals were cloned , including pigs , deer , horses and bulls . The attempt to clone argali ( mountain sheep ) did not produce viable embryos . The attempt to clone a banteng bull was more successful , as were the attempts to clone mouflon ( a form of wild sheep ) , both resulting in viable offspring . The reprogramming process that cells need to go through during cloning is not perfect and embryos produced by nuclear transfer often show abnormal development . Making cloned mammals was highly inefficient -- in 1996 Dolly was the only lamb that survived to adulthood from 277 attempts . By 2014 Chinese scientists were reported to have 70 -- 80 % success rates cloning pigs and in 2016 , a Korean company , Sooam Biotech , was producing 500 cloned embryos a day . Wilmut , who led the team that created Dolly , announced in 2007 that the nuclear transfer technique may never be sufficiently efficient for use in humans . Cloning may have uses in preserving endangered species and may become a viable tool for reviving extinct species . In January 2009 , scientists from the Centre of Food Technology and Research of Aragon , in northern Spain announced the cloning of the Pyrenean ibex , a form of wild mountain goat , which was officially declared extinct in 2000 . Although the newborn ibex died shortly after birth due to physical defects in its lungs , it is the first time an extinct animal has been cloned , and may open doors for saving endangered and newly extinct species by resurrecting them from frozen tissue . In July 2016 , four identical clones of Dolly ( Daisy , Debbie , Dianna , and Denise ) were alive and healthy at nine years old . Scientific American concluded in 2016 that the main legacy of Dolly the sheep has not been cloning of animals but in advances into stem cell research . After Dolly , researchers realised that ordinary cells could be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells which can be grown into any tissue . The first successful cloning of a primate species using the same method for producing Dolly was reported in January 2018 . Two identical clones of a macaque monkey , Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua , were created by researchers in China and were born in late 2017 . References ^ Jump up to : `` 1997 : Dolly the sheep is cloned '' . BBC News . 22 February 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , J. ( 1999 ) . `` Why dolly matters : Kinship , culture and cloning '' . Ethnos. 64 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 301 -- 324 . doi : 10.1080 / 00141844.1999. 9981606 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dolly the sheep clone dies young '' . BBC News . 14 February 2003 Jump up ^ `` Is Dolly old before her time ? '' . BBC News . London . 27 May 1999 . Retrieved 4 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Lehrman , Sally ( July 2008 ) . `` No More Cloning Around '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 21 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , N. ( 2003 ) . `` Death of Dolly marks cloning milestone '' . Current Biology . 13 ( 6 ) : 209 -- 210 . doi : 10.1016 / S0960 - 9822 ( 03 ) 00148 - 9 . PMID 12646139 . Jump up ^ Campbell KH ; McWhir J ; Ritchie WA ; Wilmut I ( 1996 ) . `` Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line '' . Nature . 380 ( 6569 ) : 64 -- 6 . Bibcode : 1996Natur. 380 ... 64C . doi : 10.1038 / 380064a0 . PMID 8598906 . Jump up ^ McLaren A ( 2000 ) . `` Cloning : pathways to a pluripotent future '' . Science . 288 ( 5472 ) : 1775 -- 80 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 288.5472. 1775 . PMID 10877698 . Jump up ^ Wilmut I ; Schnieke AE ; McWhir J ; Kind AJ ; et al. ( 1997 ) . `` Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells '' . Nature . 385 ( 6619 ) : 810 -- 3 . Bibcode : 1997Natur. 385 ... 810W . doi : 10.1038 / 385810a0 . PMID 9039911 . Jump up ^ Niemann H ; Tian XC ; King WA ; Lee RS ( February 2008 ) . `` Epigenetic reprogramming in embryonic and foetal development upon somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning '' ( PDF ) . Reproduction. 135 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 63 . doi : 10.1530 / REP - 07 - 0397 . PMID 18239046 . Jump up ^ McKinnell , Robert G. ; Di Berardino , Marie A. ( November 1999 ) . `` The Biology of Cloning : History and Rationale '' . BioScience. 49 ( 11 ) : 875 -- 885 . doi : 10.2307 / 1313647 . JSTOR 1313647 . Jump up ^ Kolata , Gina ( 2003 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Dolly , the First Cloned Mammal , Is Dead '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Dolly 's family . Roslin Institute , UK Jump up ^ Dolly 's arthritis . Roslin Institute , Accessed 21 February 2008 ^ Jump up to : Dolly 's final illness Archived 27 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Roslin Institute , Accessed 21 February 2008 Cached version Jump up ^ Bridget M. Kuehn Goodbye , Dolly ; first cloned sheep dies at six years old Archived 4 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . American Veterinary Medical Association , 15 April 2003 Jump up ^ Palmarini M ( 2007 ) . `` A Veterinary Twist on Pathogen Biology '' . PLoS Pathog. 3 ( 2 ) : e12 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. ppat. 0030012 . PMC 1803002 . PMID 17319740 . ^ Jump up to : Was Dolly already ' old ' at birth ? Roslin Institute , Accessed 4 April 2010 Jump up ^ Shiels PG ; Kind AJ ; Campbell KH ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Analysis of telomere length in Dolly , a sheep derived by nuclear transfer '' . Cloning. 1 ( 2 ) : 119 -- 25 . doi : 10.1089 / 15204559950020003 . PMID 16218837 . Jump up ^ Shiels PG ; Kind AJ ; Campbell KH ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Analysis of telomere lengths in cloned sheep '' . Nature . 399 ( 6734 ) : 316 -- 7 . Bibcode : 1999Natur. 399 ... 316H . doi : 10.1038 / 20580 . PMID 10360570 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , K.D. ; Corr , S.A. ; Gutierrez , C.G. ; Fisher , P.A. ; Lee , J. - H. ; Rathbone , A.J. ; Choi , I. ; Campbell , K.H.S. ; Gardner , D.S. ( 26 July 2016 ) . `` Healthy ageing of cloned sheep '' . Nature Communications . p. 12359 . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms12359 . Jump up ^ Klein , Joanna ( 26 July 2016 ) . `` Dolly the Sheep 's Fellow Clones , Enjoying Their Golden Years '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Grisham , Julie ( April 2000 ) . `` Pigs cloned for first time '' . Nature Biotechnology . 18 ( 4 ) : 365 . doi : 10.1038 / 74335 . ^ Jump up to : Shukman , David ( 14 January 2014 ) China cloning on an ' industrial scale ' BBC News , Retrieved 14 January 2014 Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M scientists clone world 's first deer '' . Innovations Report . 23 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 11 November 2006 . Retrieved 1 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Haley ( 31 July 2015 ) . `` How Champion - Pony Clones Have Transformed the Game of Polo '' . VFNews . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Lozano , Juan A. ( 27 June 2005 ) . `` A&M Cloning project raises questions still '' . Bryan - College Station Eagle . Retrieved 30 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Endangered sheep cloned '' . BBC News . London . 1 October 2001 . Retrieved 12 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Jaenisch R ; Hochedlinger K ; Eggan K ( 2005 ) . `` Nuclear cloning , epigenetic reprogramming and cellular differentiation '' . Novartis Found . Symp . Novartis Foundation Symposia. 265 : 107 -- 18 ; discussion 118 -- 28 . doi : 10.1002 / 0470091452. ch9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 09145 - 6 . PMID 16050253 . Jump up ^ Rideout WM ; Eggan K ; Jaenisch R ( August 2001 ) . `` Nuclear cloning and epigenetic reprogramming of the genome '' . Science . 293 ( 5532 ) : 1093 -- 8 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1063206 . PMID 11498580 . Jump up ^ Zastrow , Mark ( 8 February 2016 ) . `` Inside the cloning factory that creates 500 new animals a day '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Roger Highfield `` Dolly creator Prof Ian Wilmut shuns cloning '' . Daily Telegraph 16 November 2007 Jump up ^ Trounson AO ( 2006 ) . `` Future and applications of cloning '' . Methods Mol. Biol. Methods in Molecular Biology . 348 : 319 -- 32 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 59745 - 154 - 3_22 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58829 - 280 - 3 . PMID 16988390 . Jump up ^ Gray , Richard ; Dobson , Roger ( 31 January 2009 ) . `` Extinct ibex is resurrected by cloning '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Jabr , Ferris ( 11 March 2013 ) . `` Will Cloning Ever Save Endangered Animals ? '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Clones da ovelha Dolly envelheceram com boa saúde , diz estudo '' ( in Portuguese ) . Rede Globo. 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dolly the sheep 's siblings ' healthy ' '' . News -- Science and Environment . BBC . 26 July 2016 . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Karen . `` 20 Years after Dolly the Sheep Led the Way -- Where Is Cloning Now ? '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Sample , Ian ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Dolly 's clones ageing no differently to naturally - conceived sheep , study finds '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Liu , Zhen ; et al. ( 24 January 2018 ) . `` Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer '' . Cell. 172 ( 4 ) : 881 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2018.01. 020 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Normile , Dennis ( 24 January 2018 ) . `` These monkey twins are the first primate clones made by the method that developed Dolly '' . Science . doi : 10.1126 / science. aa1066 ( inactive 2018 - 04 - 26 ) . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Helen ( 24 January 2018 ) . `` First monkey clones created in Chinese laboratory '' . BBC News . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 24 January 2018 ) . `` Scientists Successfully Clone Monkeys ; Are Humans Up Next ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dolly ( sheep ) . Dolly the Sheep on display The real Dolly at the National Museum of Scotland , Edinburgh Cloning Dolly the Sheep Dolly the Sheep and the importance of animal research Animal cloning and Dolly ( hide ) Breakthrough of the Year Science journal 1996 : HIV understanding 1997 : Dolly the sheep 1998 : Accelerating universe 1999 : Stem cell 2000 : Whole genome sequencing 2001 : Nanocircuits or Molecular circuit 2002 : RNA interference 2003 : Dark energy 2004 : Spirit rover 2005 : Evolution in action 2006 : Poincaré conjecture proof 2007 : Human genetic variation 2008 : Cellular reprogramming 2009 : Ardipithecus ramidus 2010 : First quantum machine 2011 : HPTN 052 clinical trial 2012 : Higgs boson discovery 2013 : Cancer immunotherapy 2014 : Rosetta comet mission 2015 : CRISPR genome - editing method 2016 : First observation of gravitational waves 2017 : GW170817 ( neutron star merger ) GND : 7576882 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolly_(sheep)&oldid=843475626 '' Categories : 1996 animal births 2003 animal deaths 1996 in Scotland Cloned sheep Cloning Individual sheep Collections of the National Museums of Scotland History of Midlothian Dolly Parton Individual animals in Scotland 1996 in biotechnology 2003 in Scotland Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Pages with DOIs inactive since 2018 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 11 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is dolly the sheep and how was she created	[ "Dolly (5 July 1996 – 14 February 2003) was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer." ]	[ "first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer" ]
8804761414556353524	United Nations Conference on the Human Environment	United Nations conference on the human environment - wikipedia United Nations conference on the human environment `` Stockholm Conference '' redirects here . For the socialist conference that took place in 1917 , see Third Zimmerwald Conference . The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment was held in Stockholm , Sweden from June 5 -- 16 in 1972 . When the United Nations General Assembly decided to convene the 1972 Stockholm Conference , at the initiative of the Government of Sweden to host it , UN Secretary - General U Thant invited Maurice Strong to lead it as Secretary - General of the Conference , as the Canadian diplomat ( under Pierre Trudeau ) had initiated and already worked for over two years on the project . Contents 1 History 2 Issues at the Conference 3 Stockholm Declaration 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) Sweden first suggested to the United Nations Economic and Social Council ECOSOC in 1968 the idea of having a UN conference to focus on human interactions with the environment . ECOSOC passed resolution 1346 supporting the idea . General Assembly Resolution 2398 in 1969 decided to convene a conference in 1972 and mandated a set of reports from the UN secretary - general suggesting that the conference focus on `` stimulating and providing guidelines for action by national government and international organizations '' facing environmental issues . Preparations for the conference were extensive , lasting 4 years , including 115 governments , and costing over $30,000,000 . Issues at the conference ( edit ) The Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact nations boycotted the conference due to the lack of inclusion of East Germany , which was not allowed to participate as it was not a full member of the UN . At the conference itself , divisions between developed and developing countries began to emerge . The Chinese delegation proved hostile to the United States at the conference , issuing a 17 point memorandum condemning United States policies in Indochina , as well as around the world . This stance emboldened other developing countries , which made up 70 of the 122 countries attending . Multiple countries including Pakistan , Peru , and Chile issued statements that were anti-colonial in nature , further worrying the United States delegation . So harsh was the criticism that Rogers Morton , at that time secretary of the interior , remarked `` I wish the Russians were here '' , to divert the attention of the Chinese criticisms . Stockholm Declaration ( edit ) The meeting agreed upon a Declaration containing 26 principles concerning the environment and development ; an Action Plan with 109 recommendations , and a Resolution . Principles of the Stockholm Declaration : Human rights must be asserted , apartheid and colonialism condemned Natural resources must be safeguarded The Earth 's capacity to produce renewable resources must be maintained Wildlife must be safeguarded Non-renewable resources must be shared and not exhausted Pollution must not exceed the environment 's capacity to clean itself Damaging oceanic pollution must be prevented Development is needed to improve the environment Developing countries therefore need assistance Developing countries need reasonable prices for exports to carry out environmental management Environment policy must not hamper development Developing countries need money to develop environmental safeguards Integrated development planning is needed Rational planning should resolve conflicts between environment and development Human settlements must be planned to eliminate environmental problems Governments should plan their own appropriate population policies National institutions must plan development of states ' natural resources Science and technology must be used to improve the environment Environmental education is essential Environmental research must be promoted , particularly in developing countries States may exploit their resources as they wish but must not endanger others Compensation is due to states thus endangered Each nation must establish its own standards There must be cooperation on international issues International organizations should help to improve the environment Weapons of mass destruction must be eliminated One of the seminal issues that emerged from the conference is the recognition for poverty alleviation for protecting the environment . The Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in her seminal speech in the conference brought forward the connection between ecological management and poverty alleviation . Some argue that this conference , and more importantly the scientific conferences preceding it , had a real impact on the environmental policies of the European Community ( that later became the European Union ) . For example , in 1973 , the EU created the Environmental and Consumer Protection Directorate , and composed the first Environmental Action Program . Such increased interest and research collaboration arguably paved the way for further understanding of global warming , which has led to such agreements as the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement , and has given a foundation of modern environmentalism . See also ( edit ) Earth Summit 1992 Earth Summit 2002 Johannesburg Declaration Habitat International Coalition United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development Minamata and Minamata disease World Environment Day References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strong , Maurice ; Introduction by Kofi Annan ( 2001 ) . Where on Earth are We Going ? ( Reprint ed . ) . New York , London : Texere . pp. 120 -- 136 . ISBN 1 - 58799 - 092 - X . Jump up ^ DeSombre , Elizabeth ( 2006 ) . Global Environmental Institutions . Rutledge . pp. 22 -- 23 . ^ Jump up to : Astrachan , Anthony ( March 17 , 1972 ) . `` Goals for Environment Talks Listed '' . The Washington Post , Times Herald . p . A20 . ^ Jump up to : Sterling , Claire ( June 10 , 1972 ) . `` Chinese Rip U.S. At Parley '' . The Washington Post , Times Herald . p . A1 . Jump up ^ John Baylis , Steve Smith . 2005 . The Globalization of World Politics ( 3rd ed ) . Oxford . Oxford University Press . pp. 454 -- 455 Jump up ^ Source : Clarke and Timberlake 1982 Jump up ^ Venkat , Vidya . `` Indira Gandhi , the environmentalist '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Björn - Ola Linnér and Henrik Selin The Thirty Year Quest for Sustainability : The Legacy of the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment , Paper presented at Annual Convention of International Studies Association , Portland , Oregon , USA , February 25 -- March 1 , 2003 , as part of the panel `` Institutions and the Production of Knowledge for Environmental Governance '' ( co-author Henrik Selin ). p. 3 Further reading ( edit ) John McCormick , The Global Environmental Movement ( London : John Wiley , 1995 ) wow Schulz - Walden , Thorsten ( 2013 ) : Anfänge globaler Umweltpolitik . Umweltsicherheit in der internationalen Politik ( 1969 -- 1975 ) , Oldenbourg Verlag , München , ISBN 978 - 3 - 486 - 72362 - 5 ( Rezension bei : https://web.archive.org/web/20140301204918/http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/rezensionen/2014-1-019 ) Felix Dodds , Maurice Strong and Michael Strauss Only One Earth : The Long Road via Rio to Sustainable Development ( London , Earthscan , 2012 ) External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : United Nations Conference on the Human Environment Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment - full text at the Library of Congress Web Archives ( archived 2015 - 03 - 14 ) Introductory note by Günther Handl , procedural history note and audiovisual material on the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment ( Stockholm Declaration ) in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law Report from the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm , 1972 Introductory note by Günther Handl , procedural history note and audiovisual material on the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment ( Stockholm Declaration ) in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law Sustainability Principles Anthropocene Earth system governance Ecological modernization Environmental governance Environmentalism Global catastrophic risk Human impact on the environment Planetary boundaries Social sustainability Stewardship Sustainable development Consumption Anthropization Anti-consumerism Earth Overshoot Day Ecological footprint Ethical Over-consumption Simple living Sustainability advertising Sustainability brand Sustainability marketing myopia Sustainable Systemic change resistance Tragedy of the commons Population Birth control Family planning Control Overpopulation Zero growth Technology Appropriate Environmental Sustainable Biodiversity Biosecurity Biosphere Conservation biology Deep ecology Endangered species Holocene extinction Invasive species Energy Carbon footprint Climate change mitigation Conservation Descent Efficiency Emissions trading Fossil - fuel phase - out Peak oil Renewable Energy poverty Food Forest gardening Local Permaculture Security Sustainable agriculture Sustainable fishery Urban horticulture Water Conservation Crisis Efficiency Footprint Reclaimed Accountability Sustainability accounting Sustainability measurement Sustainability metrics and indices Sustainability reporting Standards and certification Sustainable yield Applications Advertising Architecture Art Business City College programs Community Design Ecovillage Education for Sustainable Development Fashion Gardening Geopark Green marketing Industries Landscape architecture Living Low - impact development Sustainable market Organizations Packaging Practices Procurement Tourism Transport Urban drainage systems Urban infrastructure Urbanism Management Environmental Fisheries Forest Materials Natural resource Planetary Waste Agreements UN Conference on the Human Environment ( Stockholm 1972 ) Brundtlandt Commission Report ( 1983 ) Our Common Future ( 1987 ) Earth Summit ( 1992 ) Rio Declaration on Environment and Development Agenda 21 ( 1992 ) Convention on Biological Diversity ( 1992 ) ICPD Programme of Action ( 1994 ) Earth Charter Lisbon Principles UN Millennium Declaration ( 2000 ) Earth Summit 2002 ( Rio + 10 , Johannesburg ) United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development ( Rio + 20 , 2012 ) Sustainable Development Goals Lists Outline Portal Science Studies Degrees Sustainable development portal United Nations portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment&oldid=850229168 '' Categories : 1972 in Sweden 1972 in the environment 20th - century diplomatic conferences 21st - century diplomatic conferences Diplomatic conferences in Sweden United Nations conferences 1972 in the United Nations Events in Stockholm 1970s in Stockholm United Nations conferences on the environment June 1972 events in Europe Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2016 Webarchive template other archives Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Latina Lietuvių 日本語 Polski Português Русский سنڌي Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 15 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	1972 declaration of the united nations conference on the human environment	[]	[]
-960680948954920262	The Best of Bob Dylan's Theme Time Radio Hour	The Best of Bob Dylan 's Theme Time Radio Hour - wikipedia The Best of Bob Dylan 's Theme Time Radio Hour Jump to : navigation , search The Best of Bob Dylan 's Theme Time Radio Hour Compilation album by Various artists Released November 20 , 2007 Genre Blues , R&B , rockabilly , doo - wop , soul , jazz , rock - and - roll , country Label Chrome Dreams Producer Derek Barker The Best of Bob Dylan 's Theme Time Radio Hour is a series of four compilation albums featuring songs Bob Dylan played on his shows as a deejay on the XM Satellite Radio and Sirius XM Satellite Radio program , Theme Time Radio Hour , from May 2006 through April 2009 . Each album in the series includes 52 songs on two CDs . The tracks cover the range of genres Dylan highlighted on the program , including blues , R&B , rockabilly , doo - wop , soul , jazz , rock - and - roll and country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listings 1.1 Best of Bob Dylan 's Theme Time Radio Hour , Volume 1 1.1. 1 Disc one 1.1. 2 Disc two 1.2 Best of Bob Dylan 's Theme Time Radio Hour , Volume 2 1.2. 1 Disc one 1.2. 2 Disc two 1.3 Bob Dylan 's Theme Time Radio Hour , Volume 3 ( Best of the Second Series ) 1.3. 1 Disc one 1.3. 2 Disc two 1.4 Bob Dylan 's Theme Time Radio Hour : The Best Of The Third Series 1.4. 1 Disc one 1.4. 2 Disc two 2 Notes 3 References 4 External links Track listings ( edit ) Best of Bob Dylan 's Theme Time Radio Hour , Volume 1 ( edit ) Disc one ( edit ) `` Keep on the Sunny Side '' , The Carter Family ( Show 1 , Weather ) - 2 : 51 `` ( Mama ) He Treats Your Daughter Mean '' , Ruth Brown ( Show 2 , Mothers ) - 2 : 59 `` Ai n't Got No Money to Pay for This Drink '' , George Zimmerman & The Thrills ( Show 3 , Drinking ) - 2 : 33 `` The Ball Game '' , Sister Winona Carr ( Show 4 , Baseball ) - 3 : 09 `` Java Jive '' , The Ink Spots ( Show 5 , Coffee ) - 3 : 05 `` Send Me to the ' Lectric Chair '' , Bessie Smith ( Show 6 , Jail ) - 3 : 22 `` Papa 's on the Housetop '' , Leroy Carr & Scrapper Blackwell ( Show 7 , Father ) - 2 : 59 `` Married Women '' , Big Joe Turner ( Show 8 , Wedding ) - 2 : 48 `` Alimony Blues '' , Eddie `` Cleanhead '' Vinson ( Show 9 , Divorce ) - 2 : 24 `` Ice Cream Man '' , John Brim ( Show 10 , Summer ) - 2 : 48 `` Tulip or Turnip '' , Duke Ellington & His Orchestra ( Show 11 , Flowers ) - 3 : 12 `` No Money Down '' , Chuck Berry ( Show 12 , Cars ) - 2 : 57 `` Brother , Can You Spare a Dime ? '' , Bing Crosby ( Show 13 , Rich Man Poor Man ) - 3 : 10 `` Race with the Devil '' , Gene Vincent ( Show 14 , The Devil ) - 2 : 03 `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' , Chuck Berry ( Show 15 , Eyes ) - 2 : 19 `` Hound Dog '' , Freddy Bell & the Bell Boys ( Show 16 , Dogs ) - 2 : 39 `` Last Night '' , Little Walter ( Show 17 , Friends & Neighbors ) - 2 : 43 `` Disc Jockey Blues '' , Luke Jones & His Orchestra ( Show 18 , Radio ) - 3 : 02 `` John the Revelator '' , Blind Willie Johnson ( Show 19 , Bible ) - 3 : 18 `` Louisiana '' , Percy Mayfield ( Show 20 , Musical Map ) - 2 : 04 `` Good Morning Little School Girl '' , Sonny Boy Williamson ( Show 21 , School ) - 3 : 01 `` Telephone Is Ringing '' , Pee Wee Crayton ( Show 22 , Telephone ) - 3 : 07 `` Jesus Gave Me Water '' , The Five Blind Boys of Mississippi ( Show 23 , Water ) - 2 : 48 `` All the Time '' , Sleepy LaBeef ( Show 24 , Time ) - 1 : 52 `` Midnight Hour '' , Clarence `` Gatemouth '' Brown ( Show 24 , Time ) - 2 : 43 `` Pistol Packin ' Mama '' , Al Dexter & His Orchestra ( Show 25 , Guns ) - 2 : 47 Disc two ( edit ) `` I Put a Spell on You '' , Screamin ' Jay Hawkins ( Show 26 , Halloween ) - 2 : 25 `` When You Dance , The Turbans ( Show 27 , Dance ) - 2 : 57 `` When It 's Sleepy Time Down South '' , Louis Armstrong ( Show 28 , Sleep ) - 2 : 47 `` Matzoh Balls , Slim Gaillard & His Flat Foot Floogie Boys ( Show 29 , Food ) - 2 : 38 `` Let Me Play with Your Poodle '' , Tampa Red & Big Maceo ( Show 30 , Thanksgiving Leftovers ) - 2 : 39 `` Tennessee '' , Carl Perkins ( Show 31 , Tennessee ) - 3 : 04 `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' , Bill Monroe ( Show 32 , Moon ) - 3 : 03 `` Five Long Years '' , Eddie Boyd ( Show 33 , Countdown ) - 2 : 42 `` Christmas Is A-Comin ' '' , Leadbelly ( Show 34 , Christmas / New Year ) - 1 : 08 `` Zindy Lou '' , The Chimes ( Show 35 , Women 's Names ) - 3 : 08 `` Do n't Touch My Head '' , J.B. Lenoir ( Show 36 , Hair ) - 2 : 17 `` Do n't Mess with My Ducktail '' , Joe Clay ( Show 36 , Hair ) - 2 : 27 `` ( Everytime I Hear ) That Mello Saxophone '' , Roy Montrell ( Show 37 , Musical Instruments ) - 2 : 25 `` Alright , Okay , You Win ! '' , Buddy & Ella Johnson ( Show 38 , Luck ) - 2 : 48 `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' , Hank Williams ( Show 39 , Tears ) - 2 : 48 `` Lose Your Blues and Laugh at Life '' , Jimmie Rev & His Oklahoma Playboys ( Show 40 , Laughter ) - 3 : 18 `` Good Morning Heartache '' , Billie Holiday ( Show 41 , Heart ) - 3 : 12 `` Blue Suede Shoes '' , Carl Perkins ( Show 42 , Shoes ) - 2 : 17 `` Deep Purple '' , The Ravens ( Show 43 , Colour ) - 2 : 48 `` Blue Yodel # 1 ( T for Texas ) '' , Bob Downen ( Show 44 , Texas ) - 2 : 34 `` Mystery Train '' , Little Junior Parker ( Show 45 , Trains ) - 2 : 23 `` This Train '' , Sister Rosetta Tharpe ( Show 46 , More Trains ) - 2 : 53 `` Why Do Fools Fall in Love '' , Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers ( Show 47 , Fools ) - 2 : 18 `` Take the `` A '' Train `` , Duke Ellington ( Show 48 , New York ) - 2 : 54 `` Taxes , Taxes '' , Hank Penny ( Show 49 , Death and Taxes ) - 2 : 48 `` Richest Guy in the Graveyard '' , Dinah Washington ( Show 50 , Spring Cleaning ) - 2 : 54 Best of Bob Dylan 's Theme Time Radio Hour , Volume 2 ( edit ) Disc one ( edit ) `` Jamaica Hurricane '' , Lord Beginner ( Show 1 , Weather ) `` Just Walkin ' in the Rain '' ( Bragg , Riley ) , The Prisonaires ( Show 1 , Weather ) `` Mother Fuyer '' , Dirty Red ( Show 2 , Mothers ) `` One Mint Julep '' ( Rudy Toombs ) , The Clovers ( Show 3 , Drinking ) `` Did You See Jackie Robinson Hit That Ball '' , Buddy Johnson ( Show 4 , Baseball ) `` Forty Cups of Coffee '' , Ella Mae Morse ( Show 5 , Coffee ) `` Folsom Prison Blues '' ( Cash ) , Johnny Cash ( Show 6 , Jail ) `` My Son Calls Another Man Daddy '' , Hank Williams ( Show 7 , Father ) `` Fannie Brown Got Married '' , Roy Brown ( Show 8 , Wedding ) `` Divorce Me C.O.D. '' ( Travis ) , Merle Travis ( Show 9 , Divorce ) `` June - teenth Jamboree '' , Fatso Bentley ( Show 10 , Summer ) `` Bonny Bunch of Roses '' , Paul Clayton ( Show 11 , Flowers ) `` Every Woman I Know '' , Billy `` The Kid '' Emerson ( Show 12 , Cars ) `` Get Rich Quick '' , Little Richard ( Show 13 , Rich Man , Poor Man ) `` Must Have Been The Devil '' , Otis Spann ( Show 14 , The Devil ) `` 20 / 20 Vision '' , Jimmy Martin ( Show 15 , Eyes ) `` Ai n't I 'm a Dog ? '' , Ronnie Self ( Show 16 , Dogs ) `` My Next Door Neighbor '' , Jerry McCain & His Upstarts ( Show 17 , Friends & Neighbours ) `` Radio Boogie '' ( Mayo , Smith ) , L.C. Smith & His Southern Playboys ( Show 18 , Radio ) `` The Old Ark 's A'Moving '' , A.A. Gray & Seven Foot Dilly ( Show 19 , Bible ) `` Take Me Back to Tulsa '' ( B. Wills , T. Duncan ) , Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys ( Show 20 , Musical Map ) `` Professor Bop '' , Babs Gonzales ( Show 21 , School ) `` Atomic Telephone '' , The Spirit of Memphis Quartet ( Show 22 , Telephone ) `` Water , Water '' , Effie Smith & The Squires ( Show 23 , Water ) `` 24 Hours '' , Eddie Boyd ( Show 24 , Time ) `` Shotgun Boogie '' , Tennessee Ernie Ford ( Show 25 , Guns ) Disc two ( edit ) `` Hoo - Doo Say '' , The Sly Fox ( Show 26 , Halloween ) `` Back To Back , Belly To Belly ( Zombie Jamboree ) '' ( Conrad Eugene Mauge Jr . ) , The Charmer ( Show 26 , Halloween ) `` I Ca n't Dance ( I 've Got Ants In My Pants ) '' , Roy Newman ( Show 27 , Dance ) `` A Man 's Best Friend Is a Bed '' , Louis Jordan & His Tympany Five ( Show 28 , Sleep ) `` Hungry Man '' , Louis Jordan & His Tympany Five ( Show 29 , Food ) `` Let 's Be Friends '' , Billy Wright ( Show 30 , Leftovers ) `` Tennessee Border '' , Hank Williams ( Show 31 , Tennessee ) `` Havana Moon '' , Chuck Berry ( Show 32 , Moon ) `` 3 x 7 = 21 '' , Jewel King ( Show 33 , Countdown ) `` Christmas Morning '' , Titus Turner ( Show 34 , Christmas / New Year ) `` Peggy Sue '' ( Holly , Allison , Petty ) , Buddy Holly ( Show 35 , Women 's Names ) `` Red Headed Woman '' , Sonny Burgess ( Show 36 , Hair ) `` Uncle Pen '' , Bill Monroe & His Bluegrass Boys ( Show 37 , Musical Instruments ) `` Bad Luck Blues '' , Guitar Slim ( Show 38 , Luck ) `` I 'll Drown in My Own Tears '' , Lula Reed ( Show 39 , Tears ) `` I 've Got The Last Laugh Now '' , Roy Brown ( Show 40 , Laughter ) `` Hearts of Stone '' ( Rudy Jackson ) , The Jewels ( Show 41 , Heart ) `` Paper in My Shoes '' , Boozoo Chavis ( Show 42 , Shoes ) `` Pink Cadillac '' , Sammy Masters ( Show 43 , Colour ) `` Drifting Texas Sand '' , Webb Pierce ( Show 44 , Texas ) `` Still A Fool ( Two Trains Running ) '' , Muddy Waters ( Show 45 , Trains ) `` All Aboard '' , Muddy Waters ( Show 46 , More Trains ) `` ( Now and Then There 's ) A Fool Such as I '' ( Bill Trader ) , Hank Snow ( Show 47 , Fools ) `` Let Me Off Uptown '' , Anita O'Day & Roy Eldridge ( Show 48 , New York ) `` Tax Payin ' Blues '' , J.B. Lenoir ( Show 49 , Death & Taxes ) `` Bad , Bad Whiskey '' ( Milburn ) , Amos Milburn ( Show 50 , Spring Cleaning ) Bob Dylan 's Theme Time Radio Hour , Volume 3 ( Best of the Second Series ) ( edit ) Disc one ( edit ) `` Hello Stranger '' ( Carter ) , The Carter Family - 2 : 48 `` Young Man 's Blues '' ( Allison ) , Mose Allison - 1 : 26 `` Young Fashioned Ways '' ( Dixon ) , Muddy Waters - 3 : 02 `` Lucy Mae Blues '' ( Sims ) , Frankie Lee Sims - 2 : 32 `` Blue Monday '' ( Domino , Bartholomew ) , Smiley Lewis - 2 : 42 `` California Blues '' ( Rodgers ) , Webb Pierce - 3 : 02 `` Rollin ' Stone '' ( Waters ) , Muddy Waters - 3 : 05 `` Mr. Thrill '' ( Jones ) , Mildred Jones - 2 : 34 `` Speedo '' ( Navarro ) , The Cadillacs - 2 : 23 `` Dry Bones '' ( Traditional ) , The Delta Rhythm Boys - 3 : 31 `` Roll in My Sweet Baby 's Arms '' ( Trad. , Arr . Monroe ) , The Monroe Brothers - 2 : 30 `` Big Legs '' ( Phillips , Taub ) , Gene Phillips - 2 : 58 `` Brain Cloudy Blues '' ( B. Wills / T. Duncan ) , Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys - 2 : 47 `` Smoke ! Smoke ! Smoke ! ( That Cigarette ) '' ( Travis , Williams ) , Tex Williams & His Western Caravan - 2 : 54 `` Cigareets , Whuskey and Wild , Wild Women '' ( Spencer ) , Red Ingle & The Natural Seven - 2 : 38 `` Reefer Man '' ( Razaf , Robinson ) , Baron Lee - 2 : 50 `` All I Have To Do Is Dream '' ( Bryant ) , The Everly Brothers - 2 : 20 `` Sh - Boom '' ( Feaster , Feaster , Keyes , Edwards , McRae ) , The Chords - 2 : 28 `` Let 's Have a Party '' ( Robinson ) , Wanda Jackson - 2 : 11 `` Caldonia 's Party '' ( Bartholomew ) , Smiley Lewis - 2 : 10 `` One Bad Stud '' ( Leiber , Stoller ) , The Honey Bears - 2 : 26 `` Dedicated to the One I Love '' ( Bass , Pauling ) , The `` 5 '' Royales - 2 : 44 `` One Night '' ( Bartholomew , King ) , Elvis Presley - 2 : 32 `` Walking By Myself '' ( Rogers ) , Jimmy Rogers & Big Walter Horton - 2 : 48 `` The Walk '' ( McCracklin ) , Jimmy McCracklin - 2 : 42 `` Down In Mexico '' ( Leiber , Stoller ) , The Coasters - 3 : 14 Disc two ( edit ) `` All Around The World '' ( Turner ) , Little Willie John - 2 : 58 `` Ubangi Stomp '' ( Underwood ) , Warren Smith - 2 : 00 `` The Key ( To Your Door ) '' ( Williamson ) , Sonny Boy Williamson - 3 : 17 `` Key To The Highway '' ( Broonzy , Segar ) , Little Walter - 2 : 57 `` Write Me a Letter '' ( Biggs ) , The Ravens - 2 : 52 `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' ( Ahlert , Young ) , Fats Waller - 3 : 30 `` I Feel That Old Age Coming On '' ( Sherman , Mann , Harris , Burns ) , Wynonie Harris - 2 : 47 `` ( Gotta Go ) Upside Your Head '' ( Johnson ) , Buddy & Ella Johnson - 2 : 46 `` Gloomy Sunday '' ( Seress , Javor , Lewis ) , Billie Holiday - 3 : 13 `` Send For The Doctor '' ( Pomus ) , Doc Pomus - 2 : 14 `` Dr. Kinsey Report '' ( Williams ) , Lord Lebby - 3 : 13 `` Hadocal Boogie '' , Bill Nettles & The Dixie Blue Boys - 2 : 46 `` Better Beware '' ( Otis , Darnell ) , Esther Phillips - 2 : 38 `` You 're The Dangerous Type '' ( Dorough ) , Bob Dorough - 4 : 20 `` Be Careful ( What You Say and Do ) '' ( Brim ) , John Brim - 2 : 41 `` The Rooster Song '' ( Domino , Bartholomew ) , Fats Domino - 2 : 06 `` Bird Gets The Worm '' ( Parker ) , Charlie Parker - 2 : 37 `` White Dove '' ( Carter Stanley ) , The Stanley Brothers - 3 : 17 `` Hold ' Em Joe '' ( Thomas ) , Andre Toussaint - 1 : 25 `` Where 's Joe ? '' ( Barker ) , Blue Lu Barker - 2 : 49 `` Diamond Joe '' ( Trad. , Arr . Houston ) , Cisco Houston - 2 : 25 `` Red Hot '' ( Emerson ) , Billy Lee Riley - 2 : 32 `` Great Balls Of Fire '' ( Blackwell , Hammer ) , Jerry Lee Lewis 1 : 53 `` Hot Little Mama '' ( Watson , Davis , Taub ) , Johnny `` Guitar '' Watson - 2 : 42 `` Cold Cold Feeling '' ( Robinson ) , T - Bone Walker - 3 : 10 `` Stone Cold Man '' ( The Charmer ) , The Charmer - 2 : 32 Bob Dylan 's Theme Time Radio Hour : The Best Of The Third Series ( edit ) Disc one ( edit ) `` Greenbacks '' , Ray Charles `` My Baby 's Just Like Money '' , Lefty Frizzell ( Show 1 , Money ) `` Your Cash Ai n't Nothin ' But Trash '' , The Clovers ( Show 1 , Money ) `` Money Honey '' ( Clyde McPhatter ) , The Drifters ( Show 1 , Money ) `` Why Do n't You Eat Where You Slept Last Night ? '' , Zuzu Bollin ( Show 3 , Night ) `` In the Night '' , Professor Longhair ( Show 3 , Night ) `` Do n't Start Me to Talkin ' '' , Sonny Boy Williamson ( Show 4 , Beginnings , Middles , Ends ) `` In the Middle of the Night '' , Amos Milburn ( Show 4 , Beginnings , Middles , Ends ) `` Flesh , Blood and Bone '' , Little Esther ( Show 5 , Blood ) `` She Made My Blood Run Cold '' , Ike Turner ( Show 5 , Blood ) `` Searching for a Soldier 's Grave '' , The Bailes Brothers ( Show 6 , War ) `` Drive Soldiers Drive '' , Little Maxie Bailey ( Show 6 , War ) `` Peaches in the Springtime '' , Memphis Jug Band ( Show 7 , Fruit ) `` W-P-L-J '' , The Four Deuces ( Show 7 , Fruit ) `` The Banana Boat Song ( Day - O ) '' , Harry Belafonte ( Show 7 , Fruit ) `` Straight Street '' , The Pilgrim Travelers ( Show 8 , Street Map ) `` Lost Highway '' , Hank Williams ( Show 8 , Street Map ) `` Route 90 '' , Clarence `` Bon Ton '' Garlow ( Show 8 , Street Map ) `` Jack Palance '' , Mighty Sparrow ( Show 9 , Famous People ) `` My Boy Elvis '' , Janis Martin ( Show 9 , Famous People ) `` Forty Days and Forty Nights '' , Muddy Waters ( Show 10 , Numbers 11 & Up ) `` Girl Fifteen '' , Floyd Dixon ( Show 10 , Numbers 11 & Up ) `` Call It Stormy Monday ( But Tuesday Is Just As Bad ) '' , T - Bone Walker ( Show 11 , Work ) `` Nice Work If You Can Get It '' , Sarah Vaughan ( Show 11 , Work ) `` That Ai n't Nothin ' But Right '' , Mac Curtis ( Show 12 , Nothing ) `` She 's Got Something '' , Jimmy Ballard ( Show 13 , Something ) Disc two ( edit ) `` Dead Cats on the Line '' , Tampa Red & Georgia Tom ( Show 14 , Cats ) `` It 's Fun to Be Livin ' in the Crazy House '' , Redd Foxx ( Show 15 , Madness ) `` Lost Mind '' , Mose Allison ( Show 15 , Madness ) `` I Want to Be Happy '' , Ella Fitzgerald ( Show 16 , Happiness ) `` Happy Home '' , Elmore James ( Show 16 , Happiness ) `` Feelin ' High And Happy '' , Hot Lips Page ( Show 16 , Happiness ) `` Dirty People '' , Smiley Lewis ( Show 17 , Cops & Robbers ) `` Sugar Coated Love '' , Lazy Lester ( Show 18 , Sugar & Candy ) `` Big Rock Candy Mountain '' , Harry McClintock ( Show 19 , Questions ) `` Who Do You Love ? '' ( Diddley ) , Bo Diddley ( Show 19 , Questions ) `` Whadaya Want ? '' , The Robins ( Show 19 , Questions ) `` What Is This Thing Called Love ? '' , Billie Holiday ( Show 19 , Questions ) `` True Blue Papa '' , Leon Chappel ( Show 20 , Truth & Lies ) `` Your True Love '' , Carl Perkins ( Show 20 , Truth & Lies ) `` It 's Only Make Believe '' , Conway Twitty ( Show 20 , Truth & Lies ) `` I 'm My Own Grandpa '' , Lonzo & Oscar ( Show 21 , Family Circle ) `` The Seventh Son '' , Willie Mabon ( Show 21 , Family Circle ) `` Barnyard Boogie '' , Louis Jordan & His Tympany Five ( Show 22 , Noah 's Ark ) `` Fattening Frogs For Snakes '' , Sonny Boy Williamson II ( Show 22 , Noah 's Ark ) `` Calling All Cows '' , Lazy Bill Lucas & the Blues Rockers ( Show 23 , Noah 's Ark ) `` Little Sadie '' , Clarence Ashley ( Show 24 , Big Clearance Sale ) `` Bon Ton Roula '' , Clarence `` Bon Ton '' Garlow ( Show 24 , Big Clearance Sale ) `` Ai n't Got No Home '' , Clarence `` Frogman '' Henry ( Show 24 , Big Clearance Sale ) `` Much Later '' , Jackie Brenston ( Show 25 , Goodbye ) `` So Long , I 'm Gone '' , Warren Smith ( Show 25 , Goodbye ) `` So Long , It 's Been Good to Know Yuh ( Dusty Old Dust ) '' , Woody Guthrie ( Show 25 , Goodbye ) Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Barker , Derek ( 2007 ) . The Best of Bob Dylan 's Theme Time Radio Hour ( Media notes ) . Various artists . Bedworth , Warwickshire , England : Chrome Dreams . Matos , Michaelangelo ( 2008 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Roots and Branches : Bob Dylan and The Climax Golden Twins Go Crate Digging '' . Baltimore City Paper . Baltimore , Maryland . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Matteo , Steve ( 2008 - 07 - 09 ) . `` Album Review : Various Artists , The Best Of Bob Dylan 's Theme Time Radio Hour , Volume 2 '' . Crawdaddy . New York City . Missing or empty url = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Isis - The Bob Dylan Magazine website Bob Dylan ( discography ) Studio albums Bob Dylan The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan The Times They Are a-Changin ' Another Side of Bob Dylan Bringing It All Back Home Highway 61 Revisited Blonde on Blonde John Wesley Harding Nashville Skyline Self Portrait New Morning Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid Dylan Planet Waves Blood on the Tracks The Basement Tapes Desire Street - Legal Slow Train Coming Saved Shot of Love Infidels Empire Burlesque Knocked Out Loaded Down in the Groove Oh Mercy Under the Red Sky Good as I Been to You World Gone Wrong Time Out of Mind Love and Theft Modern Times Together Through Life Christmas in the Heart Tempest Shadows in the Night Fallen Angels Triplicate Live albums Before the Flood Hard Rain Bob Dylan at Budokan Real Live Dylan & the Dead The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration MTV Unplugged Live 1961 -- 2000 : Thirty - Nine Years of Great Concert Performances Live at The Gaslight 1962 Live at Carnegie Hall 1963 In Concert -- Brandeis University 1963 The 1966 Live Recordings Compilations Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol. II Masterpieces Biograph Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Volume 3 The Best of Bob Dylan ( 1997 ) The Best of Bob Dylan , Vol. 2 The Essential Bob Dylan Bob Dylan : The Collection The Best of Bob Dylan ( 2005 ) Blues Dylan The Original Mono Recordings The 50th Anniversary Collection Bob Dylan : The Complete Album Collection Vol . One The 50th Anniversary Collection 1963 The 50th Anniversary Collection 1964 Bootlegs Great White Wonder List of Basement Tapes songs ( 1967 , 1975 ) The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 -- 3 ( Rare & Unreleased ) 1961 -- 1991 Volume 4 : The Royal Albert Hall concert Vol. 5 : Bob Dylan Live 1975 , The Rolling Thunder Revue Vol. 6 : Bob Dylan Live 1964 , Concert at Philharmonic Hall Vol. 7 : No Direction Home : The Soundtrack Vol. 8 : Tell Tale Signs : Rare and Unreleased 1989 -- 2006 Vol. 9 : The Witmark Demos : 1962 -- 1964 Vol. 10 : Another Self Portrait ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Vol. 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete Vol. 12 : The Cutting Edge 1965 -- 1966 Vol. 13 : Trouble No More 1979 -- 1981 Concert tours England Tour ( 1965 ) World Tour ( 1966 ) Tour with The Band ( 1974 ) Rolling Thunder Revue ( 1975 -- 1976 ) World Tour ( 1978 ) Gospel Tour ( 1979 -- 1980 ) World Tour ( 1981 ) European Tour ( 1984 ) True Confessions Tour ( 1986 ) Tour with the Grateful Dead ( 1987 ) Temples in Flames Tour ( 1987 ) Never Ending Tour 2017 Films Madhouse on Castle Street Dont Look Back Eat the Document Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid Renaldo and Clara Hearts of Fire Masked and Anonymous No Direction Home I 'm Not There 65 Revisited The Other Side of the Mirror : Bob Dylan Live at the Newport Folk Festival 1963 -- 1965 Inside Llewyn Davis Writings Tarantula Writings and Drawings Chronicles : Volume One Books about Dylan The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia Bob Dylan , Performing Artist Invisible Republic The Cambridge Companion to Bob Dylan Related Sara Dylan ( first wife ) Carolyn Dennis ( second wife ) Jesse Dylan ( son ) Jakob Dylan ( son ) Awards Bibliography Songs written by Dylan The Band Electric Dylan controversy Theme Time Radio Hour Traveling Wilburys Artists who have covered Dylan songs Chimes of Freedom ( album ) The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams Lost on the River : The New Basement Tapes Related topics Songs recorded by Dylan Suze Rotolo American folk music revival The Telegraph magazine Book Portal ( hide ) Bob Dylan 's Theme Time Radio Hour Seasons Season One Season Two Season Three Releases Together Through Life The Best of Bob Dylan 's Theme Time Radio Hour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Best_of_Bob_Dylan%27s_Theme_Time_Radio_Hour&oldid=799766155 '' Categories : 2007 compilation albums 2008 compilation albums 2009 compilation albums Works by Bob Dylan Compilation album series Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Pages using web citations with no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 18 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the best of bob dylan's theme time radio hour	[]	[]
3044316686256395978	Say Something (A Great Big World song)	Say Something ( a Great Big World song ) - wikipedia Say Something ( a Great Big World song ) `` Say Something '' Single by A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera from the album Is There Anybody Out There ? Released September 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) Format CD digital download Recorded 2013 Genre Indie pop Length 3 : 49 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Ian Axel Chad King Mike Campbell Producer ( s ) Dan Romer A Great Big World singles chronology `` This Is the New Year '' ( 2013 ) `` Say Something '' ( 2013 ) `` Already Home '' ( 2014 ) `` This Is the New Year '' ( 2013 ) `` Say Something '' ( 2013 ) `` Already Home '' ( 2014 ) Christina Aguilera singles chronology `` Hoy Tengo Ganas Ti '' ( 2013 ) Hoy Tengo Ganas Ti 2013 `` Say Something '' ( 2013 ) Say Something2013 `` We Remain '' ( 2013 ) We Remain 2013 `` Say Something '' is a song by American indie pop duo A Great Big World from their debut album , Is There Anybody Out There ? ( 2013 ) . Written by the duo members -- Ian Axel and Chad King -- alongside Mike Campbell , the song was originally recorded by Axel for his solo album This Is the New Year ( 2011 ) . It was later released as a single by the duo on September 3 , 2013 , by Epic Records . Following its usage on American reality TV show So You Think You Can Dance , the track gained attention from singer Christina Aguilera , who wanted to collaborate with A Great Big World on the song . Soon afterwards , a re-recorded version of `` Say Something '' with Aguilera was released on November 4 , 2013 . `` Say Something '' is a slow - tempo indie pop piano ballad that talks about a breakup , where the lover is implored to make a statement that could potentially cause the singer to change their mind , with the singers expressing humility , sadness and regret . In the single version with Aguilera , she plays a ghost of the lover to whom the song is addressed as she traces the steps of the lead vocal . The song was praised by music critics for its powerful lyrics , the emotional composition and Aguilera 's vocal delivery . At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards , the song earned A Great Big World and Aguilera a Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo / Group Performance . `` Say Something '' did not sell significantly well until the version with Aguilera was available . It debuted at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart after A Great Big World and Aguilera performed the song on The Voice . It eventually peaked at number four and has since sold over four million copies in the United States . It also topped the singles charts in Australia , Belgium , and Canada . A music video was released on November 19 , 2013 , featuring the trio singing as people `` act out the heartbreaking lyrics . '' To further promote `` Say Something '' , A Great Big World and Aguilera performed the track at the American Music Awards of 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Critical response 4 Chart performance 4.1 United States 4.2 Australia and Europe 5 Music video 5.1 Reception 6 Live performances 7 Cover versions 8 In other media 9 Track listing and formats 10 Charts 10.1 Weekly charts 10.2 Year - end charts 11 Certifications 12 Release history 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Background and release ( edit ) `` Say Something '' was originally released on February 8 , 2011 on band member Ian Axel 's solo album This Is the New Year with the song featuring harmonies by guest vocalist Jenny Owen Youngs , but the track went largely unnoticed until it received attention after being used on the TV series So You Think You Can Dance on season 10 's semi final episode contemporary dance routine by the eventual champion Amy Yakima . This sparked a chain reaction that eventually made its way to Christina Aguilera . `` ' Say Something ' was danced to on So You Think You Can Dance almost two months ago , and so many people responded to it , '' Axel tells Billboard . `` In that whole process , someone on our team played it for someone on Christina 's team , and we got a call that Christina wanted to record it , and then , literally a week later , we were in L.A. recording it with her . '' The pair considers Aguilera as having `` one of the top voices in the world , '' says Chad King , and re-recorded `` Say Something '' with her in two hours . `` We look at Christina as this icon who can say anything and make it sound amazing , '' says King . About approaching the duo to re-record the track , Aguilera said , `` Somebody sent me the song ( ... ) and it 's just the most simplest song that does n't have to fit a formula to be heard and to be appreciated , so I just heard it and I 've never done anything like this before and I was just like , ' You know ' , I just started to hear a harmony part over it and I was like , ' get in touch with these guys and see if they wan na get in the studio and sit behind the piano and just vibe together and see what happens ... ' and we did , and they 're so humble , so sweet , so down to earth , and I 'm all about that and supporting that , and we came together so organically and it was fun . '' Aguilera also added , `` It 's so quiet and still and steady and in a way pleading , '' she describes the song . `` I 'm only taking on projects that feel good to me and represent , as always , a purpose of the here and now in my life . '' Composition and lyrics ( edit ) `` Say Something '' A 23 - second sample of `` Say Something '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Say Something '' was written by Ian Axel , Chad King , and Mike Campbell while production was handled by Dan Romer . Sonically , the indie pop , piano ballad is underlined by a piano and string arrangement , which was performed by Los Angeles string players Mark Robertson , Andrew Duckles , and Vanessa Freebairn - Smith . The lyrics evoke the emotion felt when choosing to leave a failed relationship even though love still remains , imploring the lover to make a statement that could potentially convince the singer to salvage the relationship instead . For Bill Lamb of About.com , the chorus `` Say something , I 'm giving up on you '' , `` is brilliant . '' Lamb also explained the song , writing that , `` instead of being filled with anger and desperation , it is a song expressing a powerful combination of humility , sadness and regret . '' The song was written at a time when both members were experiencing individual heartbreak . `` Writing the song was part of the healing process , '' says Axel . `` Whenever we perform it , it 's like revisiting the scar . It 's always a part of me , and I can always go there and feel it . '' Lewis Corner of Digital Spy noted that with its `` stripped - down melody and emotive lyrics '' , the song becomes the antithesis of the club - thumping blow - outs radio currently prefers . '' Critical response ( edit ) The personal lyrics , written by the band members ( pictured ) , were highly praised by critics . `` Say Something '' received universal acclaim from music critics , with significant acclaim going towards the emotional tone . Rick Florino of Artist Direct gave the song 5 out of 5 stars , calling it `` Oscar - worthy '' , with `` a cinematic heft to the track that makes it utterly vivid and vibrant . '' Florino also praised Aguilera 's performance , calling it `` one of her best ever , fortifying the hook and harmony masterfully . '' Lewis Corner of Digital Spy praised Aguilera for `` reminding us why she always sounds infinitely better when heading up a ballad '' , calling it `` a beautifully simplistic ode to heartache that evidently connects . '' Robert Copsey also of Digital Spy called it `` one of ( Aguilera 's ) most understated outings in recent memory , and it 's all the better for it . '' Jon O'Brien of Yahoo ! Music noted that the song features Aguilera 's `` most restrained and indeed impressive vocal in years '' , calling the song `` as emotive as it is theatrical . '' Melinda Newman of HitFix praised Aguilera for `` show ( ing ) admirable restraint vocally , beautifully pairing with Axel 's vocals . '' Sam Lansky of Idolator wrote that the song `` was already pretty heartrending , but Aguilera 's vocals provide some lovely support and additional pathos ; it 's a relief to hear that she enriches , rather than overwhelms , the track . '' Bradley Stern of MuuMuse praised the `` slow , sad piano melody '' , the `` mournful strings , '' calling it `` a haunting production -- made even better by the Stripped diva , proving once again that less is often more . '' Stern also praised Aguilera for showing a simple side of her voice , writing that she `` does n't even have her own verse or chorus -- she resigns to delivering subtle , yet effective , backing vocals for the entirety of the re-recording . It 's only in the song 's final few moments that she allows that powerhouse pipes to blow in the background . And those whispers at the very end ? ' Say something , I 'm giving up on you ... ' Gulp . '' Chart performance ( edit ) United States ( edit ) `` We still ca n't even believe that this happened . We can hardly put it into words . Not only did we get to perform on The Voice , but we were honored to do so alongside one of the best voices in the world , ' Christina Aguilera ' . We 're grateful to all of our fans around the globe who have connected with the song so closely . '' -- The duo impressed with the success of the song . The original version of the song had sold only 52,000 downloads before the version with Christina Aguilera was released , according to Nielsen SoundScan . `` Say Something '' debuted at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , following the impact of the performance on The Voice , as the song started at number - one on Digital Songs with 189,000 sold , with the remix featuring Aguilera accounting for 86 % of the song 's overall download sales in the chart 's tracking week . The song was also a success on the Canadian Hot 100 , debuting at number 9 and peaking at number one . After the performance on the AMAs , the song jumped to number 3 on the Digital Songs chart , with 197,000 copies . It also jumped from number 18 to number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , becoming A Great Big World 's first top - ten single and Aguilera 's 11th top 10 and second in 2013 ( with the other being `` Feel This Moment '' at number eight ) , becoming the second time she achieved multiple top 10s in a single year , with the first being in 2000 , when ' What a Girl Wants ' ( number - one for two weeks ) , ' I Turn To You ' ( number three ) and ' Come On Over Baby ( All I Want Is You ) ' ( number - one for four weeks ) , all from her self - titled debut album , reached the top tier . The song is also Aguilera 's first top 10 with lead billing since October 2008 , when her single `` Keeps Gettin ' Better '' debuted at its number seven peak . `` Say Something '' also became Epic 's first top - ten hit since 2008 with You Found Me by The Fray . `` Say Something '' peaked at number 4 on the chart in the sixth week of release , with 39 million radio plays and sales of 233,000 copies for the week . The following week , the song sold 355,000 downloads and climbed to number 14 on Radio Songs , although it fell to number five . In February 2014 , the song reached the Radio Songs top 10 , becoming the band 's first top 10 and Aguilera 's ninth , marking her first Radio Songs top 10 in a lead role since `` Beautiful '' in 2003 . The song reached its 3 million sales mark in February 2014 , and was certified triple platinum on March 5 , 2014 . In June of the same year , the single was certified 4x Platinum . As of December 2014 , the song had sold about 4 million copies in the US . In May 2017 the single was certified 6 × platinum in the United States for sales in excess of 6 million units . Australia and Europe ( edit ) In Australia , `` Say Something '' debuted at number 47 on the week of December 29 , 2013 . Later , it re-entered at number 45 , on January 19 , 2014 . The song went to jump from number 50 to number 9 , on the week of February 2 , 2014 , until it reached the top of the ARIA Charts on the week February 16 , 2014 . It became A Great Big World 's first number - one single and Aguilera 's third number - one single ( the last being `` Beautiful '' in 2003 ) . The song became Aguilera 's 18th Top 10 single in Australia , her last entry was on the Pitbull song `` Feel This Moment '' which made it to number six in March 2013 . In New Zealand , the single debuted at number 18 , on December 16 , 2013 , while on February 10 , 2014 , the song reached a peak of number two ; Aguilera 's highest charting - single since her collaboration with Maroon 5 in `` Moves Like Jagger '' ( 2011 ) , and her 14th top - five single . In Europe , the song managed to become a huge success . In Austria , the song peaked at number four on the Austrian Singles Chart , while in Norway , the song peaked at number eight on the Norwegian Singles Chart and in Sweden , `` Say Something '' became a success , peaking at number four on the Swedish Singles Chart . In other countries , `` Say Something '' was a moderate success , where in Spain , it peaked at number 24 , in Switzerland , the song reached a peak of number 31 and in France , the song is currently at number 29 , as of March 1 , 2014 . In the United Kingdom , `` Say Something '' debuted and peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart , becoming Aguilera 's 24th Top 40 hit in Britain and A Great Big World 's debut there . Music video ( edit ) A music video , directed by Christopher Sims , was already shot on November 8 , 2013 , with Aguilera posting to her Twitter , Facebook and Instagram page a picture of her standing next to a piano , where the duo is playing the track . The music video , which was shot in Los Angeles , was released on November 19 , 2013 , exclusively on Entertainment Tonight , while VEVO premiered the video on November 20 , 2013 . The video features Aguilera in a minimalistic black dress and natural make - up , reminiscent of her `` Beautiful '' days , according to MTV 's Natasha Chandel . In the video , the trio perform the ballad as people -- a child whose parents wo n't stop fighting , a young couple lying coldly side by side , an older man bidding his dying wife goodbye -- act out the heartbreaking lyrics . Reception ( edit ) The scene where Christina Aguilera is shown with tears welling in her eyes was praised by critics and fans alike due to her delivery . The video received widespread acclaim from critics . For Jason Lipshut of Billboard Magazine , `` Aguilera and AGBW 's Ian Axel look utterly sorrowful as they croon the break - up ballad together , with Axel carefully pounding away at the grand piano and Aguilera appearing on the verge of tears as the song reaches its climax . Meanwhile , various tear - inducing images accompany the majestic track , often in slow motion -- most strikingly , an older man climbing into a hospital bed with his peaceful female counterpart and emitting a silent shout . '' Peter Gicas of E ! Online praised Aguilera 's emotion on the video , writing that she `` serves up a certain subtleness to the clip , which is definitely appropriate given the tone of both the ballad and the video itself . '' Bradley Stern of MuuMuse agreed , writing that , `` Armed with nothing else but a piano and an old bed frame by her side , the ' Lotus ' legend bares her soul and gives you pure Stripped - era vulnerability , conjuring the simple - yet - effective one - take video for ' The Voice Within . ' No over-the - top diva theatrics , no wigs -- just raw emotion and a genuinely powerful performance . '' John Walker of MTV Buzzworthy called the video `` equal parts tragically beautiful and beautifully tragic . Like , hand us a bucket , because we are ugly - crying from our eyes , noses , mouths , ears , and at least 17 other places where tear ducts biologically should n't be located . Mike Wass of Idolator also praised the video , writing that , `` In keeping with the song 's soft and subtle tone , the visual is understated and classy . It centers around a bed and the universality of its occupants ' grief . Interspersed with those scenes is footage of the New York - based duo at the piano and Xtina looking utterly perfect in a sleek black dress . Grab a tissue and watch the emotional clip up top . '' Natasha Chandel of MTV praised `` a rare moment , when Xtina breaks down on camera as the hook , ' Say something , I 'm giving up on you ' crescendos , exposing a tender side to the singer that we have n't seen since her album ' Stripped ' . Live performances ( edit ) A Great Big World performing `` Say Something '' at Jonathan Law High School in Milford , Connecticut in May 2013 On November 5 , 2013 , on the 14th episode from the fifth season of The Voice , Christina Aguilera ( one of the competition 's coaches ) performed `` Say Something '' with A Great Big World . The performance consisted of a piano , some strings and a keyboard for instrumentation , while Aguilera `` reining in her voice 's natural power '' , according to Billboard 's Jason Lipshutz . Christina was wearing white t - shirt , jeans and a woolly hat . The performance was lauded by critics and other artists , such as OneRepublic , Christina Perri , Ingrid Michaelson , Cee Lo Green and Carson Daly . Caila Ball of Idolator wrote that , `` She was legendary , obviously . '' Michelle Stark of Tampa Bay Times wrote the performance `` gives us all of the goosebumps . '' British newspaper Daily Mail wrote that Christina `` gave the competitors a master class in subtlety in her touching duet . '' Douglas Cobb of Las Vegas Guardian Express called it `` a very emotional , low - key , cool performance . It was a very tender , touching song -- Christina did great , as usual , singing it . '' Bradley Stern of MuuMuse called the performance `` perfect '' , writing that , `` Christina keeps it as stripped as the studio version , allowing her naturally beautiful vocals to sound a whole lot more vulnerable than usual . The result ? One powerful , devastating performance -- you 'll be seeing your reflejo in the tears streaming down your face in no time . '' A Great Big World and Aguilera also performed the song at the 2013 American Music Awards on November 24 , 2013 . With her hair in a braid and wearing a muted black dress , Aguilera sang an original verse midway through the performance , which included a string section and a fairly bare stage . With A Great Big World 's Chad King manning the keyboard , the group 's Ian Axel sat at the grand piano and stamped his feet furiously as ' Say Something ' approached its emotional climax , '' according to Billboard 's Jason Lipshutz . Lindsay Dreyer of Wetpaint wrote that `` Taking her rightful place center stage in a floor - length black dress and braided updo , the 32 - year - old pop diva harmonized perfectly with the group 's lead singer Ian Axel , who worked the piano with passion and poise . Xtina 's rich yet breathy tone offered just the right amount of strength and vulnerability -- a side of Christina we have n't seen in a really long time . '' Dreyer finished the review stating , `` If tonight 's AMA performance is any indication , Christina is on the brink of a major music comeback -- and we ca n't wait ! . '' The band also performed the song at the 2013 Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show on December 10 , 2013 . However , Aguilera did not perform the song with them as a duet , due to scheduling conflicts of The Voice . Aguilera also performed the song in Malaysia in a private concert without the band on March 28 . The duo and Aguilera also performed the song during the New Orleans Jazz Festival . She gave a one - and - a-half - hour - long show and then invited the band to perform the song in front of a large crowd on May 2 , 2014 . The band ( sans Aguilera ) sang the song on the September 6 episode of Last Week Tonight in a duet with comedian John Oliver to mourn the loss of the Russian space geckos . The song was performed live on the premiere episode of Late Night with Seth Meyers Cover versions ( edit ) American indie pop duo Alex & Sierra performed the song twice on third season of The X Factor ( U.S. ) , where they were contestants and eventually won the show . During the sixth week , the duo performed the song for the first time , with Sierra on the piano and Alex on guitar . The performance was praised by the judges , with Kelly Rowland , one of them , feeling like she was watching an awards show performance . Catriona Wightman of Digital Spy called it `` pretty simple , but showed how genuinely talented they are . '' The cover version of the song surpassed A Great Big World and Aguilera 's version on iTunes , climbing to number 1 the morning after they sang it onstage . Series creator and head judge Simon Cowell , who mentored the group , claimed that the duo success is proof that the show is still capable of turning small - town kids into bankable stars . The duo performed the song once again on the finale of the show , eventually winning the competition . American progressive metal band Redemption includes their own cover version of the song on the vinyl version of their album The Art of Loss . On January 19 , 2014 , The Voice of the Philippines coaches Sarah Geronimo and Bamboo performed their own rendition of the song on ABS - CBN 's Sunday variety show ASAP 19 . Right after the performance , the hashtag ' SaySomethingAshBoo ' trended on Twitter . Joe Brooks and Tammin Sursok released a pop rock version of the song on March 29 , 2014 , as a single . The song was released under Independent record label Fantastik Music and was distributed by TuneCore . Jackie Evancho and Cheyenne Jackson performed the song on August 21 , 2014 at Longwood Gardens , as part of the recording of the PBS special `` Jackie Evancho : Awakening - Live in Concert '' supporting Evancho 's `` Awakening '' album and tour . Collabro , the winners of the 2014 edition of Britain 's Got Talent , performed the song at the Royal Variety Performance on 8 December 2014 . Polish singer Łukasz Tokarski covered the song in 2017 . KZ Tandingan was the fourth person to perform such song on Singer 2018 where she ranked fourth on Episode 7 . In other Media ( edit ) The original version of the song is featured in NCIS -- the episode number 291 ( S13E09 ) , ( `` Day In Court '' ) . The song is featured in the episode 13 of season 5 of The Vampire Diaries . The instrumental version and first version of the song appears in the series finale episode , ( `` Stiiiiiiill Horny '' ) of Suburgatory . The song is featured in the movie , Perdona Si Te Llamo Amor , released on June 19 , 2014 . The song is heard in the first theatrical trailer for the film adaptation of Gayle Forman 's novel , If I Stay . The song was used in the season 5 finale of Rookie Blue , a Canadian television police drama . The song is heard in the episode 4 of season one of Red Band Society . The original version of the song , without Christina Aguilera , is used in a season 19 episode of South Park ; the episode was entitled : `` Tweek x Craig '' . The song is featured in a trailer for the movie , The 33 . The original version of the song is featured at the end of episode 4 , titled `` Secrets and Lies '' , from season 8 of Heartland ( Canadian TV series ) . Pentatonix did an a cappella cover of the song . Stellenbosch University Choir did an a capella cover as well on the base of the arrangement by Pentatonix . The song is featured at the end of the Season Five finale , `` Buried '' , of `` Republic of Doyle '' Track listing and formats ( edit ) Solo version digital download `` Say Something '' -- 3 : 53 Duet version digital download `` Say Something '' -- 3 : 53 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 14 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 15 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 9 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 6 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 8 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 91 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 18 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 11 France ( SNEP ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 36 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Israel ( Media Forest ) 5 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 67 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 8 Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 8 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 95 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 24 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 20 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 38 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 31 US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 12 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 18 US Hot Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 29 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 34 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 6 × Platinum 480,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 30,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) streaming Platinum 2,600,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 30,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 4 × Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 6,000,000 Venezuela ( APFV ) Platinum 10,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Version ( s ) Format Distributor Belgium September 3 , 2013 Solo Digital download Epic Records Finland Luxembourg Portugal Switzerland Spain United States Belgium November 4 , 2013 Duet Finland Germany Sony Music Entertainment Portugal Epic Records Sweden Switzerland Spain United States Germany December 13 , 2013 Duet and solo CD single Sony BMG United Kingdom February 16 , 2014 Digital download Epic Records See also ( edit ) List of number - one dance singles of 2014 ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2013 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2014 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lipshut , Jason ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` A Great Big World Talks ' Say Something ' & Answering Christina Aguilera 's Call '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Aguilera Talks Collaborating on Say Something ; Blake Shelton on His Mom Putting Him in Beauty Pageants '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera Teams Up with a Great Big World for a New Version Of `` Say Something '' : Watch `` . Idolator . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lamb , Bill . `` Review : A Great Big World -- Say Something featuring Christina Aguilera '' . About.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : McCabe , Kathy ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` A Great Big World chase their Say Something success with Christina Aguilera to Australia '' . News Corp Australia . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Lansky , Sam ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera Lends Her Vocals to a Great Big World 's `` Say Something '' : Listen `` . Idolator . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Corner , Lewis ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` A Great Big World ft . Christina Aguilera : Say Something review -- Digital Spy '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Florino , Rick ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` A Great Big World `` Say Something '' Featuring Christina Aguilera Song Review -- 5 out of 5 stars `` . Artist Direct . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Robert ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` Playlist : 10 tracks you need to hear '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Jon ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` Weekly Singles Review -- A Great Big World ft . Christina Aguilera , Sam Smith & David Guetta '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newman , Melinda ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera 's stirring ' Say Something ' video : Watch '' . HitFix . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stern , Bradley . `` CHRISTINA AGUILERA KEEPS IT ( SHOCKINGLY ) SIMPLE ON GORGEOUS RE-RECORDING OF A GREAT BIG WORLD 'S `` SAY SOMETHING '' `` . MuuMuse . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 , Celine Dion and Avril Lavigne in Top Five '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Lorde 's ' Royals ' Leads Hot 100 , Lady Gaga 's ' Dope ' Debuts At No. 8 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Canadian Hota 100 : Page 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` One Direction Scores Historic Third No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Miley Cyrus ' ' Wrecking Ball ' Swings Back To No. 1 On Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem , Rihanna Remain Atop Hot 100 With ' The Monster ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 2 , 2014 ) . `` Eminem , Rihanna Rule Hot 100 for a Fourth Week ; Miley Cyrus Returns '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Katy Perry Tops Hot 100 , Beyonce Bounds to No. 2 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : You Bet Pharrell Is `` Happy '' `` . Yahoo Music . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA - Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - February 02 , 2015 '' . RIAA . Jump up ^ `` The Big 9 in 2014 : Epic '' . HITS Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . December 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=%22Aguilera,+Christina%22 ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( January 25 , 2014 ) . `` ARIA Take 40 Chart Facts 25th January 2014 '' . take40.com . MCM Media . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Norwegiancharts.com -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spanishcharts.com -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Smith becomes first BRITs Critics Choice winner to debut at Number 1 '' . officialcharts.com . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` On set yesterday at the Say Something music video shoot with Christina Aguilera ! '' . A Great Big World . November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting the # SaySomething video with @ AGreatBigWorld ! XoXtina '' . Twitter . November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Shot : Christina Aguilera Shoots ' Say Something ' Music Video '' . That Grape Juice . November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pace , Robert ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` World Premiere : ' Say Something ' Music Video '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chandel , Natasha ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Watch Christina Aguilera ' Say Something ' ( And Cry ) With A Great Big World '' . MTV . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Christina Aguilera and A Great Big World 's `` Say Something '' Music Video `` . Gossip Cop . November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lipshut , Jason ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` A Great Big World , Christina Aguilera Shine In ' Say Something ' Video : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gicas , Peter ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` News : Christina Aguilera Keeps Things Understated for A Great Big World 's `` Say Something '' Music Video -- Watch ! `` . E ! Online . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stern , Bradley ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` The Video for A Great Big World 's `` Say Something '' with Christina Aguilera Will Also Make You Cry `` . MuuMuse . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , John ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera 's ' Say Something ' Video With A Great Big World Should Be Titled ' Weep Everything ' '' . MTV Buzzworthy . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera And A Great Big World 's `` Say Something '' Video Will Make You Cry : Watch `` . Idolator . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's not all about you , Christina ! Aguilera takes over The Voice with another show stealing performance as live rounds continue '' . Daily Mail . November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World 's `` Say Something '' With Christina Aguilera Ascends To No. 1 on iTunes Pop Songs Chart `` . Yahoo !. Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ball , Caila ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Voice ' : Christina Aguilera Performs `` Say Something '' With A Great Big World `` . Idolator . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stark , Michelle ( November 10 , 2013 ) . `` How Christina Aguilera became the best part of ' The Voice ' '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Douglas ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Voice The Live Shows Premiere Part 2 November 5 ( Review ) '' . Las Vegas Guardian Express . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stern , Bradley ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` A GREAT BIG WORLD 'S PERFORMANCE OF `` SAY SOMETHING '' ON THE VOICE WITH CHRISTINA AGUILERA WILL MAKE YOU CRY ALL OF THE TEARS `` . MuuMuse . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Phil ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera , A Great Big World and Ariana Grande to Perform at American Music Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( November 24 , 2013 ) . `` A Great Big World , Christina Aguilera Combine To ' Say Something ' At American Music Awards : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dreyer , Lindsay ( November 24 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera Sings `` Say Something '' With A Great Big World at 2013 American Music Awards ( VIDEO ) `` . Wetpaint . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DelliCarpini Jr. , Gregory ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Taylor Swift , Fall Out Boy and More Perform at Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / AGreatBigWorld : @ xtinaculture @ xtina Unfortunately no she ca n't make it ! '' . Twitter . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Aguilera played the pop diva , for better and worse , at the New Orleans Jazz Fest '' . nola.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wightman , Catriona ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` The X Factor USA Diva & Unplugged week : Five best performances -- video '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wills , Cortney ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' X Factor ' Finalists Alex & Sierra Notch iTunes No. 1 , Show Sales Potential '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alex & Sierra Win ' X Factor ' Season Three '' . Billboard Magazine . December 20 , 2013 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ trixie0826 ( January 19 , 2014 ) . `` Trending : Sarah and Bamboo ASAP duet `` Say Something '' ( Video ) `` . Philippine Showbiz . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Sarah - Bamboo vs KZ - Sam : Who Sang ' Say Something ' Better ? '' . abs-cbn.com . Jump up ^ `` BIDA KAPAMILYA : Sarah Geronimo and Bamboo ' Say Something ' Duet on ASAP 19 ( Video ) - January 19 '' . bidakapamilya.blogspot.com . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single -- Joe Brooks & Tammin Sursok '' . iTunes . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Say Something ' by Joe Brooks & Tammin Sursok '' . Emusic . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Evancho , Cheyenne Jackson - Say Something '' . Jump up ^ `` Collabro - Say Something - Royal Variety '' . Jump up ^ Łukasz Tokarski − Powiedz coś ( A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera − Say Something ) . Jump up ^ `` If I Stay -- Official Trailer ( 2014 ) Chloë Grace Moretz ( HD ) '' . YouTube . April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( BE ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Say Something feat . Christina Aguilera : A Great Big World : Amazon.de '' ( in German ) . Amazon.de . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201414 into search . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201425 into search . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- A Great Big World feat . Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Aguilera , A Great Big World : Say Something '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- A Great Big World feat . Christina Aguilera Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 10 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World feat . Christina Aguilera -- Say Something Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World -- Chart history '' Billboard Portugal Digital Songs for A Great Big World . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201415 into search . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201439 into search . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts -- ARIA Top 100 Singles 2014 '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian Singles -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2014 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of 2014 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Year End -- Adult Contemporary Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Year End -- Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Year End -- Dance Club Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Year End -- Pop Music -- Top Pop Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2014 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Enter A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera in the field Interpret . Enter Say Something in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2014 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- A Great Big World -- Say Something '' . Music Canada . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Feat . Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( A Great Big World ; ' Say Something ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- A Great Big World -- Say Something '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Type A Great Big World in the box under the ARTISTA column heading . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- A Great Big World -- Say Something '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norge '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan : A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Grammofonleverantörernas förening . Archived from the original ( To access certification , one must search ( Sök ) for `` Say Something '' or `` Say Something A Great Big World '' and click the `` Visa '' button . ) on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( A Great Big World ; ' Say Something ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- A Great Big World -- Say Something '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Say Something in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones De Venezuela Del 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . APFV . November 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( FI ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( LU ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( PT ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( CH ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( ES ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Say Something : A Great Big World : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something ( 2013 ) A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera '' . 7digital ( NL - BE ) . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something ( 2013 ) A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera '' . 7digital ( FI ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something ( 2013 ) A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera '' . 7digital ( PT ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something ( 2013 ) A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera '' . 7digital ( SE ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something ( 2013 ) A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera '' . 7digital ( DE-CH ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something ( 2013 ) A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera '' . 7digital ( ES ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Say Something feat . Christina Aguilera : A Great Big World '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single -- Musik '' ( in German ) . Amazon.de . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( GB ) . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) `` Say Something '' audio ( solo version ) on YouTube `` Say Something '' music video ( duet version ) on YouTube A Great Big World Ian Axel Chad King Studio albums Is There Anybody Out There ? When the Morning Comes A Great Big World Singles `` Say Something '' `` Hold Each Other '' `` Wo n't Stop Running '' `` When I Was a Boy '' Christina Aguilera songs Discography Christina Aguilera `` Genie in a Bottle '' `` What a Girl Wants '' `` I Turn to You '' `` Come On Over Baby ( All I Want Is You ) '' `` Reflection '' Mi Reflejo `` Genio Atrapado '' `` Falsas Esperanzas '' `` Pero Me Acuerdo de Ti '' `` Ven Conmigo ( Solamente Tú ) '' `` Si No Te Hubiera Conocido '' `` Contigo en la Distancia '' `` Por Siempre Tú '' `` Una Mujer '' `` Mi Reflejo '' My Kind of Christmas `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` Angels We Have Heard on High '' `` This Christmas '' `` The Christmas Song '' Stripped `` Dirrty '' `` Beautiful '' `` Fighter '' `` Ca n't Hold Us Down '' `` The Voice Within '' `` Walk Away '' Back to Basics `` Ai n't No Other Man '' `` Hurt '' `` Candyman '' `` Oh Mother '' `` Slow Down Baby '' Keeps Gettin ' Better : A Decade of Hits `` Keeps Gettin ' Better '' `` Genie 2.0 '' `` You Are What You Are ( Beautiful ) '' Bionic `` Bionic '' `` Not Myself Tonight '' `` Woohoo '' `` Elastic Love '' `` Glam '' `` Lift Me Up '' `` You Lost Me '' `` I Hate Boys '' Burlesque `` Something 's Got a Hold on Me '' `` Express '' `` Show Me How You Burlesque '' `` The Beautiful People ( from Burlesque ) '' Lotus `` Lotus Intro '' `` Army of Me '' `` Red Hot Kinda Love '' `` Make the World Move '' `` Your Body '' `` Let There Be Love '' `` Sing for Me '' `` Blank Page '' `` Around the World '' `` Circles '' `` Just a Fool '' Liberation `` Fall in Line '' `` Accelerate '' `` Twice '' Collaborations `` Lady Marmalade '' `` Nobody Wants to Be Lonely '' `` What 's Going On '' `` El Ultimo Adios ( The Last Goodbye ) '' `` Car Wash '' `` Tilt Ya Head Back '' `` A Song for You '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` Tell Me '' `` Castle Walls '' `` Moves like Jagger '' `` Feel This Moment '' `` Hoy Tengo Ganas de Ti '' `` Say Something '' `` Do What U Want '' Other songs `` Miss Independent '' `` Falling in Love Again ( Ca n't Help It ) '' `` We Remain '' `` Shotgun '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Change '' `` Telepathy '' The X Factor ( U.S. ) Discography Controversy and criticism Seasons Winners Melanie Amaro Tate Stevens Alex & Sierra Finalists Season 1 Winners songs `` Listen '' `` Tomorrow '' `` Say Something '' Other contestants Josh Krajcik Chris Rene Marcus Canty Rachel Crow Astro LeRoy Bell Hayley Orrantia Stacy Francis Simone Battle Christa Collins Carly Rose Sonenclar Fifth Harmony Emblem3 Diamond White Beatrice Miller Jeff Gutt Carlito Olivero Ellona Santiago Josh Levi Lillie McCloud Rachel Potter Forever in Your Mind Jamie Pineda Tammin Sursok Studio albums Whatever Will Be Singles `` Pointless Relationship '' `` Whatever Will Be '' `` It 's a Beautiful Thing '' Collaborations `` Say Something '' Filmography Aquamarine Crossing Over Albino Farm 10 Rules for Sleeping Around Television Home and Away The Young and the Restless Spectacular ! Pretty Little Liars Characters Dani Sutherland Colleen Carlton Jenna Marshall Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Say_Something_(A_Great_Big_World_song)&oldid=843106525 '' Categories : 2011 songs 2013 songs 2013 singles A Great Big World songs Christina Aguilera songs Epic Records singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Pop ballads 2010s ballads Sony Music Entertainment singles Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from November 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Portugaldigitalsongs Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Հայերեն Italiano Polski Português Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 22 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the song say something by a great big world about	[]	[]
-5135968555747429572	List of Ashes series	List of Ashes series - wikipedia List of Ashes series The Ashes urn , which remains at the MCC Museum at Lord 's . A replica urn is presented to the winning captain . The Ashes is a Test cricket series played between England and Australia . The series have varied in length , consisting of between one and seven Test matches , but since 1998 have been consistently five matches . It is one of sport 's most celebrated rivalries and dates back to 1882 . It is generally played biennially , alternating between the United Kingdom and Australia . Australia are the current holders of the Ashes , having clinched the 2017 - 18 series in the third test in Perth . Although the first Test series played between England and Australia was in the 1876 -- 77 season , the Ashes originated from the solitary Test which the two nations contested in 1882 . England lost the match , played at The Oval , and a mock obituary was posted in The Sporting Times , declaring the death of English cricket . It stated that : `` The body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia . '' The Honourable Ivo Bligh adopted the term and , as captain of the English party that travelled to Australia the following winter , promised to bring the `` Ashes '' home . After its loss to Australia in 1882 , England won the next eight series between the two sides , during which time it lost only four of the 22 Tests . Australia won an Ashes series for the first time in 1891 -- 92 , when it beat England 2 -- 1 . The 1932 -- 33 tour was known as the `` Bodyline series '' as , in response to the talented Australian batsman Don Bradman , England developed a tactic of bowling quickly at the body of the batsmen with most of the fielders placed in a close ring on the leg side . England won the series , but the tactic prompted changes to the laws of cricket , and the Australians , buoyed by the batting of Bradman , regained the Ashes during the next series and then held them for six series , spanning nineteen years . It was during this period that the Australians travelled to England in 1948 , and remained unbeaten during the whole tour , gaining the nickname of `` The Invincibles '' . In addition to winning the five match Test series 4 -- 0 , Australia won or drew all of its 29 other matches against county and representative sides . Australia has won more Ashes Tests than England , winning 134 of the 330 matches , compared to England 's 106 victories . Australia also holds the edge in Ashes series won , having won on 33 occasions compared to England 's 32 . There have been five drawn series , and on four of these occasions , Australia has retained the Ashes due to being holders going into the series . England has retained the Ashes after a drawn series once . On only three occasions has a team won all the Tests in an Ashes series ; Australia won all five matches in 1920 -- 21 , then repeated the feat in 2006 -- 07 and in 2013 -- 14 . England 's largest winning margin in an Ashes series was in 1978 -- 79 , when it won 5 -- 1 . Both England and Australia have held the Ashes for eight series in a row , England doing so between 1882 -- 83 and 1890 , while Australia achieved the feat from 1989 to 2002 -- 03 . Since 1882 , a small number of Test series have been played between the two sides that have not been allocated as Ashes series ; those played in 1976 -- 77 , 1979 -- 80 , 1980 and 1987 -- 88 , these series are not listed in the table below . Contents 1 Key 2 Ashes series 3 Summary of results 4 Notes and references 5 External links Key ( edit ) Years denotes the cricket season in which the series takes place . Host denotes the host country for the series . First match denotes the date on which the first match of the series commenced . Tests denotes how many Tests were played in the series , and in parentheses ( if different ) the number of Tests that were scheduled to be played in the series . Australia denotes how many matches in the series were won by Australia . England denotes how many matches in the series were won by England . Drawn denotes how many matches in the series were drawn . Result denotes which side won the series overall , or if it was drawn . Holder denotes which side was awarded ( or retained ) the Ashes at the end of the series of matches Ashes series ( edit ) The Honourable Ivo Bligh captained England during their first Ashes series . Jack Hobbs ( left ) and Herbert Sutcliffe were two of England 's most successful batsmen in the Ashes . Don Bradman ( left ) , who has scored more runs in the Ashes than any other player , at the toss of the first Test of the 1936 -- 37 Ashes with Gubby Allen . Shane Warne played for Australia in 14 years of Ashes Tests , taking a record 195 wickets . Series Years Host First match Tests Australia England Drawn Result Holder Ref 1882 -- 83 Australia 30 December 1882 0 England England 1884 England 11 July 1884 0 England England 1884 -- 85 Australia 12 December 1884 5 0 England England 1886 England 5 July 1886 0 0 England England 5 1886 - 87 Australia 28 January 1887 0 0 England England 6 1887 - 88 Australia 10 February 1888 0 0 England England 7 1888 England 16 July 1888 0 England England 8 1890 England 21 July 1890 2 ( 3 ) 0 0 England England 9 1891 -- 92 Australia 1 January 1892 0 Australia Australia 10 1893 England 17 July 1893 0 England England 11 1894 -- 95 Australia 14 December 1894 5 0 England England 12 1896 England 22 June 1896 0 England England 13 1897 -- 98 Australia 13 December 1897 5 0 Australia Australia 14 1899 England 1 June 1899 5 0 Australia Australia 15 1901 -- 02 Australia 13 December 1901 5 0 Australia Australia 16 1902 England 29 May 1902 5 Australia Australia 17 1903 -- 04 Australia 11 December 1903 5 0 England England 18 1905 England 29 May 1905 5 0 England England 19 1907 -- 08 Australia 13 December 1907 5 0 Australia Australia 20 1909 England 27 May 1909 5 Australia Australia 21 1911 -- 12 Australia 15 December 1911 5 0 England England 22 1912 England 27 May 1912 0 England England 23 1920 -- 21 Australia 17 December 1920 5 5 0 0 Australia Australia 24 1921 England 28 May 1921 5 0 Australia Australia 25 1924 -- 25 Australia 19 December 1924 5 0 Australia Australia 26 1926 England 12 June 1926 5 0 England England 27 1928 -- 29 Australia 30 November 1928 5 0 England England 28 1930 England 13 June 1930 5 Australia Australia 29 1932 -- 33 Australia 2 December 1932 5 0 England England 30 1934 England 8 June 1934 5 Australia Australia 31 1936 -- 37 Australia 4 December 1936 5 0 Australia Australia 32 1938 England 10 June 1938 4 ( 5 ) Drawn Australia 33 1946 -- 47 Australia 29 November 1946 5 0 Australia Australia 34 1948 England 10 June 1948 5 0 Australia Australia 35 1950 -- 51 Australia 1 December 1950 5 0 Australia Australia 36 1953 England 11 June 1953 5 0 England England 37 1954 -- 55 Australia 26 November 1954 5 England England 38 1956 England 7 June 1956 5 England England 39 1958 -- 59 Australia 5 December 1958 5 0 Australia Australia 40 1961 England 8 June 1961 5 Australia Australia 41 1962 -- 63 Australia 30 November 1962 5 Drawn Australia 42 1964 England 4 April 1964 5 0 Australia Australia 43 1965 -- 66 Australia 10 December 1965 5 Drawn Australia 44 1968 England 6 June 1968 5 Drawn Australia 45 1970 -- 71 Australia 27 November 1970 6 ( 7 ) 0 England England 46 1972 England 8 June 1972 5 Drawn England 47 1974 -- 75 Australia 29 November 1974 6 Australia Australia 48 England 10 July 1975 0 Australia Australia 49 1977 England 16 June 1977 5 0 England England 50 1978 -- 79 Australia 1 December 1978 6 5 0 England England 51 1981 England 18 June 1981 6 England England 52 1982 -- 83 Australia 12 November 1982 5 Australia Australia 53 1985 England 13 June 1985 6 England England 54 1986 -- 87 Australia 14 November 1986 5 England England 55 1989 England 8 June 1989 6 0 Australia Australia 56 1990 -- 91 Australia 23 November 1990 5 0 Australia Australia 57 1993 England 3 June 1993 6 Australia Australia 58 1994 -- 95 Australia 25 November 1994 5 Australia Australia 59 1997 England 5 June 1997 6 Australia Australia 60 1998 -- 99 Australia 20 November 1998 5 Australia Australia 61 2001 England 5 July 2001 5 0 Australia Australia 62 2002 -- 03 Australia 7 November 2002 5 0 Australia Australia 63 2005 England 21 July 2005 5 England England 64 2006 -- 07 Australia 23 November 2006 5 5 0 0 Australia Australia 65 2009 England 8 July 2009 5 England England 66 2010 -- 11 Australia 25 November 2010 5 England England 67 2013 England 10 July 2013 5 0 England England 68 2013 -- 14 Australia 21 November 2013 5 5 0 0 Australia Australia 69 2015 England 8 July 2015 5 0 England England 70 2017 -- 18 Australia 23 November 2017 5 0 Australia Australia Summary of results ( edit ) Played Won by Australia Won by England Drawn All Tests 330 134 ( 7001406000000000000 ♠ 40.6 % ) 106 ( 7001321000000000000 ♠ 32.1 % ) 90 ( 7001273000000000000 ♠ 27.3 % ) Tests in Australia 167 86 ( 7001515000000000000 ♠ 51.5 % ) 56 ( 7001335000000000000 ♠ 33.5 % ) 25 ( 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 % ) Tests in England 163 48 ( 7001294000000000000 ♠ 29.4 % ) 50 ( 7001307000000000000 ♠ 30.7 % ) 65 ( 7001399000000000000 ♠ 39.9 % ) All series 70 33 ( 7001471000000000000 ♠ 47.1 % ) 32 ( 7001457000000000000 ♠ 45.7 % ) 5 ( 7000710000000000000 ♠ 7.1 % ) Series in Australia 35 19 ( 7001543000000000000 ♠ 54.3 % ) 14 ( 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % ) 2 ( 7000570000000000000 ♠ 5.7 % ) Series in England 35 14 ( 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % ) 18 ( 7001514000000000000 ♠ 51.4 % ) 3 ( 7000860000000000000 ♠ 8.6 % ) As of 8 January 2018 Notes and references ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Cricket is generally played during the summer months of the host country : therefore in England it is typically played between May and September , while in Australia it typically takes place between October and April . To reflect this , cricket seasons are listed as YYYY in England , and YYYY -- YY in Australia . References ^ Jump up to : `` The Ashes -- History '' . Marylebone Cricket Club . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jack ( 2010 - 11 - 15 ) . `` Ashes series set to reignite old rivalry '' . CNN Traveller . CNN . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Marks , Vic ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Return of Ashes spirit can lift England out of post-Pakistan mire '' . The Observer . London : Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Rivalries '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Match / series archive '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records / England / Test matches / Series results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin . `` A short history of the Ashes '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Altham , H.S. ; Swanton , E.W. ( 1938 ) ( 1926 ) . `` England v Australia : 1882 -- 1890 '' . A History of Cricket ( Second ed . ) . London : George Allen & Unwin Ltd. p. 170 . ^ Jump up to : ESPNcricinfo staff . `` A dummy 's guide to Bodyline '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Ashes to Ashes : The Bradman years '' . Cricket365.com. 2010 - 11 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting greats -- Australia reveres and treasures its sporting heroes '' . Department of the Environment , Water , Heritage and the Arts . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . The 1948 Australian cricket team captained by Don Bradman , for example , became known as ' The Invincibles ' for their unbeaten eight - month tour of England . This team is one of Australia 's most cherished sporting legends . Jump up ^ `` Australians in England , 1948 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Originally published in : Preston , Hubert , ed. ( 1949 ) . Wisden Cricketer 's Almanack 1949 ( 86 ed . ) . London : Sporting Handbooks Ltd . Jump up ^ `` Six great Ashes batsmen '' . England and Wales Cricket Board . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Ashes Legends XI : Sir Donald Bradman ( 1908 -- 2001 ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Shane Warne -- Five unforgettable Ashes balls that rocked England down the years '' . Daily Mail . London . 2010 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1882 / 83 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1884 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1884 / 85 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1886 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1886 / 87 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1887 / 88 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1888 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1890 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1891 / 92 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1893 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1894 / 95 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1896 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1897 / 98 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1899 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1901 / 02 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1902 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1903 / 04 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1905 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1907 / 08 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1909 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1911 / 12 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1912 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1920 / 21 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1921 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1924 / 25 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1926 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1928 / 29 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1930 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1932 / 33 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1934 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1936 / 37 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1938 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1946 / 47 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1948 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1950 / 51 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1953 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1954 / 55 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1956 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1958 / 59 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1961 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1962 / 63 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1964 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1965 / 66 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1968 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1970 / 71 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1972 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1974 / 75 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1975 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1977 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1978 / 79 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1981 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1982 / 83 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1985 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1986 / 87 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1989 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1990 / 91 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1993 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1994 / 95 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1997 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1998 / 99 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2001 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2002 / 03 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2005 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2006 / 07 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2009 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2010 / 11 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Brettig , Daniel ( 2013 - 08 - 05 ) . `` England retain Ashes on rainy day '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2013 / 14 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2015 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2017 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Williamson , Martin . `` A short history of the Ashes '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . The Ashes List of Ashes series 1850 1884 1886 1888 1890 1893 1896 1899 1882 -- 83 1884 -- 85 1886 -- 87 1887 -- 88 1891 -- 92 1894 -- 95 1897 -- 98 1900 1902 1905 1909 1912 World War I 1921 1926 1930 1934 1938 World War II 1948 1901 -- 02 1903 -- 04 1907 -- 08 1911 -- 12 1920 -- 21 1924 -- 25 1928 -- 29 1932 -- 33 1936 -- 37 1946 -- 47 1950 1953 1956 1961 1964 1968 1972 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 1950 -- 51 1954 -- 55 1958 -- 59 1962 -- 63 1965 -- 66 1970 -- 71 1974 -- 75 1978 -- 79 1982 -- 83 1986 -- 87 1990 -- 91 1994 -- 95 1998 -- 99 2000 2001 2005 2009 2013 2015 2019 2002 -- 03 2006 -- 07 2010 -- 11 2013 -- 14 2017 -- 18 Non-Ashes Australia v England Test series 1876 -- 77 1878 -- 79 1880 1881 -- 82 1882 1945 1976 -- 77 1979 -- 80 1980 1987 -- 88 Matches in white background were played in England , yellow -- in Australia . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ashes_series&oldid=857650358 '' Categories : Australian cricket lists English cricket lists The Ashes Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2018 , at 03 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did england last win the ashes in aus	[ "\n\n\nSeries\n\nYears\n\nHost\n\nFirst match\n\nTests\n\nAustralia\n\nEngland\n\nDrawn\n\nResult\n\nHolder\n\nRef\n\n\n1\n\n1882–83\n\nAustralia\n\n30 December 1882\n\n3\n\n1\n\n2\n\n0\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[16]\n\n\n2\n\n1884\n\nEngland\n\n11 July 1884\n\n3\n\n0\n\n1\n\n2\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[17]\n\n\n3\n\n1884–85\n\nAustralia\n\n12 December 1884\n\n5\n\n2\n\n3\n\n0\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[18]\n\n\n4\n\n1886\n\nEngland\n\n5 July 1886\n\n3\n\n0\n\n3\n\n0\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[19]\n\n\n5\n\n1886-87\n\nAustralia\n\n28 January 1887\n\n2\n\n0\n\n2\n\n0\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[20]\n\n\n6\n\n1887-88\n\nAustralia\n\n10 February 1888\n\n1\n\n0\n\n1\n\n0\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[21]\n\n\n7\n\n1888\n\nEngland\n\n16 July 1888\n\n3\n\n1\n\n2\n\n0\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[22]\n\n\n8\n\n1890\n\nEngland\n\n21 July 1890\n\n2 (3)\n\n0\n\n2\n\n0\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[23]\n\n\n9\n\n1891–92\n\nAustralia\n\n1 January 1892\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1\n\n0\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[24]\n\n\n10\n\n1893\n\nEngland\n\n17 July 1893\n\n3\n\n0\n\n1\n\n2\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[25]\n\n\n11\n\n1894–95\n\nAustralia\n\n14 December 1894\n\n5\n\n2\n\n3\n\n0\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[26]\n\n\n12\n\n1896\n\nEngland\n\n22 June 1896\n\n3\n\n1\n\n2\n\n0\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[27]\n\n\n13\n\n1897–98\n\nAustralia\n\n13 December 1897\n\n5\n\n4\n\n1\n\n0\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[28]\n\n\n14\n\n1899\n\nEngland\n\n1 June 1899\n\n5\n\n1\n\n0\n\n4\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[29]\n\n\n15\n\n1901–02\n\nAustralia\n\n13 December 1901\n\n5\n\n4\n\n1\n\n0\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[30]\n\n\n16\n\n1902\n\nEngland\n\n29 May 1902\n\n5\n\n2\n\n1\n\n2\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[31]\n\n\n17\n\n1903–04\n\nAustralia\n\n11 December 1903\n\n5\n\n2\n\n3\n\n0\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[32]\n\n\n18\n\n1905\n\nEngland\n\n29 May 1905\n\n5\n\n0\n\n2\n\n3\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[33]\n\n\n19\n\n1907–08\n\nAustralia\n\n13 December 1907\n\n5\n\n4\n\n1\n\n0\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[34]\n\n\n20\n\n1909\n\nEngland\n\n27 May 1909\n\n5\n\n2\n\n1\n\n2\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[35]\n\n\n21\n\n1911–12\n\nAustralia\n\n15 December 1911\n\n5\n\n1\n\n4\n\n0\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[36]\n\n\n22\n\n1912\n\nEngland\n\n27 May 1912\n\n3\n\n0\n\n1\n\n2\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[37]\n\n\n23\n\n1920–21\n\nAustralia\n\n17 December 1920\n\n5\n\n5\n\n0\n\n0\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[38]\n\n\n24\n\n1921\n\nEngland\n\n28 May 1921\n\n5\n\n3\n\n0\n\n2\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[39]\n\n\n25\n\n1924–25\n\nAustralia\n\n19 December 1924\n\n5\n\n4\n\n1\n\n0\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[40]\n\n\n26\n\n1926\n\nEngland\n\n12 June 1926\n\n5\n\n0\n\n1\n\n4\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[41]\n\n\n27\n\n1928–29\n\nAustralia\n\n30 November 1928\n\n5\n\n1\n\n4\n\n0\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[42]\n\n\n28\n\n1930\n\nEngland\n\n13 June 1930\n\n5\n\n2\n\n1\n\n2\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[43]\n\n\n29\n\n1932–33\n\nAustralia\n\n2 December 1932\n\n5\n\n1\n\n4\n\n0\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[44]\n\n\n30\n\n1934\n\nEngland\n\n8 June 1934\n\n5\n\n2\n\n1\n\n2\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[45]\n\n\n31\n\n1936–37\n\nAustralia\n\n4 December 1936\n\n5\n\n3\n\n2\n\n0\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[46]\n\n\n32\n\n1938\n\nEngland\n\n10 June 1938\n\n4 (5)\n\n1\n\n1\n\n2\n\nDrawn\n\nAustralia\n\n[47]\n\n\n33\n\n1946–47\n\nAustralia\n\n29 November 1946\n\n5\n\n3\n\n0\n\n2\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[48]\n\n\n34\n\n1948\n\nEngland\n\n10 June 1948\n\n5\n\n4\n\n0\n\n1\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[49]\n\n\n35\n\n1950–51\n\nAustralia\n\n1 December 1950\n\n5\n\n4\n\n1\n\n0\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[50]\n\n\n36\n\n1953\n\nEngland\n\n11 June 1953\n\n5\n\n0\n\n1\n\n4\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[51]\n\n\n37\n\n1954–55\n\nAustralia\n\n26 November 1954\n\n5\n\n1\n\n3\n\n1\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[52]\n\n\n38\n\n1956\n\nEngland\n\n7 June 1956\n\n5\n\n1\n\n2\n\n2\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[53]\n\n\n39\n\n1958–59\n\nAustralia\n\n5 December 1958\n\n5\n\n4\n\n0\n\n1\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[54]\n\n\n40\n\n1961\n\nEngland\n\n8 June 1961\n\n5\n\n2\n\n1\n\n2\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[55]\n\n\n41\n\n1962–63\n\nAustralia\n\n30 November 1962\n\n5\n\n1\n\n1\n\n3\n\nDrawn\n\nAustralia\n\n[56]\n\n\n42\n\n1964\n\nEngland\n\n4 April 1964\n\n5\n\n1\n\n0\n\n4\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[57]\n\n\n43\n\n1965–66\n\nAustralia\n\n10 December 1965\n\n5\n\n1\n\n1\n\n3\n\nDrawn\n\nAustralia\n\n[58]\n\n\n44\n\n1968\n\nEngland\n\n6 June 1968\n\n5\n\n1\n\n1\n\n3\n\nDrawn\n\nAustralia\n\n[59]\n\n\n45\n\n1970–71\n\nAustralia\n\n27 November 1970\n\n6 (7)\n\n0\n\n2\n\n4\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[60]\n\n\n46\n\n1972\n\nEngland\n\n8 June 1972\n\n5\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1\n\nDrawn\n\nEngland\n\n[61]\n\n\n47\n\n1974–75\n\nAustralia\n\n29 November 1974\n\n6\n\n4\n\n1\n\n1\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[62]\n\n\n48\n\n1975\n\nEngland\n\n10 July 1975\n\n4\n\n1\n\n0\n\n3\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[63]\n\n\n49\n\n1977\n\nEngland\n\n16 June 1977\n\n5\n\n0\n\n3\n\n2\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[64]\n\n\n50\n\n1978–79\n\nAustralia\n\n1 December 1978\n\n6\n\n1\n\n5\n\n0\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[65]\n\n\n51\n\n1981\n\nEngland\n\n18 June 1981\n\n6\n\n1\n\n3\n\n2\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[66]\n\n\n52\n\n1982–83\n\nAustralia\n\n12 November 1982\n\n5\n\n2\n\n1\n\n2\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[67]\n\n\n53\n\n1985\n\nEngland\n\n13 June 1985\n\n6\n\n1\n\n3\n\n2\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[68]\n\n\n54\n\n1986–87\n\nAustralia\n\n14 November 1986\n\n5\n\n1\n\n2\n\n2\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[69]\n\n\n55\n\n1989\n\nEngland\n\n8 June 1989\n\n6\n\n4\n\n0\n\n2\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[70]\n\n\n56\n\n1990–91\n\nAustralia\n\n23 November 1990\n\n5\n\n3\n\n0\n\n2\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[71]\n\n\n57\n\n1993\n\nEngland\n\n3 June 1993\n\n6\n\n4\n\n1\n\n1\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[72]\n\n\n58\n\n1994–95\n\nAustralia\n\n25 November 1994\n\n5\n\n3\n\n1\n\n1\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[73]\n\n\n59\n\n1997\n\nEngland\n\n5 June 1997\n\n6\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[74]\n\n\n60\n\n1998–99\n\nAustralia\n\n20 November 1998\n\n5\n\n3\n\n1\n\n1\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[75]\n\n\n61\n\n2001\n\nEngland\n\n5 July 2001\n\n5\n\n4\n\n1\n\n0\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[76]\n\n\n62\n\n2002–03\n\nAustralia\n\n7 November 2002\n\n5\n\n4\n\n1\n\n0\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[77]\n\n\n63\n\n2005\n\nEngland\n\n21 July 2005\n\n5\n\n1\n\n2\n\n2\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[78]\n\n\n64\n\n2006–07\n\nAustralia\n\n23 November 2006\n\n5\n\n5\n\n0\n\n0\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[79]\n\n\n65\n\n2009\n\nEngland\n\n8 July 2009\n\n5\n\n1\n\n2\n\n2\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[80]\n\n\n66\n\n2010–11\n\nAustralia\n\n25 November 2010\n\n5\n\n1\n\n3\n\n1\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[81]\n\n\n67\n\n2013\n\nEngland\n\n10 July 2013\n\n5\n\n0\n\n3\n\n2\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[82]\n\n\n68\n\n2013–14\n\nAustralia\n\n21 November 2013\n\n5\n\n5\n\n0\n\n0\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[83]\n\n\n69\n\n2015\n\nEngland\n\n8 July 2015\n\n5\n\n2\n\n3\n\n0\n\nEngland\n\nEngland\n\n[84]\n\n\n70\n\n2017–18\n\nAustralia\n\n23 November 2017\n\n5\n\n4\n\n0\n\n1\n\nAustralia\n\nAustralia\n\n[85]\n" ]	[ "2010–11" ]
-6841483448906387055	Guardians of the Galaxy: The Telltale Series	Guardians of the Galaxy : the Telltale series - Wikipedia Guardians of the Galaxy : the Telltale series Jump to : navigation , search This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Developer ( s ) Telltale Games Publisher ( s ) Telltale Games Composer ( s ) Jared Emerson - Johnson Engine Telltale Tool Platform ( s ) Android iOS Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Nintendo Switch Xbox One Release Episode 1 ( show ) WW : April 18 , 2017 Episode 2 ( show ) WW : June 6 , 2017 Episode 3 ( show ) WW : August 22 , 2017 Episode 4 ( show ) WW : TBA 2017 Episode 5 ( show ) WW : TBA 2017 Genre ( s ) Graphic adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series is an episodic graphic adventure video game series developed and published by Telltale Games . Based on Marvel Comics ' Guardians of the Galaxy comic book series , the game 's first episode was released in April 18 , 2017 . The plot centers on the Guardians finding an artifact of great power that each individually covets , but must protect it from a malicious entity who wants it for themselves . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Development 2.1 Audio 3 Plot 3.1 Tangled Up in Blue 3.2 Under Pressure 3.3 More Than a Feeling 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Episode 1 : Tangled Up in Blue 5.2 Episode 2 : Under Pressure 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy plays similar to other Telltale games , in which the player 's character talks to other characters , explore environments and interact with objects within it , and at times , complete action sequences made up of quick time events . Players make choices , such as dialog selection , that create determinants within the story affecting later actions within the episode and in future episodes . Within the series , the player primarily plays as Star - Lord , but may at times briefly take the role of another Guardian during action sequences . Development ( edit ) Telltale and Marvel partnered to develop the game , quickly establishing that they wanted to make an original story that used the character 's canon but was not tied to the 2014 film . Telltale decided to go against an origins story , and instead focused on the connections between each of the five Guardians . Described by Marvel 's Bil Rosemann , `` A good Guardians story is about them as a family and showing how they 're all misfits , they 're all underdogs , they all feel like they do n't have a family anymore '' and coming together to form their own family that they depend on . Telltale saw this as well as elements from the established character histories to find `` potentially surprising '' elements to include , according to Telltale producer Justin Lambros . To achieve this , they planned each episode to center around each Guardian and explore their past , though the player will primarily remain in the role of Star - Lord throughout the series . This approach was novel for Telltale , since the character interactions that the player opts for in earlier episodes can have a stronger impact on the later episodes , particularly in the relationship between the other Guardians . Telltale and Marvel 's goal was to make the story accessible to people who may not have read through the comic series but had seen the film , while still dropping in hints and Easter eggs referring the Guardians ' history in the comics to long - time fans . Telltale 's Guardians was first revealed during the December 2016 Game Awards , though rumors of the game had been previously found in material released by SAG - AFTRA actors as part of the 2016 video game voice actor strike in November . The game 's first of five episodes was released on April 18 , 2017 ; in additional to digital downloads , a retail version will be available for the first episode release with an online pass to acquire the other episodes once released ; this is expected to be released on May 2 , 2017 in North America and May 5 , 2017 in Europe . Telltale hosted a panel about the game at the 2017 PAX East event in Boston , MA in March 2017 , as well as having the first episode available for a `` crowd play '' session during the 2017 South by Southwest event . Audio ( edit ) The game is based on the Marvel Comic series and the recent film with an exclusive storyline . It has a different set of voice actors from the film . The cast currently includes Scott Porter as Star - Lord , Emily O'Brien as Gamora , Nolan North as Rocket Raccoon , Brandon Paul Eells as Drax the Destroyer , and Adam Harrington as Groot . Plot ( edit ) Tangled up in Blue ( edit ) Peter Quill , AKA Star - Lord ( Scott Porter ) receives a distress - call from the Nova Corps , requesting the assistance of the Guardians of the Galaxy on an unidentified planet with an abandoned Kree outpost , where their forces are being decimated by the Mad Titan Thanos ( Jake Hart ) . Arriving to reinforce the Nova Corps , the Guardians ship - the Milano - is shot down by Thanos ' ship , causing it to crash - land on the planet . The Guardians survive and trek towards Thanos ' location , with Rocket Raccoon ( Nolan North ) revealing he 's constructed a new gun that can emit a highly powerful destructive force - at the cost of only having one shot . They discover Thanos has entered a large Kree building held shut by two metal doors , but Star - Lord is able to slip in through a fissure in the wall and blow it open from the inside using the canon from a crashed ship , finding the corpses of multiple Nova Corps members along the way . The Guardians then confront Thanos in the temple 's lower chamber , who has obtained an ancient artifact called the Eternity Forge . The team struggles to defeat the tyrant and most become incapacitated , but Star - Lord manages to shoot Thanos in the chest with Rocket 's new gun , successfully killing him . Star - Lord than takes the Eternity Forge from Thanos ' hands , assuming it useless now that the danger has passed . Following the battle , the Guardians celebrate their victory by spending the night at a bar in Knowhere , where Star - Lord interacts with his teammates now that their long - time foe is finally dead . He starts off with Drax the Destroyer ( Brandon Paul Eells ) , who feels satisfied with Thanos ' death as revenge for his family 's murder by the mad tyrant . However , Rockets argue that Star - Lord was the one who killed Thanos with Groot ( Adam Harrington ) supporting him . If Star - Lord tells Drax the Destroyer that he earned his revenge , he states to Drax that he killed the one responsible for his family 's death , satisfying Drax 's need to atone for his family 's death . If Star - Lord does n't tell Drax the Destroyer that he earned his revenge , he reminds him that he used Rocket Raccoon 's gun on Thanos . This causes Drax to state that he would 've expected this from Rocket Raccoon or Groot , promptly leaving after stating that he is not in the mood to celebrate . Star - Lord than finds Rocket trying to show off the gun that killed Thanos to some of the bar - goers , bragging about being the brains behind the operation . Upon Star - Lord interacting with him , Rocket confesses that he 's starting to feel burnt out by their life of constant chaos and near - death experiences , wishing to take a break on his own for a bit and even wondering if it 's time for him to go his own way now that the Guardians no longer have to deal with Thanos . Afterwords , Star - Lord speaks with Gamora , who admits a small part of her wants to see her sister Nebula again - despite how angry the latter will be at learning she helped kill their adoptive `` father '' Thanos . If Star - Lord reminds Gamora that Nebula is still her sister , Gamora states that Star - Lord might be right and will consider calling her after a few more drinks . The two of them do a toast to family . If Star - Lord tells Gamora to stay away from Nebula , he also tells Gamora that what Nebula does n't know wo n't come back to kill them . Gamora states that it 's a safe bet and would n't mind starting fresh . The two of them do a toast to moving on . The next day , a hung - over Star - Lord wakes up to find the team amassed a large tab that they need to pay off and decide a good way to make money is to sell Thanos ' body . Rocket suggests selling it to the Collector to get more credits , while Gamora thinks they should give the body to the Nova Corps so they do n't have to deal with criminals . Both Gamora and Rocket Raccoon end up in an argument until Star - Lord breaks it up and that they will figure out who to sell Thanos ' body to . If Star - Lord calls the Nova Corps to sell Thanos ' body to them , he tells the female representative about it and takes in their bounty on him . After the call , Rocket gets angry and states that they would 've gotten more units off of the Collector . The Guardians of the Galaxy will receive less of a paycheck and because the bounty has to go through a process , the money wo n't come to them until at least half a year . If Star - Lord calls the Collector to sell Thanos ' body to him , he talks with the Collector 's representative Vylla ( Erin Yvette ) due to the conditions of Thanos ' body , but manages to get their large share of space credits after some negotiation . Before ending the transmission , Vylla tells Star - Lord to make sure the body is there when she arrives with some associates . Gamora frustratedly states they are going down a dangerous path in dealing with the Collector . After making a decision on who to sell Thanos ' body to , Star - Lord suggests also selling the Eternity Forge for more credits and goes to retrieve it from his room , but the artifact starts to glow when he picks it up . Falling into a trance , Star - Lord experiences a flashback in which his mother Meredith Quill ( Courtenay Taylor ) gives a young Peter Quill ( Jeremy Shada ) advice on how to deal with bullies after one broke his walkman cassette player and having him promise to use his words instead of his fists in the future . If Peter Quill promises to use his words and not his fists , he tells his mother that he will . Meredith thanks her son . She also fixes Peter Quill 's walkman as they listen to a song on it as a meteor shower occurs . If Peter Quill ca n't hold on to that promise , he states that he does n't know what will happen next time . Meredith tells Peter to try for her . She also fixes Peter Quill 's walkman as they listen to a song on it as a meteor shower occurs . As they watch the skies , Peter suddenly finds the Eternity Forge in his hands and hears his mother ask to `` Come find me '' - after which either Gamora or Rocket will snap Star - Lord out of it and tell him that he 's been standing there for hours talking to the relic . Realizing the Eternity Forge is n't an inert trinket , Star - Lord decides not to sell it with Thanos ' body . After completing the trade of Thanos ' body with whoever it was sold to , the team is attacked by Hala the Accuser ( Faye Kingslee ) , her second - in - command Jyn - Xar ( Chris Cox ) and their small Kree army , demanding the Eternity Forge . During the chaotic battle , Hala manages to steal the Forge from Star - Lord and damage the Milano 's engines before escaping back to the Kree 's ship , the Revenant . Star - Lord than takes either Gamora or Drax with him in pursuit of Hala . If Star - Lord takes Gamora , she states they 'll make their way through the ship with as little conflict as possible . Drax the Destroyer tells Star - Lord to kill all the Kree for him - and that he wo n't forgive him if any are left alive . If Star - Lord takes Drax the Destroyer with him , Drax the Destroyer states that he shall be a violent worthy ally . Gamora tells Star - Lord not let Drax do anything stupid . Star - Lord and his teammate arrive on the Kree ship , only to discover it barely operational with only a skeleton crew aboard - and a large assortment of preserved Kree corpses in stasis pods . Making their way to the bridge , the pair confront Hala the Accuser and learn the Eternity Forge can supposedly raise the dead , with Hala planning to resurrect her son Bal - Dinn and the rest of the Kree race after they and their entire planet were destroyed by Thanos - which will apparently require numerous `` sacrifices '' to accomplish . Hala than impales Star - Lord with her lance and incapacitates his teammate , though Rocket manages to intervene with the repaired Milano and blow out the bridge 's windows before she can finish them . Star - Lord manages to reclaim the Eternity Forge as it is sucked out into space , while his teammate grabs him and carries him back to the Milano . As the team argues amongst themselves in panic over what to do , Star - Lord succumbs to his injuries . While near - death , Peter Quill relives attending his mother 's funeral as a boy and how he was adopted by Yondu ( Mark Barbolak ) , who visited him in the chapel and revealed that Meredith entrusted him to watch over Peter Quill . If Peter trusts Yondu , he agrees to go along with Yondu who starts to show him his new home . If Peter does n't trust Yondu , this will cause Yondu to forcefully drag him to his new home . Afterwards , the adult Peter finds himself hearing a knocking noise from his mother 's casket and opens it , only to find his mother behind him . Placing her hand on his chest , Meredith tells Peter to come find her - while back in the present , the rest of the Guardians are left shocked as the Eternity Forge successfully heals Star - Lord 's wound , bringing him back to life . Under Pressure ( edit ) After Star - Lord is revived , the rest of the Guardians are surprised and disbelieving at what the Eternity Forge did and thought he was possessed at first until he proves his identity . The Guardians are unsure on how the Eternity Forge could bring Star - Lord back to life , but Star - Lord can bring up how Hala mentioned the Forge could resurrect the Kree with enough `` sacrifices '' - allowing Drax the Destroyer to realize the Eternity Forge trades a life for a life , deducing it must absorbed Thanos ' life - force when he died and than gave to Star - Lord to revive him . Just then , the Revenant catches up to the Milano , forcing them to take evasive maneuvers to escape . The Guardians suspect that Hala the Accuser plans on using the Eternity Forge to revive the dead Kree in her ship 's stasis pods to create an unlimited army , re-establishing the Kree 's empire . In order to lay low and for Rocket Racoon to fix the Milano , Star - Lord states that he knows someone who could help them out . Heading to the planet Rajak in its Neon District , the Guardians arrive at a building where Star - Lord 's surrogate father Yondu is living in seclusion . As Star - Lord introduces everyone to Yondu , he witnesses Rocket point his gun at Yondu , stating that he does n't trust Ravagers . Yondu then has his telekinetic arrow pointed at Rocket in a tense stalemate . If Star - Lord asks Rocket what he is planning to do , Rocket states that Yondu 's house is already a garbage heap as Star - Lord tells him not to blow Yondu and everyone inside to pieces . If Star - Lord advises Yondu to put his arrow away , he also tells Yondu that Rocket has been sensitive that everyone is out to kill them . Yondu states that he can add them to the list . Regardless of the choice , the two of them than start to laugh with Yondu revealing the two know each - other rather well , having been buying stuff from Rocket for years . After catching up , Star - Lord shows Yondu the Eternity Forge in hopes of learning more about it . When both of them touch the Eternity Forge , Star - Lord again flashes back to his childhood , where Meredith Quill tells the young Peter that he is meant for more of this life , claiming that he is going to save the galaxy , kill Thanos and change everything - something that surprises Peter as Meredith is describing things she was n't even there to see . Meredith than asks Peter to sit with her and observe the stars . If Peter sits by his mother , he does so for just a minute . If Peter does n't sit by his mother , he claims that he is cool where he is . As the two of them stare at the stars , Peter notices an hourglass - like constellation with the same shape as the Eternity Forge , with a series of patterns appearing across it that he does n't recognize . Turning around , Peter realizes his mother is no longer there as he again hears call to `` Come find me , Peter . '' After the flashback ends , Yondu comments that it 's been decades since he has seen Meredith 's face and the two wonder how she could be connected to the Eternity Forge . As Star - Lord looks over the relic again , glyphs appear over it 's surface that Gamora identifies as part of an ancient Kree language . While she ca n't translate it , Gamora thinks that Nebula might be able to , as the latter had taken something with similar markings for Thanos - though first they would have to find her and convince her to help , before Hala finds her . As Yondu goes to obtain a device that would help repair the Milano , Rocket steps outside and Star - Lord goes to check up on him . As both of them go over what little they understand about the Eternity Forge 's capabilities thus far , Rocket reveals that he hopes it can help him with someone he lost . Even though Rocket states he knows that Nebula is the top priority , he tells Star - Lord that they have to stop at Halfworld first so that , if nothing else , he can at least try to use the Eternity Forge . However , Gamora soon after reveals she 's found out Nebula ( Ashly Burch ) has taken Thanos ' ship and intends to recover his corpse from whoever the Guardians gave it to - if sold to the Collector , Nebula will be threatening the attendant within his museum for information on Star - Lord , before he and Gamora make their presence known ; if sold to the Nova Corps , she will hijack one of their ships and make off with the body on Thanos ' vessel , forcing the Milano into a space battle to capture Nebula before the Nova Corps kill her . If Star - Lord agrees to help Rocket , he tells the rest of the Guardians and Yondu that they will be making a detour to Halfworld . While displeased , Gamora reluctantly agrees to take the detour as Yondu warns Star - Lord to be careful with the newly - repaired Milano . On Halfworld , Star - Lord and Rocket arrive outside the abandoned laboratory where Rocket was created , arriving at a grave that Rocket tries to use the Eternity Forge on . When that fails , Gamora tells Star - Lord that Nebula is tearing apart the place where Thanos ' body is being held . By the time the Guardians catch up to Nebula and subdue her , she will have already secured Thanos ' body and sent it to a place where she assures he 'll receive a proper burial . If Star - Lord does n't agree to help Rocket , he tells Rocket that he wishes they could help but must find Nebula first . Rocket is not pleased with the answer and states that he will find his own way to get there . After Yondu fixes the Milano , Star - Lord tells Yondu that Rocket is n't here when asked for him to fire up the engines - only for the group to witness Rocket taking off in Yondu 's ship , much to Yondu 's dismay . Star - Lord reveals Rocket is going to Halfworld to take care of something as Yondu warns him to keep his group in line . Deciding to catch up with Rocket after they capture Nebula , the Guardians manage to intercept and capture Nebula before off before she can recover Thanos ' body . Upon catching up to Rocket on Halfworld , Star - Lord is bitterly told by Rocket that he had his chance to help him and that the Forge did n't work . In either case , when Star - Lord arrives on Halfworld and touches the Eternity Forge on Rocket Raccoon 's hand after it fails to work for him , he suddenly experiences a flashback of Rocket Raccoon 's past regarding his creation . In it , Rocket is placed in a cage across from the otter Lylla ( Fryda Wolff ) as the two of them plan their escape . As Rocket assembles a device to help them , he finds information that the scientists are going to eliminate Lylla . Unfortunately , as the two of them evade the robots , Rocket finds that one of the machines managed to land a lethal injection on Lylla . After sealing in the scientist ( Chris Cox ) and the robots , Lylla opens the doors as she plans to take some of them down with her before the lethal injection kicks in , advising Rocket to leave while he has the chance . If Rocket honors Lylla 's death wish , he says goodbye to Lylla and tells her to mess them up for the both of them , to which Lylla promises that she will . After Rocket escapes , he hears an explosion come from the laboratory and sees smoke emerge , mourning Lylla 's death . If Rocket carries Lylla out of the laboratory , both of them make it out into the open . He then places Lylla 's body on the ground as she shares a moment outdoors with Rocket , fulfilling her desire to see the outside world before she dies in his arms . After the memory experience ends , Rocket angrily tells Star - Lord that he had no right to see it , feeling violated at having his past revealed without his permission . Rocket than restores Lylla 's grave , which Star - Lord can offer to help with or not , before they return to the Milano . Star - Lord than tries to devise a way to get Nebula 's help in deciphering the ancient Kree language , with Gamora suggesting they offer Rocket repairing Nebula 's damaged mechanical arm as leverage . Entering Gamora 's room , which Nebula has been locked up in , Star - Lord and Gamora explain that they need her to translate the ancient Kree language , but Nebula is reluctant cooperate . When Nebula tells Gamora that she still remembers Tar - Voll , Gamora draws her sword on her as Nebula orders for Gamora to leave . If Star - Lord has Gamora leave , she does so while warning Star - Lord that she wo n't help him if she hears screams . Nebula than remarls that she never cared for them . If Star - Lord agrees with Gamora , he states that Gamora has the right idea in thinking Nebula untrustworthy as he pins Nebula against the wall . Drax the Destroyer later tells Star - Lord that there was a device found in Nebula 's skull , and Star - Lord persuades Nebula into giving him the device , though she states that it telling him everything he 'll want to know will also mean Star - Lord now owes her . While talking to Gamora and Drax the Destroyer , Star - Lord is told by Drax that the item is a Cypher Module - something that should n't exist anymore . Upon uploading it to the translator , Star - Lord uses his mask to read the ancient Kree language and is stunned to find it says `` Come find me in the temple '' , mirroring the words of his mother in the visions . Star - Lord than tells Gamora and Drax the Destroyer that they are going back to the temple . Returning to the unidentified planet with the abandoned Kree outpost , Star - Lord states that Rocket will need some space after what happened on Halfworld and that someone will need to remain behind to guard Nebula . Both Gamora and Drax the Destroyer want the opportunity to guard her - the former to try and reconnect with her sister , the latter because he believes she will start a fight he will need to quell . If Gamora is chosen to guard Nebula , Star - Lord tells Gamora that she 'll be able to tell if Nebula is going to make a move . If Drax the Destroyer is chosen to guard Nebula , he tells Star - Lord that he wo n't let him down . On the planet 's surface , Star - Lord re-enters the temple with Groot and whoever was n't chosen to guard Nebula , using his scanner to find that Hala the Accuser was already here before them . Upon activating the switches on the statues , a platform is raised as Star - Lord translates the revealed glyphs on the wall , which exposit on how the Eternity Forge can be wielded responsibly and that `` she '' will remain entombed throughout the galaxy until than . Star - Lord than discovers that temple in question is at a place called Emnios , while his teammate also notes the images of the Eternity Forge displaying one life being given for every life brought back - which causes Star - Lord to realize why it failed to help Rocket ; it was n't `` charged '' again after it brought Star - Lord back . When Star - Lord tells whoever was left guarding Nebula to have the Milano 's engines fired up for departure , he is told that Rocket is in the engine room with sounds of destruction being head . In the Milano 's engine room , Star - Lord finds Rocket is still mourning for Lylla and claims that she is the only thing keeping him alive , as well stating his makeshift computer - all that he has left of her - is no longer working , weeping as he states that he ca n't fix it this time . If Star - Lord tells Rocket to move on , he advises that Rocket let go of it , to which Rocket admits he already knows he needs to move on . If Star - Lord tells Rocket to keep it , he tells Rocket to hold onto it as it means a lot to him , with Rocket solemnly clasping it to his body As a system failure suddenly takes place across the Milano , Star - Lord leaves to deal with it as he tells Groot to help Rocket . However , Star - Lord finds the failure is actually a breech warning , as the ship is under siege by the Kree soldiers with the Revenant closing in on them . As Drax and Gamora fight them off , Nebula offers to help Star - Lord and asks he free her , stating self - preservation as a mutual goal for them to unite under . If Star - Lord agrees , he will release Nebula with a warning not to betray them , which she fulfills by helping fight off the Kree . If Star - Lord refuses , he will leave Nebula locked up as she bitterly states he will regret his choice . After dealing with the Kree in the cockpit , Star - Lord heads down to the engine room where he gets shot in the leg by Jyn - Xar , who has defeated Rocket and Groot . With the Eternity Forge in hand , Jyn - Xar states he will return it to Hala , but Star - Lord rants toward Jyn - Xar about the attack as a diversion while Rocket gets back on his feet . Depending on the advice Star - Lord gave him , Rocket will either successfully put the makeshift computer back together to help electrify Jyn - Xar , or rewire the Milano 's vents in order to set Jyn - Xar on fire , with Star - Lord reclaiming the Eternity Forge from Jyn - Xar 's body . Hala the Accuser than contacts Star - Lord over the radio , warning him that he ca n't run forever and that the Eternity Forge will be hers . Gamora tells Star - Lord that the Revenant 's weapons are coming online while Rocket works to get the engines back online , barely managing to escape . Star - Lord than tells Gamora to set a course to Emnios , while dropping off their `` stowaways '' on the way there . Closing in on Emnios , Star - Lord feels certain that his mother is on Emnios , embarking with Gamora through the opened doors into a bright light , where they see the outline of something moving . More than a feeling ( edit ) Following a figure into the white light from the previous episode , Star - Lord again relives a memory from his childhood . In it , the young Peter is dropped off at a music store by his mother so she can pick up a prescription from the pharmacy , having been experiencing painful headaches as of late . As the shopkeeper ( Mark Barbolak ) copies a mixtape for him to give him mom , Peter is harassed by the local bully Clarence ( John Omohundro ) who has been regularly attacking him and broke his cassette player . Clarence taunts Peter about his mother being unable to afford her medical bills and that there are rumors she has been going door - to - door begging for handouts . If left uninterrupted , Clarence says his dad is drinking buddies with Meredith 's doctor and claims that she 's dying , insulting her to her face when she returns to the shop . If Peter attacks Clarence , he will punch him hard enough to cause a nosebleed , causing Clarence to throw a radio at him in retaliation , though it ends up missing . Realizing he has only angered Peter further , Clarence panics and freezes up , allowing Peter to tackle him against a shelf and start pummeling him . Meredith pulls Peter off of Clarence , who laments that Peter may have broken his jaw . Disappointed and upset with Peter 's actions , Meredith begins to cough and have trouble breathing as the aggravates her condition , causing the shopkeeper to call for an ambulance while Clarence runs away . If Peter uses his words , he 'll brush off Clarence 's taunts and mock him for having `` elephant ears '' , causing Clarence to rub in how Meredith kept her terminal condition secret from Peter . If Peter remains calm and insists that his mother just needs proper medicine , Clarence tells Peter to simply buy her poison so that ca n't waste her money trying to get better anymore . Outraged , Meredith slaps Clarence and intimidates him into fleeing , thanking Peter for not lashing out and apologizing for her poor example in striking Clarence . Peter asks Meredith if Clarence was right about her dying . At the end of the flashback , Peter 's mother tells him he is `` so close '' and tells him to find her , culminating in the adult Star - Lord waking up to find himself back on Earth in the middle of a forest . Walking through woods , he finds Gamora screaming into a field at nothing before muttering about her sister and reacting as if attacked . Confused , Star - Lord approaches Gamora only to have her start swiping at him with her sword , believing that he is Nebula . Getting pinned to the ground , Star - Lord struggles to keep Gamora 's blade away from his throat and suddenly begins experiencing one of Gamora 's memories just like he had with Rocket Raccoon . In it , Gamora is training with the than - unaltered Nebula in a combat arena , advising Nebula on keeping her awareness at all times when Nebula expresses frustration with being confined . The two continue dueling until finally locking blades , Nebula pleading that Gamora is hurting her . If Gamora finishes the fight , she will overpower Nebula and knock her down , but is distracted when Thanos enters the room - which Nebula takes advantage of to kick Gamora 's legs out and press a blade to her neck . Thanos than compliments Nebula 's use of duplicity to win and if Gamora claims Nebula cheated , Thanos will remark it Gamora 's fault for leaving herself open . If Gamora throws the fight , she eases pressure off of her sword enough for Nebula to knock her down in front of Thanos , much to Gamora 's chagrin . If Gamora reveals she let Nebula win the fight , Thanos will still favor Nebula for having taken advantage of Gamora 's hesitance . Thanos muses that Nebula may be the greatest assassin in the galaxy and gives the sisters a mission ; head to a Kree outpost on Phelion and locate General Tar - Voll , who has obtained a device that Thanos requires . He instructs Gamora to recover the device while Nebula is to kill Tar - Voll , overjoying Nebula with his acknowledgment that she is ready to go out into the galaxy . Thanos than reveals to Gamora in private that his giving Nebula the mission is because he is losing faith in Gamora 's capabilities , intending for Nebula to `` tighten the slack '' - regardless of if she 's actually capable enough yet - and that Nebula will in turn be the one who suffers if they fail . After Thanos speaks with Nebula in private , the sisters arrive on Phelion and split up to complete their goals . Infiltrating the command chamber , Gamora kills the guards and obtains the device , but Nebula is overpowered by Tar - Voll , forcing Gamora to step in and kill the General to save her . Enraged that Gamora took her kill , Nebula demands the device so that she does n't return a failure . Gamora can either comply or refuse , but Nebula will ultimately impale Gamora with her sword to keep her failure a secret , leaving her sister for dead . After the memory experience ends , Gamora reawakens and pins Star - Lord again , forcing him to slap her to snap her out of it . Realizing he saw her memories , Gamora reveals the betrayal is the main reason for her bitterness with Nebula and that her sister resented her acts of protection , seeing it as pity and a lack of trust . However , Gamora states she also blames herself for not being more honest with Nebula about her doubts and that she still wants to repair their relationship , despite fearing that Nebula will never stop resenting her . Returning focus onto what the Temple is trying to show them , Star - Lord and Gamora hear music that the former recognizes as one of his mother 's favorites , drawing them to an old chapel in the middle of the forest . Gamora warns Star - Lord to be careful as the Temple is using their memories against them , entering the chapel to find it a recreation of Meredith 's funeral , albeit devoid of anybody else . As they approach the podium , the music intensifies and distorts until going quiet when Star - Lord reaches the casket and opens it , releasing a bright light that disperses the memory world and reveals the Temple on Emnios . Finding a large container in place of his mother 's casket , Star - Lord and Gamora watch the object open to reveal the body of a female figure , which tumbles onto the floor . Discovering the figure to be a humanoid girl with a pair of antennae , the woman introduces herself as Mantis ( Sumalee Montano ) and calls Peter by name , claiming they have met before - than asks to borrow Peter 's gun . Star - Lord can oblige her or refuse , though either way Mantis will force her prison container over the edge of the platform and destroy it , gladdened to finally be free of her `` tomb '' . Proclaiming Peter to be `` the Celestial One '' , Mantis reveals she was the source of Peter 's visions through the Eternity Forge , calling for him to come find her - albeit unconsciously , with the message using Peter 's most vivid memories , and by extension Meredith 's form , on reflex to communicate it . Apologizing for her actions , Mantis holds Star - Lord 's hands and is able read his responses before he even speaks , revealing she is an empath that can read others ' emotions or transmit her own to them , explaining her duty is to help `` the Celestial One '' decide the fate of the Eternity Forge . Returning Mantis to the Milano , Star - Lord and Gamora introduce her to the rest of the Guardians by way of showcasing her abilities on either Drax the Destroyer , Rocket Raccoon or Groot . Star - Lord explains Mantis was the one calling to them through their memories , to which Drax questions how Mantis is connected to the Eternity Forge , despite Rocket 's protests against a lengthy narration . If allowed to speak of her past , Mantis explains that the Eternity Forge was brought into existence eons ago as a way to balance the Universe 's flow of life - energy , by allowing control over the cycles of life and death . Mantis herself was charged with serving as both it 's guardian and a guide for it 's wielder to ensure only someone worthy could use it - but when none came , the Kree separated Mantis from the Forge and locked them away separately , so that it 's power could n't be abused . Mantis than explains that there is a legend of `` the Celestial One '' - a chosen hero with the wisdom and insight to wield the Eternity Forge and decide both it 's use and it 's ultimate fate - and that Star - Lord is the one the legend speaks of . Rocket is skeptical of the Legend since the Forge was n't able to bring Lylla back , to which Mantis explains the Eternity Forge is only operating in a limited capacity - unless it is restored to full power , it can only resurrect intact and undamaged corpses , which in turn explains why Hala was preserving Kree bodies . However , Mantis reveals that as the Celestial One , Peter can restore the Forge to it 's full power if he returns it to the Sacred Shrine , which would allow it to resurrect any deceased being from any point , though at the cost of one life for another - or he can destroy it to keep it 's power forever out of evil hands . Rocket and Drax want to use it to bring back their loved ones , but Gamora and Groot wish it to be destroyed so that it 's power ca n't be abused , by Hala or anyone else . Star - Lord asks if Mantis can take them to the Shrine , to which she states she may be able to sense it 's location with his help . However , the unrest and division among the crew makes it too difficult for Mantis to try , asking Star - Lord to speak with them first and find it 's source . Star - Lord finds Groot caring for a potted seedling and Rocket drinking his sorrows away , while Drax the Destroyer feels pensive over hope he 'll get his family back and anxiety over Mantis ' peering into people 's feelings - as well as sympathy for the kind of pain that insight causes . Finally , Star - Lord discovers the primary source of unrest is from Gamora and Nebula , the former voicing frustration and uncertainty over failing to reach her sister . Star - Lord can advise Gamora to either give up on Nebula or keep trying to reach her , before going to speak with Nebula himself . Expressing bitterness at Gamora 's attempts to speak with her , Nebula claims her sister does n't know the full truth behind why she betrayed her , to which Star - Lord suggests she show him via Mantis ' empathic abilities . Agreeing , Nebula shows Star - Lord her memories of the sisters ' last mission , revealing that she had n't been trying to kill Gamora ; Thanos had been listening in as he believed that Gamora was untrustworthy . When Gamora disobeyed him and killed Tar - Voll , Thanos ordered Nebula to kill Gamora lest he do so himself , albeit slowly and painfully , with Nebula complying in order to save Gamora from Thanos ' wrath . Gamora than walks in on Star - Lord viewing Nebula 's memories and interrupts , causing another argument between them over each - other 's trustworthiness despite them both wanting to reconnect . If Star - Lord tells Nebula to leave , she will bitterly depart and end up joining Hala the Accuser in order to gain protection from the Nova Corps . She than fights Gamora in the episode 's climax , taunting her for never listening to her while Gamora vows to keep defeating her , though the fight ultimately ends with Nebula helping subdue Gamora . If Star - Lord tells Nebula to stay , she and Gamora finally start to reconcile and Nebula accompanies the Guardians , leaving Gamora hopeful they can regain each - other 's trust . Nebula and Gamora fight side - by - side in the episode 's climax , expressing happiness at working together again , though Nebula ends up getting injured protecting Gamora . With the crew 's feelings now sorted out , Mantis is able to locate the Sacred Shrine and the crew readies to leave . Gamora talks with Star - Lord about the outcome of taking to Nebula , Rocket apologizes for his drunken rant at Peter and Mantis listens to music on Peter 's cassette player , voicing anxiety on how much the team is weighed down by their pasts rather than living in the present . Playing some music to help ease tension , Star - Lord helps Mantis acclimatize to the Guardian 's chaotic life on the Milano as they travel to the Shrine , which is located in a subterranean cavern on Drobino . Entering the Shrine , Mantis directs Star - Lord to place the Eternity Forge on the central pedestal and energize the temple , though damage to the statues forces them to manually re-adjust the lenses meant to focus power to the platform . Upon focusing the beams of light on the Eternity Forge , Star - Lord is given the choice of whether or not to fully empower it or destroy it , but Hala the Accuser enters immediately afterword with a group of Kree soldiers to try and claim it for herself , though Rocket disarms her of the remote - gauntlet for her lance . If Star - Lord decides to destroy the Eternity Forge , Drax the Destroyer and Rocket Raccoon feel hurt and betrayed at losing the chance to have their loved ones back , verbally lashing out at Gamora and Groot when they approve of the choice . When Hala enters , the Guardians fight her forces to a standstill but Hala manages to reach the broken Eternity Forge . She than attempts to resurrect her son Bal - Dinn , but his body disintegrates moments after materializing and the stricken Eternity Forge explodes . However , Hala survives the blast , badly burned but infused with the Forge 's power , swearing revenge on Peter for costing her the chance to bring back her son and army . If Star - Lord decides to empower the Eternity Forge , Gamora and Groot will respectively express anger and disappointment at personal attachment superseding the risk , with Drax the Destroyer and Rocket Raccoon criticizing the two for being afraid . When Hala enters , the Guardians fight her forces to a standstill but Hala manages to reach the empowered Eternity Forge . She than uses it to successfully resurrect her son Bal - Dinn ( Johnny Yong Bosch ) , embracing him upon affirming he is alive . Claiming the Eternity Forge for herself , Hala uses it to revive the rest of her soldiers within the Shrine , intent on repeating the process for the Kree 's army . Episodes ( edit ) The game was separated into five episodes for release on mobile devices , personal computers , and PlayStation 4 and Xbox One consoles . The version of the series for the Nintendo Switch was announced in August 2017 , though its release date is not yet known . No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Tangled Up in Blue '' Jonathan Stauder Zack Keller , Nicole Martinez & Timothy Williams April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) The Guardians help the Nova Corps intercept Thanos as he steals an artifact from an ancient Kree tomb called the Eternity Forge . Star - Lord uses Rocket 's atomic gun to kill the Mad Titan , and after a night of celebration at a bar on Knowhere rack up a hefty tab . When getting the money to pay the tab , Hala the Accuser attacks the team and takes the Eternity Forge from Star - Lord 's possession to resurrect the extinct Kree Empire . Peter pursues her with ( either Drax or Gamora ) to her ship . She mortally wounds Star - Lord , who barely escapes her with the Forge . In death , Peter sees his mother who , by way of the Eternity Forge , restores her son to life . `` Under Pressure '' Jason Latino Nicole Martinez , Jessica Krause & Timothy Williams June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) When the Guardians stop on Rajak for repairs , Star - Lord visits his adoptive father Yondu to learn how the Eternity Forge and his mother Meredith are connected . Experiencing another vision , Peter is shown Kree glyphs that Gamora thinks Nebula can translate , but Rocket wishes to detour to Halfworld to see if the Eternity Forge can bring back his lost friend Lylla . After persuading Nebula to help them , the Guardians return to the artifact 's temple and are directed to Emnios , but are attacked by Hala 's Kree soldiers . Barely escaping , the Guardians arrive on Emnios , where Peter believes he 'll find his mother . `` More than a Feeling '' TBA TBA August 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) Entering the Temple on Emnios , Peter experiences another memory of his childhood while Gamora relives Nebula betraying her . Finding a casket within the Temple , they open it and release an alien named Mantis - the Eternity Forge 's guardian and the one who called out to Star - Lord using his mother 's image , believing he is `` The Celestial One '' destined to determine the Forge 's fate . Guided by Mantis to the Kree 's Sacred Shrine on Drobino , Star - Lord must decide whether to empower or destroy the Eternity Forge - a choice the rest of the Guardians are hotly divided on - before Hala arrives to try and claim it for herself . `` Who Needs You '' TBA TBA TBA 2017 ( TBA 2017 ) 5 `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' TBA TBA TBA 2017 ( TBA 2017 ) Reception ( edit ) Aggregate review scores Game Metacritic Episode 1 : Tangled Up in Blue ( PC ) 70 ( PS4 ) 72 ( XONE ) 74 Episode 2 : Under Pressure ( PC ) 72 ( PS4 ) 70 ( XONE ) 79 Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series received favorable reviews from critics earning praise for its story , voice acting , action sequences , and portrayal of the titular characters , although its humor , animation , and technical issues have been criticized . Episode 1 : Tangled up in Blue ( edit ) Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 70 / 100 based on 20 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 72 / 100 based on 29 reviews and the Xbox One version 74 / 100 based on 12 reviews . Episode 2 : Under Pressure ( edit ) Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 72 / 100 based on 11 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 70 / 100 based on 8 reviews and the Xbox One version 79 / 100 based on 5 reviews . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Lucy ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Telltale Games ' Guardians of the Galaxy Episode 1 Release Date Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : MacLeod , Riley ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Episode Two of Telltale 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Kotaku . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gilyadov , Alex ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Telltale 's Guardians of the Galaxy Episode 3 Release Date '' . IGN . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Telltale 's Guardians of the Galaxy game debuts this spring '' . Polygon . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dornbrush , Jonathon ( 17 April 2017 ) . `` Telltale 's Guardians of the Galaxy Is Not an Origin Story '' . IGN . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Telltale announces Guardians of the Galaxy episodic game for 2017 '' . Polygon . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Joe ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy is Telltale 's next game , suggests voice actors ' strike leak '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Lucy ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Telltale 's Guardians of the Galaxy Release Date Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Brendan ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Groot news : Telltale 's Guardians of the Galaxy trailer '' . Rock Paper Shotgun . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newhouse , Alex ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Nintendo Switch Receiving Telltale 's Batman And Guardians Of The Galaxy Series '' . GameSpot . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy - Episode 1 : Tangled Up in Blue Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy - Episode 1 : Tangled Up in Blue Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy - Episode 1 : Tangled Up in Blue Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy - Episode 2 : Under Pressure Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy - Episode 2 : Under Pressure Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy - Episode 2 : Under Pressure Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Telltale Games Bone series Out from Boneville The Great Cow Race CSI series 3 Dimensions of Murder Hard Evidence Deadly Intent Fatal Conspiracy Sam & Max series Save the World Beyond Time and Space The Devil 's Playhouse Puzzle Agent series Puzzle Agent Puzzle Agent 2 Poker Night series Poker Night at the Inventory Poker Night 2 The Walking Dead series The Walking Dead Season Two Michonne A New Frontier Batman series Batman : The Telltale Series Batman : The Enemy Within Other titles Telltale Texas Hold'em Strong Bad 's Cool Game for Attractive People Wallace & Gromit 's Grand Adventures Tales of Monkey Island Back to the Future : The Game Jurassic Park : The Game Law & Order : Legacies Tales from the Borderlands Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Minecraft : Story Mode Game of Thrones The Wolf Among Us Guardians of the Galaxy Creators Stan Lee Arnold Drake Roy Thomas Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Members 1969 team members Charlie - 27 Martinex T'Naga Nikki Starhawk Talon Vance Astro / Major Victory Yondu Udonta 2008 team members Adam Warlock Bug Cosmo the Spacedog Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Jack Flag Mantis Moondragon Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Supporting characters Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Gladiator Quasar Ronan the Accuser Silver Surfer Avengers Kismet Nova Corps Richard Rider Sam Alexander Starjammers Antagonists Annihilus Badoon Blastaar Brood Galactus Hala the Accuser J'son Korvac Magus Nebula Shi'ar Empire Vulcan Skrull Thanos Titus Universal Church of Truth Storylines Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative The Black Vortex In other media Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy ( TV series ) Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Related articles Cosmic entities Knowhere Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Guardians of the Galaxy ( Epcot Attraction ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guardians_of_the_Galaxy:_The_Telltale_Series&oldid=800958783 '' Categories : 2017 video games Android ( operating system ) games Episodic video games Guardians of the Galaxy IOS games Nintendo Switch games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation Network games Point - and - click adventure games Single - player video games Telltale Games games Video games based on Marvel Comics Video games developed in the United States Windows games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Use mdy dates from March 2016 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 19 : 57 . About Wikipedia	who voices rocket in guardians of the galaxy telltale	[]	[]
-1079879862093024571	Nuclear fission	Nuclear fission - wikipedia Nuclear fission Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Fission ( disambiguation ) . `` Splitting the atom '' redirects here . For the EP , see Splitting the Atom . An induced fission reaction . A neutron is absorbed by a uranium - 235 nucleus , turning it briefly into an excited uranium - 236 nucleus , with the excitation energy provided by the kinetic energy of the neutron plus the forces that bind the neutron . The uranium - 236 , in turn , splits into fast - moving lighter elements ( fission products ) and releases three free neutrons . At the same time , one or more `` prompt gamma rays '' ( not shown ) are produced , as well . Nuclear physics Nucleus Nucleons ( p , n ) Nuclear matter Nuclear force Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus ( show ) Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides ' classification ( show ) Isotopes -- equal Z Isobars -- equal A Isotones -- equal N Isodiaphers -- equal N − Z Isomers -- equal all the above Mirror nuclei -- Z ↔ N Stable Magic Even / odd Halo Nuclear stability ( show ) Binding energy p -- n ratio Drip line Island of stability Valley of stability Radioactive decay ( show ) Alpha α Beta β ( 2β , β ) K / L capture Isomeric ( Gamma γ Internal conversion ) Spontaneous fission Cluster decay Neutron emission Proton emission Decay energy Decay chain Decay product Radiogenic nuclide Nuclear fission ( show ) Spontaneous Products ( pair breaking ) Photofission Capturing processes ( show ) electron neutron ( s r ) proton ( p rp ) High energy processes ( show ) Spallation ( by cosmic ray ) Photodisintegration Nucleosynthesis and nuclear astrophysics ( show ) Nuclear fusion Processes : Stellar Big Bang Supernova Nuclides : Primordial Cosmogenic Artificial High energy nuclear physics ( show ) Quark -- gluon plasma RHIC LHC Scientists ( show ) Alvarez Becquerel Bethe A. Bohr N. Bohr Chadwick Cockcroft Ir. Curie Fr. Curie Pi. Curie Skłodowska - Curie Davisson Fermi Hahn Jensen Lawrence Mayer Meitner Oliphant Oppenheimer Proca Purcell Rabi Rutherford Soddy Strassmann Szilárd Teller Thomson Walton Wigner In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry , nuclear fission is either a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts ( lighter nuclei ) . The fission process often produces free neutrons and gamma photons , and releases a very large amount of energy even by the energetic standards of radioactive decay . Nuclear fission of heavy elements was discovered on December 17 , 1938 by German Otto Hahn and his assistant Fritz Strassmann , and explained theoretically in January 1939 by Lise Meitner and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch . Frisch named the process by analogy with biological fission of living cells . It is an exothermic reaction which can release large amounts of energy both as electromagnetic radiation and as kinetic energy of the fragments ( heating the bulk material where fission takes place ) . In order for fission to produce energy , the total binding energy of the resulting elements must be less negative ( higher energy ) than that of the starting element . Fission is a form of nuclear transmutation because the resulting fragments are not the same element as the original atom . The two nuclei produced are most often of comparable but slightly different sizes , typically with a mass ratio of products of about 3 to 2 , for common fissile isotopes . Most fissions are binary fissions ( producing two charged fragments ) , but occasionally ( 2 to 4 times per 1000 events ) , three positively charged fragments are produced , in a ternary fission . The smallest of these fragments in ternary processes ranges in size from a proton to an argon nucleus . Apart from fission induced by a neutron , harnessed and exploited by humans , a natural form of spontaneous radioactive decay ( not requiring a neutron ) is also referred to as fission , and occurs especially in very high - mass - number isotopes . Spontaneous fission was discovered in 1940 by Flyorov , Petrzhak and Kurchatov in Moscow , when they decided to confirm that , without bombardment by neutrons , the fission rate of uranium was indeed negligible , as predicted by Niels Bohr ; it was not . The unpredictable composition of the products ( which vary in a broad probabilistic and somewhat chaotic manner ) distinguishes fission from purely quantum - tunneling processes such as proton emission , alpha decay , and cluster decay , which give the same products each time . Nuclear fission produces energy for nuclear power and drives the explosion of nuclear weapons . Both uses are possible because certain substances called nuclear fuels undergo fission when struck by fission neutrons , and in turn emit neutrons when they break apart . This makes possible a self - sustaining nuclear chain reaction that releases energy at a controlled rate in a nuclear reactor or at a very rapid uncontrolled rate in a nuclear weapon . The amount of free energy contained in nuclear fuel is millions of times the amount of free energy contained in a similar mass of chemical fuel such as gasoline , making nuclear fission a very dense source of energy . The products of nuclear fission , however , are on average far more radioactive than the heavy elements which are normally fissioned as fuel , and remain so for significant amounts of time , giving rise to a nuclear waste problem . Concerns over nuclear waste accumulation and over the destructive potential of nuclear weapons are a counterbalance to the peaceful desire to use fission as an energy source , and give rise to ongoing political debate over nuclear power . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical overview 1.1 Mechanism 1.2 Energetics 1.2. 1 Input 1.2. 2 Output 1.3 Product nuclei and binding energy 1.4 Origin of the active energy and the curve of binding energy 1.5 Chain reactions 1.6 Fission reactors 1.7 Fission bombs 2 History 2.1 Discovery of nuclear fission 2.2 Fission chain reaction realized 2.3 Manhattan Project and beyond 2.4 Natural fission chain - reactors on Earth 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Physical overview ( edit ) Mechanism ( edit ) A visual representation of an induced nuclear fission event where a slow - moving neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium - 235 atom , which fissions into two fast - moving lighter elements ( fission products ) and additional neutrons . Most of the energy released is in the form of the kinetic velocities of the fission products and the neutrons . Fission product yields by mass for thermal neutron fission of U-235 , Pu - 239 , a combination of the two typical of current nuclear power reactors , and U-233 used in the thorium cycle . Nuclear fission can occur without neutron bombardment as a type of radioactive decay . This type of fission ( called spontaneous fission ) is rare except in a few heavy isotopes . In engineered nuclear devices , essentially all nuclear fission occurs as a `` nuclear reaction '' -- a bombardment - driven process that results from the collision of two subatomic particles . In nuclear reactions , a subatomic particle collides with an atomic nucleus and causes changes to it . Nuclear reactions are thus driven by the mechanics of bombardment , not by the relatively constant exponential decay and half - life characteristic of spontaneous radioactive processes . Many types of nuclear reactions are currently known . Nuclear fission differs importantly from other types of nuclear reactions , in that it can be amplified and sometimes controlled via a nuclear chain reaction ( one type of general chain reaction ) . In such a reaction , free neutrons released by each fission event can trigger yet more events , which in turn release more neutrons and cause more fissions . The chemical element isotopes that can sustain a fission chain reaction are called nuclear fuels , and are said to be fissile . The most common nuclear fuels are U ( the isotope of uranium with an atomic mass of 235 and of use in nuclear reactors ) and Pu ( the isotope of plutonium with an atomic mass of 239 ) . These fuels break apart into a bimodal range of chemical elements with atomic masses centering near 95 and 135 u ( fission products ) . Most nuclear fuels undergo spontaneous fission only very slowly , decaying instead mainly via an alpha - beta decay chain over periods of millennia to eons . In a nuclear reactor or nuclear weapon , the overwhelming majority of fission events are induced by bombardment with another particle , a neutron , which is itself produced by prior fission events . Nuclear fissions in fissile fuels are the result of the nuclear excitation energy produced when a fissile nucleus captures a neutron . This energy , resulting from the neutron capture , is a result of the attractive nuclear force acting between the neutron and nucleus . It is enough to deform the nucleus into a double - lobed `` drop , '' to the point that nuclear fragments exceed the distances at which the nuclear force can hold two groups of charged nucleons together and , when this happens , the two fragments complete their separation and then are driven further apart by their mutually repulsive charges , in a process which becomes irreversible with greater and greater distance . A similar process occurs in fissionable isotopes ( such as uranium - 238 ) , but in order to fission , these isotopes require additional energy provided by fast neutrons ( such as those produced by nuclear fusion in thermonuclear weapons ) . The liquid drop model of the atomic nucleus predicts equal - sized fission products as an outcome of nuclear deformation . The more sophisticated nuclear shell model is needed to mechanistically explain the route to the more energetically favorable outcome , in which one fission product is slightly smaller than the other . A theory of the fission based on shell model has been formulated by Maria Goeppert Mayer . The most common fission process is binary fission , and it produces the fission products noted above , at 95 ± 15 and 135 ± 15 u . However , the binary process happens merely because it is the most probable . In anywhere from 2 to 4 fissions per 1000 in a nuclear reactor , a process called ternary fission produces three positively charged fragments ( plus neutrons ) and the smallest of these may range from so small a charge and mass as a proton ( Z = 1 ) , to as large a fragment as argon ( Z = 18 ) . The most common small fragments , however , are composed of 90 % helium - 4 nuclei with more energy than alpha particles from alpha decay ( so - called `` long range alphas '' at ~ 16 MeV ) , plus helium - 6 nuclei , and tritons ( the nuclei of tritium ) . The ternary process is less common , but still ends up producing significant helium - 4 and tritium gas buildup in the fuel rods of modern nuclear reactors . Energetics ( edit ) Input ( edit ) The stages of binary fission in a liquid drop model . Energy input deforms the nucleus into a fat `` cigar '' shape , then a `` peanut '' shape , followed by binary fission as the two lobes exceed the short - range nuclear force attraction distance , then are pushed apart and away by their electrical charge . In the liquid drop model , the two fission fragments are predicted to be the same size . The nuclear shell model allows for them to differ in size , as usually experimentally observed . The fission of a heavy nucleus requires a total input energy of about 7 to 8 million electron volts ( MeV ) to initially overcome the nuclear force which holds the nucleus into a spherical or nearly spherical shape , and from there , deform it into a two - lobed ( `` peanut '' ) shape in which the lobes are able to continue to separate from each other , pushed by their mutual positive charge , in the most common process of binary fission ( two positively charged fission products + neutrons ) . Once the nuclear lobes have been pushed to a critical distance , beyond which the short range strong force can no longer hold them together , the process of their separation proceeds from the energy of the ( longer range ) electromagnetic repulsion between the fragments . The result is two fission fragments moving away from each other , at high energy . About 6 MeV of the fission - input energy is supplied by the simple binding of an extra neutron to the heavy nucleus via the strong force ; however , in many fissionable isotopes , this amount of energy is not enough for fission . Uranium - 238 , for example , has a near - zero fission cross section for neutrons of less than one MeV energy . If no additional energy is supplied by any other mechanism , the nucleus will not fission , but will merely absorb the neutron , as happens when U-238 absorbs slow and even some fraction of fast neutrons , to become U-239 . The remaining energy to initiate fission can be supplied by two other mechanisms : one of these is more kinetic energy of the incoming neutron , which is increasingly able to fission a fissionable heavy nucleus as it exceeds a kinetic energy of one MeV or more ( so - called fast neutrons ) . Such high energy neutrons are able to fission U-238 directly ( see thermonuclear weapon for application , where the fast neutrons are supplied by nuclear fusion ) . However , this process can not happen to a great extent in a nuclear reactor , as too small a fraction of the fission neutrons produced by any type of fission have enough energy to efficiently fission U-238 ( fission neutrons have a mode energy of 2 MeV , but a median of only 0.75 MeV , meaning half of them have less than this insufficient energy ) . Among the heavy actinide elements , however , those isotopes that have an odd number of neutrons ( such as U-235 with 143 neutrons ) bind an extra neutron with an additional 1 to 2 MeV of energy over an isotope of the same element with an even number of neutrons ( such as U-238 with 146 neutrons ) . This extra binding energy is made available as a result of the mechanism of neutron pairing effects . This extra energy results from the Pauli exclusion principle allowing an extra neutron to occupy the same nuclear orbital as the last neutron in the nucleus , so that the two form a pair . In such isotopes , therefore , no neutron kinetic energy is needed , for all the necessary energy is supplied by absorption of any neutron , either of the slow or fast variety ( the former are used in moderated nuclear reactors , and the latter are used in fast neutron reactors , and in weapons ) . As noted above , the subgroup of fissionable elements that may be fissioned efficiently with their own fission neutrons ( thus potentially causing a nuclear chain reaction in relatively small amounts of the pure material ) are termed `` fissile . '' Examples of fissile isotopes are U-235 and plutonium - 239 . Output ( edit ) Typical fission events release about two hundred million eV ( 200 MeV ) of energy for each fission event . The exact isotope which is fissioned , and whether or not it is fissionable or fissile , has only a small impact on the amount of energy released . This can be easily seen by examining the curve of binding energy ( image below ) , and noting that the average binding energy of the actinide nuclides beginning with uranium is around 7.6 MeV per nucleon . Looking further left on the curve of binding energy , where the fission products cluster , it is easily observed that the binding energy of the fission products tends to center around 8.5 MeV per nucleon . Thus , in any fission event of an isotope in the actinide 's range of mass , roughly 0.9 MeV is released per nucleon of the starting element . The fission of U235 by a slow neutron yields nearly identical energy to the fission of U238 by a fast neutron . This energy release profile holds true for thorium and the various minor actinides as well . By contrast , most chemical oxidation reactions ( such as burning coal or TNT ) release at most a few eV per event . So , nuclear fuel contains at least ten million times more usable energy per unit mass than does chemical fuel . The energy of nuclear fission is released as kinetic energy of the fission products and fragments , and as electromagnetic radiation in the form of gamma rays ; in a nuclear reactor , the energy is converted to heat as the particles and gamma rays collide with the atoms that make up the reactor and its working fluid , usually water or occasionally heavy water or molten salts . When a uranium nucleus fissions into two daughter nuclei fragments , about 0.1 percent of the mass of the uranium nucleus appears as the fission energy of ~ 200 MeV . For uranium - 235 ( total mean fission energy 202.5 MeV ) , typically ~ 169 MeV appears as the kinetic energy of the daughter nuclei , which fly apart at about 3 % of the speed of light , due to Coulomb repulsion . Also , an average of 2.5 neutrons are emitted , with a mean kinetic energy per neutron of ~ 2 MeV ( total of 4.8 MeV ) . The fission reaction also releases ~ 7 MeV in prompt gamma ray photons . The latter figure means that a nuclear fission explosion or criticality accident emits about 3.5 % of its energy as gamma rays , less than 2.5 % of its energy as fast neutrons ( total of both types of radiation ~ 6 % ) , and the rest as kinetic energy of fission fragments ( this appears almost immediately when the fragments impact surrounding matter , as simple heat ) . In an atomic bomb , this heat may serve to raise the temperature of the bomb core to 100 million kelvin and cause secondary emission of soft X-rays , which convert some of this energy to ionizing radiation . However , in nuclear reactors , the fission fragment kinetic energy remains as low - temperature heat , which itself causes little or no ionization . So - called neutron bombs ( enhanced radiation weapons ) have been constructed which release a larger fraction of their energy as ionizing radiation ( specifically , neutrons ) , but these are all thermonuclear devices which rely on the nuclear fusion stage to produce the extra radiation . The energy dynamics of pure fission bombs always remain at about 6 % yield of the total in radiation , as a prompt result of fission . The total prompt fission energy amounts to about 181 MeV , or ~ 89 % of the total energy which is eventually released by fission over time . The remaining ~ 11 % is released in beta decays which have various half - lives , but begin as a process in the fission products immediately ; and in delayed gamma emissions associated with these beta decays . For example , in uranium - 235 this delayed energy is divided into about 6.5 MeV in betas , 8.8 MeV in antineutrinos ( released at the same time as the betas ) , and finally , an additional 6.3 MeV in delayed gamma emission from the excited beta - decay products ( for a mean total of ~ 10 gamma ray emissions per fission , in all ) . Thus , about 6.5 % of the total energy of fission is released some time after the event , as non-prompt or delayed ionizing radiation , and the delayed ionizing energy is about evenly divided between gamma and beta ray energy . In a reactor that has been operating for some time , the radioactive fission products will have built up to steady state concentrations such that their rate of decay is equal to their rate of formation , so that their fractional total contribution to reactor heat ( via beta decay ) is the same as these radioisotopic fractional contributions to the energy of fission . Under these conditions , the 6.5 % of fission which appears as delayed ionizing radiation ( delayed gammas and betas from radioactive fission products ) contributes to the steady - state reactor heat production under power . It is this output fraction which remains when the reactor is suddenly shut down ( undergoes scram ) . For this reason , the reactor decay heat output begins at 6.5 % of the full reactor steady state fission power , once the reactor is shut down . However , within hours , due to decay of these isotopes , the decay power output is far less . See decay heat for detail . The remainder of the delayed energy ( 8.8 MeV / 202.5 MeV = 4.3 % of total fission energy ) is emitted as antineutrinos , which as a practical matter , are not considered `` ionizing radiation . '' The reason is that energy released as antineutrinos is not captured by the reactor material as heat , and escapes directly through all materials ( including the Earth ) at nearly the speed of light , and into interplanetary space ( the amount absorbed is minuscule ) . Neutrino radiation is ordinarily not classed as ionizing radiation , because it is almost entirely not absorbed and therefore does not produce effects ( although the very rare neutrino event is ionizing ) . Almost all of the rest of the radiation ( 6.5 % delayed beta and gamma radiation ) is eventually converted to heat in a reactor core or its shielding . Some processes involving neutrons are notable for absorbing or finally yielding energy -- for example neutron kinetic energy does not yield heat immediately if the neutron is captured by a uranium - 238 atom to breed plutonium - 239 , but this energy is emitted if the plutonium - 239 is later fissioned . On the other hand , so - called delayed neutrons emitted as radioactive decay products with half - lives up to several minutes , from fission - daughters , are very important to reactor control , because they give a characteristic `` reaction '' time for the total nuclear reaction to double in size , if the reaction is run in a `` delayed - critical '' zone which deliberately relies on these neutrons for a supercritical chain - reaction ( one in which each fission cycle yields more neutrons than it absorbs ) . Without their existence , the nuclear chain - reaction would be prompt critical and increase in size faster than it could be controlled by human intervention . In this case , the first experimental atomic reactors would have run away to a dangerous and messy `` prompt critical reaction '' before their operators could have manually shut them down ( for this reason , designer Enrico Fermi included radiation - counter-triggered control rods , suspended by electromagnets , which could automatically drop into the center of Chicago Pile - 1 ) . If these delayed neutrons are captured without producing fissions , they produce heat as well . Product nuclei and binding energy ( edit ) Main articles : fission product and fission product yield In fission there is a preference to yield fragments with even proton numbers , which is called the odd - even effect on the fragments ' charge distribution . However , no odd - even effect is observed on fragment mass number distribution . This result is attributed to nucleon pair breaking . In nuclear fission events the nuclei may break into any combination of lighter nuclei , but the most common event is not fission to equal mass nuclei of about mass 120 ; the most common event ( depending on isotope and process ) is a slightly unequal fission in which one daughter nucleus has a mass of about 90 to 100 u and the other the remaining 130 to 140 u . Unequal fissions are energetically more favorable because this allows one product to be closer to the energetic minimum near mass 60 u ( only a quarter of the average fissionable mass ) , while the other nucleus with mass 135 u is still not far out of the range of the most tightly bound nuclei ( another statement of this , is that the atomic binding energy curve is slightly steeper to the left of mass 120 u than to the right of it ) . Origin of the active energy and the curve of binding energy ( edit ) The `` curve of binding energy '' : A graph of binding energy per nucleon of common isotopes . Nuclear fission of heavy elements produces exploitable energy because the specific binding energy ( binding energy per mass ) of intermediate - mass nuclei with atomic numbers and atomic masses close to Ni and Fe is greater than the nucleon - specific binding energy of very heavy nuclei , so that energy is released when heavy nuclei are broken apart . The total rest masses of the fission products ( Mp ) from a single reaction is less than the mass of the original fuel nucleus ( M ) . The excess mass Δm = M -- Mp is the invariant mass of the energy that is released as photons ( gamma rays ) and kinetic energy of the fission fragments , according to the mass - energy equivalence formula E = mc . The variation in specific binding energy with atomic number is due to the interplay of the two fundamental forces acting on the component nucleons ( protons and neutrons ) that make up the nucleus . Nuclei are bound by an attractive nuclear force between nucleons , which overcomes the electrostatic repulsion between protons . However , the nuclear force acts only over relatively short ranges ( a few nucleon diameters ) , since it follows an exponentially decaying Yukawa potential which makes it insignificant at longer distances . The electrostatic repulsion is of longer range , since it decays by an inverse - square rule , so that nuclei larger than about 12 nucleons in diameter reach a point that the total electrostatic repulsion overcomes the nuclear force and causes them to be spontaneously unstable . For the same reason , larger nuclei ( more than about eight nucleons in diameter ) are less tightly bound per unit mass than are smaller nuclei ; breaking a large nucleus into two or more intermediate - sized nuclei releases energy . The origin of this energy is the nuclear force , which intermediate - sized nuclei allows to act more efficiently , because each nucleon has more neighbors which are within the short range attraction of this force . Thus less energy is needed in the smaller nuclei and the difference to the state before is set free . Also because of the short range of the strong binding force , large stable nuclei must contain proportionally more neutrons than do the lightest elements , which are most stable with a 1 to 1 ratio of protons and neutrons . Nuclei which have more than 20 protons can not be stable unless they have more than an equal number of neutrons . Extra neutrons stabilize heavy elements because they add to strong - force binding ( which acts between all nucleons ) without adding to proton -- proton repulsion . Fission products have , on average , about the same ratio of neutrons and protons as their parent nucleus , and are therefore usually unstable to beta decay ( which changes neutrons to protons ) because they have proportionally too many neutrons compared to stable isotopes of similar mass . This tendency for fission product nuclei to beta - decay is the fundamental cause of the problem of radioactive high level waste from nuclear reactors . Fission products tend to be beta emitters , emitting fast - moving electrons to conserve electric charge , as excess neutrons convert to protons in the fission - product atoms . See Fission products ( by element ) for a description of fission products sorted by element . Chain reactions ( edit ) A schematic nuclear fission chain reaction . 1 . A uranium - 235 atom absorbs a neutron and fissions into two new atoms ( fission fragments ) , releasing three new neutrons and some binding energy . 2 . One of those neutrons is absorbed by an atom of uranium - 238 and does not continue the reaction . Another neutron is simply lost and does not collide with anything , also not continuing the reaction . However , the one neutron does collide with an atom of uranium - 235 , which then fissions and releases two neutrons and some binding energy . 3 . Both of those neutrons collide with uranium - 235 atoms , each of which fissions and releases between one and three neutrons , which can then continue the reaction . Main article : Nuclear chain reaction Several heavy elements , such as uranium , thorium , and plutonium , undergo both spontaneous fission , a form of radioactive decay and induced fission , a form of nuclear reaction . Elemental isotopes that undergo induced fission when struck by a free neutron are called fissionable ; isotopes that undergo fission when struck by a slow - moving thermal neutron are also called fissile . A few particularly fissile and readily obtainable isotopes ( notably U , U and Pu ) are called nuclear fuels because they can sustain a chain reaction and can be obtained in large enough quantities to be useful . All fissionable and fissile isotopes undergo a small amount of spontaneous fission which releases a few free neutrons into any sample of nuclear fuel . Such neutrons would escape rapidly from the fuel and become a free neutron , with a mean lifetime of about 15 minutes before decaying to protons and beta particles . However , neutrons almost invariably impact and are absorbed by other nuclei in the vicinity long before this happens ( newly created fission neutrons move at about 7 % of the speed of light , and even moderated neutrons move at about 8 times the speed of sound ) . Some neutrons will impact fuel nuclei and induce further fissions , releasing yet more neutrons . If enough nuclear fuel is assembled in one place , or if the escaping neutrons are sufficiently contained , then these freshly emitted neutrons outnumber the neutrons that escape from the assembly , and a sustained nuclear chain reaction will take place . An assembly that supports a sustained nuclear chain reaction is called a critical assembly or , if the assembly is almost entirely made of a nuclear fuel , a critical mass . The word `` critical '' refers to a cusp in the behavior of the differential equation that governs the number of free neutrons present in the fuel : if less than a critical mass is present , then the amount of neutrons is determined by radioactive decay , but if a critical mass or more is present , then the amount of neutrons is controlled instead by the physics of the chain reaction . The actual mass of a critical mass of nuclear fuel depends strongly on the geometry and surrounding materials . Not all fissionable isotopes can sustain a chain reaction . For example , U , the most abundant form of uranium , is fissionable but not fissile : it undergoes induced fission when impacted by an energetic neutron with over 1 MeV of kinetic energy . However , too few of the neutrons produced by U fission are energetic enough to induce further fissions in U , so no chain reaction is possible with this isotope . Instead , bombarding U with slow neutrons causes it to absorb them ( becoming U ) and decay by beta emission to Np which then decays again by the same process to Pu ; that process is used to manufacture Pu in breeder reactors . In - situ plutonium production also contributes to the neutron chain reaction in other types of reactors after sufficient plutonium - 239 has been produced , since plutonium - 239 is also a fissile element which serves as fuel . It is estimated that up to half of the power produced by a standard `` non-breeder '' reactor is produced by the fission of plutonium - 239 produced in place , over the total life - cycle of a fuel load . Fissionable , non-fissile isotopes can be used as fission energy source even without a chain reaction . Bombarding U with fast neutrons induces fissions , releasing energy as long as the external neutron source is present . This is an important effect in all reactors where fast neutrons from the fissile isotope can cause the fission of nearby U nuclei , which means that some small part of the U is `` burned - up '' in all nuclear fuels , especially in fast breeder reactors that operate with higher - energy neutrons . That same fast - fission effect is used to augment the energy released by modern thermonuclear weapons , by jacketing the weapon with U to react with neutrons released by nuclear fusion at the center of the device . But the explosive effects of nuclear fission chain reactions can be reduced by using substances like moderators which slow down the speed of secondary neutrons . Fission reactors ( edit ) The cooling towers of the Philippsburg Nuclear Power Plant , in Germany . Critical fission reactors are the most common type of nuclear reactor . In a critical fission reactor , neutrons produced by fission of fuel atoms are used to induce yet more fissions , to sustain a controllable amount of energy release . Devices that produce engineered but non-self - sustaining fission reactions are subcritical fission reactors . Such devices use radioactive decay or particle accelerators to trigger fissions . Critical fission reactors are built for three primary purposes , which typically involve different engineering trade - offs to take advantage of either the heat or the neutrons produced by the fission chain reaction : power reactors are intended to produce heat for nuclear power , either as part of a generating station or a local power system such as a nuclear submarine . research reactors are intended to produce neutrons and / or activate radioactive sources for scientific , medical , engineering , or other research purposes . breeder reactors are intended to produce nuclear fuels in bulk from more abundant isotopes . The better known fast breeder reactor makes Pu ( a nuclear fuel ) from the naturally very abundant U ( not a nuclear fuel ) . Thermal breeder reactors previously tested using Th to breed the fissile isotope U ( thorium fuel cycle ) continue to be studied and developed . While , in principle , all fission reactors can act in all three capacities , in practice the tasks lead to conflicting engineering goals and most reactors have been built with only one of the above tasks in mind . ( There are several early counter-examples , such as the Hanford N reactor , now decommissioned ) . Power reactors generally convert the kinetic energy of fission products into heat , which is used to heat a working fluid and drive a heat engine that generates mechanical or electrical power . The working fluid is usually water with a steam turbine , but some designs use other materials such as gaseous helium . Research reactors produce neutrons that are used in various ways , with the heat of fission being treated as an unavoidable waste product . Breeder reactors are a specialized form of research reactor , with the caveat that the sample being irradiated is usually the fuel itself , a mixture of U and U . For a more detailed description of the physics and operating principles of critical fission reactors , see nuclear reactor physics . For a description of their social , political , and environmental aspects , see nuclear power . Fission bombs ( edit ) The mushroom cloud of the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki , Japan on August 9 , 1945 , rose over 18 kilometres ( 11 mi ) above the bomb 's hypocenter . An estimated 39,000 people were killed by the atomic bomb , of whom 23,145 -- 28,113 were Japanese factory workers , 2,000 were Korean slave laborers , and 150 were Japanese combatants . One class of nuclear weapon , a fission bomb ( not to be confused with the fusion bomb ) , otherwise known as an atomic bomb or atom bomb , is a fission reactor designed to liberate as much energy as possible as rapidly as possible , before the released energy causes the reactor to explode ( and the chain reaction to stop ) . Development of nuclear weapons was the motivation behind early research into nuclear fission which the Manhattan Project during World War II ( September 1 , 1939 -- September 2 , 1945 ) carried out most of the early scientific work on fission chain reactions , culminating in the three events involving fission bombs that occurred during the war . The first fission bomb , codenamed `` The Gadget '' , was detonated during the Trinity Test in the desert of New Mexico on July 16 , 1945 . Two other fission bombs , codenamed `` Little Boy '' and `` Fat Man '' , were used in combat against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in on August 6 and 9 , 1945 respectively . Even the first fission bombs were thousands of times more explosive than a comparable mass of chemical explosive . For example , Little Boy weighed a total of about four tons ( of which 60 kg was nuclear fuel ) and was 11 feet ( 3.4 m ) long ; it also yielded an explosion equivalent to about 15 kilotons of TNT , destroying a large part of the city of Hiroshima . Modern nuclear weapons ( which include a thermonuclear fusion as well as one or more fission stages ) are hundreds of times more energetic for their weight than the first pure fission atomic bombs ( see nuclear weapon yield ) , so that a modern single missile warhead bomb weighing less than 1 / 8 as much as Little Boy ( see for example W88 ) has a yield of 475,000 tons of TNT , and could bring destruction to about 10 times the city area . While the fundamental physics of the fission chain reaction in a nuclear weapon is similar to the physics of a controlled nuclear reactor , the two types of device must be engineered quite differently ( see nuclear reactor physics ) . A nuclear bomb is designed to release all its energy at once , while a reactor is designed to generate a steady supply of useful power . While overheating of a reactor can lead to , and has led to , meltdown and steam explosions , the much lower uranium enrichment makes it impossible for a nuclear reactor to explode with the same destructive power as a nuclear weapon . It is also difficult to extract useful power from a nuclear bomb , although at least one rocket propulsion system , Project Orion , was intended to work by exploding fission bombs behind a massively padded and shielded spacecraft . The strategic importance of nuclear weapons is a major reason why the technology of nuclear fission is politically sensitive . Viable fission bomb designs are , arguably , within the capabilities of many , being relatively simple from an engineering viewpoint . However , the difficulty of obtaining fissile nuclear material to realize the designs is the key to the relative unavailability of nuclear weapons to all but modern industrialized governments with special programs to produce fissile materials ( see uranium enrichment and nuclear fuel cycle . History ( edit ) Discovery of nuclear fission ( edit ) The discovery of nuclear fission occurred in 1938 in the buildings of Kaiser Wilhelm Society for Chemistry , today part of the Free University of Berlin , following nearly five decades of work on the science of radioactivity and the elaboration of new nuclear physics that described the components of atoms . In 1911 , Ernest Rutherford proposed a model of the atom in which a very small , dense and positively charged nucleus of protons ( the neutron had not yet been discovered ) was surrounded by orbiting , negatively charged electrons ( the Rutherford model ) . Niels Bohr improved upon this in 1913 by reconciling the quantum behavior of electrons ( the Bohr model ) . Work by Henri Becquerel , Marie Curie , Pierre Curie , and Rutherford further elaborated that the nucleus , though tightly bound , could undergo different forms of radioactive decay , and thereby transmute into other elements . ( For example , by alpha decay : the emission of an alpha particle -- two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium nucleus . ) Some work in nuclear transmutation had been done . In 1917 , Rutherford was able to accomplish transmutation of nitrogen into oxygen , using alpha particles directed at nitrogen N + α → O + p . This was the first observation of a nuclear reaction , that is , a reaction in which particles from one decay are used to transform another atomic nucleus . Eventually , in 1932 , a fully artificial nuclear reaction and nuclear transmutation was achieved by Rutherford 's colleagues Ernest Walton and John Cockcroft , who used artificially accelerated protons against lithium - 7 , to split this nucleus into two alpha particles . The feat was popularly known as `` splitting the atom '' , although it was not the modern nuclear fission reaction later discovered in heavy elements , which is discussed below . Meanwhile , the possibility of combining nuclei -- nuclear fusion -- had been studied in connection with understanding the processes which power stars . The first artificial fusion reaction had been achieved by Mark Oliphant in 1932 , using two accelerated deuterium nuclei ( each consisting of a single proton bound to a single neutron ) to create a helium - 3 nucleus . After English physicist James Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932 , Enrico Fermi and his colleagues in Rome studied the results of bombarding uranium with neutrons in 1934 . Fermi concluded that his experiments had created new elements with 93 and 94 protons , which the group dubbed ausonium and hesperium . However , not all were convinced by Fermi 's analysis of his results . The German chemist Ida Noddack notably suggested in print in 1934 that instead of creating a new , heavier element 93 , that `` it is conceivable that the nucleus breaks up into several large fragments . '' However , Noddack 's conclusion was not pursued at the time . The experimental apparatus with which Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission in 1938 After the Fermi publication , Otto Hahn , Lise Meitner , and Fritz Strassmann began performing similar experiments in Berlin . Meitner , an Austrian Jew , lost her citizenship with the `` Anschluss '' , the occupation and annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in March 1938 , but she fled in July 1938 to Sweden and started a correspondence by mail with Hahn in Berlin . By coincidence , her nephew Otto Robert Frisch , also a refugee , was also in Sweden when Meitner received a letter from Hahn dated 19 December describing his chemical proof that some of the product of the bombardment of uranium with neutrons was barium . Hahn suggested a bursting of the nucleus , but he was unsure of what the physical basis for the results were . Barium had an atomic mass 40 % less than uranium , and no previously known methods of radioactive decay could account for such a large difference in the mass of the nucleus . Frisch was skeptical , but Meitner trusted Hahn 's ability as a chemist . Marie Curie had been separating barium from radium for many years , and the techniques were well - known . According to Frisch : Was it a mistake ? No , said Lise Meitner ; Hahn was too good a chemist for that . But how could barium be formed from uranium ? No larger fragments than protons or helium nuclei ( alpha particles ) had ever been chipped away from nuclei , and to chip off a large number not nearly enough energy was available . Nor was it possible that the uranium nucleus could have been cleaved right across . A nucleus was not like a brittle solid that can be cleaved or broken ; George Gamow had suggested early on , and Bohr had given good arguments that a nucleus was much more like a liquid drop . Perhaps a drop could divide itself into two smaller drops in a more gradual manner , by first becoming elongated , then constricted , and finally being torn rather than broken in two ? We knew that there were strong forces that would resist such a process , just as the surface tension of an ordinary liquid drop tends to resist its division into two smaller ones . But nuclei differed from ordinary drops in one important way : they were electrically charged , and that was known to counteract the surface tension . The charge of a uranium nucleus , we found , was indeed large enough to overcome the effect of the surface tension almost completely ; so the uranium nucleus might indeed resemble a very wobbly unstable drop , ready to divide itself at the slightest provocation , such as the impact of a single neutron . But there was another problem . After separation , the two drops would be driven apart by their mutual electric repulsion and would acquire high speed and hence a very large energy , about 200 MeV in all ; where could that energy come from ? ... Lise Meitner ... worked out that the two nuclei formed by the division of a uranium nucleus together would be lighter than the original uranium nucleus by about one - fifth the mass of a proton . Now whenever mass disappears energy is created , according to Einstein 's formula E = mc , and one - fifth of a proton mass was just equivalent to 200 MeV . So here was the source for that energy ; it all fitted ! In short , Meitner and Frisch had correctly interpreted Hahn 's results to mean that the nucleus of uranium had split roughly in half . Frisch suggested the process be named `` nuclear fission , '' by analogy to the process of living cell division into two cells , which was then called binary fission . Just as the term nuclear `` chain reaction '' would later be borrowed from chemistry , so the term `` fission '' was borrowed from biology . On 22 December 1938 , Hahn and Strassmann sent a manuscript to Naturwissenschaften reporting that they had discovered the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons . Simultaneously , they communicated these results to Meitner in Sweden . She and Frisch correctly interpreted the results as evidence of nuclear fission . Frisch confirmed this experimentally on 13 January 1939 . For proving that the barium resulting from his bombardment of uranium with neutrons was the product of nuclear fission , Hahn was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1944 ( the sole recipient ) `` for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei '' . ( The award was actually given to Hahn in 1945 , as `` the Nobel Committee for Chemistry decided that none of the year 's nominations met the criteria as outlined in the will of Alfred Nobel . '' In such cases , the Nobel Foundation 's statutes permit that year 's prize be reserved until the following year . ) German stamp honoring Otto Hahn and his discovery of nuclear fission ( 1979 ) News spread quickly of the new discovery , which was correctly seen as an entirely novel physical effect with great scientific -- and potentially practical -- possibilities . Meitner 's and Frisch 's interpretation of the discovery of Hahn and Strassmann crossed the Atlantic Ocean with Niels Bohr , who was to lecture at Princeton University . I.I. Rabi and Willis Lamb , two Columbia University physicists working at Princeton , heard the news and carried it back to Columbia . Rabi said he told Enrico Fermi ; Fermi gave credit to Lamb . Bohr soon thereafter went from Princeton to Columbia to see Fermi . Not finding Fermi in his office , Bohr went down to the cyclotron area and found Herbert L. Anderson . Bohr grabbed him by the shoulder and said : `` Young man , let me explain to you about something new and exciting in physics . '' It was clear to a number of scientists at Columbia that they should try to detect the energy released in the nuclear fission of uranium from neutron bombardment . On 25 January 1939 , a Columbia University team conducted the first nuclear fission experiment in the United States , which was done in the basement of Pupin Hall ; the members of the team were Herbert L. Anderson , Eugene T. Booth , John R. Dunning , Enrico Fermi , G. Norris Glasoe , and Francis G. Slack . The experiment involved placing uranium oxide inside of an ionization chamber and irradiating it with neutrons , and measuring the energy thus released . The results confirmed that fission was occurring and hinted strongly that it was the isotope uranium 235 in particular that was fissioning . The next day , the Fifth Washington Conference on Theoretical Physics began in Washington , D.C. under the joint auspices of the George Washington University and the Carnegie Institution of Washington . There , the news on nuclear fission was spread even further , which fostered many more experimental demonstrations . During this period the Hungarian physicist Leó Szilárd , who was residing in the United States at the time , realized that the neutron - driven fission of heavy atoms could be used to create a nuclear chain reaction . Such a reaction using neutrons was an idea he had first formulated in 1933 , upon reading Rutherford 's disparaging remarks about generating power from his team 's 1932 experiment using protons to split lithium . However , Szilárd had not been able to achieve a neutron - driven chain reaction with neutron - rich light atoms . In theory , if in a neutron - driven chain reaction the number of secondary neutrons produced was greater than one , then each such reaction could trigger multiple additional reactions , producing an exponentially increasing number of reactions . It was thus a possibility that the fission of uranium could yield vast amounts of energy for civilian or military purposes ( i.e. , electric power generation or atomic bombs ) . Szilard now urged Fermi ( in New York ) and Frédéric Joliot - Curie ( in Paris ) to refrain from publishing on the possibility of a chain reaction , lest the Nazi government become aware of the possibilities on the eve of what would later be known as World War II . With some hesitation Fermi agreed to self - censor . But Joliot - Curie did not , and in April 1939 his team in Paris , including Hans von Halban and Lew Kowarski , reported in the journal Nature that the number of neutrons emitted with nuclear fission of U was then reported at 3.5 per fission . ( They later corrected this to 2.6 per fission . ) Simultaneous work by Szilard and Walter Zinn confirmed these results . The results suggested the possibility of building nuclear reactors ( first called `` neutronic reactors '' by Szilard and Fermi ) and even nuclear bombs . However , much was still unknown about fission and chain reaction systems . Fission chain reaction realized ( edit ) Drawing of the first artificial reactor , Chicago Pile - 1 . `` Chain reactions '' at that time were a known phenomenon in chemistry , but the analogous process in nuclear physics , using neutrons , had been foreseen as early as 1933 by Szilárd , although Szilárd at that time had no idea with what materials the process might be initiated . Szilárd considered that neutrons would be ideal for such a situation , since they lacked an electrostatic charge . With the news of fission neutrons from uranium fission , Szilárd immediately understood the possibility of a nuclear chain reaction using uranium . In the summer , Fermi and Szilard proposed the idea of a nuclear reactor ( pile ) to mediate this process . The pile would use natural uranium as fuel . Fermi had shown much earlier that neutrons were far more effectively captured by atoms if they were of low energy ( so - called `` slow '' or `` thermal '' neutrons ) , because for quantum reasons it made the atoms look like much larger targets to the neutrons . Thus to slow down the secondary neutrons released by the fissioning uranium nuclei , Fermi and Szilard proposed a graphite `` moderator , '' against which the fast , high - energy secondary neutrons would collide , effectively slowing them down . With enough uranium , and with pure - enough graphite , their `` pile '' could theoretically sustain a slow - neutron chain reaction . This would result in the production of heat , as well as the creation of radioactive fission products . In August 1939 , Szilard and fellow Hungarian refugees physicists Teller and Wigner thought that the Germans might make use of the fission chain reaction and were spurred to attempt to attract the attention of the United States government to the issue . Towards this , they persuaded German - Jewish refugee Albert Einstein to lend his name to a letter directed to President Franklin Roosevelt . The Einstein -- Szilárd letter suggested the possibility of a uranium bomb deliverable by ship , which would destroy `` an entire harbor and much of the surrounding countryside . '' The President received the letter on 11 October 1939 -- shortly after World War II began in Europe , but two years before U.S. entry into it . Roosevelt ordered that a scientific committee be authorized for overseeing uranium work and allocated a small sum of money for pile research . In England , James Chadwick proposed an atomic bomb utilizing natural uranium , based on a paper by Rudolf Peierls with the mass needed for critical state being 30 -- 40 tons . In America , J. Robert Oppenheimer thought that a cube of uranium deuteride 10 cm on a side ( about 11 kg of uranium ) might `` blow itself to hell . '' In this design it was still thought that a moderator would need to be used for nuclear bomb fission ( this turned out not to be the case if the fissile isotope was separated ) . In December , Werner Heisenberg delivered a report to the German Ministry of War on the possibility of a uranium bomb . Most of these models were still under the assumption that the bombs would be powered by slow neutron reactions -- and thus be similar to a reactor undergoing a meltdown . In Birmingham , England , Frisch teamed up with Peierls , a fellow German - Jewish refugee . They had the idea of using a purified mass of the uranium isotope U , which had a cross section just determined , and which was much larger than that of U or natural uranium ( which is 99.3 % the latter isotope ) . Assuming that the cross section for fast - neutron fission of U was the same as for slow neutron fission , they determined that a pure U bomb could have a critical mass of only 6 kg instead of tons , and that the resulting explosion would be tremendous . ( The amount actually turned out to be 15 kg , although several times this amount was used in the actual uranium ( Little Boy ) bomb ) . In February 1940 they delivered the Frisch -- Peierls memorandum . Ironically , they were still officially considered `` enemy aliens '' at the time . Glenn Seaborg , Joseph W. Kennedy , Arthur Wahl , and Italian - Jewish refugee Emilio Segrè shortly thereafter discovered Pu in the decay products of U produced by bombarding U with neutrons , and determined it to be a fissile material , like U . The possibility of isolating uranium - 235 was technically daunting , because uranium - 235 and uranium - 238 are chemically identical , and vary in their mass by only the weight of three neutrons . However , if a sufficient quantity of uranium - 235 could be isolated , it would allow for a fast neutron fission chain reaction . This would be extremely explosive , a true `` atomic bomb . '' The discovery that plutonium - 239 could be produced in a nuclear reactor pointed towards another approach to a fast neutron fission bomb . Both approaches were extremely novel and not yet well understood , and there was considerable scientific skepticism at the idea that they could be developed in a short amount of time . On June 28 , 1941 , the Office of Scientific Research and Development was formed in the U.S. to mobilize scientific resources and apply the results of research to national defense . In September , Fermi assembled his first nuclear `` pile '' or reactor , in an attempt to create a slow neutron - induced chain reaction in uranium , but the experiment failed to achieve criticality , due to lack of proper materials , or not enough of the proper materials which were available . Producing a fission chain reaction in natural uranium fuel was found to be far from trivial . Early nuclear reactors did not use isotopically enriched uranium , and in consequence they were required to use large quantities of highly purified graphite as neutron moderation materials . Use of ordinary water ( as opposed to heavy water ) in nuclear reactors requires enriched fuel -- the partial separation and relative enrichment of the rare U isotope from the far more common U isotope . Typically , reactors also require inclusion of extremely chemically pure neutron moderator materials such as deuterium ( in heavy water ) , helium , beryllium , or carbon , the latter usually as graphite . ( The high purity for carbon is required because many chemical impurities such as the boron - 10 component of natural boron , are very strong neutron absorbers and thus poison the chain reaction and end it prematurely . ) Production of such materials at industrial scale had to be solved for nuclear power generation and weapons production to be accomplished . Up to 1940 , the total amount of uranium metal produced in the USA was not more than a few grams , and even this was of doubtful purity ; of metallic beryllium not more than a few kilograms ; and concentrated deuterium oxide ( heavy water ) not more than a few kilograms . Finally , carbon had never been produced in quantity with anything like the purity required of a moderator . The problem of producing large amounts of high purity uranium was solved by Frank Spedding using the thermite or `` Ames '' process . Ames Laboratory was established in 1942 to produce the large amounts of natural ( unenriched ) uranium metal that would be necessary for the research to come . The critical nuclear chain - reaction success of the Chicago Pile - 1 ( December 2 , 1942 ) which used unenriched ( natural ) uranium , like all of the atomic `` piles '' which produced the plutonium for the atomic bomb , was also due specifically to Szilard 's realization that very pure graphite could be used for the moderator of even natural uranium `` piles '' . In wartime Germany , failure to appreciate the qualities of very pure graphite led to reactor designs dependent on heavy water , which in turn was denied the Germans by Allied attacks in Norway , where heavy water was produced . These difficulties -- among many others -- prevented the Nazis from building a nuclear reactor capable of criticality during the war , although they never put as much effort as the United States into nuclear research , focusing on other technologies ( see German nuclear energy project for more details ) . Manhattan project and beyond ( edit ) See also : Manhattan Project In the United States , an all - out effort for making atomic weapons was begun in late 1942 . This work was taken over by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1943 , and known as the Manhattan Engineer District . The top - secret Manhattan Project , as it was colloquially known , was led by General Leslie R. Groves . Among the project 's dozens of sites were : Hanford Site in Washington state , which had the first industrial - scale nuclear reactors ; Oak Ridge , Tennessee , which was primarily concerned with uranium enrichment ; and Los Alamos , in New Mexico , which was the scientific hub for research on bomb development and design . Other sites , notably the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory and the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago , played important contributing roles . Overall scientific direction of the project was managed by the physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer . In July 1945 , the first atomic explosive device , dubbed `` Trinity '' , was detonated in the New Mexico desert . It was fueled by plutonium created at Hanford . In August 1945 , two more atomic devices -- `` Little Boy '' , a uranium - 235 bomb , and `` Fat Man '' , a plutonium bomb -- were used against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . In the years after World War II , many countries were involved in the further development of nuclear fission for the purposes of nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons . The UK opened the first commercial nuclear power plant in 1956 . By 2013 , there were 437 reactors in 31 countries . Natural fission chain - reactors on earth ( edit ) Criticality in nature is uncommon . At three ore deposits at Oklo in Gabon , sixteen sites ( the so - called Oklo Fossil Reactors ) have been discovered at which self - sustaining nuclear fission took place approximately 2 billion years ago . Unknown until 1972 ( but postulated by Paul Kuroda in 1956 ) , when French physicist Francis Perrin discovered the Oklo Fossil Reactors , it was realized that nature had beaten humans to the punch . Large - scale natural uranium fission chain reactions , moderated by normal water , had occurred far in the past and would not be possible now . This ancient process was able to use normal water as a moderator only because 2 billion years before the present , natural uranium was richer in the shorter - lived fissile isotope U ( about 3 % ) , than natural uranium available today ( which is only 0.7 % , and must be enriched to 3 % to be usable in light - water reactors ) . See also ( edit ) Nuclear technology portal Energy portal Cold fission Hybrid fusion / fission Nuclear fusion Nuclear propulsion Photofission References ( edit ) Jump up ^ M.G. Arora & M. Singh ( 1994 ) . Nuclear Chemistry . Anmol Publications . p. 202 . ISBN 81 - 261 - 1763 - X . Jump up ^ Gopal B. Saha ( 1 November 2010 ) . Fundamentals of Nuclear Pharmacy . Springer . pp. 11 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 5860 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Петржак , Константин ( 1989 ) . `` Как было открыто спонтанное деление '' ( How spontaneous fission was discovered ) . In Черникова , Вера . Краткий Миг Торжества -- О том , как делаются научные открытия ( Brief Moment of Triumph -- About making scientific discoveries ) ( in Russian ) . Наука . pp. 108 -- 112 . ISBN 5 - 02 - 007779 - 8 . Jump up ^ S. Vermote , et al. ( 2008 ) `` Comparative study of the ternary particle emission in 243 - Cm ( nth , f ) and 244 - Cm ( SF ) '' in Dynamical aspects of nuclear fission : proceedings of the 6th International Conference . J. Kliman , M.G. Itkis , S. Gmuca ( eds . ) . World Scientific Publishing Co . Pte. Ltd . Singapore . ISBN 9812837523 . Jump up ^ J. Byrne ( 2011 ) Neutrons , Nuclei , and Matter , Dover Publications , Mineola , NY , p. 259 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 48238 - 5 . Jump up ^ Marion Brünglinghaus . `` Nuclear fission '' . European Nuclear Society . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Hans A. Bethe ( April 1950 ) , `` The Hydrogen Bomb '' , Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , p. 99 . Jump up ^ These fission neutrons have a wide energy spectrum , with range from 0 to 14 MeV , with mean of 2 MeV and mode ( statistics ) of 0.75 Mev . See Byrne , op. cite . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Fission and Fusion , and Nuclear Interactions '' . National Physical Laboratory . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ L. Bonneau ; P. Quentin ( 2005 ) . `` Microscopic calculations of potential energy surfaces : Fission and fusion properties '' ( PDF ) . AIP Conference Proceedings . 798 : 77 . doi : 10.1063 / 1.2137231 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . atomicarchive.com Jump up ^ Nuke - Rebuke : Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons ( The Contemporary anthology series ) . The Spirit That Moves Us Press . May 1 , 1984 . pp. 22 -- 29 . ISBN 0930370155 . Jump up ^ Tatsuichirō Akizuki ; Gordon Honeycombe ( March 1982 ) . Nagasaki 1945 : the first full - length eyewitness account of the atomic bomb attack on Nagasaki . Quartet Books . pp. 134 -- 137 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7043 - 3382 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Impact of the A-bomb , Hiroshima and Nagasaki , 1945 -- 85 . Iwanami Shoten. 1 January 1985 . pp. 56 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 00 - 009766 - 6 . Jump up ^ E. Rutherford ( 1911 ) . `` The scattering of α and β particles by matter and the structure of the atom '' ( PDF ) . Philosophical Magazine . 21 ( 4 ) : 669 -- 688 . Bibcode : 2012PMag ... 92 ... 379R . doi : 10.1080 / 14786435.2011. 617037 . Jump up ^ `` Cockcroft and Walton split lithium with high energy protons April 1932 '' . Outreach.phy.cam.ac.uk. 1932 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Mark Oliphant ( 1901 -- 2000 ) '' ( PDF ) . University of Adelaide . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 October 2013 . Retrieved 5 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Chadwick announced his initial findings in : J. Chadwick ( 1932 ) . `` Possible Existence of a Neutron '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 129 ( 3252 ) : 312 . Bibcode : 1932Natur. 129Q. 312C . doi : 10.1038 / 129312a0 . Subsequently he communicated his findings in more detail in : Chadwick , J. ( 1932 ) . `` The existence of a neutron '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 136 ( 830 ) : 692 -- 708 . Bibcode : 1932RSPSA. 136 ... 692C . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1932.0112. ; and Chadwick , J. ( 1933 ) . `` The Bakerian Lecture : The neutron '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 142 ( 846 ) : 1 -- 25 . Bibcode : 1933RSPSA. 142 ... 1C . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1933.0152 . Jump up ^ E. Fermi , E. Amaldi , O. D'Agostino , F. Rasetti , and E. Segrè ( 1934 ) `` Radioattività provocata da bombardamento di neutroni III , '' La Ricerca Scientifica , vol. 5 , no . 1 , pages 452 -- 453 . Jump up ^ Ida Noddack ( 1934 ) . `` Über das Element 93 '' . Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie. 47 ( 37 ) : 653 . doi : 10.1002 / ange. 19340473707 . Jump up ^ Tacke , Ida Eva . Astr.ua.edu . Retrieved on 2010 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Bob Weintraub . Lise Meitner ( 1878 -- 1968 ) : Protactinium , Fission , and Meitnerium . Retrieved on June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ O. Hahn & F. Strassmann ( 1939 ) . `` Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle ( '' On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons `` ) '' . Naturwissenschaften. 27 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 15 . Bibcode : 1939NW ... 27 ... 11H . doi : 10.1007 / BF01488241 ... The authors were identified as being at the Kaiser - Wilhelm - Institut für Chemie , Berlin - Dahlem . Received 22 December 1938 . Jump up ^ L. Meitner & O.R. Frisch ( 1939 ) . `` Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons : a New Type of Nuclear Reaction '' . Nature . 143 ( 3615 ) : 239 . Bibcode : 1939Natur. 143 ... 239M . doi : 10.1038 / 143239a0 ... The paper is dated 16 January 1939 . Meitner is identified as being at the Physical Institute , Academy of Sciences , Stockholm . Frisch is identified as being at the Institute of Theoretical Physics , University of Copenhagen . Jump up ^ O.R. Frisch ( 1939 ) . `` Physical Evidence for the Division of Heavy Nuclei under Neutron Bombardment '' . Nature . 143 ( 3616 ) : 276 . Bibcode : 1939Natur. 143 ... 276F . doi : 10.1038 / 143276a0 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Physical Evidence for the Division of Heavy Nuclei under Neutron Bombardment '' . 17 January 1939 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 08 . The experiment for this letter to the editor was conducted on 13 January 1939 ; see Richard Rhodes ( 1986 ) The Making of the Atomic Bomb , Simon and Schuster . pp. 263 and 268 , ISBN 0 - 671 - 44133 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944 '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Richard Rhodes. ( 1986 ) The Making of the Atomic Bomb , Simon and Schuster , p. 268 , ISBN 0 - 671 - 44133 - 7 . Jump up ^ H.L. Anderson ; E.T. Booth ; J.R. Dunning ; E. Fermi ; G.N. Glasoe & F.G. Slack ( 1939 ) . `` The Fission of Uranium '' . Physical Review . 55 ( 5 ) : 511 . Bibcode : 1939PhRv ... 55 ... 511A . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 55.511. 2 . Jump up ^ Richard Rhodes ( 1986 ) . The Making of the Atomic Bomb , Simon and Schuster , pp. 267 -- 270 , ISBN 0 - 671 - 44133 - 7 . Jump up ^ H. Von Halban ; F. Joliot & L. Kowarski ( 1939 ) . `` Number of Neutrons Liberated in the Nuclear Fission of Uranium '' . Nature . 143 ( 3625 ) : 680 . Bibcode : 1939Natur. 143 ... 680V . doi : 10.1038 / 143680a0 . Jump up ^ P.K. Kuroda ( 1956 ) . `` On the Nuclear Physical Stability of the Uranium Minerals '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Chemical Physics. 25 ( 4 ) : 781 . Bibcode : 1956JChPh ... 25 ... 781K . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1743058 . Further reading ( edit ) DOE Fundamentals Handbook : Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory Volume 1 ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Energy . January 1993 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 03 . DOE Fundamentals Handbook : Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory Volume 2 ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Energy . January 1993 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 03 . External links ( edit ) The Effects of Nuclear Weapons Annotated bibliography for nuclear fission from the Alsos Digital Library The Discovery of Nuclear Fission Historical account complete with audio and teacher 's guides from the American Institute of Physics History Center atomicarchive.com Nuclear Fission Explained Nuclear Files.org What is Nuclear Fission ? Nuclear Fission Animation Nuclear technology Science Chemistry Engineering Physics Atomic nucleus Fission Fusion Radiation ionizing braking Fuel Tritium Deuterium Helium - 3 Fertile material Fissile material Isotope separation Nuclear material Uranium enriched depleted Plutonium Thorium Neutron Activation Capture Poison Cross section Generator Radiation Reflector Temperature Thermal Fast Fusion Power by country Power plant Economics Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator Accidents and incidents Policy Fusion Radioisotope thermoelectric ( RTG ) Propulsion rocket Safety and security Medicine Imaging RadBall Scintigraphy Single - photon emission ( SPECT ) Positron - emission tomography ( PET ) Therapy Fast - neutron Neutron capture therapy of cancer Targeted alpha - particle Proton - beam Tomotherapy Brachytherapy Radiation therapy Radiosurgery Radiopharmacology Weapons Topics Arms race Delivery Design Disarmament Ethics Explosion effects History Proliferation Testing high - altitude underground Warfare Yield TNTe Lists States with nuclear weapons Tests United States WMD treaties Weapon - free zones Weapons Waste Products Actinide Reprocessed uranium Reactor - grade plutonium Minor actinide Activation Fission LLFP Actinide chemistry Disposal Fuel cycle High - level ( HLW ) Low - level ( LLW ) Repository Reprocessing Spent fuel pool cask Transmutation Debate Nuclear power Nuclear weapons Blue Ribbon Commission on America 's Nuclear Future Anti-nuclear movement Uranium mining Nuclear power phase - out ( hide ) Nuclear reactors Fission Moderator Light water Aqueous homogeneous Boiling BWR ABWR ESBWR Kerena Pressurized ACPR - 1000 AP1000 APR - 1400 APR+ APWR ATMEA1 CAP1400 CPR - 1000 EPR HPR - 1000 VVER many others Supercritical ( SCWR ) Natural fission Heavy water Pressurized ( PHWR ) CANDU CANDU 6 CANDU 9 EC6 AFCR ACR - 1000 AHWR Steam - generating ( SGHWR ) WR - 1 Graphite by coolant Water RBMK EGP - 6 Gas CO Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz ( UNGG ) Magnox Advanced gas - cooled ( AGR ) He Ultra-high - temperature experiment ( UHTREX ) Pebble - bed ( PBMR ) ( HTR - PM ) Gas - turbine modular - helium ( GTMHR ) Very - high - temperature ( VHTR ) Molten - salt Fluorides Fuji MSR Liquid - fluoride thorium reactor ( LFTR ) Molten - Salt Reactor Experiment ( MSRE ) Integral Molten Salt Reactor ( IMSR ) None ( fast - neutron ) Breeder ( FBR ) Integral ( IFR ) Liquid - metal - cooled ( LMFR ) Small sealed transportable autonomous ( SSTAR ) Traveling - wave ( TWR ) Energy Multiplier Module ( EM2 ) Reduced - moderation ( RMWR ) Fast Breeder Test Reactor ( FBTR ) Dual fluid reactor ( DFR ) Generation IV Sodium ( SFR ) BN - 600 BN - 800 BN - 1200 PFBR CEFR Lead ( LFR ) Helium gas ( GFR ) Others Organically moderated and cooled reactor Aircraft Reactor Experiment Fusion by confinement Magnetic Field - reversed configuration Levitated dipole Reversed field pinch Spheromak Stellarator Tokamak Inertial Bubble ( acoustic ) Fusor electrostatic Laser - driven Magnetized - target Z - pinch Other Dense plasma focus Migma Muon - catalyzed Polywell Pyroelectric Portal Commons Radiation ( physics and health ) Main articles Non-ionizing radiation Acoustic radiation force Infrared Light Microwave Radio waves Ultraviolet Ionizing radiation Alpha particle Background radiation Beta particle Cosmic ray Gamma ray Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion Radioactive decay Nuclear reactors Nuclear weapons Particle accelerators Radioactive materials X-ray Earth 's radiation balance Electromagnetic radiation Thermal radiation Gravitational Radiation Radiation and health Health physics Dosimetry Electromagnetic radiation and health Laser safety Lasers and aviation safety Medical radiography Mobile phone radiation and health Radiation poisoning Radiation Protection Radiation therapy Radioactivity in the life sciences Radioactive contamination Radiobiology Biological dose units and quantities Wireless electronic devices and health Radiation Heat - transfer Related articles Half - life Nuclear physics Radioactive source Radiation hardening List of civilian radiation accidents 1996 Costa Rica accident 1987 Goiânia accident 1984 Moroccan accident 1990 Zaragoza accident See also : the categories Radiation effects , Radioactivity , Radiobiology , and Radiation protection . Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents Main accident lists List of attacks on nuclear plants List of Chernobyl - related articles List of crimes involving radioactive substances List of criticality accidents and incidents List of nuclear meltdown accidents List of Milestone nuclear explosions List of military nuclear accidents List of nuclear and radiation accidents List of nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll List of nuclear weapons tests List of sunken nuclear submarines Lists by country List of canceled nuclear plants in the United States List of inquiries into uranium mining in Australia List of nuclear and radiation fatalities by country List of nuclear power accidents by country List of nuclear reactors by country List of nuclear test sites List of nuclear weapon test locations List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union List of nuclear weapons tests of the United States Individual accidents and sites 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 2001 Instituto Oncologico Nacional # Accident 1996 San Juan de Dios radiotherapy accident 1990 Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident 1987 Goiânia accident 1986 Chernobyl disaster and Chernobyl disaster effects 1979 Three Mile Island accident and Three Mile Island accident health effects 1969 Lucens reactor 1962 Thor missile launch failures at Johnston Atoll under Operation Fishbowl 1962 Cuban missile crisis 1961 K - 19 nuclear accident 1961 SL - 1 nuclear meltdown 1957 Kyshtym disaster 1957 Windscale fire 1957 Operation Plumbbob 1954 Totskoye nuclear exercise Bikini Atoll Hanford Site Rocky Flats Plant 1945 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Related topics Books about nuclear issues Films about nuclear issues Anti-war movement Bikini Atoll Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists France and weapons of mass destruction History of the anti-nuclear movement International Day against Nuclear Tests Nuclear close calls Nuclear - Free Future Award Nuclear - free zone Nuclear power debate Nuclear power phase - out Nuclear weapons debate Peace activists Peace movement Peace camp Russell -- Einstein Manifesto Smiling Sun Energy Fundamental concepts Energetics Energy Units Energy system Energy transformation Mass Mass -- energy equivalence Power Thermodynamics Laws of thermodynamics Exergy Forms Kinetic Potential Mechanical Electric Magnetic Gravitational Chemical Ionization Nuclear Chromodynamic Elastic Mechanical wave Sound wave Radiant Rest Thermal Energy carriers Enthalpy Fuel fossil fuel Heat Work Electricity Battery Capacitor Primary energy Fossil fuel Coal Petroleum Natural gas Gravitational energy Nuclear fuel Natural uranium Radiant energy Solar Wind Bioenergy Hydropower Marine energy Geothermal Energy system components Energy engineering Oil refinery Fossil - fuel power station Cogeneration Integrated gasification combined cycle Nuclear power Nuclear power plant Radioisotope thermoelectric generator Solar power Photovoltaic system Concentrated solar power Solar thermal energy Solar power tower Solar furnace Wind power Wind farm High - altitude wind power Hydropower Hydroelectricity Wave farm Tidal power Biomass Geothermal power Use and supply Energy consumption World energy consumption Energy security Energy conservation Efficient energy use Transport Agriculture Renewable energy Sustainable energy Energy policy Energy development Worldwide energy supply South America USA Mexico Canada Europe Asia Africa Australia Misc . Jevons 's paradox Carbon footprint LCCN : sh85092983 GND : 4130670 - 3 BNF : cb119778900 ( data ) NDL : 00562378 BNE : XX552438 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_fission&oldid=802725419 '' Categories : Nuclear physics Nuclear chemistry Radioactivity Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 maint : Unfit url Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 02 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the energy from nuclear fission come from	[]	[]
-74020117497147833	List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees	List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees - wikipedia List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Jump to : navigation , search The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , established in 1983 and located in Cleveland , Ohio , United States , is dedicated to recording the history of some of the best - known and most influential musicians , bands , producers , and others that have in some major way influenced the music industry , particularly in the area of rock and roll . Originally , there were four categories of induction : performers , non-performers , early influences , and lifetime achievement . In 2000 , `` sidemen '' was introduced as a category . The only category that has seen new inductees every single year is the performers category . Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are then sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers that receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2010 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . As of 2017 , new inductees will be honored at an annual ceremony held alternately in New York and at the Hall of Fame in Cleveland ; prior to that , the ceremonies rotated between Cleveland , New York , and Los Angeles . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has garnered criticism for allegedly allowing the nomination process to be controlled by a few individuals , nominating too many artists in too many genres that are not entirely rock , ignoring entire rock genres , and using technicalities to induct groups who may not have been among the top vote getters . The surviving members of the Sex Pistols , who were inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony , calling the museum a `` piss stain . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Inductees 1.1 Performers 1.2 Early influences 1.3 Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) 1.4 Award for Musical Excellence 1.5 Sidemen 1.6 Lifetime achievement 2 Multiple inductees 3 References 4 External links Inductees ( edit ) Performers ( edit ) The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have `` influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . '' Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2011 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . In 2012 , six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee , due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . '' Year Image Name Inducted members 1986 Berry , Chuck Chuck Berry 1986 Brown , James James Brown 1986 Charles , Ray Ray Charles 1986 Cooke , Sam Sam Cooke 1986 Domino , Fats Fats Domino 1986 Everly Brothers ! The Everly Brothers Don Everly and Phil Everly . 1986 Holly , Buddy Buddy Holly 1986 Lewis , Jerry Lee Jerry Lee Lewis 1986 Little Richard 1986 Presley , Elvis Elvis Presley Coasters ! The Coasters Carl Gardner , Cornell Gunter , Billy Guy , and Will `` Dub '' Jones . Cochran , Eddie Eddie Cochran Diddley , Bo Bo Diddley Franklin , Aretha Aretha Franklin Gaye , Marvin Marvin Gaye Haley , Bill Bill Haley King , B.B. B.B. King McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter Nelson , Ricky Ricky Nelson Orbison , Roy Roy Orbison Perkins , Carl Carl Perkins Robinson , Smokey Smokey Robinson Turner , Big Joe Big Joe Turner Waters , Muddy Muddy Waters Wilson , Jackie Jackie Wilson 1988 Beach Boys ! The Beach Boys Al Jardine , Mike Love , Brian Wilson , Carl Wilson , and Dennis Wilson . 1988 Beatles ! The Beatles George Harrison , John Lennon , Paul McCartney , and Ringo Starr . 1988 Drifters ! The Drifters Ben E. King , Rudy Lewis , Clyde McPhatter , Johnny Moore , Bill Pinkney , Charlie Thomas , and Gerhart Thrasher . 1988 Dylan , Bob Bob Dylan 1988 Supremes ! The Supremes Florence Ballard , Diana Ross , and Mary Wilson . 1989 Dion ! Dion 1989 Redding , Otis Otis Redding 1989 Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger , Brian Jones , Keith Richards , Ian Stewart , Mick Taylor , Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , and Bill Wyman . 1989 Temptations ! The Temptations Melvin Franklin , Eddie Kendricks , David Ruffin , Otis Williams , Paul Williams , Dennis Edwards . 1989 Wonder , Stevie Stevie Wonder 1990 -- Ballard , Hank Hank Ballard 1990 Darin , Bobby Bobby Darin 1990 Four Seasons ! The Four Seasons Tom DeVito , Bob Gaudio , Nick Massi , and Frankie Valli . 1990 Four Tops ! Four Tops Renaldo `` Obie '' Benson , Abdul `` Duke '' Fakir , Lawrence Payton , and Levi Stubbs . 1990 Kinks ! The Kinks Mick Avory , Dave Davies , Ray Davies , and Pete Quaife . 1990 Platters ! The Platters David Lynch , Herb Reed , Paul Robi , Zola Taylor , and Tony Williams . 1990 Simon & Garfunkel Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel . 1990 Who ! The Who Roger Daltrey , John Entwistle , Keith Moon , and Pete Townshend . 1991 Baker , LaVern LaVern Baker 1991 Byrds ! The Byrds Gene Clark , Michael Clarke , David Crosby , Chris Hillman , and Roger McGuinn . 1991 Hooker , John Lee John Lee Hooker 1991 -- Impressions ! The Impressions Curtis Mayfield , Sam Gooden , Fred Cash , Arthur Brooks , Richard Brooks , and Jerry Butler . 1991 Pickett , Wilson Wilson Pickett 1991 Reed , Jimmy Jimmy Reed 1991 Turner , Ike & Tina Ike & Tina Turner Ike Turner and Tina Turner . 1992 Bland , Bobby ! Bobby `` Blue '' Bland 1992 Booker T. & the M.G. 's Booker T. Jones , Steve Cropper , Donald `` Duck '' Dunn , Al Jackson Jr. , and Lewie Steinberg . 1992 Cash , Johnny Johnny Cash 1992 Isley Brothers ! The Isley Brothers Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley Jr. , Ronald Isley , Rudolph Isley , and Chris Jasper . 1992 Hendrix Experience , The Jimi The Jimi Hendrix Experience Jimi Hendrix , Mitch Mitchell , and Noel Redding . 1992 Sam & Dave Sam Moore and Dave Prater . 1992 Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds Jeff Beck , Eric Clapton , Chris Dreja , Jim McCarty , Jimmy Page , Keith Relf , and Paul Samwell - Smith . 1993 Brown , Ruth Ruth Brown 1993 Cream Ginger Baker , Jack Bruce , and Eric Clapton . 1993 Creedence Clearwater Revival Doug Clifford , Stu Cook , John Fogerty , and Tom Fogerty . 1993 Doors ! The Doors John Densmore , Robby Krieger , Ray Manzarek , and Jim Morrison . 1993 Lymon & The Teenagers , Frankie Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers Herman Santiago , Jimmy Merchant , Sherman Garnes , Frankie Lymon , and Joe Negroni 1993 James , Etta Etta James 1993 Morrison , Van Van Morrison 1993 Sly and the Family Stone Gregg Errico , Larry Graham , Jerry Martini , Cynthia Robinson , Freddie Stone , Rosie Stone , and Sly Stone . 1994 Animals ! The Animals Eric Burdon , Chas Chandler , Alan Price , John Steel , and Hilton Valentine . 1994 Band ! The Band Rick Danko , Levon Helm , Garth Hudson , Richard Manuel , and Robbie Robertson . 1994 Eddy , Duane Duane Eddy 1994 Grateful Dead Tom Constanten , Jerry Garcia , Donna Jean Godchaux , Keith Godchaux , Mickey Hart , Robert Hunter , Bill Kreutzmann , Phil Lesh , Ron McKernan , Brent Mydland , Bob Weir , and Vince Welnick . 1994 John , Elton Elton John 1994 Lennon , John John Lennon 1994 Marley , Bob Bob Marley 1994 Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart 1995 Allman Brothers Band ! The Allman Brothers Band Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Dickey Betts , Jai Johanny Johanson , Berry Oakley , and Butch Trucks . 1995 Green , Al Al Green 1995 Joplin , Janis Janis Joplin 1995 Led Zeppelin John Bonham , John Paul Jones , Jimmy Page , and Robert Plant 1995 Martha and the Vandellas Rosalind Ashford , Annette Beard , Betty Kelly , Lois Reeves , Martha Reeves , and Sandra Tilley . 1995 Young , Neil Neil Young 1995 Zappa , Frank Frank Zappa Bowie , David David Bowie Knight & the Pips , Gladys Gladys Knight & the Pips William Guest , Gladys Knight , Merald `` Bubba '' Knight , and Edward Patten . Jefferson Airplane Marty Balin , Jack Casady , Spencer Dryden , Paul Kantner , Jorma Kaukonen , and Grace Slick . Little Willie John Pink Floyd Syd Barrett , David Gilmour , Nick Mason , Roger Waters , and Rick Wright . Shirelles ! The Shirelles Shirley Alston Reeves , Addie Harris , Doris Kenner - Jackson , and Beverly Lee . Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground John Cale , Sterling Morrison , Lou Reed , and Maureen Tucker . 1997 Bee Gees Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , and Robin Gibb . 1997 Buffalo Springfield Richie Furay , Dewey Martin , Bruce Palmer , Stephen Stills , and Neil Young . 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash David Crosby , Graham Nash , and Stephen Stills . 1997 Jackson 5 , The The Jackson 5 Jackie Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , and Tito Jackson . 1997 Mitchell , Joni Joni Mitchell 1997 Parliament - Funkadelic Jerome Brailey , George Clinton , Bootsy Collins , Raymond Davis , Tiki Fulwood , Glenn Goins , Michael Hampton , Fuzzy Haskins , Eddie Hazel , Walter Morrison , Cordell Mosson , William `` Billy Bass '' Nelson , Garry Shider , Calvin Simon , Grady Thomas , and Bernie Worrell . 1997 Rascals ! The ( Young ) Rascals Eddie Brigati , Felix Cavaliere , Gene Cornish , and Dino Danelli . 1998 Eagles Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Bernie Leadon , Randy Meisner , Timothy B. Schmit , and Joe Walsh . 1998 Fleetwood Mac Lindsey Buckingham , Mick Fleetwood , Peter Green , Danny Kirwan , Christine McVie , John McVie , Stevie Nicks , and Jeremy Spencer . 1998 Mamas & The Papas ! The Mamas & the Papas Denny Doherty , Cass Elliot , John Phillips , and Michelle Phillips . 1998 Price , Lloyd Lloyd Price 1998 Santana Jose Chepito Areas , David Brown , Michael Carabello , Gregg Rolie , Carlos Santana , and Michael Shrieve . 1998 Vincent , Gene Gene Vincent 1999 Joel , Billy Billy Joel 1999 Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield 1999 McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney 1999 Shannon , Del Del Shannon 1999 Springfield , Dusty Dusty Springfield 1999 Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen 1999 Staple Singers , The The Staple Singers Cleotha Staples , Mavis Staples , Pervis Staples , Pops Staples , and Yvonne Staples . 2000 Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton 2000 Earth , Wind & Fire Philip Bailey , Larry Dunn , Johnny Graham , Ralph Johnson , Al McKay , Fred White , Maurice White , Verdine White , and Andrew Woolfolk . 2000 Lovin ' Spoonful , The The Lovin ' Spoonful Steve Boone , Joe Butler , John Sebastian , and Zal Yanovsky . 2000 Moonglows , The The Moonglows Prentiss Barnes , Harvey Fuqua , Peter Graves , Billy Johnson , and Bobby Lester . 2000 Raitt , Bonnie Bonnie Raitt 2000 Taylor , James James Taylor 2001 Aerosmith Tom Hamilton , Joey Kramer , Joe Perry , Steven Tyler , and Brad Whitford . 2001 Burke , Solomon Solomon Burke 2001 Flamingos , The The Flamingos Jake Carey , Zeke Carey , Johnny Carter , Tommy Hunt , Terry `` Buzzy '' Johnson , Sollie McElroy , Nate Nelson , and Paul Wilson . 2001 Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson 2001 Queen John Deacon , Brian May , Freddie Mercury , and Roger Taylor . 2001 Simon , Paul Paul Simon 2001 Steely Dan Walter Becker and Donald Fagen . 2001 Valens , Ritchie Ritchie Valens 2002 Hayes , Isaac Isaac Hayes 2002 Lee , Brenda Brenda Lee 2002 Petty and the Heartbreakers , Tom Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Tom Petty , Ron Blair , Mike Campbell , Howie Epstein , Stan Lynch , and Benmont Tench . 2002 Pitney , Gene Gene Pitney 2002 Ramones Dee Dee Ramone , Joey Ramone , Johnny Ramone , Marky Ramone , and Tommy Ramone . 2002 Talking Heads David Byrne , Chris Frantz , Jerry Harrison , and Tina Weymouth . 2003 AC / DC Brian Johnson , Phil Rudd , Bon Scott , Cliff Williams , Angus Young , and Malcolm Young . 2003 Clash , The The Clash Terry Chimes , Topper Headon , Mick Jones , Paul Simonon , and Joe Strummer . 2003 Costello & the Attractions , Elvis Elvis Costello & the Attractions Elvis Costello , Steve Nieve , Bruce Thomas , and Pete Thomas . 2003 Police , The The Police Stewart Copeland , Sting , and Andy Summers . 2003 Righteous Brothers , The The Righteous Brothers Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley . Browne , Jackson Jackson Browne Dells , The The Dells Verne Allison , Chuck Barksdale , Johnny Carter , Johnny Funches , Marvin Junior , and Michael McGill . Harrison , George George Harrison Prince Seger , Bob Bob Seger Traffic Jim Capaldi , Dave Mason , Steve Winwood , and Chris Wood . ZZ Top Frank Beard , Billy Gibbons , and Dusty Hill . 2005 Guy , Buddy Buddy Guy 2005 O'Jays , The The O'Jays Eddie Levert , Bobby Massey , William Powell , Sammy Strain , and Walter Williams . 2005 Pretenders Martin Chambers , Pete Farndon , James Honeyman - Scott , and Chrissie Hynde . 2005 Sledge , Percy Percy Sledge 2005 U2 Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , and Larry Mullen , Jr ... 2006 Black Sabbath Geezer Butler , Tony Iommi , Ozzy Osbourne , and Bill Ward . 2006 Blondie Clem Burke , Jimmy Destri , Nigel Harrison , Debbie Harry , Frank Infante , Chris Stein , and Gary Valentine . 2006 Davis , Miles Miles Davis 2006 Lynyrd Skynyrd Bob Burns , Allen Collins , Steve Gaines , Ed King , Billy Powell , Artimus Pyle , Gary Rossington , Ronnie Van Zant , and Leon Wilkeson . 2006 Sex Pistols Paul Cook , Steve Jones , Glen Matlock , John Lydon , and Sid Vicious . 2007 Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five Melvin `` Melle Mel '' Glover , Nathaniel `` The Kidd Creole '' Glover , Eddie `` Scorpio '' Morris , Joseph `` Grandmaster Flash '' Sadler , Robert Keith `` Keef Cowboy '' Wiggins , and Guy Todd `` Rahiem '' Williams . 2007 R.E.M. Bill Berry , Peter Buck , Mike Mills , and Michael Stipe . 2007 Ronettes , The The Ronettes Estelle Bennett , Ronnie Spector , and Nedra Talley . 2007 Smith , Patti Patti Smith 2007 Van Halen Michael Anthony , Sammy Hagar , David Lee Roth , Alex Van Halen , and Eddie Van Halen . 2008 Clark Five , The Dave The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark , Lenny Davidson , Rick Huxley , Denis Payton , and Mike Smith . 2008 Cohen , Leonard Leonard Cohen 2008 Madonna 2008 Mellencamp , John John Mellencamp 2008 Ventures , The The Ventures Bob Bogle , Nokie Edwards , Gerry McGee , Mel Taylor , and Don Wilson . 2009 Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck 2009 Little Anthony and the Imperials Clarence Collins , Anthony Gourdine , Tracy Lord , Glouster `` Nat '' Rogers , Sammy Strain , and Ernest Wright Jr . 2009 Metallica Cliff Burton , Kirk Hammett , James Hetfield , Jason Newsted , Robert Trujillo , and Lars Ulrich . 2009 Run -- D.M.C. Darryl `` D.M.C. '' McDaniels , Jason `` Jam - Master Jay '' Mizell , and Joseph `` DJ Run '' Simmons . 2009 Womack , Bobby Bobby Womack ABBA Benny Andersson , Agnetha Fältskog , Anni - Frid Lyngstad , and Björn Ulvaeus . Genesis Tony Banks , Phil Collins , Peter Gabriel , Steve Hackett , and Mike Rutherford . Cliff , Jimmy Jimmy Cliff Hollies , The The Hollies Bernie Calvert , Allan Clarke , Bobby Elliott , Eric Haydock , Tony Hicks , Graham Nash , and Terry Sylvester . Stooges , The The Stooges Dave Alexander , Ron Asheton , Scott Asheton , Iggy Pop , and James Williamson . 2011 Alice Cooper Alice Cooper , Michael Owen Bruce , Glen Buxton , Dennis Dunaway , and Neal Smith . 2011 Diamond , Neil Neil Diamond 2011 Dr. John 2011 Love , Darlene Darlene Love 2011 Waits , Tom Tom Waits 2012 Beastie Boys Michael `` Mike D '' Diamond , Adam `` Ad - Rock '' Horovitz , and Adam `` MCA '' Yauch . 2012 -- Blue Caps ! The Blue Caps Backing band for Gene Vincent . Inducted : Tommy Facenda , Cliff Gallup , Dickie Harrell , Bobby Jones , Johnny Meeks , Jack Neal , Paul Peek , and Willie Williams . 2012 Comets ! The Comets Backing band for Bill Haley . Inducted : Joey Ambrose , Franny Beecher , Danny Cedrone , Johnny Grande , Ralph Jones , Marshall Lytle , Rudy Pompilli , Al Rex , Dick Richards , and Billy Williamson . 2012 Crickets ! The Crickets Backing band for Buddy Holly . Inducted : Jerry Allison , Sonny Curtis , Joe B. Mauldin , and Niki Sullivan . 2012 Donovan 2012 Famous Flames ! The Famous Flames Backing vocal group for James Brown . Inducted : Bobby Bennett , Bobby Byrd , Lloyd Stallworth , and Johnny Terry . 2012 Guns N ' Roses Steven Adler , Duff McKagan , Dizzy Reed , Axl Rose , Slash , Matt Sorum , and Izzy Stradlin . 2012 -- Midnighters ! The Midnighters Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard . Inducted : Henry Booth , Billy Davis , Cal Green , Arthur Porter , Lawson Smith , Charles Sutton , Norman Thrasher , and Sonny Woods . 2012 Miracles ! The Miracles Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson . Inducted : Claudette Rogers , Bobby Rogers , Ronald White , Marv Tarplin , and Pete Moore . 2012 Nyro , Laura Laura Nyro 2012 Red Hot Chili Peppers Flea , John Frusciante , Jack Irons , Anthony Kiedis , Josh Klinghoffer , Cliff Martinez , Hillel Slovak , and Chad Smith . 2012 -- Small Faces / Faces Kenney Jones , Ronnie Lane , Ian McLagan , Steve Marriott , Rod Stewart , and Ronnie Wood . 2013 Heart Michael DeRosier , Roger Fisher , Steve Fossen , Howard Leese , Ann Wilson , and Nancy Wilson . 2013 King , Albert Albert King 2013 Newman , Randy Randy Newman 2013 Public Enemy Flavor Flav , Professor Griff , Terminator X , and Chuck D . 2013 Rush Geddy Lee , Alex Lifeson , and Neil Peart . 2013 Summer , Donna Donna Summer 2014 Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel 2014 Hall & Oates Daryl Hall and John Oates . 2014 Kiss Peter Criss , Ace Frehley , Gene Simmons , Paul Stanley , Eric Carr , Bruce Kulick . 2014 Nirvana Kurt Cobain , Dave Grohl , and Krist Novoselic . 2014 Ronstadt , Linda Linda Ronstadt 2014 Stevens , Cat Cat Stevens 2015 Butterfield Blues Band , The Paul The Paul Butterfield Blues Band Paul Butterfield , Mike Bloomfield , Elvin Bishop , Mark Naftalin , Jerome Arnold , Billy Davenport , and Sam Lay . 2015 Jett & the Blackhearts , Joan Joan Jett & the Blackhearts Joan Jett , Gary Ryan , Lee Crystal , and Ricky Byrd . 2015 Reed , Lou Lou Reed 2015 Green Day Billie Joe Armstrong , Tré Cool , and Mike Dirnt . 2015 Vaughan , Stevie Ray Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble Stevie Ray Vaughan , Chris Layton , Tommy Shannon , and Reese Wynans . 2015 Withers , Bill Bill Withers 2016 Cheap Trick Bun E. Carlos , Rick Nielsen , Tom Petersson , and Robin Zander . 2016 Chicago Peter Cetera , Terry Kath , Robert Lamm , Lee Loughnane , James Pankow , Walter Parazaider , and Danny Seraphine . 2016 Deep Purple Ritchie Blackmore , David Coverdale , Rod Evans , Ian Gillan , Roger Glover , Glenn Hughes , Jon Lord , and Ian Paice 2016 N.W.A DJ Yella , Ice Cube , MC Ren , Eazy - E , and Dr. Dre 2016 Miller , Steve Steve Miller 2017 Electric Light Orchestra Bev Bevan , Jeff Lynne , Richard Tandy , and Roy Wood 2017 Baez , Joan Joan Baez 2017 Journey Jonathan Cain , Aynsley Dunbar , Steve Perry , Gregg Rolie , Neal Schon , Steve Smith , and Ross Valory 2017 Pearl Jam Jeff Ament , Matt Cameron , Stone Gossard , Dave Krusen , Mike McCready , and Eddie Vedder 2017 Tupac Shakur 2017 Yes Jon Anderson , Bill Bruford , Steve Howe , Tony Kaye , Trevor Rabin , Chris Squire , Rick Wakeman , and Alan White ^ Note 1 . These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee , and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees . Early influences ( edit ) Woody Guthrie , inducted in 1988 . Louis Armstrong , inducted in 1990 . Pete Seeger , inducted in 1996 . Charles Brown , inducted in 1999 . Artists inducted into the early influences category are those `` whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock 's leading artists . '' Unlike the performers category , these inductees are selected by a committee . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . Year Name 1986 Rodgers , Jimmie Jimmie Rodgers 1986 Yancey , Jimmy Jimmy Yancey 1986 Johnson , Robert Robert Johnson Jordan , Louis Louis Jordan Walker , T - Bone T - Bone Walker Williams , Hank Hank Williams 1988 Guthrie , Woody Woody Guthrie 1988 Lead Belly 1988 Les Paul 1989 Ink Spots ! The Ink Spots 1989 Smith , Bessie Bessie Smith 1989 Soul Stirrers ! The Soul Stirrers 1990 Christian , Charlie Charlie Christian 1990 Armstrong , Louis Louis Armstrong 1990 Rainey , Ma Ma Rainey 1991 Howlin ' Wolf 1992 James , Elmore Elmore James 1992 Longhair , Professor Professor Longhair 1993 Washington , Dinah Dinah Washington 1994 Dixon , Willie Willie Dixon 1995 Orioles , The The Orioles Seeger , Pete Pete Seeger 1997 Jackson , Mahalia Mahalia Jackson 1997 Monroe , Bill Bill Monroe 1998 Jelly Roll Morton 1999 Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys 1999 Brown , Charles Charles Brown 2000 Cole , Nat ! Nat King Cole 2000 Holiday , Billie Billie Holiday 2009 Jackson , Wanda Wanda Jackson 2012 King , Freddie Freddie King 2015 5 Royalses ! The `` 5 '' Royales ^ A. Inducted members : Bill Kenny , Charlie Fuqua , Deek Watson , and Orville `` Hoppy '' Jones . ^ B. Inducted members : Roy Crain Sr. , R.H. Harris , Jesse Farley , and E.A. Rundless . ^ C. Inducted members : Sonny Til , Tommy Gaither , George Nelson , Johnny Reed , and Alexander Sharp . ^ D. Inducted members : Bob Wills , Tommy Duncan , Leon McAuliffe , Johnny Gimble , Joe `` Jody '' Holley , Tiny Moore , Herb Remington , Eldon Shamblin , and Al Stricklin . ^ E. Nominated as a performer . ^ F. Inducted members : John L. Tanner , Eugene Tanner , James E. Moore , Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling , Jr Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegün Award ) ( edit ) Carole King , inducted in 1990 Dick Clark , inducted in 1993 Clive Davis , inducted in 2000 The non-performer category honors `` songwriters , producers , disc jockeys , record executives , journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll . '' Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well . The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . This category has been criticized for inducting those that have `` been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets '' and not revealing their full criteria . In 2008 , this category was renamed the `` Ahmet Ertegün Award '' . Year Name 1986 Freed , Alan Alan Freed 1986 Phillips , Sam Sam Phillips Chess , Leonard Leonard Chess Ertegun , Ahmet Ahmet Ertegun Leiber ! Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller Wexler , Jerry Jerry Wexler 1988 Gordy , Jr. , Berry Berry Gordy , Jr . 1989 Spector , Phil Phil Spector 1990 Gerry Goffin and Carole King 1990 Holland -- Dozier -- Holland 1991 Bartholomew , Dave Dave Bartholomew 1991 Bass , Ralph Ralph Bass 1992 Fender , Leo Leo Fender 1992 Graham , Bill Bill Graham 1992 Pomus , Doc Doc Pomus 1993 Clark , Dick Dick Clark 1993 Gabler , Milt Milt Gabler 1994 Otis , Johnny Johnny Otis 1995 Ackerman , Paul Paul Ackerman Donahue , Tom Tom Donahue 1997 Nathan , Syd Syd Nathan 1998 Toussaint , Allen Allen Toussaint 1999 Martin , George George Martin 2000 Davis , Clive Clive Davis 2001 Blackwell , Chris Chris Blackwell 2002 Stewart , Jim Jim Stewart 2003 Ostin , Mo Mo Ostin 2008 Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff Geffen , David David Geffen Blackwell , Otis Otis Blackwell Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich Shuman , Mort Mort Shuman Stone , Jesse Jesse Stone Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil 2011 Holzman , Jac Jac Holzman 2011 Rupe , Art Art Rupe 2012 Kirshner , Don Don Kirshner 2013 Adler , Lou Lou Adler 2013 Jones , Quincy Quincy Jones 2014 Epstein , Brian Brian Epstein 2014 Andrew Loog Oldham 2016 Berns , Bert Bert Berns Award for Musical Excellence ( edit ) Leon Russell , inducted in 2011 . This category , which replaced sidemen , `` honors those musicians , producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers . '' Year Name 2011 Russell , Leon Leon Russell 2012 Matassa , Cosimo Cosimo Matassa 2012 Dowd , Tom Tom Dowd 2012 Johns , Glyn Glyn Johns 2014 E Street Band 2015 Ringo Starr 2017 Nile Rodgers ^ G. Inducted members : Garry Tallent , Roy Bittan , Max Weinberg , Steven Van Zandt , Nils Lofgren , Patti Scialfa , Clarence Clemons , Danny Federici , Vini Lopez , David Sancious . Sidemen ( edit ) Established in 2000 , the sidemen category `` honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight , performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert . '' A separate committee , composed mainly of producers , chooses the inductees . In 2010 , the category was renamed to `` Award for Musical Excellence '' . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . '' James Burton , inducted in 2001 . Year Name Instrument 2000 Blaine , Hal Hal Blaine Drums 2000 Curtis , King King Curtis Saxophone 2000 Jamerson , James James Jamerson Bass guitar 2000 Moore , Scotty Scotty Moore Guitar 2000 Palmer , Earl Earl Palmer Drums 2001 Burton , James James Burton Guitar 2001 Johnson , Johnnie Johnnie Johnson Piano 2002 Atkins , Chet Chet Atkins Guitar 2003 Benjamin , Benny Benny Benjamin Drums 2003 Cramer , Floyd Floyd Cramer Piano 2003 Douglas , Steve Steve Douglas Saxophone 2008 Walter , Little Little Walter Harmonica 2009 Black , Bill Bill Black Bass guitar 2009 Fontana , D.J. D.J. Fontana Drums 2009 Oldham , Spooner Spooner Oldham Keyboard Lifetime achievement ( edit ) The following were inducted for `` Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category . '' Year Name 1986 Hammond , John John Hammond 1991 Ertegun , Nesuhi Nesuhi Ertegun Wenner , Jann Jann Wenner 2005 Barsalona , Frank Frank Barsalona 2005 Stein , Seymour Seymour Stein 2006 Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss Multiple inductees ( edit ) As of 2017 , 22 performers have been inducted twice or more ; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands . Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times : as a solo artist , with Cream and The Yardbirds . Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band , the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart . Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year . Crosby , Stills & Nash , inducted in 1997 , is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts : David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991 , Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997 , and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010 . The Beatles , inducted in 1988 , is the second band to have all of its members be inducted , as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction . Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories ( The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015 ) . He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions , at 27 years . Both of Stills ' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back - to - back years ( 1987 / 88 for McPhatter , 1992 / 93 for Clapton , as well as his solo induction in 2000 ) . The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted : Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987 , Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988 , George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004 , Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002 , and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017 . Name First Year Second Year Third Year Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 zzzzz ! Solo career 2009 -- -- Carter , Johnny Johnny Carter Flamingos ! The Flamingos 2001 Dells ! The Dells -- -- Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 Cream 1993 Solo career 2000 Crosby , David David Crosby Byrds ! The Byrds 1991 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel Genesis ! Genesis Solo career 2014 -- -- Harrison , George George Harrison Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career -- -- Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson Jackson Five ! The Jackson Five 1997 zzzzz ! Solo career 2001 -- -- Lennon , John John Lennon Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career 1994 -- -- Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield Impressions ! The Impressions 1991 zzzzz ! Solo career 1999 -- -- McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career 1999 -- -- McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter zzzzz ! Solo career Drifters ! The Drifters 1988 -- -- Nash , Graham Graham Nash Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 Hollies ! The Hollies -- -- Page , Jimmy Jimmy Page Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 Led Zeppelin 1995 -- -- Reed , Lou Lou Reed Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground zzzzz ! Solo career 2015 -- -- Rolie , Gregg Gregg Rolie Santana 1998 Journey 2017 -- -- Simon , Paul Paul Simon Simon and Garfunkel 1990 zzzzz ! Solo career 2001 -- -- Starr , Ringo Ringo Starr Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 Award For Musical Excellence , Solo career 2015 -- -- Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart zzzzz ! Solo career 1994 Faces 2012 -- -- Stills , Stephen Stephen Stills Buffalo Springfield 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Strain , Sammy ! Sammy Strain The O'Jays 2005 Little Anthony & The Imperials 2009 -- -- Wood , Ronnie Ronnie Wood Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones 1989 Faces 2012 -- -- Young , Neil Neil Young zzzzz ! Solo career 1995 Buffalo Springfield 1997 -- -- References ( edit ) General `` Inductee list '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Induction Ceremony and Process '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Cleveland will host Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Ceremony every two years '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sinkevics , John ( March 11 , 2007 ) . `` Hall voters ' bias leaves prog - rock out -- again '' . The Grand Rapids Press . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Were not coming . Were not your monkey and so what ? '' ( sic ) Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on February 24 , 2006 Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Everly Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Coasters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beach Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Drifters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Supremes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Temptations '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Seasons '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Tops '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Kinks '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Platters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Who '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Byrds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Impressions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ike & Tina Turner '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Booker T . & The M.G. 's '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Isley Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Jimi Hendrix Experience '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sam & Dave '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Yardbirds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Cream '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Creedence Clearwater Revival '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Doors '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Sly & The Family Stone '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Animals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Grateful Dead '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Allman Brothers Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Martha & The Vandellas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Gladys Knight & the Pips '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson Airplane '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Shirelles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Velvet Underground '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Bee Gees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Springfield '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills & Nash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Jackson Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament - Funkadelic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Rascals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Fleetwood Mac '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Mamas & The Papas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Santana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Staple Singers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Soeder , John ( September 22 , 1999 ) . `` Canton 's O'Jays , Aerosmith among Rock Hall finalists '' . The Plain Dealer . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Flamingos '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Queen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ramones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Talking Heads '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Clash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Costello & the Attractions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Police '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Righteous Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Dells '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ZZ Top '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The O'Jays '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Pretenders '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` U2 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Black Sabbath '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Blondie '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lynyrd Skynyrd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sex Pistols '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` R.E.M. '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Ronettes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Van Halen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Dave Clark Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Ventures '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Anthony and the Imperials '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Run - D.M.C. '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Genesis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Hollies '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Stooges '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Cooper Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Beastie Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Blue Caps '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Comets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Crickets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Famous Flames '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Midnighters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Miracles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Small Faces / Faces '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Heart '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Public Enemy '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rush '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall and John Oates '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kiss '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Nirvana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` List of 2015 Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : THE ROCK AND ROLL HALL OF FAME ANNOUNCES 2016 INDUCTEES - Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Press Room Jump up ^ `` Electric Light Orchestra '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Journey '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Ink Spots '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Soul Stirrers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Orioles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Roger Friedman ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Golden Globes : Stars Fill in Blanks ; Rock Hall of Fame '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Inductees for 2008 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame official website . December 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Class of 2017 Inductions '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hal Blaine '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` King Curtis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Jamerson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Scotty Moore '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Palmer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Burton '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Johnnie Johnson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Chet Atkins '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Benny Benjamin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd Cramer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Douglas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Walter '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Black '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Fontana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Spooner Oldham '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame makes Clapton first triple inductee '' . CNN . March 7 , 2000 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees . ( hide ) Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Classes 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_inductees&oldid=801883698 '' Categories : Music - related lists Lists of musicians Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Galego مصرى 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 14 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has been inducted in the rock and roll hall of fame	[]	[]
-7890792241196637932	Interior Plains	Interior Plains - wikipedia Interior Plains This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Interior Plains are highlighted in red . The Interior Plains is a vast physiographic region that spreads across the Laurentian craton of central North America . The region extends from the Gulf Coast region to the Arctic Ocean along the east flank of the Rocky Mountains . In Canada the region separates the Rocky Mountains from the Canadian Shield . In the United States the plains include the Great Plains of the west and the Tallgrass prairie region to the south of the Great Lakes extending east to the Appalachian Plateau region . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology and physiography 1.1 Paleozoic and Mesozoic 1.2 Cenozoic 2 References 3 External links Geology and physiography ( edit ) This area was originally formed when cratons collided and welded together 1.8 -- 1.9 billion years ago in the Trans - Hudson orogeny during the Paleoproterozoic Era . Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks now form the basement of the Interior Plains and make up the stable nucleus of North America . With the exception of the Black Hills of South Dakota , the entire region has low relief , reflecting more than 500 million years of relative tectonic stability . United States and Canada falls within this area . The Interior Plains were often covered by shallow inland seas . Sediments from the shield and the Rocky Mountains were deposited in these seas over millions of years . Eventually the sediments were compressed by the weight of the layers above into sedimentary rock . Part of the sedimentary rock deposited in these areas consists of coral reefs that formed close to the surface of seas during the Paleozoic Era . Paleozoic and Mesozoic ( edit ) Throughout the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras , the mostly low - lying Interior Plains region remained relatively unaffected by the mountain - building tectonic collisions occurring on margins of the continent . During much of the Mesozoic Era , the North American continental interior were mostly well above sea level , with two major exceptions . During part of the Jurassic , rising seas flooded the low - lying areas of the continent , forming the Sundance Sea ; in the Cretaceous , much of the Interior Plains region lay submerged beneath the Western Interior Seaway . Cenozoic ( edit ) The Interior Plains continued to receive deposits from the eroding Rocky Mountains to the west and Appalachian and Ozark / Ouachita Mountains to the east and south throughout the era . The flatness of the Interior Plains is a reflection of the platform of mostly flat - lying marine and stream deposits laid down in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : USGS description of the U.S. Interior Plains region External links ( edit ) USGS map showing the subdivisions of the Interior Plains Province within the US Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interior_Plains&oldid=846149042 '' Categories : Geography of Alberta Geography of Saskatchewan Geography of Manitoba Geography of the United States Plains of Canada Plains of the United States Geology of Canada Geology of the United States Physiographic regions of Canada Physiographic regions of the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Čeština Deutsch Español Polski Português Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 17 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how thick is the bedrock in the interior plains and why is it so thick	[]	[]
-8764391356528927722	Love, Simon	Love , Simon - wikipedia Love , Simon Love , Simon Theatrical release poster Directed by Greg Berlanti Produced by Marty Bowen Wyck Godfrey Isaac Klausner Pouya Shahbazian Screenplay by Isaac Aptaker Elizabeth Berger Based on Simon vs. the Homo Sapiens Agenda by Becky Albertalli Starring Nick Robinson Josh Duhamel Jennifer Garner Music by Rob Simonsen Cinematography John Guleserian Edited by Harry Jierjian Production company Fox 2000 Pictures Temple Hill Productions TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) ( Mardi Gras Film Festival ) March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) ( United States ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $10 -- 17 million Box office $59.4 million Love , Simon is a 2018 American romantic teen comedy - drama film directed by Greg Berlanti , written by Isaac Aptaker and Elizabeth Berger , and based on the novel Simon vs. the Homo Sapiens Agenda by Becky Albertalli . The film stars Nick Robinson , Josh Duhamel , and Jennifer Garner . It centers on Simon Spier , a closeted gay high school boy who is forced to balance his friends , his family , and the blackmailer threatening to out him to the entire school , while simultaneously attempting to discover the identity of the anonymous classmate with whom he has fallen in love online . Love , Simon premiered at the Mardi Gras Film Festival on February 27 , 2018 , and was released in the United States on March 16 , 2018 , by 20th Century Fox . Critics praised the film for its `` big heart , diverse and talented cast , and revolutionary normalcy '' , describing it as `` tender , sweet , and affecting '' and a `` hugely charming crowd - pleaser '' that is `` funny , warm - hearted and life - affirming '' , with many comparing it to the romantic comedy - drama films of John Hughes . The first film by a major Hollywood studio to focus on a gay teenage romance , it grossed $59 million worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Charts 5 Release 5.1 Home video 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 Accolades 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Simon Spier is a closeted gay high school boy in a suburb of Atlanta , Georgia . He has a close and loving family : parents Emily and Jack , and sister Nora , as well as three best friends : Nick and Leah , whom he has known most of his life , and newcomer Abby . One day , Leah informs Simon about an online confession of a closeted gay student at their high school , known only by the pseudonym `` Blue '' . As `` Jacques '' , Simon begins communicating with him via email . The two confide personal details and form a connection . However , their emails are accidentally discovered by another student , Martin , who is infatuated with Abby . After learning his secret , Martin blackmails Simon by threatening to make his emails public unless he agrees to help Martin win over Abby . Simon begins to suspect that his classmate Bram is Blue . At a Halloween party , Simon attempts to connect with Bram but later walks in on him making out with a female student . Simon lies to Nick , telling him that Abby has a boyfriend in college . Leah walks an inebriated Simon home , where she speaks vaguely about how she feels that she is fated to love one person very intensely ; Simon believes she is referring to Nick . Simon meets up with Abby and Martin at a local diner after he convinces them to practice lines together for an upcoming musical . Simon bonds with their server , a classmate named Lyle , and believes that Lyle may be Blue . That night , Simon comes out to Abby and is relieved when she reacts positively . At a school football game , Simon crosses paths with Lyle ; before he can summon the courage to ask if Lyle is Blue , he finds out Lyle is interested in Abby . An upset Simon tells a pestering Martin to either `` go big or go home '' when courting Abby . Martin interrupts the national anthem and publicly declares his feelings for Abby . When Abby admits she does not share his feelings , Martin is humiliated and becomes the subject of intense ridicule . On Christmas Eve , to distract people from his own humiliation , Martin outs Simon by posting his emails on the school gossip site . Simon 's sister Nora tries to comfort Simon but he shuts her out and does not return his friends ' frantic texts . Simon comes out to his parents on Christmas morning , to their surprise but acceptance . After the holidays , Nick and Abby , now a couple , angrily confront Simon about the lies he told and learn that he had tried to keep them apart due to Martin 's blackmail . Leah confesses to Simon that she was in love with him , not Nick , and is upset he came out to Abby first . After being rejected by his friends , Simon receives a final email from Blue , who is upset that their emails have been leaked . Blue tells Simon that they should stop speaking and deletes his email account . Simon is devastated , having lost his friends as well as the mystery pen - pal he has fallen in love with . In the cafeteria , Simon and an openly gay student , Ethan , are mocked by two classmates . Ethan and Simon bond over the difficulties they have faced coming out . After his parents reach out and comfort him , Simon apologizes to Leah . Simon posts a confession on the gossip site apologizing to his friends , seeking out Blue and asking him to meet at the school carnival . After the school musical , Leah , Nick and Abby make amends with Simon and invite him to go to the carnival with them . Waiting for Blue at the carnival , Simon rides the Ferris wheel , drawing a large crowd of peers . When Simon runs out of tickets , Martin , making amends for his behavior , buys him one more ride . Just before the ride begins , Bram sits next to Simon , revealing himself as Blue ; the kiss Simon saw with the female student was a drunken misunderstanding . They ride the Ferris wheel together and kiss as their friends cheer them on . Simon 's life gradually returns to normal and he begins a relationship with Bram . While picking up his friends and boyfriend for school , Simon suggests that they forgo their usual morning routine and instead `` go on a little adventure '' . Cast ( edit ) Nick Robinson as Simon Spier Bryson Pitts as 10 - year - old Simon Spier Nye Reynolds as 5 - year - old Simon Spier Josh Duhamel as Jack Spier , Simon 's father Jennifer Garner as Emily Spier , Simon 's mother Talitha Bateman as Nora Spier , Simon 's sister Skye Mowbray as 6 - year - old Nora Spier Katherine Langford as Leah Burke , one of Simon 's best friends Alexandra Shipp as Abby Suso , one of Simon 's best friends Jorge Lendeborg Jr. as Nick Eisner , one of Simon 's best friends Keiynan Lonsdale as Abraham `` Bram '' Greenfeld , one of Simon 's classmates Miles Heizer as Cal Price , one of Simon 's classmates Logan Miller as Martin Addison , one of Simon 's classmates who blackmails him Tony Hale as Mr. Worth , the awkward vice principal of the school Simon attends Natasha Rothwell as Ms. Albright , Simon 's drama teacher Drew Starkey as Garrett Laughlin , one of Simon 's classmates Clark Moore as Ethan , one of Simon 's classmates who is openly gay Joey Pollari as Lyle , a flirty server at a local diner Mackenzie Lintz as Taylor Metternich , one of Simon 's classmates Production ( edit ) Principal photography began on March 6 , 2017 , in Atlanta , Georgia . Filming officially ended on April 23 , 2017 . Aware of how expensive the cost of the music would be in the film , Berlanti made the decision to end shooting two days early . Of the decision , he said `` I did know that a lot of the film was made in homage to movies that had these great soundtracks that , at my age , you 'd play the cassette tape over and over again until it would wear out . The soundtrack was the thing that kept you feeling the emotions of the movie . So it was always on my wish list to have a soundtrack that was reflective of that . It was very expensive so everyone wanted to make sure I was doing the right thing . I wanted more money to be put into the music . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Love , Simon ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Various artists Released March 16 , 2018 Genre Soundtrack indie pop Length 47 : 24 Label RCA Sony Singles from Love , Simon ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) `` Alfie 's Song ( Not So Typical Love Song ) '' Released : 16 January 2018 `` Love Lies '' Released : 14 February 2018 The soundtrack of the film includes music by Bleachers , Troye Sivan , Amy Shark , Brenton Wood , The 1975 , Normani and Khalid , among others . The first track released from the soundtrack was `` Alfie 's Song ( Not So Typical Love Song ) '' by Bleachers . Love , Simon ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Performed by Length 1 . `` Alfie 's Song ( Not So Typical Love Song ) '' Jack Antonoff Ilsey Juber Harry Styles Bleachers 3 : 01 2 . `` Rollercoaster '' Antonoff John Hill Bleachers 3 : 12 3 . `` Never Fall in Love '' Antonoff Karen Marie Ørsted Jack Antonoff and MØ 4 . `` Strawberries & Cigarettes '' Troye Sivan Antonoff Alex Hope Troye Sivan 3 : 21 5 . `` Sink In '' Ben Berger Julia Michaels Ryan McMahon Amy Shark 4 : 35 6 . `` Love Lies '' Khalid Robinson Normani Charlie Handsome Jamil `` Digi '' Chammas Taylor Parks Khalid and Normani 3 : 23 7 . `` The Oogum Boogum Song '' Alfred Smith Brenton Wood 3 : 07 8 . `` Love Me '' Adam Hann George Daniel Matthew Healy Ross MacDonald The 1975 3 : 42 9 . `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' George Merrill Shannon Rubicam Whitney Houston 4 : 50 10 . `` Someday at Christmas '' Ron Miller Bryan Wells Jackson 5 2 : 44 11 . `` Wings '' Nini Fabi Benjamin Gebert Haerts 4 : 58 12 . `` Keeping a Secret '' Antonoff Justin Tranter Bleachers 3 : 25 13 . `` Wild Heart '' Antonoff Hill Bleachers 3 : 21 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 82 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 24 UK Soundtrack Albums ( OCC ) 11 US Billboard 200 37 Other songs that appear in the film but are not included on its soundtrack include `` Waterloo Sunset '' by The Kinks , `` Diamond '' by MONAKR , `` Feel It Still '' by Portugal . The Man , `` No '' by Meghan Trainor , `` As Long as You Love Me '' by Justin Bieber , `` Add It Up '' by Violent Femmes , `` Bad Romance '' by Lady Gaga ( performed by the Michigan Marching Band ) and `` Shine a Light '' by BANNERS . Release ( edit ) Love , Simon premiered at the Mardi Gras Film Festival on February 27 , 2018 , and also screened at the Glasgow Film Festival and the Melbourne Queer Film Festival . The film was released by 20th Century Fox in the United States and Canada on March 16 , 2018 , in Australia and New Zealand on March 29 , 2018 , in Brazil on April 5 , 2018 , in the United Kingdom and Ireland on April 6 , 2018 , in Colombia on April 12 , 2018 , Mexico on April 13 , 2018 , and is scheduled to be released in other countries on various dates throughout 2018 . Following the film 's release , several celebrities , including Jennifer Garner , Kristen Bell , Neil Patrick Harris , Joey Graceffa , Matt Bomer , Robbie Rogers , Benj Pasek , Tyler Oakley , Martin Gero , Andrew Rannells , and Jesse Tyler Ferguson , bought out entire theaters so that people could see the film for free because they believed that the film conveyed an important message . Love Simon is the first film by a major Hollywood studio to focus on a gay teenage romance . Home video ( edit ) The film became available to pre-order on home video on January 17 , 2018 , was released digitally on May 29 , 2018 , and was released on 4K Blu - Ray , Blu - ray and DVD on June 12 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of June 17 , 2018 , Love , Simon has grossed $40.8 million in the United States and Canada , and $18.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $59.4 million , against a production budget of $17 million . It is the 14th highest - grossing teen romance film since 1980 , and the third - highest by 20th Century Fox other than The Fault in Our Stars and Romeo + Juliet . Love , Simon held early preview screenings on March 10 before its official release on March 16 , where it grossed $800,000 from 927 theaters , which Deadline Hollywood considered `` strong '' . In the United States and Canada , the film was released alongside Tomb Raider and I Can Only Imagine , and was projected to gross $10 -- 12 million from 2,401 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $4.6 million on its first day ( including $850,000 from Thursday previews at 2,125 theaters ) . The film went on to debut at $11.8 million , finishing fifth at the box office ; 58 % of its opening weekend audience was female and 59 % was under 25 . In its second weekend the film dropped 33 % to $7.8 million , finishing 7th , and in its third weekend made $4.8 million , finishing ninth . In the United Kingdom , the film debuted at number four , earning $1.6 million . In Australia , the film debuted at number four , earning $916,697 . In Brazil , the film debuted at number four , earning $804,567 . In Mexico , the film debuted at number three , earning $982,391 . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 92 % , based on 167 reviews , with an average rating of 7.4 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Love , Simon hits its coming - of - age beats more deftly than many entries in this well - traveled genre -- and represents an overdue , if not entirely successful , milestone of inclusion . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100 , based on 38 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to earn such a score . Benjamin Lee of The Guardian gave the film 4 / 5 stars , calling it a `` hugely charming crowd - pleaser '' . Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood gave the film 4 / 5 stars , stating that audiences `` are guaranteed to fall in love with this sweet , funny coming - of - age film '' . Molly Freeman of Screen Rant gave the film 4 / 5 stars or an Excellent rating , stating that `` Love , Simon is a funny , heartfelt , and truly touching teen romantic comedy that instantly becomes a modern classic for today 's generation . '' Josh Winning of GamesRadar+ gave the film 4 / 5 stars , describing it as a `` warm , sensitive and engaging coming - out - of - ager '' and `` one of the freshest teen - coms in ages '' . Meredith Goldstein of The Boston Globe gave the film 3.5 / 4 stars and stated , `` Love , Simon is a sweet , modern romantic comedy that manages to channel the teen movie classics of the late John Hughes , but only the good stuff . '' Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film 3 / 4 stars and wrote , `` If John Hughes had gone on to make a smart LGBT coming - of - age charmer , most likely it would resemble this . '' Bruce Demara of the Toronto Star also gave it 3 / 4 stars , stating `` The casting is high quality , the script - with a tantalizing mystery at its heart - is particularly well - crafted and the story hits all the right emotional notes in delivering a funny , warm - hearted and life - affirming tale . '' Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film 3.5 / 4 stars and wrote , `` Young and old , jocks and nerds , geeks and freaks , and everyone in between should be able to find something to adore in Love , Simon . '' Joyce Slaton of Common Sense Media gave the film 4 / 5 stars and described it as `` tender , sweet , and affecting '' , with the film also receiving The Common Sense Seal , which recognizes movies that offer families an exceptional media experience . MJ Franklin of Mashable wrote that `` Love , Simon feels like an instant classic that you 're going to want to watch again and again . '' Max Weiss of Baltimore gave Love , Simon 3 / 4 stars , calling it a `` sweet , funny , warm - hearted film '' . Kevin Scott of Exclaim ! gave the film a 7 out of 10 score , noting that the film has the `` expected amount of sentimentality that effectively tugs at the heartstrings '' . Peter Debruge of Variety , while stating that the film is average in execution , praised the content as `` groundbreaking on so many levels , not least of which is just how otherwise familiar it all seems '' . Jesse Hassenger of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+ and wrote that the film `` is touching as a gesture '' , but as entertainment `` it 's nothing Degrassi has n't done better '' . Becky Albertalli , the author of the book , watched an early cut and praised the film , stating : `` It 's funny and relevant and timeless and charming and honest and painful and so romantic . It says exactly what I wanted the book to say . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Golden Trailer Awards May 31 , 2018 Best Romance Trailer Love , Simon Nominated Best Romance TV Spot Love , Simon Nominated Best Billboard Love , Simon Nominated Best Teaser Campaign Love , Simon Won MTV Movie & TV Awards June 18 , 2018 Best Kiss Nick Robinson and Keiynan Lonsdale Won Best Musical Moment Love , Simon Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 12 , 2018 Choice Movie -- Comedy Love , Simon Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Love , Simon ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Keeps B.O. Treasure From ' Tomb Raider ' ; How ' I Can Only Imagine ' Hit A $17 M High Note '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised to Shatter a Hollywood Myth '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love , Simon ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Project Casting ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Simon vs. The Homo Sapiens Agenda ' Open Casting Call '' . Project Casting . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shipp , Alexandra ( @ AlexShipppp ) ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a beautiful wrap on # simonvthehomosapiensagenda such a pleasure working with people I looooooove and respect '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ LeDonne , Rob ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' Music , From Deep Cuts to Surprise Global Hits '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rice , Nicholas ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Bleachers Release ' Alfie 's Song ( Not So Typical Love Song ) ' From ' Love , Simon ' Soundtrack : Listen '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love , Simon ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) by Various Artists '' . Apple Music . Apple . March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ auspOp ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` ARIA Chart Watch # 465 '' . auspOp . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Albums : March 31 , 2018 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Soundtrack Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 : March 31 , 2018 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Love , Simon ( 12A ) '' . Glasgow Film Festival . March 3 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ H. , Troy ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon : Melbourne Queer Film Festival ( MQFF ) Centrepiece Presentation '' . Meetup . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Simon vs the Homo Sapiens Agenda '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Alexia ( March 31 , 2018 ) . `` Jennifer Garner , Jesse Tyler Ferguson & More Stars Buyout Theaters for Love , Simon '' . People . Time . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim . `` ' Love , Simon ' : Your first look at 2018 's major studio gay teen romance '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Lang , Brent ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' Stars Say Gay Teen Romance Will Save Lives '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson - Taylor , James ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' : Cast , Release Date , Trailer , Soundtrack And Everything You Need To Know '' . PopBuzz . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Love , Simon DVD Release Date '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Romance Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` Greg Berlanti Gay Teen Romance Pic ' Love , Simon ' Posts Strong Sneak Previews '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Will ' Tomb Raider ' Be the Movie to Finally Knock ' Black Panther ' From Box Office Perch ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' Rings Up $2.1 M On Thursday -- Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Does ' Pacific Rim : Uprising ' Break Even At The Global B.O. ? ; ' Black Panther ' Sets Marvel Record -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` How Warner Bros. Sold ' Ready Player One ' On The Spielberg Spirit & Beat Tracking With $53 M+ 4 - Day -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom Box Office : April 6 -- 8 , 2018 '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Box Office March 29 -- April 1 , 2018 '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil Box Office April 6 -- 8 , 2018 '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Box Office April 13 -- 15 , 2018 '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Love , Simon ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Love , Simon Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Benjamin ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon review - coming - out comedy is a landmark teen classic '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' Review : Winning Comedy About Gay High Schooler Is One From The Heart '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon Review : A Modern Teen Rom - Com Classic '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Winning , Josh ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon Review : ' Honest and Good - Natured Without Ever Being Patronising ' '' . GamesRadar+ . Future Publishing . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Meredith ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' says a lot , and it 's all good '' . The Boston Globe . Boston Globe Media Partners . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Sweet teen comedy ' Love , Simon ' offers a lot to love '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Demara , Bruce ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon turns teen ' coming out ' story into a funny , sweet journey '' . Toronto Star . Toronto Star Newspapers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Love , Simon ' charms by giving gay teen romance the John Hughes treatment '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Slaton , Joyce . `` Love , Simon Movie Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Common Sense Seal '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Franklin , MJ ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' is the comforting coming out hug every gay teen wishes they had '' . Mashable . Ziff Davis . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Max ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Love , Simon '' . Baltimore . RoseBud Entertainment . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Kevin ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' Review : Ground - Breaking Romcom Features Gay Protagonist '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hassenger , Jessie ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon often plays like sweetly progressive , second - rate TV '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Albertalli , Becky ( @ beckyalbertalli ) ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` It 's funny and relevant and timeless and charming and honest and painful and SO ROMANTIC , THERE IS KISSING AND IT IS NOT HALF - ASSED '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Albertalli , Becky ( @ beckyalbertalli ) ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` But I do know that you guys are going to lose your shit over this one . It is so special . It says exactly what I wanted the book to say '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Golden Trailer Awards Awards '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 9 , 2018 . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 1 June 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Wins Best In Show At Golden Trailer Awards '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 1 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 MTV Movie & TV Award Winners '' . MTV . June 18 , 2018 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards Nominations 2018 '' . Hollywood Life . June 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Love , Simon on IMDb Love , Simon at AllMovie hide Greg Berlanti Films Directed The Broken Hearts Club : A Romantic Comedy Life as We Know It Love , Simon Written only Green Lantern Wrath of the Titans Television series created Everwood Jack & Bobby Eli Stone No Ordinary Family Political Animals Arrow The Tomorrow People The Flash Supergirl Legends of Tomorrow GND : 1145176739 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love,_Simon&oldid=846559417 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 20th Century Fox films 2010s comedy - drama films 2010s coming - of - age films 2010s high school films 2010s LGBT - related films 2010s romantic comedy films 2010s romantic drama films 2010s teen comedy films 2010s teen drama films 2010s teen romance films Albums produced by Jack Antonoff American comedy - drama films American coming - of - age films American high school films American romantic comedy films American romantic drama films American teen comedy films American teen drama films American teen LGBT - related films American teen romance films Coming - of - age comedy films Coming - of - age drama films Coming - of - age romance films Films based on American novels Films based on young adult literature Films set in Atlanta Films shot in Atlanta Gay - related films LGBT romance films LGBT - related comedy - drama films LGBT - related coming - of - age films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles created via the Article Wizard Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 14 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the love simon soundtrack come out	[ "\n\nLove, Simon (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)\n\n\nSoundtrack album by Various artists\n\n\nReleased\nMarch 16, 2018\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nSoundtrack\nindie pop\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n47:24\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nRCA\nSony\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSingles from Love, Simon (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Alfie's Song (Not So Typical Love Song)\"\nReleased: 16 January 2018\n\"Love Lies\"\nReleased: 14 February 2018\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "March 16, 2018" ]
5533640748462336222	History of field hockey	History of field hockey - wikipedia History of field hockey Jump to : navigation , search Hockey is a popular game possibly depicted on walls in Egypt . Drawings of what looks to be hockey have been found in an Egyptian tomb that was 4000 years old . Hockey is a popular game in India and Pakistan . It was played for hundreds of years before other countries like England modernised it . Hockey is similar to an ancient game played in Scotland called shinty . Hockey is often played at schools in the UK but its origins are unclear . Later came ice hockey , which developed in Canada . Contents ( hide ) 1 Games similar to hockey outside the West 2 Modern hockey 3 Women 's hockey 4 The synthetic revolution 5 Rules 6 Footnotes 7 External links Games similar to hockey outside the west ( edit ) Stick and ball games with some similarities to field hockey include the Irish game of hurling ( and its Scottish cousin shinty ) . In Inner Mongolia , China , the Daur people have been playing Beikou ( a game similar to modern field hockey ) for about 1,000 years . European settlers in Chile in the 16th century described a hockey - like game of the Araucano Indians called chueca ( or ' the twisted one ' from the twisted end of the stick used by players ) . In Western Australia , early white settlers witnessed Noongar people played a game called dumbung , in which bent sticks were used to hit a ball made of dried sap from the native peartree. ( 1 ) ( The game is believed to be the source of the name of Dumbleyung , a town near where it was played . ) Modern hockey ( edit ) A game called hockey was played in English public schools in the early 19th century . Lord Lytton wrote in 1853 that On the common some young men were playing at hockey . That old - fashioned game , now very uncommon in England , except at schools ... Hockey 's popularity increased with that of other team games . A version of the game played in south - east London was rougher than the modern version , played on a very large field ( 247m by 64m ) , and used a cube of black rubber and rough planed sticks . The modern game was developed on the other side of London by Middlesex cricket clubs , especially Teddington Hockey Club . The members of these clubs were looking for winter exercise , but did not particularly care for football . In 1870 , members of the Teddington cricket club , who had recently moved to play in Bushy Park , were looking for a winter activity . They experimented with a ' stick ' game , based loosely on the rules of association football . Teddington played the game on the smooth outfield of their cricket pitch and used a cricket ball , so allowing smooth and predictable motion . By 1874 they had begun to draw up rules for their game , including banning the raising of the stick above shoulder height and stipulating that a shot at goal must take place within the circle in front of it . An association was formed in 1875 , which dissolved after seven years , but in 1886 the Hockey Association was formed by seven London clubs and representatives from Trinity College , Cambridge . Blackheath were one of the founder members , but refused to accept the rules drawn up by the other clubs and left to found the National Hockey Union . The Union failed , but the Association grew rapidly . They rejected a form of the game that involved a 7oz ( 200g ) rubber cube , catching , marking and scrimmaging , based on rugby football , at the time favoured by the Blackheath club . The Teddington club chose to limit the number per side to eleven , and preferred to play with old cricket balls . They also introduced the idea of the striking circle ( ' the dee ' or ' D ' ) , and they played several games in Bushy Park , in the winter of 1871 . Clubs were also set up in Richmond and Surbiton in 1874 , and inter-club matches were played between them and Teddington . The game grew sporadically , as the clubs did not always agree on the rules ! In the late 19th century , largely due to the British Army , the game spread throughout the British Empire , leading to the first international competition in 1895 ( Ireland 3 , Wales 0 ) . The International Rules Board was founded in 1895 , and hockey first appeared at the Olympic Games as a men 's competition at 1908 Olympic Games in London , with only three teams : England , Ireland and Scotland . Men 's hockey became a permanent fixture at the Olympics at the 1928 Olympic Games , at Amsterdam . The first step towards an international structuring occurred in 1909 , when England and Belgium agreed to recognize each other for international competitions , soon joined in by the French federation . In 1924 , the International Hockey Federation ( FIH , Fédération Internationale de Hockey ) was founded in Paris , under the initiative of the French man , Paul Léautey , as a response to hockey 's omission from the 1924 Paris Game . The founding members were Austria , Belgium , Czechoslovakia , France , Hungary , Spain , and Switzerland . The development of the FIH owes a lot to the work of Réné George Frank , a Belgian , in the years after the Second World War until the 1970s . Men 's hockey united under the FIH in 1970 , when the Hockey Association joined and the International Rules Board became part of the FIH 's structure . The game had been taken to India by British servicemen , and the first clubs formed there in Calcutta in 1885 . The Beighton Cup and the Aga Khan tournament had commenced within ten years . Entering the Olympic Games in 1928 , India won all five of its games without conceding a goal , and went on to win in 1932 until 1956 , and then in 1964 and 1980 . Pakistan won in 1960 , 1968 , and 1984 . Women 's hockey ( edit ) Women 's hockey developed separately from men 's hockey . Women do not seem to have played hockey widely before the modern era . Women 's hockey was first played at British Universities and schools , and the first club , Molesey Ladies Hockey Club , was founded in 1887 . The first national association was the Irish Ladies Hockey Union in 1894 , and though rebuffed by the Hockey Association , women 's hockey grew rapidly around the world . This led to the formation of the International Federation of Women 's Hockey Associations ( IFWHA ) in 1927 , though this did not include initially many continental European countries where women played as sections of men 's associations and were affiliated to the FIH . The IFWHA held conferences every three years , and the tournaments associated with these were the primary IFWHA competitions . These tournaments were non-competitive until 1975 . By the early 1970s there were 22 associations with women 's sections in the FIH and 36 associations in the IFWHA . Discussions were started about a common rule book . The FIH introduced competitive tournaments in 1974 , forcing the acceptance of the principle of competitive hockey by the IFWHA in 1973 . It took until 1982 for the two bodies to merge , but this allowed the introduction of women 's hockey to the 1980 Olympic Games , where , as in the men 's game , Australia , Germany , and the Netherlands have been consistently strong . The synthetic revolution ( edit ) Further information : Field hockey pitch § Playing surface Grass Playing Surface Synthetic turf at Anna Stadium , Trichy In the early 1970s , the `` synthetic grass '' fields began to be used for hockey , with the first Olympic Games on this surface being held at the 1976 Montreal edition . Synthetic pitches are now mandatory for all the international tournaments and for most of the national competitions . While hockey is still played on grass fields at some local levels and lesser national divisions , it has been replaced by synthetic turf almost everywhere in the western world . The game , as well as the material used to play it , has taken a definitive turn with the introduction of the synthetic field , gaining in speed , losing , some would say , in skills . What is clear is that the game has deeply evolved . In order to take into account the specificities of this surface , new tactics , new techniques ( such as the indian dribble ) have been developed and new rules have been settled , often , in order to frame , these new techniques . Regarding the evolution of the hockey player material , the sticks have changed shape , with the bent head at the bottom , which used to be about 15 centimetres long , becoming much stubbier . The extra length was no longer necessary , as the ball travelled much straighter on the flatter synthetic fields . The shorter length made playing the ball with the `` backhand '' ( playing with the head of the stick to the player 's left , with the head rotated 180 degrees from its usual position ) much easier , increasing the speed with which this tactic , often used for evasive manoeuvres , could be used . It also makes trapping the ball by placing the entire stick on the ground , with the point of the head resting on the ground to the player 's left , possible , and this stopping technique is now universal for trapping the ball at penalty corners . The sticks also tend to become more and stiffer as to hit the ball harder . Fibreglass , carbon fibre and kevlar were first applied to the traditional wood core in the early 1970s . Sticks with an aluminium core have been produced but are now prohibited due to the danger they pose when broken . Wooden sticks are less and less common , and players are now playing with sticks entirely made of synthetic composite materials . The goalkeeper equipment has followed the same trend , becoming more and more able to resist to strength of the balls hit by these new generation sticks . Helmets have become compulsory , padding is thicker and of more shock - absorbing ( and reflecting ) foam material and more areas of the body are padded . The new equipment is very expensive and is often a considerable burden for clubs or individual goalkeepers to purchase . The composition of the hockey ball has also changed , from a leather ball with a seam similar to a cricket ball , to a seamless , usually dimpled hard plastic ball . These plastic balls are cheaper , more durable , more consistent in their behaviour , and are unaffected by water ; a key requirement in water - moderated synthetic fields used in elite - level hockey . Ancillary player equipment has also changed . The studded boots for grass fields are banned ( and were in any case very uncomfortable ) on synthetics , and have been replaced with boots specifically designed for synthetic turf . Shin guards have improved padding . Many players have taken to wearing padded gloves , particularly on their left hand , both to protect against contact and allow them to scrape that hand ( while holding the stick ) across the synthetic turf without injury . Finally , the wearing of mouthguards to protect the teeth is now compulsory for safety in many countries . Rules ( edit ) The rules of the game have widely changed . The main issues have been To adapt the game to the new synthetic fields introduced in the 1980s . To enhance comprehension from non-players in order to gain TV coverage Some of these rules changes : The FIH eliminated the offside rule ( similar to offside in football ) in the mid-1990s in order to increase scoring opportunities . Constant modifications of the penalty corner rules in order to minimize its importance in the game and its readability . Limitation of the bow of sticks in order to limit the increasing use and power of drag flicks . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ McGrath , Charles ( August 22 , 2008 ) . `` A Chinese Hinterland , Fertile With Field Hockey '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Field Hockey Stick History - Field Hockey Stick History Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_field_hockey&oldid=816262937 '' Categories : Field hockey History of field hockey Talk Contents About Wikipedia Hrvatski Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 07 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is first hockey club set up in world	[ "A game called hockey was played in English public schools in the early 19th century. Lord Lytton wrote in 1853 that On the common some young men were playing at hockey. That old-fashioned game, now very uncommon in England, except at schools.... Hockey's popularity increased with that of other team games. A version of the game played in south-east London was rougher than the modern version, played on a very large field (247m by 64m), and used a cube of black rubber and rough planed sticks. The modern game was developed on the other side of London by Middlesex cricket clubs, especially Teddington Hockey Club. The members of these clubs were looking for winter exercise, but did not particularly care for football. In 1870, members of the Teddington cricket club, who had recently moved to play in Bushy Park, were looking for a winter activity. They experimented with a ‘stick’ game, based loosely on the rules of association football. Teddington played the game on the smooth outfield of their cricket pitch and used a cricket ball, so allowing smooth and predictable motion. By 1874 they had begun to draw up rules for their game, including banning the raising of the stick above shoulder height and stipulating that a shot at goal must take place within the circle in front of it. An association was formed in 1875, which dissolved after seven years, but in 1886 the Hockey Association was formed by seven London clubs and representatives from Trinity College, Cambridge. Blackheath were one of the founder members, but refused to accept the rules drawn up by the other clubs and left to found the National Hockey Union. The Union failed, but the Association grew rapidly." ]	[ "Cambridge" ]
635955803756533809	Law & Order True Crime	Law & Order True Crime - Wikipedia Law & Order True Crime Jump to : navigation , search Law & Order True Crime First season logo Genre True crime Anthology Created by René Balcer Starring Season 1 Edie Falco Miles Gaston Villanueva Gus Halper Composer ( s ) Mike Post Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) René Balcer Dick Wolf Peter Jankowski Arthur W. Forney Production company ( s ) Universal Television Wolf Films Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Original release September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Law & Order franchise Website www.nbc.com/law-and-order-true-crime-menendez ? nbc = 1 Law & Order True Crime is an American true crime anthology series that premiered September 26 , 2017 on NBC . The series was ordered by NBC on July 15 , 2016 , and is part of the Law & Order franchise . Created by Rene Balcer , the eight - episode first season , titled Law & Order True Crime : The Menendez Murders , is a dramatization of the trial of Lyle and Erik Menendez , who were convicted in 1996 for the murder of their parents , José and Kitty Menendez . The first season concluded November 14 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Episodes 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 5 See also 6 References Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Edie Falco as Leslie Abramson , the defense attorney who represented Lyle and Erik Menendez . Gus Halper as Erik Menendez , the younger brother accused of killing his parents . Miles Gaston Villanueva as Lyle Menendez , the older brother accused of killing his parents . Recurring ( edit ) Anthony Edwards as Judge Stanley Weisberg who oversaw Lyle and Erik 's trial . Julianne Nicholson as Jill Lansing , Abramson 's partner on the defense team for the first trial . Harry Hamlin as Barry Levin , Abramson 's co-counsel on the second trial of Erik Menendez . Constance Marie as Marta Cano , José 's sister . Carlos Gómez as José Menendez , Lyle and Erik 's father . Sam Jaeger as Detective Les Zoeller , the Beverly Hills Police Department detective who investigated the murders of José and Kitty Menendez . Josh Charles as Dr. Jerome Oziel , Lyle and Erik 's psychiatrist . Sterling Beaumon as Glenn Stevens , Lyle 's friend from Princeton University . Ben Winchell as Donovan Goodreau . Molly Hagan as Joan Vandermolen , Kitty 's older sister . Dominic Flores as Henry Llano , Lyle and Erik 's cousin . Lolita Davidovich as Kitty Menendez , Lyle and Erik 's mother . Chris Bauer as Tim Rutten , Leslie 's husband and a Los Angeles Times journalist . Heather Graham as Judalon Smyth , Oziel 's emotionally fragile mistress . Elizabeth Reaser as Deputy District Attorney Pam Bozanich , who was assigned to the murders of José and Kitty Menendez . Larry Cedar as Milton Andersen , Kitty 's older brother . Ezra Buzzington as Deputy District Attorney Elliott Alhadeff , first prosecutor in case . Raphael Sbarge as Jon Conte . Taylor Kalupa as Anna Eriksson , Lyle 's fiancé & eventual wife . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Episode 1 '' Lesli Linka Glatter René Balcer September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 6.06 Jose and Kitty Menendez are murdered in their home . The police initially investigate the double - homicide with links to Jose Menendez 's business that has ties to organized crime , as brothers Lyle and Erik go on a shopping spree leading up to their parents ' memorial service . But as the detectives run down leads the evidence points the crime to a different direction , the Menendez brothers . And while watching the events unfolding in the media , criminal defense attorney Leslie Abramson takes an interest in the murders and the brothers . `` Episode 2 '' Lesli Linka Glatter René Balcer October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 4.82 Detectives Zoeller and Linehan from the Beverly Hills PD begin interviewing the brothers ' friends and acquaintances in the awakening of Erik and Lyle 's parents murder . Meanwhile , Erik makes a shocking confession to his psychologist that could change how the case goes . Defense attorney Abramson learns more about the Menendez family dynamics and history and makes a move to represent the brothers in the upcoming court trial . `` Episode 3 '' Holly Dale Gina Gionfriddo October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 4.72 Whilst Lyle and Erik are in police custody for suspicion of murdering their parents , defense attorney Abramson works endlessly to understand what could drive two young men to commit such a horrible crime as murdering their parents . Meanwhile , the prosecution tries to get tapes from Lyle and Erik 's sessions with their psychologist , which soon reveals a shocking secret the family has been hiding for a very long time . `` Episode 4 '' Holly Dale Diana Son October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 4.36 Erik and Lyle begin to tell the horrific details of the psychological and sexual abuse they suffered from their parents throughout their lives . Meanwhile , Leslie makes a case for Dr. Oziel 's tapes to be thrown out of court . Pam Ferrero faces increased pressure from the DA 's office regarding the trial of Erik and Lyle . 5 `` Episode 5 '' Fred Berner René Balcer October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 4.61 An extremely heightened level of public scrutiny emerges in the media when Judge Weisberg allows the proceedings to be broadcast on television regarding Erik and Lyle 's court trial . The questionable ethics and motives of one of the star witness 's threaten Judge Weisberg 's credibility in the case . Meanwhile , Leslie starts struggling with personal demons . 6 `` Episode 6 '' Fred Berner Gina Gionfriddo October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 3.53 After a long period of time , Erik and Lyle finally testify for the first time in front of a grand jury . Leslie makes a surprising move in the trial after Judge Weisberg approves the unsealing of the brothers ' confession tapes . The closing arguments are made , and the verdict is left for the jury to decide . 7 `` Episode 7 '' Michael Pressman Diana Son November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 4.08 After hearing closing arguments from the defense side and the ADA , the juries both struggle to reach a unanimous decision in the troubled case . Garcetti tries to counteract the declining public perception of the criminal justice system . Judge Weisberg 's performance and credibility in the trial comes under extremely intense media scrutiny and attention . 8 `` Episode 8 '' Michael Pressman René Balcer November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 4.16 A second trial commences with Barry Levin joining the defence side representing the two brothers . Intense political collusion reaches an apex . Judge Weisberg denies Lyle and Erik 's family members to testify in the trial . Meanwhile , Leslie discovers revealing information about Jose and Kitty 's childhoods . At last , a verdict is decided by the grand jury and all parties in the case return to court for the final time to hear it . Production ( edit ) Filming for the series began on June 26 , 2017 for an eight - episode first season . In April 2016 , Dick Wolf and NBC announced they were working on the series , a first season being based on the Mendendez brothers murder case that shocked the nation in 1989 - 1996 . A second season is yet to be confirmed , but Dick Wolf mentioned he has plenty of ideas for the show and a possible storyline if there is a second season . `` This is unique for me , after 27 years of Law & Order , '' Dick Wolf told TV critics at TCA in an interview . `` This is taken from the headlines ; we 've made some great shows ripped from the headlines , but this is on a different level . '' An idea for a second season includes the the Oklahoma City bombing of 1995 . `` Just before the ( Television Critics Association summer press tour ) , I had mentioned to him the Tim McVeigh case , and his eyes lit up , '' Renee Balcer says of Wolf 's reaction . `` Because Dick and I were together , we were in the same office when the bomb went off in Oklahoma . '' Reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 63 % based on 34 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Law & Order : True Crime : The Menendez Murders benefits from a standout performance from Edie Falco that proves captivating enough to compensate for a staid approach to potentially drama - rich material . '' On Metacritic , the season has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100 , based on 29 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Ratings / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR 18 -- 49 DVR viewers ( millions ) Total 18 -- 49 Total viewers ( millions ) `` Episode 1 '' September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 1.6 / 6 6.06 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Episode 2 '' October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 1.1 / 5 4.82 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Episode 3 '' October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 1.1 / 4 4.72 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Episode 4 '' October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 1.0 / 4 4.36 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Episode 5 '' October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 1.0 / 4 4.61 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Episode 6 '' October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 0.7 / 3 3.53 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Episode 7 '' November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 0.9 / 4 4.08 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Episode 8 '' November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 0.9 / 4 4.16 N / A N / A N / A N / A See also ( edit ) American Crime Story , a similar anthology series that depicts high - profile cases References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Julianne Nicholson Joins ' Law & Order True Crime : The Menendez Murders ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Menendez Brothers Set as Focus of NBC 's Dick Wolf ' Law & Order ' Anthology Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Law & Order : True Crime -- The Menendez Murders ' Ordered to Series at NBC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ; Birnbaum , Debra ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Edie Falco to Play Attorney Leslie Abramson in Dick Wolf 's NBC Menendez Brothers Series ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order True Crime : The Menendez Murders ' : Anthony Edwards To Play Judge Weisberg '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' L&O True Crime : The Menendez Murders ' : Harry Hamlin Set To Recur In NBC Series '' . Deadline . Penske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pedersen , Erik ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : True Crime -- The Menendez Murders ' : Constance Marie & Carlos Gomez Join Cast '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order True Crime : The Menendez Murders ' : Sam Jaeger To Play Det . Zoeller '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Josh Charles Joins ' Law and Order True Crime : The Menendez Murders ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order True Crime : The Menendez Murders ' : Sterling Beaumon , Molly Hagan & Dominic Flores Join Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' L&O True Crime : The Menendez Murders ' Casts Lolita Davidovich , Heather Graham , Elizabeth Reaser & Larry Cedar '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Flash , ' ' Bull , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` NBC & Dick Wolf Developing ' Law & Order : True Crime ' Anthology Series ; 1st Season To Tackle Menendez Brothers Murders '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . line feed character in title = at position 71 ( help ) Jump up ^ Template : Http://deadline.com/2017/08/dick-wolf-law-order-true-crime-menendez-murder-tca-1202141316/ Jump up ^ https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/law-order-true-crime-season-2-case-1056021 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : True Crime : The Menendez Murders ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : True Crime : The Menendez Murders reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Law & Order franchise Series Law & Order ( 1990 -- 2010 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( 1999 -- present ) Law & Order : Criminal Intent ( 2001 -- 2011 ) Law & Order : Trial by Jury ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Law & Order : LA ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Law & Order True Crime ( 2017 -- present ) Adaptations Paris enquêtes criminelles ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Law & Order : UK ( 2009 -- 2014 ) Video games Law & Order : Dead on the Money Law & Order : Double or Nothing Law & Order : Justice Is Served Law & Order : Criminal Intent Law & Order : Legacies Related series Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1993 -- 1999 ) New York Undercover ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Arrest & Trial ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Deadline ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Crime & Punishment ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Conviction ( 2006 ) In Plain Sight ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Chicago franchise Chicago Fire ( 2012 -- present ) Chicago P.D. ( 2014 -- present ) Chicago Med ( 2015 -- present ) Chicago Justice ( 2017 ) Films Exiled : A Law & Order Movie ( 1998 ) Homicide : The Movie ( 2000 ) NBC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Ninja Warrior ( since 2011 ) America 's Got Talent ( since 2006 ) Better Late Than Never ( since 2016 ) The Blacklist ( since 2013 ) Blindspot ( since 2015 ) The Brave ( since 2017 ) Chicago Fire ( since 2012 ) Chicago Med ( since 2015 ) Chicago P.D. ( since 2014 ) Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) First Dates ( since 2017 ) The Good Place ( since 2016 ) Great News ( since 2017 ) Hollywood Game Night ( since 2013 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( since 1999 ) Law & Order True Crime ( since 2017 ) Little Big Shots ( since 2016 ) Marlon ( since 2017 ) Midnight , Texas ( since 2017 ) Running Wild with Bear Grylls ( since 2014 ) Shades of Blue ( since 2016 ) Spartan : Ultimate Team Challenge ( since 2016 ) Superstore ( since 2015 ) Taken ( since 2017 ) This Is Us ( since 2016 ) Timeless ( since 2016 ) Trial & Error ( since 2017 ) The Voice ( since 2011 ) The Wall ( since 2016 ) Weekend Update Summer Edition ( since 2017 ) Will & Grace ( 1998 -- 2006 ; since 2017 ) World of Dance ( since 2017 ) Daytime Days of Our Lives ( since 1965 ) Megyn Kelly Today ( since 2017 ) Late night 1st Look ( since 2008 ) Last Call with Carson Daly ( since 2002 ) Late Night with Seth Meyers ( since 2014 ) Open House ( since 2008 ) Open House NYC ( since 2012 ) Saturday Night Live ( since 1975 ) The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( since 2014 ) News Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) Early Today ( since 1999 ) Meet the Press ( since 1947 ) NBC Nightly News ( since 1970 ) Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly ( since 2017 ) Today ( since 1952 ) Sports NBC Golf NASCAR on NBC NFL on NBC Football Night in America NBC Sunday Night Football Thursday Night Football NHL on NBC Notre Dame Football on NBC Olympics on NBC Premier Boxing Champions Tennis on NBC Thoroughbred Racing on NBC Saturday morning The Voyager with Josh Garcia Upcoming A.P. Bio ( 2018 ) The Awesome Show ( TBA ) Champions ( TBA ) Ellen 's Game of Games ( 2017 ) Genius Junior ( TBA ) Good Girls ( 2018 ) Making It ( TBA ) The Reaper ( TBA ) Reverie ( 2018 ) Rise ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_%26_Order_True_Crime&oldid=815505226 '' Categories : 2010s American crime television series 2010s American drama television series 2017 American television series debuts NBC network shows English - language television programs American crime drama television series Television series created by Dick Wolf Television series by Wolf Films Television series based on actual events Television series by Universal Television Television spin - offs True crime television series American documentary television series Hidden categories : CS1 errors : invisible characters Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use American English from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Italiano Norsk Polski Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 06 : 36 . About Wikipedia	cast law and order true crime the menendez brothers	[]	[]
2088275982429934550	Brown v. Board of Education	Brown v. Board of Education - wikipedia Brown v. Board of Education United States Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court of the United States Argued December 9 , 1952 Reargued December 8 , 1953 Decided May 17 , 1954 Full case name Oliver Brown , et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka , et al . Citations 347 U.S. 483 ( more ) 74 S. Ct. 686 ; 98 L. Ed . 873 ; 1954 U.S. LEXIS 2094 ; 53 Ohio Op. 326 ; 38 A.L.R. 2d 1180 Prior history Judgment for defendants , 98 F. Supp. 797 ( D. Kan . 1951 ) Subsequent history Judgment on relief , 349 U.S. 294 ( 1955 ) ( Brown II ) ; on remand , 139 F. Supp. 468 ( D. Kan . 1955 ) ; motion to intervene granted , 84 F.R.D. 383 ( D. Kan . 1979 ) ; judgment for defendants , 671 F. Supp. 1290 ( D. Kan . 1987 ) ; reversed , 892 F. 2d 851 ( 10th Cir. 1989 ) ; vacated , 503 U.S. 978 ( 1992 ) ( Brown III ) ; judgment reinstated , 978 F. 2d 585 ( 10th Cir. 1992 ) ; judgment for defendants , 56 F. Supp . 2d 1212 ( D. Kan . 1999 ) Holding Segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment , because separate facilities are inherently unequal . District Court of Kansas reversed . Court membership Chief Justice Earl Warren Associate Justices Hugo Black Stanley F. Reed Felix Frankfurter William O. Douglas Robert H. Jackson Harold H. Burton Tom C. Clark Sherman Minton Case opinions Majority Warren , joined by unanimous Laws applied U.S. Const . amend . XIV This case overturned a previous ruling or rulings Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education ( 1899 ) Berea College v. Kentucky ( 1908 ) Educational segregation in the US prior to Brown Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional . The decision effectively overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 , which allowed state - sponsored segregation , insofar as it applied to public education . Handed down on May 17 , 1954 , the Warren Court 's unanimous ( 9 -- 0 ) decision stated that `` separate educational facilities are inherently unequal . '' As a result , de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution . This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement , and a model for many future impact litigation cases . However , the decision 's fourteen pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools , and the Court 's second decision in Brown II ( 349 U.S. 294 ( 1955 ) ) only ordered states to desegregate `` with all deliberate speed '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Case 2.1 Filing and arguments 2.2 Supreme Court review 2.3 Unanimous opinion and consensus building 2.4 Holding 2.5 Local outcomes 3 Social implications 3.1 Deep South 3.2 Upland South 3.3 North 4 Legal criticism and praise 5 Brown II 6 Brown III 7 Related cases 8 Other comments 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background For much of the sixty years preceding the Brown case , race relations in the United States had been dominated by racial segregation . This policy had been endorsed in 1896 by the United States Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson , which held that as long as the separate facilities for the separate races were equal , segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment ( `` no State shall ... deny to any person ... the equal protection of the laws '' ) . The plaintiffs in Brown asserted that this system of racial separation , while masquerading as providing separate but equal treatment of both white and black Americans , instead perpetuated inferior accommodations , services , and treatment for black Americans . Racial segregation in education varied widely from the 17 states that required racial segregation to the 16 in which it was prohibited . Brown was influenced by UNESCO 's 1950 Statement , signed by a wide variety of internationally renowned scholars , titled The Race Question . This declaration denounced previous attempts at scientifically justifying racism as well as morally condemning racism . Another work that the Supreme Court cited was Gunnar Myrdal 's An American Dilemma : The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy ( 1944 ) . Myrdal had been a signatory of the UNESCO declaration . The research performed by the educational psychologists Kenneth B. Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark also influenced the Court 's decision . The Clarks ' `` doll test '' studies presented substantial arguments to the Supreme Court about how segregation affected black schoolchildren 's mental status . The United States and the Soviet Union were both at the height of the Cold War during this time , and U.S. officials , including Supreme Court Justices , were highly aware of the harm that segregation and racism played on America 's international image . When Justice William O. Douglas traveled to India in 1950 , the first question he was asked was , `` Why does America tolerate the lynching of Negroes ? '' Douglas later wrote that he had learned from his travels that `` the attitude of the United States toward its colored minorities is a powerful factor in our relations with India . '' Chief Justice Earl Warren , nominated to the Supreme Court by President Eisenhower , echoed Douglas 's concerns in a 1954 speech to the American Bar Association , proclaiming that `` Our American system like all others is on trial both at home and abroad , ... the extent to which we maintain the spirit of our constitution with its Bill of Rights , will in the long run do more to make it both secure and the object of adulation than the number of hydrogen bombs we stockpile . '' Case Filing and arguments Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Pre-kindergarten -- Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal In 1951 , a class action suit was filed against the Board of Education of the City of Topeka , Kansas in the United States District Court for the District of Kansas . The plaintiffs were thirteen Topeka parents on behalf of their 20 children . The suit called for the school district to reverse its policy of racial segregation . The Topeka Board of Education operated separate elementary schools under an 1879 Kansas law , which permitted ( but did not require ) districts to maintain separate elementary school facilities for black and white students in 12 communities with populations over 15,000 . The plaintiffs had been recruited by the leadership of the Topeka NAACP . Notable among the Topeka NAACP leaders were the chairman McKinley Burnett ; Charles Scott , one of three serving as legal counsel for the chapter ; and Lucinda Todd . The named plaintiff , Oliver L. Brown , was a parent , a welder in the shops of the Santa Fe Railroad , an assistant pastor at his local church , and an African American . He was convinced to join the lawsuit by Scott , a childhood friend . Brown 's daughter Linda , a third grader , had to walk six blocks to her school bus stop to ride to Monroe Elementary , her segregated black school one mile ( 1.6 km ) away , while Sumner Elementary , a white school , was seven blocks from her house . As directed by the NAACP leadership , the parents each attempted to enroll their children in the closest neighborhood school in the fall of 1951 . They were each refused enrollment and directed to the segregated schools . The case `` Oliver Brown et al. v . The Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas '' was named after Oliver Brown as a legal strategy to have a man at the head of the roster . The lawyers , and the National Chapter of the NAACP , also felt that having Mr. Brown at the head of the roster would be better received by the U.S. Supreme Court Justices . The 13 plaintiffs were : Oliver Brown , Darlene Brown , Lena Carper , Sadie Emmanuel , Marguerite Emerson , Shirley Fleming , Zelma Henderson , Shirley Hodison , Maude Lawton , Alma Lewis , Iona Richardson , and Lucinda Todd . The last surviving plaintiff , Zelma Henderson , died in Topeka , on May 20 , 2008 , at age 88 . The District Court ruled in favor of the Board of Education , citing the U.S. Supreme Court precedent set in Plessy v. Ferguson , 163 U.S. 537 ( 1896 ) , which had upheld a state law requiring `` separate but equal '' segregated facilities for blacks and whites in railway cars . The three - judge District Court panel found that segregation in public education has a detrimental effect on negro children , but denied relief on the ground that the negro and white schools in Topeka were substantially equal with respect to buildings , transportation , curricula , and educational qualifications of teachers . Supreme Court Review The case of Brown v. Board of Education as heard before the Supreme Court combined five cases : Brown itself , Briggs v. Elliott ( filed in South Carolina ) , Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County ( filed in Virginia ) , Gebhart v. Belton ( filed in Delaware ) , and Bolling v. Sharpe ( filed in Washington D.C. ) . All were NAACP - sponsored cases . The Davis case , the only case of the five originating from a student protest , began when 16 - year - old Barbara Rose Johns organized and led a 450 - student walkout of Moton High School . The Gebhart case was the only one where a trial court , affirmed by the Delaware Supreme Court , found that discrimination was unlawful ; in all the other cases the plaintiffs had lost as the original courts had found discrimination to be lawful . The Kansas case was unique among the group in that there was no contention of gross inferiority of the segregated schools ' physical plant , curriculum , or staff . The district court found substantial equality as to all such factors . The lower court , in its opinion , noted that , in Topeka , `` the physical facilities , the curricula , courses of study , qualification and quality of teachers , as well as other educational facilities in the two sets of schools ( were ) comparable . '' The lower court observed that `` colored children in many instances are required to travel much greater distances than they would be required to travel could they attend a white school '' but also noted that the school district `` transports colored children to and from school free of charge '' and that `` ( n ) o such service ( was ) provided to white children . '' In the Delaware case the district court judge in Gebhart ordered that the black students be admitted to the white high school due to the substantial harm of segregation and the differences that made the separate schools unequal . The NAACP 's chief counsel , Thurgood Marshall -- who was later appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1967 -- argued the case before the Supreme Court for the plaintiffs . Assistant attorney general Paul Wilson -- later distinguished emeritus professor of law at the University of Kansas -- conducted the state 's ambivalent defense in his first appellate argument . In December 1952 , the Justice Department filed a friend of the court brief in the case . The brief was unusual in its heavy emphasis on foreign - policy considerations of the Truman administration in a case ostensibly about domestic issues . Of the seven pages covering `` the interest of the United States , '' five focused on the way school segregation hurt the United States in the Cold War competition for the friendship and allegiance of non-white peoples in countries then gaining independence from colonial rule . Attorney General James P. McGranery noted that The existence of discrimination against minority groups in the United States has an adverse effect upon our relations with other countries . Racial discrimination furnishes grist for the Communist propaganda mills . The brief also quoted a letter by Secretary of State Dean Acheson lamenting that The United States is under constant attack in the foreign press , over the foreign radio , and in such international bodies as the United Nations because of various practices of discrimination in this country . British barrister and parliamentarian Anthony Lester has written that `` Although the Court 's opinion in Brown made no reference to these considerations of foreign policy , there is no doubt that they significantly influenced the decision . '' Unanimous opinion and consensus building The members of the U.S. Supreme Court that on May 17 , 1954 , ruled unanimously that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional . In spring 1953 , the Court heard the case but was unable to decide the issue and asked to rehear the case in fall 1953 , with special attention to whether the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection Clause prohibited the operation of separate public schools for whites and blacks . The Court reargued the case at the behest of Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter , who used reargument as a stalling tactic , to allow the Court to gather a consensus around a Brown opinion that would outlaw segregation . The justices in support of desegregation spent much effort convincing those who initially intended to dissent to join a unanimous opinion . Although the legal effect would be same for a majority rather than unanimous decision , it was felt that dissent could be used by segregation supporters as a legitimizing counter-argument . Conference notes and draft decisions illustrate the division of opinions before the decision was issued . Justices Douglas , Black , Burton , and Minton were predisposed to overturn Plessy . Fred M. Vinson noted that Congress had not issued desegregation legislation ; Stanley F. Reed discussed incomplete cultural assimilation and states ' rights and was inclined to the view that segregation worked to the benefit of the African - American community ; Tom C. Clark wrote that `` we had led the states on to think segregation is OK and we should let them work it out . '' Felix Frankfurter and Robert H. Jackson disapproved of segregation , but were also opposed to judicial activism and expressed concerns about the proposed decision 's enforceability . Chief Justice Vinson had been a key stumbling block . After Vinson died in September 1953 , President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren as Chief Justice . Warren had supported the integration of Mexican - American students in California school systems following Mendez v. Westminster . However , Eisenhower invited Earl Warren to a White House dinner , where the president told him : `` These ( southern whites ) are not bad people . All they are concerned about is to see that their sweet little girls are not required to sit in school alongside some big overgrown Negroes . '' Nevertheless , the Justice Department sided with the African American plaintiffs . In his reading of the unanimous decision , Justice Warren noted the adverse psychological effects that segregated schools had on African American children . Brown 's cite of the Kenneth and Mamie Doll Study was criticized by Justice Clarence Thomas in a later concurring opinion for implying black inferiority . According to Susan Firestone , the study itself is dubious in conclusion and unreliable in reproduction . While all but one justice personally rejected segregation , the judicial restraint faction questioned whether the Constitution gave the Court the power to order its end . The activist faction believed the Fourteenth Amendment did give the necessary authority and were pushing to go ahead . Warren , who held only a recess appointment , held his tongue until the Senate confirmed his appointment . Warren convened a meeting of the justices , and presented to them the simple argument that the only reason to sustain segregation was an honest belief in the inferiority of Negroes . Warren further submitted that the Court must overrule Plessy to maintain its legitimacy as an institution of liberty , and it must do so unanimously to avoid massive Southern resistance . He began to build a unanimous opinion . Although most justices were immediately convinced , Warren spent some time after this famous speech convincing everyone to sign onto the opinion . Justices Jackson and Reed finally decided to drop their dissent . The final decision was unanimous . Warren drafted the basic opinion and kept circulating and revising it until he had an opinion endorsed by all the members of the Court . Reed was the last holdout and reportedly cried during the reading of the opinion . Holding Reporters who observed the court holding were surprised by two facts . First , the court made a unanimous decision . Prior to the ruling , there were reports that the court members were sharply divided and might not be able to agree . Second , the attendance of Justice Robert H. Jackson who had suffered a mild heart attack and was not expected to return to the bench until early June 1954 . `` Perhaps to emphasize the unanimity of the court , perhaps from a desire to be present when the history - making verdict was announced , Justice Jackson was in his accustomed seat when the court convened . '' Reporters also noted that former Secretary of State Dean Acheson ( who had related the case to foreign policy considerations ) and current Attorney General Herbert Brownell were in the courtroom . The key holding of the Court was that , even if segregated black and white schools were of equal quality in facilities and teachers , segregation by itself was harmful to black students and unconstitutional . They found that a significant psychological and social disadvantage was given to black children from the nature of segregation itself , drawing on research conducted by Kenneth Clark assisted by June Shagaloff . This aspect was vital because the question was not whether the schools were `` equal '' , which under Plessy they nominally should have been , but whether the doctrine of separate was constitutional . The justices answered with a strong `` no '' : ( D ) oes segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race , even though the physical facilities and other `` tangible '' factors may be equal , deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities ? We believe that it does ... `` Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children . The effect is greater when it has the sanction of the law , for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the negro group . A sense of inferiority affects the motivation of a child to learn . Segregation with the sanction of law , therefore , has a tendency to ( retard ) the educational and mental development of negro children and to deprive them of some of the benefits they would receive in a racial ( ly ) integrated school system . '' ... We conclude that , in the field of public education , the doctrine of `` separate but equal '' has no place . Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal . Therefore , we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are , by reason of the segregation complained of , deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment . Local outcomes Judgment and order of the Supreme Court for the case . The Topeka junior high schools had been integrated since 1941 . Topeka High School was integrated from its inception in 1871 and its sports teams from 1949 on . The Kansas law permitting segregated schools allowed them only `` below the high school level '' . Soon after the district court decision , election outcomes and the political climate in Topeka changed . The Board of Education of Topeka began to end segregation in the Topeka elementary schools in August 1953 , integrating two attendance districts . All the Topeka elementary schools were changed to neighborhood attendance centers in January 1956 , although existing students were allowed to continue attending their prior assigned schools at their option . Plaintiff Zelma Henderson , in a 2004 interview , recalled that no demonstrations or tumult accompanied desegregation in Topeka 's schools : `` They accepted it , '' she said . `` It was n't too long until they integrated the teachers and principals . '' The Topeka Public Schools administration building is named in honor of McKinley Burnett , NAACP chapter president who organized the case . Monroe Elementary was designated a U.S. National Historic Site unit of the National Park Service on October 26 , 1992 . Social implications Not everyone accepted the Brown v. Board of Education decision . In Virginia , Senator Harry F. Byrd , Sr. organized the Massive Resistance movement that included the closing of schools rather than desegregating them . See , for example , The Southern Manifesto . For more implications of the Brown decision , see School integration in the United States . Deep South Texas Attorney General John Ben Shepperd organized a campaign to generate legal obstacles to implementation of desegregation . In 1957 , Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus called out his state 's National Guard to block black students ' entry to Little Rock Central High School . President Dwight Eisenhower responded by deploying elements of the 101st Airborne Division from Fort Campbell , Kentucky , to Arkansas and by federalizing Arkansas 's National Guard . Also in 1957 , Florida 's response was mixed . Its legislature passed an Interposition Resolution denouncing the decision and declaring it null and void . But Florida Governor LeRoy Collins , though joining in the protest against the court decision , refused to sign it , arguing that the attempt to overturn the ruling must be done by legal methods . In Mississippi fear of violence prevented any plaintiff from bringing a school desegregation suit for the next nine years . When Medgar Evers sued to desegregate Jackson , Mississippi schools in 1963 White Citizens Council member Byron De La Beckwith murdered him . Two subsequent trials resulted in hung juries . Beckwith was not convicted of the murder until 1994 . In 1963 , Alabama Gov. George Wallace personally blocked the door to Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama to prevent the enrollment of two black students . This became the infamous Stand in the Schoolhouse Door where Wallace personally backed his `` segregation now , segregation tomorrow , segregation forever '' policy that he had stated in his 1963 inaugural address . He moved aside only when confronted by General Henry Graham of the Alabama National Guard , who was ordered by President John F. Kennedy to intervene . Upland South In North Carolina , there was often a strategy of nominally accepting Brown , but tacitly resisting it . On May 18 , 1954 the Greensboro , North Carolina school board declared that it would abide by the Brown ruling . This was the result of the initiative of D.E. Hudgins Jr. , a former Rhodes Scholar and prominent attorney , who chaired the school board . This made Greensboro the first , and for years the only , city in the South , to announce its intent to comply . However , others in the city resisted integration , putting up legal obstacles to the actual implementation of school desegregation for years afterward , and in 1969 , the federal government found the city was not in compliance with the 1964 Civil Rights Act . Transition to a fully integrated school system did not begin until 1971 , after numerous local lawsuits and both nonviolent and violent demonstrations . Historians have noted the irony that Greensboro , which had heralded itself as such a progressive city , was one of the last holdouts for school desegregation . In Moberly , Missouri , the schools were desegregated , as ordered . However , after 1955 , the African - American teachers from the local `` negro school '' were not retained ; this was ascribed to poor performance . They appealed their dismissal in Naomi Brooks et al. , Appellants , v. School District of City of Moberly , Missouri , Etc. , et al. ; but it was upheld , and SCOTUS declined to hear a further appeal . North Many Northern cities also had de facto segregation policies , which resulted in a vast gulf in educational resources between black and white communities . In Harlem , New York , for example , not a single new school had been built since the turn of the century , nor did a single nursery school exist , even as the Second Great Migration caused overcrowding of existing schools . Existing schools tended to be dilapidated and staffed with inexperienced teachers . Northern officials were in denial of the segregation , but Brown helped stimulate activism among African - American parents like Mae Mallory who , with support of the NAACP , initiated a successful lawsuit against the city and State of New York on Brown 's principles . Mallory and thousands of other parents bolstered the pressure of the lawsuit with a school boycott in 1959 . During the boycott , some of the first freedom schools of the period were established . The city responded to the campaign by permitting more open transfers to high - quality , historically - white schools . ( New York 's African - American community , and Northern desegregation activists generally , now found themselves contending with the problem of white flight , however . ) The intellectual roots of Plessy v. Ferguson , the landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation in 1896 under the doctrine of `` separate but equal '' were , in part , tied to the scientific racism of the era . However , the popular support for the decision was more likely a result of the racist beliefs held by many whites at the time . In deciding Brown v. Board of Education , the Supreme Court rejected the ideas of scientific racists about the need for segregation , especially in schools . The Court buttressed its holding by citing ( in footnote 11 ) social science research about the harms to black children caused by segregated schools . Both scholarly and popular ideas of hereditarianism played an important role in the attack and backlash that followed the Brown decision . The Mankind Quarterly was founded in 1960 , in part in response to the Brown decision . Legal criticism and praise U.S. circuit judges Robert A. Katzmann , Damon J. Keith , and Sonia Sotomayor at a 2004 exhibit on the Fourteenth Amendment , Thurgood Marshall , and Brown v. Board of Education William Rehnquist wrote a memo titled `` A Random Thought on the Segregation Cases '' when he was a law clerk for Justice Robert H. Jackson in 1952 , during early deliberations that led to the Brown v. Board of Education decision . In his memo , Rehnquist argued : `` I realize that it is an unpopular and unhumanitarian position , for which I have been excoriated by ' liberal ' colleagues but I think Plessy v. Ferguson was right and should be reaffirmed . '' Rehnquist continued , `` To the argument ... that a majority may not deprive a minority of its constitutional right , the answer must be made that while this is sound in theory , in the long run it is the majority who will determine what the constitutional rights of the minorities are . '' Rehnquist also argued for Plessy with other law clerks . However , during his 1971 confirmation hearings , Rehnquist said , `` I believe that the memorandum was prepared by me as a statement of Justice Jackson 's tentative views for his own use . '' Justice Jackson had initially planned to join a dissent in Brown . Later , at his 1986 hearings for the slot of Chief Justice , Rehnquist put further distance between himself and the 1952 memo : `` The bald statement that Plessy was right and should be reaffirmed , was not an accurate reflection of my own views at the time . '' In any event , while serving on the Supreme Court , Rehnquist made no effort to reverse or undermine the Brown decision , and frequently relied upon it as precedent . Chief Justice Warren 's reasoning was broadly criticized by contemporary legal academics with Judge Learned Hand decrying that the Supreme Court had `` assumed the role of a third legislative chamber '' and Herbert Wechsler finding Brown impossible to justify based on neutral principles . Some aspects of the Brown decision are still debated . Notably , Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas , himself an African American , wrote in Missouri v. Jenkins ( 1995 ) that at the very least , Brown I has been misunderstood by the courts . Brown I did not say that `` racially isolated '' schools were inherently inferior ; the harm that it identified was tied purely to de jure segregation , not de facto segregation . Indeed , Brown I itself did not need to rely upon any psychological or social - science research in order to announce the simple , yet fundamental truth that the Government can not discriminate among its citizens on the basis of race. ... Segregation was not unconstitutional because it might have caused psychological feelings of inferiority . Public school systems that separated blacks and provided them with superior educational resources making blacks `` feel '' superior to whites sent to lesser schools -- would violate the Fourteenth Amendment , whether or not the white students felt stigmatized , just as do school systems in which the positions of the races are reversed . Psychological injury or benefit is irrelevant ... Given that desegregation has not produced the predicted leaps forward in black educational achievement , there is no reason to think that black students can not learn as well when surrounded by members of their own race as when they are in an integrated environment . ( ... ) Because of their `` distinctive histories and traditions , '' black schools can function as the center and symbol of black communities , and provide examples of independent black leadership , success , and achievement . Some Constitutional originalists , notably Raoul Berger in his influential 1977 book `` Government by Judiciary , '' make the case that Brown can not be defended by reference to the original understanding of the 14th Amendment . They support this reading of the 14th amendment by noting that the Civil Rights Act of 1875 did not ban segregated schools and that the same Congress that passed the 14th Amendment also voted to segregate schools in the District of Columbia . Other originalists , including Michael W. McConnell , a federal judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit , in his article `` Originalism and the Desegregation Decisions , '' argue that the Radical Reconstructionists who spearheaded the 14th Amendment were in favor of desegregated southern schools . Evidence supporting this interpretation of the 14th amendment has come from archived Congressional records showing that proposals for federal legislation which would enforce school integration were debated in Congress a few years following the amendment 's ratification . The case also has attracted some criticism from more liberal authors , including some who say that Chief Justice Warren 's reliance on psychological criteria to find a harm against segregated blacks was unnecessary . For example , Drew S. Days has written : `` we have developed criteria for evaluating the constitutionality of racial classifications that do not depend upon findings of psychic harm or social science evidence . They are based rather on the principle that ' distinctions between citizens solely because of their ancestry are by their very nature odious to a free people whose institutions are founded upon the doctrine of equality , ' Hirabayashi v. United States , 320 U.S. 81 ( 1943 ) ... '' In his book The Tempting of America ( page 82 ) , Robert Bork endorsed the Brown decision as follows : By 1954 , when Brown came up for decision , it had been apparent for some time that segregation rarely if ever produced equality . Quite aside from any question of psychology , the physical facilities provided for blacks were not as good as those provided for whites . That had been demonstrated in a long series of cases ... The Court 's realistic choice , therefore , was either to abandon the quest for equality by allowing segregation or to forbid segregation in order to achieve equality . There was no third choice . Either choice would violate one aspect of the original understanding , but there was no possibility of avoiding that . Since equality and segregation were mutually inconsistent , though the ratifiers did not understand that , both could not be honored . When that is seen , it is obvious the Court must choose equality and prohibit state - imposed segregation . The purpose that brought the fourteenth amendment into being was equality before the law , and equality , not separation , was written into the law . In June 1987 , Philip Elman , a civil rights attorney who served as an associate in the Solicitor General 's office during Harry Truman 's term , claimed he and Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter were mostly responsible for the Supreme Court 's decision , and stated that the NAACP 's arguments did not present strong evidence . Elman has been criticized for offering a self - aggrandizing history of the case , omitting important facts , and denigrating the work of civil rights attorneys who had laid the groundwork for the decision over many decades . However , Frankfurter was also known for being one of court 's most outspoken advocates of the judicial restraint philosophy of basing court rulings on existing law rather than personal or political considerations . Public officials in the United States today are nearly unanimous in lauding the ruling . In May 2004 , the fiftieth anniversary of the ruling , President George W. Bush spoke at the opening of the Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site , calling Brown `` a decision that changed America for the better , and forever . '' Most Senators and Representatives issued press releases hailing the ruling . In an article in Townhall , Thomas Sowell argued that When Chief Justice Earl Warren declared in the landmark 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education that racially separate schools were `` inherently unequal , '' Dunbar High School was a living refutation of that assumption . And it was within walking distance of the Supreme Court . '' Brown II In 1955 , the Supreme Court considered arguments by the schools requesting relief concerning the task of desegregation . In their decision , which became known as `` Brown II '' the court delegated the task of carrying out school desegregation to district courts with orders that desegregation occur `` with all deliberate speed , '' a phrase traceable to Francis Thompson 's poem , The Hound of Heaven . Supporters of the earlier decision were displeased with this decision . The language `` all deliberate speed '' was seen by critics as too ambiguous to ensure reasonable haste for compliance with the court 's instruction . Many Southern states and school districts interpreted `` Brown II '' as legal justification for resisting , delaying , and avoiding significant integration for years -- and in some cases for a decade or more -- using such tactics as closing down school systems , using state money to finance segregated `` private '' schools , and `` token '' integration where a few carefully selected black children were admitted to former white - only schools but the vast majority remained in underfunded , unequal black schools . For example , based on `` Brown II , '' the U.S. District Court ruled that Prince Edward County , Virginia did not have to desegregate immediately . When faced with a court order to finally begin desegregation in 1959 the county board of supervisors stopped appropriating money for public schools , which remained closed for five years , from 1959 to 1964 . White students in the county were given assistance to attend white - only `` private academies '' that were taught by teachers formerly employed by the public school system , while black students had no education at all unless they moved out of the county . But the public schools reopened after the Supreme Court overturned `` Brown II '' in Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County , declaring that `` ... the time for mere ' deliberate speed ' has run out , '' and that the county must provide a public school system for all children regardless of race . Brown III In 1978 , Topeka attorneys Richard Jones , Joseph Johnson and Charles Scott , Jr. ( son of the original Brown team member ) , with assistance from the American Civil Liberties Union , persuaded Linda Brown Smith -- who now had her own children in Topeka schools -- to be a plaintiff in reopening Brown . They were concerned that the Topeka Public Schools ' policy of `` open enrollment '' had led to and would lead to further segregation . They also believed that with a choice of open enrollment , white parents would shift their children to `` preferred '' schools that would create both predominantly African American and predominantly European American schools within the district . The district court reopened the Brown case after a 25 - year hiatus , but denied the plaintiffs ' request finding the schools `` unitary '' . In 1989 , a three - judge panel of the Tenth Circuit on 2 -- 1 vote found that the vestiges of segregation remained with respect to student and staff assignment . In 1993 , the Supreme Court denied the appellant School District 's request for certiorari and returned the case to District Court Judge Richard Rodgers for implementation of the Tenth Circuit 's mandate . After a 1994 plan was approved and a bond issue passed , additional elementary magnet schools were opened and district attendance plans redrawn , which resulted in the Topeka schools meeting court standards of racial balance by 1998 . Unified status was eventually granted to Topeka Unified School District No. 501 on July 27 , 1999 . One of the new magnet schools is named after the Scott family attorneys for their role in the Brown case and civil rights . Related cases Main article : List of 14th amendment cases Other comments Linda Brown Thompson later recalled the experience of being refused enrollment : ... we lived in an integrated neighborhood and I had all of these playmates of different nationalities . And so when I found out that day that I might be able to go to their school , I was just thrilled , you know . And I remember walking over to Sumner school with my dad that day and going up the steps of the school and the school looked so big to a smaller child . And I remember going inside and my dad spoke with someone and then he went into the inner office with the principal and they left me out ... to sit outside with the secretary . And while he was in the inner office , I could hear voices and hear his voice raised , you know , as the conversation went on . And then he immediately came out of the office , took me by the hand and we walked home from the school . I just could n't understand what was happening because I was so sure that I was going to go to school with Mona and Guinevere , Wanda , and all of my playmates . Linda Brown died on March 25 , 2018 at the age of 76 . See also African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1896 -- 1954 ) Little Rock Nine Rubey Mosley Hulen , federal judge who made a similar ruling in an earlier case Timeline of the African American Civil Rights Movement Ruby Bridges , the first black child to attend an all - white elementary school in the South References Jump up ^ Brown v. Board of Education , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ Brown v Board of Education Decision ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Schuck , P.H. ( 2006 ) . Meditations of a Militant Moderate : Cool Views on Hot Topics . G - Reference , Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 3961 - 7 . Jump up ^ Harald E.L. Prins . `` Toward a World without Evil : Alfred Métraux as UNESCO Anthropologist ( 1946 -- 1962 ) '' . UNESCO . As a direct offshoot of the 1948 `` Universal Declaration of Human Rights , '' it sought to dismantle any scientific justification or basis for racism and proclaimed that race was not a biological fact of nature but a dangerous social myth . As a milestone , this critically important declaration contributed to the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court desegregation decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka . ' ( in English ) Jump up ^ Myrdal , Gunnar ( 1944 ) . An American Dilemma : The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy . New York : Harper & Row . Jump up ^ `` Desegregation to diversity ? '' . American Psychological Association . 2004 . Retrieved May 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kenneth Clark , 90 ; His Studies Influenced Ban on Segregation -- '' . Los Angeles Times . May 3 , 2005 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mary L. Dudziak , `` The Global Impact of Brown v. Board of Education '' SCOTUS Blog Jump up ^ Mary L Dudziak `` Brown as a Cold War Case '' Journal of American History , June 2004 Archived December 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Anderson , Legacy of Brown : Many people part of local case , Thirteen parents representing 20 children signed up as Topeka plaintiffs , The Topeka Capital - Journal ( Sunday , May 9 , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Black , White , and Brown , PBS NewsHour ( May 12 , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka MSN Encarta , archived on October 31 , 2009 from the original Archived October 31 , 2009 , at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Interactive map of locations in Topeka important to the Brown case -- Topeka Capital Journal online '' . Cjonline.com . October 26 , 1992 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brown Foundation for Educational Equity , Excellence and Research , Myths Versus Truths Archived June 27 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . ( revised April 11 , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Ric Anderson , Legacy of Brown : Many people part of local case , Thirteen parents representing 20 children signed up as Topeka plaintiffs , The Topeka Capital - Journal ( Sunday , May 9 , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Fox , Margalit ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` Zelma Henderson , Who Aided Desegregation , Dies at 88 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Last surviving Brown v. Board plaintiff dies at 88 - TwinCities.com '' . May 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ School facilities for Negroes here held comparable , The Topeka State Journal ( August 3 , 1951 ) Jump up ^ Brown v. Board of Education , 98 F. Supp. 797 ( D. Kan . 1951 ) . Jump up ^ Student Strike at Moton High ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Brown , 98 F. Supp . at 798 . Jump up ^ Neier , By Aryeh . `` Brown v. Board of Ed : Key Cold War weapon '' . ^ Jump up to : Antonly Lester , `` Brown v. Board of Education Overseas '' PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY VOL. 148 , NO . 4 , DECEMBER 2004 Archived May 1 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ See Smithsonian , `` Separate is Not Equal : Brown v. Board of Education Archived June 30 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Cass R. Sunstein ( May 3 , 2004 ) . `` Did Brown Matter ? '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ George R. Goethals , Georgia Jones Sorenson ( 2006 ) . The quest for a general theory of leadership . Edward Elgar Publishing . p. 165 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84542 - 541 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Digital History '' . www.digitalhistory.uh.edu . Jump up ^ Beschloss , Michael ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` The Gang That Always Liked Ike '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Warren , Earl ( 1977 ) . The Memoirs of Earl Warren . New York : Doubleday & Company . p. 291 . ISBN 0385128355 . Jump up ^ Mungazi , D.A. ( 2001 ) . Journey to the promised land : The African American struggle for development since the Civil War ( pp. 46 ) . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing Group Jump up ^ Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 , 551 U.S. 701 ( 2006 ) ( J. Thomas , concurring ) Jump up ^ `` The Problem of Kenneth Clark - Commentary Magazine '' . Jump up ^ Patterson , James T. ( 2001 ) . Brown v. Board of Education : A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515632 - 3 . Jump up ^ Caro , Robert A. ( 2002 ) . Master of the Senate . Vintage Books . p. 696 . ISBN 9780394720951 . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Huston , Luther A. ( 18 May 1954 ) . `` High Court Bans School Segregation ; 9 - to - 0 Decision Grants Time to Comply '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AP WAS THERE : Original 1954 Brown v. Board story '' Archived December 9 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Topeka Capital Journal article on integration of THS sports teams '' . Cjonline.com . July 10 , 2001 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Topeka Capital Journal on line article '' . Cjonline.com . February 28 , 2002 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Racial bar down for teachers here '' , Topeka Daily Capital ( January 19 , 1956 ) Jump up ^ `` First step taken to end segregation '' , Topeka Daily Capital ( September 9 , 1953 ) Jump up ^ `` Little Effect On Topeka '' Topeka Capital - Journal ( May 18 , 1954 ) Jump up ^ Erin Adamson , `` Breaking barriers : Topekans reflect on role in desegregating nation 's schools '' Archived April 27 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine. , Topeka Capital Journal ( May 11 , 2003 ) Jump up ^ `` Massive Resistance '' to Integration ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Howell , Mark C. , John Ben Shepperd , Attorney General of the State of Texas : His Role in the Continuation of Segregation in Texas , 1953 - 1957 , Master 's Thesis , The University of Texas of the Permian Basin , Odessa , Texas , July 2003 . Jump up ^ The Little Rock Nine ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Michael Klarman , The Supreme Court , 2012 Term - Comment : Windsor and Brown : Marriage Equality and Racial Equality 127 Harv . L. Rev. 127 , 153 ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Id . citing Karlman , From Jim Crow to Civil Rights : The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality at 352 - 354 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ `` De La Beckwith v. State , 707 So . 2d 547 ( Miss . 1997 ) '' . Jump up ^ Standing In the Schoolhouse Door ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ The American Experience ; George Wallace : Settin ' the Woods on Fire ; Wallace Quotes , Public Broadcasting Service , pbs.org , 2000 . Retrieved February 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Greensboro '' . library.uncg.edu . Jump up ^ `` '' Summary of ' Civilities and Civil Rights ' : by William H. Chafe '' George Mason University website `` . Jump up ^ `` Naomi Brooks et al. , Appellants , v. School District of City of Moberly , Missouri , Etc. , et al. , Appellees , 267 F. 2d 733 ( 8th Cir. 1959 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Revisionist History Season 2 Episode 3 '' . Revisionist History . Jump up ^ Melissa F. Weiner , Power , Protest , and the Public Schools : Jewish and African American Struggles in New York City ( Rutgers University Press , 2010 ) p. 51 - 66 Jump up ^ Adina Back `` Exposing the Whole Segregation Myth : The Harlem Nine and New York City Schools '' in Freedom north : Black freedom struggles outside the South , 1940 - 1980 , Jeanne Theoharis , Komozi Woodard , eds. ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2003 ) p. 65 - 91 Jump up ^ Austin Sarat ( 1997 ) . Race , Law , and Culture : Reflections on Brown v. Board of Education . Oxford University Press . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510622 - 0 . What lay behind Plessy v. Ferguson ? There were , perhaps , some important intellectual roots ; this was the era of scientific racism . Jump up ^ Charles A. Lofgren ( 1988 ) . The Plessy Case . Oxford University Press . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 505684 - 6 . But he ( Henry Billings Brown ) at minimum established popular sentiment and practice , along with legal and scientific testimony on race , as a link in his train of reasoning . ^ Jump up to : Race , Law , and Culture : Reflections on Brown v. Board of Education By Austin Sarat . Page 55 and 59 . 1997 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510622 - 9 Jump up ^ Schaffer , Gavin ( 2007 ) . `` '' ' Scientific ' Racism Again ? `` : Reginald Gates , the Mankind Quarterly and the Question of `` Race '' in Science after the Second World War `` . Journal of American Studies . 41 ( 2 ) : 253 -- 278 . doi : 10.1017 / S0021875807003477 . Jump up ^ Science for Segregation : Race , Law , and the Case Against Brown v. Board of Education . By John P. Jackson . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 4271 - 8 Page 148 Jump up ^ William Rehnquist , `` A Random Thought on the Segregation Cases '' Archived June 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , S. Hrg. 99 - 1067 , Hearings Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on the Nomination of Justice William Hubbs Rehnquist to be Chief Justice of the United States ( July 29 , 30 , 31 , and August 1 , 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Peter S. Canellos , Memos may not hold Roberts 's opinions , The Boston Globe , August 23 , 2005 . Here is what Rehnquist said in 1986 about his conversations with other clerks about Plessy : I thought Plessy had been wrongly decided at the time , that it was not a good interpretation of the equal protection clause to say that when you segregate people by race , there is no denial of equal protection . But Plessy had been on the books for 60 years ; Congress had never acted , and the same Congress that had promulgated the 14th Amendment had required segregation in the District schools ... I saw factors on both sides ... I did not agree then , and I certainly do not agree now , with the statement that Plessy against Ferguson is right and should be reaffirmed . I had ideas on both sides , and I do not think I ever really finally settled in my own mind on that ... ( A ) round the lunch table I am sure I defended it ... I thought there were good arguments to be made in support of it . S. Hrg. 99 - 1067 , Hearings Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on the Nomination of Justice William Hubbs Rehnquist to be Chief Justice of the United States ( July 29 , 30 , 31 , and August 1 , 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Justice William O. Douglas wrote : `` In the original conference there were only four who voted that segregation in the public schools was unconstitutional . Those four were Black , Burton , Minton , and myself . '' See Bernard Schwartz , Decision : How the Supreme Court Decides Cases , page 96 ( Oxford 1996 ) . Likewise , Justice Felix Frankfurter wrote : `` I have no doubt that if the segregation cases had reached decision last term , there would have been four dissenters -- Vinson , Reed , Jackson , and Clark . '' Id . Justice Jackson 's longtime legal secretary had a different view , calling Rehnquist 's Senate testimony an attempt to `` smear the reputation of a great justice . '' See Alan Dershowitz , Telling the Truth About Chief Justice Rehnquist , Huffington Post , September 5 , 2005 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . See also Felix Frankfurter on the death of Justice Vinson . Jump up ^ Adam Liptak , The Memo That Rehnquist Wrote and Had to Disown , NY Times ( September 11 , 2005 ) Jump up ^ Cases where Justice Rehnquist has cited Brown v. Board of Education in support of a proposition Archived June 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , S. Hrg. 99 - 1067 , Hearings Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on the Nomination of Justice William Hubbs Rehnquist to be Chief Justice of the United States ( July 29 , 30 , 31 , and August 1 , 1986 ) . Also see Jeffery Rosen , Rehnquist the Great ? , Atlantic Monthly ( April 2005 ) : `` Rehnquist ultimately embraced the Warren Court 's Brown decision , and after he joined the Court he made no attempt to dismantle the civil - rights revolution , as political opponents feared he would '' . Jump up ^ Michael Klarman , The Supreme Court , 2012 Term - Comment : Windsor and Brown : Marriage Equality and Racial Equality , 127 Harv . L. Rev. 127 , 142 ( 2013 ) citing Learned Hand , The Bill of Rights at 55 ( Oliver Wendell Holmes Lecture , 1958 ) . Jump up ^ Id. , Pamela Karlan , `` What Can Brown Do For You : Neutral Principles and the Struggle Over the Equal Protection Clause , 58 DUKE L.J. 1049 ( 2008 ) citing Herbert Wechsler , Toward Neutral Principles of Constitutional Law , 73 HARV . L. REV. 1 ( Oliver Wendell Holmes Lecture , 1959 ) . Jump up ^ Missouri v. Jenkins , 515 U.S. 70 , 120 - 22 ( 1995 ) ( Thomas , J. , concurring ) . Jump up ^ McConnell , Michael W. ( May 1995 ) . `` Originalism and the desegregation decisions '' . Virginia Law Review . The Virginia Law Review Association via JSTOR. 81 ( 4 ) : 947 -- 1140 . doi : 10.2307 / 1073539 . JSTOR 1073539 . Response to McConnell : Klarman , Michael J. ( October 1995 ) . `` Response : Brown , originalism , and constitutional theory : a response to Professor Mcconnell '' . Virginia Law Review . The Virginia Law Review Association via JSTOR. 81 ( 7 ) : 1881 -- 1936 . doi : 10.2307 / 1073643 . JSTOR 1073643 . Response to Klarman : McConnell , Michael W. ( October 1995 ) . `` Reply : The originalist justification for Brown : a reply to Professor Klarman '' . Virginia Law Review . The Virginia Law Review Association via JSTOR. 81 ( 7 ) : 1937 -- 1955 . doi : 10.2307 / 1073644 . JSTOR 1073644 . Jump up ^ Adam Liptak ( November 9 , 2009 ) . `` From 19th - Century View , Desegregation Is a Test '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Days , III , Drew S. ( 2001 ) , `` Days , J. , concurring '' , in Balkan , Jack ; Ackerman , Bruce A. , What ' Brown v. Board of Education ' should have said , New York : New York University Press , p. 97 , ISBN 9780814798904 . Preview . Jump up ^ Harvard Law Review , Vol. 100 , No. 8 ( June 1987 ) , pp. 1938 -- 1948 Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Randall Kennedy . `` A Reply to Philip Elman . '' Harvard Law Review 100 ( 1987 ) : 1938 -- 1948 . Jump up ^ A Justice for All , by Kim Isaac Eisler , page 11 ; ISBN 0 - 671 - 76787 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court History : Expanding civil rights , biographies of the robes : Felix Frankfurter '' . pbs.org/wnet . Educational Broadcasting Corp. , PBS . Jump up ^ Remarks by the President at Grand Opening of the Brown v Board of Education National Historic Site , Topeka , Kansas ( May 17 , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Thomas Sowell ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Dunbar High School After 100 Years '' . townhall.com . Jump up ^ Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , 349 U.S. 294 ( 1955 ) Jump up ^ Jim Chen , Poetic Justice , 29 Cardozo Law Review ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ The `` Brown II , '' `` All Deliberate Speed '' Decision ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Smith , Bob ( 1965 ) . They Closed Their Schools . University of North Carolina Press . Jump up ^ Brown v. Board of Education , 892 F. 2d 851 ( 10th Cir. 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Brown v. Unified School Dist . No. 501 , 56 F. Supp . 2d 1212 ( D. Kan . 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Topeka Public Schools Desegregation History : `` The Naming of Scott Computer Technology Magnet '' Archived October 1 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Brown v. Board of Education '' . PBS NewsHour. 2014 - 05 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Black / White and Brown : Brown versus the Board of Education of Topeka '' . KTWU Channel 11 . transcript of program produced by KTWU Channel 11 in Topeka , Kansas . Originally aired May 3 , 2004. : KTWU Video . 2005 - 09 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Vanessa Romo ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` Linda Brown , Who Was At Center Of Brown v. Board Of Education , Dies '' . NPR . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Further reading Keppel , Ben . Brown v. Board and the Transformation of American Culture ( LSU Press , 2016 ) . xiv , 225 pp . Kluger , Richard ( 1975 ) . Simple Justice : The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America 's Struggle for Equality . New York : Knopf . ISBN 9780394472898 . External video Booknotes interview with Charles Ogletree on All Deliberate Speed , May 9 , 2004 , C - SPAN Ogletree , Charles J. , Jr. ( 2004 ) . All Deliberate Speed : Reflections on the First Half Century of Brown v. Board of Education . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 9780393058970 . Patterson , James T. , and William W. Freehling . Brown v. Board of Education : A civil rights milestone and its troubled legacy ( Oxford University Press , 2001 ) . Tushnet , Mark V. ( 2008 ) . `` '' Our decision does not end but begins the struggle over segregation '' Brown v. Board of Education , 1954 : Justice Robert H. Jackson `` . In Tushnet , Mark V. I dissent : Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases . Boston : Beacon Press . pp. 133 -- 150 . ISBN 9780807000366 . Preview . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brown v. Board of Education . Works related to Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ( 347 U.S. 483 ) at Wikisource Text of Brown v. Board of Education , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) is available from : Cornell CourtListener Google Scholar Justia Oyez Case Brief for Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka at Lawnix.com Case information and transcripts on The Curiae Project Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site ( US Park Service ) A copy of Florida 's 1957 Interposition Resolution in Response to the Brown decision , with Gov. Collin 's handwritten rejection of it . Made available for public use by the State Archives of Florida . U.S. District Court of Kansas : Records of Brown v. Board of Education , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Online documents relating to Brown vs. Board of Education , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Documents from the district court , including the original complaint and trial transcript , at the Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse 60th Anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education curated by Michigan State University 's Diversity of Excellence through Artistic Expression Brown v. Board of Education , Civil Rights Digital Library . `` Supreme Court Landmark Case Brown v. Board of Education '' from C - SPAN 's Landmark Cases : Historic Supreme Court Decisions hide Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Lynching in the United States Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial The New Jim Crow ( 2010 ) Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers hide United States Fourteenth Amendment case law Citizenship Clause Slaughter - House Cases ( 1873 ) Elk v. Wilkins ( 1884 ) United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) Perez v. Brownell ( 1958 ) Afroyim v. Rusk ( 1967 ) Rogers v. Bellei ( 1971 ) Saenz v. Roe ( 1999 ) Due Process Clause Economic substantive due process Mugler v. Kansas ( 1887 ) Allgeyer v. Louisiana ( 1897 ) Lochner v. New York ( 1905 ) Coppage v. Kansas ( 1915 ) Adams v. Tanner ( 1917 ) Adkins v. Children 's Hospital ( 1923 ) Right to privacy Meyer v. Nebraska ( 1923 ) Pierce v. Society of Sisters ( 1925 ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) Doe v. Bolton ( 1973 ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) Bowers v. Hardwick ( 1986 ) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services ( 1989 ) Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 ) Whole Woman 's Health v. Hellerstedt ( 2016 ) Right to abortion United States v. Vuitch ( 1971 ) Doe v. Bolton ( 1973 ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) H.L. v. Matheson ( 1981 ) City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health ( 1983 ) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services ( 1989 ) Hodgson v. Minnesota ( 1990 ) Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) Stenberg v. Carhart ( 2000 ) Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of New England ( 2006 ) Gonzales v. Carhart ( 2007 ) Whole Woman 's Health v. Hellerstedt ( 2016 ) Civil rights liability under Section 1983 Monroe v. Pape ( 1961 ) McNeese v. Board of Educ. ( 1963 ) Pierson v. Ray ( 1967 ) Jenkins v. McKeithen ( 1969 ) Scheuer v. Rhodes ( 1974 ) Wood v. Strickland ( 1975 ) O'Connor v. Donaldson ( 1975 ) Paul v. Davis ( 1976 ) Imbler v. Pachtman ( 1976 ) Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York ( 1978 ) Procunier v. Navarette ( 1978 ) Owen v. City of Independence ( 1980 ) Harlow v. Fitzgerald ( 1982 ) Felder v. Casey ( 1988 ) Will v. Michigan Department of State Police ( 1989 ) Gonzaga University v. Doe ( 2002 ) Inyo County v. Paiute - Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community ( 2003 ) City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams ( 2005 ) Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee ( 2009 ) Ashcroft v. Iqbal ( 2009 ) Los Angeles County v. Humphries ( 2010 ) Connick v. Thompson ( 2011 ) Other Holden v. Hardy ( 1898 ) Muller v. Oregon ( 1908 ) Buck v. Bell ( 1927 ) Powell v. Alabama ( 1932 ) West Coast Hotel v. Parrish ( 1937 ) NAACP v. Alabama ( 1958 ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) In re Winship ( 1971 ) Kolender v. Lawson ( 1983 ) Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) Troxel v. Granville ( 2000 ) Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. ( 2009 ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) Equal Protection Clause United States v. Cruikshank ( 1876 ) Pace v. Alabama ( 1883 ) Civil Rights Cases ( 1883 ) Yick Wo v. Hopkins ( 1886 ) Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) Buchanan v. Warley ( 1917 ) Lum v. Rice ( 1927 ) Skinner v. Oklahoma ( 1942 ) Perez v. Sharp ( 1948 ) Goesaert v. Cleary ( 1948 ) Shelley v. Kraemer ( 1948 ) Sipuel v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Okla . ( 1948 ) Sweatt v. Painter ( 1950 ) McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents ( 1950 ) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ( 1954 ) Hernandez v. Texas ( 1954 ) Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County ( 1964 ) Katzenbach v. Morgan ( 1966 ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) Swann v. Charlotte - Mecklenburg Board of Education ( 1971 ) Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson ( 1971 ) Reed v. Reed ( 1971 ) Frontiero v. Richardson ( 1973 ) Craig v. Boren ( 1976 ) Milliken v. Bradley ( 1974 ) Plyler v. Doe ( 1982 ) Romer v. Evans ( 1996 ) Grutter v. Bollinger ( 2003 ) Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 ( 2007 ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brown_v._Board_of_Education&oldid=844343791 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court decisions that overrule a prior Supreme Court decision 1954 in United States case law 20th century American trials Education in Kansas History of education in the United States History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) Legal history of Kansas Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower United States equal protection case law United States school desegregation case law United States Supreme Court cases 1954 in Kansas American Civil Liberties Union litigation Civil rights movement African - American history of Kansas United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court 1954 in education Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from December 2012 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with short description All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2015 Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 粵語中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018 , at 09 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is involved in brown vs board of education	[]	[]
7862443523935988111	Orange Is the New Black (season 2)	Orange is the New Black ( season 2 ) - Wikipedia Orange is the New Black ( season 2 ) Orange Is the New Black ( season 2 ) Promotional poster Starring Taylor Schilling Uzo Aduba Danielle Brooks Michael Harney Natasha Lyonne Taryn Manning Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network Netflix Original release June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 Next → Season 3 List of Orange Is the New Black episodes The second season of the American comedy - drama television series Orange Is the New Black premiered on Netflix on June 6 , 2014 , at 12 : 00 am PST in multiple countries . It consists of thirteen episodes , each between 51 -- 60 minutes , with a 90 - minute finale . The series is based on Piper Kerman 's memoir , Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ) , about her experiences at FCI Danbury , a minimum - security federal prison . The series is created and adapted for television by Jenji Kohan . The series follows Piper Chapman , forced to board a bus and a plane without being given any information . Later she discovers that she is in Chicago to testify in the trial of Alex 's drug boss , Kubra Balik , and that the stay is temporary . Meanwhile , in Litchfield Penitentiary , a new inmate is raising to power into the prison , by manipulating other inmates and taking control of the drug contraband . Threatened by this new inmate , Red goes to war , to protect her family and her power . Orange is the New Black received critical acclaim . The series received numerous accolades including : Producers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Comedy and Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series . Uzo Aduba performance was awarded with the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . The second season was nominated to several Emmys : Outstanding Drama Series , Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series ( Pablo Schreiber ) and Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series . The series was nominated for the 72nd Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy , meanwhile Taylor Schilling was nominated for Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy and Uzo Aduba for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film . Lorraine Toussaint won a Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Contents 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Recurring cast 3.2. 1 Inmates 3.2. 2 Staff 3.2. 3 Others 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Critics ' top ten lists 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Piper is awakened in solitary and , without being given any information , forced to board a bus and a plane to whereabouts unknown . After she lands , finally realizing she is in Chicago , Piper assumes she has been transferred for killing Pennsatucky and attempts to adjust to her new surroundings . After speaking with Alex , Piper discovers she is in Chicago to testify in the trial of Alex 's drug boss , Kubra Balik , and that the stay is temporary . Piper returns to Litchfield along with a Japanese - American inmate named Brook Soso , whom Piper comforts . Taystee 's mother figure Vee returns , to disapproval from Taystee . It is revealed that Vee and Red know each other from Vee 's previous incarceration . Vee uses Suzanne 's outcast desperation to manipulate her , and begins her bid to take back power in the prison . Vee offers to help Poussey sell her hooch to other inmates but Poussey declines . Red starts to grow plants in an old greenhouse as a cover to move contraband into the prison . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Orange Is the New Black episodes This article 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 14 `` Thirsty Bird '' Jodie Foster Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan Piper June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Piper is awakened in solitary and , without being given any information , forced to board a bus and a plane to whereabouts unknown . After she lands , finally realizing she is in Chicago , Piper assumes she has been transferred for killing Pennsatucky and attempts to adjust to her new surroundings . After speaking with Alex , Piper discovers she is in Chicago to testify in the trial of Alex 's drug boss , Kubra Balik , and that the stay is temporary . Alex suggests to Piper they lie in court about knowing Kubra , fearing he will exact revenge if they tell the truth . However , Piper wishes to tell the truth . Piper meets with her lawyer , Larry 's father Howard Bloom , who strongly advises her to tell the truth . In the van on the way to the trial , Alex pushes one last time for Piper to lie about knowing Kubra , saying she ( Alex ) will be screwed over if they do not tell the same story . Piper gives in and perjures herself at the trial . Afterwards , Howard washes his hands off her . Alex then informs Piper that although she planned to lie , she told the truth , which complicates matters for Piper , who now faces perjury charges and additional time . Piper shouts angrily at Alex , who is being led out of prison to be released . Flashback : Several flashbacks from Piper 's childhood reveal her complicated past . 15 `` Looks Blue , Tastes Red '' Michael Trim Jenji Kohan Taystee June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Pennsatucky is released from solitary after her fight with Piper . She makes a deal with Healy about what she will say about the fight , and in exchange she gets her teeth fixed . Daya has been constipated for the past five days , and her mother and Mendoza compete to solve the problem . Red 's commissary funds run short because she no longer controls the kitchen and can not aid her outside criminal associates . During a visit from her son , it is revealed that she has a grandchild . Red is taken in by the older inmates . A mock job fair gives Taystee a chance to show off her business smarts with a Philip Morris representative in a mock interview . She gets the mock job after she impresses the rep with her research on the company . At the end of the episode , Taystee 's mother figure , Vee , shows up as a new inmate . Flashback : Young Taystee -- then referred to as Tasha -- goes to a Black Adoption Festival , trying to find a permanent home . She later meets a drug dealer , Vee , who becomes a mother figure to her . Eventually , Taystee starts working for her in the drug trade . 16 `` Hugs Can Be Deceiving '' Michael Trim Lauren Morelli Suzanne June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Piper returns to Litchfield along with a Japanese - American inmate named Brook Soso , whom Piper comforts until she becomes too annoying . Taystee 's mother figure Vee returns , to disapproval from Taystee . It is revealed that Vee and Red know each other from Vee 's previous incarceration . Larry meets with a journalist who wants to use Piper as a source for a story about fraud and embezzling by the administration at Litchfield . Morello is devastated upon finding out that Christopher is marrying another woman . Daya becomes frustrated with Bennett when he does n't know how to smuggle in prenatal vitamins . He later realizes that his prosthetic leg will work well . It is discovered that Suzanne became distraught after the pageant and punched Piper into the snow . This makes the fight between Piper and Pennsatucky look like they were equally responsible . Vee uses Suzanne 's outcast desperation to manipulate her , and begins her bid to take back power in the prison . Flashback : It is shown that Suzanne was always marked as different , and was pushed by her adoptive mother to show that she is just as worthy and talented as others . At her high - school graduation , she is urged to sing during the ceremony , but stage fright leads to an embarrassing outburst , similar to her non-performance at the Christmas pageant . 17 `` A Whole Other Hole '' Phil Abraham Sian Heder Lorna June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Nicky and Big Boo engage in a contest to see who can sleep with the most women in jail . Vee offers to help Poussey sell her hooch to other inmates but Poussey declines . Red starts to grow plants in an old greenhouse as a cover to move contraband into the prison . Larry and Polly begin to bond more as Polly 's husband is away . Morello discovers that her love , Christopher , is marrying another woman . While driving Rosa to cancer treatments , Morello takes the van , breaks into Christopher 's home , dons a wedding veil found there , and takes a relaxing bath , nearly getting caught when he comes home . Flashback : Lorna made money as a scam artist . Christopher was never her fiancé , but a man she stalked after a single date , leaving threatening messages and trying to put a bomb in the car of his actual girlfriend . 18 5 `` Low Self Esteem City '' Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Gloria June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) The bathroom that Gloria Mendoza and her girls use has plumbing problems and feces coming out of the shower drains . Vee is appointed head of the African American posse , and goes head to head against Gloria 's Latinas when they infiltrate the Ghetto bathroom . Fig , the assistant warden , refuses to fix the Latina showers due to budget problems , and limits shower times to 30 seconds as a solution . As tensions rise between the blacks and the Latinas , Vee and Mendoza make a deal in order to calm things down . Meanwhile , Cal and Piper 's mom visit Piper and inform her that her father does n't want to see her `` like that '' ( in prison ) . During the visit , Cal reveals that her grandmother is dying . Piper is devastated , and asks Healy for furlough . Boo and Nicky continue their contest over who can score the most points with their sexual conquests . While Boo goes after the `` small pointers '' , Nicky spends her time trying to bed Fischer , one of the prison guards , to no avail . Flashback : Gloria was a victim of domestic violence until she was arrested for committing fraud with food stamps traded at the store she ran . 19 6 `` You Also Have a Pizza '' Allison Anders Stephen Falk Poussey June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) The inmates prepare for a Valentine 's Day party . Red begins importing items through the sewer drain in the greenhouse with the help of her son , Vasily . Larry asks Piper to be his prison mole so that he can write articles about the prison 's finances . Piper begins questioning prisoners and guards to find out where the prison 's budget money is really going . At the Valentine 's Party at Litchfield , Pennsatucky is outlawed from her former group of friends by Leanne . Poussey and Taystee argue . Flaca and Maritza share an intimate moment in the kitchen . Pennsatucky and Healy also share a moment outside the prison . Larry goes over to Polly 's with all of Piper 's things . He and Polly share a kiss , right before Pete returns home from his trip . Caputo invites Fischer to come see his band perform in a local bar , however she invites Luschek , Bell and O'Neill to come , too . Later , as Caputo performs with the band , he notices that Jimmy , an elderly inmate suffering from dementia , has escaped from the prison and is sitting in the bar listening to the music . Flashback : Poussey has a relationship with a German girl ( played by Nina Rausch ) while living on an army base in Germany . The girl 's father discovers the two making love , and uses his power to send Poussey 's family back to the United States . When confronting her girlfriend 's father , Poussey is ready to pull out a gun and attack him , but her own father intervenes before the gun is revealed . 20 7 `` Comic Sans '' Andrew McCarthy Sara Hess Cindy June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Due to Jimmy 's escape , Caputo demands that the correctional officers and guards start monitoring the inmates more closely , and imposes a minimum quota for shots written . Taystee gives Nicky a cigarette in exchange for postage stamps for Vee . Red smuggles in styling products and other items for Sophia in exchange for maintaining her hair color . The Spanish girls continue to request contraband from Bennett . Sick of being taken advantage of , he threatens them with shots , much to Daya 's dismay . Vee 's girls continue to exchange cigarettes for contraband and favors from other inmates . Daya , Flaca , and Morello all ask Piper if they can help with the newsletter she has started . Poussey refuses to involve herself in Vee 's business , but Nicky encourages her to get on Vee 's good side . Polly comes over to Larry 's house in an emotional outrage , and the two have sex . Jimmy is given Compassionate Release from prison . It is revealed that she was taken to the bus station and left there . Flashback : Black Cindy works as an airport security guard . She is shown searching through people 's bags , and steals an iPad for her sister 's birthday ( later revealed to be her biological daughter ) . 21 8 `` Appropriately Sized Pots '' Daisy von Scherler Mayer Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss Rosa June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Piper faces a new backlash over special privileges . Caputo feels pressure to toughen up , which results in Fischer 's termination . Also , Caputo starts to distrust Red 's greenhouse but fortunately for her , Gloria moves her contraband before Caputo finds it . Piper asks Healy to revoke her furlough because the other inmates are treating her badly because of it . Piper calls her mom to tell her she was granted furlough , only to find out her grandmother died a day before . Rosa meets a young boy in chemo who she later learns is in remission . Flashback : In the 1970s , Rosa drove the getaway car for multiple bank robberies perpetrated by her boyfriend and his friends . 22 9 `` 40 Oz. of Furlough '' S.J. Clarkson Lauren Morelli Red & Vee June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Piper 's relationship with Larry faces a real - world test when Piper returns home on furlough . Larry admits to Piper that he slept with someone else . Piper attends her grandmother 's funeral , which turns into her brother 's wedding . Upon Red 's request , Piper visits Red 's former deli , only to find it permanently closed . Red 's efforts to redeem herself in the eyes of her former posse are finally rewarded . She intends to usurp Red 's kitchen smuggling enterprise through her newly founded gardening club . Mendez returns to Litchfield . Bennett finds a cigarette and tears apart the black ghetto until Mendez stops him . Bennett is put on suspension and later reveals to Caputo that Daya is pregnant , and suggests that Mendez must be the father . Flashback : The history of Red and Vee 's relationship at Litchfield is explored through a series of flashbacks . The last flashback reveals that Vee had taken control of the black inmates and Red 's kitchen , ending with Vee 's posse brutally beating Red . 23 10 `` Little Mustachioed Shit '' Jennifer Getzinger Sian Heder Piper & Alex June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Piper returns to prison after Furlough , while Bennett returns after suspension . She lies to Red about the condition of Red 's Queens deli . The guards get tougher in a bid to turn up prison contraband . Daya 's pregnancy is revealed . Mendez is fired and arrested because he is believed to be the father . Piper figures out that Larry and Polly slept together . Vee attempts to join Red 's business in the garden . Poussey gets drunk and insults Vee , so Suzanne beats her up in a fit of rage . Nicky decides to bring to Red the heroin Taystee gave her . Healy starts a therapy group , Safe Place . Flashback : More history of Alex and Piper 's relationship is explored . 24 11 `` Take a Break from Your Values '' Constantine Makris Nick Jones Sister Ingalls June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Piper finally reaches out to Alex and learns that Kubra was n't convicted . Piper is told she is being transferred to Virginia . Soso 's hunger strike attracts new support that takes on a religious fervor . Polly leaves Pete for Larry . The prison newspaper is shut down . Sister Ingalls joins the hunger strike . The elders form a plan to kill Vee but Red does n't know about it . The plan backfires when they stab the wrong inmate . Flashback : Flashbacks depict Sister Ingalls joining her first rally and continuing in social activism , until she is excommunicated by the church . 25 12 `` It Was the Change '' Phil Abraham Sara Hess Taystee & Vee June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Vee and Red 's rivalry continues with several confrontations regarding their competing business ventures inside the jail . The inmates are forced to leave their bunks and sleep in the mess hall as a storm floods the plumbing system . Red and her gang are concerned about being attacked during the night . On the other side of the hall Vee also warns her posse about Red . As the night continues , Morello shares an intimate moment with a dying Rosa . Pennsatucky becomes close to Big Boo in an attempt to uncover details about their ' gay agenda ' . Figueroa receives multiple angry calls from Caputo and discovers an uncomfortable truth about her husband . Red attacks Vee while they are alone outside , attempting to strangle her with a piece of plastic wrap , but fails . The two agree that Litchfield has changed them and they shake hands on a truce . At the end of the night , Piper escapes the mess hall to find evidence of Figueroa 's fraud in her office but is caught by Caputo when the power comes back on . The next morning , while Red is cleaning up the mess made by the storm , she is slocked from behind by Vee and severely injured . Flashback : Flashbacks depict Vee 's relationship with Taystee , the police and a guy who is considered to be like her son before she went to prison . 26 13 `` We Have Manners . We 're Polite . '' Constantine Makris Jenji Kohan none June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Vee 's family breaks apart and turns on her . After Nicky 's theft of her stash of heroin Vee had become paranoid and tried to get Suzanne to take the fall for Vee 's assault on Red . Piper reveals Figueroa 's embezzlement to Caputo , who reports it to the warden and confronts Figueroa . Figueroa 's attempt to buy Caputo 's silence by performing oral sex on him is to no avail and she resigns . Caputo 's new role as interim deputy warden gets off to a shaky start when Bennett confesses to him that he impregnated Daya . Caputo suppresses the confession in order to avoid a scandal for the new administration . Sister Ingalls ends her hunger strike after Red talks to Healy . Healy gets Luschek to sign a fake work order to exonerate Suzanne and turn the focus of the investigation back on Vee . Vee , alone and friendless , escapes from prison via Red 's greenhouse storm drain pipe . Rosa is told by her doctor that her chemo is not working and she has only three - six weeks left to live . Morello leaves the keys in the van with Rosa , who takes the vehicle and flees the prison in order to taste freedom in the last few days of her life . She spies Vee by the side of the road and intentionally runs her down with the van . Note : There are no flashbacks in this episode . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black characters Main cast ( edit ) Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman , inmate Uzo Aduba as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren , inmate Danielle Brooks as Tasha `` Taystee '' Jefferson , inmate Michael Harney as Sam Healy , correctional officer Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols , inmate Taryn Manning as Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett , inmate Kate Mulgrew as Galina `` Red '' Reznikov , inmate Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom , Piper 's fiancé Recurring cast ( edit ) Main article : List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Inmates ( edit ) Laura Prepon as Alex Vause Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy `` Black Cindy '' Hayes Dascha Polanco as Dayanara `` Daya '' Diaz Yael Stone as Lorna Morello Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington Jackie Cruz as Marisol `` Flaca '' Gonzales Lea DeLaria as Carrie `` Big Boo '' Black Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset Annie Golden as Norma Romano Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson Julie Lake as Angie Rice Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy Constance Shulman as Erica `` Yoga '' Jones Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang Tamara Torres as Gerrman `` Weeping Woman '' Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco Beth Fowler as Sister Jane Ingalls Barbara Rosenblat as Rosa `` Miss Rosa '' Cisneros Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill Lorraine Toussaint as Yvonne `` Vee '' Parker Staff Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill Matt Peters as Joel Luschek Alysia Reiner as Natalie `` Fig '' Figueroa Brendan Burke as Wade Donaldson Lolita Foster as Eliqua Maxwell Germar Terrell Gardner as Charles Ford Matt McGorry as John Bennett Pablo Schreiber as George `` Pornstache '' Mendez Lauren Lapkus as Susan Fischer Others Michael Chernus as Cal Chapman Tanya Wright as Crystal Burset Tracee Chimo as Neri Feldman Berto Colon as Cesar Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman Maria Dizzia as Polly Harper Ian Paola as Yadriel Production ( edit ) On June 27 , 2013 , prior to the series premiere , Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes . Jenji Kohan stated that the story for the second season would focus less on Piper Chapman and more in the cast as a whole . For the second season , Uzo Aduba , Taryn Manning , Danielle Brooks , and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars . Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts . In July , it was announced that Lorraine Toussaint had joined the cast in a recurring role . Toussaint said of the role : `` Jenji has written one of the more complex characters I 've ever played , and probably one of the more difficult characters I 've played . I think it 'll be interesting seeing how this character is received , because Jenji has written a character that plays and enjoys the game , and is incredibly engaging and draws people into her , into the big game and has , I have a great deal of fun . '' It was revealed that Lori Petty would have a guest role . In February 2014 , Netflix revealed that the season was to be released on June 6 , 2014 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The second season received critical acclaim . Rotten Tomatoes gave a rating of 98 % , with an average rating of 9.1 out of 10 based on 42 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` With a talented ensemble cast bringing life to a fresh round of serial drama , Orange Is the New Black 's sophomore season lives up to its predecessor 's standard for female - led television excellence . Metacritic gave the second season a score of 89 out of 100 based on 31 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the season a positive review , calling the first six episodes `` not only as great as the first season , but arguably better . '' Critics ' Top Ten Lists ( edit ) Orange Is the New Black was considered one of the best shows of the year by many critics and journalists . 2nd -- The Star - Ledger 3rd -- Akron Beacon Journal 3rd -- HitFix ( Dan Fienberg ) 3rd -- Indiewire ' 3rd -- Las Vegas Weekly 3rd -- Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 3rd -- Tampa Bay Times 3rd -- Village Voice 4th -- Paste 4th -- PopMatters 4th -- Time 4th -- Us Weekly 5th -- Denver Post 5th -- Uncle Barky 6th -- The Daily Beast 6th -- HitFix ( Alan Sepinwall ) 6th -- NPR 6th -- Sioux City Journal 7th -- The Hollywood Reporter 7th -- San Jose Mercury News 7th -- Vox 8th -- Slate 8th -- Thompson on Hollywood ! 9th -- Digital Spy 10th -- Washington Post -- Huffington Post -- Philadelphia Daily News -- ScreenCrush Broadcast ( edit ) In Australia , the second season began airing on Showcase on July 16 , 2014 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Netflix Renews Original Series `` Orange Is the New Black '' for Second Season '' ( Press release ) . Netflix . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Uzo Aduba Upped To Regular On ' Orange Is The New Black ' , Steven Culp In ' Revolution ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 3 : Laura Prepon Back as Series Regular ! '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Obenson , Tambay A. ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` Lorraine Toussaint Joins Cast Of ' Orange Is The New Black ' Season 2 '' . IndieWire . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman , Jason ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Cast Preview Season 2 '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 2 '' . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wiegland , David ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' review : Me vs. we '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 : Television Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Most anticipated returning shows in 2014 '' . Foxtel . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Orange Is the New Black on IMDb Orange Is the New Black Characters Piper Chapman Alex Vause Crazy Eyes Nicky Nichols Tiffany Doggett Lorna Morello Miss Rosa recurring characters Seasons 5 6 Episodes `` Lesbian Request Denied '' Related articles Piper Kerman Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison `` You 've Got Time '' Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) : Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 2012 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 ( 2013 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 ( 2014 ) : Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland , McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel , Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 ( 2015 ) : Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 ( 2016 ) : Aduba , Aisenberg , Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover , Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Veep , season 6 ( 2017 ) : Bakkedahl , Chlumsky , Cole , Colin , Dunn , DuVall , Franklin , Hale , Louis - Dreyfus , Richardson , Scheer , Scott , Simons , Sutherland , Walsh Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orange_Is_the_New_Black_(season_2)&oldid=858185553 '' Categories : Orange Is the New Black 2014 American television seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2018 , at 16 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what episodes of oitnb season 2 is alex in	[]	[]
-8285886144963452682	Nigerian Prisons Service	NIGERIAN Prisons Service - Wikipedia NIGERIAN Prisons Service The Nigerian Prisons Service ( NPS ) is a government agency of Nigeria which operates prisons . The agency is headquartered in Abuja , and it is under the supervision of the Ministry of Interior . Contents 1 Demographics 2 Prisons 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Demographics ( edit ) ith 18,000 of them being sentenced . Prisons ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2016 ) As of 2014 it has 240 prisons . 155 are prisons for convicts and 83 are satellite facilities . Prisons include : Adamawa State : Yola Prison Ebonyi State : Abakiliki Prison Federal Capital Territory : Kuje Medium Prison Lagos State : Ikoyi Prison Kirikiri Maximum Security Prison Kirikiri Medium Security Prison Kirikiri Women 's Prison - the only all - women 's prison in Nigeria Yobe State : Gashua Maximum Prison See also ( edit ) Nigeria portal Prisons portal Nigeria prison break Bauchi prison break References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` INVITATION TO TENDER FOR THE SUPPLY OF COOKING GAS TO NIGERIAN PRISONS SERVICE , FOR THE PERIOD 1ST JANUARY TO 31ST DECEMBER , 2015 . '' Nigerian Prisons Service . Retrieved on March 22 , 2016 . `` NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS , BILL CLINTON DRIVE , AIRPORT ROAD , ABUJA . '' ^ Jump up to : `` About The Service . '' Nigerian Prisons Service . Retrieved on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justice forgotten . '' The Economist . August 1 , 2015 . Retrieved on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prisons & Capacities . '' Nigerian Prisons Service . Retrieved on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NIGERIAN PRISONS SERVICE PRISONS AND CAPACITIES . '' Nigerian Prisons Service . Retrieved on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chiama , Paul . `` Nigeria 's Famous Prisons '' ( Archive ) . Leadership . August 7 , 2015 . Retrieved on March 22 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Nigerian Prisons Services This article about government in Nigeria is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This prison - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigerian_Prisons_Service&oldid=861834550 '' Categories : Government of Nigeria Prison and correctional agencies Law enforcement in Nigeria Nigerian government stubs Prison stubs Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from March 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 September 2018 , at 10 : 50 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	how many directorate does the nigerian prisons have	[]	[]
4889995485221015745	The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	The Lord of the Rings : the Return of the King - wikipedia The Lord of the Rings : the Return of the King Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2003 live - action film . For the book from which it was adapted , see The Return of the King . For the 1980 film , see The Return of the King ( 1980 film ) . For other uses , see The Return of the King ( disambiguation ) . The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter Jackson Produced by Barrie M. Osborne Fran Walsh Peter Jackson Screenplay by Fran Walsh Philippa Boyens Peter Jackson Based on The Return of the King by J.R.R. Tolkien Starring Elijah Wood Ian McKellen Liv Tyler Viggo Mortensen Sean Astin Cate Blanchett John Rhys - Davies Bernard Hill Billy Boyd Dominic Monaghan Orlando Bloom Hugo Weaving Miranda Otto David Wenham Karl Urban John Noble Andy Serkis Ian Holm Sean Bean Music by Howard Shore Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Edited by Jamie Selkirk Production companies WingNut Films The Saul Zaentz Company Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date 1 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 01 ) ( Wellington ) 17 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 17 ) ( United States ) 18 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 18 ) ( New Zealand ) Running time 200 minutes Country New Zealand United States Language English Budget $94 million Box office $1.120 billion The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King is a 2003 epic high fantasy adventure film produced , written , and directed by Peter Jackson based on the second and third volumes of J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings . It is the third and final instalment in The Lord of the Rings trilogy , following The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) and The Two Towers ( 2002 ) , preceding The Hobbit film trilogy ( 2012 -- 14 ) . Released on 17 December 2003 , The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King became one of the most critically and commercially successful films of all time . It was the second film to gross $1 billion worldwide ( $1.12 billion ) , becoming the highest - grossing film released by New Line Cinema , as well as the biggest financial success for Time Warner in general at the time . The film was the highest - grossing film of 2003 and , by the end of its theatrical run , the second highest - grossing film in history . As of May 2018 , it is the 19th highest - grossing film of all time . At the 76th Academy Awards , it won all 11 Academy Awards for which it was nominated , therefore holding the record for highest Oscar sweep . The wins included the awards for Best Picture , the first time a fantasy film has done so ; it was also the second sequel to win a Best Picture Oscar ( following The Godfather Part II ) and Best Director . The film jointly holds the record for the largest number of Academy Awards won with Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) and Titanic ( 1997 ) . The film has been re-released twice , in 2011 and 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Comparison with the source material 4 Production 4.1 Design 4.2 Principal photography 4.3 Pick - ups 4.4 Editing 4.5 Visual effects 4.6 Sound effects 4.7 Score 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Two Hobbits , Smeagol and Déagol , are fishing when Déagol discovers the One Ring in the river . Sméagol is immediately ensnared by the Ring , and fights and kills his friend for it . He retreats into the Misty Mountains as the Ring twists his body and mind until he becomes the creature Gollum . Centuries later , Gandalf leads Aragorn , Legolas , Gimli , and King Théoden to Isengard where they reunite with Merry and Pippin . Gandalf retrieves the defeated Saruman 's palantír . Pippin later looks into the seeing - stone , and is telepathically attacked by Sauron himself . Gandalf deduces that Sauron will attack Gondor 's capital Minas Tirith . He rides there to warn Gondor 's steward Denethor , taking Pippin with him . Pippin volunteers to be Denethor 's servant . Meanwhile , Gollum leads Frodo Baggins and Samwise Gamgee to Minas Morgul , where they witness the Witch - king of Angmar leading an Orc army . The hobbits begin climbing a precarious stair carved in the cliff face that will take them into Mordor via a ' secret way ' - unaware that Gollum plans to kill them and take the Ring . Sauron 's army strikes and overwhelms Osgiliath , forcing Faramir and his garrison to retreat back to Minas Tirith . Gollum disposes of the last of the hobbits ' food , blaming Sam . Frodo leaves Sam behind before they arrive at the tunnel leading to Mordor , where Gollum tricks him into venturing into the lair of the giant spider Shelob . Frodo narrowly escapes and confronts Gollum , telling him that he must destroy the Ring for both of their sakes . Enraged , Gollum attacks Frodo , but falls down a chasm . Frodo continues on , but Shelob discovers , paralyses and binds him . However , Sam arrives and drives Shelob away . Believing Frodo to be dead , Sam hides as orcs appear and learns from them that his friend is still alive , before the Orcs take Frodo with them . Sam follows the Orcs into the Tower of Cirith Ungol , and frees Frodo so they can continue their journey . While helping Théoden gather his forces , Aragorn is approached by Elrond who informs him Arwen is dying . Following a vision of her son by Aragorn , she refused to leave Middle Earth . Elrond gives Aragorn the sword Andúril , Isildur 's sword Narsil reforged , so he can reclaim his birthright while gaining reinforcements from the Dead Men of Dunharrow . Joined by Legolas and Gimli , Aragorn travels to the Paths of the Dead , recruiting the Army of the Dead , who can only be released from the curse Isildur placed on them for refusing to fight Sauron by one of his heirs . Faramir is gravely wounded after a futile effort to retake Osgiliath , and believing his son to be dead , Denethor falls into madness . Gandalf is left to defend the city against the Orc army , led by Gothmog . As Gothmog 's army forces its way into the city , Denethor attempts to kill himself and Faramir on a pyre . Pippin alerts Gandalf and they save Faramir , but Denethor leaps to his death from the top of Minas Tirith just before Théoden and his nephew , Éomer , arrive with the Rohirrim . Initially , the Rohirrim have the advantage at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields , but are eventually overwhelmed by the Oliphaunt - riding Haradrim while the Witch - king mortally wounds Théoden . Though Théoden 's niece Éowyn , having posed as a male soldier , battles and slays the Witch - King with Merry 's help , Théoden dies of his wounds . Aragorn arrives with the Army of the Dead , who overcome the Orcs and win the battle ; Aragorn then allows the Army of the Dead to go to their rest . Aragorn and the other captains of Men decide to lead all who can march upon the Black Gate as a distraction , so Frodo and Sam can get to Mount Doom . Aragorn 's army draw out Sauron 's forces and empties Mordor , allowing the exhausted Hobbits to stagger to the volcano , but Gollum attacks them just as they reach Mount Doom . Frodo finally succumbs to the Ring 's power and claims it as his own , refusing to destroy it . Gollum attacks Frodo and bites his finger off to reclaim the Ring , but Frodo fights back and knocks Gollum , who is holding the Ring , into the volcano . As Frodo and Sam escape , the Ring and Sauron are both destroyed , causing a chain - reaction that consumes the mountain , topples Barad - dûr , and kills most of the fleeing Orcs as the ground crumbles beneath them . Gandalf flies in with eagles to rescue the Hobbits , who awaken later in the Houses of Healing and are reunited with the surviving Fellowship members . Aragorn is crowned King of Gondor and takes Arwen as his queen . The Hobbits then return to the Shire , where Sam marries Rosie Cotton . A few years later , Frodo departs Middle Earth for the Undying Lands with his uncle Bilbo , Gandalf , and the Elves . He leaves Sam the Red Book of Westmarch which details their adventures . Sam then returns to the Shire , where he embraces Rosie and their children . Cast ( edit ) Further information : Cast of The Lord of the Rings film series Like the preceding films in the trilogy , The Return of the King has an ensemble cast , and some of the cast and their respective characters include : Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins : a young hobbit who continues his quest to destroy the One Ring . Ian McKellen as Gandalf the White : a wizard ( one of the Istari ) who travels to aid the Men of Gondor , acting as a general at the Siege of Gondor . Sean Astin as Samwise `` Sam '' Gamgee : Frodo 's loyal hobbit gardener and companion . Viggo Mortensen as Aragorn II Elessar : a Dúnedain ranger with claims to the throne of Gondor . Billy Boyd as Peregrin `` Pippin '' Took : a hobbit who came along with his cousin Frodo and is now caught in the wars . Dominic Monaghan as Meriadoc `` Merry '' Brandybuck : another cousin of Frodo 's who becomes an esquire of Rohan . John Rhys - Davies as Gimli : a dwarf warrior and companion to Aragorn along with Legolas . Rhys - Davies also voices Treebeard : the ent leader . Orlando Bloom as Legolas Greenleaf : an elven prince of Mirkwood and skilled archer who aids Aragorn in his quest to reclaim the throne . Andy Serkis as Sméagol / Gollum : a wretched and treacherous hobbit - like creature who kept the Ring for centuries and now guides Frodo and Sam into Mordor . Bernard Hill as Théoden : the King of Rohan who , after triumphing at Helm 's Deep , is preparing his troops for the Battle of the Pelennor Fields . Miranda Otto as Éowyn : Théoden 's niece , who wishes to prove herself in battle and starts to fall in love with Aragorn . Liv Tyler as Arwen Undomiel : Elrond 's daughter and Aragorn 's true love . Hugo Weaving as Elrond : the Elven - King of Rivendell and father of Arwen . David Wenham as Faramir : a prince of the Stewards of Gondor and Captain of the Rangers defending Osgiliath , who seeks his father 's love in vain . Karl Urban as Éomer : Éowyn 's brother , who serves as Chief Marshal of the Riders of Rohan and heir to his uncle 's throne . John Noble as Denethor II : the Steward of Gondor and father of Faramir and Boromir , whose grief over Boromir 's death and despair over Mordor 's superior numbers drive him into madness during the Siege of Gondor . Cate Blanchett as Galadriel : the Elven - Queen of Lothlórien and Arwen 's maternal grandmother , who is aware the time of the elves is at an end . Lawrence Makoare as Witch - King of Angmar : the lord of the Nazgûl , who leads Mordor 's assault on Minas Tirith . Makoare also plays Gothmog : an Orc commander , who is voiced by Craig Parker . Ian Holm as Bilbo Baggins : Frodo 's elderly uncle , who has rapidly aged after giving away the Ring . Paul Norell as the King of the Dead Marton Csokas as Celeborn : the Elven - King of Lothlórien . Thomas Robins as Déagol : Sméagol 's cousin . The following appear only in the Extended Edition Christopher Lee as Saruman the White : an Istari wizard , formerly the head of the Istari Order and its White Council , who is now trapped by Treebeard until he is killed by his own servant , Gríma . Brad Dourif as Gríma Wormtongue : Saruman 's sycophantic , treacherous servant , who is shot by Legolas after stabbing his own master . Bruce Spence as The Mouth of Sauron : Sauron 's ambassador at the Black Gate . Sean Bean as Boromir : Faramir 's older brother , who appears in a flashback to The Fellowship of the Ring when Pippin explains to Denethor that he died to save him and Merry ; and very briefly in the Extended Edition as an illusion to Denethor , smiling and walking proudly towards him before vanishing . There are also cameos from Peter Jackson , Richard Taylor , Gino Acevedo , Rick Porras and Andrew Lesnie on the Corsair ship , although all of them but Jackson appear only in the Extended Edition . Jackson also has another unofficial cameo , as Sam 's hand stepping into view when he confronts Shelob . Sean Astin 's daughter played Sam and Rosie 's older daughter Elanor in the last scene of the film ; in the same scene , Sarah McLeod 's daughter plays their younger daughter . Jackson 's children also cameo as Gondorian extras , while Christian Rivers played a Gondorian soldier guarding the Beacon Pippin lights , and is later seen wounded . Royd Tolkien cameos as a Ranger in Osgiliath , while in the Extended Edition Howard Shore appears as a celebrating soldier at Edoras . Additionally , four of the designers of The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game are featured as Rohirrim at the Pelennor . At the end of the film , during the closing credits , each cast member gets a sketched portrait morphed with the real photograph beside their name , which were sketched by Alan Lee , an idea suggested by Ian McKellen . Comparison with the Source material ( edit ) This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As with all of Peter Jackson 's movie adaptions of The Lord of the Rings , many events , timelines , and geographic distances are compressed or simplified . Most major events from the books are included leaving only a very few events from the novel omitted from the film ; there are however some events in the film significantly altered from the novels as there are some events invented only in the film just as there are certain details in the film not present in the books . The film version of The Return of the King contains major scenes that occurred in the middle portion of the novel The Two Towers but were not included in the film version , such as the attack by Shelob and the palantír subplot , owing to Jackson 's realigning events of the film to fit the timeline as described in the book 's Appendices , rather than the main prose . However , it is notable that the plot of the second half of Book III is either completely omitted ( chapter `` The Road to Isengard '' ) or only shown in one scene ( chapter `` The Voice of Saruman '' ) . Saruman 's murder by Gríma ( seen only in the Extended Edition ) is moved into the Isengard visit because of the cutting of the Scouring of the Shire . In the film , Saruman drops the palantír when he is fatally attacked , whereas in the book Gríma throws it at the Fellowship , unaware of its value . In the film , all journeys of the companions from Isengard to Minas Tirith are compressed and simplified , as the entire company travels from Isengard to Edoras and arrives there simultaneously to recuperate after the Battle of Helm 's Deep . Pippin 's looking into the palantír happens in Edoras , and he and Gandalf leave for Minas Tirith from there , but in the book this takes place at Dol Baran with the appearance of a Nazgûl on a winged steed , and they stay at Edoras only one night . In contrast to the film , Aragorn and Théoden march from Dol Baran to Helm 's Deep to take a night 's rest . It is in the Hornburg where Aragorn looks into the Palantír ( as opposed to the film 's Extended Edition , in which he does so much later in Minas Tirith after the Battle of the Pelennor Fields ) and decides to take the Paths of the Dead . In the film , Aragorn and Theóden depart not before their encampment at Dunharrow , but in the book , Aragorn and the Dúnedain ( which are absent in the film ) ride from Helm 's Deep over the fields to Edoras and then to Dunharrow and the Dimholt , whereas in the book , Théoden takes slower mountain paths and arrives in Dunharrow after Aragorn and his companions have already left . Théoden is seen to set out directly from Dunharrow to Minas Tirith , omitting his brief return to Edoras from Dunharrow to muster all remaining forces there , as told in the book . The sequence of the Paths of the Dead adds a conversation between Aragorn and the King of the Dead ( in the book the Dead do n't speak at all ) and a scene where the companions must flee an avalanche of skulls , but leaves out the encounter with Baldor 's skeleton . In contrast to the book , the viewer does n't get told what happened in Lebennin between Aragorn and the Corsairs of Umbar . The film version ( Extended Edition ) does n't correspond with the map of Gondor , as the company sees a near river with Corsair ships immediately after leaving the Haunted Mountain . In the book , the River Anduin lies several hundred miles farther east , requiring a much longer journey with the Army of the Dead following behind , bringing terror to the towns they pass along the way . The basis of Elrond and Arwen 's subplot arguing about Arwen 's fate is derived from the Appendices , but it is largely extended in the film , as is Arwen and Elrond 's relevance to the story . Denethor , the Steward of Gondor , was a more tragic character in the book . In the film , overwhelming grief over the death of Boromir has driven him to despair , and he has given up any hope of defeating Sauron before Gandalf arrives in Minas Tirith . Thus , the muster of Gondor is absent from the film , and major captains and generals ( including Imrahil of the Tower Guard and the Knights of Dol Amroth ) are not present . In the book , he has already ordered the lighting of the beacons before Gandalf 's arrival , while he refuses to light them in the film , and the sequence where Pippin secretly lights them himself was invented for the movie . The film only hints at Denethor 's use of the palantír which drives him mad , information revealed in the Pyre scene , which includes Shadowfax and is more violent than the book . Aware of the very long distance between Rath Dínen and the front of the out - thrust battlement , Jackson has Denethor jump off the Citadel in addition to burning himself on the Pyre , one of the earliest changes . The Rammas Echor which encircles the Pelennor Fields is n't shown in the film , and the fields themselves are empty grassland in the films , instead of being rich farmland dotted with small villages in the book . The Battle of the Pelennor Fields is also altered : though Faramir goes on a suicide mission , the conflict is a simplification of the siege of Osgiliath . With generals such as Forlong and Imrahil absent , Gandalf commands the defence of Minas Tirith owing to Denethor 's despair . While Denethor gives command to Gandalf in the book , in this film Gandalf forcibly takes control after Denethor tells his men to flee rather than fight . The Orcs and Trolls also never get into the city in the book . The Witch - king enters and stands off against Gandalf before the Rohirrim arrive , but in the film Orcs invade the city after Grond breaks the Gate . The confrontation takes place while Gandalf journeys to save Faramir , during which Gandalf has his staff broken in the film ( but not in the book ) . A subplot in which the Rohirrim are aided by the primitive Drúedain during their journey to the besieged Gondor is excised from the film . The Red Arrow brought by a messenger from Gondor to ask for aid is absent . Éowyn 's presence on the battlefield is unknown to the reader until she takes off her helmet , but in the film the audience is aware , as it would have been difficult to have Miranda Otto playing a man . When hope seems lost , Gandalf comforts Pippin with a description of the Undying Lands , which is a descriptive passage in the book 's final chapter . The film depicts the Army of the Dead fighting in the Battle , whereas in the book they are released from service prior to this , after helping Aragorn defeat the Corsairs of Umbar at the port city of Pelargir in Lebennin ; Aragorn 's reinforcements are merely more Gondorians , and the Dúnedain , Aragorn 's people ( the rangers of the North ) . An unstoppable and invulnerable force , the Dead wipe out Sauron 's forces . The film also cuts out several supporting characters , such as Halbarad , a friend of Aragorn 's , who helps lead the Dúnedain , Beregond , a member of the Citadel Guard of Gondor , whom Pippin befriends , and Elladan and Elrohir , the twin sons of Elrond who deliver Aragorn 's banner and accompany him to the Pelennor Fields . Elladan and Elrohir are replaced by Elrond in the film , instead delivering Andúril in Dunharrow , and then returning to Rivendell . In the books Aragorn is n't doubtful about his destiny , but had already decided to claim the throne of Gondor from the beginning of the Quest ; thus , it was he who had the shards of Narsil forged to Andúril in Rivendell , carrying it from there on the whole journey . The film also altered the circumstances of Théoden 's death ; his death speech , in which he names Éomer the new king in the book , is trimmed and delivered to Éowyn instead of Merry , with an earlier scene in the Extended Edition even implying that Éowyn is next in line for the throne . Théoden 's rallying speech ( `` To death ! '' ) before the initial charge in the film are spoken by Éomer in the book when he believes that both Théoden and Éowyn have been killed in combat with the Witch King . The Extended Edition presents shortened scenes from the book 's chapters in the Houses of Healing : The Warden , the talk of Athelas , the comical conversation with the herb - master , the woman Ioreth and her saying about a King 's healing hands and the subsequent realising of Aragorn 's true identity are left out altogether . In the film , Aragorn leads the entire remaining force of Rohan and Gondor 's men to the Black Gate without incident . In the book , tactics are discussed , forces divide and fight smaller skirmishes in Anórien and Ithilien before the army ( only a fraction of the full remaining strength of the nations of men ) reach the Morannon . The romance that develops between Éowyn and Faramir during their recoveries in the Houses of Healing is also largely cut , presumably to keep the focus on Aragorn and Arwen ; the subplot is only briefly referenced in the Extended Edition with a scene where the two hold hands . Sam and Frodo 's major rift in their friendship , due to Gollum 's machinations , never takes place in the book , but was added by the writers in believing that it added drama and more complexity to the character of Frodo . Frodo enters Shelob 's lair alone in the film , whereas in the book he and Sam entered together . This was done to make the scene more horrific with Frodo being alone , and Sam 's rescue at the last minute more dramatic . Frodo 's ordeal in the Tower of Cirith Ungol and subsequent rescue by Sam are also changed ; in the book , Frodo is stripped , beaten , and cruelly interrogated by the Orcs , while in the film , he is tied up but only briefly threatened by an Orc moments before Sam 's arrival . The reunion of Frodo and Sam in the film is also shorter and less emotional than in the book ; rather than comforting the physically injured and severely traumatised Frodo as in the book , Sam , after killing the Orc that was threatening Frodo but had not struck him , briefly accepts his apology for having doubted him and returns the Ring to him before suggesting that they find some Orc clothing for Frodo to wear . In the film , Sam also does not experience `` delusions of grandeur '' about what he could do if he took the Ring for himself , like he does in the book . Sam instead overcomes a very brief moment of temptation which , instead of stemming from thoughts of how he could use the Ring for himself , seems to come from his concern for Frodo and wish to reduce the Ring 's harm to his friend by sharing the burden . Also , in the film viewers do not know that Sam has the Ring until he gives it back to Frodo , whereas in the book the reader knows that Sam has the Ring . When Sam and Frodo are diverted into the Orc march in Mordor and are about to collapse , in the film 's Extended Edition they start a fake combat between each other and thus provoke some chaos during which they manage to escape , instead of slipping off during a congestion caused by several armies trying to get through the narrow Isenmouthe , as told in the novel . Gollum 's fall into the lava of Mount Doom was also rewritten for the film , as the writers felt Tolkien 's original idea ( Gollum simply slips and falls off ) was anti-climactic . Originally , an even greater deviation was planned : Frodo would heroically push Gollum over the ledge to destroy him and the Ring , but the production team eventually realised that it looked more like Frodo murdering Gollum . As a result , they had Frodo and Gollum struggle for possession of the Ring and both slip over the edge by accident . In addition to the absent footage from the film are the other major attacks by Sauron on various regions of Middle - earth , referenced only briefly in the main text of The Return of the King , and expanded upon in the Appendices ; the invasion of Rohan by the Orcs of Moria , the attacks on Lothlórien and the Woodland Realm of Thranduil by the forces of Dol Guldur , and the attack on Dale and the Lonely Mountain by a force of Easterlings . These events are hinted at in a comment by Legolas ( also in the book ) that the other peoples of Middle Earth are unlikely to ride to war in Gondor because war has already arrived in their own lands . There are several changes in the Battle of the Black Gate : Merry is not present there in the book , Pippin does not kill a troll as he does in the novel ( instead , Aragorn does ) , the eagles fight and defeat some of the mounted Nazgûl ( while Frodo putting on the One Ring distracted the Nazgûl , who raced away to Mount Doom in the book before a confrontation could occur ) , and Aragorn kills the Mouth of Sauron in the extended edition of the film but not in the book . There was an even larger change planned : Sauron himself would come out in physical form to battle Aragorn , who would only be saved by the destruction of the Ring. Jackson eventually realised it ignored the point of Aragorn 's true bravery in distracting Sauron 's army against overwhelming odds , and a computer generated Troll was placed over footage of Sauron in the finished film . In the book , after the destruction of the Ring the spirit of Sauron rises like a black cloud from the ruin of Barad - dûr before being blown away by the wind , but in the film the Eye of Sauron erupts in flame and then explodes as Barad - dûr collapses . As in all of Jackson 's Middle - earth adaptions , the eagles do not speak . During the Battle for Minas Tirith , the White Tree of Gondor is shown to bear one white blossom , thus blooming by itself at Aragorn 's coronation . Thereby the film ignores the book 's story where Gandalf and Aragorn find a seedling of the white tree up in the mountains and plant it in the courtyard in place of the still - dead tree . Although the film runs for another approximately 20 minutes after the climactic Downfall of Barad - dûr , many following events from the book are omitted or significantly altered in the film . Aragorn 's coronation takes place in form of a great ceremony in the Citadel of Minas Tirith , opposed to the book , where Aragorn is crowned in his tent on the Pelennor Fields before entering the City . Omitted entirely are the camp at the Field of Cormallen , Aragorn 's business in Minas Tirith , Aragorn and Arwen 's wedding , Galadriel and Celeborn being present at the ceremonies and their subsequent travelling along with the company , Théoden 's funeral at Edoras , the complete journey back to the Shire with stops at Rivendell and Bree , and the Scouring of the Shire , which was always seen by the screenwriters as anti-climactic . Since Saruman is killed long before , after the battle at Helm 's Deep in the film , he is unable to exact revenge on Frodo and the hobbits by ruining the Shire as depicted in the books . In the film , the Shire is virtually unchanged when they return , and their friends and neighbours seem unaware of the climactic events that have taken place outside of their borders . Thus , the esteem earned by Merry and Pippin at the Battle of Bywater and the work to restore the Shire using Galadriel 's gift do n't appear in the film . At the end of the book , Frodo and Sam leave the Shire alone , meet Galadriel , Elrond and Bilbo along the way at the Woody End , and meet Gandalf at the Grey Havens , with Merry and Pippin arriving just in time to say their farewells and accompany Sam back to Bag End . In the film , however , all of the Hobbits travel with Gandalf to the Havens to find the Elves waiting there , including Celeborn , who remains in Middle - Earth in the book . When Sam returns to the Shire , he is n't shown to live in Bag End ( where he dwells with Rose in the book ) , but in a different Hobbit - hole of his own . Production ( edit ) The Lord of the Rings film trilogy is unusual in that it was , up until the release of Jackson 's prequel trilogy The Hobbit , the only series whose separate instalments were written and shot simultaneously ( excluding pick up shoots ) . Jackson found The Return of the King the easiest of the films to make , because it contained the climax of the story , unlike the other two films . The Return of the King was originally the second of two planned films under Miramax from January 1997 to August 1998 , and more or less in its finished structure as the first film was to end with The Two Towers ' Battle of Helm 's Deep . Filming took place under multiple units across New Zealand , between 11 October 1999 and 22 December 2000 , with pick up shoots for six weeks in 2003 before the film 's release . Design ( edit ) Main article : Production design of The Lord of the Rings film series The city of Minas Tirith was built from parts of the set of Helm 's Deep , while the wide shots were from miniatures . Middle - earth as envisioned by Jackson was primarily designed by Alan Lee and John Howe , former Tolkien illustrators , and created by Weta Workshop , who handled all the trilogy 's weapons , armour , miniatures , prosthetics , and creatures , as well as the Art Department which built the sets . Richard Taylor headed Weta , while Grant Major and Dan Hennah organised the planning and building respectively . The city of Minas Tirith , glimpsed briefly in both the previous two films , is seen fully in this film , and with it the Gondorian civilisation . The enormous soundstage was built at Dry Creek Quarry , outside Wellington , from the Helm 's Deep set . That set 's gate became Minas Tirith 's second , while the Hornburg exterior became that of the Extended Edition 's scene where Gandalf confronts the Witch - king . New structures included the 8m tall Gate , with broken and unbroken versions , with a working opening and closing mechanism , with its engravings inspired by the Baptistry of San Giovanni . There were also four levels of streets with heraldic motifs for every house , as inspired by Siena . There was also the Citadel , the exterior of which was in the Stone Street Studios backlot , using forced perspective . It contains the withered White Tree , built from polystyrene by Brian Massey and the Greens Department with real branches , influenced by ancient and gnarled Lebanese olive trees . The interior was within a three - story former factory in Wellington , and colour wise is influenced by Charlemagne 's Chapel , with a throne for Denethor carved from stone and polystyrene statues of past Kings . The Gondorian armour is designed to represent an evolution from the Númenóreans of the first film 's prologue , with a simplified sea bird motif . 16th - century Italian and German armour served as inspiration , while civilians wear silver and blacks as designed by Ngila Dickson , continuing an ancient / medieval Mediterranean Basin look . Minas Morgul , the Staircase and Tower of Cirith Ungol as well as Shelob 's Lair were designed by Howe , with the Morgul road using forced perspective into a bluescreened miniature . Howe 's design of Minas Morgul was inspired from the experience of having a wisdom tooth pulled out : in the same way , the Orcs have put their twisted designs on to a former Gondorian city . Cirith Ungol was based on Tolkien 's design , but when Richard Taylor felt it as `` boring '' , it was redesigned with more tipping angles . The interior set , like Minas Tirith , was built as a few multiple levels that numerous camera takes would suggest a larger structure . The third film introduces the enormous spider Shelob . Shelob was designed in 1999 , with the body based on a tunnelweb spider and the head with numerous growths selected by Peter Jackson 's children from one of many sculpts. Jackson himself took great joy in planning the sequence , being an arachnophobe himself . Shelob 's Lair was inspired by sandstone and sculpted from the existing Caverns of Isengard set . The Return of the King also brings into focus the Dead Men of Dunharrow and the evil Haradrim from the south of Middle - earth , men who ride the mûmakil . The Dead Men have a Celtic influence , as well as lines and symmetry to reflect their morbid state , while their underground city is influenced by Petra . The Haradrim were highly influenced by African culture , until Philippa Boyens expressed concern over the possibility of offensiveness , so the finished characters instead bear influence from Kiribati , in terms of weaving armour from bamboo , and the Aztecs , in use of jewellery . Also built was a single dead mûmak . Other minor cultures include the Corsairs , with an exotic , swarthy look , and the Grey Havens , Elven structures adapted to stone , with influence from J.M.W. Turner paintings . Principal Photography ( edit ) The Return of the King was shot during 2000 , though Astin 's coverage from Gollum 's attempt to separate Frodo and Sam was filmed on 24 November 1999 , when floods in Queenstown interrupted the focus on The Fellowship of the Ring . Some of the earliest scenes shot for the film were in fact the last . Hobbiton , home of the Hobbits , was shot in January 2000 with early scenes from The Fellowship of the Ring , with the exterior shot at a Matamata farm , while interior scenes shot at Stone Street Studios in Wellington , shared with the Grey Havens sequence . Due to the high emotions of filming the scene , the cast were in despair when they were required to shoot it three times , due to a continuity flaw in Sean Astin 's costume , and then negatives producing out - of - focus reels . Also shared with the previous films was the Rivendell interior in May . The Battle of the Black Gate was filmed in April at the Rangipo Desert , a former minefield . New Zealand soldiers were hired as extras while guides were on the lookout for unexploded mines . Also a cause for concern were Monaghan and Boyd 's scale doubles during a charge sequence . In the meantime , Wood , Astin and Serkis filmed at Mount Ruapehu for the Mount Doom exteriors . In particular , they spent two hours shooting Sam lifting Frodo on to his back with cross-camera coverage . Scenes shot in June were the Paths of the Dead across various locations , including Pinnacles . In July the crew shot some Shelob scenes , and in August and September time was spent on the scenes in Isengard . Monaghan and Boyd tried numerous takes of their entrance , stressing the word `` weed '' as they smoked pipe - weed . Christopher Lee spent his part of his scene mostly alone , though McKellen and Hill arrived on the first day for a few lines to help . Edoras exteriors were shot in October . The Ride of the Rohirrim , where Théoden leads the charge into the Orc army , was filmed in Twizel with 150 extras on horseback . The Battle of the Pelennor Fields has more extensive use of computer - generated imagery , in contrast to the more extensive use of live action in the Battle of Helm 's Deep in the second film . Also filmed were the attempts by Faramir to recapture Osgiliath , as were scenes in the city itself . At this point production was very hectic , with Jackson moving around ten units per day , and production finally wrapped on the Minas Tirith sets , as well as second units shooting parts of the siege . Just as the Hobbit actors ' first scene was hiding from a Ringwraith under a tree , their last scene was the bluescreened reaction shot of the inhabitants of Minas Tirith bowing to them . Pick - ups ( edit ) The 2003 pick - ups were filmed in the Wellington studio car park , with many parts of sets and blue - screens used to finish off scenes , which the design team had to work 24 hours to get the right sets ready for a particular day . The shoot continued for two months , and became an emotional time of farewells for the cast and crew . The film has the most extensive list of re-shoots given for the trilogy. Jackson took his time to re-shoot Aragorn 's coronation , rushed into a single day under second unit director Geoff Murphy on 21 December 2000 . Jackson also re-shot scenes in and around Mount Doom , and Théoden 's death , right after Bernard Hill was meant to wrap . There was also the new character of Gothmog . This was a major new design addition for the film , as Jackson felt the Mordor Orcs were `` pathetic '' compared to the Uruk - hai of the second film after watching assembly cuts , and thus Weta created grotesque new `` über Orcs '' as antagonists for the audience to focus on . Christian Rivers also redesigned the Witch - king and all of his scenes were re-shot , because of confusion from non-readers over whether or not Sauron was on the battlefield . With the positive response to Bloom , Legolas was given a fight with a mûmak , and Howard Shore also appeared in a cameo during Legolas and Gimli 's drinking game at Edoras . The final scenes shot were Aragorn escaping the Skull avalanche , and Frodo finishing his book . The cast also received various props associated with their characters , although John Rhys - Davies burned his final Gimli prosthetic . Viggo Mortensen headbutted the stunt team goodbye . Pick - ups ended on 27 June 2003 . Scenes shot afterwards included various live - action shots of Riders for the Battle of the Pelennor Fields and a reaction shot of Serkis as Gollum finally realises Frodo intends to destroy the Ring , shot in Jackson 's house . For the Extended DVD , in March 2004 Jackson created a few shots of skulls rolling over for the avalanche scene ; this was the final piece of footage ever shot for the trilogy , and Jackson noted that it must be the first time a director had shot scenes for a film after it had already won the Oscar . Editing ( edit ) Post-production began in November 2002 , with the completion of the 41⁄2 hour assembly cut of the film that Annie Collins had been completing over 2001 and 2002 , from 4 - hour dailies . For example , Théoden leading the charge went from 150 minutes of takes to a finished 90 seconds . Jackson reunited with longtime collaborator Jamie Selkirk to edit the final film . Like The Two Towers , they would have to deal with multiple storylines , and Jackson paid attention to each storyline at a time before deciding where to intercut . Most importantly they spent three weeks working on the last 45 minutes of the film , for appropriate intercutting and leaving out scenes such as the Mouth of Sauron , and the fates of characters like Legolas , Gimli , Éowyn and Faramir . The film inherited scenes originally planned to go into the second film , including the reforging of Narsil , Gollum 's backstory , and Saruman 's exit . But the Saruman scene posed a structural problem : killing off the second film 's villain when the plot has Sauron as the main villain . Despite pick - ups and dubs , the scene was cut , causing controversy with fans and Saruman actor Christopher Lee , as well as a petition to restore the scene . Lee nonetheless contributed to the DVDs and was at the Copenhagen premiere , although he said he would never understand the reason for the cut and his relationship with Jackson was chilly . They would , however , later reconcile upon Lee 's casting in Jackson 's Hobbit films . Jackson only had a lock on 5 out of 10 reels , and had to churn out 3 reels in 3 weeks to help finish the film . It was finally completed on 12 November 2003 . Jackson never had a chance to view the film in full due to the hectic schedule , and only saw the film from beginning to end on 1 December at the Wellington premiere ; according to Elijah Wood , his response was `` yup , it 's good , pretty good '' . Visual effects ( edit ) Main article : Special effects of The Lord of the Rings film series The Return of the King contains 1,488 visual effect shots , nearly three times the number from the first film and almost twice that of the second . Visual effects work began with Alan Lee and Mark Lewis compositing various photographs of New Zealand landscape to create the digital arena of the Pelennor Fields in November 2002 . Gary Horsfield also created a digital version of the Barad - dûr during his Christmas break at home by himself , for the film 's climax . In the meantime , Jackson and Christian Rivers used computers to plan the enormous battle up until February 2003 , when the shots were shown to Weta Digital . To their astonishment , 60 planned shots had gone up to 250 , and 50,000 characters were now 200,000 . Nevertheless , they pressed on , soon delivering 100 shots a week , 20 a day , and as the deadline neared within the last two months , often working until 2 am . For the battle , they recorded 450 motions for the MASSIVE digital horses ( though deaths were animated ) , and also had to deal with late additions in the film , such as Trolls bursting through Minas Tirith 's gates as well as the creatures that pull Grond to the gate , and redoing a shot of two mûmakil Éomer takes down that had originally taken six months in two days . On a similar note of digital creatures , Shelob 's head sculpture was scanned by a Canadian company for 10 times more detail than Weta had previously been able to capture . Like the previous films , there are also extensive morphs between digital doubles for the actors . This time , there was Sam falling off Shelob , where the morph takes place as Astin hits the ground . Legolas attacking a mûmak required numerous transitions to and fro , and Gollum 's shots of him having recovered the One Ring and falling into the Crack of Doom were fully animated . The King of the Dead is played by an actor in prosthetics , and his head occasionally morphs to a more skull - like digital version , depending on the character 's mood . The Mouth of Sauron also had his mouth enlarged 200 % for unsettling effect . The Return of the King also has practical effects . In the Pyre of Denethor sequence , as the Steward of Gondor throws Pippin out of the Tomb , John Noble threw a size double named Fon onto a prostrate Billy Boyd , who immediately pushed his head into camera to complete the illusion . A few burning torches were also reflected off a plate of glass and into the camera for when Gandalf 's horse Shadowfax kicks Denethor onto the pyre . Because of Jackson 's requirement for complete representation of his fantasy world , numerous miniatures were built , such as 1 : 72 scale miniature of Minas Tirith , which rises 7m high and is 6.5 m in diameter . 1 : 14 scale sections of the city were also required , and the Extended Edition scene of the collapsing City of the Dead has 80,000 small skulls , amounting in total to a single cubic meter . The miniatures team concluded in November with the Black Gate , after 1000 days of shooting , and the final digital effects shot done was the Ring 's destruction , on 25 November . Sound effects ( edit ) The Sound department spent the early part of the year searching for the right sounds . A Tasmanian devil was Shelob 's shriek , which in turn gave inspiration for Weta 's animators , while the mûmakil is the beginning and end of a lion roar . Human screams and a donkey screech were mixed into Sauron 's fall and broken glass was used for the collapsing sounds . For missile trading during Minas Tirith 's siege , construction workers dropped actual 2 ton stone blocks previously lifted by a construction crane . Mixing began at a new studio on 15 August , although unfinished building work caused some annoyances . The mixers finished on 15 November , after three months of non-stop work . Score ( edit ) Main article : The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( soundtrack ) See also : Music of The Lord of the Rings film series `` Into the West '' ( performed by Annie Lennox ) Written by Fran Walsh , Howard Shore , and Annie Lennox , this selected song won the Oscar for Best Original Song at the 76th Academy Awards . It also won a Grammy for Best Film Song . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The music was composed by Howard Shore , who previously composed the first two parts of the trilogy . Shore watched the assembly cut of the film , and had to write seven minutes of music per day to keep up with the schedule . The score sees the full introduction of the Gondor theme , originally heard during Boromir 's speeches at the Council of Elrond in The Fellowship of the Ring and at Osgiliath in The Two Towers ' Extended Edition . Shore also used the Gondor theme with the new ascending coda ( which is unique to this film ) in his score for the trailer of the film . The score features the London Philharmonic Orchestra , London Voices , London Oratory School Schola and featured vocal soloists . The score is the most expansive of the three : scoring effectively the entire movie length , not including additional music written for the trailer and various alternate versions released to the public . It also uses the biggest forces in the series : sections of the score call for two sets of timpani , eight trumpets ( and possibly a similar increase in the size of the horn , trombone and tuba section , as well ) , 85 singers in the mixed choir with additional players for all - male and all - female sections , over fifty in the boy choir and many instrumentalist `` bands '' playing Celtic and eastern instruments such as tin whistle or pan flute , on stage or off of it . One piece of music required an instrument invented and crafted especially for the film : a fiddle with four pairs of strings instead of single strings . Actors Billy Boyd , Viggo Mortensen and Liv Tyler also contributed to the film 's music . Boyd sings on screen as Faramir charges towards Osgiliath , Mortensen sings on screen as he is crowned King , and in the Extended Edition Tyler sings as Aragorn heals Éowyn . Renée Fleming , Ben Del Maestro , Sissel Kyrkjebø and James Galway also contribute to the soundtrack as featured soloists . Fleming sings as Arwen has a vision of her son and when Gollum recovers the One Ring . Del Maestro sings when Gandalf lights his staff to save fleeing Gondorian soldiers from Osgiliath as the Nazgûl attack and as the eagles arrive at the Black Gates . Galway plays the flute and whistle as Frodo and Sam climb Mount Doom and as they return to the shire . Sissel sings `` Asea Aranion '' , which was originally meant the score the Houses of Healing scene . The end title song , `` Into the West '' , was composed by Shore with lyrics by Fran Walsh . Annie Lennox ( formerly of Eurythmics ) performed it and also received songwriting credit . The song was partially inspired by the premature death from cancer of a young New Zealand filmmaker named Cameron Duncan who had befriended Peter Jackson . Release ( edit ) After two years of attention and acclaim since the release of The Fellowship of the Ring , audience and critical anticipation for the final instalment was extremely high . The world premiere was held in Wellington 's Embassy Theatre , on 1 December 2003 , and was attended by the director and many of the stars . It was estimated that over 100,000 people lined the streets , more than a quarter of the city 's population . Home media ( edit ) The theatrical edition of the film was released on VHS and DVD on May 25 , 2004 . The DVD was a 2 - disc set with extras on the second disc . The theatrical DVD sets for the two previous films were released eight months after the films were released , but Return of the King 's set was completed in five because it did not have to market a sequel ( the previous films had to wait for footage of their sequels to become available for a ten - minute preview ) . However , it contained a seven - minute trailer of the entire trilogy . The Return of the King followed the precedent set by its predecessors by releasing an Extended Edition ( 251 minutes ) with new editing and added special effects and music , along with four commentaries and six hours of supplementary material , plus 10 minutes of fan - club credits . However , this set took longer to produce than the others because the cast and crew , no longer based in New Zealand for the trilogy , were spread all over the world working on other projects . The set was finally released on December 14 , 2004 in the UK and US . The final ten minutes comprises a listing of the charter members of the official fan club who had paid for three - year charter membership . A collectors ' box set was also released , which included the Extended Set plus a sculpture of Minas Tirith and a bonus 50 - minute music documentary DVD , Howard Shore : Creating The Lord of the Rings Symphony : A Composer 's Journey Through Middle - earth . The DVD has a DTS - ES soundtrack . The DVD also features two humorous Easter Eggs , one where Dominic Monaghan plays a German interviewer with Elijah Wood via satellite and another where Vince Vaughn and Ben Stiller attempt to convince Jackson to make a sequel , originally shown at the 2004 MTV Movie Awards . Both can be accessed via a Ring icon on the last page of both Disc 1 and 2 's scene indexes . In August 2006 , a Limited Edition of The Return of the King was released . This Limited Edition contains two discs ; the first is a two - sided DVD containing both the Theatrical and Extended editions of the film . The second disc is a bonus disc that contains a new behind - the - scenes documentary . The theatrical Blu - ray release was released in the United States in April 2010 . The individual Blu - ray disc of The Return of the King was released in September 2010 with the same special features as the complete trilogy release , except there was no digital copy . The Extended Edition was released in the United States in June 2011 . It has a runtime of 263 minutes . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film earned $377,845,905 in the United States and Canada and $742,083,616 in other countries for a worldwide total of $1,119,929,521 . Worldwide , it is the eigteenth highest - grossing film of all time when not adjusted for inflation , the highest - grossing film of 2003 , the second highest - grossing film of the 2000s , and the highest - grossing instalment in The Lord of the Rings trilogy . It was the second film in history to earn over $1 billion , making it the second highest - grossing film at the time . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film had sold over 61 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run . In the US and Canada , it is the 27th highest - grossing film , the highest - grossing 2003 film , and the highest - grossing instalment in The Lord of the Rings trilogy . The film set an opening Wednesday record with $34.5 million . This record was first surpassed by Spider - Man 2 and ranks as the seventh largest Wednesday opening . The film opened a day earlier for a midnight showing and accounted for about $8 million . This was nearly twice the first - day total of The Fellowship of the Ring -- which earned $18.2 million on its opening day in 2001 -- as well as a significant increase over The Two Towers -- which earned $26.1 million on its debut in 2002 . Part of the grosses came from the Trilogy Tuesday event , in which the Extended Editions of the two previous films were played on 16 December before the first midnight screening . It went on to make an opening weekend of $72.6 million ( $124.1 million with weekday previews ) . Its Friday - Sunday opening weekend was a record - high for December ( first surpassed by I Am Legend ) . The film also set single - day records for Christmas Day and New Year 's Day ( both first surpassed by Meet the Fockers ) . Outside the US and Canada , it is the 17th highest - grossing film , the highest - grossing 2003 film and the highest - grossing film of the series . On its first day ( Wednesday , 17 December 2003 ) , the film earned $23.5 million from 19 countries and it set an opening - weekend record outside the US and Canada with $125.9 million during the 5 - day weekend as a whole . It set opening - day records in 13 of them , including the United Kingdom , Germany , Austria , Belgium , the Netherlands , Spain , Greece , Switzerland , Scandinavia ( as well as separately in Sweden , Finland , Norway , and Denmark ) , Mexico , Chile , and Puerto Rico . It set opening - weekend records in the United Kingdom ( $26.5 million in five days ) , Germany , Spain , Sweden , Denmark , and Switzerland . In New Zealand , where filming took place , the film set opening day , opening weekend , single - day , Friday gross , Saturday gross , and Sunday gross records with $1.7 million in four days . The substantial increase in initial box office totals caused optimistic studio executives to forecast that The Return of the King would surpass The Two Towers in total earnings . If this proved to be true , then this would be the first blockbuster movie trilogy for each successive film to earn more at the box office than its predecessor , when all three films were blockbuster successes . The Return of the King has helped The Lord of the Rings franchise to become the highest - grossing motion picture trilogy worldwide of all time with $2,917,506,956 , beating other notable ones such as the Star Wars trilogies , and surviving from being out - grossed by subsequent trilogies like Pirates of the Caribbean and Harry Potter , despite ticket price inflation . These figures do not include income from DVD sales , TV rights , etc . It has been estimated that the gross income from non-box office sales and merchandise has been at least equal to the box office for all three films . If this is so , the total gross income for the trilogy would be in the region of $6 billion following an investment of $300 million ( $426 million including marketing costs ) . Critical response ( edit ) The Return of the King holds an approval rating of 93 % on the aggregate review site Rotten Tomatoes , based on 269 reviews , with an average rating of 8.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Visually breathtaking and emotionally powerful , The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King is a moving and satisfying conclusion to a great trilogy '' . The film holds a weighted average score of 94 out of 100 on Metacritic , based on 41 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave three and a half out of four saying , `` '' Return of the King '' is such a crowning achievement , such a visionary use of all the tools of special effects , such a pure spectacle , that it can be enjoyed even by those who have not seen the first two films . '' Richard Corliss of Time named it the best film of the year . The main criticism of The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King was its running time , particularly the epilogue ; even rave reviews for the film commented on its length . Joel Siegel of Good Morning America said in his review for the film ( which he gave an ' A ' ) : `` If it did n't take forty - five minutes to end , it 'd be my best picture of the year . As it is , it 's just one of the great achievements in film history . '' There was also criticism regarding the Army of the Dead 's appearance , rapidly ending the Battle of the Pelennor Fields . In February 2004 , a few months following release , the film was voted eighth on Empire 's 100 Greatest Movies of All Time , compiled from readers ' top ten lists . This forced the magazine to abandon its policy of only allowing films being older than a year to be eligible . In 2007 , Total Film named The Return of the King the third best film of the past decade ( Total Film 's publication time ) , behind The Matrix and Fight Club . Accolades ( edit ) Academy Awards 1 . Best Picture 2 . Best Director 3 . Best Adapted Screenplay 4 . Best Original Score 5 . Best Original Song 6 . Best Visual Effects 7 . Best Art Direction 8 . Best Costume Design 9 . Best Make - up 10 . Best Sound Mixing 11 . Best Film Editing Main article : List of accolades received by The Lord of the Rings film series The film was nominated for eleven Academy Awards : Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Original Score , Best Original Song , Best Visual Effects , Best Art Direction , Best Costume Design , Best Make - up , Best Sound Mixing and Best Film Editing . At the 76th Academy Awards in 2004 , the film won all the categories for which it was nominated and it holds the record for highest Academy Award totals along with Titanic and Ben - Hur . It was the first fantasy film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture . It also was the last movie for 14 years to win the Academy Award for Best Picture without being chosen as one of the top ten films of the year by the National Board of Review , until the release of The Shape of Water in 2017 . The film also won four Golden Globes ( including Best Picture for Drama and Best Director ) , five BAFTAs , two MTV Movie Awards , two Grammy Awards , nine Saturn Awards , the New York Film Critics Circle award for Best Picture , the Nebula Award for Best Script , and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form . See also ( edit ) Book : The Lord of the Rings film trilogy Middle - earth portal Book : The Lord of the Rings film series The Hobbit ( film series ) The Hobbit ( 1977 film ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 film ) The Return of the King ( 1980 film ) List of films considered the best List of Academy Award records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE LORD OF THE RINGS -- THE RETURN OF THE KING '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings The Return of the King '' . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on 27 November 2016 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings The Return of the King ( 2003 ) '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings The Return of the King ( 2003 ) '' . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on 15 September 2011 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings The Return of the King ( 2003 ) '' . AllMovie . Archived from the original on 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 1 February 2009 . Retrieved 3 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 Holiday Movies of All - Time '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lord ' rings true / Tolkien 's epic fantasy springs to wondrous life onscreen '' . The San Francisco Chronicle. 30 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 6 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Movie Reviews , Pictures , Trailers '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 29 March 2010 . Retrieved 24 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Deke Parsons ( 31 October 2014 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien , Robert E. Howard and the Birth of Modern Fantasy . McFarland . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 9537 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` With Tolkien 's Help , a Holiday Record for Films '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 29 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Cameras in Middle - earth : Filming the Return of the King ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2004 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Stephen ( 17 December 2003 ) . `` Tolkien relative 's kingly role '' . BBC News online . Archived from the original on 10 May 2007 . Retrieved 20 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Perry Miniatures '' . Archived from the original on 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 18 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Ian McKellen ( 2004 ) . Cast Commentary ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema . ^ Jump up to : Finding the Story : Forging the Final Chapter ( Special Extended Edition documentary ) ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2004 . Jump up ^ Sibley , Brian ( 2006 ) . Peter Jackson : A Film - maker 's Journey . London : Harpercollins . p. 345 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 717558 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Jackson , Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens ( 2004 ) . Director / Writers ' Special Extended Edition commentary ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ Lee , Alana . `` Peter Jackson on The Return of the King '' . BBC Films . Archived from the original on 4 March 2007 . Retrieved 20 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Watkin , Tim ( 12 August 2001 ) . `` The ' Rings ' movies , a potted history '' . New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 20 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 20 Questions with Peter Jackson '' . Peter Jackson online transcript from Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved 24 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Designing and Building Middle - earth ( Special Extended Edition documentary ) ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Weta Workshop ( Special Extended Edition documentary ) ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2004 . Jump up ^ Ngila Dickson ( 2004 ) . Costume Design ( Special Extended Edition documentary ) ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema . ^ Jump up to : Big - atures ( Special Extended Edition documentary ) ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Russell , Gary ( 2004 ) . The Lord of the Rings : The Art of the Return of the King . Harpercollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713565 - 3 . Jump up ^ Cameras in Middle - earth : Filming the Fellowship of the Ring ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2002 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tehanu '' ( 11 October 2000 ) . `` One Year of Principal Photography '' . The One Ring.net . Archived from the original on 12 September 2006 . Retrieved 22 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Samantha Sofka ( 15 March 2015 ) . `` Peter Jackson Filmed Part of RETURN OF THE KING on a Mine Field '' . nerdist.com . Archived from the original on 22 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 Filming Locations '' . imdb.com . Archived from the original on 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Home of the Horse Lords ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2004 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( 14 November 2000 ) . `` A Slew of The Lord of the Rings news '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson , Paul ( 27 June 2003 ) . `` A new Return of the King poster '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 21 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Music for Middle - earth ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Editorial : Completing the Trilogy ( Special Extended Edition documentary ) ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2004 . ^ Jump up to : The Passing of an Age ( Special Extended Edition documentary ) ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2004 . Jump up ^ Sibley , Brian ( 2002 ) . The Lord of the Rings : The Making of the Movie Trilogy . Harpercollins. 158 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713567 - X . Jump up ^ `` Rings director cuts wizard scenes '' . BBC News online . 12 November 2003 . Archived from the original on 17 March 2006 . Retrieved 17 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Wootton , Dan ( 30 April 2006 ) . `` I will never forgive Jackson , says LOTR actor '' . New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 17 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : The End of All Things ( Special Extended Edition documentary ) ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Weta Digital ( Special Extended Edition documentary ) ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2004 . Jump up ^ The Soundscapes of Middle - earth ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2004 . Jump up ^ The `` fondest recollections '' of the principal fiddler , Dermot Crehan , were from `` an eight strong trumpet session . '' Jump up ^ `` Source Songs , Poems and Text '' . www.amagpiesnest.com . Jump up ^ `` FMS FEATURE ( Howard Shore 's Farewell to Middle - earth - by Jon Burlingame ) '' . www.filmmusicsociety.org . Jump up ^ Doug Adams , The Annotated Score Part III : The Return of the King , pp. 15 , 50 . Jump up ^ Mercer , Phil ( 1 December 2003 ) . `` How hobbits took over NZ 's capital '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 15 January 2009 . Retrieved 24 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Gary Susman ( 9 June 2004 ) . `` Hobbits for the Holidays '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 16 June 2007 . Retrieved 17 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Motion Picture Trilogy Blu - ray : Theatrical Editions '' . Blu-ray.com . Archived from the original on 25 February 2010 . Retrieved 18 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Calogne , Juan ( 23 June 2010 ) . `` Lord of the Rings Movies Get Separate Blu - ray editions '' . Blu-ray.com . Archived from the original on 26 June 2010 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings Pre-order Now Available '' . Amazon.com. 31 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2011 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King '' . IMDb.com . Archived from the original on 24 November 2012 . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . boxofficemojo.com . Archived from the original on 19 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Yearly Box Office Results -- Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . Archived from the original on 24 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lord of the Rings '' . boxofficemojo.com . Archived from the original on 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Domestic Box Office Results '' . boxofficemojo.com . Archived from the original on 3 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Yearly Box Office Results -- Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . Archived from the original on 1 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Brandon ( 18 December 2003 ) . `` ' Return of the King ' Rakes in $57.6 M Worldwide on Opening Day '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Opening Wednesday Records at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 23 June 2011 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 21 June 2011 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top December Opening Weekends at the Box Office '' . boxofficemojo.com . Archived from the original on 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Single Day Records : High Grossing Movies on Christmas Day '' . boxofficemojo.com . Archived from the original on 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single Day Records : High Grossing Movies on New Year 's Day '' . boxofficemojo.com . Archived from the original on 5 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . boxofficemojo.com . Archived from the original on 3 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Overseas Total Yearly Box Office Results '' . boxofficemojo.com . Archived from the original on 29 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Brandon ( 22 December 2003 ) . `` ' King ' of the World : $250 M in 5 Days '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Box Office Earning Trilogies Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo.com . Archived from the original on 29 January 2007 . Retrieved 10 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Time Warner : New Line Cinema '' . timewarner.com. 2 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 26 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King '' . Flixster . Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 27 December 2012 . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( 22 December 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' , ' Annie ' , ' Museum ' Lose Loot On Soft Sunday -- B.O. Actuals '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King -- Roger Ebert 's review '' . www.rogerebert.com . Archived from the original on 3 June 2013 . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( 18 December 2003 ) . `` The Best Movies '' . Time . Archived from the original on 11 November 2007 . Retrieved 9 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Joel Siegel ( 19 December 2003 ) . `` Jackson Brings Lord of the Rings to Historic Completion '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on 13 March 2006 . Retrieved 16 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The best -- and worst -- movie battle scenes '' . CNN . 30 March 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 April 2007 . Retrieved 1 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . 30 January 2004 . p. 96 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Greatest Films of the Past Decade '' . Total Film . April 2007 . p. 98 . Jump up ^ `` The 76th Academy Awards ( 2004 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Archived from the original on 15 October 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Crean , Ellen ( 25 January 2004 ) . `` Golden Globe Spins For ' Rings ' '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on 29 January 2011 . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hail to the ' King ' at Golden Globes '' . MSNBC. 26 January 2004 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Mark ( 25 January 2004 ) . `` ' Rings , ' ' Translation ' Rule the Globes '' . People . Archived from the original on 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( film ) Official website The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King script at the Internet Movie Script Database The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King on IMDb The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King at AllMovie The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King at the TCM Movie Database The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King at Rotten Tomatoes The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King at Box Office Mojo The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film series The Lord of the Rings Films The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Music The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King `` Aníron '' `` Concerning Hobbits '' `` Into the West '' `` May It Be '' `` A Walking Song '' Production Original characters ( Figwit ) Production design Principal photography Special effects Accolades The Exhibition Gollum : How We Made Movie Magic The Long and Short of It The Hobbit Films An Unexpected Journey The Desolation of Smaug The Battle of the Five Armies Production Original characters Tauriel Music `` I See Fire '' Accolades Video games The Two Towers The Return of the King The Third Age The Third Age ( GBA ) Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth The Battle for Middle - earth II The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Lego The Hobbit Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Middle - earth in film Middle - earth Enterprises Animated films The Hobbit ( 1977 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Live - action films Sagan om ringen ( 1971 ) The Hobbit ( 1985 ) Hobitit ( 1993 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Hobbit An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Fan films The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Book Peter Jackson Films directed Bad Taste ( 1987 ) Meet the Feebles ( 1989 ) Braindead ( 1992 ) Heavenly Creatures ( 1994 ) The Frighteners ( 1996 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) King Kong ( 2005 ) The Lovely Bones ( 2009 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Other films The Valley ( 1976 ) Forgotten Silver ( 1995 ) Crossing the Line ( 2008 ) Produced only Valley of the Stereos ( 1992 ) Jack Brown Genius ( 1997 , also writer ) District 9 ( 2009 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) West of Memphis ( 2012 ) Mortal Engines ( 2018 , also writer ) Companies WingNut Films Weta Workshop Weta Digital Park Road Post Related The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) The Hobbit ( film series ) Awards for The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) BAFTA Award for Best Film 1940s The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) 1950s All About Eve ( 1950 ) La Ronde ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) 1960s The Apartment ( 1960 ) Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) The Hustler ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) The Graduate ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) 1970s Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1970 ) Sunday Bloody Sunday ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) Day for Night ( 1973 ) Lacombe , Lucien ( 1974 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1975 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) Julia ( 1978 ) Manhattan ( 1979 ) 1980s The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Educating Rita ( 1983 ) The Killing Fields ( 1984 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1985 ) A Room with a View ( 1986 ) Jean de Florette ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) 1990s Goodfellas ( 1990 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) 2000s Gladiator ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Pianist ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) 2010s The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Picture Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) Fargo ( 1996 ) L.A. Confidential ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble 2000s Gosford Park Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance , Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby 2002 Chicago Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. Reilly , Dominic West , Renée Zellweger , Catherine Zeta - Jones 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , Elijah Wood Sideways Thomas Haden Church , Paul Giamatti , Virginia Madsen , Sandra Oh 2005 Crash Christopher `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sandra Bullock , Don Cheadle , Matt Dillon , Jennifer Esposito , William Fichtner , Brendan Fraser , Terrence Howard , Thandie Newton , Ryan Phillippe , Larenz Tate 2006 Little Miss Sunshine Alan Arkin , Abigail Breslin , Steve Carell , Toni Collette , Paul Dano , Greg Kinnear 2007 Hairspray Nikki Blonsky , Amanda Bynes , Paul Dooley , Zac Efron , Allison Janney , Elijah Kelley , Queen Latifah , James Marsden , Michelle Pfeiffer , Brittany Snow , Jerry Stiller , John Travolta , Christopher Walken 2008 Milk Josh Brolin , Joseph Cross , James Franco , Victor Garber , Emile Hirsch , Diego Luna , Denis O'Hare , Sean Penn , Alison Pill 2009 Inglourious Basterds Daniel Brühl , August Diehl , Julie Dreyfus , Michael Fassbender , Sylvester Groth , Jacky Ido , Diane Kruger , Mélanie Laurent , Denis Ménochet , Mike Myers , Brad Pitt , Eli Roth , Til Schweiger , Rod Taylor , Christoph Waltz , Martin Wuttke 2010s The Fighter Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Melissa Leo , Jack McGee , Mark Wahlberg 2011 The Help Jessica Chastain , Viola Davis , Bryce Dallas Howard , Allison Janney , Chris Lowell , Ahna O'Reilly , Sissy Spacek , Octavia Spencer , Mary Steenburgen , Emma Stone , Cicely Tyson , Mike Vogel 2012 Silver Linings Playbook Bradley Cooper , Robert De Niro , Anupam Kher , Jennifer Lawrence , Chris Tucker , Jacki Weaver 2013 American Hustle Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Louis C.K. , Bradley Cooper , Jack Huston , Jennifer Lawrence , Alessandro Nivola , Michael Peña , Jeremy Renner , Elisabeth Röhm , Shea Whigham 2014 Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) Zach Galifianakis , Michael Keaton , Edward Norton , Andrea Riseborough , Amy Ryan , Emma Stone , Naomi Watts 2015 Spotlight Billy Crudup , Brian d'Arcy James , Michael Keaton , Rachel McAdams , Mark Ruffalo , Liev Schreiber , John Slattery , Stanley Tucci 2016 Moonlight Mahershala Ali , Patrick Decile , Alex R. Hibbert , Naomie Harris , André Holland , Jharrel Jerome , Janelle Monáe , Jaden Piner , Trevante Rhodes , Ashton Sanders 2017 Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri Abbie Cornish , Peter Dinklage , Woody Harrelson , John Hawkes , Lucas Hedges , Željko Ivanek , Caleb Landry Jones , Frances McDormand , Clarke Peters , Sam Rockwell , Samara Weaving Empire Award for Best Film Braveheart ( 1996 ) Se7en ( 1997 ) Men in Black ( 1998 ) Titanic ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) The Bourne Supremacy ( 2005 ) King Kong ( 2006 ) Casino Royale ( 2007 ) The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2008 ) The Dark Knight ( 2009 ) Avatar ( 2010 ) Inception ( 2011 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) Skyfall ( 2013 ) Gravity ( 2014 ) Interstellar ( 2015 ) The Revenant ( 2016 ) Rogue One ( 2017 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2018 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama The Song of Bernadette ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Johnny Belinda / The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ) A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) East of Eden ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) The Cardinal ( 1963 ) Becket ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) Anne of the Thousand Days ( 1969 ) Love Story ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Chinatown ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) The Turning Point ( 1977 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Bugsy ( 1991 ) Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Hours ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Babel ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score 1940s Life with Father -- Max Steiner ( 1947 ) The Red Shoes -- Brian Easdale ( 1948 ) The Inspector General -- Johnny Green ( 1949 ) 1950s Sunset Boulevard -- Franz Waxman ( 1950 ) September Affair -- Victor Young ( 1951 ) High Noon -- Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1952 ) On the Beach -- Ernest Gold ( 1959 ) 1960s The Alamo -- Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone -- Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1961 ) To Kill a Mockingbird -- Elmer Bernstein ( 1962 ) ( 1963 ) The Fall of the Roman Empire -- Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago -- Maurice Jarre ( 1965 ) Hawaii -- Elmer Bernstein ( 1966 ) Camelot -- Frederick Loewe ( 1967 ) The Shoes of the Fisherman -- Alex North ( 1968 ) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid -- Burt Bacharach ( 1969 ) 1970s Love Story -- Francis Lai ( 1970 ) Shaft -- Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) The Godfather -- Nino Rota ( 1972 ) Jonathan Livingston Seagull -- Neil Diamond ( 1973 ) The Little Prince -- Alan Jay Lerner , Frederick Loewe ( 1974 ) Jaws -- John Williams ( 1975 ) A Star is Born -- Kenneth Ascher , Paul Williams ( 1976 ) Star Wars -- John Williams ( 1977 ) Midnight Express -- Giorgio Moroder ( 1978 ) Apocalypse Now -- Carmine Coppola , Francis Ford Coppola ( 1979 ) 1980s The Stunt Man -- Dominic Frontiere ( 1980 ) ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial -- John Williams ( 1982 ) Flashdance -- Giorgio Moroder ( 1983 ) A Passage to India -- Maurice Jarre ( 1984 ) Out of Africa -- John Barry ( 1985 ) The Mission -- Ennio Morricone ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor -- David Byrne , Ryuichi Sakamoto , Cong Su ( 1987 ) Gorillas in the Mist -- Maurice Jarre ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid -- Alan Menken ( 1989 ) 1990s The Sheltering Sky -- Richard Horowitz , Ryuichi Sakamoto ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast -- Alan Menken ( 1991 ) Aladdin -- Alan Menken ( 1992 ) Heaven & Earth -- Kitarō ( 1993 ) The Lion King -- Hans Zimmer ( 1994 ) A Walk in the Clouds -- Maurice Jarre ( 1995 ) The English Patient -- Gabriel Yared ( 1996 ) Titanic -- James Horner ( 1997 ) The Truman Show -- Burkhard Dallwitz , Philip Glass ( 1998 ) 1900 -- Ennio Morricone ( 1999 ) 2000s Gladiator -- Lisa Gerrard , Hans Zimmer ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! -- Craig Armstrong ( 2001 ) Frida -- Elliot Goldenthal ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King -- Howard Shore ( 2003 ) The Aviator -- Howard Shore ( 2004 ) Memoirs of a Geisha -- John Williams ( 2005 ) The Painted Veil -- Alexandre Desplat ( 2006 ) Atonement -- Dario Marianelli ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire -- A.R. Rahman ( 2008 ) Up -- Michael Giacchino ( 2009 ) 2010s The Social Network -- Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross ( 2010 ) The Artist -- Ludovic Bource ( 2011 ) Life of Pi -- Mychael Danna ( 2012 ) All Is Lost -- Alex Ebert ( 2013 ) The Theory of Everything -- Jóhann Jóhannsson ( 2014 ) The Hateful Eight -- Ennio Morricone ( 2015 ) La La Land -- Justin Hurwitz ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water - Alexandre Desplat ( 2017 ) Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) The Incredibles ( 2005 ) Serenity ( 2006 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2007 ) Stardust ( 2008 ) WALL - E ( 2009 ) Moon ( 2010 ) Inception ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) Gravity ( 2014 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2015 ) The Martian ( 2016 ) Arrival ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Nebula Award for Best Script / Ray Bradbury Award Nebula Award for Best Script Soylent Green -- Stanley R. Greenberg ( 1973 ) Sleeper -- Woody Allen ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein -- Mel Brooks and Gene Wilder ( 1975 ) Star Wars -- George Lucas ( 1977 ) The Sixth Sense -- M. Night Shyamalan ( 1999 ) Galaxy Quest -- David Howard and Robert Gordon ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon James Schamus , Kuo Jung Tsai , and Hui - Ling Wang ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring -- Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers -- Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , Stephen Sinclair , and Peter Jackson ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King -- Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson ( 2004 ) Serenity -- Joss Whedon ( 2005 ) Howl 's Moving Castle -- Hayao Miyazaki , Cindy Davis Hewitt , and Donald H. Hewitt ( 2006 ) Pan 's Labyrinth -- Guillermo del Toro ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton , Jim Reardon , and Pete Docter ( 2008 ) Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation Terminator 2 : Judgment Day -- James Cameron ( 1992 ) Babylon 5 -- J. Michael Straczynski ( 1999 ) 2000X -- Tales of the Next Millennia -- Yuri Rasovsky and Harlan Ellison ( 2001 ) Joss Whedon ( 2008 ) District 9 -- Neill Blomkamp and Terri Tatchell ( 2009 ) Inception -- Christopher Nolan ( 2010 ) Doctor Who : `` The Doctor 's Wife '' -- Richard Clark and Neil Gaiman ( 2011 ) Beasts of the Southern Wild -- Benh Zeitlin , Lucy Alibar ( 2012 ) Gravity -- Alfonso Cuarón and Jonás Cuarón ( 2013 ) Guardians of the Galaxy -- James Gunn and Nicole Perlman ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road -- George Miller , Brendan McCarthy , and Nico Lathouris ( 2015 ) Arrival -- Eric Heisserer ( 2016 ) Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) The Crying Game ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave / Gravity ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) The Big Short ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film The Golden Voyage of Sinbad ( 1973 ) Doc Savage : The Man of Bronze ( 1974 / 75 ) The Holes ( 1976 ) Oh , God ! ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) The Dark Crystal ( 1982 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1983 ) Ghostbusters ( 1984 ) Ladyhawke ( 1985 ) The Boy Who Could Fly ( 1986 ) The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Ghost ( 1989 / 90 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Dragonheart ( 1996 ) Austin Powers ( 1997 ) The Truman Show ( 1998 ) Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Frequency ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Batman Begins ( 2005 ) Superman Returns ( 2006 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) Watchmen ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Life of Pi ( 2012 ) Her ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) The Birdcage ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Traffic ( 2000 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Help ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Hidden Figures ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) GND : 4770274 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King&oldid=842882261 '' Categories : 2003 films English - language films 2000s adventure films 2000s fantasy films 2000s sequel films American films American epic films American fantasy adventure films Fantasy war films American sequel films Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners Best Film BAFTA Award winners Best Film Empire Award winners Best Picture Academy Award winners Films scored by Howard Shore Films shot in New Zealand Films that won the Academy Award for Best Makeup Films that won the Best Costume Design Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay BAFTA Award High fantasy films Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form winning works The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) Nebula Award for Best Script - winning works New Line Cinema films New Zealand films New Zealand drama films New Zealand epic films New Zealand fantasy films New Zealand sequel films Performance capture in film Rotoscoped films Screenplays by Fran Walsh Screenplays by Peter Jackson Screenplays by Philippa Boyens Sequel films Hidden categories : EngvarB from February 2018 Use dmy dates from May 2016 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2018 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from April 2018 All articles that are excessively detailed Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 09 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	lord of the ring return of the king cast	[]	[]
-2552308764426793772	Hills Like White Elephants	Hills Like white elephants - wikipedia Hills Like white elephants Jump to : navigation , search `` Hills Like White Elephants '' Author Ernest Hemingway Country United States Language English Genre ( s ) short story Published in Men Without Women Publication type short story collection Publication date 1927 Preceded by `` In Another Country '' Followed by `` The Killers '' This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Hills Like White Elephants '' is a short story by Ernest Hemingway . It was first published in August 1927 , in the literary magazine transition , then later in the 1927 short story collection Men Without Women . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Dialogue 3 References 4 Sources Synopsis ( edit ) The story focuses on a conversation between an American man and a woman at a Spanish train station while waiting for a train to Madrid . The woman compares the nearby hills to white elephants . The pair indirectly discuss an `` operation '' that the man apparently wants the woman to have , which is implied to be an abortion . Dialogue ( edit ) `` They look like white elephants , '' she said . `` I 've never seen one , '' the man drank his beer . `` No , you would n't have . '' `` I might have , '' the man said . `` Just because you say I would n't have does n't prove anything . '' The girl looked at the bead curtain . `` They 've painted something on it , '' she said . `` What does it say ? '' `` Anis del Toro . It 's a drink . '' `` Could we try it ? '' The reader must interpret their dialogue and body language to infer their backgrounds and their attitudes with respect to the situation at hand , and their attitudes toward one another . From the outset of the story , the contentious nature of the couple 's conversation indicates resentment and unease . Some critics have written that the dialogue is a distillation of the contrasts between stereotypical male and female relationship roles : in the excerpt above , for instance , the woman draws the comparison with white elephants , but the hyper - rational male immediately denies it , dissolving the bit of poetry into objective realism with `` I 've never seen one . '' By saying , `` No , you would n't have '' she implies he had n't had a child before , or had n't allowed birth in the past . She also asks his permission to order a drink . Throughout the story , the woman is distant ; the American is rational . There may be more serious problems with the relationship than the purely circumstantial . While most critics have espoused relatively straightforward interpretations of the dialogue , a few have argued for alternate scenarios . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://foxhonorsenglish10.wikispaces.com/file/view/Hills+Like+White+Elephants+criticism2.pdf Jump up ^ `` Hills Like White Elephants : Plot Overview '' . SparkNotes . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Smiley , P. `` Gender - linked Miscommunication in ' Hills Like White Elephants . ' '' Hemingway Review , Fall 1988 . Vol. 8 No. 1 . p. 2 Jump up ^ Renner , S. `` Moving to the Girl 's ( sic ) Side of ' Hills Like White Elephants . ' '' Hemingway Review , Fall 1995 . Vol. 15 No. 1 . p. 27 Sources ( edit ) Berryman , John Dream Song 14 `` The tranquil hills & gin '' Mellow , James R. ( 1992 ) . Hemingway : A Life Without Consequences . New York : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 395 - 37777 - 3 . Ernest Hemingway Bibliography Novels The Torrents of Spring ( 1926 ) The Sun Also Rises ( 1926 ) A Farewell to Arms ( 1929 ) To Have and Have Not ( 1937 ) For Whom the Bell Tolls ( 1940 ) Across the River and into the Trees ( 1950 ) The Old Man and the Sea ( 1952 ) Non-fiction Death in the Afternoon ( 1932 ) Green Hills of Africa ( 1935 ) Posthumous A Moveable Feast ( 1964 ) Islands in the Stream ( 1970 ) The Dangerous Summer ( 1985 ) The Garden of Eden ( 1986 ) True at First Light ( 1999 ) Under Kilimanjaro ( 2005 ) Short stories `` Indian Camp '' ( 1925 ) `` The Doctor and the Doctor 's Wife '' ( 1925 ) `` The End of Something '' ( 1925 ) `` The Three - Day Blow '' ( 1925 ) `` The Battler '' ( 1925 ) `` A Very Short Story '' ( 1925 ) `` Soldier 's Home '' ( 1925 ) `` The Revolutionist '' ( 1925 ) `` Mr. and Mrs. Elliot '' ( 1925 ) `` Cat in the Rain '' ( 1925 ) `` Out of Season '' ( 1925 ) `` Cross Country Snow '' ( 1925 ) `` My Old Man '' ( 1925 ) `` Big Two - Hearted River '' ( 1925 ) `` A Clean , Well - Lighted Place '' ( 1926 ) `` A Canary for One '' ( 1926 ) `` Fifty Grand '' ( 1927 ) `` Hills Like White Elephants '' ( 1927 ) `` The Killers '' ( 1927 ) `` The Undefeated '' ( 1927 ) `` Che Ti Dice La Patria ? '' ( 1927 ) `` In Another Country '' ( 1927 ) `` On the Quai at Smyrna '' ( 1930 ) `` Fathers and Sons '' ( 1932 ) `` A Day 's Wait '' ( 1933 ) `` The Gambler , the Nun , and the Radio '' ( 1933 ) `` A Way You 'll Never Be '' ( 1933 ) `` The Snows of Kilimanjaro '' ( 1936 ) `` The Capital of the World '' ( 1936 ) `` The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber '' ( 1936 ) Short story collections Three Stories and Ten Poems ( 1923 ) In Our Time ( 1925 ) Men Without Women ( 1927 ) Winner Take Nothing ( 1933 ) The Fifth Column and the First Forty - Nine Stories ( 1938 ) The Snows of Kilimanjaro ( 1961 ) The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War ( 1969 ) The Nick Adams Stories ( 1972 ) The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway ( 1987 ) Ernest Hemingway : The Collected Stories ( 1995 ) Story fragments `` On Writing '' Poetry 88 Poems ( 1979 ) Complete Poems Letters and journalism Ernest Hemingway Selected Letters 1917 -- 1961 ( 1981 ) Dateline : Toronto ( 1985 ) The Cambridge Edition of the Letters of Ernest Hemingway ( 2011 ) Adaptations The Sun Also Rises 1957 film 1984 film Opera The Select ( The Sun Also Rises ) Ballet `` The Killers '' 1946 film 1956 film 1964 film Bukowski short story A Farewell to Arms 1932 film 1957 film 1966 TV series To Have and Have Not 1944 film The Breaking Point ( 1950 ) The Gun Runners ( 1958 ) Captain Khorshid ( 1987 ) For Whom the Bell Tolls 1943 film 1965 TV series Metallica song The Old Man and the Sea 1958 film 1990 miniseries 1999 film Other film adaptations The Macomber Affair ( 1947 ) The Snows of Kilimanjaro ( 1952 ) Hemingway 's Adventures of a Young Man ( 1962 ) Islands in the Stream ( 1977 ) See also Nick Adams Michigan cottage Idaho house Key West home Hotel Ambos Mundos , Havana home Finca Vigía , Cuba home Pilar ( boat ) The Spanish Earth ( 1937 film ) Bacall to Arms ( 1946 cartoon ) Hello Hemingway ( 1990 film ) In Love and War ( 1996 film ) Hemingway & Gellhorn ( 2012 film ) Cooper & Hemingway : The True Gen ( 2013 documentary ) Papa : Hemingway in Cuba ( 2015 film ) Hemingway Foundation / PEN Award Kennedy Library Hemingway collection Family Elizabeth Hadley Richardson ( first wife ) Jack Hemingway ( son ) Pauline Pfeiffer ( second wife ) Patrick Hemingway ( son ) Gregory Hemingway ( son ) Martha Gellhorn ( third wife ) Mary Welsh Hemingway ( fourth wife ) Grace Hall Hemingway ( mother ) Leicester Hemingway ( brother ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hills_Like_White_Elephants&oldid=805274204 '' Categories : 1927 short stories Short stories by Ernest Hemingway Abortion in fiction Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from October 2015 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2017 , at 07 : 37 . About Wikipedia	what is the white elephant in hills like white elephants	[ "The reader must interpret their dialogue and body language to infer their backgrounds and their attitudes with respect to the situation at hand, and their attitudes toward one another. From the outset of the story, the contentious nature of the couple's conversation indicates resentment and unease. Some critics have written that the dialogue is a distillation of the contrasts between stereotypical male and female relationship roles: in the excerpt above, for instance, the woman draws the comparison with white elephants, but the hyper-rational male immediately denies it, dissolving the bit of poetry into objective realism with \"I've never seen one.\" By saying, \"No, you wouldn't have\" she implies he hadn't had a child before, or hadn't allowed birth in the past. She also asks his permission to order a drink. Throughout the story, the woman is distant; the American is rational.[3] There may be more serious problems with the relationship than the purely circumstantial. While most critics have espoused relatively straightforward interpretations of the dialogue, a few have argued for alternate scenarios.[4]" ]	[ "a child" ]
-6756944650261136311	Round Table Conferences (India)	Round Table conferences ( India ) - wikipedia Round Table conferences ( India ) This article is about Anglo - Indian round table conferences . For Dutch - Indonesian round table conference , see Dutch - Indonesian Round Table Conference . For other uses , see Round Table ( disambiguation ) . The three Round Table Conferences of 1930 -- 32 were a series of conferences organized by the British Government to discuss constitutional reforms in India . These started in November 1930 and ended in December 1932 . They were conducted as per the recommendation of Jinnah to Viceroy Lord Irwin and Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald , and by the report submitted by the Simon Commission in May 1930 . Demands for swaraj , or self - rule , in India had been growing increasingly strong . By the 1930s , many British politicians believed that India needed to move towards dominion status . However , there were significant disagreements between the Indian and the British political parties that the Conferences would not resolve . Contents ( hide ) 1 First Round Table Conference ( November 1930 -- January 1931 ) 1.1 Participants 1.2 Proceedings 2 Second Round Table Conference ( September -- December 1931 ) 2.1 Participants 2.2 Proceedings 3 Third Round Table Conference ( November -- December 1932 ) 3.1 Participants 4 References 5 Further reading First Round Table conference ( November 1930 -- January 1931 ) ( edit ) The Round Table Conference officially inaugurated by His Majesty George V on November 12 , 1930 in Royal Gallery House of Lords at London and chaired by the British Prime Minister , Ramsay MacDonald . The three British political parties were represented by sixteen delegates . There were fifty - eight political leaders from British India and sixteen delegates from the princely states . In total 74 delegates from India attended the Conference . However , the Indian National Congress , along with Indian business leaders , kept away from the conference . Many of them were in jail for their participation in Civil Disobedience Movement . Participants ( edit ) British Representatives : Labour : Ramsay MacDonald , Lord Sankey , Wedgwood Benn , Arthur Henderson , J.H. Thomas , William Jowitt , Hastings Lees - Smith , Earl Russell Conservative : Earl Peel , Marquess of Zetland , Samuel Hoare , Oliver Stanley Liberal : Marquess of Reading , Marquess of Lothian , Sir Robert Hamilton , Isaac Foot Muslim League : Aga Khan III ( leader of British - Indian delegation ) , Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar , Muhammad Shafi , Muhammad Ali Jinnah , Muhammad Zafarullah Khan , A.K. Fazlul Huq , Hafiz Ghulam Hussain Hidayat Ullah , Dr. Shafa'at Ahmad Khan , Raja Sher Muhammad Khan of Domeli , Nilay A.H. Ghuznavi Indian States ' Representatives : Maharaja of Alwar , Maharaja of Baroda , Nawab of Bhopal , Maharaja of Bikaner , Rana of Dholpur , Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir , Maharaja of Nawanagar , Maharaja of Patiala ( Chancellor of the Chamber of Princes ) , Maharaja of Rewa , Chief Sahib of Sangli , Sir Prabhashankar Pattani ( Bhavnagar ) , Manubhai Mehta ( Baroda ) , Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmed Khan ( Gwalior ) , Akbar Hydari ( Hyderabad ) , Mirza Ismail ( Mysore ) , Col. Kailas Narain Haksar ( Jammu and Kashmir ) British - Indian Representatives : Hindus : B.S. Moonje , M.R. Jayakar , Diwan Bahadur Raja Narendra Nath Liberals : J.N. Basu , Tej Bahadur Sapru , C.Y. Chintamani , V.S. Srinivasa Sastri , Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad Justice Party : Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar , Bhaskarrao Vithojirao Jadhav , Sir A.P. Patro Depressed Classes : B.R. Ambedkar , Rettamalai Srinivasan Sikhs : Sardar Ujjal Singh , Sardar Sampuran Singh Parsis : Phiroze Sethna , Cowasji Jehangir , Homi Mody Indian Christians : K.T. Paul Europeans : Sir Hubert Carr , Sir Oscar de Glanville ( Burma ) , T.F. Gavin Jones , C.E. Wood ( Madras ) Anglo - Indians : Henry Gidney Women : Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz , Radhabai Subbarayan Landlords : Maharaja Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga ( Bihar ) , Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari ( United Provinces ) , Raja of Parlekhmundi ( Orissa ) , Provash Chandra Mitter Labour : N.M. Joshi , B. Shiva Rao Universities : Syed Sultan Ahmed , Bisheshwar Dayal Seth , Burma : U Aung Thin , Ba U , M.M. Ohn Ghine Sindh : Shah Nawaz Bhutto , Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah Other Provinces : Chandradhar Barua ( Assam ) , Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum ( NWFP ) , S.B. Tambe ( Central Provinces ) Government of India : Narendra Nath Law , Bhupendra Nath Mitra , C.P. Ramaswami Iyer , M. Ramachandra Rao Officials attending in consultative capacity : W.M. Hailey , C.A. Innes , A.C. MacWatters , H.G. Haig , L.W. Reynolds Indian States Delegation Staff : Hyderabad : Sir Richard Chenevix - Trench , Nawab Mahdi Yar Jung , Ahmed Hussain , Nawab Sir Amin Jung Bahadur , Sir Reginald Glancy South Indian States : T. Raghavaiah Baroda : V.T. Krishnamachari Alwar : Fateh Naseeb Khan Orissa States : K.C. Neogy Nominated by the Chamber of Princes Special Organisation : L.F. Rushbrook Williams , Qazi Ali Haidar Abbasi , Jarmani Dass , A.B. Latthe , D.A. Surve Secretariats : S.K. Brown , V. Dawson , K.S. Fitze , W.H. Lewis , R.J. Stopford , J. Coatman , Marmaduke Pickthall , K.M. Panikkar , N.S. Subba Rao , Geoffrey Corbett , A. Latifi , Girija Shankar Bajpai Secretariat - General : R.H.A. Carter , Mian Abdul Aziz , W.D. Croft , G.E.J. Gent , B.G. Holdsworth , R.F. Mudie , G.S. Rajadhya Proceedings ( edit ) The conference started with 6 plenary meetings where delegates put forward their issues 9 sub committees were formed to deal with several different matters including federal structure , provincial constitution , province of Sindh and NWFP , defense services and minorities e.t.c. These were followed by discussions on the reports of the sub-committees on Federal Structure , Provincial Constitution , Minorities , Burma , North West Frontier Province , Franchise , Defense services and Sindh . These were followed by 2 more plenary meetings and a final concluding session . It was difficult for progress to be made in the absence of the Indian National Congress but some advances were made . The idea of an All - India Federation was moved to the centre of discussion by Tej Bahadur Sapru . All the groups attending the conference supported this concept . The princely states agreed to the proposed federation provided that their internal sovereignty was guaranteed . The Muslim League also supported the federation as it had always been opposed to a strong Centre . The British agreed that representative government should be introduced on provincial level . Other important discussions were the responsibility of the executive to the legislature and a separate electorate for the Untouchables as demanded by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar . Second Round Table conference ( September -- December 1931 ) ( edit ) The Congress had boycotted the first conference was requested to come to a settlement by Sapru , M.R. Jayakar and V.S. Srinivasa Sastri . A settlement between Mahatma Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin known as the Gandhi -- Irwin Pact was reached and Gandhi was appointed as the sole representative of the Congress to the second Round Table Conference . By this time , there was a coalition Government in Britain with a Conservative majority . It was held in London in September 1931 . The discussion led to the passing of the Government Of India act of 1935 . Participants ( edit ) British Representatives : Labour : Ramsay MacDonald , Wedgwood Benn , Arthur Henderson , William Jowitt , Hastings Lees - Smith , F.W. hick - Lawrence , Lord Sankey , Lord Snell , J.H. Thomas Conservative : Viscount Hailsham , Samuel Hoare , Earl Peel , Oliver Stanley , Marquess of Zetland Scottish Unionist : Walter Elliot Liberal : Isaac Foot , Henry Graham White , Robert Hamilton , Marquess of Lothian , Marquess of Reading , Indian States ' Representatives : Maharaja of Alwar , Maharaja of Baroda , Nawab of Bhopal , Maharaja of Bikaner , Maharao of Kutch , Rana of Dholpur , Maharaja of Indore , Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir , Maharaja of Kapurthala , Maharaja of Nawanagar , Maharaja of Patiala , Maharaja of Rewa , Chief Sahib of Sangli , Raja of Korea , Raja of Sarila , Sir Prabhashankar Pattani ( Bhavnagar ) , Manubhai Mehta ( Baroda ) , Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmed Khan ( Gwalior ) , Sir Muhammad Akbar Hydari ( Hyderabad ) , Mirza Ismail ( Mysore ) , Col. K.N. Haksar ( Jammu and Kashmir ) , T. Raghavaiah ( Travancore ) , Liaqat Hayat Khan ( Patiala ) British - Indian Representatives : Government of India : C.P. Ramaswami Iyer , Narendra Nath Law , M. Ramachandra Rao Indian National Congress : Mahatma Gandhi ( He was the sole representative of the Congress ) . Muslims : Aga Khan III , Maulana Shaukat Ali , Muhammad Ali Jinnah , A.K. Fazlul Huq , Muhammad Iqbal , Muhammad Shafi , Muhammad Zafarullah Khan , Syed Ali Imam , Maulvi Muhammad Shafi Daudi , Raja Sher Muhammad Khan of Domeli , A.H. Ghuznavi , Hafiz Hidayat Hussain , Sayed Muhammad Padshah Saheb Bahadur , Dr. Shafa'at Ahmad Khan , Jamal Muhammad , khaja Mian Rowther , Nawab Sahibzada Sayed Muhammad Mehr Shah Hindus : M.R. Jayakar , B.S. Moonje , Diwan Bahadur Raja Narendra Nath Liberals : J.N. Basu , C.Y. Chintamani , Tej Bahadur Sapru , V.S. Srinivasa Sastri , Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad Justice Party : Raja of Bobbili , Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar , Sir A.P. Patro , Bhaskarrao Vithojirao Jadhav Depressed Classes : B.R. Ambedkar , Rettamalai Srinivasan , Sikhs : Sardar Ujjal Singh , Sardar Sampuran Singh Parsis : Cowasji Jehangir , Homi Mody , Phiroze Sethna Indian Christians : Surendra Kumar Datta , A.T. Pannirselvam Europeans : E.C. Benthall , Sir Hubert Carr , T.F. Gavin Jones , C.E. Wood ( Madras ) Anglo - Indians : Henry Gidney Women : Sarojini Naidu , Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz , Radhabai Subbarayan Landlords : Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari ( United Provinces ) , Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga ( Bihar ) , Raja of Parlakimedi ( Orissa ) , Sir Provash Chandra Mitter Industry : Ghanshyam Das Birla , Sir Purshottamdas Thakurdas , Maneckji Dadabhoy Labour : N.M. Joshi , B. Shiva Rao , V.V. Giri Universities : Syed Sultan Ahmed , Bisheshwar Dayal Seth Burma : Sir Padamji Ginwala Sindh : Shah Nawaz Bhutto , Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah Other Provinces : Chandradhar Barua ( Assam ) , Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum ( NWFP ) , S.B. Tambe ( Central Provinces ) Indian States Delegation Staff : V.T. Krishnamachari ( Baroda ) , Richard Chenevix - Trench ( Hyderabad ) , Nawab Mahdi Yar Jung ( Hyderabad ) , S.M. Bapna ( Indore ) , Amar Nath Atal ( Jaipur ) , J.W. Young ( Jodhpur ) , Ram Chandra Kak ( Jammu and Kashmir ) , Sahibzada Abdus Samad Khan ( Rampur ) , K.C. Neogy ( Orissa states ) , L.F. Rushbrook Williams , Jarmani Dass , Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari , K.M. Panikkar , N. Madhava Rao British Delegation Staff : H.G. Haig , V. Dawson , K.S. Fitze , J.G. Laithwaite , W.H. Lewis , P.J. Patrick , J. Coatman , G.T. Garratt , R.J. Stopford British Indian Delegation Staff : Geoffrey Corbett , A. Latifi , Girija Shankar Bajpai , Benegal Rama Rau , Syed Amjad Ali , Prince Aly Khan , A.M. Chaudhury , Mahadev Desai , Govind Malaviya , K.T. Shah , P. Sinha Secretariat - General : R.H.A. Carter , K. Anderson , C.D. Deshmukh , J.M. Sladen , Hugh MacGregor , G.F. Steward , A.H. Joyce , Syed Amjad Ali , Ram Babu Saksena Proceedings ( edit ) The second session opened on September 7 , 1931 . There were three major differences between the first and second Round Table Conferences . By the second : The Second Round Table Conference ( September 7 , 1931 ) Congress Representation -- The Gandhi - Irwin Pact opened the way for Congress participation in this conference . Mahatma Gandhi was invited from India and attended as the sole official Congress representative accompanied by Sarojini Naidu and also Madan Mohan Malaviya , Ghanshyam Das Birla , Muhammad Iqbal , Sir Mirza Ismail ( Diwan of Mysore ) , S.K. Dutta and Sir Syed Ali Imam . Gandhi claimed that the Congress alone represented political India ; that the Untouchables were Hindus and should not be treated as a `` minority '' ; and that there should be no separate electorates or special safeguards for Muslims or other minorities . These claims were rejected by the other Indian participants . According to this pact , Gandhi was asked to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement ( CDM ) and if he did so the prisoners of the British government would be freed except the criminal prisoners , i.e. those who had killed British officials . He returned to India , disappointed with the results and empty - handed . National Government -- two weeks earlier the Labour government in London had fallen . Ramsay MacDonald now headed a National Government dominated by the Conservative Party . Financial Crisis -- During the conference , Britain went off the Gold Standard further distracting the National Government . During the Conference , Gandhi could not reach agreement with the Muslims on Muslim representation and safeguards . At the end of the conference Ramsay MacDonald undertook to produce a Communal Award for minority representation , with the provision that any free agreement between the parties could be substituted for his award . Gandhi took particular exception to the treatment of untouchables as a minority separate from the rest of the Hindu community . He clashed with the leader of depressed classes , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar , over this issue : the two eventually resolved the situation with the Poona Pact of 1932 . Third Round Table conference ( November -- December 1932 ) ( edit ) The third and last session assembled on November 17 , 1932 . Only forty - six delegates attended since most of the main political figures of India were not present . The Labour Party from Britain and the Indian National Congress refused to attend . From September 1931 until March 1933 , under the supervision of the Secretary of State for India , Sir Samuel Hoare , the proposed reforms took the form reflected in the Government of India Act 1935 . Participants ( edit ) Indian States ' Representatives : Akbar Hydari ( Dewan of Hyderabad ) , Mirza Ismail ( Dewan of Mysore ) , V.T. Krishnamachari ( Dewan of Baroda ) , Wajahat Hussain ( Jammu and Kashmir ) , Sir Sukhdeo Prasad ( Udaipur , Jaipur , Jodhpur ) , J.A. Surve ( Kolhapur ) , Raja Oudh Narain Bisarya ( Bhopal ) , Manubhai Mehta ( Bikaner ) , Nawab Liaqat Hayat Khan ( Patiala ) , Fateh Naseeb Khan ( Alwar State ) , L.F. Rushbrook Williams ( Nawanagar ) , Raja of Sarila ( small states ) British - Indian Representatives : Aga Khan III , B.R. Ambedkar ( Depressed Classes ) , Ramakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili , Sir Hubert Carr ( Europeans ) , Nanak Chand Pandit , A.H. Ghuznavi , Henry Gidney ( Anglo - Indians ) , Hafiz Hidayat Hussain , Muhammad Iqbal , M.R. Jayakar , Cowasji Jehangir , N.M. Joshi ( Labour ) , Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar , Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar , Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz ( Women ) , A.P. Patro , Tej Bahadur Sapru , Dr. Shafa'at Ahmad Khan , Sir Shadi Lal , Tara Singh Malhotra , Sir Nripendra Nath Sircar , Sir Purshottamdas Thakurdas , Muhammad Zafarullah Khan References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wolpert , Stanley ( 2013 ) . Jinnah of Pakistan ( 15 ed . ) . Karachi , Pakistan : University Press . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 577389 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley ( 2012 ) . Shameful Flight ( 1st ed . ) . Karachi , Pakistan : Oxford University Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 906606 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Indian Round Table Conference Proceedings . Government of India . 1931 . ^ Jump up to : Prof M. Ikram , Rabbani . Pakistan studies ( 2nd ed . ) . Lahore , Pakistan : Caravan book house . pp. 100 -- 101 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Menon , V.P. ( 1957 ) . Transfer of Power in India . Orient Longman Limited . p. 44 . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Indian Round Table Conference ( Second Session ) Proceedings of the Plenary Sessions ( PDF ) . 1932 . Jump up ^ http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1932/oct/31/round-table-conference-delegates Further Reading ( edit ) Beatty , Michael J. , Ralph R. Behnke , and Barbara Jane Banks . Elements of dialogic communication in Gandhi 's second round table conference address ( 1979 ) : 386 - 398 . Menon , V.P. ( 1995 ) . `` Integration of the Indian States '' , ' Orient Longman Ltd ' Essay on Indian Constitutional Round Table Conferences , London 1931 -- 1933 Mahatma Gandhi Life events and movements Indian Ambulance Corps Bardoli Satyagraha Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Indian independence movement Non-cooperation Movement Chauri Chaura incident Purna Swaraj flag Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vaikom Satyagraha Aundh Experiment Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Second Round Table Conference Padayatra Poona Pact Natal Indian Congress Quit India speech Gujarat Vidyapith University Harijan Sevak Sangh Ashrams ( Kochrab Tolstoy Farm Sabarmati Sevagram ) List of fasts Assassination Philosophy Gandhism Economics trusteeship Education Sarvodaya Satyagraha Swadeshi Swaraj Gandhi cap Publications Harijan Hind Swaraj ( Indian Home Rule ) Indian Opinion The Story of My Experiments with Truth Young India Seven Social Sins ( Gandhi Heritage Portal ) Influences A Letter to a Hindu Ahimsa nonviolence Bhagavad Gita Henry David Thoreau Civil Disobedience ( essay ) Civil disobedience Fasting Harishchandra Hinduism Khadi John Ruskin Parsee Rustomjee Leo Tolstoy The Kingdom of God Is Within You The Masque of Anarchy Muhammad Narmad Pacifism Sermon on the Mount Shravan Shrimad Rajchandra Henry Stephens Salt Tirukkuṛaḷ Unto This Last Gandhi 's translation `` Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram '' `` Ekla Chalo Re '' `` Hari Tuma Haro '' `` Vaishnava Jana To '' Vegetarianism Associates Swami Anand C.F. Andrews Jamnalal Bajaj Shankarlal Banker Sarla Behn Vinoba Bhave Brij Krishna Chandiwala Sudhakar Chaturvedi Jugatram Dave Mahadev Desai Dada Dharmadhikari Kanu Gandhi Shiv Prasad Gupta Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri J.C. Kumarappa Hermann Kallenbach Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Acharya Kripalani Mirabehn Mohanlal Pandya Vallabhbhai Patel Narhari Parikh Mithuben Petit Chakravarti Rajagopalachari Bibi Amtus Salam Sonja Schlesin Anugrah Narayan Sinha Shri Krishna Singh Rettamalai Srinivasan V.A. Sundaram Abbas Tyabji Ravishankar Vyas Legacy Artistic depictions Gandhigiri Gandhi Peace Award Gandhi Peace Prize Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith Indian currency Family Karamchand Gandhi ( father ) Kasturba ( wife ) Harilal ( son ) Manilal ( son ) Ramdas ( son ) Devdas ( son ) Maganlal ( cousin ) Samaldas ( nephew ) Arun ( grandson ) Ela ( granddaughter ) Rajmohan ( grandson ) Gopalkrishna ( grandson ) Ramchandra ( grandson ) Kanu ( grandson ) Kanu ( grandnephew ) Tushar ( great - grandson ) Leela ( great - granddaughter ) Influenced James Bevel Steve Biko 14th Dalai Lama Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Morarji Desai Eknath Easwaran Maria Lacerda de Moura James Lawson Martin Luther King Jr . Nelson Mandela Brajkishore Prasad Rajendra Prasad Ramjee Singh Aung San Suu Kyi Lanza del Vasto Abhay Bang Sane Guruji Memorials Statues Houston Johannesburg London ( Parliament Square ) New York Patna Pietermaritzburg Washington Observances Gandhi Jayanti International Day of Non-Violence Martyrs ' Day Season for Nonviolence Other Aga Khan Palace Gandhi Bhawan Gandhi Mandapam Gandhi Market Bookstores Gandhi Promenade Gandhi Smriti Gandhi Memorial Gandhi Memorial Museum , Madurai Kaba Gandhi No Delo Kirti Mandir Mahatma Gandhi College Mohandas Gandhi High School National Gandhi Museum Raj Ghat Sabarmati Ashram Satyagraha House Gandhi Teerth Roads named after Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre , Matale Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indian Legion Cripps Mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N. Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit ‎ Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Annexation of French colonies in India Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference Pakistan Movement History of Pakistan ( timeline : 1947 -- present ) History East India Company Indian Rebellion of 1857 Aligarh Movement Urdu movement Partition of Bengal Lucknow Pact Khilafat Movement Shuddhi Movement Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Allahabad Address Now or Never pamphlet World War II Two nation theory Round Table Conferences Lahore Resolution Direct Action Day Muslim nationalism in South Asia Cabinet Mission Indian Independence Act Partition of India Radcliffe Line Durand Line Pakistan Osmanistan Enlightened Moderation Objectives Resolution Independence Republic Day Kashmir conflict National symbols Constitution of Pakistan British heritage Organisations Muslim League Punjab Branch Bengal Branch Unionist Student Federations Khaksars Renaissance Society Philosophical Congress Dawn Daily War Leaders Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Aga Khan III Nawab Salimullah Syed Ameer Ali Muhammad Ali Jouhar Maulana Shaukat Ali Allama Muhammad Iqbal Muhammad Ali Jinnah Fatima Jinnah Liaquat Ali Khan Mian Muhammad Shafi Nawab Waqar - ul - Mulk Kamboh Mohsin - ul - Mulk Bahadur Yar Jung Baba - e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan Abdur Rab Nishtar Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman Choudhary Rahmat Ali A.K. Fazlul Huq G.M. Syed Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan Ghulam Bhik Nairang Hasrat Mohani Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy Jogendra Nath Mandal K.H. Khurshid Khawaja Nazimuddin Raja Sahib of Mahmudabad Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Qazi Muhammad Essa Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani Sikandar Hayat Khan Maulana Zafar Ali Khan more Activists Hameed Nizami Abdullah Haroon Yusuf Haroon Altaf Husain ( journalist ) Adamjee Haji Dawood Mufti Muhammad Shafi Maulana Ahmed Ali Lahori Malik Barkat Ali Yusuf Khattak Mian Iftikharuddin Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot Shaukat Hayat Khan Muhammad Asad Ziauddin Ahmad A.B.A. Haleem Maulana Ghulam Rasool Mehr Hakeem Mohammad Saeed Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas Sardar Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan Fida Mohammad Khan Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir Professor M.M. Sharif J.A. Rahim of PPP Z.A. Suleri G. Allana Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi more Literature Idea of Pakistan Jinnah : India , Partition , Independence Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan A Short History of Pakistan Pakistan : A Personal History The Myth of Independence Pakistan : A Hard Country Now or Never ; Are We to Live or Perish Forever ? Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857 Architecture Minar - e-Pakistan Bab - e-Pakistan The Monument Mazar - e-Quaid Ziarat Residency Iqbal 's Tomb Wazir Mansion National Library Deena Public Hall Bab - e-Khyber Jinnah Terminal In Memory Youm - e-Pakistan ( 23 March ) Youm - e-Dastur ( 10 April ) Youm - e-Takbir ( 28 May ) Youm - e-Azadi ( 14 August ) Youm - e-Difah ( 6 September ) Youm - e-Tasees ( 24 October ) Youm - e-Iqbal ( 9 November ) Youm - e-Viladat ( 25 December ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Round_Table_Conferences_(India)&oldid=846389996 '' Categories : 1931 in British India Pakistan Movement 1930 in India 1931 in India 1932 in India Indian independence movement Conferences in London 1930 conferences 1931 conferences 1932 conferences 1932 in British India 1930 in British India 20th century in the City of Westminster Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Français गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ मराठी Norsk தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 13 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who represented india in the first round table conference	[]	[]
1008189234816464979	International Monetary Fund	International Monetary Fund - wikipedia International Monetary Fund Jump to : navigation , search See also : Notable Current and Former IMF Employees `` IMF '' redirects here . For other uses , see IMF ( disambiguation ) . International Monetary Fund Coat of arms Abbreviation IMF Formation 27 December 1945 ( 72 years ago ) ( 1945 - 12 - 27 ) Type International financial institution Purpose Promote international monetary co-operation , facilitate international trade , foster sustainable economic growth , make resources available to members experiencing balance of payments difficulties Headquarters Washington , D.C. , United States Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 56.42 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 39.21 '' W / 38.8990056 ° N 77.0442250 ° W / 38.8990056 ; - 77.0442250 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 56.42 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 39.21 '' W / 38.8990056 ° N 77.0442250 ° W / 38.8990056 ; - 77.0442250 Region Worldwide Membership 189 countries Official language English Managing Director Christine Lagarde Main organ Board of governors Parent organization United Nations Staff 2,700 Website imf.org The International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) is an international organization headquartered in Washington , D.C. , consisting of `` 189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation , secure financial stability , facilitate international trade , promote high employment and sustainable economic growth , and reduce poverty around the world . '' Formed in 1945 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes , it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system . It now plays a central role in the management of balance of payments difficulties and international financial crises . Countries contribute funds to a pool through a quota system from which countries experiencing balance of payments problems can borrow money . As of 2016 , the fund had SDR 477 billion ( about $666 billion ) . Through the fund , and other activities such as the gathering of statistics and analysis , surveillance of its members ' economies and the demand for particular policies , the IMF works to improve the economies of its member countries . The organisation 's objectives stated in the Articles of Agreement are : to promote international monetary co-operation , international trade , high employment , exchange - rate stability , sustainable economic growth , and making resources available to member countries in financial difficulty . Contents ( hide ) 1 Functions 1.1 Surveillance of the global economy 1.2 Conditionality of loans 1.2. 1 Structural adjustment 1.2. 2 Benefits 2 History 2.1 Since 2000 3 Member countries 3.1 Qualifications 3.2 Benefits 4 Leadership 4.1 Board of Governors 4.2 Executive Board 4.3 Managing Director 4.3. 1 List of Managing Directors 5 Voting power 5.1 Effects of the quota system 5.2 Inflexibility of voting power 5.3 Overcoming borrower / creditor divide 6 Use 6.1 Exceptional Access Framework -- sovereign debt 7 IMF and globalization 8 Criticisms 8.1 Conditionality 8.2 Reform 8.2. 1 Function and policies 8.2. 2 US influence and voting reform 8.3 Support of dictatorships 8.4 Impact on access to food 8.5 Impact on public health 8.6 Impact on environment 9 Scandals 10 Alternatives 11 In the media 12 See also 13 Notes and references 13.1 Notes 13.2 References 13.3 Sources 14 Further reading 15 External links Functions ( edit ) According to the IMF itself , it works to foster global growth and economic stability by providing policy , advice and financing the members , by working with developing nations to help them achieve macroeconomic stability and reduce poverty . The rationale for this is that private international capital markets function imperfectly and many countries have limited access to financial markets . Such market imperfections , together with balance - of - payments financing , provide the justification for official financing , without which many countries could only correct large external payment imbalances through measures with adverse economic consequences . The IMF provides alternate sources of financing . Upon the founding of the IMF , its three primary functions were : to oversee the fixed exchange rate arrangements between countries , thus helping national governments manage their exchange rates and allowing these governments to prioritise economic growth , and to provide short - term capital to aid the balance of payments . This assistance was meant to prevent the spread of international economic crises . The IMF was also intended to help mend the pieces of the international economy after the Great Depression and World War II . As well , to provide capital investments for economic growth and projects such as infrastructure . The IMF 's role was fundamentally altered by the floating exchange rates post-1971 . It shifted to examining the economic policies of countries with IMF loan agreements to determine if a shortage of capital was due to economic fluctuations or economic policy . The IMF also researched what types of government policy would ensure economic recovery . A particular concern of the IMF was to prevent financial crisis , such as those in Mexico 1982 , Brazil in 1987 , East Asia in 1997 -- 98 and Russia in 1998 , from spreading and threatening the entire global financial and currency system . The challenge was to promote and implement policy that reduced the frequency of crises among the emerging market countries , especially the middle - income countries which are vulnerable to massive capital outflows . Rather than maintaining a position of oversight of only exchange rates , their function became one of surveillance of the overall macroeconomic performance of member countries . Their role became a lot more active because the IMF now manages economic policy rather than just exchange rates . In addition , the IMF negotiates conditions on lending and loans under their policy of conditionality , which was established in the 1950s . Low - income countries can borrow on concessional terms , which means there is a period of time with no interest rates , through the Extended Credit Facility ( ECF ) , the Standby Credit Facility ( SCF ) and the Rapid Credit Facility ( RCF ) . Nonconcessional loans , which include interest rates , are provided mainly through Stand - By Arrangements ( SBA ) , the Flexible Credit Line ( FCL ) , the Precautionary and Liquidity Line ( PLL ) , and the Extended Fund Facility . The IMF provides emergency assistance via the Rapid Financing Instrument ( RFI ) to members facing urgent balance - of - payments needs . Surveillance of the global economy ( edit ) The IMF is mandated to oversee the international monetary and financial system and monitor the economic and financial policies of its member countries . This activity is known as surveillance and facilitates international co-operation . Since the demise of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates in the early 1970s , surveillance has evolved largely by way of changes in procedures rather than through the adoption of new obligations . The responsibilities changed from those of guardian to those of overseer of members ' policies . The Fund typically analyses the appropriateness of each member country 's economic and financial policies for achieving orderly economic growth , and assesses the consequences of these policies for other countries and for the global economy . IMF Data Dissemination Systems participants : IMF member using SDDS IMF member using GDDS IMF member , not using any of the DDSystems non-IMF entity using SDDS non-IMF entity using GDDS no interaction with the IMF In 1995 the International Monetary Fund began work on data dissemination standards with the view of guiding IMF member countries to disseminate their economic and financial data to the public . The International Monetary and Financial Committee ( IMFC ) endorsed the guidelines for the dissemination standards and they were split into two tiers : The General Data Dissemination System ( GDDS ) and the Special Data Dissemination Standard ( SDDS ) . The executive board approved the SDDS and GDDS in 1996 and 1997 respectively , and subsequent amendments were published in a revised Guide to the General Data Dissemination System . The system is aimed primarily at statisticians and aims to improve many aspects of statistical systems in a country . It is also part of the World Bank Millennium Development Goals and Poverty Reduction Strategic Papers . The primary objective of the GDDS is to encourage member countries to build a framework to improve data quality and statistical capacity building to evaluate statistical needs , set priorities in improving the timeliness , transparency , reliability and accessibility of financial and economic data . Some countries initially used the GDDS , but later upgraded to SDDS . Some entities that are not themselves IMF members also contribute statistical data to the systems : Palestinian Authority -- GDDS Hong Kong -- SDDS Macau -- GDDS EU institutions : the European Central Bank for the Eurozone -- SDDS Eurostat for the whole EU -- SDDS , thus providing data from Cyprus ( not using any DDSystem on its own ) and Malta ( using only GDDS on its own ) Conditionality of loans ( edit ) IMF conditionality is a set of policies or conditions that the IMF requires in exchange for financial resources . The IMF does require collateral from countries for loans but also requires the government seeking assistance to correct its macroeconomic imbalances in the form of policy reform . If the conditions are not met , the funds are withheld . The concept of conditionality was introduced in a 1952 Executive Board decision and later incorporated into the Articles of Agreement . Conditionality is associated with economic theory as well as an enforcement mechanism for repayment . Stemming primarily from the work of Jacques Polak , the theoretical underpinning of conditionality was the `` monetary approach to the balance of payments '' . Structural Adjustment ( edit ) Further information : Structural adjustment Some of the conditions for structural adjustment can include : Cutting expenditures , also known as austerity . Focusing economic output on direct export and resource extraction , Devaluation of currencies , Trade liberalisation , or lifting import and export restrictions , Increasing the stability of investment ( by supplementing foreign direct investment with the opening of domestic stock markets ) , Balancing budgets and not overspending , Removing price controls and state subsidies , Privatization , or divestiture of all or part of state - owned enterprises , Enhancing the rights of foreign investors vis - a-vis national laws , Improving governance and fighting corruption . These conditions are known as the Washington Consensus . Benefits ( edit ) These loan conditions ensure that the borrowing country will be able to repay the IMF and that the country will not attempt to solve their balance - of - payment problems in a way that would negatively impact the international economy . The incentive problem of moral hazard -- when economic agents maximise their own utility to the detriment of others because they do not bear the full consequences of their actions -- is mitigated through conditions rather than providing collateral ; countries in need of IMF loans do not generally possess internationally valuable collateral anyway . Conditionality also reassures the IMF that the funds lent to them will be used for the purposes defined by the Articles of Agreement and provides safeguards that country will be able to rectify its macroeconomic and structural imbalances . In the judgment of the IMF , the adoption by the member of certain corrective measures or policies will allow it to repay the IMF , thereby ensuring that the resources will be available to support other members . As of 2004 , borrowing countries have had a very good track record for repaying credit extended under the IMF 's regular lending facilities with full interest over the duration of the loan . This indicates that IMF lending does not impose a burden on creditor countries , as lending countries receive market - rate interest on most of their quota subscription , plus any of their own - currency subscriptions that are loaned out by the IMF , plus all of the reserve assets that they provide the IMF . History ( edit ) IMF `` Headquarters 1 '' in Washington , D.C. The IMF was originally laid out as a part of the Bretton Woods system exchange agreement in 1944 . During the Great Depression , countries sharply raised barriers to trade in an attempt to improve their failing economies . This led to the devaluation of national currencies and a decline in world trade . The Gold Room within the Mount Washington Hotel where the Bretton Woods Conference attendees signed the agreements creating the IMF and World Bank This breakdown in international monetary co-operation created a need for oversight . The representatives of 45 governments met at the Bretton Woods Conference in the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods , New Hampshire , in the United States , to discuss a framework for postwar international economic co-operation and how to rebuild Europe . There were two views on the role the IMF should assume as a global economic institution . American delegate Harry Dexter White foresaw an IMF that functioned more like a bank , making sure that borrowing states could repay their debts on time . Most of White 's plan was incorporated into the final acts adopted at Bretton Woods . British economist John Maynard Keynes imagined that the IMF would be a cooperative fund upon which member states could draw to maintain economic activity and employment through periodic crises . This view suggested an IMF that helped governments and to act as the United States government had during the New Deal in response to World War II . First page of the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund , 1 March 1946 . Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs archives The IMF formally came into existence on 27 December 1945 , when the first 29 countries ratified its Articles of Agreement . By the end of 1946 the IMF had grown to 39 members . On 1 March 1947 , the IMF began its financial operations , and on 8 May France became the first country to borrow from it . Plaque Commemorating the Formation of the IMF in July 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference The IMF was one of the key organisations of the international economic system ; its design allowed the system to balance the rebuilding of international capitalism with the maximisation of national economic sovereignty and human welfare , also known as embedded liberalism . The IMF 's influence in the global economy steadily increased as it accumulated more members . The increase reflected in particular the attainment of political independence by many African countries and more recently the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union because most countries in the Soviet sphere of influence did not join the IMF . The Bretton Woods system prevailed until 1971 , when the United States government suspended the convertibility of the US $ ( and dollar reserves held by other governments ) into gold . This is known as the Nixon Shock . The changes to the IMF articles of agreement reflecting these changes were ratified by the 1976 Jamaica Accords . Since 2000 ( edit ) The IMF provided two major lending packages in the early 2000s to Argentina ( during the 1998 -- 2002 Argentine great depression ) and Uruguay ( after the 2002 Uruguay banking crisis ) . However , by the mid-2000s , IMF lending was at its lowest share of world GDP since the 1970s . In May 2010 , the IMF participated , in 3 : 11 proportion , in the first Greek bailout that totalled € 110 billion , to address the great accumulation of public debt , caused by continuing large public sector deficits . As part of the bailout , the Greek government agreed to adopt austerity measures that would reduce the deficit from 11 % in 2009 to `` well below 3 % '' in 2014 . The bailout did not include debt restructuring measures such as a haircut , to the chagrin of the Swiss , Brazilian , Indian , Russian , and Argentinian Directors of the IMF , with the Greek authorities themselves ( at the time , PM George Papandreou and Finance Minister Giorgos Papakonstantinou ) ruling out a haircut . A second bailout package of more than € 100 billion was agreed over the course of a few months from October 2011 , during which time Papandreou was forced from office . The so - called Troika , of which the IMF is part , are joint managers of this programme , which was approved by the Executive Directors of the IMF on 15 March 2012 for SDR23. 8 billion , and which saw private bondholders take a haircut of upwards of 50 % . In the interval between May 2010 and February 2012 the private banks of Holland , France and Germany reduced exposure to Greek debt from € 122 billion to € 66 billion . As of January 2012 , the largest borrowers from the IMF in order were Greece , Portugal , Ireland , Romania , and Ukraine . On 25 March 2013 , a € 10 billion international bailout of Cyprus was agreed by the Troika , at the cost to the Cypriots of its agreement : to close the country 's second - largest bank ; to impose a one - time bank deposit levy on Bank of Cyprus uninsured deposits . No insured deposit of € 100k or less were to be affected under the terms of a novel bail - in scheme . The topic of sovereign debt restructuring was taken up by the IMF in April 2013 for the first time since 2005 , in a report entitled `` Sovereign Debt Restructuring : Recent Developments and Implications for the Fund 's Legal and Policy Framework '' . The paper , which was discussed by the board on 20 May , summarised the recent experiences in Greece , St Kitts and Nevis , Belize , and Jamaica . An explanatory interview with Deputy Director Hugh Bredenkamp was published a few days later , as was a deconstruction by Matina Stevis of the Wall Street Journal . In the October 2013 Fiscal Monitor publication , the IMF suggested that a capital levy capable of reducing Euro - area government debt ratios to `` end - 2007 levels '' would require a very high tax rate of about 10 % . The Fiscal Affairs department of the IMF , headed at the time by Acting Director Sanjeev Gupta , produced a January 2014 report entitled `` Fiscal Policy and Income Inequality '' that stated that `` Some taxes levied on wealth , especially on immovable property , are also an option for economies seeking more progressive taxation ... Property taxes are equitable and efficient , but underutilized in many economies ... There is considerable scope to exploit this tax more fully , both as a revenue source and as a redistributive instrument . '' At the end of March 2014 , the IMF secured an $18 billion bailout fund for the provisional government of Ukraine in the aftermath of the 2014 Ukrainian revolution . Member countries ( edit ) IMF member states IMF member states not accepting the obligations of Article VIII , Sections 2 , 3 , and 4 Not all member countries of the IMF are sovereign states , and therefore not all `` member countries '' of the IMF are members of the United Nations . Amidst `` member countries '' of the IMF that are not member states of the UN are non-sovereign areas with special jurisdictions that are officially under the sovereignty of full UN member states , such as Aruba , Curaçao , Hong Kong , and Macau , as well as Kosovo . The corporate members appoint ex-officio voting members , who are listed below . All members of the IMF are also International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD ) members and vice versa . Former members are Cuba ( which left in 1964 ) , and the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , which was ejected from the UN in 1980 after losing the support of then United States President Jimmy Carter and was replaced by the People 's Republic of China . However , `` Taiwan Province of China '' is still listed in the official IMF indices . Apart from Cuba , the other UN states that do not belong to the IMF are Andorra , Liechtenstein , Monaco and North Korea . The former Czechoslovakia was expelled in 1954 for `` failing to provide required data '' and was readmitted in 1990 , after the Velvet Revolution . Poland withdrew in 1950 -- allegedly pressured by the Soviet Union -- but returned in 1986 . Qualifications ( edit ) Any country may apply to be a part of the IMF . Post-IMF formation , in the early postwar period , rules for IMF membership were left relatively loose . Members needed to make periodic membership payments towards their quota , to refrain from currency restrictions unless granted IMF permission , to abide by the Code of Conduct in the IMF Articles of Agreement , and to provide national economic information . However , stricter rules were imposed on governments that applied to the IMF for funding . The countries that joined the IMF between 1945 and 1971 agreed to keep their exchange rates secured at rates that could be adjusted only to correct a `` fundamental disequilibrium '' in the balance of payments , and only with the IMF 's agreement . Some members have a very difficult relationship with the IMF and even when they are still members they do not allow themselves to be monitored. ( source ? ) Benefits ( edit ) Member countries of the IMF have access to information on the economic policies of all member countries , the opportunity to influence other members ' economic policies , technical assistance in banking , fiscal affairs , and exchange matters , financial support in times of payment difficulties , and increased opportunities for trade and investment . Leadership ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Board of Governors ( edit ) The Board of Governors consists of one governor and one alternate governor for each member country . Each member country appoints its two governors . The Board normally meets once a year and is responsible for electing or appointing executive directors to the Executive Board . While the Board of Governors is officially responsible for approving quota increases , Special Drawing Right allocations , the admittance of new members , compulsory withdrawal of members , and amendments to the Articles of Agreement and By - Laws , in practice it has delegated most of its powers to the IMF 's Executive Board . The Board of Governors is advised by the International Monetary and Financial Committee and the Development Committee . The International Monetary and Financial Committee has 24 members and monitors developments in global liquidity and the transfer of resources to developing countries . The Development Committee has 25 members and advises on critical development issues and on financial resources required to promote economic development in developing countries . They also advise on trade and environmental issues . Executive Board ( edit ) 24 Executive Directors make up Executive Board . The Executive Directors represent all 189 member countries in a geographically based roster . Countries with large economies have their own Executive Director , but most countries are grouped in constituencies representing four or more countries . Following the 2008 Amendment on Voice and Participation which came into effect in March 2011 , eight countries each appoint an Executive Director : the United States , Japan , China , Germany , France , the United Kingdom , Russia , and Saudi Arabia . The remaining 16 Directors represent constituencies consisting of 4 to 22 countries . The Executive Director representing the largest constituency of 22 countries accounts for 1.55 % of the vote . This Board usually meets several times each week . The Board membership and constituency is scheduled for periodic review every eight years . List of Executive Directors of the IMF , as of January 2017 Country Region Number of Member ( s ) Represented Director Country with Most Votes Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Sunil Sabharwal Zimbabwe Japan Japan Masaaki Kaizuka Japan Senegal Africa 2 23 Daouda Sembene Democratic Republic of the Congo Belgium Benelux and Eastern Europe 15 Anthony De Lannoy Netherlands Germany Germany Steffen Meyer Germany Mexico Spain & Central America 8 Carlos Hurtado Spain Malaysia Southeast Asia 13 Marzunisham Omar Indonesia Italy Mediterranean Europe 6 Carlo Cottarelli Italy France France Herve de Villeroche France United Kingdom United Kingdom Stephen Field United Kingdom Korea Far East 16 Heenam Choi Korea Canada North Atlantic & Caribbean 12 Nancy Gail Horsman Canada Sweden Northern Europe 8 Thomas Ostros Sweden Czech Republic Central Europe 8 Ibrahim Canakci Turkey Brazil Northern South America 11 Alexandre Tombini Brazil India Indian subcontinent Subir Gokarn India Malawi Africa 1 23 Maxwell M. Mkwezalamba South Africa Egypt North Africa & Middle East 13 Hazem Beblawi Elbeblawi United Arab Emirates Poland Switzerland , Poland & Near East 8 Miroslaw Jan Panek Switzerland Russia Russia Aleksei V. Mozhin Russia Iran Iran & Middle East 7 Jafar Mojarrad Iran Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Hesham Fahad Alogeel Saudi Arabia Senegal Africa 2 23 Daouda Sembene Democratic Republic of the Congo Argentina Southern South America 6 Jorge Angel Estrella Argentina Managing Director ( edit ) The IMF is led by a managing director , who is head of the staff and serves as Chairman of the Executive Board . The managing director is assisted by a First Deputy managing director and three other Deputy Managing Directors . Historically the IMF 's managing director has been European and the president of the World Bank has been from the United States . However , this standard is increasingly being questioned and competition for these two posts may soon open up to include other qualified candidates from any part of the world . In 2011 the world 's largest developing countries , the BRIC nations , issued a statement declaring that the tradition of appointing a European as managing director undermined the legitimacy of the IMF and called for the appointment to be merit - based . List of managing Directors ( edit ) Nr Dates Name Country of origin Background 6 May 1946 -- 5 May 1951 Camille Gutt Belgium Politician , Minister of Finance 3 August 1951 -- 3 October 1956 Ivar Rooth Sweden Law , Central Banker 21 November 1956 -- 5 May 1963 Per Jacobsson Sweden Law , Economics , League of Nations , BIS 1 September 1963 -- 31 August 1973 Pierre - Paul Schweitzer France Law , Central Banker , Civil servant 5 1 September 1973 -- 18 June 1978 Johan Witteveen Netherlands Economics , academic , author , politician , Minister of Finance , Deputy Prime Minister , CPB 6 18 June 1978 -- 15 January 1987 Jacques de Larosière France Civil Servant 7 16 January 1987 -- 14 February 2000 Michel Camdessus France Economics , Central Banker 8 1 May 2000 -- 4 March 2004 Horst Köhler Germany Economics , EBRD 9 7 June 2004 -- 31 October 2007 Rodrigo Rato Spain Law , MBA , politician , Minister of the Economy 10 1 November 2007 -- 18 May 2011 Dominique Strauss - Kahn France Economics , Law , politician , Minister of the Economy and Finance 11 5 July 2011 -- present Christine Lagarde France Law , politician , Minister of Finance On 28 June 2011 , Christine Lagarde was named managing director of the IMF , replacing Dominique Strauss - Kahn . Previous managing director Dominique Strauss - Kahn was arrested in connection with charges of sexually assaulting a New York hotel room attendant and resigned on 18 May . The charges were later dropped . On 28 June 2011 Christine Lagarde was confirmed as managing director of the IMF for a five - year term starting on 5 July 2011 . In 2012 , Lagarde was paid a tax - exempt salary of US $467,940 , and this is automatically increased every year according to inflation . In addition , the director receives an allowance of US $83,760 and additional expenses for entertainment . Voting power ( edit ) Voting power in the IMF is based on a quota system . Each member has a number of basic votes ( each member 's number of basic votes equals 5.502 % of the total votes ) , plus one additional vote for each Special Drawing Right ( SDR ) of 100,000 of a member country 's quota . The Special Drawing Right is the unit of account of the IMF and represents a claim to currency . It is based on a basket of key international currencies . The basic votes generate a slight bias in favour of small countries , but the additional votes determined by SDR outweigh this bias . Changes in the voting shares require approval by a supermajority of 85 % of voting power . The table below shows quota and voting shares for IMF members Rank IMF Member country Quota : millions of SDRs Quota : percentage of the total Governor Alternative Number of votes Percentage out of total votes United States 82,994.2 17.68 Steven Mnuchin Jerome Powell 831,396 16.73 Japan 30,820.5 6.56 Taro Aso Haruhiko Kuroda 309,659 6.23 China 30,482.9 6.49 Zhou Xiaochuan Gang Yi 306,283 6.16 Germany 26,634.4 5.67 Jens Weidmann Wolfgang Schäuble 267,798 5.39 5 France 20,155.1 4.29 Bruno Le Maire François Villeroy de Galhau 203,005 4.09 6 United Kingdom 20,155.1 4.29 Philip Hammond Mark Carney 203,005 4.09 7 Italy 15,070.0 3.21 Pier Carlo Padoan Ignazio Visco 152,154 3.06 8 India 13,114.4 2.79 Piyush Goyal Urjit Patel 132,598 2.67 9 Russia 12,903.7 2.75 Anton Siluanov Elvira S. Nabiullina 130,491 2.63 10 Brazil 11,042.0 2.35 Henrique Meirelles Ilan Goldfajn 111,874 2.25 11 Canada 11,023.9 2.35 Bill Morneau Stephen Poloz 111,693 2.25 12 Saudi Arabia 9,992.6 2.13 Ibrahim A. Al - Assaf Fahad Almubarak 101,380 2.04 13 Spain 9,535.5 2.03 Luis de Guindos Luis M. Linde 96,809 1.95 14 Mexico 8,912.7 1.90 Luis Videgaray Agustín Carstens 90,581 1.82 15 Netherlands 8,736.5 1.86 Klaas Knot Hans Vijlbrief 88,819 1.79 16 South Korea 8,582.7 1.83 Dong - yeon Kim Juyeol Lee 87,281 1.76 17 Australia 6,572.4 1.40 Scott Morrison John Fraser 67,178 1.35 18 Belgium 6,410.7 1.37 Jan Smets Marc Monbaliu 65,561 1.32 19 Switzerland 5,771.1 1.23 Thomas Jordan Eveline Widmer - Schlumpf 59,165 1.19 20 Indonesia 4,648.4 0.99 Agus D.W. Martowardojo Mahendra Siregar 47,938 0.96 In December 2015 , the United States Congress adopted a legislation authorising the 2010 Quota and Governance Reforms . As a result , all 188 members ' quotas will increase from a total of about SDR 238.5 billion to about SDR 477 billion , while the quota shares and voting power of the IMF 's poorest member countries will be protected . more than 6 percent of quota shares will shift to dynamic emerging market and developing countries and also from over-represented to under - represented members . four emerging market countries ( Brazil , China , India , and Russia ) will be among the ten largest members of the IMF . Other top 10 members are the United States , Japan , Germany , France , the United Kingdom and Italy . Effects of the quota system ( edit ) The IMF 's quota system was created to raise funds for loans . Each IMF member country is assigned a quota , or contribution , that reflects the country 's relative size in the global economy . Each member 's quota also determines its relative voting power . Thus , financial contributions from member governments are linked to voting power in the organisation . This system follows the logic of a shareholder - controlled organisation : wealthy countries have more say in the making and revision of rules . Since decision making at the IMF reflects each member 's relative economic position in the world , wealthier countries that provide more money to the IMF have more influence than poorer members that contribute less ; nonetheless , the IMF focuses on redistribution . Inflexibility of voting power ( edit ) Quotas are normally reviewed every five years and can be increased when deemed necessary by the Board of Governors . IMF voting shares are relatively inflexible : countries that grow economically have tended to become under - represented as their voting power lags behind . Currently , reforming the representation of developing countries within the IMF has been suggested . These countries ' economies represent a large portion of the global economic system but this is not reflected in the IMF 's decision making process through the nature of the quota system . Joseph Stiglitz argues , `` There is a need to provide more effective voice and representation for developing countries , which now represent a much larger portion of world economic activity since 1944 , when the IMF was created . '' In 2008 , a number of quota reforms were passed including shifting 6 % of quota shares to dynamic emerging markets and developing countries . Overcoming borrower / creditor divide ( edit ) The IMF 's membership is divided along income lines : certain countries provide the financial resources while others use these resources . Both developed country `` creditors '' and developing country `` borrowers '' are members of the IMF . The developed countries provide the financial resources but rarely enter into IMF loan agreements ; they are the creditors . Conversely , the developing countries use the lending services but contribute little to the pool of money available to lend because their quotas are smaller ; they are the borrowers . Thus , tension is created around governance issues because these two groups , creditors and borrowers , have fundamentally different interests . The criticism is that the system of voting power distribution through a quota system institutionalises borrower subordination and creditor dominance . The resulting division of the IMF 's membership into borrowers and non-borrowers has increased the controversy around conditionality because the borrowers are interested in increasing loan access while creditors want to maintain reassurance that the loans will be repaid . Use ( edit ) A recent source revealed that the average overall use of IMF credit per decade increased , in real terms , by 21 % between the 1970s and 1980s , and increased again by just over 22 % from the 1980s to the 1991 -- 2005 period . Another study has suggested that since 1950 the continent of Africa alone has received $300 billion from the IMF , the World Bank , and affiliate institutions . A study by Bumba Mukherjee found that developing democratic countries benefit more from IMF programs than developing autocratic countries because policy - making , and the process of deciding where loaned money is used , is more transparent within a democracy . One study done by Randall Stone found that although earlier studies found little impact of IMF programs on balance of payments , more recent studies using more sophisticated methods and larger samples `` usually found IMF programs improved the balance of payments '' . Exceptional access Framework -- Sovereign debt ( edit ) The Exceptional Access Framework was created in 2003 when John B. Taylor was Under Secretary of the US Treasury for International Affairs . The new Framework became fully operational in February 2003 and it was applied in the subsequent decisions on Argentina and Brazil . Its purpose was to place some sensible rules and limits on the way the IMF makes loans to support governments with debt problem -- especially in emerging markets -- and thereby move away from the bailout mentality of the 1990s . Such a reform was essential for ending the crisis atmosphere that then existed in emerging markets . The reform was closely related to , and put in place nearly simultaneously with , the actions of several emerging market countries to place collective action clauses in their bond contracts . In 2010 , the framework was abandoned so the IMF could make loans to Greece in an unsustainable and political situation . The topic of sovereign debt restructuring was taken up by IMF staff in April 2013 for the first time since 2005 , in a report entitled `` Sovereign Debt Restructuring : Recent Developments and Implications for the Fund 's Legal and Policy Framework '' . The paper , which was discussed by the board on 20 May , summarised the recent experiences in Greece , St Kitts and Nevis , Belize and Jamaica . An explanatory interview with Deputy Director Hugh Bredenkamp was published a few days later , as was a deconstruction by Matina Stevis of the Wall Street Journal . The staff was directed to formulate an updated policy , which was accomplished on 22 May 2014 with a report entitled `` The Fund 's Lending Framework and Sovereign Debt : Preliminary Considerations '' , and taken up by the Executive Board on 13 June . The staff proposed that `` in circumstances where a ( Sovereign ) member has lost market access and debt is considered sustainable ... the IMF would be able to provide Exceptional Access on the basis of a debt operation that involves an extension of maturities '' , which was labelled a `` reprofiling operation '' . These reprofiling operations would `` generally be less costly to the debtor and creditors -- and thus to the system overall -- relative to either an upfront debt reduction operation or a bail - out that is followed by debt reduction ... ( and ) would be envisaged only when both ( a ) a member has lost market access and ( b ) debt is assessed to be sustainable , but not with high probability ... Creditors will only agree if they understand that such an amendment is necessary to avoid a worse outcome : namely , a default and / or an operation involving debt reduction ... Collective action clauses , which now exist in most -- but not all -- bonds , would be relied upon to address collective action problems . '' IMF and Globalization ( edit ) Globalization encompasses three institutions : global financial markets and transnational companies , national governments linked to each other in economic and military alliances led by the United States , and rising `` global governments '' such as World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , IMF , and World Bank . Charles Derber argues in his book People Before Profit , `` These interacting institutions create a new global power system where sovereignty is globalized , taking power and constitutional authority away from nations and giving it to global markets and international bodies '' . Titus Alexander argues that this system institutionalises global inequality between western countries and the Majority World in a form of global apartheid , in which the IMF is a key pillar . The establishment of globalised economic institutions has been both a symptom of and a stimulus for globalisation . The development of the World Bank , the IMF regional development banks such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( EBRD ) , and multilateral trade institutions such as the WTO signals a move away from the dominance of the state as the exclusive unit of analysis in international affairs . Globalization has thus been transformative in terms of a reconceptualising of state sovereignty . Following United States President Bill Clinton 's administration 's aggressive financial deregulation campaign in the 1990s , globalisation leaders overturned longstanding restrictions by governments that limited foreign ownership of their banks , deregulated currency exchange , and eliminated restrictions on how quickly money could be withdrawn by foreign investors . Fund report in May 2015 , the world 's governments indirectly subsidise fossil fuel companies with $5.3 tn ( £ 3.4 tn ) a year . Most this is due to polluters not paying the costs imposed on governments by the burning of coal , oil and gas : air pollution , health problems , the floods , droughts and storms driven by climate change . Criticisms ( edit ) Overseas Development Institute ( ODI ) research undertaken in 1980 included criticisms of the IMF which support the analysis that it is a pillar of what activist Titus Alexander calls global apartheid . Developed countries were seen to have a more dominant role and control over less developed countries ( LDCs ) . Secondly , the Fund worked on the incorrect assumption that all payments disequilibria were caused domestically . The Group of 24 ( G - 24 ) , on behalf of LDC members , and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) complained that the IMF did not distinguish sufficiently between disequilibria with predominantly external as opposed to internal causes . This criticism was voiced in the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis . Then LDCs found themselves with payments deficits due to adverse changes in their terms of trade , with the Fund prescribing stabilisation programmes similar to those suggested for deficits caused by government over-spending . Faced with long - term , externally generated disequilibria , the G - 24 argued for more time for LDCs to adjust their economies . Some IMF policies may be anti-developmental ; the report said that deflationary effects of IMF programmes quickly led to losses of output and employment in economies where incomes were low and unemployment was high . Moreover , the burden of the deflation is disproportionately borne by the poor . Lastly is the suggestion that the IMF 's policies lack a clear economic rationale . Its policy foundations were theoretical and unclear because of differing opinions and departmental rivalries whilst dealing with countries with widely varying economic circumstances . ODI conclusions were that the IMF 's very nature of promoting market - oriented approaches attracted unavoidable criticism . On the other hand , the IMF could serve as a scapegoat while allowing governments to blame international bankers . The ODI conceded that the IMF was insensitive to political aspirations of LDCs , while its policy conditions were inflexible . Argentina , which had been considered by the IMF to be a model country in its compliance to policy proposals by the Bretton Woods institutions , experienced a catastrophic economic crisis in 2001 , which some believe to have been caused by IMF - induced budget restrictions -- which undercut the government 's ability to sustain national infrastructure even in crucial areas such as health , education , and security -- and privatisation of strategically vital national resources . Others attribute the crisis to Argentina 's misdesigned fiscal federalism , which caused subnational spending to increase rapidly . The crisis added to widespread hatred of this institution in Argentina and other South American countries , with many blaming the IMF for the region 's economic problems . The current -- as of early 2006 -- trend toward moderate left - wing governments in the region and a growing concern with the development of a regional economic policy largely independent of big business pressures has been ascribed to this crisis . In 2006 , a senior ActionAid policy analyst Akanksha Marphatia stated that IMF policies in Africa undermine any possibility of meeting the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) due to imposed restrictions that prevent spending on important sectors , such as education and health . In an interview ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) , the former Romanian Prime Minister Călin Popescu - Tăriceanu claimed that `` Since 2005 , IMF is constantly making mistakes when it appreciates the country 's economic performances '' . Former Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere , who claimed that debt - ridden African states were ceding sovereignty to the IMF and the World Bank , famously asked , `` Who elected the IMF to be the ministry of finance for every country in the world ? '' Former chief economist of IMF and former Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) Governor Raghuram Rajan who predicted Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 criticised IMF for remaining a sideline player to the Developed world . He criticised IMF for praising the monetary policies of the US , which he believed were wreaking havoc in emerging markets . He had been critical of the ultra-loose money policies of the Western nations and IMF . Conditionality ( edit ) The IMF has been criticised for being `` out of touch '' with local economic conditions , cultures , and environments in the countries they are requiring policy reform . The economic advice the IMF gives might not always take into consideration the difference between what spending means on paper and how it is felt by citizens . Jeffrey Sachs argues that the IMF 's `` usual prescription is ' budgetary belt tightening to countries who are much too poor to own belts ' '' . Sachs wrote that the IMF 's role as a generalist institution specialising in macroeconomic issues needs reform . Conditionality has also been criticised because a country can pledge collateral of `` acceptable assets '' to obtain waivers -- if one assumes that all countries are able to provide `` acceptable collateral '' . One view is that conditionality undermines domestic political institutions . The recipient governments are sacrificing policy autonomy in exchange for funds , which can lead to public resentment of the local leadership for accepting and enforcing the IMF conditions . Political instability can result from more leadership turnover as political leaders are replaced in electoral backlashes . IMF conditions are often criticised for reducing government services , thus increasing unemployment . Another criticism is that IMF programs are only designed to address poor governance , excessive government spending , excessive government intervention in markets , and too much state ownership . This assumes that this narrow range of issues represents the only possible problems ; everything is standardised and differing contexts are ignored . A country may also be compelled to accept conditions it would not normally accept had they not been in a financial crisis in need of assistance . On top of that , regardless of what methodologies and data sets used , it comes to same conclusion of exacerbating income inequality . With Gini coefficient , it became clear that countries with IMF programs face increased income inequality . It is claimed that conditionalities retard social stability and hence inhibit the stated goals of the IMF , while Structural Adjustment Programs lead to an increase in poverty in recipient countries . The IMF sometimes advocates `` austerity programmes '' , cutting public spending and increasing taxes even when the economy is weak , to bring budgets closer to a balance , thus reducing budget deficits . Countries are often advised to lower their corporate tax rate . In Globalization and Its Discontents , Joseph E. Stiglitz , former chief economist and senior vice-president at the World Bank , criticises these policies . He argues that by converting to a more monetarist approach , the purpose of the fund is no longer valid , as it was designed to provide funds for countries to carry out Keynesian reflations , and that the IMF `` was not participating in a conspiracy , but it was reflecting the interests and ideology of the Western financial community '' . International politics play an important role in IMF decision making . The clout of member states is roughly proportional to its contribution to IMF finances . The United States has the greatest number of votes and therefore wields the most influence . Domestic politics often come into play , with politicians in developing countries using conditionality to gain leverage over the opposition to influence policy . Reform ( edit ) Function and policies ( edit ) The IMF is only one of many international organisations , and it is a generalist institution that deals only with macroeconomic issues ; its core areas of concern in developing countries are very narrow . One proposed reform is a movement towards close partnership with other specialist agencies such as UNICEF , the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) , and the United Nations Development Program ( UNDP ) . Jeffrey Sachs argues in The End of Poverty that the IMF and the World Bank have `` the brightest economists and the lead in advising poor countries on how to break out of poverty , but the problem is development economics '' . Development economics needs the reform , not the IMF . He also notes that IMF loan conditions should be paired with other reforms -- e.g. , trade reform in developed nations , debt cancellation , and increased financial assistance for investments in basic infrastructure . IMF loan conditions can not stand alone and produce change ; they need to be partnered with other reforms or other conditions as applicable . US influence and voting reform ( edit ) The scholarly consensus is that IMF decision - making is not simply technocratic , but also guided by political and economic concerns . The United States is the IMF 's most powerful member , and its influence reaches even into decision - making concerning individual loan agreements . The United States has historically been openly opposed to losing what Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew described in 2015 as its `` leadership role '' at the IMF , and the United States ' `` ability to shape international norms and practices '' . Reforms to give more powers to emerging economies were agreed by the G20 in 2010 . The reforms could not pass , however , until they were ratified by the US Congress , since 85 % of the Fund 's voting power was required for the reforms to take effect , and the Americans held more than 16 % of voting power at the time . After repeated criticism , the United States finally ratified the voting reforms at the end of 2015 . The OECD countries maintained their overwhelming majority of voting share , and the United States in particular retained its share at over 16 % . Support of dictatorships ( edit ) The role of the Bretton Woods institutions has been controversial since the late Cold War , because of claims that the IMF policy makers supported military dictatorships friendly to American and European corporations , but also other Anti-communist and Communist regimes ( such as Mobutu 's Zaire and Ceaușescu 's Romania , respectively ) . Critics also claim that the IMF is generally apathetic or hostile to human rights , and labour rights . The controversy has helped spark the anti-globalization movement . An example of IMF 's support for a dictatorship was its ongoing support for Mobutu 's rule in Zaire , although its own envoy , Erwin Blumenthal , provided a sobering report about the entrenched corruption and embezzlement and the inability of the country to pay back any loans . Arguments in favour of the IMF say that economic stability is a precursor to democracy ; however , critics highlight various examples in which democratised countries fell after receiving IMF loans . A 2017 study found no evidence IMF lending programs undermined democracy in borrowing countries . To the contrary , it found `` evidence for modest but definitively positive conditional differences in the democracy scores of participating and non-participating countries . '' Impact on access to food ( edit ) A number of civil society organisations have criticised the IMF 's policies for their impact on access to food , particularly in developing countries . In October 2008 , former United States president Bill Clinton delivered a speech to the United Nations on World Food Day , criticising the World Bank and IMF for their policies on food and agriculture : We need the World Bank , the IMF , all the big foundations , and all the governments to admit that , for 30 years , we all blew it , including me when I was president . We were wrong to believe that food was like some other product in international trade , and we all have to go back to a more responsible and sustainable form of agriculture . -- Former U.S. president Bill Clinton , Speech at United Nations World Food Day , October 16 , 2008 Impact on public health ( edit ) A 2009 study concluded that the strict conditions resulted in thousands of deaths in Eastern Europe by tuberculosis as public health care had to be weakened . In the 21 countries to which the IMF had given loans , tuberculosis deaths rose by 16.6 % . In 2009 , a book by Rick Rowden titled The Deadly Ideas of Neoliberalism : How the IMF has Undermined Public Health and the Fight Against AIDS , claimed that the IMF 's monetarist approach towards prioritising price stability ( low inflation ) and fiscal restraint ( low budget deficits ) was unnecessarily restrictive and has prevented developing countries from scaling up long - term investment in public health infrastructure . The book claimed the consequences have been chronically underfunded public health systems , leading to demoralising working conditions that have fuelled a `` brain drain '' of medical personnel , all of which has undermined public health and the fight against HIV / AIDS in developing countries . In 2016 , the IMF 's research department published a report titled `` Neoliberalism : Oversold ? '' which , while praising some aspects of the `` neoliberal agenda , '' claims that the organisation has been `` overselling '' fiscal austerity policies and financial deregulation , which they claim has exacerbated both financial crises and economic inequality around the world . Impact on environment ( edit ) IMF policies have been repeatedly criticised for making it difficult for indebted countries to say no to environmentally harmful projects that nevertheless generate revenues such as oil , coal , and forest - destroying lumber and agriculture projects . Ecuador , for example , had to defy IMF advice repeatedly to pursue the protection of its rainforests , though paradoxically this need was cited in the IMF argument to provide support to Ecuador . The IMF acknowledged this paradox in the 2010 report that proposed the IMF Green Fund , a mechanism to issue special drawing rights directly to pay for climate harm prevention and potentially other ecological protection as pursued generally by other environmental finance . While the response to these moves was generally positive possibly because ecological protection and energy and infrastructure transformation are more politically neutral than pressures to change social policy . Some experts voiced concern that the IMF was not representative , and that the IMF proposals to generate only US $200 billion a year by 2020 with the SDRs as seed funds , did not go far enough to undo the general incentive to pursue destructive projects inherent in the world commodity trading and banking systems -- criticisms often levelled at the World Trade Organization and large global banking institutions . In the context of the European debt crisis , some observers noted that Spain and California , two troubled economies within Europe and the United States , and also Germany , the primary and politically most fragile supporter of a euro currency bailout would benefit from IMF recognition of their leadership in green technology , and directly from Green Fund -- generated demand for their exports , which could also improve their credit ratings . Scandals ( edit ) Both Lagarde and her two predecessors Strauss - Kahn and Rato have been investigated by the authorities and have either faced trial or are scheduled to go on trial for a variety of offences . Lagarde had been accused of giving preferential treatment to businessman - turned - politician Bernard Tapie as he pursued a legal challenge against the French government . At the time , Lagarde was the French economic minister . Within hours of her conviction , in which she escaped any punishment , the fund 's 24 - member executive board put to rest any speculation that she might have to resign , praising her `` outstanding leadership '' and the `` wide respect '' she commands around the world . Alternatives ( edit ) In March 2011 the Ministers of Economy and Finance of the African Union proposed to establish an African Monetary Fund . At the 6th BRICS summit in July 2014 the BRICS nations ( Brazil , Russia , India , China , and South Africa ) announced the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement ( CRA ) with an initial size of US $100 billion , a framework to provide liquidity through currency swaps in response to actual or potential short - term balance - of - payments pressures . In 2014 , the China - led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank was established . In the media ( edit ) Life and Debt , a documentary film , deals with the IMF 's policies ' influence on Jamaica and its economy from a critical point of view . Debtocracy , a 2011 independent Greek documentary film , also criticises the IMF . Portuguese musician José Mário Branco 's 1982 album FMI is inspired by the IMF 's intervention in Portugal through monitored stabilisation programs in 1977 -- 78 . In the 2015 film , Our Brand Is Crisis , the IMF is mentioned as a point of political contention . See also ( edit ) African Monetary Fund Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank BRICS Development Bank Bank for International Settlements Conditionality Globalization Group of Thirty Group of Ten ( economic ) General Arrangements to Borrow International Financial Institution Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Special drawing rights Smithsonian Agreement Structural Adjustment Program Washington Consensus World Bank World Bank residual model Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) a . ^ There is no worldwide consensus on the status of the Republic of Kosovo : it is recognised as independent by 110 countries , while others consider it an autonomous province of Serbia . See : International recognition of Kosovo . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About the IMF '' . IMF . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Boughton 2001 , p. 7 n. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet : The IMF and the World Bank '' . IMF . 21 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About the IMF Overview '' . www.imf.org . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Broughton , James ( 2002 ) . `` IMF working paper '' ( PDF ) . imf.org . ^ Jump up to : Lipscy 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The IMF at a Glance '' . www.imf.org . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Schlefer , Jonathan . `` There is No Invisible Hand '' . Harvard Business Review . Harvard Business Review . Jump up ^ Escobar , Arturo. 1980 . Power and Visibility : Development and the Invention and Management of the Third World . Cultural Anthropology 3 ( 4 ) : 428 -- 443 . Jump up ^ `` imf.org : `` Articles of Agreement , International Monetary Fund '' ( 2011 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund -- 2016 Edition '' . Jump up ^ `` About the IMF '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Isard , Peter ( 2005 ) . Globalization and the International Financial System : What 's Wrong and What Can be Done . New York : Cambridge University Press . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Nathan ( April 2004 ) . `` Crisis , Conditions , and Capital : The Effect of the IMF on Direct Foreign Investment '' . Journal of Conflict Resolution . 48 ( 48 ) : 194 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022002703262860 . ^ Jump up to : Chorev , Nistan ; Sarah Babb ( 2009 ) . `` The crisis of neoliberalism and the future of international institutions : a comparison of the IMF and the WTO '' . Theory and Society . 38 : 459 -- 484 . doi : 10.1007 / s11186 - 009 - 9093 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Nathan ( April 2004 ) . `` Crisis , Conditions , and Capital : The Effect of the IMF on Foreign Direct Foreign Investment '' . Journal of Conflict Resolution . 48 ( 48 ) : 194 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022002703262860 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Stanley ( March 2003 ) . `` Financial Crises and Reform of the International Financial System '' . Review of World Economics . Springer Publications . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet : IMF Lending '' . About the IMF . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bossone , Biagio . `` IMF Surveillance : A Case Study on IMF Governance '' ( PDF ) . Independent Office of the International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet : IMF Surveillance '' . About the IMF . International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : Macao SAR Begins Participation in the IMF 's General Data Dissemination System '' . Jump up ^ Guimaraes , Bernardo ; Iazdi , Oz ( 2015 ) . `` liquidity provision '' . International Tax and Public Finance . 22 : 705 -- 722 . doi : 10.1007 / s10797 - 014 - 9329 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Buira , Ariel ( August 2003 ) . `` An Analysis of IMF Conditionality '' . G - 24 Discussion Papers . United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( 22 ) . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet : IMF Conditionality '' . About the IMF . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Khan , Mohsin S. ; Sunil Sharm ( 24 September 2001 ) . `` IMF Conditionality and Country Ownership of Programs '' ( PDF ) . IMF Institute . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Nathan ( 2004 ) . `` Crisis , Conditions , and Capital : The Effect of the International Monetary Fund on Foreign Direct Investment '' . Journal of Conflict Resolution . 48 ( 2 ) : 194 -- 210 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022002703262860 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cooperation and Reconstruction ( 1944 -- 71 ) '' . About the IMF . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IMF History and Structural Adjustment Conditions '' . UC Atlas of Global Inequality . Economic Crises . Archived from the original on 22 April 2012 . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Somanath , V.S. ( 1 February 2011 ) . International Financial Management . p. 79 . ISBN 9789381141076 . ^ Jump up to : De Vries , Margaret G ( 1986 ) . The IMF in a Changing World : 1945 -- 85 . pp. 66 -- 68 . ISBN 9781455280964 . Jump up ^ Kenwood , George ; Lougheed , Alan ( 1 June 2002 ) . Growth of the International Economy 1820 -- 2000 : An Introductory Text . p. 269 . ISBN 9780203199350 . Jump up ^ Fund , International Monetary ( 2002 ) . Imf Survey No. 13 2002 . International Monetary Fund . ISBN 9781455231577 . Jump up ^ Reinhart , Carmen M. ; Trebesch , Christoph ( 2016 ) . `` The International Monetary Fund : 70 Years of Reinvention '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 30 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 28 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 30.1. 3 . ISSN 0895 - 3309 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : IMF Executive Board Approves € 30 Billion Stand - By Arrangement for Greece '' . ^ Jump up to : thepressproject.net : `` IMF leak : European banks had committed to maintain exposure in Greek bonds after first bailout -- but did n't '' 3 Feb 2014 Archived 19 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` '' Quarterly Report to Congress on International Monetary Fund Lending : 1st Qtr 2012 `` '' ( PDF ) . www.treasury.gov . Jump up ^ País , Ediciones El ( 1 February 2014 ) . `` Berlín y París incumplen con Grecia '' . Jump up ^ IMF 's biggest borrowers , Al Jazeera ( 17 Jan 2012 ) Jump up ^ Ehrenfreund , Max ( 27 March 2013 ) . `` Cypriot banks to reopen amid criticism of bailout '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Cyprus disaster shines light on global tax haven industry no '' . MSNBC. 26 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Jan Strupczewski ; Annika Breidthardt ( 25 March 2013 ) . `` Last - minute Cyprus deal to close bank , force losses '' . Reuters . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eurogroup signs off on bailout agreement reached by Cyprus and troika '' . Ekathimerini . Greece . 25 March 2013 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` imf.org : `` SOVEREIGN DEBT RESTRUCTURING -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUND 'S LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK '' 26 Apr 2013 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Public Information Notice : IMF Executive Board Discusses Sovereign Debt Restructuring -- Recent Developments and Implications for the Fund 's Legal and Policy Framework '' . ^ Jump up to : imf.org : `` GLOBAL WORK AGENDA IMF Launches Discussion of Sovereign Debt Restructuring '' IMF Survey online , 23 May 2013 ^ Jump up to : Stevis , Matina ( 24 May 2013 ) . `` IMF Searches Soul , Blames Europe '' . Jump up ^ `` Fiscal Monitor : `` Taxing Times '' Oct 2013 , p. 49 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` IMF : `` Fiscal Affairs and Income Inequality '' 23 Jan 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Ukraine to get $15 bn as Russia hit by downgrades '' . Jump up ^ `` Windfall for hedge funds and Russian banks as IMF rescues Ukraine '' . Jump up ^ Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund , Article VIII -- General Obligations of Members Section 2 : Avoidance of restrictions on current payments ; Section 3 : Avoidance of discriminatory currency practices ; Section 4 : Convertibility of foreign - held balances . Jump up ^ `` IMF -- Country Information '' . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Kosovo is now officially a member of the IMF and the World Bank '' . The Kosovo Times . 29 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 2 July 2009 . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Kosovo signed the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( the World Bank ) on behalf of Kosovo at the State Department in Washington . Jump up ^ `` Kosovo Becomes the International Monetary Fund 's 186th Member '' ( Press release ) . International Monetary Fund . 29 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil calls for Cuba to be allowed into IMF '' . Caribbean Net News . 27 April 2009 . Retrieved 7 May 2009 . Cuba was a member of the IMF until 1964 , when it left under revolutionary leader Fidel Castro following his confrontation with the United States . Jump up ^ Andrews , Nick ; Bob Davis ( 7 May 2009 ) . `` Kosovo Wins Acceptance to IMF '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 7 May 2009 . Taiwan was booted out of the IMF in 1980 when China was admitted , and it has n't applied to return since . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Outlook Database for April 2012 -- Country information '' . Imf.org. 17 April 2012 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` II The IMF and the Transition from Central Planning '' ( PDF ) . International Monetary Fund . p. 255 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What is the IMF ? '' . Telegraph . 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Obligations and Benefits of IMF Membership '' . Money Matters : An IMF Exhibit -- The Importance of Global Cooperation . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Governance Structure '' . About the IMF : Governance . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Factsheet : Guide to Committees , Groups , and Clubs '' . About the IMF . International Monetary Fund . ^ Jump up to : `` IMF Executive Directors and Voting Power '' . Member Quotas Shares , Governors , and Voting Power . International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : The IMF 's 2008 Quota and Voice Reforms Take Effect '' . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : IMF Board of Governors Approves Major Quota and Governance Reforms '' . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : IMF Executive Board Approves Major Overhaul of Quotas and Governance '' . ^ Jump up to : Harding , Robin ( 24 May 2011 ) . `` Brics say European IMF claim ' obsolete ' '' . The Financial Times . Retrieved 17 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Woods 2003 , pp. 92 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Mallaby , Sebastian ( 9 June 2011 ) . `` Can the BRICs Take the IMF ? '' . Foreign Affairs . Jump up ^ `` IMF Managing Director Dominique Strauss - Kahn Resigns '' . Press Release No. 11 / 187 . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IMF Executive Board Selects Christine Lagarde as Managing Director '' . Press Release . IMF . 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` France 's Lagarde elected new IMF chief '' . Reuters. 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Anger over Christine Lagarde 's tax - free salary '' . 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Membership '' . About the IMF . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Blomberg & Broz 2006 . Jump up ^ `` IMF Members ' Quotas and Voting Power , and IMF Board of Governors '' . Jump up ^ IMF IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde Welcomes U.S. Congressional Approval of the 2010 Quota and Governance Reforms , Press release No. 15 / 573 , 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Stiglitz and Members of a UN Commission on Financial Experts , Joseph E. ( 2010 ) . The Stiglitz Report : Reforming the International Monetary and Financial Systems in the Wake of the Global Crisis . New York : The New Press . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet : IMF Quotas '' . About the IMF . The International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ Kafka , Alejandre . `` Some IMF Problems after the Committee of Twenty '' . International Financial Policy : Essays in honour of Jaques J. Polack . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Mukherjee , Bumba ( 2008 ) . `` International Economic Organizations and Economic Development '' . SAIS Review of International Affairs . 28 ( 2 ) : 123 -- 137 . doi : 10.1353 / sais. 0.0013 . Jump up ^ inf.org : `` INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND -- Review of Exceptional Access Policy '' , 23 March 2004 Jump up ^ Taylor , John ( 26 March 2014 ) . `` Why the IMF 's Exceptional Access Framework is So Important '' . Jump up ^ `` WSJ '' -- via online.wsj.com . ^ Jump up to : `` THE FUND 'S LENDING FRAMEWORK AND SOVEREIGN DEBT -- PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS '' 22 May 2014 ( also bears date June 2014 ; team of 20 led by Reza Bakir and supervised by Olivier Blanchard , Sean Hagan , Hugh Bredenkamp , and Peter Dattels ) ^ Jump up to : Derber , Charles ( 2002 ) . People Before Profit . New York : Picador . Jump up ^ Alexander , Titus ( 1996 ) . Unravelling Global Apartheid : an overview of world politics . Polity press . pp. 127 -- 133 . Jump up ^ McCorquodale , Robert ; Richard Fairbrother ( August 1999 ) . `` Globalization and Human Rights '' . Human Rights Quarterly . 21 ( 3 ) : 735 -- 766 . doi : 10.1353 / hrq. 1999.0041 . Jump up ^ Fossil fuels subsidised by $10 ma minute , says IMF The Guardian 18 May 2015 Jump up ^ Alexander , Titus ( 1996 ) . Unravelling Global Apartheid : an overview of world politics . Polity press . p. 133 . Jump up ^ `` The IMF and the Third World '' . ODI briefing paper . Overseas Development Institute . Archived from the original on 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Memoria del Saqueo , Fernando Ezequiel Solanas , documentary film , 2003 ( Language : Spanish ; Subtitles : English ) YouTube.com Jump up ^ `` Economic debacle in Argentina : The IMF strikes again '' . Twnside.org.sg . Archived from the original on 3 March 2010 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Stephen Webb , `` Argentina : Hardening the Provincial Budget Constraint '' , in Rodden , Eskeland , and Litvack ( eds . ) , Fiscal Decentralization and the Challenge of Hard Budget Constraints ( Cambridge , Mass. : MIT Press , 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Profit Solution Review by Toshko Raychev -- SCI Trading '' . Archived from the original on 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tăriceanu : FMI a făcut constant greşeli de apreciere a economiei româneşti -- Mediafax '' . Mediafax.ro . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Godfrey Mwakikagile ( 2006 ) . Africa is in a Mess : What Went Wrong and what Should be Done . Godfrey Mwakikagile , New Africa Press . pp. 27 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9802534 - 7 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Reflections on Leadership in Africa -- Forty Years After Independence '' ( PDF ) . houseofknowledge.org.uk . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RBI Guv Raghuram Rajan blasts IMF for being soft on easy money policies of West '' . 19 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Choudhury , Suvashree . `` RBI chief Rajan urges IMF to act against ' extreme ' policies '' . Jump up ^ `` RBI 's Raghuram Rajan urges IMF to act against ' extreme ' policies '' . ^ Jump up to : Sachs , Jeffrey ( 2005 ) . The End of Poverty . New York : The Penguin Press . Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph E. ( 2006 ) . Making Globalization Work . Great Britain : Allen Lane : an imprint of the Penguin Group . Jump up ^ Garuda , Gopal ( 1998 ) . The distributional effects of IMF program . Cambridge : The Harvard university . Jump up ^ Hertz , Noreena . The Debt Threat . New York : Harper Collins Publishers , 2004 . Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph . Globalization and its Discontents . New York : WW Norton & Company , 2002 . Jump up ^ More by Benjamin M. Friedman ( 15 August 2002 ) . `` Globalization : Stiglitz 's Case '' . Nybooks.com . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Vreeland , James ( 2007 ) . The International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) : Politics of Conditional Lending . UK : Taylor & Francis Books UK . Jump up ^ Breen 2013 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Oatley & Yackee 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Donnan , Shawn ; Dyer , Geoff ( 17 March 2015 ) . `` US warns of loss of influence over China bank '' . ft.com . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Weisman ( 25 March 2014 ) . `` Senate Democrats Drop I.M.F. Reforms From Ukraine Aid '' . New York Times . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Britain urges U.S. Congress to stop blocking IMF reform '' . Yahoo . Reuters. 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Krista ( 9 April 2014 ) . `` Australia treasurer ' disappointed ' at U.S. impasse on IMF reform '' . Reuters . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Acceptances of the Proposed Amendment of the Articles of Agreement on Reform of the Executive Board and Consents to 2010 Quota Increase '' . imf.org . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IMF Members ' Quotas and Voting Power , and IMF Board of Governors '' . imf.org . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WSJ '' -- via online.wsj.com . Jump up ^ Mayeda , Andrew ( 12 May 2015 ) . `` Obama Seeks to Keep IMF Veto as China Influence Is Expanded '' . bloomberg.com . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde Welcomes U.S. Congressional Approval of the 2010 Quota and Governance Reforms '' . imf.org. 18 December 2015 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Weisbrot , Mark ; Johnston , Jake ( 2016 ) . `` Voting Share Reform at the IMF : Will it Make a Difference ? '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Center for Economic and Policy Research . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ David van Reybrouck . Congo : The Epic History of a People . HarperCollins , 2012 . p. 374ff . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 220011 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` World Bank -- IMF support to dictatorships '' . Committee for the Abolition of the Third World Debt . Retrieved 21 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Stephen C. ; Wallace , Geoffrey P.R. ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Are IMF lending programs good or bad for democracy ? '' . The Review of International Organizations . 12 ( 4 ) : 523 -- 558 . doi : 10.1007 / s11558 - 016 - 9250 - 3 . ISSN 1559 - 7431 . Jump up ^ Oxfam , Death on the Doorstep of the Summit Archived 7 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , August 2002 . Jump up ^ Bill Clinton , `` Speech : United Nations World Food Day '' Archived 5 June 2011 at Archive.is , October 13 , 2008 Jump up ^ International Monetary Fund Programs and Tuberculosis Outcomes in Post-Communist Countries Archived 20 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . PLoS Medicine . The study has not been independently verified , nor have the authors published parts of their supporting data . Retrieved 29 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Rowden , Rick ( 2009 ) . The Deadly Ideas of Neoliberalismh : How the IMF has Undermined Public Health and the Fight Against AIDS . Zed Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84813 - 284 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rowden , Rick ( 6 July 2016 ) . `` The IMF Confronts Its N - Word '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Globalization 's True Believers Are Having Second Thoughts . Time . 3 June 2016 Jump up ^ IMF : The last generation of economic policies may have been a complete failure . Business Insider . May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Financing the Response to Climate Change , Staff Position Note 10 / 06 , March 25 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Robert , Adam ( 25 March 2010 ) . `` Finance : IMF Proposes 100 - Billion - Dollar Climate Fund -- Global Issues '' . Globalissues.org . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tapie affair : Background to case '' . 22 July 2016 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Petroff , Alanna ( 19 December 2016 ) . `` Christine Lagarde , IMF chief , guilty of negligence '' . Jump up ^ `` IMF Bets on Lagarde as Trump Aims to Upend World Order '' . 20 December 2016 -- via www.bloomberg.com . Jump up ^ `` AU discussions on African Monetary Fund '' . TradeMark Southern Africa . 16 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sixth BRICS Summit -- Fortaleza Declaration '' . VI BRICS Summit. 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Sources ( edit ) Lipscy , Phillip ( 2015 ) . `` Explaining Institutional Change : Policy Areas , Outside Options , and the BrettonWoods Institutions '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Political Science . 59 ( 2 ) : 341 -- 356 . doi : 10.1111 / ajps. 12130 . Blomberg , Brock ; Broz , J. Lawrence ( 17 November 2006 ) . The Political Economy of IMF Voting Power ( PDF ) . 2006 International Political Economy Society Meeting ( IPES ) . Niehaus Center for Globalization & Governance , Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs . Boughton , James M. ( 2001 ) . Silent Revolution : The International Monetary Fund 1979 -- 1989 . Washington , DC : International Monetary Fund . ISBN 978 - 1 - 557 - 75971 - 9 . -- -- -- ( 2012 ) . Tearing Down Walls : The International Monetary Fund , 1990 -- 1999 . Washington , DC : IMF . ISBN 978 - 1 - 616 - 35084 - 0 . Breen , Michael ( 2013 ) . The Politics of IMF Lending . International Political Economy Series . Basingstoke and New York , NY : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 26380 - 3 . Broz , J. Lawrence ; Hawes Brewster , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` US domestic politics and International Monetary Fund policy '' ( PDF ) . In Darren G. Hawkins et al. ( eds . ) , Delegation and Agency in International Organizations , pp. 77 -- 106 . Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions . Cambridge and New York , NY : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86209 - 7 . Oatley , Thomas ; Yackee , Jason ( 2004 ) . `` American Interests and IMF Lending '' ( PDF ) . International Politics . 41 ( 3 ) : 415 -- 429 . doi : 10.1057 / palgrave. ip. 8800085 . Vreeland , James Raymond ( 2007 ) . The International Monetary Fund : Politics of Conditional Lending . Abingdon and New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 37462 - 0 . Woods , Ngaire ( 2003 ) . `` The United States and the International Financial Institutions : Power and Influence Within the World Bank and the IMF '' . In Rosemary Foot , S. Neil MacFarlane , and Michael Mastanduno , eds. , US Hegemony and International Organizations , pp. 92 -- 114 . Oxford and New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 199 - 26142 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Bordo , M.D. `` The Bretton Woods International Monetary System : A Historical Overview '' , in A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System , edited by M.D. Bordo and B. Eichengreen . London : 1993 . deVries , Margaret Garritsen . The IMF in a Changing World , 1945 -- 85 , International Monetary Fund , 1986 . James , H. International Monetary Cooperation since Bretton Woods , Oxford , 1996 . Joicey , N. and Pickford , S . `` The International Monetary Fund and Global Economic Cooperation '' in Nicholas Bayne and Stephen Woolcock , The New Economic Diplomacy : Decision - Making and Negotiation in International Relations , ( Ashgate Publishing , 2011 ) . Keynes , J.M. The Collected Writings , Vol . XXVI . Activities 1941 -- 1946 : Shaping the Post-War World : Bretton Woods and Reparations , Cambridge , 1980 . Moschella , M. Governing Risk : The IMF and Global Financial Crises ( Palgrave Macmillan ; 2010 ) . Skidelsky , R. John Maynard Keynes : Fighting for Britain , London , 2000 . Truman , E. Strengthening IMF Surveillance : A Comprehensive Proposal , Policy Brief 10 -- 29 , Peterson Institute for International Economics , 2010 . Woods , N. The Globalizers : The IMF , the World Bank , and Their Borrowers , Ithaca , 2006 External links ( edit ) IMF International Monetary Fund . Official website IMF Publications page World Economic Outlook -- quarterly staff periodical recurrent Regional Economic Reports -- published annually biennial Global Financial Stability Report Staff Discussion Notes -- publication as and when desired Fiscal Monitor publication as and when desired Finance and Development -- quarterly academic journal International Monetary Fund at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) IFIWatchNet ( Web resource for analysis and commentary critical of the IMF and similar institutions ) `` IMF - Supported Macroeconomic Policies and the World Recession : A Look at Forty - One Borrowing Countries '' , from the Center for Economic and Policy Research , October 2009 `` Proceedings and Documents of the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference , Bretton Woods , New Hampshire , July 1 -- 22 , 1944 '' `` IMF 's Effect on Third World Countries '' from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives `` IMF and Ukraine found a compromise '' International trade Terminology Absolute advantage Balance of payments Balance of trade Capital account Comparative advantage Current account Export - oriented industrialization Fair trade Foreign exchange reserves Globalization Import substitution industrialization Net capital outflow Outsourcing Tariff Trade justice Trade war Trading nation Organizations and policies International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development World Bank Group World Trade Organization ( WTO ) International Trade Centre Bilateral investment treaty Economic integration Free - trade zone Special economic zone Trade agreement Trade barrier Trade bloc Political economy Free trade ( Adam Smith , The Wealth of Nations , Repeal of the Corn Laws ) Mercantilism Protectionism ( Economic nationalism , Autarky ) Regional organizations ACU ASEAN CACM CAN CARICOM CEMAC CUBKR EAC EAU EU GCC Mercosur RCEP SAARC SACU WAEMU Exports by product Aircraft & Spacecraft Aircraft parts Aluminium Cars Car parts Coal Coffee Computers Copper Corn Cotton Diamonds Electricity Engines Gas turbines Gold Integrated circuits Iron ore Natural gas Oil Petrol Pharmaceuticals Ships Steel Telecommunications equipment Telephones Trucks Wheat Wine Category Commons Central banks Global Bank for International Settlements Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Financial Stability Board Policies Capital requirement Contractionary monetary policy Expansionary monetary policy Basel II Basel III Basel 4 Implementation Capital control Discount rate Interest rates Money creation Open market operation Sovereign wealth fund Bretton Woods system International Monetary Fund World Bank Group International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes International Development Association International Finance Corporation Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Lists List of central banks Central banks and currencies of Africa Central banks and currencies of Asia - Pacific Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean Central banks and currencies of Europe Central banks and currencies of Central America and South America International organizations Intergovernmental organizations Non-cultural IGOs International Criminal Court International Monetary Fund International Seabed Authority Inter-Parliamentary Union Interpol New Development Bank Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons United Nations World Bank Group World Trade Organization Cultural IGOs Commonwealth of Nations Community of Portuguese Language Countries Organisation internationale de la Francophonie United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. Mohammed , Deputy Secretary - General Miroslav Lajčák , General Assembly President United Nations System United Nations Charter Preamble Principal organs General Assembly President Security Council Members Economic and Social Council Secretariat Secretary - General Deputy Secretary - General Under - Secretary - General International Court of Justice statute Trusteeship Council Secretariat Offices and Departments Headquarters Envoy on Youth Spokesperson for the Secretary - General Geneva Palace of Nations Nairobi Vienna Economic and Social Affairs Political Affairs Public Information Dag Hammarskjöld Library Safety and Security Palestinian Rights Peacekeeping Operations Internal Oversight Legal Affairs Developing Countries Sport for Development and Peace Disarmament Affairs Outer Space Affairs Partnerships Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UN organizations by location United Nations Office for Developing Countries Sexual Violence in Conflict Programmes and specialized agencies FAO ICAO IFAD ILO IMO ITC IPCC IAEA MINURSO UNIDO ITU UNAIDS SCSL UNCTAD UNCITRAL UNCDF UNDG UNDP UNDPI UNDPKO peacekeeping UNEP OzonAction UNEP / GRID - Arendal UNEP - WCMC UNESCO UNFIP UNFPA UN-HABITAT OHCHR UNHCR UNHRC UNICEF UNICRI UNIDIR UNITAR UN-Oceans UNODC UNOPS UNOSAT UNRISD UNRWA UNSSC UNU UNU - OP UNU - CRIS UNV UN Women UNWTO UPU WFP WHO WIPO WMO Members / observers Full members Founding members UNSC Permanent members Observers European Union History League of Nations Four Policemen Declaration by United Nations Peacekeeping missions history timeline Enlargement Resolutions Security Council vetoes General Assembly 66th 67th Security Council Cyprus Iran Iraq Israel Lebanon Nagorno - Karabakh North Korea Palestine Syria Western Sahara Elections Secretary - General ( 2006 2016 ) International Court of Justice 2011 General Assembly President ( 2012 2016 ) Security Council ( 2015 2016 ) Related Bretton Woods system Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Criticism Delivering as One Flag Honour Flag Four Nations Initiative Genocide Convention UN Global Compact ICC International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World International Years UN laissez - passer Military Staff Committee Official languages Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Peacekeeping Treaty Series UN Day Universal Declaration of Human Rights Millennium Declaration Summit Development Goals Security Council veto power UN reform Security Council reform UN Art Collection UN Memorial Cemetery Korea Other Outline UN television film series ( 1964 -- 1966 ) In popular culture Economics Economic theory Political economy Applied economics Econometrics Microeconomics Aggregation problem Budget set Consumer choice Convexity Cost Average Marginal Opportunity Social Sunk Transaction Cost -- benefit analysis Deadweight loss Distribution Economies of scale Economies of scope Elasticity Equilibrium General Externality Firm Game theory Indifference curve Intertemporal choice Market failure Market structure Monopolistic competition Monopoly Bilateral Monopsony Oligopoly Oligopsony Perfect competition Non-convexity Operations research Pareto efficiency Preference Production set Profit Public good Returns to scale Risk aversion Scarcity Shortage Surplus Social choice Supply and demand Trade Value Uncertainty Utility Expected Marginal Publications Macroeconomics Adaptive expectations Aggregate demand Balance of payments Business cycle Capacity utilization Capital flight Central bank Consumer confidence Currency Demand shock Depression Great DSGE Effective demand General Theory of Keynes Growth Hyperinflation Indicators Inflation Interest Interest rate Investment IS -- LM model Microfoundations Monetary policy Money NAIRU National accounts PPP Rate of profit Rational expectations Recession Rent Saving Shrinkflation Stagflation Supply shock Unemployment Publications Applied fields Agricultural Business Demographic Development Economic history Education Engineering Environmental Financial Health Industrial organization International Knowledge Labour Law and economics Monetary Natural resource Economic policy Public economics Public choice Service Socioeconomics Economic sociology Economic statistics Transportation Urban Welfare Methodology Computational economics Econometrics Economic systems Experimental economics Mathematical economics Methodological publications Schools of economic thought Ancient economic thought Anarchist Mutualism Austrian Behavioral Buddhist Chicago Classical Ecological Evolutionary Feminist Georgism Heterodox Historical Institutional Keynesian Neo New Post Mainstream Malthusianism Marxian Neo Mercantilism Neoclassical Lausanne Marginalism New classical New institutional Physiocracy Socialist Stockholm Supply - side Thermoeconomics Notable economists and thinkers within economics Kenneth Arrow Gary Becker Francis Ysidro Edgeworth Milton Friedman Ragnar Frisch Friedrich Hayek Harold Hotelling John Maynard Keynes Tjalling Koopmans Paul Krugman Robert Lucas Jr . Jacob Marschak Alfred Marshall Karl Marx John von Neumann Vilfredo Pareto David Ricardo Paul Samuelson Joseph Schumpeter Amartya Sen Herbert A. Simon Adam Smith Robert Solow Léon Walras more International organizations Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation Economic Cooperation Organization European Free Trade Association International Monetary Fund Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development World Bank World Trade Organization Category Index Lists Outline Publications Business and economics portal BNE : XX138883 BNF : cb118842198 ( data ) GND : 1013082 - 2 ISNI : 0000 0001 2295 783X LCCN : n81052755 NARA : 10640338 NDL : 00288626 NKC : kn20010710543 NLA : 35232399 SELIBR : 119884 SUDOC : 028535219 VIAF : 147860995 Economy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&oldid=843421776 '' Categories : International Monetary Fund International finance institutions United Nations specialized agencies Global policy organizations International development organizations United Nations Development Group United Nations Economic and Social Council Organizations established in 1945 Organizations based in Washington , D.C. 1945 in economics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using web citations with no URL Webarchive template archiveis links EngvarB from April 2017 Use dmy dates from April 2017 Coordinates not on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2004 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2015 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 111 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 01 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the purpose of the international monetary fund	[ "The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of \"189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.\"[1] Formed in 1945 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes,[5] it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system. It now plays a central role in the management of balance of payments difficulties and international financial crises.[6] Countries contribute funds to a pool through a quota system from which countries experiencing balance of payments problems can borrow money. As of 2016[update], the fund had SDR477 billion (about $666 billion).[7]" ]	[ "to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world" ]
5565529375651286628	Shoppers Drug Mart	Shoppers Drug Mart - wikipedia Shoppers Drug Mart Jump to : navigation , search For the Washington , DC area grocery chain , see Shoppers Food & Pharmacy . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Shoppers Drug Mart Corporation Type Subsidiary Industry Drugstore , Retail Founded 1962 Founder Murray Koffler Headquarters Toronto , Ontario , Canada Key people Mike Motz ( President ) Products Drugs , Health Parent Loblaw Companies ( 2014 -- present ) Subsidiaries Murale Website www.shoppersdrugmart.ca Footnotes / references Number of Shoppers Drug Mart and Pharmaprix stores : 1,307 Number of Home Health Care stores : 56 Pharmaprix store Shoppers Drug Mart Corporation is a Canadian retail pharmacy chain based in Toronto , Ontario . It has more than 1,253 stores operating under the names Shoppers Drug Mart in nine provinces and two territories and Pharmaprix in Quebec . Founded by Murray Koffler , the Koffler family still retains ownership of the Super-Pharm pharmacy which is in Israel , Poland , and China . Super-Pharm uses the same logo as Shoppers Drug Mart , created by the artist Sylvain Liu . It also uses some of the same private - label brands , such as Life Brand and Quo . In 2013 , Brampton - based Loblaw Companies acquired Shoppers Drug Mart Corporation for $12.4 billion in cash and stock . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 Acquisition by Loblaw Companies 3 Shoppers Optimum 4 Advertising 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) A Shoppers Drug Mart store in Sussex , New Brunswick A Shoppers Drug Mart location on Goreway , Malton , Mississauga , Ontario , Canada ) ) In addition to its retail formats , the company owns and operates several specialty services . This includes 56 Shoppers Home Health Care stores , which sell and service assisted - living devices , home - care products , and mobility and medical equipment ; Shoppers Drug Mart Specialty Health Network , a provider of specialty drug distribution , pharmacy and comprehensive patient support services , and ; MediSystem Technologies Inc. , a provider of pharmaceutical products and clinical services to long - term care facilities and retirement communities . Many locations offer prescription delivery free of charge , employing a fleet of corporate owned vehicles . Shoppers Drug Mart is an independent operating division of Loblaw Companies Limited . History ( edit ) A Shoppers Drug Mart in Markham . A Shoppers Drug Mart location on Dupont Street in Toronto , Ontario . A Shoppers Drug Mart location on Goreway Drive in , ( Westwood Square Mall ) Malton , Ontario . Shoppers Drug Mart in a historic building in downtown Toronto . At the age of twenty , Murray Koffler inherited two Koffler 's Drugs pharmacies in suburban Toronto ( one in the Don Mills Centre shopping mall ) . By 1962 , Koffler 's had grown to a chain of 17 pharmacies , which he renamed `` Shoppers Drug Mart '' in the 1970s . The first store named `` Shoppers Drug Mart '' was at Shoppers World Danforth from which it derived the name . Koffler revamped the concept of the 20th century `` drug store '' in Canada by removing the soda fountain and emphasizing the dispensary , requiring his pharmacists to wear starched white coats as a symbol of their professionalism . In the mid-1950s , he began acquiring other drug stores and organized them around a then - novel franchising concept : pharmacist `` associates '' would own and operate their own stores within the system and share in the profits . In 1968 , Shoppers Drug Mart grew to 52 stores in Ontario by merging with 33 Plaza Drugstores . In 1971 , Shoppers Drug Mart purchased 87 Cunningham Drug Stores in British Columbia and Alberta . The first Pharmaprix store opened in 1972 in Québec . In 1974 , Lord 's Supervalue Pharmacies 26 stores in Atlantic Canada joined the Shoppers Drug Mart family . In 1986 Shoppers Drug Mart bought Super X Drugstores , an Ontario - area chain of 72 stores . In 1992 , the company bought up the Western Canadian chain Pinder 's Drugs , and followed this in 1995 with a chain of 24 Bi-Rite Drug Stores based in western Canada . Also in 1995 , Shoppers Drug Mart acquired 135 Big V Drugstores . In 1996 , the first Shoppers Home Health Care store opened . When Koffler retired in 1986 , he sold the chain to Imasco . That same year , David Bloom , a former Shoppers Drug Mart pharmacist , was appointed Chief Executive Officer of the Company . Bloom would lead the organization until retiring in 2001 , having devoted a total of 35 years of service to the Company . During David Bloom 's tenure , Shoppers doubled its number of stores , quadrupled its sales and increased profit ten-fold . David Bloom also launched the Shoppers Optimum loyalty program in 2000 which quickly became the largest and most successful loyalty program in Canada . The Optimum program currently boasts over 10 million members in Canada . In 2000 , after Imperial Tobacco had been taken over by BAT Industries ( formerly British American Tobacco ) , Shoppers was sold to a consortium of institutional investors including Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co . ( KKR ) , Bain Capital , Inc. , DLJ Merchant Banking Partners , Charlesbank Capital Partners , Ontario Teachers ' Pension Plan , CIBC Capital Partners , and Shoppers Drug Mart 's senior management and pharmacist / owners . In 2001 , Glenn Murphy was appointed Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Company . In November of that same year , Shoppers Drug Mart Corporation was publicly listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange . In 2002 , Shoppers Drug Mart introduced its first large format stores , with more space , a sleek and modern look , and a stronger focus on cosmetic products . Typically the cosmetics section faces the entrance , with the pharmacy counter at the back and a convenience food section , called Food Essentials , near the front cash . In most suburban areas , this new format takes the form of new or relocated store , typically stand - alone `` big - box '' locations as opposed to smaller mall or strip - mall locations . In 2003 , Shoppers Drug Mart introduced its first beautyBOUTIQUE , setting a new standard for the industry with its open - sell display and unbiased approach to customer service in prestige cosmetic retailing . Today , there are 364 beautyBOUTIQUES across the country . On April 26 , 2007 , the 1000th Shoppers Drug Mart store opened in Toronto , Ontario . In recent years , the chain has been moving to decrease its reliance on pharmaceutical sales and increase sales of what it calls `` front of store '' items , such as food and cosmetics . The store claims that in 2012 , it increased its market share in food and that 51 % of purchases now come from non-pharmaceutical items . Acquisition by Loblaw Companies ( edit ) On July 15 , 2013 , Loblaw Companies announced that it would acquire Shoppers Drug Mart for $12.4 billion , pending shareholder and regulatory approval . The deal was approved by the Competition Bureau on March 21 , 2014 , and completed March 28 , 2014 . As a result of the merger , the chain began to develop synergies with Loblaw 's grocery stores . Most prominently , Shopper 's Drug Mart locations began to stock products from Loblaw 's President 's Choice store brand ; likewise , Loblaw stores could now stock Shoppers ' Life brand products . Shoppers Optimum ( edit ) Shoppers Optimum is a loyalty card program that is exclusive to Shoppers Drug Mart / Pharmaprix stores . Members collect Shoppers Optimum points that may be redeemed on purchases within the store . Shoppers Optimum members receive 10 points for every dollar spent at the store . This excludes the purchase of lottery , tobacco products , transit tickets and passes , prescription items , any products containing codeine , Canada Post products , and gift cards ( except Shoppers gift cards ) . Events for bonus point collecting and / or redemption ( e.g. 20x the points , bonus redemption ) are regularly held . With Loblaw buying Shoppers Drug Mart , there are no planned changes to Shoppers Optimum in favour of PC Plus and PC Points . Advertising ( edit ) `` You 're Gonna Be Happy . '' -- Early - mid 1980s `` Everything you Want in a Drugstore '' -- 1980s and the early - 1990s `` Take Care of Yourself '' -- 2000 to 2002 `` Your Life Store '' -- 2002 to present ( French variant : Vive la vie ! , i.e. `` Long live life ! '' ) , to go with its own featured `` Life '' trade brand . `` Gifts Made Easy '' -- holiday campaign , 2006 to present References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://murale.ca/Murale Jump up ^ `` Contact Us . '' Shoppers Drug Mart . Retrieved on December 7 , 2012 . `` Head Office Location : 243 Consumers Rd Toronto , ON M2J 4W8 '' Jump up ^ http://corporate.shoppersdrugmart.ca/en-ca/about-us/our-company Jump up ^ `` Shoppers Drug Mart opens its 1,000 th drug store in Canada '' . Shoppers Drug Mart Corporation . April 26 , 2007 . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.canadiangrocer.com/top-stories/shoppers-drug-mart-to-build-closer-ties-between-food-and-pharma-20130 Jump up ^ `` Loblaw to buy Shoppers Drug Mart for $12.4 B '' . CBC News . 2013 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Loblaw Companies Limited Obtains Approval from Competition Bureau and Sets Closing Date for Acquisition of Shoppers Drug Mart Corporation '' . 21 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Loblaw begins integration of Shoppers Drug Mart '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Terms and Conditions '' . Shoppers Drug Mart . Collection of Shoppers Optimum Points > # 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Loblaw to buy Shoppers Drug Mart for $12.4 B '' . Toronto Star . July 15 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shoppers Drug Mart . Shoppers Drug Mart Pharmaprix beautyBOUTIQUE Murale Shoppers Photo Shoppers HomeHealthCare ( hide ) George Weston Limited Corporate Directors A. Charles Baillie Robert Dart Peter Eby Phillip Farmer Anne Fraser R. Donald Fullerton Anthony Graham Mark Hoffman Allan Leighton John Makinson Robert Prichard Wendy Rebanks Galen Weston Galen Weston Jr . President 's Choice brands President 's Choice Financial PC Mobile PC Plus Food or drink brands Arnie 's Bagels Brownberry Country Harvest Exact George Weston Bakeries ( Canada only ) Interbake Foods No Name Wonder Bread ( Canada only ) * Loblaw Companies stores Atlantic Cash & Carry Atlantic Superstore Dominion Extra Foods Fortinos Freshmart Loblaws Maxi No Frills Provigo Real Canadian Superstore Shoppers Drug Mart SuperValu T & T Supermarket Valu - mart Wholesale Club Your Independent Grocer Zehrs Markets Property Maple Leaf Gardens ( Loblaws at Maple Leaf Gardens ) Weston Centre ( Toronto ) Defunct National Supermarkets SaveEasy * Rights to these brands in the United States are owned by different companies . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shoppers_Drug_Mart&oldid=806842401 '' Categories : Canadian pharmacy brands Companies based in North York Retail companies established in 1962 Private equity portfolio companies Kohlberg Kravis Roberts companies Loblaw Companies Companies formerly listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2008 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 14 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the owner of shoppers drug mart	[ "Founded by Murray Koffler, the Koffler family still retains ownership of the Super-Pharm pharmacy which is in Israel, Poland, and China. Super-Pharm uses the same logo as Shoppers Drug Mart, created by the artist Sylvain Liu. It also uses some of the same private-label brands, such as Life Brand and Quo. In 2013, Brampton-based Loblaw Companies acquired Shoppers Drug Mart Corporation for $12.4 billion in cash and stock." ]	[ "Loblaw Companies" ]
-5150682260477954633	Field goal percentage	Field goal percentage - Wikipedia Field goal percentage Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Field goal percentage in basketball is the ratio of field goals made to field goals attempted . Its abbreviation is FG % . Although three - point field goal percentage is often calculated separately , three - point field goals are included in the general field goal percentage . Instead of using scales of 0 to 100 % , the scale . 000 to 1.000 is commonly used . A higher field goal percentage denotes higher efficiency . In basketball , a FG % of . 500 ( 50 % ) or above is considered a good percentage , although this criterion does not apply equally to all positions . Guards usually have lower FG % than forwards and centers . Field goal percentage does not completely tell the skill of a player , but a low field goal percentage can indicate a poor offensive player or a player who takes many difficult shots . In the NBA , Center Shaquille O'Neal has a high career FG % ( around . 580 ) because he plays near the basket making many high percentage layups and slam dunks . Guard Allen Iverson often had a low FG % ( around . 420 ) because he took the bulk of his team 's shot attempts , even with high difficulty shots . The NBA career record for field goal percentage is held by DeAndre Jordan at 0.677 . The highest field goal percentage for a single season was set by Wilt Chamberlain with 0.727 in the 1972 -- 73 season . Field goal percentages were substantially lower in the NBA until the mid-to - late 1960s . For this reason , many early NBA stars have low field goal percentages , such as Bob Cousy at . 375 , and George Mikan , Bob Pettit , and Bill Russell , whose career field goal percentages of . 404 , . 436 , and . 440 , respectively , are much lower than later post players . Three - point field goal percentage is usually kept as additional statistics . Its abbreviation is 3FG % . A 3FG % of . 400 and above is a very good percentage . See also ( edit ) 50 -- 40 -- 90 club , an exclusive group of players with one criterion being shooting at least 50 percent of field goals List of National Basketball Association top individual field goal percentage seasons References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/leaders/fg_pct_yearly.html Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/awards/hof.html This basketball - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_goal_percentage&oldid=835787200 '' Categories : Basketball terminology Basketball statistics Percentages Basketball stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 19 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is a good basketball field goal percentage	[ "Field goal percentage in basketball is the ratio of field goals made to field goals attempted. Its abbreviation is FG%. Although three-point field goal percentage is often calculated separately, three-point field goals are included in the general field goal percentage. Instead of using scales of 0 to 100%, the scale .000 to 1.000 is commonly used. A higher field goal percentage denotes higher efficiency. In basketball, a FG% of .500 (50%) or above is considered a good percentage, although this criterion does not apply equally to all positions. Guards usually have lower FG% than forwards and centers. Field goal percentage does not completely tell the skill of a player, but a low field goal percentage can indicate a poor offensive player or a player who takes many difficult shots. In the NBA, Center Shaquille O'Neal has a high career FG% (around .580) because he plays near the basket making many high percentage layups and slam dunks. Guard Allen Iverson often had a low FG% (around .420) because he took the bulk of his team's shot attempts, even with high difficulty shots." ]	[ ".500 (50%) or above" ]
-2179805703279422178	The Winds of Winter	The Winds of Winter - wikipedia The Winds of Winter This article is about the novel . For the episode of the television series , see The Winds of Winter ( Game of Thrones ) . The Winds of Winter Author George R.R. Martin Country United States Language English Series A Song of Ice and Fire Genre Fantasy Publisher Bantam Spectra / US Voyager Books / UK Preceded by A Dance with Dragons Followed by A Dream of Spring The Winds of Winter is the planned sixth novel in the epic fantasy series A Song of Ice and Fire by George R.R. Martin . Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be books of 1,500 + manuscript pages each . They will take readers farther north than any of the previous books , and the Others will appear in The Winds of Winter . Martin has refrained from making hard estimates for the final release date of the novel . In April 2018 , Martin revealed that the book would not be published in 2018 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Viewpoint characters 3 Background and publication 3.1 Chapters 3.2 Publication date 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The Winds of Winter will take readers farther north than any of the previous books , and the Others will appear in the book . The previous installment , A Dance with Dragons , covered less story than Martin intended , excluding at least one planned large battle sequence and leaving several character threads ending in cliffhangers . Martin intends to resolve these storylines `` very early '' in The Winds of Winter , saying `` I 'm going to open with the two big battles that I was building up to , the battle in the ice and the battle at Meereen -- the battle of Slaver 's Bay . And then take it from there . '' A Victarion Greyjoy chapter will begin five minutes after the end of A Dance with Dragons , taking place on the eve of the Iron Born 's arrival in Slaver 's Bay . Arianne Martell sample chapters that Martin released on his website showed her heading for Griffin 's Roost to see the young man who is calling himself Aegon . At Guadalajara International Book Fair 2016 , Martin gave some clues about the dark nature of The Winds of Winter : ... `` I 've been telling you for 20 years that winter was coming . Winter is the time when things die , and cold and ice and darkness fill the world , so this is not going to be the happy feel - good that people may be hoping for . Some of the characters ( are ) in very dark places ... Things get worse before they get better , so things are getting worse for a lot of people . '' Viewpoint characters ( edit ) Martin has confirmed that the following characters have point - of - view chapters in The Winds of Winter : Sansa Stark : One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010 , and one sample chapter titled Alayne appeared on Martin 's website in April 2015 . Arya Stark : One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010 , and one sample chapter titled Mercy appeared on Martin 's website in March 2014 . Arianne Martell : Two chapters were removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010 . One sample chapter appeared on Martin 's website in January 2013 , and was read at Harbour Front Literaturfestival in June 2015 . Martin read from both chapters at MystiCon in February 2016 . In May 2016 , Martin replaced the sample Sansa Stark chapter titled Alayne on his website from 2015 with the first Arianne Martell chapter he has read from at MystiCon . Aeron Greyjoy : One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in July 2010 . A chapter titled The Forsaken was read in May 2016 at Balticon . It was written in , or before , 2011 but there was no confirmation that this was the chapter removed from A Dance with Dragons . Theon Greyjoy : One sample chapter appeared on Martin 's website in December 2011 . It also appears as a teaser chapter at the end of the UK paperback edition of A Dance with Dragons ( part two ) . Victarion Greyjoy : Portions of one chapter were first read at TIFF Bell Lightbox in March 2012 . Tyrion Lannister : One chapter was read at Eastercon in April 2012 , and another one at Worldcon in August 2013 , the second of which was later published in the official iOS app on March 20 , 2014 . Barristan Selmy : One chapter was released as a teaser at the end of the 2013 U.S. paperback edition of A Dance with Dragons . In 2013 Martin read from a second chapter at Boskone . Martin confirmed that there are no new viewpoint characters intended for The Winds of Winter . Martin confirmed that Areo Hotah and Melisandre will return as viewpoints but did not state which novel their chapters will appear in , and that Bran Stark will appear in the novel , but did not elaborate if as a viewpoint . In addition , he teased at the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con that Jeyne Westerling , Robb Stark 's widow , will appear in the prologue chapter , but did not reveal who will be the POV character . Background and publication ( edit ) Chapters ( edit ) The Winds of Winter was originally intended , in the very early stages of the series , to be the final installment of A Song of Ice and Fire ( then conceived as a trilogy ) . Following his expansion of the series , Martin eventually concluded it would be succeeded by one final novel , A Dream of Spring . By June 2010 , Martin had finished four chapters for The Winds of Winter from the viewpoints of Sansa Stark , Arya Stark , and Arianne Martell . In July 2010 , he added an Aeron Greyjoy chapter that had been moved from A Dance with Dragons to The Winds of Winter , accumulating around 100 completed manuscript pages . Following the publication of A Dance with Dragons in the summer of 2011 , Martin announced his return to writing the series in January 2012 , having spent the intervening time on his U.S. and overseas book publicity tours and attending various conventions . He continued to work , with his two co-authors Elio Garcia and Linda Antonsson , on the illustrated series companion guide The World of Ice & Fire concordance and Westeros history , which at one time he wanted to have completed by the end of 2011 . He also worked on a Westeros story , the fourth Tales of Dunk and Egg novella . In December 2011 , Martin posted a Theon Greyjoy viewpoint chapter from The Winds of Winter ; he also announced that another sample chapter would be included at the end of the North American paperback version of A Dance with Dragons , which was originally expected to be released in summer 2012 , but was released on October 29 , 2013 . ( International paperback editions of A Dance with Dragons published a year earlier did not include a new , as yet unpublished sample chapter . ) In the first quarter of 2012 , Martin read new chapters of other characters at public events , including the chapters of Victarion Greyjoy and Tyrion Lannister . Martin continued work editing anthologies and completing a large , highly detailed series atlas The Lands of Ice and Fire , which was published in October 2012 . Martin published another sample chapter from Arianne Martell 's POV on his website in January 2013 . On March 27 , ten days before the Game of Thrones season four premiere , Martin posted a chapter on his website , titled Mercy . Martin said the new chapter is actually an old one , though never published nor publicly read . In April 2015 , Martin posted a Sansa Stark viewpoint chapter from The Winds of Winter titled Alayne . In May 2016 , Martin replaced this chapter with an Arianne Martell chapter he had read from at Mysticon , and an Aeron Greyjoy chapter that was removed from A Dance with Dragons was read at Balticon . As of June 2016 , a total of 11 chapters from The Winds of Winter have been either read publicly or published as a sample chapter . The point of view characters with released material are Victarion , Aeron , Tyrion , Barristan , Arianne , Theon , Mercy ( Arya ) , and Alayne ( Sansa ) . Several websites , including Goodreads , have dedicated entire discussion panels to any material that has been released from The Winds of Winter , including plot twists , theories , and speculations . In 2018 , Martin indicated he wo n't release any more sample chapters . Publication date ( edit ) Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be massive works of 1,500 + manuscript pages each . He does not intend to separate characters by geography again , as he was forced to do because of the unpublishable length of A Feast for Crows ' original manuscript . But , as Martin stated in a 2011 interview , `` Three years from now when I 'm sitting on 1,800 pages of manuscript with no end in sight , who the hell knows '' . In 2018 , he revealed that some of his publishers had suggested splitting The Winds of Winter into two books but that he was against it . In April 2011 , shortly before the publication of A Dance with Dragons which took him six years to write , Martin hoped that `` the last two books will go a little quicker than this one has '' and estimated that it would take `` three years to finish the next one at a good pace '' . By October 2012 , 400 pages of the sixth novel had been written , although Martin considered only the first 200 as `` really finished '' , the rest still needing revisions . In April 2013 , Martin estimated that he had a quarter of the book . In the past , Martin has angered some of his fan base for repeatedly estimating his publication dates too optimistically ; therefore , he has refrained from making hard estimates for The Winds of Winter 's final release date . Ultimately the book `` will be done when it 's done '' . In 2012 , Martin had acknowledged his concerns about the final novel , A Dream of Spring , not being completed by the time the TV series Game of Thrones catches up in its storyline to the novels . In January 2014 , Martin 's UK publisher , Jane Johnson , declared on Twitter that the book would `` certainly '' not be published before 2015 . In September 2014 Johnson stated that the book was `` not a 2015 release '' . In April 2015 , Martin commented on his blog that The Winds of Winter will not be eligible for the 2016 Hugo Award which is awarded for science fiction or fantasy works of the previous year but he also said he would like to have it published before the sixth season of the HBO series Game of Thrones ( which would cover material from the book ) aired in 2016 . In Autumn 2015 , statements made by the Spanish editor and the Polish translator of the novel indicated that it was expected to be published in 2016 . In early January 2016 , Martin confirmed on his Live Journal that he had not met an end - of - year deadline that he had established with his publisher for release of the book before the sixth season of the HBO show . He added that there was `` a lot still left to write '' and that completion of the book was `` months away still ... if the writing goes well '' . Martin also revealed there had been a previous deadline of October 2015 that he had considered achievable in May 2015 , and that in September 2015 he had still considered the end - of - year deadline achievable . He further confirmed that some of the plot of the book might be revealed in the upcoming season of Game of Thrones but one of the showrunners , David Benioff , claimed that while certain key elements would be the same , the show would diverge from the book in many respects . In February 2016 , Martin stated that he had dropped all his editing projects except for Wild Cards , and that he would not be writing any teleplays , screenplays , short stories , introductions or forewords before delivering The Winds of Winter . In September 2014 , Walt Hickey of FiveThirtyEight and Christopher Ingraham of the Washington Post estimated the release date sometime between 2015 and 2018 , based on extrapolation of Martin 's writing pace . On January 10 , 2017 , Martin announced on his blog in a response to a comment that he believed that The Winds of Winter will be released `` this year '' , referring to 2017 . However , he also noted that he had believed the same thing would occur the previous year . He confirmed on his blog that he was still working on The Winds of Winter as of July 22 , 2017 , being `` still months away '' from finishing the book . He also indicated that it may not be published until 2018 or later , with Fire & Blood , the book on the history of House Targaryen , possibly preceding it . In April 2018 , Martin confirmed on his blog that Fire and Blood would be published November 20 , 2018 , and The Winds of Winter would not be published in 2018 . In June and again in August 2018 , he confirmed he 's continuing work on The Winds of Winter . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` George R.R. Martin Webchat Transcript '' . empireonline.com. April 2012 . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` George R.R. Martin Talks Season Two , ' The Winds of Winter , ' and Real - World Influences for ' A Song of Ice and Fire ' '' . SmarterTravel . March 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` The Fantasy King '' . ew.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIRE & BLOOD : On The Way - Not a Blog '' . georgerrmartin.com . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 2012 ) . In Conversation With ... George R.R. Martin on Game of Thrones Part 3 -- TIFF Bell Lightbox . TIFF Bell Lightbox . Event occurs at 30 : 50 min . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( January 27 , 2013 ) . `` Arianne '' . George R.R. Martin . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from the Winds of Winter - George R.R. Martin '' . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` George RR Martin on Winds of Winter : Things are getting worse '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Watch Martin 's full Q&A above . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( June 27 , 2010 ) . `` Dancing in Circles '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Excerpt from the Winds of Winter - George R.R. Martin '' . georgerrmartin.com . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Winds Of Winter ' Chapter -- George RR Martin Releases ' Game Of Thrones ' Excerpt - Hollywood Life '' . Hollywood Life . Jump up ^ `` The Winds of Winter : Mercy '' . georgerrmartin.com . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2014 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2015 ) . George R.R. Martin reads TWoW Arianne @ Harbour Front Literaturfestival 2015 Jump up ^ `` George R.R. Martin Reads Winds of Winter Chapters At Mysticon '' . Winter is Coming . ^ Jump up to : `` A Taste of This , A Taste of That '' . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( July 31 , 2010 ) . `` Dancing '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 6 Things We Learned From the New Winds of Winter Chapter '' . Jump up ^ `` The Winds of Winter : Theon Chapter '' . georgerrmartin.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sacks , Ethan ( December 30 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R. Martin surprises Song of Ice and Fire fans with free chapter of next book '' . nydailynews.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` EasterCon -- Eat , Drink and talk SFF ! '' . harpervoyagerbooks.com. April 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terry ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Winds of Winter : Read a new excerpt from George R.R. Martin 's next Game of Thrones novel '' . Zap2it.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Winds of Winter Chapter Coming Out Today '' . Tor.com . March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` The Dragons Are Here '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Much of George R.R. Martin 's The Winds of Winter is Out So Far ? '' . March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. `` A Taste of This , A Taste of That '' . Not A Blog . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. `` A Taste of This , A Taste of That '' . Not A Blog . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ JUEGOS DE TRONOS de George R.R Martin en la FIL de Guadalajara 2016 Event occurs at 27 : 22 Jump up ^ `` Conventions and Cancellations '' . GRRM Not A Blog. April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George R.R. Martin teases the prologue and plotlines of ' The Winds of Winter ' '' . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Rachael ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R. Martin on Sex , Fantasy , and A Dance With Dragons '' . theatlantic.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gevers , Nick ( December 2000 ) . `` Sunsets of High Renown -- An Interview with George R.R. Martin '' . Infinity Plus . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Interview approved by GRRM Archived February 4 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... ) Jump up ^ Harte , Bryant ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` An Interview with George R.R. Martin , Part I '' . indigo.ca . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kepler , Adam W. ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Treat '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Dance with Dragons by George R.R. Martin '' . Random House . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Dance with Dragons : A Song of Ice and Fire : Book Five '' . amazon.de . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R ( April 8 , 2012 ) . George R.R. Martin Interview . Eastercon . Event occurs at 58 : 00 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Lands of Ice and Fire ( A Game of Thrones ) '' . randomhouse.ca . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Winds of Winter : release date , news , plot , chapters and returning characters '' . NME. 2017 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` FIRE & BLOOD : On The Way - Not a Blog '' . georgerrmartin.com . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` EW interview : George R.R. Martin talks A Dance With Dragons '' . ew.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FIRE & BLOOD : On The Way - Not a Blog '' . georgerrmartin.com . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` George RR Martin : Barbarians at the gate '' . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Laura ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Just Write It ! A fantasy author and his impatient fans '' . newyorker.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Guxens , Adrià ( October 7 , 2012 ) . `` George R.R. Martin : `` Trying to please everyone is a horrible mistake '' `` . adriasnews.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Game of Thrones - George R.R. Martin Interview . YouTube . April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Bryant ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Martin Talks ' Game Of Thrones , ' ' The Winds Of Winter ' '' . Airlock Alpha . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jane ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Twitter / JaneJohnsonBakr : @ bonefish914 Certainly not this year '' . Twitter . Retrieved 28 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Johnson on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Reading for Rockets '' . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' author George R.R. Martin determined to finish book by 2016 - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` Winds of Winter release date : Book to be out before Game of Thrones Season 6 '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` The Winds of Winter release date 2016 : George RR Martin 's next book might finally be coming '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jesús Baratheon . `` Alejo Cuervo ( Gigamesh ) : `` Está previsto que Vientos de Invierno salga en 2016 ( también en español ) '' `` . Los Siete Reinos . Jump up ^ `` Relacja z konwentu Kapitularz 2015 '' . Pieśń lodu i ognia - Gra o tron . Jump up ^ Christopher Hooton ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` The Winds of Winter release date news : Polish translator slip suggests late 2015 / early 2016 for next George RR Martin book '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Last Year ( Winds of Winter ) '' . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' showrunners : Season 6 wo n't spoil the books - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ Selcke , Dan ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin : `` I am not writing anything until I deliver WINDS OF WINTER '' `` . Winter is Coming . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hickey , Walt . `` Predicting When ' Game of Thrones ' Author George R.R. Martin Will Come Out With His Next Book '' . Fivethirtyeight.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ingraham , Christopher ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Predict when George R.R. Martin will finish ' Game of Thrones ' , using the magic of geometry '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ George R.R. Martin ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Doom , Despair , Defeat '' . Not a Blog . Archived from the original on 15 August 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` George R.R. Martin on Winds of Winter release date : ' I think this year ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ grrm ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Swords Are Drawn '' . Jump up ^ `` HBO Greenlights Goldman Pilot '' . georgerrmartin.com . June 11 , 2018 . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Antonsson , Elio M. García and Linda . `` Westeros : News - GRRM at SF in SF '' . www.westeros.org . External links ( edit ) Official website of author George R.R. Martin George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Reigns : Game of Thrones Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Fire & Blood ( 2018 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Myrcella Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte The Known World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Portal Works by George R.R. Martin Novels A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones A Clash of Kings A Storm of Swords A Feast for Crows A Dance with Dragons The Winds of Winter Dying of the Light Windhaven Fevre Dream The Armageddon Rag Hunter 's Run Novellas A Song for Lya The Ice Dragon Sandkings The Skin Trade Westeros The Hedge Knight The Sworn Sword The Mystery Knight The Princess and the Queen The Rogue Prince The Sons of the Dragon Short stories `` With Morning Comes Mistfall '' `` The Way of Cross and Dragon '' Collections A Song for Lya Songs of Stars and Shadows Sandkings Songs the Dead Men Sing Nightflyers Tuf Voyaging Portraits of His Children Quartet : Four Tales from the Crossroads Dreamsongs : A RRetrospective Television The Twilight Zone `` The Last Defender of Camelot '' `` The Once and Future King '' `` Lost and Found '' `` The Toys of Caliban '' `` The Road Less Traveled '' Game of Thrones `` The Pointy End '' `` Blackwater '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' Beauty and the Beast Doorways Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Winds_of_Winter&oldid=864665331 '' Categories : 21st - century American novels A Song of Ice and Fire books American fantasy novels HarperCollins books Novels by George R.R. Martin Unpublished novels Upcoming books Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2014 Books with missing cover All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages भोजपुरी Čeština Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית 日本語 Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 17 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the sixth book of game of thrones coming out	[]	[]
6314464001100597095	Hatch Act of 1887	Hatch Act of 1887 - Wikipedia Hatch Act of 1887 Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Hatch Act ( disambiguation ) . `` The template Infobox U.S. legislation is being considered for merging . '' Hatch Act of 1887 Long title An Act to establish agricultural experiment stations in connection with the colleges established in the several States under the provisions of an act approved July second , eighteen hundred and sixty - two , and of the acts supplementary thereto . Enacted by the 49th United States Congress Effective March 2 , 1887 Citations Statutes at Large 24 Stat. 440 , Chapter 314 Codification Titles amended 7 U.S.C. : Agriculture U.S.C. sections created 7 U.S.C. ch. 14 § 361a et seq . Legislative history Introduced in the House by William H. Hatch ( D - MO ) Signed into law by President Grover Cleveland on March 2 , 1887 The Hatch Act of 1887 ( ch. 314 , 24 Stat. 440 , enacted 1887 - 03 - 02 , 7 U.S.C. § 361a et seq . ) gave federal funds , initially of $15,000 each , to state land - grant colleges in order to create a series of agricultural experiment stations , as well as pass along new information , especially in the areas of soil minerals and plant growth . The bill was named for Congressman William Hatch , who chaired the House Committee of Agriculture at the time the bill was introduced . State agricultural stations created under this act were usually connected with those land - grant state colleges and universities founded under the Morrill Act of 1862 , with few exceptions . Many stations founded under the Hatch Act later became the foundations for state cooperative extension services under the Smith - Lever Act of 1914 . Congress amended the act in 1955 to add a formula that uses rural and farm population factors to allocate the annual appropriation for agricultural experiment stations among the states . Under the 2002 farm bill ( P.L. 107 - 171 , Sec. 7212 ) , states will continue to be required to provide at least 100 % matching funds ( traditionally , most states have provided more ) . On average , Hatch Act formula funds constitute 10 % of total funding for each experiment station . ( 7 U.S.C. 361a et seq . ) . See also ( edit ) Adams Act of 1906 Purnell Act of 1925 Bankhead - Jones Act of 1935 United States federal agriculture legislation Farm Bills Federal Farm Loan Act ( 1916 ) Agricultural Adjustment Act ( 1933 ) Agricultural Adjustment Act Amendment of 1935 Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936 Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 Agricultural Act of 1948 Agricultural Act of 1949 Agricultural Act of 1954 Agricultural Act of 1956 Agricultural Act of 1961 Food and Agriculture Act of 1965 Agricultural Act of 1970 Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973 Food and Agriculture Act of 1977 Agriculture and Food Act of 1981 Food Security Act of 1985 Food , Agriculture , Conservation , and Trade Act of 1990 Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 Food , Conservation , and Energy Act of 2008 Agricultural Act of 2014 Other Agriculture Legislation Hatch Act of 1887 Agriculture Appropriation Act of 1905 Agricultural Appropriations Act of 1922 Cotton Futures Act ( 1914 ) Cotton Futures Act ( 1916 ) Grain Standards Act ( 1916 ) Wheat Price Guarantee Act ( 1919 ) Future Trading Act ( 1921 ) Grain Futures Act ( 1922 ) Capper -- Volstead Act ( 1922 ) Agricultural Marketing Act ( 1929 ) Farm Credit Act of 1933 Frazier -- Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act ( 1934 ) Bankhead -- Jones Act of 1935 Commodity Exchange Act ( 1936 ) Bankhead - Jones Farm Tenant Act ( 1937 ) Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937 Federal Seed Act of 1939 Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 National Wool Act of 1954 Agricultural Fair Practices Act of 1967 Farm Credit Act of 1971 Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1972 Commodity Futures Trading Commission Act of 1974 Agricultural Trade Act of 1978 Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1980 National Aquaculture Act of 1980 Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983 Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983 Agricultural Credit Act of 1987 Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992 National Wool Act Amendments of 1993 Federal Crop Insurance Reform and Department of Agriculture Reorganization Act of 1994 Agricultural Research , Extension , and Education Reform Act of 1998 Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000 This United States federal legislation article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hatch_Act_of_1887&oldid=796727806 '' Categories : United States federal agriculture legislation United States federal public land legislation Legal history of the United States 1887 in American law 49th United States Congress United States federal legislation stubs Talk About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 18 : 24 . About Wikipedia	what was the purpose of the hatch act of 1887	[ "The Hatch Act of 1887 (ch. 314, 24 Stat. 440, enacted 1887-03-02, 7 U.S.C. § 361a et seq.) gave federal funds, initially of $15,000 each, to state land-grant colleges in order to create a series of agricultural experiment stations, as well as pass along new information, especially in the areas of soil minerals and plant growth. The bill was named for Congressman William Hatch, who chaired the House Committee of Agriculture at the time the bill was introduced. State agricultural stations created under this act were usually connected with those land-grant state colleges and universities founded under the Morrill Act of 1862, with few exceptions." ]	[ "gave federal funds, initially of $15,000 each, to state land-grant colleges in order to create a series of agricultural experiment stations, as well as pass along new information, especially in the areas of soil minerals and plant growth" ]
8256418716220852502	Residencies of British India	Residencies of British India - wikipedia Residencies of British India The Residencies of British India were political offices , each managed by a Resident , which dealt in diplomatic form with the essentially colonial relations between British India and each one or usually a territorial set of native rulers from a large number of princely states . The British Residency at Hyderabad Contents 1 History 2 List of Residencies 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) The Residency system has its origins in the system of subsidiary alliances devised by the British after the Battle of Plassey in 1757 , to secure Bengal from attack by deploying East India Company troops of the Bengal Army within friendly Native States . Through this system , the Indian Princes of these Native States were assured of protection from internal and external aggression , through deployment of company troops . In return they had to pay for the maintenance of those troops and also accept a British Resident in their court . The Resident was a senior British official posted in the capital of these Princely States , technically a diplomat but also responsible for keeping the ruler to his alliance . This was seen as a system of indirect rule that was carefully controlled by the British Resident . His role ( and all were men ) included advising in governance , intervening in succession disputes , and ensuring that the States did not maintain military forces other than for internal policing or else form diplomatic alliances with other States . The Residents attempted to modernize these Native States through promotion of European notions of progressive government . The first Native States to enter such subsidiary alliances included Arcot , Oudh and Hyderabad . Before the Rebellion of 1857 , the role of the British Resident in Delhi was more important than that of other Residents , because of the tension that existed between the declining Mughal Empire and the emerging power of the East India Company . After the establishment of Crown rule of British India in 1858 , the indigenous States ruled by the Indian princes retained their internal autonomy in terms of political and administrative control , while their external relations and defence became the responsibility of the Crown . An area over two - fifths of the Indian subcontinent was administered by native princes , although nothing like such a high proportion in terms of population . British Residency in Kollam city built by Col. John Munro The continuation of Princely rule allowed the British to concentrate their resources on the more economically significant areas under their direct control and also obscured the effective loss of independence of these States in their external relations . The Resident was a permanent reminder of the subsidiary relationship between the indigenous ruler and the European power . The physical manifestation of this was the Residency itself , which was a complex of buildings and land modified according to the aesthetic values of the suzerain power . The Residency was a symbol of power because of its size and position within the prince 's capital . In many instances , the local prince even paid for the erection of these Residencies , as a gesture of his support for and allegiance to the British . The Nawab of Oudh , one of the richest native princes , paid for and erected a splendid Residency in Lucknow as a part of a wider programme of civic improvements . List of Residencies ( edit ) Under the Central India Agency Gwalior Residency Indore Residency Divisions of Rajputana Agency ( Rajasthan ) , whose political agent also served as ex officio Chief Commissioner of the Province of Ajmer - Merwara Jaipur Residency Mewar Residency , at Udaipur Western Rajputana States Residency Other in British India proper Baroda Residency , see Baroda and Gujarat States Agency Kolhapur Residency , merged into Deccan States Agency Quilon Residency ( Kollam ) , in Travancore Mysore Residency , at and for Maisur , whose political agent also served as ex officio Chief Commissioner of the Chief Commissioner 's Province of Coorg Associated , notably in Arabia Aden Residency ( 1859 -- 1873 ) , British territory in Yemen , placed under the Bombay Presidency till 1932 , then directly as a Chief Commissioner 's Province of British India until 1937 ; Persian Gulf Residency , for the British protectorates : Trucial States ( precursor of the UAE ; 1892 -- 1971 ) , Bahrain ( 1892 -- 1971 ) , Muscat and Oman ( limited protectorate and intervention in internal affairs , 1892 -- 1962 ) , Kuwait ( 1914 -- 1961 ) and Qatar ( 1916 -- 1971 ) See also ( edit ) Agencies of British India List of British Residents or Political Agents in Delhi , 1803 -- 57 Siege of Lucknow - the prolonged defence of the Residency within the city of Lucknow during the Indian Mutiny of 1857 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spear , Percival , India : A Modern History ( Ann Arbor : The University of Michigan , 1961 ) ; Spear , Percival , The Oxford History of Modern India : 1740 - 1947 ( London : Oxford University Press , 1965 ) ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Barbara D. , and Thomas R. Metcalf , A Concise History of India ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2002 ) ^ Jump up to : King , Anthony D. , Colonial Urban Development : Culture , Social Power and Environment ( London : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1976 ) Jump up ^ Gupta , Narayani , Delhi Between Two Empires 1803 - 1931 : Society , Government and Urban Growth ( New Delhi : Oxford University Press , 1981 ) ^ Jump up to : Davies , Philip , Splendours of the Raj : British Architecture in India , 1660 - 1947 ( New York : Penguin Books , 1987 Jump up ^ Nilsson , Sten , European Architecture in India 1750 - 1850 ( New York : Taplinger Publishing Company , 1969 ) Jump up ^ Cassell 's illustrated history of India Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Residencies_of_British_India&oldid=788485128 '' Categories : Residencies of British India Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2017 , at 17 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the company appoint residents of states	[]	[]
-8395754312074759173	Natural-born-citizen clause	Natural - born - citizen clause - wikipedia Natural - born - citizen clause This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book Status as a natural - born citizen of the United States is one of the eligibility requirements established in the United States Constitution for holding the office of President or Vice President . This requirement was intended to protect the nation from foreign influence . The U.S. Constitution uses but does not define the phrase `` natural born Citizen '' , and various opinions have been offered over time regarding its precise meaning . The consensus of early 21st - century constitutional scholars , together with relevant case law , is that natural - born citizens include , subject to exceptions , those born in the United States . Many scholars have also concluded that those who meet the legal requirements for U.S. citizenship `` at the moment of birth '' , regardless of place of birth , are also natural - born citizens . Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or was born in the United States ; of these there have been seven that had at least one parent who was not born on U.S. soil . The natural - born - citizen clause has been mentioned in passing in several decisions of the United States Supreme Court , and by some lower courts that have addressed eligibility challenges , but the Supreme Court has never directly addressed the question of a specific presidential or vice-presidential candidate 's eligibility as a natural - born citizen . Many eligibility lawsuits from the 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 election cycles were dismissed in lower courts due to the challengers ' difficulty in showing that they had standing to raise legal objections . Additionally , some experts have suggested that the precise meaning of the natural - born - citizen clause may never be decided by the courts because , in the end , presidential eligibility may be determined to be a non-justiciable political question that can be decided only by Congress rather than by the judicial branch of government . Contents ( hide ) 1 Constitutional provisions 2 History 2.1 Antecedents in Britain 2.2 Between 1776 and 1789 2.3 Constitutional Convention 2.4 Constitutionality of the natural - born - citizen clause 2.5 Proposed constitutional amendments 3 Rationale 4 Interpretations of the clause 4.1 Naturalization Acts of 1790 and 1795 4.2 Government officials ' interpretations 4.2. 1 1800s 4.2. 2 1900s 4.3 Interpretations by the courts 4.3. 1 1800s 4.3. 2 1900s 4.3. 3 2000s 4.4 Academic interpretations 4.4. 1 1800s 4.4. 2 1900s 4.4. 3 2000s 4.4. 3.1 Foreign soil & territories 4.4. 3.2 American soil 5 Eligibility challenges 5.1 1800s 5.1. 1 Chester A. Arthur 5.1. 2 Christopher Schürmann 5.2 1900s 5.2. 1 Charles Evans Hughes 5.2. 2 Barry Goldwater 5.2. 3 George Romney 5.2. 4 Lowell Weicker 5.3 2000s 5.3. 1 John McCain 5.3. 2 Barack Obama 5.3. 3 Ted Cruz 5.3. 4 Marco Rubio and Bobby Jindal 5.4 Potential presidential candidates who are not eligible 5.4. 1 Arnold Schwarzenegger 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links Constitutional provisions ( edit ) Part of the constitutional provision as it appeared in 1787 Section 1 of Article Two of the United States Constitution sets forth the eligibility requirements for serving as president of the United States , under clause 5 ( emphasis added ) : No Person except a natural born Citizen , or a Citizen of the United States , at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution , shall be eligible to the Office of President ; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty - five Years , and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States . The Twelfth Amendment states , `` No person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States . '' The Fourteenth Amendment does not use the phrase natural - born citizen . It does provide , `` All persons born or naturalized in the United States , and subject to the jurisdiction thereof , are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside . '' Under Article One , representatives and senators are required to be U.S. citizens , but there is no requirement that they be natural born . History ( edit ) Antecedents in Britain ( edit ) The use of the term `` natural born '' was not without precedent . An early recorded mention was in Calvin 's Case ( 1608 ) , in terms of birth within the jurisdiction of the sovereignty of the King . Statutes in Britain prior to American independence used the phrase `` natural born subject '' . For example , clause III of the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 1708 provided : That the Children of all natural born Subjects born out of the Ligeance of Her Majesty Her Heires and Successors shall be deemed adjudged and taken to be natural born Subjects of this Kingdom to all Intents Constructions and Purposes whatsoever The Act was repealed ( except for the quoted clause III regarding foreign - born children ) by the Tories in 1711 by the statute 10 Anne c. 5 . Subsequently , the British Nationality Act 1730 provided : for the explaining the said recited Clause in the said Act ... ( t ) hat all Children born out of the Ligeance of the Crown of England , or of Great Britain , or which shall hereafter be born out of such Ligeance , whose Fathers were or shall be natural - born Subjects of the Crown of England , or of Great Britain , at the Time of the Birth of such Children respectively ... are hereby declared to be natural - born Subjects of the Crown of Great Britain , to all Intents , Constructions and Purposes whatsoever . Another use is in the Plantation Act 1740 : ( A ) ll persons born out of the legience of His Majesty , His Heirs , or Successors , who have ... or shall inhabit or reside for ... seven years or more in any of His Majesty 's colonies in America ... shall be deemed , adjudged , and taken to be His Majesty 's natural - born subjects of this Kingdom . Jurist William Blackstone wrote in 1765 that `` Natural - born subjects are such as are born within the dominions of the crown of England '' . Blackstone added that offspring who are not inhabitants may also be natural born subjects : But by several more modern statutes ... all children , born out of the king 's ligeance , whose fathers were natural - born subjects , are now natural - born subjects themselves , to all intents and purposes , without any exception ; unless their said fathers were attainted , or banished beyond sea , for high treason ; or were then in the service of a prince at enmity with Great Britain . In 1775 , however , Blackstone reversed his opinion and explained that the children `` are now deemed to be natural - born subjects '' rather than `` are now natural - born subjects . '' Similarly , Francis Plowden initially explained that an early English statute made foreign - born children of English parents `` in fact and law ... true native subjects '' and that the eighteenth century British statutes made persons natural born subjects by statute law just as others were natural born subjects by the common law . However , after further consideration he also reversed his opinion and concluded in 1785 that the statutes did not make the children natural born subjects -- rather , there remained a `` relict of alienage in them . '' Prior to Blackstone , Edward Coke offered a narrower opinion in Calvin 's Case . According to Coke : `` ( I ) f any of the King 's ambassadors in foreign nations , have children there of their wives , being English women , by the common laws of England they are natural - born subjects , and yet they are born out - of the King 's dominions . '' The term `` natural born '' has often been used synonymously with `` native born '' . The English lexicographer Samuel Johnson wrote in 1756 that the word `` natural '' means `` native , '' and that the word `` native '' may mean either an `` inhabitant '' or an `` offspring '' . Between 1776 and 1789 ( edit ) From the Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) to the ratification of the Constitution ( 1789 ) , the thirteen states were independent of Britain , and during much of this time the Articles of Confederation tied together the country . The phrase `` natural born citizen '' was sometimes used during this period . An example occurred in 1784 when the Maryland General Assembly conferred citizenship on the ( French - born ) Marquis de Lafayette : Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland -- that the Marquis de laFayette and his Heirs male forever shall be and they and each of them are hereby deemed adjudged and taken to be natural born Citizens of this State and shall henceforth be entitled to all the Immunities , Rights and Privileges of natural born Citizens thereof ... Constitutional Convention ( edit ) The Constitution does not explain the meaning of `` natural born '' . On June 18 , 1787 , Alexander Hamilton submitted to the Convention a sketch of a plan of government . The sketch provided for an executive `` Governour '' but had no eligibility requirements . At the close of the Convention , Hamilton conveyed a paper to James Madison he said delineated the Constitution that he wished had been proposed by the Convention ; he had stated its principles during the deliberations . Max Farrand wrote that it `` was not submitted to the Convention and has no further value than attaches to the personal opinions of Hamilton . '' Article IX , section 1 of Hamilton 's draft constitution provided : `` No person shall be eligible to the office of President of the United States unless he be now a Citizen of one of the States , or hereafter be born a Citizen of the United States . '' On July 25 , 1787 , John Jay wrote to George Washington , presiding officer of the Convention : Permit me to hint , whether it would not be wise and seasonable to provide a strong check to the admission of Foreigners into the administration of our national Government , and to declare expressly that the Command in chief of the American army shall not be given to , nor devolve on , any but a natural born Citizen . While the Committee of Detail originally proposed that the President must be merely a citizen , as well as a resident for 21 years , the Committee of Eleven changed `` citizen '' to `` natural born citizen '' , and the residency requirement to 14 years , without recorded explanation after receiving Jay 's letter . The Convention accepted the change without further recorded debate . Constitutionality of the natural - born - citizen clause ( edit ) In 2012 , Abdul Karim Hassan filed several unsuccessful lawsuits that claimed the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment had superseded the natural - born - citizen clause ; he had argued natural - born citizenship was a form of discrimination based on national origin . Proposed constitutional amendments ( edit ) More than two dozen proposed constitutional amendments have been introduced in Congress to relax the restriction . Two of the more well known were introduced by Representative Jonathan Bingham in 1974 , with the intent to allow German - born Secretary of State Henry Kissinger ( otherwise fourth in the line of succession ) to become eligible , and the Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment by Senator Orrin Hatch in 2003 , intending to allow eligibility for Austrian - born Arnold Schwarzenegger . The Bingham amendment would have also made clear the eligibility of those born abroad to U.S. parents , while the Hatch one would have allowed those who have been naturalized citizens for twenty years to be eligible . Rationale ( edit ) St. George Tucker , an early federal judge , wrote in his 1803 edition of William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England , perhaps the leading authority for the delegates to the Constitutional Convention for the terms used in the Constitution , that the natural born citizen clause is `` a happy means of security against foreign influence '' and that `` ( t ) he admission of foreigners into our councils , consequently , can not be too much guarded against . '' In a footnote , Tucker wrote that naturalized citizens have the same rights as the natural - born except `` they are forever incapable of being chosen to the office of president of the United States . '' In a speech before the Senate , delegate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney gave the rationale , `` to insure experience and attachment to the country . '' Professor Akhil Amar of Yale Law School claimed that there had been a concern on the part of those drafting the U.S. Constitution that a member of the European aristocracy might immigrate and attempt to buy his way into power and that it made sense in this light include a provision in the Constitution that would exclude immigrants from the presidency . Interpretations of the clause ( edit ) Naturalization acts of 1790 and 1795 ( edit ) Because of the large number of Framers who went on to serve in Congress , laws passed by the early sessions of Congress have often been looked to as evidence of the Framers ' intent . The Naturalization Act of 1790 stated that `` the children of citizens of the United States , that may be born beyond sea , or out of the limits of the United States , shall be considered as natural born citizens : Provided , That the right of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States . '' This act was repealed by the Naturalization Act of 1795 , which removed the characterization of such children as `` natural born '' , stating that `` the children of citizens of the United States , born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States , shall be considered as citizens of the United States '' while retaining the same residency restrictions as the 1790 act . Government officials ' interpretations ( edit ) 1800s ( edit ) John Bingham , an American lawyer and politician , held to the belief that natural born should be interpreted as born in the United States . In 1862 , in the House of Representatives he stated : The Constitution leaves no room for doubt upon this subject . The words `` natural born citizen of the United States '' appear in it , and the other provision appears in it that , `` Congress shall have power to pass a uniform system of naturalization . '' To naturalize a person is to admit him to citizenship . Who are natural born citizens but those born within the Republic ? Those born within the Republic , whether black or white , are citizens by birth -- natural born citizens . He reiterated his statement in 1866 : Every human being born within the jurisdiction of the United States of parents not owing allegiance to any foreign sovereignty is , in the language of your Constitution itself , a natural - born citizen ; but , sir , I may be allowed to say further that I deny that the Congress of the United States ever had the power , or color of power to say that any man born within the jurisdiction of the United States , not owing a foreign allegiance , is not and shall not be a citizen of the United States . Citizenship is his birthright and neither the Congress nor the States can justly or lawfully take it from him . Edward Bates also held to the belief that `` natural born '' should be interpreted as `` born in the United States '' . He also indicated that those born in the United States to alien parents , even if they reside elsewhere , are still considered natural born . In 1862 , Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase sent a query to Attorney General Edward Bates asking whether or not `` colored men '' can be citizens of the United States . The question arose because the Coast Guard had detained a schooner commanded by a free `` colored man '' who claimed he was a citizen of the United States . If he were a U.S. citizen the boat could be released , but otherwise -- the Civil War then being fought -- it would be confiscated . No information about the man 's birth or parentage was provided . Bates responded on November 29 , 1862 , with a 27 - page opinion -- considered of such importance that the government published it not only in the official volumes of Attorney - General opinions but also as a separate booklet -- concluding , I conclude that the free man of color , mentioned in your letter , if born in the United States , is a citizen of the United States . ( italics in original ) In the course of that opinion , Bates commented at some length on the nature of citizenship , and wrote , ... our constitution , in speaking of natural born citizens , uses no affirmative language to make them such , but only recognizes and reaffirms the universal principle , common to all nations , and as old as political society , that the people born in a country do constitute the nation , and , as individuals , are natural members of the body politic . ( italics in original ) In another opinion , dated September 1 , 1862 , Bates dealt with a question from the Secretary of State , of whether a person born in the U.S. to two non-citizens , who is taken with them back to their country , could , years later , re-enter the United States as of right , as a U.S. citizen . Bates wrote : I am quite clear in the opinion that children born in the United States of alien parents , who have never been naturalized , are native - born citizens of the United States , and , of course , do not require the formality of naturalization to entitle them to the rights and privileges of such citizenship . I might sustain this opinion by a reference to the well - settled principle of the common law of England on this subject ; to the writings of many of the earlier and later commentators on our Constitution and laws ; ... and lastly to the dicta and decisions of many of our national and state tribunals . But all this has been well done by Assistant Vice Chancellor Sandford , in the case of Lynch vs. Clarke , and I forbear . I refer to his opinion for a full and clear statement of the principle , and of the reasons and authorities for its support . Unlike Edward Bates , U.S. Secretary of State William Learned Marcy was equivocal about whether those born in the country of alien parents and who reside elsewhere are still considered citizens . In 1854 Marcy wrote John Y. Mason , the U.S. Minister to France : In reply to the inquiry ... whether `` the children of foreign parents born in the United States , but brought to the country of which the father is a subject , and continuing to reside within the jurisdiction of their father 's country , are entitled to protection as citizens of the United States '' , I have to observe that it is presumed that , according to the common law , any person born in the United States , unless he be born in one of the foreign legations therein , may be considered a citizen thereof until he formally renounces his citizenship . There is not , however any United States statute containing a provision upon this subject , nor , so far as I am aware , has there been any judicial decision in regard to it . U.S. Attorney General Edwards Pierrepont , however , shared Edward Bates ' opinion that those born in the country of alien parents and who reside elsewhere are still considered citizens , and he added that they should be entitled to be president of the United States , if elected . In 1875 Pierrepont was presented with a query from the Secretary of State , Hamilton Fish . A young man , named Arthur Steinkauler , had been born in Missouri in 1855 , a year after his father was naturalized a U.S. citizen . When he was four years old , his father returned to Germany with him and both had stayed there ever since . The father had relinquished his U.S. citizenship and the young man was now 20 years old and about to be drafted into the Imperial German army . The question was asked `` What was this young man 's situation as a native - born American citizen ? '' After studying the relevant legal authorities , Pierrepont wrote : Under the treaty ( of 1868 with Germany ) , and in harmony with American doctrine , it is clear that Steinkauler the father abandoned his naturalization in America and became a German subject ( his son being yet a minor ) , and that by virtue of German laws the son acquired German nationality . It is equally clear that the son , by birth , has American nationality , and hence he has two nationalities , one natural , the other acquired ... Young Steinkauler is a native - born American citizen . There is no law of the United States under which his father or any other person can deprive him of his birthright . He can return to America at the age of 21 , and in due time , if the people elect , he can become President of the United States ... I am of opinion that when he reaches the age of 21 years he can then elect whether he will return and take the nationality of his birth , with its duties and privileges , or retain the nationality acquired by the act of his father . 1900s ( edit ) Frederick van Dyne , the Assistant Solicitor of the U.S. Department of State ( 1900 -- 1907 ) indicated that children of citizens born outside the United States are also considered citizens . In 1904 , he published a textbook , Citizenship of the United States , in which he wrote : There is no uniform rule of international law covering the subject of citizenship . Every nation determines for itself who shall , and who shall not , be its citizens ... By the law of the United States , citizenship depends , generally , on the place of birth ; nevertheless the children of citizens , born out of the jurisdiction of the United States , are also citizens ... The Constitution of the United States , while it recognized citizenship of the United States in prescribing the qualifications of the President , Senators , and Representatives , contained no definition of citizenship until the adoption of the 14th Amendment , in 1868 ; nor did Congress attempt to define it until the passage of the civil rights act , in 1866 ... Prior to this time the subject of citizenship by birth was generally held to be regulated by the common law , by which all persons born within the limits and allegiance of the United States were deemed natural - born citizens . It appears to have been assumed by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Murray v . The Charming Betsy ( 1804 ) 2 Cranch ( 6 U.S. ) 64 , 119 , 2 L. Ed . 208 , 226 , that all persons born in the United States were citizens thereof ... In M'Creery v. Somerville ( 1824 ) 9 Wheat . ( 22 U.S. ) 354 , 6 L. Ed . 109 , which concerned the title to land in the state of Maryland , it was assumed that children born in that state to an alien were native - born citizens of the United States ... The Federal courts have almost uniformly held that birth in the United States , of itself , confers citizenship . Interpretations by the courts ( edit ) 1800s ( edit ) Although eligibility for the Presidency was not an issue in any 19th - century litigation , there have been a few cases that shed light on the definitions of natural born and native born citizen . The leading case , Lynch v. Clarke of 1844 , indicated that citizens born `` within the dominions and allegiance of the United States '' are citizens regardless of parental citizenship . This case dealt with a New York law ( similar to laws of other states at that time ) that only a U.S. citizen could inherit real estate . The plaintiff , Julia Lynch , had been born in New York while her parents , both British , were briefly visiting the U.S. , and shortly thereafter all three left for Britain and never returned to the U.S. The New York Chancery Court determined that , under common law and prevailing statutes , she was a U.S. citizen by birth and nothing had deprived her of that citizenship , notwithstanding that both her parents were not U.S. citizens or that British law might also claim her through her parents ' nationality . In the course of the decision , the court cited the Constitutional provision and said : Suppose a person should be elected president who was native born , but of alien parents ; could there be any reasonable doubt that he was eligible under the Constitution ? I think not . The position would be decisive in his favor , that by the rule of the common law , in force when the Constitution was adopted , he is a citizen . And further : Upon principle , therefore , I can entertain no doubt , but that by the law of the United States , every person born within the dominions and allegiance of the United States , whatever the situation of his parents , is a natural born citizen . It is surprising that there has been no judicial decision upon this question . The decision in Lynch was cited as persuasive or authoritative precedent in numerous subsequent cases , and reinforced the interpretation that `` natural born citizen '' meant born `` within the dominions and allegiance of the United States '' regardless of parental citizenship . For example , in an 1884 case , In re Look Tin Singg , the federal court held , that despite laws preventing naturalization of Chinese visitors , Chinese persons born in the United States were citizens by birth , and remained such despite any long stay in China . Citing Lynch , Justice Stephen J. Field wrote : After an exhaustive examination of the law , the Vice-Chancellor said that he entertained no doubt that every person born within the dominions and allegiance of the United States , whatever the situation of his parents , was a natural - born citizen , and added that this was the general understanding of the legal profession , and the universal impression of the public mind . The Lynch case was also cited as a leading precedent in the U.S. Supreme Court decision in United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) , which similarly held a child born in the United States of two Chinese parents became `` at the time of his birth a citizen of the United States '' . 1900s ( edit ) Consistent with the earlier decisions , in 1939 , the U.S. Supreme Court stated in its decision in Perkins v. Elg that a person born in America and raised in another country was a natural born citizen , and specifically stated that they could `` become President of the United States '' . The case was regarding a young woman , born in New York a year after her father became a naturalized U.S. citizen . However , when she was about four her parents returned to Sweden taking her with them , and they stayed in Sweden . At age 20 , she contacted the American embassy in Sweden and , shortly after her 21st birthday , returned to the United States on a U.S. passport and was admitted as a U.S. citizen . Years later , while she was still in America , her father in Sweden relinquished his American citizenship , and , because of that , the Department of Labor ( then the location of the Immigration & Naturalization Service ) declared her a non-citizen and tried to deport her . The young woman filed suit for a declaratory judgment that she was an American citizen by birth . She won at the trial level , and at the circuit court -- where she was repeatedly described as `` a natural born citizen '' -- and finally in the U.S. Supreme Court , where the court decision quoted at length from the U.S. Attorney General 's opinion in Steinkauler 's Case ( mentioned above ) including the comment that a person born in America and raised in another country could yet `` become President of the United States '' . Some federal cases argued for a narrow reading of the Fourteenth Amendment , according to which U.S. citizens were necessarily either born or naturalized in the United States , and any citizen who was not born in the United States must have been naturalized by operation of law , even if such naturalization was `` automatic '' at birth . In this view , such a person should not be considered a natural born citizen , but rather a `` naturalized '' citizen who is not eligible for the Presidency . In 1951 , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit noted in Zimmer v. Acheson that `` ( t ) here are only two classes of citizens of the United States , native - born citizens and naturalized citizens '' , quoting a dictum by Justice Gray from United States v. Wong Kim Ark and Elk v. Wilkins . The court ruled that Zimmer , who was born abroad in 1905 to a U.S. citizen father and a noncitizen mother , was himself a citizen under the nationality law in force at the time of his birth , but `` his status as a citizen was that of a naturalized citizen and not a native - born citizen '' . In the 1956 case of Wong Kam Wo v. Dulles , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit quoted Zimmer v. Acheson and United States v. Wong Kim Ark in support of a ruling that the statute that was in effect prior to 1940 granting citizenship to foreign - born children of U.S. citizens was a naturalization law rather than a provision for nationality at birth . In 1940 , however , the federal law was amended to explicitly define `` naturalization '' as conferring nationality after birth . In 1961 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Montana v. Kennedy that an individual who was born in 1906 in Italy to a U.S. citizen mother and a noncitizen father was not a U.S. citizen by birth under the nationality laws in force at the time of his birth . It observed that automatic citizenship was granted to children of U.S. citizen fathers and noncitizen mothers by an 1855 act of Congress , but the reverse situation was only addressed , non-retroactively , in 1934 . In 1971 , the Court encountered a similar situation in Rogers v. Bellei , where the individual in question was born after 1934 and so was granted automatic U.S. citizenship , though subject to residence requirements and was subject to expatriation . The Court `` appeared to assume or imply that such persons became citizens at birth by way of naturalization '' . More recent cases , particularly Nguyen v. INS and Robinson v. Bowen , relaxed this view , suggesting that the Fourteenth Amendment merely establishes a `` floor '' for birthright citizenship , and this category may be expanded by Congress . 2000s ( edit ) In 2009 in Ankeny v. Governor , the Indiana Court of Appeals reaffirmed that persons born within the borders of the United States are `` natural born Citizens '' , regardless of the citizenship of their parents . The court referred to the case of Wong Kim Ark , and provides a compilation of the arguments pertaining to this topic . A clarification to this interpretation was made in 2010 , where a three - judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held that natural born citizens can lose their citizenship if their territory of birth later ceases to be U.S. territory . The case involved a Philippine - born litigant who could not claim U.S. citizenship on the basis of his parents , who lived all their lives in the Philippines , because they were born while the Philippines was U.S. territory prior to being given its independence . The Courts for the Second , Third , and Ninth Circuits have also held that birth in the Philippines at a time when the country was a territory of the United States does not constitute birth `` in the United States '' under the Citizenship Clause , and thus did not give rise to United States citizenship . In a 2012 New York case , Strunk v. N.Y. State Board of Elections , the pro se plaintiff challenged Barack Obama 's presence on the presidential ballot , based on his own interpretation that `` natural born citizen '' required the president `` to have been born on United States soil and have two United States born parents '' ( emphasis added ) . To this the Court responded , `` Article II , section 1 , clause 5 does not state this . No legal authority has ever stated that the Natural Born Citizen clause means what plaintiff Strunk claims it says ... Moreover , President Obama is the sixth U.S. President to have had one or both of his parents not born on U.S. soil '' . The opinion then listed Andrew Jackson , James Buchanan , Chester A. Arthur , Woodrow Wilson , and Herbert Hoover . Academic interpretations ( edit ) 1800s ( edit ) William Rawle , formerly the U.S. Attorney for Pennsylvania ( 1791 -- 1799 ) defined natural born citizen as every person born within the United States , regardless of the citizenship of their parents . In an 1825 treatise , A View of the Constitution of the United States of America , he wrote : The citizens of each state constituted the citizens of the United States when the Constitution was adopted ... ( He ) who was subsequently born the citizen of a State , became at the moment of his birth a citizen of the United States . Therefore every person born within the United States , its territories or districts , whether the parents are citizens or aliens , is a natural born citizen in the sense of the Constitution , and entitled to all the rights and privileges appertaining to that capacity ... Under our Constitution the question is settled by its express language , and when we are informed ... no person is eligible to the office of President unless he is a natural born citizen , the principle that the place of birth creates the relative quality is established as to us . James F. Wilson agreed with Rawle 's opinion , but added the exclusion of visiting foreign diplomats . During an 1866 House debate , he quoted Rawle 's opinion , and also referred to the `` general law relating to subjects and citizens recognized by all nations '' , saying : ... and that must lead us to the conclusion that every person born in the United States is a natural - born citizen of such States , except it may be that children born on our soil to temporary sojourners or representatives of foreign Governments , are native - born citizens of the United States . Supreme Court Justice Peter Vivian Daniel disagreed with this position and considered natural born citizen as every person born of citizen parents within the United States . In 1857 , in a concurring opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford , he quoted an English - language translation of Emerich de Vattel 's 1758 treatise The Law of Nations ( Le Droit des gens ) , stating that `` The natives , or natural - born citizens , are those born in the country of parents who are citizens '' . This was quoted again in 1898 by Chief Justice Melville Fuller in his dissenting opinion in United States v. Wong Kim Ark . However , two paragraphs later , Justice Vattel disagrees and states , `` § 214 ... there are states , as , for instance , England , where the single circumstance of being born in the country naturalizes the children of a foreigner . '' Joseph Story , an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court , believed that the term native citizen is synonymous with natural born citizen , though he does not define either term . In his 1840 guidebook to the Constitution , A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States , about the natural - born - citizen clause he wrote `` It is not too much to say that no one , but a native citizen , ought ordinarily to be ( e ) ntrusted with an office so vital to the safety and liberties of the people . '' This same wording also appeared in his 1834 work The constitutional class book : being a brief exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Designed for the use of the higher classes in common schools . 1900s ( edit ) Alexander Porter Morse , the lawyer who represented Louisiana in Plessy v. Ferguson , considered this connection between native born and natural born to signify that only a child of citizens should be allowed to run for President . In the Albany Law Journal , he wrote : If it was intended that anybody who was a citizen by birth should be eligible , it would only have been necessary to say , `` no person , except a native - born citizen '' ; but the framers thought it wise , in view of the probable influx of European immigration , to provide that the president should at least be the child of citizens owing allegiance to the United States at the time of his birth . It may be observed in passing that the current phrase `` native - born citizen '' is well understood ; but it is pleonasm and should be discarded ; and the correct designation , `` native citizen '' should be substituted in all constitutional and statutory enactments , in judicial decisions and in legal discussions where accuracy and precise language are essential to intelligent discussion . 2000s ( edit ) Black 's Law Dictionary ( 9th Edition ) defines `` Natural Born Citizen '' as `` A person born within the jurisdiction of a national government '' . Foreign soil & territories ( edit ) In 2000 , the Congressional Research Service ( CRS ) , in one of its reports , wrote that most constitutional scholars interpret the natural born citizen clause to include citizens born outside the United States to parents who are U.S. citizens . This same CRS report also asserts that citizens born in the District of Columbia , Guam , Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands , are legally defined as `` natural born '' citizens and are , therefore , also eligible to be elected President . This opinion was reaffirmed in a 2009 CRS report , which stated : Considering the history of the constitutional qualifications provision , the common use and meaning of the phrase `` natural - born subject '' in England and in the Colonies in the 1700s , the clause 's apparent intent , the subsequent action of the first Congress in enacting the Naturalization Act of 1790 ( expressly defining the term `` natural born citizen '' to include a person born abroad to parents who are United States citizens ) , as well as subsequent Supreme Court dicta , it appears that the most logical inferences would indicate that the phrase `` natural born Citizen '' would mean a person who is entitled to U.S. citizenship `` at birth '' or `` by birth '' . The interpretation of natural born being the equivalent of a citizen at birth was repeated in a 2011 CRS report and a 2016 CRS report . The 2011 report stated : The weight of legal and historical authority indicates that the term `` natural born '' citizen would mean a person who is entitled to U.S. citizenship `` by birth '' or `` at birth , '' either by being born `` in '' the United States and under its jurisdiction , even those born to alien parents ; by being born abroad to U.S. citizen - parents ; or by being born in other situations meeting legal requirements for U.S. citizenship `` at birth '' . Such term , however , would not include a person who was not a U.S. citizen by birth or at birth , and who was thus born an `` alien '' required to go through the legal process of `` naturalization '' to become a U.S. citizen . The 2016 report similarly stated : Although the eligibility of U.S. born citizens has been settled law for more than a century , there have been legitimate legal issues raised concerning those born outside of the country to U.S. citizens . From historical material and case law , it appears that the common understanding of the term `` natural born '' in England and in the American colonies in the 1700s included both the strict common law meaning as born in the territory ( jus soli ) , as well as the statutory laws adopted in England since at least 1350 , which included children born abroad to British fathers ( jus sanguinis , the law of descent ) . Legal scholars in the field of citizenship have asserted that this common understanding and legal meaning in England and in the American colonies was incorporated into the usage and intent of the term in the U.S. Constitution to include those who are citizens at birth . Gabriel J. Chin , Professor of Law at UC Davis School of Law , held the opinion that the term `` natural born '' is ambiguous and citizenship - granting authority has changed over the years . He notes that persons born outside the United States to U.S. - citizen parents have not always been born citizens . For example , foreign - born children of persons who became citizens between April 14 , 1802 and 1854 were aliens . He also believed that children born in the Panama Canal Zone to at least one U.S. then - citizen before August 4 , 1937 , when Congress granted citizenship to all such persons , were born without American citizenship . Congress possesses the authority either to grant not only citizenship ( as is undisputed ) but the more specific status of a `` natural born '' citizen , with an affirmative answer raising the question of whether it can also act to remove that status ( and thereby disqualify individuals from the Presidency through action short of stripping them of their citizenship ) , or to issue `` declarations '' regarding the meaning of preexisting law ( in this case , U.S. citizenship law between the aforementioned dates ) and having binding authority , a claim likely to violate separation of powers given the Constitution 's provisions in Article III that `` ( t ) he judicial Power of the United States ( ) shall be vested in one supreme Court ( ) and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish '' ( Section 1 ) and that `` ( t ) he judicial power shall extend to all cases , in law and equity , arising under this Constitution , the laws of the United States , and treaties made , or which shall be made , under their authority '' ( Section 2 ) and the statute ( currently codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1403 ( a ) ) -- which states only that `` any person ( fitting the above description ) is declared to be a citizen of the United States '' and neither expressly claims that its declaration ( whether a grant or an interpretation ) has retroactive rather than merely prospective effect ( contrast the locution `` to have been a citizen of the United States ( from birth ) '' ) nor in any way mentions `` natural born '' status ( instead conferring or recognizing the preexistence only of `` citizen ( ship ) '' generally ) -- in fact grants or recognizes citizenship from birth , let alone status as a natural born citizen ( to whatever extent the requirements of that status exceed those for citizenship from birth ) . In 2009 , G. Edward `` Ted '' White , Professor of Law at the University of Virginia , stated the term refers to anyone born on U.S. soil or anyone born on foreign soil to American citizen parents . Unlike Chin and White , Mary McManamon , Professor of Law at Widener University School of Law , has argued in the Catholic University Law Review that , aside from children born to foreign ambassadors or to hostile soldiers on U.S. territory , both of whom owe allegiance to a different sovereign , a natural born citizen must be born in the United States . She claims that common law provides an exception for the children of U.S. ambassadors born abroad and the children of American soldiers while engaged in hostilities . Thus , with these two limited exceptions , she equates `` natural born '' with `` native born '' . Professor Einer Elhauge of Harvard Law School agrees with Professor McManamon that `` natural born '' means `` native born '' and therefore the wording of the Constitution `` does not permit his ( Ted Cruz 's ) candidacy , '' referring to a candidate who was born in Canada to one U.S. citizen parent . Professor Robert Clinton at the Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law at Arizona State University is also of the opinion that `` natural born citizen '' means `` born in the United States . '' University of Chicago Professor Eric Posner also concludes that `` natural born citizen '' means a `` person born in the ( United States ) '' . Former Chief Justice of the New York Court of Appeals , Sol Wachtler , concludes the same . Their conclusion is consistent with the position that the eighteenth century legal usage of the term `` shall be considered as natural born '' in the Naturalization Act of 1790 merely naturalized persons or granted them limited rights of the natural born . American soil ( edit ) There is consensus among academics that those born on American soil , except children born to foreign ambassadors or to hostile soldiers on U.S. territory , both of whom owe allegiance to a different sovereign , are natural born citizens , or jus soli , regardless of parental citizenship status . In a 2008 article published by the Michigan Law Review , Lawrence Solum , Professor of Law at the University of Illinois , stated that `` there is general agreement on the core of ( the ) meaning ( of the Presidential Eligibility Clause ) . Anyone born on American soil whose parents are citizens of the United States is a ' natural born citizen ' '' . In April 2010 , Solum republished the same article as an online draft , in which he clarified his original statement so that it would not be misunderstood as excluding the children of one citizen parent . In a footnote he explained , `` based on my reading of the historical sources , there is no credible case that a person born on American soil with one American parent was clearly not a ' natural born citizen ' . '' He further extended natural born citizenship to all cases of jus soli as the `` conventional view '' . Although Solum stated elsewhere that the two - citizen - parents arguments were not `` crazy '' , he believes `` the much stronger argument suggests that if you were born on American soil that you would be considered a natural born citizen . '' Ronald Rotunda , Professor of Law at Chapman University , has remarked `` There 's ( sic ) some people who say that both parents need to be citizens . That 's never been the law . '' Polly Price , Professor of Law at Emory University , has commented `` It 's a little confusing , but most scholars think it 's a pretty unusual position for anyone to think the natural born citizen clause would exclude someone born in the U.S. '' Chin concurred with that assessment , stating , `` there is agreement that ' natural born citizens ' include those made citizens by birth under the 14th Amendment . '' Similarly , Eugene Volokh , Professor of Law at UCLA , found `` quite persuasive '' the reasoning employed by the Indiana Court of Appeals , which had concluded `` that persons born within the borders of the United States are ' natural born Citizens ' for Article II , Section 1 purposes , regardless of the citizenship of their parents '' . Daniel Tokaji , Professor of Law at Ohio State University , agrees the citizenship status of a U.S. - born candidate 's parents is irrelevant . Eligibility challenges ( edit ) Several courts have ruled that private citizens do not have standing to challenge the eligibility of candidates to appear on a presidential election ballot . Alternatively , there is a statutory method by which the eligibility of the president - elect of the United States to take office may be challenged in Congress . Some legal scholars assert that , even if eligibility challenges are nonjusticiable in federal courts , and are not undertaken in Congress , there are other avenues for adjudication , such as an action in state court in regard to ballot access . Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or born in the United States ; of the former group , all except one had two parents with citizenship in what would become the U.S. ( Andrew Jackson ) . Of those in the latter group , every president except two ( Chester A. Arthur and Barack Obama ) had two U.S. - citizen parents . Further , four additional U.S. Presidents had one or both of his U.S. - citizen parents not born on U.S. soil ( James Buchanan , Woodrow Wilson , Herbert Hoover and Donald Trump ) . Some presidential candidates were not born in a U.S. state or lacked two U.S. - citizen parents . In addition , one U.S. vice president ( Al Gore ) was born in Washington , D.C. , and another ( Charles Curtis ) was born in the Kansas Territory . This does not necessarily mean that these officeholders or candidates were ineligible , only that there was some controversy about their eligibility , which may have been resolved in favor of eligibility . 1800s ( edit ) Chester a Arthur ( edit ) Chester A. Arthur , who was sworn in as president when James A. Garfield died after being shot , was rumored to have been born in Canada . Chester A. Arthur was born in Vermont on October 5 , 1829 to a Vermont - born mother and a father from Ireland ( who later became a U.S. citizen , 14 years after Chester A. Arthur was born ) . His mother , Malvina Stone Arthur , was a native of Berkshire , Vermont , who moved with her family to Quebec , where she met and married the future president 's father , William Arthur , on April 12 , 1821 . After the family had settled in Fairfield , Vermont , somewhere between 1822 and 1824 , William Arthur traveled with his eldest daughter to East Stanbridge , Canada , in October 1830 and commuted to Fairfield on Sundays to preach . `` It appears that he traveled regularly between the two villages , both of which were close to the Canada -- US border , for about eighteen months , holding two jobs '' , which may well explain the confusion about Chester A. Arthur 's place of birth , as perhaps did the fact that he was born in Franklin County , and thus within a day 's walk of the Vermont -- Quebec border . Moreover , Chester A. Arthur himself added a bit of confusion into the record by sometimes reporting his birth year as 1830 . No evidence of his having been born in Canada was ever demonstrated by his Democratic opponents , although Arthur Hinman , an attorney who had investigated Chester A. Arthur 's family history , raised the allegation as an objection during his vice-presidential campaign and , after the end of his presidency , published a book on the subject . Christopher Schürmann ( edit ) Christopher Schürmann ( born in New York City ) entered the Labor primaries during the 1896 presidential election . His eligibility was questioned in a New York Tribune article , because he was born to parents of German nationality . It was stated that `` various Attorney - Generals ( sic ) of the United States have expressed the opinion that a child born in this country of alien parents , who have not been naturalized , is , by the fact of birth , a native - born citizen entitled to all rights and privileges as such . '' But due to a lack of any statute on the subject , Schürmann 's eligibility was `` at best an open question , and one which should have made ( his ) nomination under any circumstances an impossibility '' , because questions concerning his eligibility could have been raised after the election . 1900s ( edit ) Charles Evans Hughes ( edit ) The eligibility of Charles Evans Hughes was questioned in an article written by Breckinridge Long , one of Woodrow Wilson 's campaign workers , and published on December 7 , 1916 in the Chicago Legal News -- a full month after the U.S. presidential election of 1916 , in which Hughes was narrowly defeated by Woodrow Wilson . Long claimed that Hughes was ineligible because his father was not yet naturalized at the time of his birth and was still a British citizen ( in fact , both his parents were British citizens and never became U.S. citizens ) . Observing that Hughes , although born in the United States , was also ( according to British law ) a British subject and therefore `` enjoy ( ed ) a dual nationality and owe ( d ) a double allegiance '' , Long argued that a native born citizen was not natural born without a unity of U.S. citizenship and allegiance and stated : `` Now if , by any possible construction , a person at the instant of birth , and for any period of time thereafter , owes , or may owe , allegiance to any sovereign but the United States , he is not a ' natural - born ' citizen of the United States . '' Barry Goldwater ( edit ) Barry Goldwater was born in Phoenix , in what was then the incorporated Arizona Territory of the United States . During his presidential campaign in 1964 , there was a minor controversy over Goldwater 's having been born in Arizona three years before it became a state . George Romney ( edit ) George W. Romney , who ran for the Republican party presidential nomination in 1968 , was born in Mexico to U.S. parents . Romney 's grandfather , a member of the LDS Church , had emigrated to Mexico in 1886 with his three wives and their children , after the U.S. federal government outlawed polygamy . However Romney 's parents ( monogamous under new church doctrine ) retained their U.S. citizenship and returned to the United States with him and his siblings in 1912 . Romney 's eligibility for President became moot when Richard Nixon was nominated as the Republican presidential candidate . Lowell Weicker ( edit ) Lowell P. Weicker entered the race for the Republican party nomination of 1980 but dropped out before voting in the primaries began ; he was also suggested as a possible vice-presidential nominee in 1976 , to replace retiring Vice President Nelson Rockefeller under the Republican ticket of incumbent President Gerald Ford . However Senator Bob Dole from Kansas was later chosen as the nominee . He was born in Paris , France , to parents who were U.S. citizens . His father was an executive for E.R. Squibb & Sons and his mother was born in India , the daughter of a British general . 2000s ( edit ) John McCain ( edit ) John McCain was born in 1936 at Coco Solo , Naval Air Station in the Panama Canal Zone . McCain 's eligibility was not challenged during his 2000 campaign , but it was challenged during his 2008 campaign . McCain never released his birth certificate to the press or independent fact - checking organizations , but in 2008 one was shown to Washington Post reporter Michael Dobbs , who wrote , `` ( A ) senior official of the McCain campaign showed me a copy of ( McCain 's ) birth certificate issued by the ' family hospital ' in the Coco Solo submarine base . '' A lawsuit filed by Fred Hollander in 2008 alleged McCain was actually born in a civilian hospital in Colón , Panama . Dobbs wrote that in his autobiography , Faith of My Fathers , McCain wrote that he was born `` in the Canal Zone '' at the U.S. Naval Air Station in Coco Solo , which was under the command of his grandfather , John S. McCain Sr . `` The senator 's father , John S. McCain Jr. , was an executive officer on a submarine , also based in Coco Solo . His mother , Roberta McCain , has said that she has vivid memories of lying in bed listening to raucous celebrations of her son 's birth from the nearby officers ' club . The birth was announced days later in the English - language Panamanian American newspaper . '' The former unincorporated territory of the Panama Canal Zone and its related military facilities were not regarded as United States territory at the time , but 8 U.S.C. § 1403 , which became law in 1937 , retroactively conferred citizenship on individuals born within the Canal Zone on or after February 26 , 1904 , and on individuals born in the Republic of Panama on or after that date who had at least one U.S. citizen parent employed by the U.S. government or the Panama Railway Company ; 8 U.S.C. § 1403 was cited in Judge William Alsup 's 2008 ruling , described below . A March 2008 paper by former Solicitor General Ted Olson and Harvard Law Professor Laurence H. Tribe opined that McCain was eligible for the Presidency . In April 2008 , the U.S. Senate approved a non-binding resolution recognizing McCain 's status as a natural - born citizen . In September 2008 , U.S. District Judge William Alsup stated obiter in his ruling that it is `` highly probable '' that McCain is a natural - born citizen from birth by virtue of 8 U.S.C. § 1401 , although he acknowledged the alternative possibility that McCain became a natural - born citizen retroactively , by way of 8 U.S.C. § 1403 . These views have been criticized by Chin , who argues that McCain was at birth a citizen of Panama and was only retroactively declared a born citizen under 8 U.S.C. § 1403 , because at the time of his birth and with regard to the Canal Zone the Supreme Court 's Insular Cases overruled the Naturalization Act of 1795 , which would otherwise have declared McCain a U.S. citizen immediately at birth . The U.S. State Department 's Foreign Affairs Manual states that children born in the Panama Canal Zone at certain times became U.S. nationals without citizenship . In Rogers v. Bellei , the Supreme Court ruled that children `` born abroad of American parents '' are not citizens within the citizenship clause of the 14th Amendment but did not elaborate on their natural - born status . Similarly , legal scholar Lawrence Solum concluded in an article on the natural born citizen clause that the question of McCain 's eligibility could not be answered with certainty , and that it would depend on the particular approach of `` constitutional construction '' . The urban legend fact checking website Snopes.com considers McCain 's eligibility `` undetermined '' . Arguments over McCain 's eligibility became moot after he lost the United States presidential election in 2008 . Barack Obama ( edit ) Main article : Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation Barack Obama was born in 1961 in Honolulu , Hawaii ( which had become a U.S. state in 1959 ) . His mother was a U.S. citizen and his father was a British subject from British Kenya . Before and after the 2008 presidential election , arguments were made that Obama was not a natural - born citizen . On June 12 , 2008 , the Obama presidential campaign launched a website to counter what it described as a smear campaign by his opponents , including conspiracy theories challenging his eligibility . The most prominent issue raised against Obama was the claim made in several lawsuits that he was not actually born in Hawaii . The Supreme Court declined without comment to hear two lawsuits in which the plaintiffs argued it was irrelevant whether Obama was born in Hawaii . Most of the cases were dismissed because of the plaintiff 's lack of standing ; however , several courts have given guidance on the question . In Ankeny v. Governor , a three - member Indiana Court of Appeals stated , Based upon the language of Article II , Section 1 , Clause 4 and the guidance provided by Wong Kim Ark , we conclude that persons born within the borders of the United States are ' natural born Citizens ' for Article II , Section 1 purposes , regardless of the citizenship of their parents . Administrative Law Judge Michael Malihi in Georgia decided a group of eligibility challenge cases by saying , `` The Indiana Court rejected the argument that Mr. Obama was ineligible , stating that the children born within the United States are natural born citizens , regardless of the citizenship of their parents ... This Court finds the decision and analysis of Ankeny persuasive . '' Federal District Judge John A. Gibney , Jr. wrote in his decision in the case of Tisdale v. Obama : The eligibility requirements to be President of the United States are such that the individual must be a `` natural born citizen '' of the United States ... It is well settled that those born in the United States are considered natural born citizens . See , e.g. United States v. Ark ( sic ) ... On October 31 , 2008 , Hawaii Health Director Chiyome Fukino issued a statement saying , I ... have personally seen and verified that the Hawai'i State Department of Health has Sen. Obama 's original birth certificate on record in accordance with state policies and procedures . On July 27 , 2009 , Fukino issued an additional statement : I ... have seen the original vital records maintained on file by the Hawaii State Department of Health verifying Barack Hussein Obama was born in Hawaii and is a natural - born American citizen . Attempts to prevent Obama from participating in the 2012 Democratic primary election in several states failed . Ted Cruz ( edit ) Ted Cruz announced on March 22 , 2015 , that he was running for the Republican Party 's nomination for president in the 2016 election . Cruz was born in Calgary , Canada . Cruz 's mother was a U.S. citizen and his father was born in Cuba , but his father eventually became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 2005 . This gave Cruz dual Canadian - American citizenship , as he was granted U.S. citizenship at the time of his birth by the virtue of his mother 's citizenship , and Canada grants birthright citizenship to every person born in Canada . Cruz applied to formally renounce his Canadian citizenship and ceased being a citizen of Canada on May 14 , 2014 . Former Solicitor General Paul Clement , former Acting Solicitor General Neal Katyal , University of California , Irvine School of Law Dean Erwin Chemerinsky , Professor Chin ( see above ) , Temple University Law School Professor Peter Spiro , Professor Akhil Amar , Georgetown University Law Center Professor Randy Barnett , Yale Law School Professor Jack Balkin , and University of San Diego Professor Michael Ramsey believe Cruz meets the constitutional requirements to be eligible for the presidency . Similarly , Bryan Garner , the editor of Black 's Law Dictionary , believes the U.S. Supreme Court would find Cruz to be eligible , and Case Western Reserve University School of Law professor Jonathan H. Adler agrees that no court will rule against Cruz 's eligibility . Laurence Tribe of Harvard , however , described Cruz 's eligibility as `` murky and unsettled '' . Harvard Law Professor Cass Sunstein believes that Cruz is eligible , but agrees with Ramsey that Cruz 's eligibility is not `` an easy question '' . Sunstein believes concerns over standing and the political - question doctrine make it unlikely that courts would rule against Cruz . Mary McManamon ( see above ) writing in the Catholic University Law Review believes that Cruz is not eligible because he was not born in the United States . Professor Einer Elhauge of Harvard , Professor Robert Clinton of Arizona State University , University of Chicago Professor Eric Posner , former Chief Justice of the New York Court of Appeals Sol Wachtler , and Professor Victor Williams of Catholic University of America 's law school agree that Cruz is not eligible . Alan Grayson , a Democratic Member of Congress from Florida , does not believe Cruz is a natural - born citizen , and stated he would have filed a lawsuit if Cruz had become the Republican nominee . Orly Taitz , Larry Klayman , and Mario Apuzzo , who each filed multiple lawsuits challenging Obama 's eligibility , have also asserted that Cruz is not eligible . Cruz 's eligibility was questioned by some of his primary opponents , including Donald Trump , Mike Huckabee , Rick Santorum , Carly Fiorina , and Rand Paul . Marco Rubio , however , believes Cruz is eligible . Two November 2015 ballot challenges in New Hampshire alleging that Cruz was not a natural - born citizen were unsuccessful . In December , a similar lawsuit was filed in Vermont , and an unsuccessful lawsuit was filed in Florida . In January 2016 , similar lawsuits were unsuccessfully filed in Texas and Utah , and two similar unsuccessful ballot challenges were filed in Illinois . In February , two similar unsuccessful lawsuits were filed in Pennsylvania and one was filed in Arkansas ; a similar lawsuit was filed in Alabama ; similar unsuccessful ballot challenges were filed in Indiana ; and similar ballot challenges and an unsuccessful similar lawsuit were also filed in New York . In March , a similar lawsuit was filed in New York . In April , a similar ballot challenge was unsuccessfully filed in New Jersey . No lawsuit or challenge has been successful , and in February 2016 , the Illinois Board of Elections ruled in Cruz 's favor , stating , `` The candidate is a natural born citizen by virtue of being born in Canada to his mother who was a U.S. citizen at the time of his birth . '' The question of Cruz 's eligibility became moot when he suspended his campaign on May 3 , 2016 . Marco Rubio and Bobby Jindal ( edit ) Marco Rubio and Bobby Jindal both announced in 2015 that they were running for the Republican Party 's nomination for president in the 2016 election . Taitz and Apuzzo each have claimed neither Rubio nor Jindal is eligible because both were born ( albeit in the United States ) to parents who were not U.S. citizens at the time of their respective births . The question of Jindal 's eligibility became moot when he suspended his presidential campaign in November 2015 . Nonetheless , a lawsuit filed in December 2015 in Vermont and a ballot challenge filed in February 2016 in New York challenged Jindal 's eligibility . A November 2015 ballot challenge in New Hampshire alleging that Rubio was not a natural - born citizen was unsuccessful . In December , a similar lawsuit was filed in Vermont , and an unsuccessful lawsuit was filed in Florida . In January 2016 , a similar unsuccessful ballot challenge was filed in Illinois . In February , a similar unsuccessful lawsuit was filed in Arkansas ; a similar ballot challenge was filed in New York ; and an unsuccessful ballot challenge was filed in Indiana . The question of Rubio 's eligibility became moot when he suspended his presidential campaign in March 2016 . Potential presidential candidates who are not eligible ( edit ) Arnold Schwarzenegger ( edit ) Arnold Schwarzenegger was reported as considering challenging the prevailing interpretation of the clause . In 2003 , Senator Orrin Hatch unsuccessfully put forth the Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment , intending to allow eligibility for Arnold Schwarzenegger . In October 2013 , the New York Post reported that Schwarzenegger -- who is originally from Austria and became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1983 , also retaining Austrian citizenship -- was exploring a future run for the American presidency . He reportedly lobbied legislators about a possible constitutional change , or filing a legal challenge to the provision . Cornell University law professor Michael C. Dorf observed that Schwarzenegger 's possible lawsuit could ultimately win him the right to run for the office , noting , `` The law is very clear , but it 's not 100 percent clear that the courts would enforce that law rather than leave it to the political process '' . Schwarzenegger subsequently denied that he was running . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Law portal Jus sanguinis United States nationality law United States presidential eligibility legislation Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tucker , St. George ( 1803 ) . `` St. George Tucker , Blackstone 's Commentaries 1 : App . 316 -- s25 , 328 -- 29 '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Pete ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Natural Born ' Issue for Ted Cruz Is Not Settled and Not Going Away '' . NBC News . The emerging consensus of the legal experts , however , is that being ' natural born ' means becoming a citizen at the moment of birth , as opposed to achieving it later through the process of naturalization ... ^ Jump up to : Maskell , Jack ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` Qualifications for President and the ' Natural Born ' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . p. 2 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . In addition to historical and textual analysis , numerous holdings and references in federal ( and state ) cases for more than a century have clearly indicated that those born in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction ( i.e. , not born to foreign diplomats or occupying military forces ) , even to alien parents , are citizens ' at birth ' or ' by birth , ' and are ' natural born , ' as opposed to ' naturalized , ' U.S. citizens . There is no provision in the Constitution and no controlling American case law to support a contention that the citizenship of one 's parents governs the eligibility of a native born U.S. citizen to be President . ^ Jump up to : `` Strunk v New York State Bd. of Elections : : 2012 : : New York Other Courts Decisions : : New York Case Law : : New York Law : : U.S. Law : : Justia '' . Law.justia.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pilon , Mary ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump 's Immigrant Mother '' . The New Yorker . ^ Jump up to : Tokaji , Daniel ( 2008 ) . `` The Justiciability of Eligibility : May Courts Decide Who Can Be President ? '' . Michigan Law Review , First Impressions. 107 : 31 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Charles ( 1968 ) . `` Who can be President of the United States : The Unresolved Enigma '' . Maryland Law Review . Baltimore Maryland : Maryland Law Review , Inc . University of Maryland School of Law . 28 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 32 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Curtis A. ; Siegel , Neil ( April 2015 ) . `` CONSTRUCTED CONSTRAINT AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL TEXT '' . Duke Law Journal . 64 ( 7 ) : 1243 ( footnote 130 ) . Jump up ^ A Duke Law Journal article has noted , `` Because of the placement of the commas , this clause , if read literally , suggests that only individuals alive at the time the Constitution was adopted are eligible to be president . For purposive and consequentialist reasons , however , the clause never has been read that way . '' Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution : Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 2 : Qualifications of Members Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution : Article 1 , Section 3 , Clause 3 : Qualifications of Senators Jump up ^ Coke , Edward ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` The reports of Sir Edward Coke , knt. ( 1572 - 1617 ). In thirteen parts . A new ed. , with additional notes and references , and with abstracts of the principal points : '' . London : . Jump up ^ Great Britain , Statutes of the Realm , Vol. 9 , p. 63 ( London , Dawsons of Pall Mall 1822 , reprinted 1962 ) . Jump up ^ Piggott , Francis . Nationality and Naturalization , pp. 48 - 50 ( W. Clowes and Sons , 1907 ) . ^ Jump up to : McManamon , Mary . `` The Natural Born Citizen Clause as Originally Understood '' , Catholic University Law Review , v. 64 , no . 2 ( 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : William Blackstone , Commentaries on the Laws of England , Vol. 1 , p. 363 ( Oxford , The Clarendon Press 1765 ) Jump up ^ Biglieri , Ezio ; Prati , G. ( 2014 ) . Enclyclopedia of Public International Law . Elsevier . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4832 - 9477 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` British Nationality Act , 1730 '' . United Settlement . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Elizabeth . `` Citizenship and the Law of Time in the United States '' , Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy , Vol. 8 , p. 67 n . 59 ( 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : Blackstone , William . Commentaries on the Laws of England , Vol. 1 , p. 354 ( Oxford , The Clarendon Press 1765 ) . Jump up ^ Dann , Carrie . `` Yes , Ted Cruz Was Born in Canada . So What ? '' , NBC News ( March 26 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Blackstone , William . `` Commentaries on the Laws of England '' , Vol. 1 , p. 373 ( Oxford , The Clarendon Press , 7th ed. 1775 ) . Jump up ^ Plowden , Francis . `` An Investigation of the Native Rights of British Subjects '' , pp. 74 , 161 - 62 ( London , Baldwin , Whieldon & Debrett 1784 ) . Jump up ^ Plowden , Francis . `` A Supplement to the Investigation of the Native Rights of British Subjects '' , p. 134 ( London , Baldwin , Whieldon & Debrett 1785 ) . Jump up ^ 7 Coke Report 1a , 77 ER 377 ( 1608 ) , Opinion of Edward Coke . Jump up ^ Edwards , F.B. `` Natural - Born British Subjects at Common Law '' , Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation , Vol. 14 , p. 318 ( 1914 ) . Jump up ^ Maskell , Jack . `` Qualifications for President and the ' Natural Born ' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement '' , CRS Report for Congress , pp. 31 - 32 ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Johnson , Samuel . A Dictionary Of The English Language : In Which The Words are Deduced from Their Originals , And Illustrated in Their Different Significations By Examples from the Best Writers , To Which Are Prefixed , A History of the Language , And An English Grammar : In Two Volumes , Volume 2 , pp. 180 -- 181 ( Knapton , 1756 ) . Jump up ^ Speare , Morris . `` Lafayette , Citizen of America '' , New York Times ( September 7 , 1919 ) . Jump up ^ Riley , Elihu . `` The Ancient City '' : A History of Annapolis , in Maryland , 1649 - 1887 , p. 198 ( Record Printing Office 1887 ) . Jump up ^ Lee , Thomas . `` Is Ted Cruz a ' natural born Citizen ' ? Not if you 're a constitutional originalist '' , Los Angeles Times ( January 10 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Han , William . `` Beyond Presidential Eligibility : The Natural Born Citizen Clause as a Source of Birthright Citizenship '' , Drake Law Review , Vol. 58 , No. 2 , 2010 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Pryor , Jill A . `` The Natural - Born Citizen Clause and Presidential Eligibility : An Approach for Resolving Two Hundred Years of Uncertainty '' . 97 Yale Law Journal 881 , 889 ( 1988 ) http://yalelawjournal.org/images/pdfs/pryor_note.pdf ; Jump up ^ `` Avalon Project - Madison Debates - June 18 '' . avalon.law.yale.edu . Jump up ^ 3 M. Farrand , The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , at 619 . Jump up ^ 3 Farrand , at 629 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Digital Library Collections '' . wwwapp.cc.columbia.edu . Jump up ^ Heard , Alexander ; Nelson , Michael ( 1987 ) . Presidential Selection , Duke University Press . p. 123 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . ( the word born is underlined in the quoted letter ) Jump up ^ Han , William . `` Beyond Presidential Eligibility : The Natural Born Citizen Clause as a Source of Birthright Citizenship '' , Drake Law Review , Vol. 58 , No. 2 , 2010 , pp. 462 -- 463 . Jump up ^ Palazzolo , Joe ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` The Other Democratic Candidate '' . The Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : Kasindorf , Martin ( December 2 , 2004 ) . `` Should the Constitution be amended for Arnold ? '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : `` President Kissinger ? '' . Time . March 4 , 1974 . Jump up ^ Blackstone , Commentaries , Vol. II , Ch. 10 , 1803 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max . `` Charles Pinckney in the United States Senate '' . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , Vol 3 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil ( March -- April 2004 ) . `` NATURAL BORN KILLJOY Why the Constitution wo n't let immigrants run for president , and why that should change '' . Legal Affairs . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 - 1875 '' . rs6.loc.gov . Jump up ^ Congressional Globe 37.2 ( 1862 ) , p. 1639 . Jump up ^ Congressional Globe 39.1 ( 1866 ) p. 1291 . Stated again during a House debate in 1872 ; cf . Congressional Globe 42.2 ( 1872 ) , p. 2791 . Jump up ^ 10 Opinions of the U.S. Atty. Gen. ( pages ) 382 -- 413 , and separately as Opinion of Attorney General Bates on Citizenship ( 1863 , Washington , DC , Govt . Printing Office ) 27 pages . Jump up ^ `` Citizenship of children born in the United States of alien parents '' , 10 Op . US Atty - Gen. 328 . Jump up ^ Letter from Marcy to Mason , June 6 , 1854 , quoted from the manuscript , reprinted ( with the emphasis shown ) in John Bassett Moore , A Digest of International Law ( of the United States ) , vol. 3 , sec. 373 , pp. 276 -- 277 ( US House of Representatives , 56th Congress , 2d Session , Document no . 551 ; Washington , DC , Govt . Printing Office , 1906 ) . Jump up ^ His first name is not given in the Opinion itself but is found in the correspondence seeking the opinion , in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States ( US House of Representatives , 44th Congress , 1st Session , December 6 , 1875 ) Exec . Doct. 1 , part 1 , page 563 . Jump up ^ Steinkauler 's Case , 15 Opinions of the US Attorneys - General 15 at 17 -- 18 ( June 26 , 1875 ) . Jump up ^ van Dyne , Frederick , Citizenship of the United States ( 1904 , Rochester , NY , Lawyers Co-operative Publ'g Co . ) pp. 3 -- 12 . With regard to the last sentence in the quotation , van Dyne discusses some peripheral court decisions , none dealing with conventional U.S. citizenship , but with the nationality of the child of a foreigner and a member of an independent American Indian tribe whose members were not ordinarily regarded as U.S. citizens . Jump up ^ NY Chanc. Ct. , November 5 , 1844 ; 1 Sandf.Ch. 583 , 3 NY Leg. Obs. 236 , 7 NY Ch . Ann . 443 , 1844 WL 4804 , 1844 N.Y. Misc . LEXIS 1 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Sandf . at 656 , Leg. Obs . at 246 -- 247 Jump up ^ Sandf . at 663 , Leg. Obs . at 250 Jump up ^ `` The Federal reporter : with key - number annotations ... Permanent ed ... v. 21 . '' HathiTrust . Jump up ^ Fed at 909 , Sawyer at 359 -- 360 Jump up ^ U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) 169 U.S. 649 , 42 L. Ed . 890 , 18 S. Ct. 456 . ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Similarly , in a 1999 Circuit Court decision , the U.S. - born children of two non-citizen parents were spoken of as `` natural born citizens '' . Mustata v. US Dept. of Justice ( 6th Cir. 1999 ) 179 F. 3d 1017 at 1019 . ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Perkins v. Elg ( 1939 ) 307 U.S. 325 at 329 , 83 L. Ed . 1320 at 1324 , 59 S. Ct. 884 at 888 . ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Perkins v. Elg ( D.C. Cir. 1938 ) 69 U.S. App. D.C. 175 , 99 F. 2d 408 '' . ^ Jump up to : Maskell , Jack ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Qualifications for President and the `` Natural Born '' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement `` . Congressional Research Service . Jump up ^ `` Zimmer v Acheson , 191 F. 2d 209 ( 10th Cir. 1951 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Montana v. Kennedy , 366 U.S. 308 ( 1961 ) '' . Jump up ^ Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana ( 2009 ) , Appeals Court Decision , 11120903 Jump up ^ Nolos v. Holder ( 5th Cir. 2010 ) 611 F. 3d 279 , 62 ALR - Fed. 2d 777 , ( 5 ) ; also Sean Morrison , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : American Samoa and the Last U.S. Nationals , 41 Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 71 ( fall 2013 ) ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ Rawle , William ( 1825 ) . A View of the Constitution of the United States of America . Philadelphia , Carey & Lea . pp. 80 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 1144771858 . Jump up ^ James F. Wilson in : Congressional Globe , House of Representatives , 39th Congress , 1st Session , Washington 1866 , p. 1117 . Jump up ^ Dred Scott v. Sandford , 60 U.S. 393 , 476 ( 1857 ) . Jump up ^ Book 1 , § 212 Jump up ^ United States v. Wong Kim Ark , 169 U.S. 649 , 708 ( 1898 ) . Jump up ^ Joseph Story ( 1840 ) . A familiar exposition of the Constitution of the United States : containing a brief commentary on every clause , explaining the true nature , reasons , and objects thereof : designed for the use of school libraries and general readers : with an appendix , containing important public documents , illustrative of the Constitution . Marsh , Capen , Lyon and Webb . pp. 167 § 269 -- 271 . Jump up ^ Joseph Story ( 1834 ) . The constitutional class book : being a brief exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Designed for the use of the higher classes in common schools . Hilliard , Gray & Company . pp. 115 § 190 . Jump up ^ Plessy v. Ferguson , 163 U.S. 537 ( 1896 ) . Jump up ^ A.P. Morse , `` Natural - Born Citizen of the United States : Eligibility for the Office of President '' , Albany Law Journal , vol. 66 ( 1904 -- 1905 ) Jump up ^ `` Presidential Elections in the United States : A Primer '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . April 17 , 2000 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 41131059 MoC Memo What to Tell Your Constituents in Answer to Obama Eligibility - United States Nationality Law - United States Constitution '' . Scribd . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( July 11 , 2008 ) . `` A Citizen , but ' Natural Born ' ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Chin , Gabriel J. ( 2008 ) , `` Why Senator John McCain Cannot Be President : Eleven Months and a Hundred Yards Short of Citizenship '' , 107 Mich . L. Rev. First Impressions 1 Jump up ^ White , G. Edward ( August 20 , 2009 ) . `` Re-examining the Constitution 's Presidential Eligibility Clause '' . University of Virginia School of Law . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McManamon , Mary ( 2015 ) , `` The Natural Born Citizens Clause as Originally Understood '' , 64 Catholic University Law Review 317 Jump up ^ McManamon , Mary Brigid ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Law professor : Ted Cruz is not eligible to be president '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elhauge , Einer ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Opinion : Cruz not really ' natural born citizen ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clinton , Robert ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is Not A ' Natural Born ' Citizen '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Posner , Eric ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is Not Eligible to Be President '' . Slate . ^ Jump up to : Wachtler , Sol ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Constitutional history shows Cruz ineligible for White House '' . Newsday . Jump up ^ Vlahoplus , John ( April 5 , 2017 ) . On the Meaning of `` Considered as Natural Born '' . Wake Forest L. Rev. Online . Jump up ^ Solum , Lawrence B. ( 2008 ) , `` Originalism and the natural born citizen clause '' Archived February 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , 107 Mich . L. Rev. First Impressions 22 Jump up ^ Lawrence B. Solum , `` Originalism and the natural born citizen clause '' , revised draft version , April 18 , 2010 ( SSRN ) , p. 1 , n . 3 . However , other passages of his revised draft still imply U.S. citizenship of both parents ; cf . i.a. pp. 3 , 9 , 11 . ^ Jump up to : Leary , Alex ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Birthers say Marco Rubio is not eligible to be president '' . Tampa Bay Times . Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` Chapman Constitutional Scholar Rebuffs Orly Taitz 's Overtures '' . OC Weekly . Jump up ^ Chin , Gabriel ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` Who 's really eligible to be president ? '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene ( November 18 , 2009 ) . `` Indiana Court of Appeals Rejects Claim That ' Because His Father Was a Citizen of the United Kingdom , President Obama Is Not a Natural Born Citizen and Therefore Constitutionally Ineligible to Assume the Office of the President ' '' . The Volokh Conspiracy . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana , 916 NE 2d 678 ( Ind . Ct. of Appeals November 12 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Rathgeber , Bob ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Now , ' birthers ' have eye on Marco Rubio '' . News - Press . ^ Jump up to : E.g. see Robinson v. Bowen , 567 F. Supp . 2d 1144 ( N.D. Cal. 2008 ) ; Hollander v. McCain , 2008 WL 2853250 ( D.N.H. 2008 ) ; Berg v. Obama , 08 - 04083 ( E.D. Pa. 2008 ) . Jump up ^ See 3 U.S.C. ch. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Carl Hulse ( February 28 , 2008 ) . `` McCain 's Canal Zone Birth Prompts Queries About Whether That Rules Him Out '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Spiro , Peter . `` McCain 's Citizenship and Constitutional Method '' , Michigan Law Review , Volume 107 , p. 208 ( 2008 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Can Be President ? '' , Voice of America News ( July 29 , 2008 ) . Archived February 20 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Reeves , Thomas C. `` The Mystery of Chester Alan Arthur 's Birthplace '' , Vermont History 38 , Montpelier : Vermont Historical Society , p. 295 Jump up ^ DeGregorio , William A . The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents , Random House : 1993 , pp. 307 -- 08 , ISBN 0 - 517 - 08244 - 6 Jump up ^ Thomas C. Reeves , Gentleman Boss . The Life and Times of Chester Alan Arthur ( Newtown 1991 ) , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Hinman , Arthur P. ( 1884 ) . How a British Subject became President of the United States . Jump up ^ `` Is Mr. Schürmann eligible ? '' , New York Tribune , October 2 , 1896 , in : Anonymous ( ed . ) , The Presidential Campaign of 1896 . A Scrap - Book Chronicle , New York 1925 : Funk & Wagnalls , p. 130 sq . ( Note : The year of publication is given as 1888 , though the election was eight years later . However , the author 's introduction is dated 1925 . ) Jump up ^ Breckinridge Long ( 1916 ) , `` Is Mr. Charles Evans Hughes a ' Natural Born Citizen ' within the Meaning of the Constitution ? '' , Chicago Legal News vol. 49 , pp. 146 -- 148 ( December 7 , 1916 ) . It does not appear that this issue was raised before the election day , which may indicate that the majority of voters or of legal authorities felt it was not an impediment to Hughes 's eligibility . Jump up ^ Lipsky , Seth ( 2009 ) . The Citizen 's Constitution : An Annotated Guide . ( Basic Books ) . p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Heard , Alexander and Nelson , Michael ( 1987 ) . Presidential Selection . ( Duke University Press ) p. 127 . Jump up ^ Ken Rudin ( July 9 , 1998 ) . `` Citizen McCain 's Panama Problem ? '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Powell , Stewart ( August 14 , 1976 ) . `` Weicker May Not Be Eligible to Serve in High Position '' , Nashua Telegraph . United Press International . Jump up ^ S. Res. 511 : A resolution recognizing that John Sidney McCain , III , is a natural - born citizen. , U.S. Senate , April 30 , 2008 , OpenCongress . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` John McCain Biography '' , Biography.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Dobbs , Michael ( May 20 , 2008 ) . `` John McCain 's Birthplace '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Parish , Matt ( 2010 ) , `` How Old Is John McCain ? '' , Politics Daily , AOL . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Profile : John McCain '' . Online NewsHour . PBS . July 1 , 2008 . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fagan , Kevin ( September 21 , 2008 ) . `` McCain : A profile in courage and adaptation '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Hollander v. McCain et al , Justia Dockets & Filings Jump up ^ Dr. Conspiracy ( April 24 , 2010 ) , `` John McCain 's fake birth certificate '' , Obama Conspiracy Theories . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 Jump up ^ Dobbs , Michael ( May 2 , 2008 ) , `` McCain 's Birth Abroad Stirs Legal Debate : His Eligibility for Presidency Is Questioned '' , The Washington Post Jump up ^ Article II of Convention Between the United States and the Republic of Panama states : `` ... the cities of Panama and Colon and the harbors adjacent to said cities , which are included within the boundaries of the zone above described , shall not be included within this grant '' . Jump up ^ A book written by the U.S. Navy includes the same reference : Bakenhus , Reuben Edwin ; Knapp , Harry Shepard ; Johnson , Emory Richard ( 1915 ) . The Panama Canal : Comprising Its History and Construction , and Its Relation to the Navy , International Law and Commerce . J. Wiley & sons , Incorporated . p. 192 . Jump up ^ This map clearly shows Colon is not part of the Canal Zone . Colon Hospital can be seen on the map at the North end of the island . ( Source : http://www.serve.com/~CZBrats/ ) Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` Foreign Affairs Manual 7 FAM 1110 Acquisition of U.S. Citizenship by Birth in the United States '' . United States Department of State . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . 7 FAM 1113 ( c ) ( 1 ) : `` Despite widespread popular belief , U.S. military installations abroad and U.S. diplomatic facilities are not part of the United States within the meaning of the 14th Amendment . A child born on the premises of such a facility is not subject to U.S. jurisdiction and does not acquire U.S. citizenship by reason of birth . '' Jump up ^ `` Lawyers Conclude McCain Is `` Natural Born '' , CBS News , Associated Press , March 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ S. Res. 511 : A resolution recognizing that John Sidney McCain , III , is a natural - born citizen ; sponsors : Sen. Claire McCaskill , Sen. Barack Obama et al. ; page S2951 notes Chairman Patrick Leahy as agreeing to Secretary Michael Chertoff 's `` assumption and understanding '' that a citizen is a natural - born citizen , if he or she was `` born of American parents '' . Jump up ^ Cf . William Alsup , Robinson v. Bowen : Order denying preliminary injunction and dismissing action , September 16 , 2008 , p. 2 ; Alsup ruled that McCain was either a natural - born citizen by birth under 8 U.S.C. § 1401c or retroactively under 8 U.S.C. § 1403 ( a ) . ( See also : `` Judge says McCain is a ' natural - born citizen ' '' . Associated Press . September 18 , 2008 . Retrieved November 16 , 2008 . , and `` Constitutional Topic : Citizenship '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved November 25 , 2008 . ) Jump up ^ Chin , Gabriel J. ( 2008 ) , `` Why Senator John McCain Cannot Be President : Eleven Months and a Hundred Yards Short of Citizenship '' , Michigan Law Review First Impressions , Vol. 107 , No. 1 , ( Arizona Legal Studies Discussion Paper No. 08 - 14 ) Jump up ^ `` Foreign Affairs Manual 7 FAM 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions '' . United States Department of State . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SCOTUS 401 U.S. 815 , 828 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Topic : Citizenship '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved June 7 , 2009 Jump up ^ Lawrence B. Solum , `` Originalism and the natural born citizen clause '' , Michigan Law Review : First Impressions 107 , September 2008 Archived February 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Is John McCain a natural - born citizen ? '' Snopes.com , July 23 , 2008 . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's Kenyan Citizenship ? '' . FactCheck.org . September 3 , 2009 . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British nationality by virtue of citizenship '' . British Nationality Act 1948 . Her Majesty 's Government . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UK and Colonies '' . Home Office . Jump up ^ `` The Truth About Barack 's Birth Certificate ( archived web cache ) '' . Fight the Smears ( Obama for America ) . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2011 . ( Retrieved March 9 , 2011 ) , quoting in excerpts from : `` Does Barack Obama have Kenyan citizenship ? '' . FactCheck.org ( Annenberg Foundation ) . August 29 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2008 . ; see also : `` Obama hits back at Internet slanders '' . Agence France - Presse . June 12 , 2008 . ; in a written oath to the State of Arizona , Obama further stated that he is a natural - born citizen ( cf . Candidate Nomination Paper , State of Arizona , November 30 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Leo C. Donofrio v. Nina Mitchell Wells ( SCOTUS 08A407 ) and Cort Wrotnowski v. Susan Bysiewicz ( SCOTUS 08A469 ) Jump up ^ Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana ( Ind. App. , 12 NOV 2009 ) , Appeals Court Decision , 11120903 Jump up ^ Farrar v. Obama ( Office of State Administrative Hearings State of Georgia 2012 ) . Text Jump up ^ Tisdale v. Obama ( United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia 2012 ) . Text Jump up ^ Statement by Dr. Chiyome Fukino , Department of Health , October 31 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Hawaii reasserts Obama ' natural - born ' citizen '' , MSNBC , July 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ Hanna , Maddie ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Birther ' bid to derail Obama blocked '' . Concord Monitor . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Velasco , Eric ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Suit to keep President Barack Obama off Alabama primary ballots dismissed by Jefferson County judge '' . Alabama : al.com . Jump up ^ Allen v. Obama ( Arizona Superior Court , Pima County February 24 , 2012 ) . Text Jump up ^ Secretary of State Kemp Issues Final Decision on Challenge to President Barack Obama 's Eligibility and Qualifications , ( February 7 , 2012 ) , Press Office of the Georgia Secretary of State . Jump up ^ Martin , Jonathan ; Haberman , Maggie ( March 22 , 2015 ) . `` Ted Cruz Hopes Early Campaign Entry Will Focus Voters ' Attention '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cruz , Rafael Edward ( Ted ) , ( 1970 -- ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . ^ Jump up to : Chin , Gabriel ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Opinion : Ted Cruz can be president , probably '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Gillman , Todd ( December 28 , 2013 ) . `` Ted Cruz says he 's hired lawyers to renounce Canadian citizenship '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gillman , Todd ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` No , Canada : Sen. Ted Cruz has formally shed his dual citizenship '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` Cruz Will Renounce Canadian Citizenship '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Robert ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Legal experts : Cruz 's Canadian birth wo n't keep him out of the Oval Office '' . Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Neal Katyal ; Paul Clement ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` On the Meaning of ' Natural Born Citizen ' '' . Harvard Law Review . Jump up ^ Chemerinsky , Erwin ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz is eligible to be president '' . Orange County Register . Jump up ^ Spiro , Peter ( March 22 , 2015 ) . `` Is Ted Cruz a ' Natural Born Citizen ' ? '' . Opinio Juris . , Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Why Ted Cruz is eligible to be president '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : Barnett , Randy ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Tribe v. Balkin on whether Ted Cruz is a `` natural born citizen '' `` . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Garner , Bryan ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Memorandum : Is Ted Cruz Eligible for the Presidency ? '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Adler , Jonathan ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Yes , Ted Cruz is a ' natural born citizen ' '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Ben ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` Harvard scholar : Ted Cruz 's citizenship , eligibility for president ' unsettled ' '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Sunstein , Cass ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Is Cruz ' Natural Born ' ? Well ... Maybe '' . Bloomberg View . Jump up ^ McManamon , Mary Brigid ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz is not eligible to be president '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Elhauge , Einer ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz is not eligible to run for president : A Harvard law professor close - reads the Constitution '' . Salon . Jump up ^ Clinton , Robert ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is n't a ' Natural Born ' Citizen : According to the Constitution , because Sen. Ted Cruz was not born in the United States , he is not eligible to run for president '' . U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ Posner , Eric ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is Not Eligible to Be President '' . Slate . ^ Jump up to : Adler , Jonathan ( April 9 , 2016 ) . `` Law professor runs for president in order to challenge Ted Cruz 's eligibility '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Grayson : I 'll File A Lawsuit Against Ted Cruz If He 's The Nominee '' . FOX News . November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Steven ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Ted Cruz Inherits ' Birthers ' With Presidential Bid '' . U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Birther 2.0 : Can Ted Cruz Run For President ? ' He 's Even Worse Than Obama , ' Citizenship Skeptic Says '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ `` Trump , Cruz clash over eligibility , ' New York values ' at GOP debate '' . Fox News . January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Huckabee joins the Republicans with questions about Cruz 's eligibility '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Brody , Ben ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Few Colleagues Defend Cruz as White House Eligibility Is Questioned '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ Mielke , Brad ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Some Voters Trying to Kick Ted Cruz and Bernie Sanders Off NH Ballot '' . ABC News . ^ Jump up to : Tuohy , Dan ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` BLC upholds Sanders , Trump on primary ballots '' . Union Leader . ^ Jump up to : Blaisdell , Eric ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Vermonter tries to keep names off presidential ballot '' . Rutland Herald . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leary , Alex ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Marco Rubio seeks to dismiss court challenge to his eligibility to be president '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sherman , Amy ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Broward judge tosses case seeking to remove Marco Rubio and Ted Cruz from Florida ballot '' . Miami Herald . Jump up ^ Calkins , Laurel Brubaker ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz 's ' Natural - Born Citizen ' Status Tested in Birther Suit '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ Koh , Elizabeth ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz asks judge to dismiss Texas lawsuit on presidential eligibility '' . The Dallas Morning News . Jump up ^ Banks , Gabrielle ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Judge tosses birther lawsuit against Ted Cruz '' . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ Ben Winslow and Max Roth ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Utah man suing Ted Cruz claiming he 's not a natural - born citizen '' . KSTU . Jump up ^ Koh , Elizabeth ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Utah judge dismisses 5th challenge this month to Cruz 's presidential eligibility '' . The Dallas Morning News . ^ Jump up to : Kopan , Tal ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz not the only one with a birther challenge '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Gregory , John ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz 's Birthplace Challenged in Illinois '' . WBGZ . ^ Jump up to : Farias , Cristian ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is A ' Natural Born Citizen , ' Board Of Election Finds '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Schleifer , Theodore ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Case against Ted Cruz 's eligibility to be heard in Illinois on Friday '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Fiona ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Illinois judge dismisses Cruz eligibility complaint '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Delano , Jon ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Pa . Attorney Challenging Ted Cruz 's Right To Run In State 's Republican Primary '' . KDKA - TV . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Kasich , Cruz ballot paperwork challenged in Pennsylvania '' . WPXI . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz 's citizenship case may go to Pennsylvania Supreme Court '' . WHTM - TV . Jump up ^ Passarella , Gina ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Appeal of Cruz 's Ballot Eligibility Fast - Tracked '' . The Legal Intelligencer . Jump up ^ Koh , Elizabeth ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Pennsylvania Supreme Court affirms Cruz 's eligibility to be president '' . The Dallas Morning News . ^ Jump up to : Lanning , Curt ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Lawsuit : Remove Cruz and Rubio from Ark . Ballot '' . KARK - TV . ^ Jump up to : Manley , Marci ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Judge Dismisses Suit Requesting Cruz , Rubio Be Deemed Ineligible for Presidential Election '' . KARK - TV . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Alabama residents ' lawsuit claims Ted Cruz ineligible to run for president '' . The Birmingham News . ^ Jump up to : Cook , Tony ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz , Rubio presidential candidacies face citizenship challenges in Indiana '' . The Indianapolis Star . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz , Rubio remain eligible for Indiana presidential ballots '' . Indianapolis Business Journal . Jump up ^ Ross , Barbara ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` New Yorkers seek court order to keep Ted Cruz off the ballot in state Republican presidential primaries because he was born in Canada '' . Daily News ( New York ) . ^ Jump up to : Seiler , Casey ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` State BOE receives flurry of ' natural - born ' objections to Rubio , Cruz '' . Times Union . Jump up ^ Seiler , Casey ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Challenge to Cruz 's ' natural born ' status dismissed due to blown deadlines '' . Times Union . ^ Jump up to : Pinciaro , Joseph ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz ballot eligibility challenged in federal court by Calverton man '' . Suffolk Times . Jump up ^ Terkel , Amanda ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` New Jersey Judge Rejects Birther Lawsuit Against Ted Cruz '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Merda , Chad ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Illinois election board : Ted Cruz is a natural - born citizen '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Chicago , Illinois . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . The candidate is a natural born citizen by virtue of being born in Canada to his mother who was a U.S. citizen at the time of his birth , '' the board said . It pointed out that Cruz `` did not have to take any steps to go through a naturalization process at some point after birth '' and therefore `` further discussion on this issue is unnecessary . Jump up ^ Katie Glueck and Shane Goldmacher ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz drops out of presidential race '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Ashley Parker and Alan Rappeport ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Marco Rubio Announces 2016 Presidential Bid '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Manny ( January 24 , 2015 ) . `` Bobby Jindal Announces Run for President '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Tom LoBianco and Jeff Zeleny ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Bobby Jindal announces he is ending presidential campaign '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Peters , Jeremy ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Marco Rubio Suspends His Presidential Campaign '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Smith , Emily ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Arnold lobbies for White House run '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Schwarzenegger denies he 's aiming for president '' . Washington Post . External links ( edit ) John Yinger , Essay on the Presidential Eligibility clause and on the origins and interpretation of natural born citizen . Jill A. Pryor , `` The Natural Born Citizen Clause and the Presidential Eligibility Clause ; Resolving Two Hundred Years of Uncertainty '' , Yale Law Journal , Vol. 97 , 1988 , pp. 881 -- 899 . Sarah P. Herlihy , `` Amending the Natural Born Citizen Requirement : Globalization as the Impetus and the Obstacle '' , Chicago - Kent Law Review , Vol. 81 , 2006 , pp. 275 -- 300 . Lawrence Friedman , `` An Idea Whose Time has Come - The Curious History , Uncertain Effect , and Need for Amendment of the ' Natural Born Citizen ' Requirement for the Presidency '' , St. Louis Univ . Law Journal , Vol. 52 , 2007 , pp. 137 -- 150 . U.S. Constitution Online , Constitutional Topic : Citizenship . Presidential Eligibility Constitution Society hide United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 Reconstruction Amendments 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Pardon Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&oldid=845845116 '' Categories : Clauses of the United States Constitution United States nationality law Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2015 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use mdy dates from January 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Magyar Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 14 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how does a candidate become president of the united states	[]	[]
4589974300279384442	Stone Age	Stone Age - wikipedia Stone Age Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Stone Age ( disambiguation ) . Ġgantija temples in Gozo , Malta . Some of the world 's oldest free - standing structures . The Stone Age ↑ before Homo ( Pliocene ) Paleolithic Lower Paleolithic Late Stone Age Homo Control of fire Stone tools Middle Paleolithic Middle Stone Age Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens Recent African origin of modern humans Upper Paleolithic Late Stone Age Behavioral modernity , Atlatl , Origin of the domestic dog Epipaleolithic Mesolithic Microliths , Bow , Canoe Natufian Khiamian Tahunian Heavy Neolithic Shepherd Neolithic Trihedral Neolithic Pre-Pottery Neolithic Neolithic Neolithic Revolution , Domestication Pottery Neolithic Pottery ↓ Chalcolithic The Stone Age was a broad prehistoric period during which stone was widely used to make implements with an edge , a point , or a percussion surface . The period lasted roughly 3.4 million years and ended between 8700 BCE and 2000 BCE with the advent of metalworking . Stone Age artifacts include tools used by modern humans and by their predecessor species in the genus Homo , and possibly by the earlier partly contemporaneous genera Australopithecus and Paranthropus . Bone tools were used during this period as well but are rarely preserved in the archaeological record . The Stone Age is further subdivided by the types of stone tools in use . The Stone Age is the first period in the three - age system of archaeology , which divides human technological prehistory into three periods : The Stone Age The Bronze Age The Iron Age Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical significance 2 Stone Age in archaeology 2.1 Beginning of the Stone Age 2.2 End of the Stone Age 2.3 Concept of the Stone Age 2.4 Three - stage system 2.5 Problem of the transitions 3 Chronology 3.1 Three - age chronology 3.1. 1 Lower Paleolithic 3.1. 1.1 Oldowan in Africa 3.1. 1.2 Oldowan out of Africa 3.1. 1.3 Acheulean in Africa 3.1. 1.4 Acheulean out of Africa 3.1. 2 Middle Paleolithic 3.1. 3 Upper Paleolithic 3.1. 4 Epipaleolithic / Mesolithic 3.1. 5 Neolithic 3.2 Three - stage chronology 3.2. 1 The Earlier or Early Stone Age ( ESA ) 3.2. 2 The Middle Stone Age ( MSA ) 3.2. 3 The Later Stone Age ( LSA ) 4 Material culture 4.1 Tools 4.2 Food and drink 4.3 Shelter and habitat 4.4 Art 4.4. 1 Petroglyphs 4.4. 2 Rock paintings 4.5 Stone Age rituals and beliefs 5 Modern popular culture 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Historical significance Human timeline view discuss edit - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- Human - like apes Nakalipithecus Ouranopithecus Sahelanthropus Orrorin Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus Neanderthal Homo sapiens ← Earlier apes ← Separation from gorillas ← Possibly bipedal ← Separation from chimpanzees ← Earliest bipedal ← Earliest stone tools ← Earliest exit from Africa ← Earliest fire use ← Earliest in Europe ← Earliest cooking ← Earliest clothes ← Modern speech ← Modern humans l i s o n l i o n i o n o m i n i d s Axis scale : millions of years ago . Also see : Life timeline and Nature timeline Modern Awash River , Ethiopia , descendant of the Palaeo - Awash , source of the sediments in which the oldest Stone Age tools have been found The Stone Age is contemporaneous with the evolution of the genus Homo , the only exception possibly being the early Stone Age , when species prior to Homo may have manufactured tools . According to the age and location of the current evidence , the cradle of the genus is the East African Rift System , especially toward the north in Ethiopia , where it is bordered by grasslands . The closest relative among the other living primates , the genus Pan , represents a branch that continued on in the deep forest , where the primates evolved . The rift served as a conduit for movement into southern Africa and also north down the Nile into North Africa and through the continuation of the rift in the Levant to the vast grasslands of Asia . Starting from about 4 million years ago ( mya ) a single biome established itself from South Africa through the rift , North Africa , and across Asia to modern China , which has been called `` transcontinental ' savannahstan ' '' recently . Starting in the grasslands of the rift , Homo erectus , the predecessor of modern humans , found an ecological niche as a tool - maker and developed a dependence on it , becoming a `` tool equipped savanna dweller . '' Stone Age in archaeology Beginning of the Stone Age Obsidian projectile point The oldest indirect evidence found of stone tool use is fossilised animal bones with tool marks ; these are 3.4 million years old and were found in the Lower Awash Valley in Ethiopia . Archaeological discoveries in Kenya in 2015 , identifying possibly the oldest known evidence of hominin use of tools to date , have indicated that Kenyanthropus platyops ( a 3.2 to 3.5 - million - year - old Pliocene hominin fossil discovered in Lake Turkana , Kenya in 1999 ) may have been the earliest tool - users known . The oldest stone tools were excavated from the site of Lomekwi 3 in West Turkana , northwestern Kenya , and date to 3.3 million years old . Prior to the discovery of these `` Lomekwian '' tools , the oldest known stone tools had been found at several sites at Gona , Ethiopia , on the sediments of the paleo - Awash River , which serve to date them . All the tools come from the Busidama Formation , which lies above a disconformity , or missing layer , which would have been from 2.9 to 2.7 mya . The oldest sites containing tools are dated to 2.6 -- 2.55 mya . One of the most striking circumstances about these sites is that they are from the Late Pliocene , where previous to their discovery tools were thought to have evolved only in the Pleistocene . Excavators at the locality point out that : `` ... the earliest stone tool makers were skilled flintknappers ... The possible reasons behind this seeming abrupt transition from the absence of stone tools to the presence thereof include ... gaps in the geological record . '' The species who made the Pliocene tools remains unknown . Fragments of Australopithecus garhi , Australopithecus aethiopicus and Homo , possibly Homo habilis , have been found in sites near the age of the Gona tools . End of the Stone Age Innovation of the technique of smelting ore ended the Stone Age and began the Bronze Age . The first most significant metal manufactured was bronze , an alloy of copper and tin , each of which was smelted separately . The transition from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age was a period during which modern people could smelt copper , but did not yet manufacture bronze , a time known as the Copper Age , or more technically the Chalcolithic , `` copper - stone '' age . The Chalcolithic by convention is the initial period of the Bronze Age . The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age . The transition out of the Stone Age occurred between 6000 BCE and 2500 BCE for much of humanity living in North Africa and Eurasia . The first evidence of human metallurgy dates to between the 5th and 6th millennium BCE in the archaeological sites of Majdanpek , Yarmovac , and Pločnik in modern - day Serbia ( a copper axe from 5500 BCE belonging to the Vinca culture ) , though not conventionally considered part of the Chalcolithic or `` Copper Age '' , this provides the earliest known example of copper metallurgy . Note the Rudna Glava mine in Serbia . Ötzi the Iceman , a mummy from about 3300 BCE carried with him a copper axe and a flint knife . In regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa , the Stone Age was followed directly by the Iron Age . The Middle East and southeastern Asian regions progressed past Stone Age technology around 6000 BCE . Europe , and the rest of Asia became post -- Stone Age societies by about 4000 BCE . The proto - Inca cultures of South America continued at a Stone Age level until around 2000 BCE , when gold , copper and silver made their entrance . The Americas notably did not develop a widespread behavior of smelting Bronze or Iron after the Stone Age period , although the technology existed . Stone tool manufacture continued even after the Stone Age ended in a given area . In Europe and North America , millstones were in use until well into the 20th century , and still are in many parts of the world . Concept of the Stone Age The terms `` Stone Age '' , `` Bronze Age '' , and `` Iron Age '' were never meant to suggest that advancement and time periods in prehistory are only measured by the type of tool material , rather than , for example , social organization , food sources exploited , adaptation to climate , adoption of agriculture , cooking , settlement and religion . Like pottery , the typology of the stone tools combined with the relative sequence of the types in various regions provide a chronological framework for the evolution of man and society . They serve as diagnostics of date , rather than characterizing the people or the society . Lithic analysis is a major and specialised form of archaeological investigation . It involves the measurement of the stone tools to determine their typology , function and the technology involved . It includes scientific study of the lithic reduction of the raw materials , examining how the artifacts were made . Much of this study takes place in the laboratory in the presence of various specialists . In experimental archaeology , researchers attempt to create replica tools , to understand how they were made . Flintknappers are craftsmen who use sharp tools to reduce flintstone to flint tool . A variety of stone tools In addition to lithic analysis , the field prehistorian utilizes a wide range of techniques derived from multiple fields . The work of the archaeologist in determining the paleocontext and relative sequence of the layers is supplemented by the efforts of the geologic specialist in identifying layers of rock over geologic time , of the paleontological specialist in identifying bones and animals , of the palynologist in discovering and identifying plant species , of the physicist and chemist in laboratories determining dates by the carbon - 14 , potassium - argon and other methods . Study of the Stone Age has never been mainly about stone tools and archaeology , which are only one form of evidence . The chief focus has always been on the society and the physical people who belonged to it . Useful as it has been , the concept of the Stone Age has its limitations . The date range of this period is ambiguous , disputed , and variable according to the region in question . While it is possible to speak of a general ' stone age ' period for the whole of humanity , some groups never developed metal - smelting technology , so remained in a ' stone age ' until they encountered technologically developed cultures . The term was innovated to describe the archaeological cultures of Europe . It may not always be the best in relation to regions such as some parts of the Indies and Oceania , where farmers or hunter - gatherers used stone for tools until European colonisation began . The archaeologists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries CE , who adapted the three - age system to their ideas , hoped to combine cultural anthropology and archaeology in such a way that a specific contemporaneous tribe can be used to illustrate the way of life and beliefs of the people exercising a specific Stone - Age technology . As a description of people living today , the term stone age is controversial . The Association of Social Anthropologists discourages this use , asserting : `` To describe any living group as ' primitive ' or ' Stone Age ' inevitably implies that they are living representatives of some earlier stage of human development that the majority of humankind has left behind . '' Three - stage system In the 1920s , South African archaeologists organizing the stone tool collections of that country observed that they did not fit the newly detailed Three - Age System . In the words of J. Desmond Clark , `` It was early realized that the threefold division of culture into Stone , Bronze and Iron Ages adopted in the nineteenth century for Europe had no validity in Africa outside the Nile valley . '' Consequently , they proposed a new system for Africa , the Three - stage System . Clark regarded the Three - age System as valid for North Africa ; in sub-Saharan Africa , the Three - stage System was best . In practice , the failure of African archaeologists either to keep this distinction in mind , or to explain which one they mean , contributes to the considerable equivocation already present in the literature . There are in effect two Stone Ages , one part of the Three - age and the other constituting the Three - stage . They refer to one and the same artifacts and the same technologies , but vary by locality and time . The three - stage system was proposed in 1929 by Astley John Hilary Goodwin , a professional archaeologist , and Clarence van Riet Lowe , a civil engineer and amateur archaeologist , in an article titled `` Stone Age Cultures of South Africa '' in the journal Annals of the South African Museum . By then , the dates of the Early Stone Age , or Paleolithic , and Late Stone Age , or Neolithic ( neo = new ) , were fairly solid and were regarded by Goodwin as absolute . He therefore proposed a relative chronology of periods with floating dates , to be called the Earlier and Later Stone Age . The Middle Stone Age would not change its name , but it would not mean Mesolithic . The duo thus reinvented the Stone Age . In Sub-Saharan Africa , however , iron - working technologies were either invented independently or came across the Sahara from the north ( see iron metallurgy in Africa ) . The Neolithic was characterized primarily by herding societies rather than large agricultural societies , and although there was copper metallurgy in Africa as well as bronze smelting , archaeologists do not currently recognize a separate Copper Age or Bronze Age . Moreover , the technologies included in those ' stages ' , as Goodwin called them , were not exactly the same . Since then , the original relative terms have become identified with the technologies of the Paleolithic and Mesolithic , so that they are no longer relative . Moreover , there has been a tendency to drop the comparative degree in favor of the positive : resulting in two sets of Early , Middle and Late Stone Ages of quite different content and chronologies . By voluntary agreement , archaeologists respect the decisions of the Pan-African Congress of Prehistory , which meets every four years to resolve archaeological business brought before it . Delegates are actually international ; the organization takes its name from the topic . Louis Leakey hosted the first one in Nairobi in 1947 . It adopted Goodwin and Lowe 's 3 - stage system at that time , the stages to be called Early , Middle and Later . Problem of the transitions The problem of the transitions in archaeology is a branch of the general philosophic continuity problem , which examines how discrete objects of any sort that are contiguous in any way can be presumed to have a relationship of any sort . In archaeology , the relationship is one of causality . If Period B can be presumed to descend from Period A , there must be a boundary between A and B , the A -- B boundary . The problem is in the nature of this boundary . If there is no distinct boundary , then the population of A suddenly stopped using the customs characteristic of A and suddenly started using those of B , an unlikely scenario in the process of evolution . More realistically , a distinct border period , the A / B transition , existed , in which the customs of A were gradually dropped and those of B acquired . If transitions do not exist , then there is no proof of any continuity between A and B . The Stone Age of Europe is characteristically in deficit of known transitions . The 19th and early 20th - century innovators of the modern three - age system recognized the problem of the initial transition , the `` gap '' between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic . Louis Leakey provided something of an answer by proving that man evolved in Africa . The Stone Age must have begun there to be carried repeatedly to Europe by migrant populations . The different phases of the Stone Age thus could appear there without transitions . The burden on African archaeologists became all the greater , because now they must find the missing transitions in Africa . The problem is difficult and ongoing . After its adoption by the First Pan African Congress in 1947 , the Three - Stage Chronology was amended by the Third Congress in 1955 to include a First Intermediate Period between Early and Middle , to encompass the Fauresmith and Sangoan technologies , and the Second Intermediate Period between Middle and Later , to encompass the Magosian technology and others . The chronologic basis for definition was entirely relative . With the arrival of scientific means of finding an absolute chronology , the two intermediates turned out to be will - of - the - wisps . They were in fact Middle and Lower Paleolithic . Fauresmith is now considered to be a facies of Acheulean , while Sangoan is a facies of Lupemban . Magosian is `` an artificial mix of two different periods . '' Once seriously questioned , the intermediates did not wait for the next Pan African Congress two years hence , but were officially rejected in 1965 ( again on an advisory basis ) by Burg Wartenstein Conference # 29 , Systematic Investigation of the African Later Tertiary and Quaternary , a conference in anthropology held by the Wenner - Gren Foundation , at Burg Wartenstein Castle , which it then owned in Austria , attended by the same scholars that attended the Pan African Congress , including Louis Leakey and Mary Leakey , who was delivering a pilot presentation of her typological analysis of Early Stone Age tools , to be included in her 1971 contribution to Olduvai Gorge , `` Excavations in Beds I and II , 1960 -- 1963 . '' However , although the intermediate periods were gone , the search for the transitions continued . Chronology Time series plot of temperature over the previous 5 million years In 1859 Jens Jacob Worsaae first proposed a division of the Stone Age into older and younger parts based on his work with Danish kitchen middens that began in 1851 . In the subsequent decades this simple distinction developed into the archaeological periods of today . The major subdivisions of the Three - age Stone Age cross two epoch boundaries on the geologic time scale : The geologic Pliocene -- Pleistocene boundary ( highly glaciated climate ) The Paleolithic period of archaeology The geologic Pleistocene -- Holocene boundary ( modern climate ) Mesolithic or Epipaleolithic period of archaeology Neolithic period of archaeology The succession of these phases varies enormously from one region ( and culture ) to another . Three - Age chronology Main articles : Paleolithic , Human evolution , and Three - age system The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic ( from Greek : παλαιός , palaios , `` old '' ; and λίθος , lithos , `` stone '' lit . `` old stone '' , coined by archaeologist John Lubbock and published in 1865 ) is the earliest division of the Stone Age . It covers the greatest portion of humanity 's time ( roughly 99 % of `` human technological history '' , where `` human '' and `` humanity '' are interpreted to mean the genus Homo ) , extending from 2.5 or 2.6 million years ago , with the first documented use of stone tools by hominans such as Homo habilis , to the end of the Pleistocene around 10,000 BCE . The Paleolithic era ended with the Mesolithic , or in areas with an early neolithisation , the Epipaleolithic . Lower Paleolithic Main article : Lower Paleolithic At sites dating from the Lower Paleolithic Period ( about 2,500,000 to 200,000 years ago ) , simple pebble tools have been found in association with the remains of what may have been the earliest human ancestors . A somewhat more sophisticated Lower Paleolithic tradition , known as the Chopper chopping - tool industry , is widely distributed in the Eastern Hemisphere . This tradition is thought to have been the work of the hominin species named Homo erectus . Although no such fossil tools have yet been found , it is believed that H. erectus probably made tools of wood and bone as well as stone . About 700,000 years ago , a new Lower Paleolithic tool , the hand ax , appeared . The earliest European hand axes are assigned to the Abbevillian industry , which developed in northern France in the valley of the Somme River ; a later , more refined hand - ax tradition is seen in the Acheulian industry , evidence of which has been found in Europe , Africa , the Middle East , and Asia . Some of the earliest known hand axes were found at Olduvai Gorge ( Tanzania ) in association with remains of H. erectus . Alongside the hand - axe tradition there developed a distinct and very different stone - tool industry , based on flakes of stone : special tools were made from worked ( carefully shaped ) flakes of flint . In Europe , the Clactonian industry is one example of a flake tradition . The early flake industries probably contributed to the development of the Middle Paleolithic flake tools of the Mousterian industry , which is associated with the remains of Neanderthal man . This is a Mode 1 , or Oldowan , stone tool from the western Sahara . Oldowan in Africa Main article : Oldowan The earliest documented stone tools have been found in eastern Africa , manufacturers unknown , at the 3.3 million year old site of Lomekwi 3 in Kenya . Better known are the later tools belonging to an industry known as Oldowan , after the type site of Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania . The tools were formed by knocking pieces off a river pebble , or stones like it , with a hammerstone to obtain large and small pieces with one or more sharp edges . The original stone is called a core ; the resultant pieces , flakes . Typically , but not necessarily , small pieces are detached from a larger piece , in which case the larger piece may be called the core and the smaller pieces the flakes . The prevalent usage , however , is to call all the results flakes , which can be confusing . A split in half is called bipolar flaking . Consequently , the method is often called `` core - and - flake '' . More recently , the tradition has been called `` small flake '' since the flakes were small compared to subsequent Acheulean tools . `` The essence of the Oldowan is the making and often immediate use of small flakes . '' Another naming scheme is `` Pebble Core Technology ( PBC ) '' : `` Pebble cores are ... artifacts that have been shaped by varying amounts of hard - hammer percussion . '' Various refinements in the shape have been called choppers , discoids , polyhedrons , subspheroid , etc . To date no reasons for the variants have been ascertained : `` From a functional standpoint , pebble cores seem designed for no specific purpose . '' However , they would not have been manufactured for no purpose : `` Pebble cores can be useful in many cutting , scraping or chopping tasks , but ... they are not particularly more efficient in such tasks than a sharp - edged rock ... '' The whole point of their utility is that each is a `` sharp - edged rock '' in locations where nature has not provided any . There is additional evidence that Oldowan , or Mode 1 , tools were utilized in `` percussion technology '' ; that is , they were designed to be gripped at the blunt end and strike something with the edge , from which use they were given the name of choppers . Modern science has been able to detect mammalian blood cells on Mode 1 tools at Sterkfontein , Member 5 East , in South Africa . As the blood must have come from a fresh kill , the tool users are likely to have done the killing and used the tools for butchering . Plant residues bonded to the silicon of some tools confirm the use to chop plants . Although the exact species authoring the tools remains unknown , Mode 1 tools in Africa were manufactured and used predominantly by Homo habilis . They can not be said to have developed these tools or to have contributed the tradition to technology . They continued a tradition of yet unknown origin . As chimpanzees sometimes naturally use percussion to extract or prepare food in the wild , and may use either unmodified stones or stones that they have split , creating an Oldowan tool , the tradition may well be far older than its current record . Towards the end of Oldowan in Africa a new species appeared over the range of Homo habilis : Homo erectus . The earliest `` unambiguous '' evidence is a whole cranium , KNM - ER 3733 ( a find identifier ) from Koobi Fora in Kenya , dated to 1.78 mya . An early skull fragment , KNM - ER 2598 , dated to 1.9 mya , is considered a good candidate also . Transitions in paleoanthropology are always hard to find , if not impossible , but based on the `` long - legged '' limb morphology shared by H. habilis and H. rudolfensis in East Africa , an evolution from one of those two has been suggested . The most immediate cause of the new adjustments appears to have been an increasing aridity in the region and consequent contraction of parkland savanna , interspersed with trees and groves , in favor of open grassland , dated 1.8 -- 1.7 mya . During that transitional period the percentage of grazers among the fossil species increased from 15 -- 25 % to 45 % , dispersing the food supply and requiring a facility among the hunters to travel longer distances comfortably , which H. erectus obviously had . The ultimate proof is the `` dispersal '' of H. erectus `` across much of Africa and Asia , substantially before the development of the Mode 2 technology and use of fire ... '' H. erectus carried Mode 1 tools over Eurasia . According to the current evidence ( which may change at any time ) Mode 1 tools are documented from about 2.6 mya to about 1.5 mya in Africa , and to 0.5 mya outside of it . The genus Homo is known from H. habilis and H. rudolfensis from 2.3 to 2.0 mya , with the latest habilis being an upper jaw from Koobi Fora , Kenya , from 1.4 mya . H. erectus is dated 1.8 -- 0.6 mya . According to this chronology Mode 1 was inherited by Homo from unknown Hominans , probably Australopithecus and Paranthropus , who must have continued on with Mode 1 and then with Mode 2 until their extinction no later than 1.1 mya . Meanwhile , living contemporaneously in the same regions H. habilis inherited the tools around 2.3 mya . At about 1.9 mya H. erectus came on stage and lived contemporaneously with the others . Mode 1 was now being shared by a number of Hominans over the same ranges , presumably subsisting in different niches , but the archaeology is not precise enough to say which . Oldowan out of Africa Tools of the Oldowan tradition first came to archaeological attention in Europe , where , being intrusive and not well defined , compared to the Acheulean , they were puzzling to archaeologists . The mystery would be elucidated by African archaeology at Olduvai , but meanwhile , in the early 20th century , the term `` Pre-Acheulean '' came into use in climatology . C.E.P , Brooks , a British climatologist working in the United States , used the term to describe a `` chalky boulder clay '' underlying a layer of gravel at Hoxne , central England , where Acheulean tools had been found . Whether any tools would be found in it and what type was not known . Hugo Obermaier , a contemporary German archaeologist working in Spain , quipped : `` Unfortunately , the stage of human industry which corresponds to these deposits can not be positively identified . All we can say is that it is pre-Acheulean ... '' This uncertainty was clarified by the subsequent excavations at Olduvai ; nevertheless , the term is still in use for pre-Acheulean contexts , mainly across Eurasia , that are yet unspecified or uncertain but with the understanding that they are or will turn out to be pebble - tool . There are ample associations of Mode 2 with H. erectus in Eurasia . H. erectus -- Mode 1 associations are scantier but they do exist , especially in the Far East . One strong piece of evidence prevents the conclusion that only H. erectus reached Eurasia : at Yiron , Israel , Mode 1 tools have been found dating to 2.4 mya , about 0.5 my earlier than the known H. erectus finds . If the date is correct , either another Hominan preceded H. erectus out of Africa or the earliest H. erectus has yet to be found . After the initial appearance at Gona in Ethiopia at 2.7 mya , pebble tools date from 2.0 mya at Sterkfontein , Member 5 , South Africa , and from 1.8 mya at El Kherba , Algeria , North Africa . The manufacturers had already left pebble tools at Yiron , Israel , at 2.4 mya , Riwat , Pakistan , at 2.0 mya , and Renzidong , South China , at over 2 mya . The identification of a fossil skull at Mojokerta , Pernung Peninsula on Java , dated to 1.8 mya , as H. erectus , suggests that the African finds are not the earliest to be found in Africa , or that , in fact , erectus did not originate in Africa after all but on the plains of Asia . The outcome of the issue waits for more substantial evidence . Erectus was found also at Dmanisi , Georgia , from 1.75 mya in association with pebble tools . Pebble tools are found the latest first in southern Europe and then in northern . They begin in the open areas of Italy and Spain , the earliest dated to 1.6 mya at Pirro Nord , Italy . The mountains of Italy are rising at a rapid rate in the framework of geologic time ; at 1.6 mya they were lower and covered with grassland ( as much of the highlands still are ) . Europe was otherwise mountainous and covered over with dense forest , a formidable terrain for warm - weather savanna dwellers . Similarly there is no evidence that the Mediterranean was passable at Gibraltar or anywhere else to H. erectus or earlier hominans . They might have reached Italy and Spain along the coasts . In northern Europe pebble tools are found earliest at Happisburgh , United Kingdom , from 0.8 mya . The last traces are from Kent 's Cavern , dated 0.5 mya . By that time H. erectus is regarded as having been extinct ; however , a more modern version apparently had evolved , Homo heidelbergensis , who must have inherited the tools . He also explains the last of the Acheulean in Germany at 0.4 mya . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries archaeologists worked on the assumptions that a succession of Hominans and cultures prevailed , that one replaced another . Today the presence of multiple hominans living contemporaneously near each other for long periods is accepted as proved true ; moreover , by the time the previously assumed `` earliest '' culture arrived in northern Europe , the rest of Africa and Eurasia had progressed to the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic , so that across the earth all three were for a time contemporaneous . In any given region there was a progression from Oldowan to Acheulean , Lower to Upper , no doubt . Acheulean in Africa Main article : Acheulean An Acheulean tool , not worked over the entire surface The end of Oldowan in Africa was brought on by the appearance of Acheulean , or Mode 2 , stone tools . The earliest known instances are in the 1.7 -- 1.6 mya layer at Kokiselei , West Turkana , Kenya . At Sterkfontein , South Africa , they are in Member 5 West , 1.7 -- 1.4 mya . The 1.7 is a fairly certain , fairly standard date . Mode 2 is often found in association with H. erectus . It makes sense that the most advanced tools should have been innovated by the most advanced Hominan ; consequently , they are typically given credit for the innovation . A Mode 2 tool is a biface consisting of two concave surfaces intersecting to form a cutting edge all the way around , except in the case of tools intended to feature a point . More work and planning go into the manufacture of a Mode 2 tool . The manufacturer hits a slab off a larger rock to use as a blank . Then large flakes are struck off the blank and worked into bifaces by hard - hammer percussion on an anvil stone . Finally the edge is retouched : small flakes are hit off with a bone or wood soft hammer to sharpen or resharpen it . The core can be either the blank or another flake . Blanks are ported for manufacturing supply in places where nature has provided no suitable stone . Although most Mode 2 tools are easily distinguished from Mode 1 , there is a close similarity of some Oldowan and some Acheulean , which can lead to confusion . Some Oldowan tools are more carefully prepared to form a more regular edge . One distinguishing criterion is the size of the flakes . In contrast to the Oldowan `` small flake '' tradition , Acheulean is `` large flake : '' `` The primary technological distinction remaining between Oldowan and the Acheulean is the preference for large flakes ( > 10 cm ) as blanks for making large cutting tools ( handaxes and cleavers ) in the Acheulean . '' `` Large Cutting Tool ( LCT ) '' has become part of the standard terminology as well . In North Africa , the presence of Mode 2 remains a mystery , as the oldest finds are from Thomas Quarry in Morocco at 0.9 mya . Archaeological attention , however , shifts to the Jordan Rift Valley , an extension of the East African Rift Valley ( the east bank of the Jordan is slowly sliding northward as East Africa is thrust away from Africa ) . Evidence of use of the Nile Valley is in deficit , but Hominans could easily have reached the palaeo - Jordan river from Ethiopia along the shores of the Red Sea , one side or the other . A crossing would not have been necessary , but it is more likely there than over a theoretical but unproven land bridge through either Gibraltar or Sicily . Meanwhile , Acheulean went on in Africa past the 1.0 mya mark and also past the extinction of H. erectus there . The last Acheulean in East Africa is at Olorgesailie , Kenya , dated to about 0.9 mya . Its owner was still H. erectus , but in South Africa , Acheulean at Elandsfontein , 1.0 -- 0.6 mya , is associated with Saldanha man , classified as H. heidelbergensis , a more advanced , but not yet modern , descendant most likely of H. erectus . The Thoman Quarry Hominans in Morocco similarly are most likely Homo rhodesiensis , in the same evolutionary status as H. heidelbergensis . Acheulean out of Africa Mode 2 is first known out of Africa at ' Ubeidiya , Israel , a site now on the Jordan River , then frequented over the long term ( hundreds of thousands of years ) by Homo on the shore of a variable - level palaeo - lake , long since vanished . The geology was created by successive `` transgression and regression '' of the lake resulting in four cycles of layers . The tools are located in the first two , Cycles Li ( Limnic Inferior ) and Fi ( Fluviatile Inferior ) , but mostly in Fi . The cycles represent different ecologies and therefore different cross-sections of fauna , which makes it possible to date them . They appear to be the same faunal assemblages as the Ferenta Faunal Unit in Italy , known from excavations at Selvella and Pieterfitta , dated to 1.6 -- 1.2 mya . At ' Ubeidiya the marks on the bones of the animal species found there indicate that the manufacturers of the tools butchered the kills of large predators , an activity that has been termed `` scavenging '' . There are no living floors , nor did they process bones to obtain the marrow . These activities can not be understood therefore as the only or even the typical economic activity of Hominans . Their interests were selective : they were primarily harvesting the meat of Cervids , which is estimated to have been available without spoiling for up to four days after the kill . The majority of the animals at the site were of `` Palaearctic biogeographic origin '' . However , these overlapped in range on 30 -- 60 % of `` African biogeographic origin '' . The biome was Mediterranean , not savanna . The animals were not passing through ; there was simply an overlap of normal ranges . Of the Hominans , H. erectus left several cranial fragments . Teeth of undetermined species may have been H. ergaster . The tools are classified as `` Lower Acheulean '' and `` Developed Oldowan '' . The latter is a disputed classification created by Mary Leakey to describe an Acheulean - like tradition in Bed II at Olduvai . It is dated 1.53 -- 1.27 mya . The date of the tools therefore probably does not exceed 1.5 mya ; 1.4 is often given as a date . This chronology , which is definitely later than in Kenya , supports the `` out of Africa '' hypothesis for Acheulean , if not for the Hominans . A Biface ( trihedral ) from Amar Merdeg at Zagros foothill , Ilam , National Museum of Iran From Southwest Asia , as the Levant is now called , the Acheulean extended itself more slowly eastward , arriving at Isampur , India , about 1.2 mya . It does not appear in China and Korea until after 1mya and not at all in Indonesia . There is a discernible boundary marking the furthest extent of the Acheulean eastward before 1 mya , called the Movius Line , after its proposer , Hallam L. Movius . On the east side of the line the small flake tradition continues , but the tools are additionally worked Mode 1 , with flaking down the sides . In Athirampakkam at Chennai in Tamil Nadu the Acheulean age started at 1.51 mya and it is also prior than North India and Europe . The cause of the Movius Line remains speculative , whether it represents a real change in technology or a limitation of archeology , but after 1 mya evidence not available to Movius indicates the prevalence of Acheulean . For example , the Acheulean site at Bose , China , is dated 0.803 ± 3K mya . The authors of this chronologically later East Asian Acheulean remain unknown , as does whether it evolved in the region or was brought in . There is no named boundary line between Mode 1 and Mode 2 on the west ; nevertheless , Mode 2 is equally late in Europe as it is in the Far East . The earliest comes from a rock shelter at Estrecho de Quípar in Spain , dated to greater than 0.9 mya . Teeth from an undetermined Hominan were found there also . The last Mode 2 in Southern Europe is from a deposit at Fontana Ranuccio near Anagni in Italy dated to 0.45 mya , which is generally linked to Homo cepranensis , a `` late variant of H. erectus '' , a fragment of whose skull was found at Ceprano nearby , dated 0.46 mya . Middle Paleolithic Main article : Middle Paleolithic This period is best known as the era during which the Neanderthals lived in Europe and the Near East ( c. 300,000 -- 28,000 years ago ) . Their technology is mainly the Mousterian , but Neanderthal physical characteristics have been found also in ambiguous association with the more recent Châtelperronian archeological culture in Western Europe and several local industries like the Szeletian in Eastern Europe / Eurasia . There is no evidence for Neanderthals in Africa , Australia or the Americas . Neanderthals nursed their elderly and practised ritual burial indicating an organised society . The earliest evidence ( Mungo Man ) of settlement in Australia dates to around 40,000 years ago when modern humans likely crossed from Asia by island - hopping . Evidence for symbolic behavior such as body ornamentation and burial is ambiguous for the Middle Paleolithic and still subject to debate . The Bhimbetka rock shelters exhibit the earliest traces of human life in India , some of which are approximately 30,000 years old . Upper Paleolithic Main article : Upper Paleolithic Bradshaw rock paintings found in the north - west Kimberley region of Western Australia . From 50,000 to 10,000 years ago in Europe , the Upper Paleolithic ends with the end of the Pleistocene and onset of the Holocene era ( the end of the last ice age ) . Modern humans spread out further across the Earth during the period known as the Upper Paleolithic . The Upper Paleolithic is marked by a relatively rapid succession of often complex stone artifact technologies and a large increase in the creation of art and personal ornaments . During period between 35 and 10 kya evolved : from 38 to 30 kya Châtelperronian , 40 -- 28 Aurignacian , 28 -- 22 Gravettian , 22 -- 17 Solutrean , and 18 -- 10 Magdalenian . All of these industries except the Châtelperronian are associated with anatomically modern humans . Authorship of the Châtelperronian is still the subject of much debate . Most scholars date the arrival of humans in Australia at 40,000 to 50,000 years ago , with a possible range of up to 125,000 years ago . The earliest anatomically modern human remains found in Australia ( and outside of Africa ) are those of Mungo Man ; they have been dated at 42,000 years old . The Americas were colonised via the Bering land bridge which was exposed during this period by lower sea levels . These people are called the Paleo - Indians , and the earliest accepted dates are those of the Clovis culture sites , some 13,500 years ago . Globally , societies were hunter - gatherers but evidence of regional identities begins to appear in the wide variety of stone tool types being developed to suit very different environments . Epipaleolithic / Mesolithic Main articles : Epipaleolithic and Mesolithic The period starting from the end of the last ice age , 10,000 years ago , to around 6,000 years ago was characterized by rising sea levels and a need to adapt to a changing environment and find new food sources . The development of Mode 5 ( microlith ) tools began in response to these changes . They were derived from the previous Paleolithic tools , hence the term Epipaleolithic , or were intermediate between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic , hence the term Mesolithic ( Middle Stone Age ) . The choice of a word depends on exact circumstances and the inclination of the archaeologists excavating the site . Microliths were used in the manufacture of more efficient composite tools , resulting in an intensification of hunting and fishing and with increasing social activity the development of more complex settlements , such as Lepenski Vir . Domestication of the dog as a hunting companion probably dates to this period . The earliest known battle occurred during the Mesolithic period at a site in Egypt known as Cemetery 117 . Neolithic Main article : Neolithic Skara Brae , Scotland . Europe 's most complete Neolithic village The Neolithic , or New Stone Age , was approximately characterized by the adoption of agriculture . The shift from food gathering to food producing , in itself one of the most revolutionary changes in human history , was accompanied by the so - called Neolithic Revolution : the development of pottery , polished stone tools , and construction of more complex , larger settlements such as Göbekli Tepe and Çatal Hüyük . Some of these features began in certain localities even earlier , in the transitional Mesolithic . The first Neolithic cultures started around 7000 BCE in the fertile crescent and spread concentrically to other areas of the world ; however , the Near East was probably not the only nucleus of agriculture , the cultivation of maize in Meso - America and of rice in the Far East being others . Due to the increased need to harvest and process plants , ground stone and polished stone artifacts became much more widespread , including tools for grinding , cutting , and chopping . Skara Brae located on Orkney island off Scotland is one of Europe 's best examples of a Neolithic village . The community contains stone beds , shelves and even an indoor toilet linked to a stream . The first large - scale constructions were built , including settlement towers and walls , e.g. , Jericho and ceremonial sites , e.g. : Stonehenge . The Ġgantija temples of Gozo in the Maltese archipelago are the oldest surviving free standing structures in the world , erected c. 3600 -- 2500 BCE . The earliest evidence for established trade exists in the Neolithic with newly settled people importing exotic goods over distances of many hundreds of miles . These facts show that there were sufficient resources and co-operation to enable large groups to work on these projects . To what extent this was a basis for the development of elites and social hierarchies is a matter of ongoing debate . Although some late Neolithic societies formed complex stratified chiefdoms similar to Polynesian societies such as the Ancient Hawaiians , based on the societies of modern tribesmen at an equivalent technological level , most Neolithic societies were relatively simple and egalitarian . A comparison of art in the two ages leads some theorists to conclude that Neolithic cultures were noticeably more hierarchical than the Paleolithic cultures that preceded them . Three - stage chronology The earlier or early Stone Age ( esa ) Main articles : Paleolithic and Lower Paleolithic Acheulean biface from Lake Langano area , Ethiopia . This period is not to be identified with `` Old Stone Age '' , a translation of Paleolithic , or with Paleolithic , or with the `` Earlier Stone Age '' that originally meant what became the Paleolithic and Mesolithic . In the initial decades of its definition by the Pan-African Congress of Prehistory , it was parallel in Africa to the Upper and Middle Paleolithic . However , since then Radiocarbon dating has shown that the Middle Stone Age is in fact contemporaneous with the Middle Paleolithic . The Early Stone Age therefore is contemporaneous with the Lower Paleolithic and happens to include the same main technologies , Oldowan and Acheulean , which produced Mode 1 and Mode 2 stone tools respectively . A distinct regional term is warranted , however , by the location and chronology of the sites and the exact typology . The Middle Stone Age ( msa ) Main article : Middle Stone Age The Middle Stone Age was a period of African prehistory between Early Stone Age and Late Stone Age . It began around 300,000 years ago and ended around 50,000 years ago . It is considered as an equivalent of European Middle Paleolithic . It is associated with anatomically modern or almost modern Homo sapiens . Early physical evidence comes from Omo and Herto , both in Ethiopia and dated respectively at c. 195 ka and at c. 160 ka . The Later Stone Age ( LSA ) Main article : Later Stone Age The Later Stone Age ( LSA , sometimes also called the Late Stone Age ) refers to a period in African prehistory . Its beginnings are roughly contemporaneous with the European Upper Paleolithic . It lasts until historical times and this includes cultures corresponding to Mesolithic and Neolithic in other regions . Material culture Tools Stone tools were made from a variety of stones . For example , flint and chert were shaped ( or chipped ) for use as cutting tools and weapons , while basalt and sandstone were used for ground stone tools , such as quern - stones . Wood , bone , shell , antler ( deer ) and other materials were widely used , as well . During the most recent part of the period , sediments ( such as clay ) were used to make pottery . Agriculture was developed and certain animals were domesticated as well . Some species of non-primates are able to use stone tools , such as the sea otter , which breaks abalone shells with them . Primates can both use and manufacture stone tools . This combination of abilities is more marked in apes and men , but only men , or more generally Hominans , depend on tool use for survival . The key anatomical and behavioral features required for tool manufacture , which are possessed only by Hominans , are the larger thumb and the ability to hold by means of an assortment of grips . Food and drink Main articles : Paleolithic diet and Paleolithic diet and nutrition Food sources of the Palaeolithic hunter - gatherers were wild plants and animals harvested from the environment . They liked animal organ meats , including the livers , kidneys and brains . Large seeded legumes were part of the human diet long before the agricultural revolution , as is evident from archaeobotanical finds from the Mousterian layers of Kebara Cave , in Israel . Moreover , recent evidence indicates that humans processed and consumed wild cereal grains as far back as 23,000 years ago in the Upper Paleolithic . Near the end of the Wisconsin glaciation , 15,000 to 9,000 years ago , mass extinction of Megafauna such as the Wooly mammoth occurred in Asia , Europe , North America and Australia . This was the first Holocene extinction event . It possibly forced modification in the dietary habits of the humans of that age and with the emergence of agricultural practices , plant - based foods also became a regular part of the diet . A number of factors have been suggested for the extinction : certainly over-hunting , but also deforestation and climate change . The net effect was to fragment the vast ranges required by the large animals and extinguish them piecemeal in each fragment . Shelter and habitat Around 2 million years ago , Homo habilis is believed to have constructed the first man - made structure in East Africa , consisting of simple arrangements of stones to hold branches of trees in position . A similar stone circular arrangement believed to be around 380,000 years old was discovered at Terra Amata , near Nice , France . ( Concerns about the dating have been raised , see Terra Amata ) . Several human habitats dating back to the Stone Age have been discovered around the globe , including : A tent - like structure inside a cave near the Grotte du Lazaret , Nice , France . A structure with a roof supported with timber , discovered in Dolni Vestonice , the Czech Republic , dates to around 23,000 BCE . The walls were made of packed clay blocks and stones . Many huts made of mammoth bones were found in Eastern Europe and Siberia . The people who made these huts were expert mammoth hunters . Examples have been found along the Dniepr river valley of Ukraine , including near Chernihiv , in Moravia , Czech Republic and in southern Poland . An animal hide tent dated to around 15000 to 10000 BCE , in the Magdalenian , was discovered at Plateau Parain , France . Art Prehistoric art is visible in the artifacts . Prehistoric music is inferred from found instruments , while parietal art can be found on rocks of any kind . The latter are petroglyphs and rock paintings . The art may or may not have had a religious function . Petroglyphs Main article : Petroglyph Petroglyphs appeared in the Neolithic . A Petroglyph is an intaglio abstract or symbolic image engraved on natural stone by various methods , usually by prehistoric peoples . They were a dominant form of pre-writing symbols . Petroglyphs have been discovered in different parts of the world , including Asia ( Bhimbetka , India ) , North America ( Death Valley National Park ) , South America ( Cumbe Mayo , Peru ) , and Europe ( Finnmark , Norway ) . Rock paintings Rock painting at Bhimbetka , India , a World heritage site Main article : Cave painting In paleolithic times , mostly animals were painted , in theory ones that were used as food or represented strength , such as the rhinoceros or large cats ( as in the Chauvet Cave ) . Signs such as dots were sometimes drawn . Rare human representations include handprints and half - human / half - animal figures . The Cave of Chauvet in the Ardèche département , France , contains the most important cave paintings of the paleolithic era , dating from about 36,000 BCE . The Altamira cave paintings in Spain were done 14,000 to 12,000 BCE and show , among others , bisons . The hall of bulls in Lascaux , Dordogne , France , dates from about 15,000 to 10,000 BCE . The meaning of many of these paintings remains unknown . They may have been used for seasonal rituals . The animals are accompanied by signs that suggest a possible magic use . Arrow - like symbols in Lascaux are sometimes interpreted as calendar or almanac use , but the evidence remains interpretative . Some scenes of the Mesolithic , however , can be typed and therefore , judging from their various modifications , are fairly clear . One of these is the battle scene between organized bands of archers . For example , `` the marching Warriors '' , a rock painting at Cingle de la Mola , Castellón in Spain , dated to about 7,000 -- 4,000 BCE , depicts about 50 bowmen in two groups marching or running in step toward each other , each man carrying a bow in one hand and a fistful of arrows in the other . A file of five men leads one band , one of whom is a figure with a `` high crowned hat '' . In other scenes elsewhere , the men wear head - dresses and knee ornaments but otherwise fight nude . Some scenes depict the dead and wounded , bristling with arrows . One is reminded of Ötzi the Iceman , a Copper Age mummy revealed by an Alpine melting glacier , who collapsed from loss of blood due to an arrow wound in the back . Stone Age rituals and beliefs Main articles : Paleolithic religion , Prehistoric religion , and Mother goddess Poulnabrone dolmen in County Clare , Ireland Monte Bubbonia dolmen ( single - chambered tomb ) , Sicily Modern studies and the in - depth analysis of finds dating from the Stone Age indicate certain rituals and beliefs of the people in those prehistoric times . It is now believed that activities of the Stone Age humans went beyond the immediate requirements of procuring food , body coverings , and shelters . Specific rites relating to death and burial were practiced , though certainly differing in style and execution between cultures . Megalithic tombs , multichambered , and dolmens , single - chambered , were graves with a huge stone slab stacked over other similarly large stone slabs ; they have been discovered all across Europe and Asia and were built in the Neolithic and the Bronze Age . Modern popular culture Imaginative depiction of the Stone Age , by Viktor Vasnetsov The image of the caveman is commonly associated with the Stone Age . For example , a 2003 documentary series showing the evolution of humans through the Stone Age was called Walking with Cavemen , but only the last programme showed humans living in caves . While the idea that human beings and dinosaurs coexisted is sometimes portrayed in popular culture in cartoons , films and computer games , such as The Flintstones , One Million Years B.C. and Chuck Rock , the notion of hominids and non-avian dinosaurs co-existing is not supported by any scientific evidence . Other depictions of the Stone Age include the best - selling Earth 's Children series of books by Jean M. Auel , which are set in the Paleolithic and are loosely based on archaeological and anthropological findings . The 1981 film Quest for Fire by Jean - Jacques Annaud tells the story of a group of early homo sapiens searching for their lost fire . A 21st - century series , Chronicles of Ancient Darkness by Michelle Paver tells of two New Stone Age children fighting to fulfil a prophecy and save their clan . See also Homo Ice Age Life timeline List of Stone Age art Megalith Nature timeline Pleistocene Prehistoric warfare Timeline of the Stone Age Notes ^ Jump up to : https://web.archive.org/web/20100818123718/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/news/2010/august/oldest-tool-use-and-meat-eating-revealed75831.html Jump up ^ Ko , Kwang Hyun ( 2016 ) . `` Origins of human intelligence : The chain of tool - making and brain evolution '' ( PDF ) . Anthropological Notebooks. 22 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Barham & Mitchell 2008 , p. 106 Jump up ^ Barham & Mitchell 2008 , p. 147 Jump up ^ BBC News , 21 / 05 / 2015 : Oldest stone tools pre-date earliest humans ^ Jump up to : Harmand , Sonia ; et al. ( 21 May 2015 ) . `` 3.3 - million - year - old stone tools from Lomekwi 3 , West Turkana , Kenya '' . Nature . 521 : 310 -- 315 . doi : 10.1038 / nature14464 . PMID 25993961 . Jump up ^ Rogers & Semaw 2009 , pp. 162 -- 163 Jump up ^ Rogers & Semaw 2009 , p. 155 Jump up ^ As to whether aethiopicus is the genus Australopithecus or the genus Paranthropus , broken out to include the more robust forms , anthropological opinion is divided and both usages occur in the professional sources . Jump up ^ Rogers & Semaw 2009 , p. 164 Jump up ^ `` Neolithic Vinca was a metallurgical culture '' . Archaeo News . Reuters. 17 November 2007 . Retrieved 25 January 2011 . Jump up ^ S.J.S. Cookey ( 1980 ) . `` An Ethnohistorical Reconstruction of Traditional Igbo Society '' . In Swartz , B.K. ; Dumett , Raymond E. West African Culture Dynamics : Archaeological and Historical Perspectives . Mouton de Gruyter . p. 329 . ISBN 978 - 9027979209 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Easby , Dudley T. ( April 1965 ) . `` Pre-Hispanic Metallurgy and Metalworking in the New World '' . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . 109 ( 2 ) : 89 -- 98 . Jump up ^ `` ASA Statement on the use of ' primitive ' as a descriptor of contemporary human groups '' . ASA News . Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth . 27 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Clark 1970 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Clark 1970 , pp. 18 -- 19 Jump up ^ Deacon & Deacon 1999 , pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Isaac , Glynn ( 1982 ) . `` The Earliest Archaeological Traces '' . In Clark , J. Desmond . The Cambridge History of Africa . Volume . I : From the Earliest Times to C. 500 BC . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 246 . Jump up ^ Willoughby , Pamela R. ( 2007 ) . The evolution of modern humans in Africa : a comprehensive guide . Lanham , Maryland : AltaMira Press . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Barham & Mitchell 2008 , p. 477 Jump up ^ `` History : Systematic Investigation of the African Later Tertiary and Quaternary '' . The Wenner - Gren Foundation . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Worsaae , Jens Jacob Asmussen '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . ^ Jump up to : Toth , Nicholas ; Schick , Kathy ( 2007 ) . `` 21 Overview of Paleolithic Archaeology '' . In Henke , H.C. Winfried ; Hardt , Thorolf ; Tattersall , Ian . Handbook of Paleoanthropology . Volume . 3 . Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York : Springer - Verlag . p. 1944 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 32474 - 4 Jump up ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/439507/Paleolithic-Period Jump up ^ Barham & Mitchell 2008 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Shea 2010 , p. 49 ^ Jump up to : Shea 2010 , p. 50 ^ Jump up to : Barham & Mitchell 2008 , p. 132 Jump up ^ Barham & Mitchell 2008 , pp. 126 -- 127 . ^ Jump up to : Barham & Mitchell 2008 , p. 128 ^ Jump up to : Barham & Mitchell 2008 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Barham & Mitchell 2008 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Barham & Mitchell 2008 , p. 112 Jump up ^ Shea 2010 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Barham & Mitchell 2008 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Brooks , Charles E.P. ( 1919 ) , `` The Correlation of the Quaternary Deposits of the British Isles with Those of the Continent of Europe '' , Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution 1917 , Washington : Government Pronting Office , p. 277 Jump up ^ Hugo Obermaier ; Christine Matthew ; Henry Osborne ( 1924 ) . Fossil Man in Spain . New Haven : Yale University Press for the Hispanic Society of America . p. 272 . Jump up ^ Barham & Mitchell 2008 , pp. 106 -- 107 ^ Jump up to : Shea 2010 , pp. 55 -- 57 Jump up ^ Barham & Mitchell 2008 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Barham & Mitchell 2008 , p. 130 Jump up ^ Jean - Paul Raynal ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Hominid Cave at Thomas Quarry I ( Casablanca , Morocco ) : Recent findings and their context '' ( PDF ) . Quaternary International . 223 - 224 ( 223 -- 224 ) : 369 -- 382 . doi : 10.1016 / j. quaint. 2010.03. 011 . Jump up ^ Belmaker 2006 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Belmaker 2006 , pp. 119 -- 120 Jump up ^ Belmaker 2006 , p. 149 Jump up ^ Belmaker 2006 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Belmaker 2006 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Belmaker 2006 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Belmaker 2006 , p. 20 Jump up ^ `` Acheulian stone tools discovered near Chennai '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Bose , China '' . What Does It Mean to be Human ? . Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History . Jump up ^ Dalton , Rex ( 2 September 2009 ) . `` Europe 's oldest axes discovered '' . Nature News . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / news. 2009.878 . Jump up ^ Giovanni Muttoni ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Pleistocene magnetochronology of early hominid sites at Ceprano and Fontana Ranuccio , Italy '' ( PDF ) . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 286 : 255 -- 268 . Bibcode : 2009E&PSL. 286 ... 255M . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2009.06. 032 . Jump up ^ Bowler , J.M. ; Johnston , H. ; Olley , J.M. ; Prescott , J.R. ; Roberts , R.G. ; Shawcross , W. ; Spooner , N.A. ( 2003 ) . `` New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo , Australia '' . Nature . 421 ( 6925 ) : 837 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 421 ... 837B . doi : 10.1038 / nature01383 . PMID 12594511 . Jump up ^ Olley , J.M. ; Roberts , R.G. ; Yoshida , H. ; Bowler , J.M. ( 2006 ) . `` Single - grain optical dating of grave - infill associated with human burials at Lake Mungo , Australia '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 25 ( 19 -- 20 ) : 2469 . Bibcode : 2006QSRv ... 25.2469 O . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2005.07. 022 . Jump up ^ Kuijt , Ian ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 13 : Near Eastern Neolithic Research : Directions and Trends '' . In Kuijt , Ian . Life in Neolithic Farming Communities : Social Organization , Identity , and differentiation . Fundamental Issues in Archaeology . New York : Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers . p. 317 Jump up ^ Boehm , Christopher ( 2000 ) . `` The Origin of Morality as Social Control '' . In Katz , Leonard D. Evolutionary Origins of Morality : Cross-disciplinary Perspectives . Journal of Consciousness Studies Volume 7 . Thorverton : Imprint Academic . p. 158 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 5612 - 8 Jump up ^ Guthrie , Russell Dale ( 2005 ) . The Nature of Paleolithic Art . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 419 -- 420 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 31126 - 5 . Jump up ^ Clark , J. Desmond ( 1982 ) . `` The Culture of the Middle Paleolithic / MIddle Stone Age '' . In Clark , J. Desmond . The Cambridge History of Africa . Volume . I : From the Earliest Times to C. 500 BC . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 248 . Jump up ^ McBrearty and Brooks 2000 Jump up ^ Biological origins of modern humans Jump up ^ McDougall et al. 2005 Jump up ^ White et al. 2003 Jump up ^ Barham & Mitchell 2008 , p. 74 Jump up ^ Barham & Mitchell 2008 , p. 108 Jump up ^ Efraim Lev ; Mordechai E. Kislev ; Ofer Bar - Yosef ( March 2005 ) . `` Mousterian vegetal food in Kebara Cave , Mt . Carmel '' . Journal of Archaeological Science . 32 ( 3 ) : 475 -- 484 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2004.11. 006 . Jump up ^ Dolores R. Piperno ; Ehud Weiss ; Irene Holst ; Dani Nadel ( 5 August 2004 ) . `` Processing of wild cereal grains in the Upper Palaeolithic revealed by starch grain analysis '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 430 ( 7000 ) : 670 -- 3 . doi : 10.1038 / nature02734 . PMID 15295598 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Turvey , Samuel T. ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 2 : In the shadow of the megafauna : prehistoric mammal and bird extinctions across the Holocene '' . In Turvey , Samuel T. Holocene Extinctions . Oxford Biology . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 16 -- 17 Jump up ^ Ranger , Terence O. ; Kimambo , Isaria N. ( 1976 ) . The Historical Study of African Religion . University of California Press . p. 30 . ISBN 9780520031791 . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Quiles , Hélène Valladas , Hervé Bocherens , Emmanuelle Delqué - Kolic , Evelyne Kaltnecker , Johannes van der Plicht , Jean - Jacques Delannoy , Valérie Feruglio , Carole Fritz , Julien Monney , Michel Philippe , Gilles Tosello , Jean Clottes , and Jean - Michel Geneste `` A high - precision chronological model for the decorated Upper Paleolithic cave of Chauvet - Pont d'Arc , Ardèche , France '' PNAS 2016 113 ( 17 ) 4670 - 4675 ; published ahead of print April 11 , 2016 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1523158113 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Netburn , Deborah ( December 2016 ) . `` Chauvet cave : The most accurate timeline yet of who used the cave and when '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Aczel , Amir D. ( 2000 ) . The Cave and the Cathedral : How a Real - Life Indiana Jones and a Research Scholar Decoded the Ancient Art of Man . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons Inc . pp. 157 -- 158 . Jump up ^ Martínez , Antonio Beltrán ( 1982 ) ( 1979 ) . Rock art of the Spanish Levant . The Imprint of Man . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 48 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Salvatore Piccolo , Ancient Stones ... , op . cit . References Barham , Lawrence ; Mitchell , Peter ( 2008 ) . The First Africans : African Archaeology from the Earliest Toolmakers to Most Recent Foragers . Cambridge World Archaeology . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Belmaker , Miriam ( March 2006 ) . Community Structure through Time : ' Ubeidiya , a Lower Pleistocene Site as a Case Study ( Thesis ) ( PDF ) . Paleoanthropology Society . Clark , J. Desmond ( 1970 ) . The Prehistory of Africa . Ancient People and Places , Volume 72 . New York ; Washington : Praeger Publishers . Deacon , Hilary John ; Deacon , Janette ( 1999 ) . Human beginnings in South Africa : uncovering the secrets of the Stone Age . Walnut Creek , California ( u.a. ) : Altamira Press . Piccolo , Salvatore ( 2013 ) . Ancient Stones : The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily . Thornham / Norfolk ( UK ) : Brazen Head Publishing . Rogers , Michael J. ; Semaw , Sileshi ( 2009 ) . `` From Nothing to Something : The Appearance and Context of the Earliest Archaeological Record '' . In Camps i Calbet , Marta ; Chauhan , Parth R. Sourcebook of paleolithic transitions : methods , theories , and interpretations . New York : Springer . Schick , Kathy D. ; Toth , Nicholas ( 1993 ) . Making Silent Stones Speak : Human Evolution and the Dawn of Technology . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 69371 - 9 . Shea , John J. ( 2010 ) . `` Stone Age Visiting Cards Revisited : a Strategic Perspective on the Lithic Technology of Early Hominin Dispersal '' . In Fleagle , John G. ; Shea , John J. ; Grine , Frederick E. ; Boden , Andrea L. ; Leakey , Richard E , . Out of Africa I : the First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia . Dordrecht ; Heidelberg ; London ; New York : Springer . pp. 47 -- 64 . Further reading Scarre , Christopher ( ed . ) ( 1988 ) . Past Worlds : The Times Atlas of Archaeology . London : Times Books . ISBN 0 - 7230 - 0306 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stone Age . Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Stone Age . Giusepi , Robert A. ( 2000 ) . `` The Stone Age '' . History World International . Retrieved 22 February 2011 . Kowalski , D.R. `` Stone Age Hand - axes '' . AerobiologicalEngineering.com . Retrieved 22 February 2011 . Kowalski , D.R. `` Stone Age Habitats '' . AerobiologicalEngineering.com . Retrieved 22 February 2011 . `` PanAfrican Archaeological Association '' . Retrieved 28 February 2011 . `` Society of Africanist Archaeologists '' . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . `` The ASA '' . Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth . Human Timeline ( Interactive ) -- Smithsonian , National Museum of Natural History ( August 2016 ) . Three - age system Stone Age Prehistoric technology Stone tool Flint tool Paleolithic Lower Paleolithic Middle Paleolithic Upper Paleolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Japanese Paleolithic Paleolithic Europe Middle Stone Age Later Stone Age Epipaleolithic Pre-Pottery Neolithic Pre-Pottery Neolithic A Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Neolithic Revolution List of Neolithic cultures of China Nordic Stone Age Neolithic British Isles South Asian Stone Age Stone - Age Poland Recent African origin of modern humans Bronze Age Chalcolithic Bronze Atlantic Bronze Age Nordic Bronze Age Bronze Age in Romania Bronze Age collapse Iron Age History of ferrous metallurgy Iron meteorite Metallurgy British Iron Age Pre-Roman Iron Age Roman Iron Age Germanic Iron Age Iron Age Scandinavia Iron Age India Iron Age China Tsebelda culture List of archaeological periods List of time periods ( hide ) Prehistoric technology Prehistory timeline outline Stone Age subdivisions New Stone Age synoptic table Technology history Tools Farming Neolithic Revolution founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Food processing Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem Cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern - stone Storage pit Hunting Arrow Boomerang throwing stick Bow and arrow history Nets Spear Spear - thrower baton harpoon woomera Schöningen Spears Projectile points Arrowhead Bare Island Cascade Clovis Cresswell Cumberland Eden Folsom Lamoka Manis Site Plano Transverse arrowhead Systems Game drive system Buffalo jump Toolmaking Earliest toolmaking Oldowan Acheulean Mousterian Clovis culture Cupstone Fire hardening Gravettian culture Hafting Hand axe Grooves Langdale axe industry Levallois technique Lithic core Lithic reduction analysis debitage flake Lithic technology Magdalenian culture Metallurgy Microblade technology Mining Prepared - core technique Solutrean industry Striking platform Tool stone Uniface Yubetsu technique Other tools Adze Awl bone Axe Bannerstone Blade prismatic Bone tool Bow drill Burin Canoe Oar Pesse canoe Chopper tool Cleaver Denticulate tool Fire plough Fire - saw Hammerstone Knife Microlith Quern - stone Racloir Rope Scraper side Stone tool Tally stick Weapons Wheel illustration Architecture Ceremonial Göbekli Tepe Kiva Standing stones megalith row Stonehenge Pyramid Dwellings Neolithic architecture British megalith architecture Nordic megalith architecture Burdei Cave Cliff dwelling Dugout Hut Quiggly hole Jacal Longhouse Mud brick Mehrgarh Neolithic long house Pit - house Pueblitos Pueblo Rock shelter Blombos Cave Abri de la Madeleine Sibudu Cave Stone roof Roundhouse Stilt house Alp pile dwellings Wattle and daub Water management Check dam Cistern Flush toilet Reservoir Water well Other architecture Archaeological features Broch Burnt mound fulacht fiadh Causewayed enclosure Tor enclosure Circular enclosure Goseck Cursus Henge Thornborough Oldest buildings Megalithic architectural elements Midden Timber circle Timber trackway Sweet Track Arts and culture Material goods Baskets Beadwork Beds Chalcolithic Clothing / textiles timeline Cosmetics Glue Hides shoes Ötzi Jewelry amber use Mirrors Pottery Cardium Grooved ware Linear Jōmon Unstan ware Sewing needle Weaving Wine Winery wine press Prehist Art Art of the Upper Paleolithic Art of the Middle Paleolithic Blombos Cave List of Stone Age art Bird stone Bradshaw rock paintings Cairn Carved Stone Balls Cave paintings painting pigment Cup and ring mark Geoglyph Golden hats Guardian stones Megalithic art Petroform Petroglyph Petrosomatoglyph Pictogram Rock art Stone carving Sculpture Statue menhir Stone circle list British Isles and Brittany Venus figurines Burial Burial mounds Bowl barrow Round barrow Mound Builders culture U.S. sites Chamber tomb Severn - Cotswold Cist Dartmoor kistvaens Clava cairn Court tomb Cremation Dolmen Great dolmen Funeral pyre Gallery grave transepted wedge - shaped Grave goods Jar burial Long barrow unchambered Grønsalen Megalithic tomb Mummy Passage grave Rectangular dolmen Ring cairn Simple dolmen Stone box grave Tor cairn Tumulus Unchambered long cairn Other cultural Astronomy sites lunar calendar Behavioral modernity Origin of language Prehistoric medicine trepanning Evolutionary musicology music archaeology Prehistoric music Alligator drum flutes Divje Babe flute gudi Prehistoric numerals Origin of religion Paleolithic religion Prehistoric religion Spiritual drug use Prehistoric warfare Symbols symbolism GND : 4057226 - 2 HDS : 4310 NDL : 00570630 Anthropology portal Archaeology portal Science portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone_Age&oldid=808360754 '' Categories : Stone Age Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from July 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Tools Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs La . lojban . Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Удмурт Українська اردو Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 12 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the stone age began in britain	[]	[]
6860402409001554179	List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances	List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances - wikipedia List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances Jump to : navigation , search Re-enacted cameo : Hitchcock boards the train while Haines ( Farley Granger ) disembarks during an early scene of Strangers on a Train , 1951 English film director Alfred Hitchcock made cameo appearances in 39 of his 52 surviving major films ( his second film , The Mountain Eagle , is lost ) . For the films in which he appeared , he would be seen for a brief moment in a non-speaking part in boarding a bus , crossing in front of a building , standing in an apartment across the courtyard , or even appearing in a newspaper photograph ( as seen in the film Lifeboat , which otherwise provided no other opportunity for him to appear ) . This playful gesture became one of Hitchcock 's signatures ; and fans would make sport of trying to spot his cameos . As a recurring theme , he would carry a musical instrument -- especially memorable was the double bass case that he wrestles onto the train at the beginning of Strangers on a Train . In his earliest appearances , he filled in as an obscure extra in crowds or walking through scenes in long camera shots . His later appearances became more prominent , such as when he turns to see Jane Wyman 's disguise as she passes him in Stage Fright , and in stark silhouette in his final film Family Plot . His appearances became so popular that he began to make them earlier in his films so as not to distract the audience from the plot . Hitchcock confirms this in extended interviews with François Truffaut , and indeed the majority of his appearances occur within the first half - hour of his films . Hitchcock 's longest cameo appearances are in his British films Blackmail and Young and Innocent . He appears in all 30 features from Rebecca ( his first American film ) onward ; before his move to Hollywood , he only occasionally performed cameos . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cameo appearances in Hitchcock films 2 Other cameo appearances 3 References 4 External links Cameo appearances in Hitchcock films ( edit ) This is a list of Hitchcock 's cameo appearances in films that he directed . Title Year H : M ( : S ) Description The Birds 1963 0 : 02 : 18 Leaving the pet shop with two of his own Sealyham terriers , Geoffrey and Stanley , as Tippi Hedren enters . Blackmail 1929 0 : 10 : 25 Being bothered by a small boy as he reads a book on the London Underground . This cameo is 19 seconds long . Dial M for Murder 1954 0 : 13 : 13 On the left side in the class - reunion photo . Easy Virtue 1928 0 : 21 : 15 Walking past a tennis court carrying a walking stick . Family Plot 1976 0 : 40 In silhouette through the door of the Registrar of Births and Deaths . Foreign Correspondent 1940 0 : 12 : 44 After Joel McCrea leaves his hotel , wearing a coat and hat and reading a newspaper . Frenzy 1972 0 : 04 : 07 In the center of a crowd , wearing a bowler hat ; he is the only one not applauding the speaker ; and a minute later , right after the victim washes ashore , standing next to a gray - haired man with a gray beard . I Confess 1953 0 : 01 : 33 Crossing the top of a flight of steps . The Lady Vanishes 1938 1 : 32 : 31 In Victoria Station , wearing a black coat , smoking a cigarette , and making a strange movement with his head . Lifeboat 1944 0 : 25 In the `` before '' and `` after '' pictures in the newspaper ad for `` Reduco Obesity Slayer '' . The Lodger 1927 0 : 03 At a desk in the newsroom . 1 : 34 In the mob scene next to Detective Joe who 's bearing the lodger 's weight on the fence by holding his arms . The Man Who Knew Too Much 1956 0 : 25 : 12 As the McKennas watch the acrobats in market place , Hitchcock appears at the left in a suit and puts his hands in his pockets . The Man Who Knew Too Much 1934 0 : 33 : 25 Walking across a road in a dark trench coat as a bus passes . Marnie 1964 0 : 05 Entering from the left of the hotel corridor after Tippi Hedren passes by , and clearly breaking the fourth wall by looking the audience straight in the eye . Mr. & Mrs. Smith 1941 0 : 42 : 57 Passing Robert Montgomery in front of his building . Murder ! 1930 0 : 59 : 45 Walking past the house where the murder was committed with a female companion , at the end of Sir John 's visit to the scene with Markham and his wife Lucy . North by Northwest 1959 0 : 02 : 09 Missing a bus , just after his credit passes off screen during the title sequence . Notorious 1946 1 : 04 : 44 At the big party in Claude Rains ' mansion , drinking champagne and then quickly departing . Number Seventeen 1932 0 : 51 : 25 On the bus amongst other passengers , in a dark coat and hat , facing away , he bounces up and down ; approx . four seconds . The Paradine Case 1947 0 : 38 : 00 Leaving the train at Cumberland Station , carrying a cello case . Psycho 1960 0 : 06 : 59 Seen through an office window wearing a Stetson cowboy hat as Janet Leigh comes through the door . Rear Window 1954 0 : 26 : 12 Winding the clock in the songwriter 's apartment . Rebecca 1940 2 : 01 : 36 Walking near the phone booth just after George Sanders makes a call . Rope 1948 0 : 55 : 00 In the background as a red flashing neon sign of his trademark profile . Sabotage 1936 0 : 08 : 56 Just after the lights come back on in front of the Bijou , looking up as he crosses in front of the crowd . Saboteur 1942 1 : 04 : 45 Standing in front of `` Cut Rate Drugs '' as the saboteurs ' car stops . Shadow of a Doubt 1943 0 : 16 : 27 On the train to Santa Rosa , playing cards , back to the camera . Spellbound 1945 0 : 38 : 50 Coming out of an elevator at the Empire State Hotel , carrying a violin case and smoking a cigarette . Stage Fright 1950 0 : 39 : 49 Turning to look back at Jane Wyman in her disguise as Marlene Dietrich 's maid . Strangers on a Train 1951 0 : 10 : 34 Boarding a train with a double bass as Farley Granger gets off in his hometown . Suspicion 1941 0 : 03 : 25 Walking a horse across the screen at the hunt meet . 0 : 44 : 58 Mailing a letter at the village postbox ( long shot ) . The 39 Steps 1935 0 : 06 : 56 The man tossing a white cigarette box while the bus pulls up for Robert Donat and Lucie Mannheim to leave the theatre . To Catch a Thief 1955 0 : 09 : 40 Sitting next to Cary Grant on the bus . Topaz 1969 0 : 32 : 27 Being pushed in a wheelchair in the airport . Hitchcock gets up from the chair , shakes hands with a man , and walks off to the right . Torn Curtain 1966 0 : 08 Sitting in the Hotel d'Angleterre lobby with a baby on his knee . He shifts the child from one knee to the other . The music playing at this point in the film is an adaptation of Charles Gounod 's Funeral March of a Marionette , a song now associated with Hitchcock due to it being used as the theme for his television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents The Trouble with Harry 1955 0 : 22 : 14 Seen outside of the window -- the man walking past the parked limousine of an old man who is looking at paintings . Under Capricorn 1949 0 : 02 : 11 In the town square during new governor 's speech , wearing a blue coat and brown hat . 0 : 12 : 17 One of three men on the steps of Government House . Vertigo 1958 0 : 11 : 40 In a grey suit walking in the street with a trumpet case . The Wrong Man 1956 0 : 00 : 18 Seen in silhouette narrating the film 's prologue . Donald Spoto 's biography says that Hitchcock chose to make an explicit appearance in this film ( rather than a cameo ) to emphasize that , unlike his other movies , The Wrong Man was a true story about an actual person . Young and Innocent 1937 0 : 16 Outside the courthouse , holding a camera . Other cameo appearances ( edit ) Alfred Hitchcock regularly made cameo appearances in his films . However , only once did he appear in an installment of his Alfred Hitchcock Presents television show ( aside from his personal introductions and closings ) . The one cameo was in the 1958 episode of the third season titled `` Dip in the Pool '' . At 5 : 15 minutes into the episode , Hitchcock appears on the cover of a magazine being read by Mr. Renshaw ( Philip Bourneuf ) . Hitchcock 's image shows up in Alain Resnais 's Last Year at Marienbad , as an homage to Hitchcock 's cameo appearances . Director Richard Franklin incorporates a Hitchcock cameo into Psycho II ( 1983 ) , even though Hitchcock had been dead for three years . When Mary Samuels and Norman Bates pay an early nighttime visit to Mother 's bedroom , Hitchcock 's famous silhouette can be seen in shadow on the far right wall just after they enter the room and before they turn on the lights . In Gus Van Sant 's 1998 shot - for - shot remake of Psycho , Van Sant can be seen standing next to a Hitchcock look - alike at the same point in the film as in the original . As pointed out by Nick @ Nite Rewind , Alfred 's shadow appears in an episode of The Odd Couple . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Truffaut , François ( 1968 ) Hitchcock , Secker and Warburg Jump up ^ Walker , Michael ( 2005 ) Hitchcock 's motifs Amsterdam University Press Jump up ^ McCarthy , Michael ( 5 February 2009 ) . `` Final cut for Hollywood 's favourite dog '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . External links ( edit ) Cameo picture gallery from Filmsite.com A list of the cameos at Empire magazines website A supercut of Hitchcock 's cameos The Hitchcock Cameos , on the Alfred Hitchcock Wiki ( includes screen shots of all cameos ) . ( hide ) Alfred Hitchcock Filmography Unproduced projects Themes and plot devices Cameos Awards and honors Feature films Silent films The Pleasure Garden ( 1925 ) The Mountain Eagle ( 1926 ) The Lodger : A Story of the London Fog ( 1927 ) The Ring ( 1927 ) Downhill ( 1927 ) The Farmer 's Wife ( 1928 ) Easy Virtue ( 1928 ) Champagne ( 1928 ) The Manxman ( 1929 ) British sound films Blackmail ( 1929 ) Juno and the Paycock ( 1930 ) Murder ! ( 1930 ) Elstree Calling ( 1930 , co-director ) The Skin Game ( 1931 ) Mary ( 1931 ) Rich and Strange ( 1931 ) Number Seventeen ( 1932 ) Lord Camber 's Ladies ( 1932 , producer only ) Waltzes from Vienna ( 1934 ) The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1934 ) The 39 Steps ( 1935 ) Secret Agent ( 1936 ) Sabotage ( 1936 ) Young and Innocent ( 1937 ) The Lady Vanishes ( 1938 ) Jamaica Inn ( 1939 ) Hollywood and later Rebecca ( 1940 ) Foreign Correspondent ( 1940 ) Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 1941 ) Suspicion ( 1941 ) Saboteur ( 1942 ) Shadow of a Doubt ( 1943 ) Lifeboat ( 1944 ) Spellbound ( 1945 ) Notorious ( 1946 ) The Paradine Case ( 1947 ) Rope ( 1948 ) Under Capricorn ( 1949 ) Stage Fright ( 1950 ) Strangers on a Train ( 1951 ) I Confess ( 1953 ) Dial M for Murder ( 1954 ) Rear Window ( 1954 ) To Catch a Thief ( 1955 ) The Trouble with Harry ( 1955 ) The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1956 ) The Wrong Man ( 1956 ) Vertigo ( 1958 ) North by Northwest ( 1959 ) Psycho ( 1960 ) The Birds ( 1963 ) Marnie ( 1964 ) Torn Curtain ( 1966 ) Topaz ( 1969 ) Frenzy ( 1972 ) Family Plot ( 1976 ) Short films Always Tell Your Wife ( 1923 ) An Elastic Affair ( 1930 ) Aventure Malgache ( 1944 ) Bon Voyage ( 1944 ) The Fighting Generation ( 1944 ) Documentaries German Concentration Camps Factual Survey Related Hitchcockian Alfred Hitchcock Presents episodes `` Lamb to the Slaughter '' `` The Sorcerer 's Apprentice '' 1985 revival The Alfred Hitchcock Hour episodes Alfred Hitchcock Edition Clue Alfred Hitchcock 's Mystery Magazine Alfred Hitchcock 's Anthology Three Investigators Transatlantic Pictures High Anxiety Number 13 The Blackguard Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho Hitchcock The Girl Hitchcock / Truffaut film Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Alfred_Hitchcock_cameo_appearances&oldid=798651982 '' Categories : Alfred Hitchcock In - jokes Lists of film characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français 한국어 Italiano Кыргызча 日本語 Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 03 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does hitchcock appear in shadow of a doubt	[]	[]
816423418791061275	Glory (1989 film)	Glory ( 1989 film ) - wikipedia Glory ( 1989 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Glory Theatrical release poster Directed by Edward Zwick Produced by Freddie Fields Screenplay by Kevin Jarre Based on Lay This Laurel by Lincoln Kirstein One Gallant Rush by Peter Burchard Starring Matthew Broderick Denzel Washington Cary Elwes Morgan Freeman Music by James Horner Cinematography Freddie Francis Edited by Steven Rosenblum Production company Freddie Fields Productions Distributed by TriStar Pictures Release date December 14 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 14 ) ( Limited ) February 16 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 16 ) ( Wide ) Running time 122 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $18 million Box office $26.8 million Glory is a 1989 American war film directed by Edward Zwick starring Matthew Broderick , Denzel Washington , Cary Elwes , and Morgan Freeman . The screenplay was written by Kevin Jarre , based on the personal letters of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw , the 1965 novel One Gallant Rush by Peter Burchard ( reissued in 1990 after the movie ) , and Lay This Laurel ( 1973 ) by Lincoln Kirstein . The end credits are superimposed on photos of the monument to the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry on Boston Common . The film is about one of the first military units of the Union Army , during the American Civil War , to consist entirely of African - American men ( except for its officers ) , as told from the point of view of Colonel Shaw , its white commanding officer . The regiment is known especially for its heroic actions at Fort Wagner . Glory was nominated for five Academy Awards and won three , including one for Denzel Washington for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Private Silas Tripp . It won many other awards from , among others , the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , the Golden Globe Awards , the Kansas City Film Critics Circle , the Political Film Society , and the NAACP . The film was co-produced by TriStar Pictures and Freddie Fields Productions , and distributed by Tri-Star Pictures in the United States . It premiered in limited release in the US on December 14 , 1989 , and in wide release on February 16 , 1990 , making $26,828,365 on an $18 million budget . The soundtrack , composed by James Horner and performed in part by Boys Choir of Harlem , was released on January 23 , 1990 . The home video was distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment . On June 2 , 2009 , a widescreen Blu - ray version , featuring the director 's commentary and deleted scenes , was released . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Marketing 5.1 Monograph 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Accolades 6.3 Box office 6.4 Home media 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) During the American Civil War , Captain Robert Shaw , injured at Antietam , is sent home to Boston on medical leave . Shaw accepts a promotion to colonel commanding the 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry , one of the first all - black regiments in the Union Army . He asks his friend , Cabot Forbes , to serve as his second in command , with the rank of major . Their first volunteer is another friend , Thomas Searles , a bookish , free African - American . Other recruits include John Rawlins , Jupiter Sharts , Silas Tripp , and a mute teenage drummer boy . The men learn that , in response to the Emancipation Proclamation , the Confederacy has issued an order that all black soldiers will be returned to slavery . Black soldiers found in a Union uniform will be executed as well as their white officers . They are offered , but turn down , a chance to take an honorable discharge . They undergo rigorous training with Sergeant - Major Mulcahy , which Shaw realizes is to prepare them for the challenges they will face . Tripp goes AWOL and is caught , Shaw orders him flogged in front of the troops . He learns that Tripp left to find shoes to replace his worn ones ; his men are being denied supplies . He confronts the base 's racist quartermaster on their behalf . Shaw also supports them in a pay dispute , as the Federal government pays black soldiers $10 , not the $13 per month white soldiers earn . When the men begin tearing up their pay stubs in protest of the unequal treatment , Shaw tears up his own pay stub in support of their actions . In recognition of his leadership , Shaw promotes Rawlins to the rank of Sergeant - Major . Once the 54th completes its training , they are transferred under the command of General Charles Harker . On the way to South Carolina they are ordered by Colonel James Montgomery to sack and burn Darien , Georgia . Shaw initially refuses to obey an unlawful order , but agrees under threat of having his troops taken away . He continues to lobby his superiors to allow his men to join the fight , as their duties to date have involved manual labor for which they are being mocked . Shaw finally gets the 54th into combat after he confronts Harker and threatens to report the illegal activities he has discovered . In their first battle at James Island , South Carolina , early success is followed by a confrontation with many casualties . The Confederates are defeated and retreat . During the battle , Thomas is wounded but saves Tripp . Shaw offers Tripp the honor of bearing the regimental flag in battle . He declines not believing the war will result in a better life for slaves . General George Strong informs Shaw of a major campaign to secure a foothold at Charleston Harbor . This involves assaulting Morris Island and capturing Fort Wagner , whose only landward approach is a strip of open beach ; a charge is certain to result in heavy casualties . Shaw volunteers the 54th to lead the charge . The night before the battle the black soldiers conduct a religious service , and several make emotional speeches to inspire the troops , and to ask for God 's help . On their way to the attack , the 54th is cheered by the same Union troops who had scorned them earlier . The 54th leads the charge on the fort suffering heavy casualties . At night the bombardment continues , forestalling progress . Attempting to encourage his men , Shaw is killed . Tripp lifts the flag rallying the soldiers to continue the charge . He is shot but holds up the flag until he dies . Forbes takes charge , and the soldiers are able to break through the fort 's outer defenses . However , Charlie Morse is killed and Thomas is wounded . At the end of the battle it is implied that Forbes , Rawlins , Thomas , Jupiter , and the two Color Sergeants were killed by canister shot . The morning after the battle , the beach is littered with bodies of Union soldiers ; the Confederate flag is raised over the fort . The dead Union soldiers are buried in single mass grave , with Shaw and Tripp 's bodies next to each other . Closing text reveals Fort Wagner was never taken by the Union Army . However , the courage demonstrated by the 54th resulted in the Union accepting thousands of black men for combat , and President Abraham Lincoln credited them with helping to turn the tide of the war . Cast ( edit ) Colonel Robert Gould Shaw Actor Matthew Broderick portrayed Shaw in the film . Matthew Broderick as Colonel Robert Gould Shaw Denzel Washington as Private Silas Tripp Morgan Freeman as Sergeant Major John Rawlins Cary Elwes as Major Cabot Forbes Andre Braugher as Corporal Thomas Searles Jihmi Kennedy as Private Jupiter Sharts Cliff De Young as Colonel James Montgomery Alan North as Governor John Albion Andrew John Finn as Sergeant Major Mulcahy RonReaco Lee as Mute Drummer Boy Donovan Leitch as Captain Charles Fessenden Morse Bob Gunton as General Charles Garrison Harker Jay O. Sanders as General George Crockett Strong Raymond St. Jacques as Frederick Douglass Richard Riehle as Quartermaster JD Cullum as Henry Sturgis Russell Christian Baskous as Edward L. Pierce Peter Michael Goetz as Francis Shaw Jane Alexander as Sarah Blake Sturgis Shaw ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) Memorial at Boston Common by Augustus Saint - Gaudens Kevin Jarre 's inspiration for writing the film came from viewing the monument to Colonel Shaw and the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry ( the first formal unit of the U.S. Army to be made up entirely of African American men ) in Boston Common . His screenplay was based on Colonel Shaw 's letters and on two books , Lincoln Kirstein 's Lay This Laurel and Peter Burchard 's One Gallant Rush . Principal filming took place primarily in Massachusetts and Georgia . Opening passages , meant to portray the Battle of Antietam , show volunteer military reenactors filmed at a major engagement at the Gettysburg battlefield . Zwick did not want to turn Glory `` into a black story with a more commercially convenient white hero '' . Actor Morgan Freeman noted : `` We did n't want this film to fall under that shadow . This is a picture about the 54th Regiment , not Colonel Shaw , but at the same time the two are inseparable . '' Zwick hired the writer Shelby Foote as a technical adviser ; he later became widely known for his contributions to Ken Burns ' popular PBS nine - episode documentary , The Civil War ( 1990 ) . Glory was the first major motion picture to tell the story of African Americans fighting for their freedom in the Civil War . This came as a revelation to millions of Americans who had no knowledge of their participation . The 1965 movie Shenandoah , starring James Stewart , also depicted African Americans fighting for the Union , but suggested that the Federal army was integrated . The movie is cited in the episode Def Poety 's Society of the popular sitcom The Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air by the teacher and great friend of the protagonist of the series Mr. Fellows ( played by actor Jonathan Emerson ) , pointing out that the great co-star of the film , Denzel Washington , was just great with his interpretation and that the South for him makes a very special reaction that only he can understand . Soundtrack ( edit ) Glory : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Film score by James Horner Released November 1 , 1990 Length 43 : 21 Label Virgin The film 's original motion picture soundtrack was released by the Virgin Records label on January 11 , 1990 . The score for the film was orchestrated by James Horner in association with the Boys Choir of Harlem . Jim Henrikson edited the film 's music , while Shawn Murphy mixed the score . Marketing ( edit ) Monograph ( edit ) A nonfiction study of the regiment first appeared in 1965 and was republished , in January 1990 , in paperback by St. Martin 's Press under the title One Gallant Rush : Robert Gould Shaw and His Brave Black Regiment . It dramatizes the events depicted in the film , expanding on how the 54th Massachusetts developed as battle - ready soldiers . The book summarizes the historical events , and the aftermath of the first Union black regiment influencing the outcome of the war . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Vincent Canby , writing in The New York Times , said , `` ( Broderick ) gives his most mature and controlled performance to date ... ( Washington is ) an actor clearly on his way to a major screen career ... The movie unfolds in a succession of often brilliantly realized vignettes tracing the 54th 's organization , training and first experiences below the Mason - Dixon line . The characters ' idiosyncrasies emerge . '' Roger Ebert in the Chicago Sun - Times called it `` a strong and valuable film no matter whose eyes it is seen through '' . He believed the production design credited to Norman Garwood and the cinematography of Freddie Francis paid `` enormous attention to period detail '' . Glory is constructed as an inspirational tale , but the inspiration is not forced or false . It is rooted in the characters and the manner in which they overcome obstacles , including , most prominently , their own personal demons . -- James Berardinelli , writing for ReelViews Similarly , Variety staff wrote that the film is `` a stirring and long overdue tribute to the black soldiers who fought for the Union cause in the Civil War '' and that it `` has the sweep and magnificence of a Tolstoy battle tale or a John Ford saga of American history '' . On Broderick 's performance , they felt his `` boyishness becomes a key element of the drama , as the film shows him confiding his inadequacies '' . Desson Howe of The Washington Post , pointed out some flaws including mentioning Broderick as `` an amiable non-presence , creating unintentionally the notion that the 54th earned their stripes despite wimpy leadership '' . The Chicago Reader 's Jonathan Rosenbaum called Glory an `` always interesting period film , well photographed by English cinematographer Freddie Francis '' . The film , however , was not without its detractors . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone was not impressed at all with the overall acting , calling Broderick `` catastrophically miscast as Shaw '' . Alternatively , Richard Schickel of Time described the picture by saying , `` the movie 's often awesome imagery and a bravely soaring choral score by James Horner that transfigure the reality , granting it the status of necessary myth '' . Writing for Entertainment Weekly , Mark Bernardin said the film 's strength `` belongs to the powerhouse supporting cast -- Morgan Freeman , Andre Braugher ( in his first movie role ) , and Denzel Washington '' . He added : `` The magic of Glory comes from the film itself . It speaks of heroism writ large , from people whom history had made small . '' James Berardinelli writing for ReelViews , called the film `` without question , one of the best movies ever made about the American Civil War , '' and noted that it `` has important things to say , yet it does so without becoming pedantic '' . Berardinelli also commented : `` For a motion picture made on a relatively modest budget , Glory looks great . From a technical standpoint , the movie is a masterpiece , and the verisimilitude of the battle scenes is not in question . '' Rating the film with four stars , critic Leonard Maltin wrote that it was `` grand , moving , breathtakingly filmed ( by veteran cinematographer Freddie Francis ) and faultlessly performed '' . He called it `` one of the finest historical dramas ever made '' . Watching `` Glory , '' I had one reccuring ( sic ) problem . I did n't understand why it had to be told so often from the point of view of the 54th 's white commanding officer . Why did we see the black troops through his eyes -- instead of seeing him through theirs ? To put it another way , why does the top billing in this movie go to a white actor ? -- Roger Ebert , writing in the Chicago Sun - Times Chris Hicks of the Deseret News said the film is `` big in scope , powerful in its storytelling drama , yet intimate in its character and relationship development . '' Referring to Broderick , he found he `` does very well as the young officer , and among his troops are two of our finest actors -- Morgan Freeman ... and Denzel Washington '' . The staff of TV Guide said of the film : `` Richly plotted , alternately inspiring and horrifying , Glory is an enlightening and entertaining tribute to heroes too long forgotten . '' On the acting merits , they wrote , `` Glory also contains especially compelling performances by Broderick , Washington , and Freeman . '' Film critic Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film a thumbs up review , saying , `` like Driving Miss Daisy , this is another admirable film that turns out to be surprisingly entertaining '' . He thought the film took on `` some true social significance '' and felt the actors portrayed the characters as `` more than simply black men '' . He explained : `` They 're so different , that they become not merely standard Hollywood blacks , but true individuals . '' American Civil War historian James M. McPherson also lauded the film , saying that it `` accomplished a remarkable feat in sensitizing a lot of today 's black students to the role that their ancestors played in the Civil War in winning their own freedom '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 93 % based on 41 reviews , and an average rating of 7.9 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads : `` Bolstered by exceptional cinematography , powerful storytelling , and an Oscar - winning performance by Denzel Washington , Glory remains one of the finest Civil War movies ever made . '' Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated and won several awards in 1989 -- 90 . A complete list of awards the film won or was nominated for are listed below . Award Nominee Result 62nd Academy Awards Best Actor in a Supporting Role Denzel Washington Won Best Art Direction Norman Garwood , Garrett Lewis Nominated Best Cinematography Freddie Francis Won Best Film Editing Steven Rosenblum Nominated Best Sound Donald O. Mitchell , Gregg Rudloff , Elliot Tyson , Russell Williams Won 41st ACE Eddie Awards Best Edited Feature Film -- -- -- -- Won 44th British Academy Film Awards Best Cinematography Freddie Francis Nominated British Society of Cinematographers Awards 1990 Best Cinematography Freddie Francis Won Casting Society of America Artios Awards 1990 Best Casting for Feature Film , Drama Mary Colquhoun Nominated 47th Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture -- Drama Freddie Fields Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Denzel Washington Won Best Director Edward Zwick Nominated Best Screenplay Kevin Jarre Nominated Best Original Score James Horner Nominated 33rd Grammy Awards Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television James Horner Won Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards 1989 Best Film -- -- -- -- Won Best Director Edward Zwick Won Best Supporting Actor Denzel Washington Won NAACP Image Awards 1992 Outstanding Motion Picture -- -- -- -- Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Denzel Washington Won 1989 National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Awards Best Picture -- -- -- -- Nominated 1989 New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Supporting Actor Denzel Washington Nominated 1990 Political Film Society Awards Human Rights -- -- -- -- Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards 1989 Best Adapted Screenplay Kevin Jarre Nominated American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies - Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills - Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Trip - Nominated Hero AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores - Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers - # 31 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) - Nominated Box Office ( edit ) Director Edward Zwick The film premiered in cinemas on December 14 , 1989 , in limited release within the US . During its limited opening weekend , the film grossed $63,661 in business showing at 3 locations . Its official wide release began in theaters on February 16 , 1990 . Opening in a distant 8th place , the film earned $2,683,350 showing at 801 cinemas . The film Driving Miss Daisy soundly beat its competition during that weekend opening in first place with $9,834,744 . The film 's revenue dropped by 37 % in its second week of release , earning $1,682,720 . For that particular weekend , the film remained in 8th place screening in 809 theaters not challenging a top five position . The film Driving Miss Daisy , remained in first place grossing $6,107,836 in box office revenue . The film went on to top out domestically at $26,828,365 in total ticket sales through a 17 - week theatrical run . For 1989 as a whole , the film would cumulatively rank at a box office performance position of 45 . Home media ( edit ) Following its release in theaters , the film was released on VHS video format on June 22 , 1990 . The Region 1 DVD widescreen edition of the film was released in the US on January 20 , 1998 . Special DVD features include : interactive menus , scene selections , widescreen 1.85 : 1 color anamorphic format , along with subtitles in English , Italian , Spanish and French . A special repackaged version of Glory was also officially released on DVD on January 2 , 2007 . It includes two discs featuring : widescreen and full screen versions of the film ; Picture - in - Picture video commentary by director Ed Zwick and actors Morgan Freeman and Matthew Broderick ; a director 's audio commentary ; and a documentary entitled , The True Story of Glory Continues narrated by Morgan Freeman . Also included are : an exclusive featurette entitled , Voices of Glory , an original featurette , deleted scenes , production notes , theatrical trailers , talent files , and scene selections . The Blu - ray disc version of the film was released on June 2 , 2009 . Special features include : a virtual civil war battlefield , interactive map , The Voice Of Glory feature , The True Story Continues documentary , the making of Glory , director 's commentary , and deleted scenes . The film is displayed in widescreen 1.85 : 1 color format in 1080p screen resolution . The audio is enhanced with Dolby TrueHD sound and is available with subtitles in English , Spanish , French , and Portuguese . A UMD version of the film for the Sony PlayStation Portable was also released on July 1 , 2008 . It features dubbed , subtitled , and color widescreen format viewing options . See also ( edit ) Film portal Denzel Washington filmography List of films featuring slavery White savior narrative in film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Glory '' . The Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glory '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( January 12 , 1990 ) . Glory. Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Canby , Vincent ( December 14 , 1989 ) . Glory ( 1989 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glory ( 1989 ) '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Glory Original Motion Picture Soundtrack . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Glory ( 1989 ) Cast and Credits '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Burchard , Peter ( 1990 ) . One Gallant Rush : Robert Gould Shaw and His Brave Black Regiment . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 04643 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Berardinelli , James ( December 1989 ) . Glory . ReelViews . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Glory . Variety ( December 31 , 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Desson , Howe ( January 12 , 1990 ) . ' Glory ' ( R ) . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Rosenbaum , Jonathan ( December 1989 ) . Glory . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 1989 ) . Glory ( 1989 ) . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard ( December 5 , 1989 ) . Cinema : Of Time and the River . TIME . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bernardin , Mark ( February 13 , 2001 ) . Glory : Special Edition ( 2001 ) . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( August 5 , 2008 ) . Leonard Maltin 's 2009 Movie Guide . Signet . p. 528 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 28978 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Chris ( February 20 , 1990 ) . Glory . Deseret News . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Glory : Review . TV Guide ( December 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene ( December 1989 ) . Glory . At the Movies . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ; Lamb , Brian ( May 22 , 1994 ) . `` James McPherson : What They Fought For , 1861 - 1865 '' . Booknotes . National Cable Satellite Corporation . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Glory accomplished a remarkable feat in sensitizing a lot of today 's black students to the role that their ancestors played in the Civil War in winning their own freedom . Jump up ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1008415-glory/ Jump up ^ `` Glory : Awards & Nominations '' . MSN Movies . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glory ( 1989 ) Awards & Nominations '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees & Winners for the 62nd Academy Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . March 26 , 1990 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees & Recipients '' . American Cinema Editors . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2011 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Film Nominations 1990 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Cinematography Award '' . The British Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Artios Award Winners '' . CastingSociety.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glory '' . GoldenGlobes.org . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2006 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Videos for 33rd Annual Grammy Awards '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` KCFCC Award Winners 1980 - 1989 '' . kcfcc.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Image Awards History '' . NAACP Image Awards . Archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Naacp 's Image Awards Honor Black Entertainers '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for 1989 '' . National Board of Review . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2010 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Awards '' . New York Film Critics Circle . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Previous Winners '' . Political Film Society . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2009 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Awards Winners '' . Writers Guild Awards . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2006 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` February 16 -- 19 , 1990 Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` October 23 -- 25 , 1990 Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Glory VHS Format . Amazon.com . ASIN 6301777867 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Glory DVD '' . DVDEmpire.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glory Special Edition '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glory Blu - ray '' . DVDEmpire.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glory UMD for PSP '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Glory ( film ) Official website Glory at AllMovie Glory on IMDb Glory at the TCM Movie Database Glory at the Movie Review Query Engine Glory at Rotten Tomatoes Glory at Box Office Mojo video taken from the Fresh Prince of Bel - Air for the citation of the movie : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LB7R-JOIFLI Films directed by Edward Zwick About Last Night ( 1986 ) Glory ( 1989 ) Leaving Normal ( 1992 ) Legends of the Fall ( 1994 ) Courage Under Fire ( 1996 ) The Siege ( 1998 ) The Last Samurai ( 2003 ) Blood Diamond ( 2006 ) Defiance ( 2008 ) Love & Other Drugs ( 2010 ) Pawn Sacrifice ( 2014 ) Jack Reacher : Never Go Back ( 2016 ) NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Motion Picture 1972 -- 2000 Lady Sings the Blues ( 1972 ) Let 's Do It Again ( 1976 ) The Greatest ( 1978 ) Fame ( 1980 ) Bustin ' Loose ( 1981 ) An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) A Soldier 's Story ( 1985 ) The Color Purple ( 1986 ) Lethal Weapon ( 1987 ) Coming to America ( 1988 ) Lean on Me ( 1989 ) Glory ( 1990 ) Boyz n the Hood ( 1992 ) Sister Act ( 1993 ) Malcolm X ( 1994 ) Waiting to Exhale ( 1996 ) A Time to Kill ( 1997 ) Soul Food ( 1998 ) How Stella Got Her Groove Back ( 1999 ) The Best Man ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Remember the Titans ( 2001 ) Ali ( 2002 ) Antwone Fisher ( 2003 ) The Fighting Temptations ( 2004 ) Ray ( 2005 ) Crash ( 2006 ) The Pursuit of Happyness ( 2007 ) The Great Debaters ( 2008 ) The Secret Life of Bees ( 2009 ) Precious ( 2010 ) For Colored Girls ( 2011 ) The Help ( 2012 ) Red Tails ( 2013 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2014 ) Selma ( 2015 ) Straight Outta Compton ( 2016 ) Hidden Figures ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glory_(1989_film)&oldid=815386587 '' Categories : 1989 films English - language films 1980s drama films 1980s war films American films American Civil War films American war drama films African Americans in the Civil War Films about American slavery Films about race and ethnicity Massachusetts in the American Civil War War films based on actual events TriStar Pictures films Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award Films scored by James Horner Films directed by Edward Zwick Films set in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films set in Massachusetts Films set in South Carolina Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN Use mdy dates from September 2013 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Català Čeština Corsu Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 14 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won an oscar for the movie glory	[ "\n\nAward\nCategory\nNominee\nResult\n\n\n62nd Academy Awards[24]\nBest Actor in a Supporting Role\nDenzel Washington\nWon\n\n\nBest Art Direction\nNorman Garwood, Garrett Lewis\nNominated\n\n\nBest Cinematography\nFreddie Francis\nWon\n\n\nBest Film Editing\nSteven Rosenblum\nNominated\n\n\nBest Sound\nDonald O. Mitchell, Gregg Rudloff, Elliot Tyson, Russell Williams\nWon\n\n\n41st ACE Eddie Awards[25]\nBest Edited Feature Film\n————\nWon\n\n\n44th British Academy Film Awards[26]\nBest Cinematography\nFreddie Francis\nNominated\n\n\nBritish Society of Cinematographers Awards 1990[27]\nBest Cinematography\nFreddie Francis\nWon\n\n\nCasting Society of America Artios Awards 1990[28]\nBest Casting for Feature Film, Drama\nMary Colquhoun\nNominated\n\n\n47th Golden Globe Awards[29]\nBest Motion Picture – Drama\nFreddie Fields\nNominated\n\n\nBest Supporting Actor – Motion Picture\nDenzel Washington\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nEdward Zwick\nNominated\n\n\nBest Screenplay\nKevin Jarre\nNominated\n\n\nBest Original Score\nJames Horner\nNominated\n\n\n33rd Grammy Awards[30]\nBest Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television\nJames Horner\nWon\n\n\nKansas City Film Critics Circle Awards 1989[31]\nBest Film\n————\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nEdward Zwick\nWon\n\n\nBest Supporting Actor\nDenzel Washington\nWon\n\n\nNAACP Image Awards 1992[32][33]\nOutstanding Motion Picture\n————\nWon\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture\nDenzel Washington\nWon\n\n\n1989 National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Awards[34]\nBest Picture\n————\nNominated\n\n\n1989 New York Film Critics Circle Awards[35]\nBest Supporting Actor\nDenzel Washington\nNominated\n\n\n1990 Political Film Society Awards[36]\nHuman Rights\n————\nNominated\n\n\nWriters Guild of America Awards 1989[37]\nBest Adapted Screenplay\nKevin Jarre\nNominated\n\n", "\n\nAward\nCategory\nNominee\nResult\n\n\n62nd Academy Awards[24]\nBest Actor in a Supporting Role\nDenzel Washington\nWon\n\n\nBest Art Direction\nNorman Garwood, Garrett Lewis\nNominated\n\n\nBest Cinematography\nFreddie Francis\nWon\n\n\nBest Film Editing\nSteven Rosenblum\nNominated\n\n\nBest Sound\nDonald O. Mitchell, Gregg Rudloff, Elliot Tyson, Russell Williams\nWon\n\n\n41st ACE Eddie Awards[25]\nBest Edited Feature Film\n————\nWon\n\n\n44th British Academy Film Awards[26]\nBest Cinematography\nFreddie Francis\nNominated\n\n\nBritish Society of Cinematographers Awards 1990[27]\nBest Cinematography\nFreddie Francis\nWon\n\n\nCasting Society of America Artios Awards 1990[28]\nBest Casting for Feature Film, Drama\nMary Colquhoun\nNominated\n\n\n47th Golden Globe Awards[29]\nBest Motion Picture – Drama\nFreddie Fields\nNominated\n\n\nBest Supporting Actor – Motion Picture\nDenzel Washington\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nEdward Zwick\nNominated\n\n\nBest Screenplay\nKevin Jarre\nNominated\n\n\nBest Original Score\nJames Horner\nNominated\n\n\n33rd Grammy Awards[30]\nBest Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television\nJames Horner\nWon\n\n\nKansas City Film Critics Circle Awards 1989[31]\nBest Film\n————\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nEdward Zwick\nWon\n\n\nBest Supporting Actor\nDenzel Washington\nWon\n\n\nNAACP Image Awards 1992[32][33]\nOutstanding Motion Picture\n————\nWon\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture\nDenzel Washington\nWon\n\n\n1989 National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Awards[34]\nBest Picture\n————\nNominated\n\n\n1989 New York Film Critics Circle Awards[35]\nBest Supporting Actor\nDenzel Washington\nNominated\n\n\n1990 Political Film Society Awards[36]\nHuman Rights\n————\nNominated\n\n\nWriters Guild of America Awards 1989[37]\nBest Adapted Screenplay\nKevin Jarre\nNominated\n\n", "\n\nAward\nCategory\nNominee\nResult\n\n\n62nd Academy Awards[24]\nBest Actor in a Supporting Role\nDenzel Washington\nWon\n\n\nBest Art Direction\nNorman Garwood, Garrett Lewis\nNominated\n\n\nBest Cinematography\nFreddie Francis\nWon\n\n\nBest Film Editing\nSteven Rosenblum\nNominated\n\n\nBest Sound\nDonald O. Mitchell, Gregg Rudloff, Elliot Tyson, Russell Williams\nWon\n\n\n41st ACE Eddie Awards[25]\nBest Edited Feature Film\n————\nWon\n\n\n44th British Academy Film Awards[26]\nBest Cinematography\nFreddie Francis\nNominated\n\n\nBritish Society of Cinematographers Awards 1990[27]\nBest Cinematography\nFreddie Francis\nWon\n\n\nCasting Society of America Artios Awards 1990[28]\nBest Casting for Feature Film, Drama\nMary Colquhoun\nNominated\n\n\n47th Golden Globe Awards[29]\nBest Motion Picture – Drama\nFreddie Fields\nNominated\n\n\nBest Supporting Actor – Motion Picture\nDenzel Washington\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nEdward Zwick\nNominated\n\n\nBest Screenplay\nKevin Jarre\nNominated\n\n\nBest Original Score\nJames Horner\nNominated\n\n\n33rd Grammy Awards[30]\nBest Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television\nJames Horner\nWon\n\n\nKansas City Film Critics Circle Awards 1989[31]\nBest Film\n————\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nEdward Zwick\nWon\n\n\nBest Supporting Actor\nDenzel Washington\nWon\n\n\nNAACP Image Awards 1992[32][33]\nOutstanding Motion Picture\n————\nWon\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture\nDenzel Washington\nWon\n\n\n1989 National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Awards[34]\nBest Picture\n————\nNominated\n\n\n1989 New York Film Critics Circle Awards[35]\nBest Supporting Actor\nDenzel Washington\nNominated\n\n\n1990 Political Film Society Awards[36]\nHuman Rights\n————\nNominated\n\n\nWriters Guild of America Awards 1989[37]\nBest Adapted Screenplay\nKevin Jarre\nNominated\n\n", "\n\nAward\nCategory\nNominee\nResult\n\n\n62nd Academy Awards[24]\nBest Actor in a Supporting Role\nDenzel Washington\nWon\n\n\nBest Art Direction\nNorman Garwood, Garrett Lewis\nNominated\n\n\nBest Cinematography\nFreddie Francis\nWon\n\n\nBest Film Editing\nSteven Rosenblum\nNominated\n\n\nBest Sound\nDonald O. Mitchell, Gregg Rudloff, Elliot Tyson, Russell Williams\nWon\n\n\n41st ACE Eddie Awards[25]\nBest Edited Feature Film\n————\nWon\n\n\n44th British Academy Film Awards[26]\nBest Cinematography\nFreddie Francis\nNominated\n\n\nBritish Society of Cinematographers Awards 1990[27]\nBest Cinematography\nFreddie Francis\nWon\n\n\nCasting Society of America Artios Awards 1990[28]\nBest Casting for Feature Film, Drama\nMary Colquhoun\nNominated\n\n\n47th Golden Globe Awards[29]\nBest Motion Picture – Drama\nFreddie Fields\nNominated\n\n\nBest Supporting Actor – Motion Picture\nDenzel Washington\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nEdward Zwick\nNominated\n\n\nBest Screenplay\nKevin Jarre\nNominated\n\n\nBest Original Score\nJames Horner\nNominated\n\n\n33rd Grammy Awards[30]\nBest Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television\nJames Horner\nWon\n\n\nKansas City Film Critics Circle Awards 1989[31]\nBest Film\n————\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nEdward Zwick\nWon\n\n\nBest Supporting Actor\nDenzel Washington\nWon\n\n\nNAACP Image Awards 1992[32][33]\nOutstanding Motion Picture\n————\nWon\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture\nDenzel Washington\nWon\n\n\n1989 National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Awards[34]\nBest Picture\n————\nNominated\n\n\n1989 New York Film Critics Circle Awards[35]\nBest Supporting Actor\nDenzel Washington\nNominated\n\n\n1990 Political Film Society Awards[36]\nHuman Rights\n————\nNominated\n\n\nWriters Guild of America Awards 1989[37]\nBest Adapted Screenplay\nKevin Jarre\nNominated\n\n", "\n\nAward\nCategory\nNominee\nResult\n\n\n62nd Academy Awards[24]\nBest Actor in a Supporting Role\nDenzel Washington\nWon\n\n\nBest Art Direction\nNorman Garwood, Garrett Lewis\nNominated\n\n\nBest Cinematography\nFreddie Francis\nWon\n\n\nBest Film Editing\nSteven Rosenblum\nNominated\n\n\nBest Sound\nDonald O. Mitchell, Gregg Rudloff, Elliot Tyson, Russell Williams\nWon\n\n\n41st ACE Eddie Awards[25]\nBest Edited Feature Film\n————\nWon\n\n\n44th British Academy Film Awards[26]\nBest Cinematography\nFreddie Francis\nNominated\n\n\nBritish Society of Cinematographers Awards 1990[27]\nBest Cinematography\nFreddie Francis\nWon\n\n\nCasting Society of America Artios Awards 1990[28]\nBest Casting for Feature Film, Drama\nMary Colquhoun\nNominated\n\n\n47th Golden Globe Awards[29]\nBest Motion Picture – Drama\nFreddie Fields\nNominated\n\n\nBest Supporting Actor – Motion Picture\nDenzel Washington\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nEdward Zwick\nNominated\n\n\nBest Screenplay\nKevin Jarre\nNominated\n\n\nBest Original Score\nJames Horner\nNominated\n\n\n33rd Grammy Awards[30]\nBest Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television\nJames Horner\nWon\n\n\nKansas City Film Critics Circle Awards 1989[31]\nBest Film\n————\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nEdward Zwick\nWon\n\n\nBest Supporting Actor\nDenzel Washington\nWon\n\n\nNAACP Image Awards 1992[32][33]\nOutstanding Motion Picture\n————\nWon\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture\nDenzel Washington\nWon\n\n\n1989 National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Awards[34]\nBest Picture\n————\nNominated\n\n\n1989 New York Film Critics Circle Awards[35]\nBest Supporting Actor\nDenzel Washington\nNominated\n\n\n1990 Political Film Society Awards[36]\nHuman Rights\n————\nNominated\n\n\nWriters Guild of America Awards 1989[37]\nBest Adapted Screenplay\nKevin Jarre\nNominated\n\n", "\n\nAward\nCategory\nNominee\nResult\n\n\n62nd Academy Awards[24]\nBest Actor in a Supporting Role\nDenzel Washington\nWon\n\n\nBest Art Direction\nNorman Garwood, Garrett Lewis\nNominated\n\n\nBest Cinematography\nFreddie Francis\nWon\n\n\nBest Film Editing\nSteven Rosenblum\nNominated\n\n\nBest Sound\nDonald O. Mitchell, Gregg Rudloff, Elliot Tyson, Russell Williams\nWon\n\n\n41st ACE Eddie Awards[25]\nBest Edited Feature Film\n————\nWon\n\n\n44th British Academy Film Awards[26]\nBest Cinematography\nFreddie Francis\nNominated\n\n\nBritish Society of Cinematographers Awards 1990[27]\nBest Cinematography\nFreddie Francis\nWon\n\n\nCasting Society of America Artios Awards 1990[28]\nBest Casting for Feature Film, Drama\nMary Colquhoun\nNominated\n\n\n47th Golden Globe Awards[29]\nBest Motion Picture – Drama\nFreddie Fields\nNominated\n\n\nBest Supporting Actor – Motion Picture\nDenzel Washington\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nEdward Zwick\nNominated\n\n\nBest Screenplay\nKevin Jarre\nNominated\n\n\nBest Original Score\nJames Horner\nNominated\n\n\n33rd Grammy Awards[30]\nBest Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television\nJames Horner\nWon\n\n\nKansas City Film Critics Circle Awards 1989[31]\nBest Film\n————\nWon\n\n\nBest Director\nEdward Zwick\nWon\n\n\nBest Supporting Actor\nDenzel Washington\nWon\n\n\nNAACP Image Awards 1992[32][33]\nOutstanding Motion Picture\n————\nWon\n\n\nOutstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture\nDenzel Washington\nWon\n\n\n1989 National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Awards[34]\nBest Picture\n————\nNominated\n\n\n1989 New York Film Critics Circle Awards[35]\nBest Supporting Actor\nDenzel Washington\nNominated\n\n\n1990 Political Film Society Awards[36]\nHuman Rights\n————\nNominated\n\n\nWriters Guild of America Awards 1989[37]\nBest Adapted Screenplay\nKevin Jarre\nNominated\n\n" ]	[ "Denzel Washington", "Freddie Francis", "Donald O. Mitchell", "Gregg Rudloff", "Elliot Tyson", "Russell Williams" ]
-3077317066031141501	DC Comics Graphic Novel Collection	DC Comics Graphic Novel collection - wikipedia DC Comics Graphic Novel collection Jump to : navigation , search DC Comics Graphic Novel Collection is a fortnightly partwork magazine published by Eaglemoss Collections and DC Comics . The series is a collection of special edition hardback graphic novels , collecting significant DC Comics superhero story - arcs as well as bonus origin stories for the characters within . The collection started in countries like Germany , Brazil , Poland , Czech Republic , Hungary and Spain but with a different order and contents . A small local test run was also run in select parts of the UK , similar to what happens with most partworks . The debut issue , Batman : Hush Part 1 , was released in the UK on 19 August 2015 at the special price of £ 2.99 , before gradually rising to £ 9.99 per issue . As from issue 37 each issue will cost £ 10.99. 60 issues of the partwork were planned but have been already extended to at least 100 issues ( see list below ) . As of May 2018 , Eaglemoss no longer offers subscriptions to this collection . Investigation of the German eaglemoss website and online auction sites have shown that Germany ended its run at 150 issues . Most issues are the same as the UK and Australian releases , but in a different order . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of books 1.1 Special issues 1.2 Subscriber exclusive issues 2 References List of books ( edit ) Below is a working list of the books which will be released as part of the collection . They may change and are different to the line ups of other countries who share the collection . The information is sourced from an email to their customer services department . Issue / Volume Number Title Collecting Release Date Batman : Hush Part 1 Batman # 608 - 613 and Detective Comics # 27 19 August 2015 Batman : Hush Part 2 Batman # 614 - 618 and Detective Comics # 33 3 September 2015 Superman : Last Son of Krypton Action Comics # 844 - 846 & # 851 , Action Comics Annual # 11 , Superman Annual # 13 and Superman # 1 17 September 2015 JLA : Tower of Babel JLA # 43 - 46 , JLA Secret Files # 3 and The Brave and the Bold # 28 1 October 2015 Superman / Batman : Public Enemies Superman / Batman # 1 - 6 and Superman # 76 15 October 2015 6 Batman : Son of Batman Batman # 655 - 658 , # 664 - 665 and Detective Comics # 411 29 October 2015 7 JLA : Year One Part 1 JLA : Year One # 1 - 6 and Justice League of America # 9 12 November 2015 8 JLA : Year One Part 2 JLA : Year One # 7 - 12 and Detective Comics # 225 26 November 2015 9 Harley Quinn : Preludes and Knock - Knock Jokes Harley Quinn # 1 - 7 ( 2000 -- 2001 ) and `` Batgirl : Year One '' from The Batman Adventures # 12 10 December 2015 10 Superman : The Man of Steel Man of Steel # 1 - 6 and `` Superman , Champion of the Oppressed '' from Action Comics # 1 24 December 2015 11 Batman : A Death in the Family Batman # 426 - # 429 and Batman # 366 7 January 2016 12 Lex Luthor : Man of Steel Lex Luthor : Man of Steel # 1 - 5 and Action Comics # 23 21 January 2016 13 JLA : Earth 2 JLA : Earth 2 and The Flash # 123 4 February 2016 14 The Brave and the Bold : Lords of Luck The Brave and the Bold # 1 - 6 and The Brave and the Bold # 50 18 February 2016 15 Green Lantern : Secret Origin Green Lantern # 29 - 35 and Showcase # 22 3 March 2016 16 Superman : Death of Superman Superman : The Man of Steel # 18 - 19 , Justice League of America # 69 , Superman # 74 - 75 , and Action Comics # 684 17 March 2016 17 Batman : The Long Halloween Part 1 Batman : The Long Halloween # 1 - 6 and Batman # 181 31 March 2016 18 Batman : The Long Halloween Part 2 Batman : The Long Halloween # 7 - 13 and Detective Comics 66 14 April 2016 19 Flash : Born to Run The Flash # 62 - 65 , The Flash Annual # 8 , Speed Force # 1 , The Flash 80 - Page Giant # 1 and The Flash 135 28 April 2016 20 Robin : Year One Robin : Year One 1 - 4 and Detective Comics 38 12 May 2016 21 Superman / Batman : Supergirl Superman / Batman 8 - 13 and Action Comics 252 26 May 2016 22 Trinity Trinity 1 - 3 and World 's Finest 71 9 June 2016 23 Wonder Woman : Paradise Lost Wonder Woman 164 - 170 and New Teen Titans 38 23 June 2016 24 JLA : The Nail Justice League of America : The Nail 1 - 3 and Superman 13 7 July 2016 25 Batman : The Doom That Came to Gotham Batman : The Doom That Came to Gotham 1 - 3 and The Demon 1 21 July 2016 26 Wonder Woman : The Circle Wonder Woman ( Vol. 3 ) 14 - 17 and Wonder Woman 98 + 105 4 August 2016 27 Superman : Brainiac Action Comics 866 - 870 , Superman : New Krypton Special 1 and Action Comics 242 18 August 2016 28 Catwoman : Selina 's Big Score Catwoman : Selina 's Big Score , Detective Comics 759 - 762 and Batman 1 1 September 2016 29 Justice Part 1 Justice 1 - 6 and More Fun Comics 73 15 September 2016 30 Justice Part 2 Justice 7 - 12 and Whiz Comics 2 29 September 2016 31 Superman : Secret Origin Superman : Secret Origin 1 - 6 and Superman 125 13 October 2016 32 Batgirl : Year One Batgirl : Year One 1 - 9 and Batman 139 27 October 2016 33 Batman : Birth of the Demon Part 1 Batman : Son of the Demon , Batman : Bride of the Demon and Batman 232 10 November 2016 34 Batman : Birth of the Demon Part 2 Batman : Birth of the Demon and Batman 235 24 November 2016 35 Young Justice : A League of Their Own Young Justice Secret Files 1 & Young Justice 2 - 7 ( incorrectly credited as Young Justice 1 - 6 ) and The Flash 92 8 December 2016 36 Catwoman : Trail of the Catwoman Catwoman 1 - 4 , 6 - 9 and Batman 62 22 December 2016 37 Green Arrow : Quiver Part 1 Green Arrow 1 - 5 and The Brave and the Bold 85 5 January 2017 38 Green Arrow : Quiver Part 2 Green Arrow 6 - 10 and Flash Comics 86 + 92 19 January 2017 39 The Flash : Rogue War The Flash 220 - 225 and Showcase 8 2 February 2017 40 Superman : Birthright Part 1 Superman : Birthright 1 - 6 and Action Comics 245 16 February 2017 41 Superman : Birthright Part 2 Superman : Birthright 7 - 12 and Adventure Comics 271 2 March 2017 42 Batman : Strange Apparitions Detective Comics 468 , 471 - 476 , 478 - 479 , 481 and Detective Comics 36 16 March 2017 43 Wonder Woman : Eyes of the Gorgan Wonder Woman 206 - 213 and Wonder Woman 92 30 March 2017 44 Plastic Man : On the Lam Plastic Man 1 - 6 and Police Comics 1 13 April 2017 45 Green Arrow : Year One Green Arrow : Year One 1 - 6 and More Fun Comics 73 27 April 2017 46 The New Frontier Part 1 DC : The New Frontier 1 - 3 and Adventure Comics 466 11 May 2017 47 The New Frontier Part 2 DC : The New Frontier 4 - 6 and Showcase 17 25 May 2017 48 Flash : The Return of Barry Allen The Flash 74 - 79 and Superman 199 8 June 2017 49 Justice League : Another Nail JLA : Another Nail 1 - 3 and Showcase 34 22 June 2017 50 Wonder Woman : Gods and Mortals Wonder Woman ( Vol. 2 ) 1 - 7 and Wonder Woman ( Vol. 1 ) 1 6 July 2017 51 The Man Who Laughs / Arkham Asylum Batman : The Man Who Laughs , Batman : Arkham Asylum - A Serious House on Serious Earth and Batman 327 20 July 2017 52 JLA : New World Order JLA 1 - 4 , JLA Secret Files and Origins 1 and Justice League of America 42 3 August 2017 53 New Teen Titans : The Judas Contract The New Teen Titans 39 - 40 , Tales of the Teen Titans 41 - 44 , Teen Titans Annual 3 and The Brave and the Bold 54 17 August 2017 54 Superman : For Tomorrow Part 1 Superman 204 - 209 and Action Comics 241 31 August 2017 55 Superman : For Tomorrow Part 2 Superman 210 - 215 and Action Comics 283 14 September 2017 56 Justice League : Cry for Justice Justice League : Cry for Justice 1 - 7 and Action Comics 248 28 September 2017 57 Batman : Under the Hood Batman 635 - 641 and Detective Comics 168 12 October 2017 58 Green Lantern / Green Arrow : Hard - Traveling Heroes Green Lantern / Green Arrow 76 - 81 and All American Comics 16 26 October 2017 59 Flashpoint Flashpoint 1 - 5 , The Flash 139 9 November 2017 60 Superman Batman Torment Superman / Batman # 37 - 42 and Forever People # 1 23 November 2017 61 Batman Huntress Cry For Blood Batman / Huntress 1 - 6 , DC Super Stars # 17 7 December 2017 62 JLA Act Of God JLA : Act of God ( 2000 ) # 1 - 3 , The Brave and the Bold ( 1955 ) # 30 21 December 2017 63 Superman : Whatever Happened To The Man Of Tomorrow Superman ( 1939 ) # 30 ( IV ) & # 423 , Superman Annual ( 1960 ) # 11 , Action Comics ( 1938 ) # 583 , DC Comics Presents ( 1978 ) # 85 4 January 2018 64 JLA / JSA Virtue & Vice JLA / JSA : Virtue and Vice ( 2002 ) , Justice League of America ( 1960 ) # 21 , More Fun Comcis ( 1936 ) # 55 18 January 2018 65 Swamp Thing Part 1 The Saga of Swamp Thing ( 1982 ) # 21 - 27 , House of Secrets ( 1956 ) # 92 1 February 2018 66 Superman Batman World 's Finest Legends of the World 's Finest ( 1994 ) # 1 - 3 , World 's Finest Comics ( 1941 ) # 88 15 February 2018 67 Green Lantern : Revenge of the Green Lanterns Green Lantern ( 2005 ) # 7 - 13 , DC Comics Presents ( 1978 ) # 27 1 March 2018 68 Superman / Shazam : First Thunder Superman / Shazam : First Thunder ( 2005 ) # 1 - 4 , Superman ( 1939 ) # 276 15 March 2018 69 The Golden Age The Golden Age ( 1993 ) # 1 - 4 , Justice League of America ( 1961 ) # 22 ) 29 March 2018 70 Justice League International Part 1 Justice League ( 1987 ) # 1 - 6 , Justice League International ( 1987 ) # 7 , Captain Atom ( 1965 ) # 83 12 April 2018 71 Swamp Thing Part 2 The Saga of Swamp Thing ( 1982 ) # 28 - 34 , Swamp Thing Annual ( 1982 ) # 2 , Swamp Thing ( 1972 ) # 1 26 April 2018 72 Green Lantern : Wanted Hal Jordan Green Lantern ( 2005 ) # 14 - 20 , Green Lantern ( 1960 ) # 16 10 May 2018 73 Superman and the Legion of Superheroes Action Comics ( 1938 ) # 858 - 863 , Adventure Comics ( 1938 ) # 247 24 May 2018 74 Teen Titans : The Future is Now Teen Titans / Legion Special ( 2004 ) # 1 , Teen Titans ( 2003 ) # 16 - 23 , The Brave and the Bold ( 1955 ) # 60 7 June 2018 75 Batman : Dark Knight Dynasty Batman : Dark Knight Dynasty ( 1997 ) , The Flash ( 1959 ) # 137 21 June 2018 76 The Flash : Lightning in a Bottle The Flash : The Fastes Man Alive ( 2006 ) # 1 - 6 , Impulse ( 1995 ) # 1 5 July 2018 77 Justice League International Part 2 Justice League International ( 1987 ) 8 - 12 , Mister Miracle ( 1971 ) 1 19 July 2018 TBC Batman : The Black Glove Batman ( 1940 ) # 667 - 669 , # 672 - 675 , Detective Comics ( 1937 ) # 110 TBC 79 Superman : The Krimson Kryptonite Crisis Superman ( 1987 ) 49 - 50 , Adventures of Superman ( 1987 ) 472 - 423 , Action Comics ( 1938 ) 659 - 660 , Starman ( 1988 ) 28 , Superman ( 1939 ) 61 16 August 2018 80 Hawkman Vol 1 : Endless Flight Hawkman ( 2002 ) 1 - 6 , Hawkman Secret Files ( 2002 ) 1 , Flash Comics ( 1940 ) 1 30 August 2018 81 Superman / Batman : Generations 1 Superman & Batman Generations ( 1999 ) 1 - 4 , World 's Finest ( 1941 ) 13 September 2018 82 The New Gods Part 1 New Gods ( 1971 ) 1 - 6 , Tales of the Unexpected ( 1956 ) 16 27 September 2018 83 The New Gods Part 2 New Gods ( 1971 ) 7 - 11 , Detective Comics ( 1937 ) 64 11 October 2018 84 New Teen Titans : Birth of Titans DC Comics Presents ( 1978 ) 26 ( II ) , New Teen Titans ( 1980 ) 1 - 6 , Doom Patrol ( 1964 ) 99 25 October 2018 85 Superman : Panic in the Sky Action Comics ( 1938 ) 544 , 674 - 675 , Superman : The Man of Steel ( 1991 ) 9 - 10 , Superman ( 1987 ) 65 - 66 , Adventures of Superman ( 1987 ) 488 - 489 8 November 2018 86 Legion of Super-Heroes : The Great Darkness Saga Legion of Super-Heroes ( 1980 ) 290 - 294 , Adventure Comics ( 1938 ) 300 22 November 2018 87 JSA : Rebirth JSA ( 1999 ) 1 - 4 , More Fun Comics ( 1936 ) 55 6 December 2018 88 Kingdom Come Part 1 Kingdom Come ( 1996 ) 1 - 2 , More Fun Comics ( 1936 ) 52 20 December 2018 89 Kingdom Come Part 2 Kingdom Come ( 1996 ) 3 - 4 , All - Star Comics ( 1940 ) 3 3 January 2019 90 Batman Odyssey Part 1 Batman : Odyssey ( 2010 ) 1 - 6 , Detective Comics ( 1937 ) 32 17 January 2019 91 Batman Odyssey Part 2 Batman : Odyssey ( 2011 ) 1 - 7 & Batman ( 1940 ) 35 31 January 2019 92 Legends Legends ( 1986 ) 1 - 6 & Firestorm ( 1978 ) 1 14 February 2019 93 Animal Man Animal Man ( 1988 ) 1 - 5 , Strange Adventures ( 1950 ) 180 28 February 2019 94 The Flash : Terminal Velocity The Flash ( 1987 ) 0 , 95 - 100 , The Flash ( 1959 ) 125 14 March 2019 95 Teen Titans : The Return of Donna Troy DC Special : Return of Donna ( 2005 ) 1 - 4 , Teen Titans ( 1966 ) 1 28 March 2019 96 Batman and the Outsiders The Brave and the Bold ( 1955 ) 200 ( III ) , Batman and the Outsiders ( 1983 ) 1 - 5 & Black Lightning ( 1977 ) 1 11 April 2019 97 Justice League : Rise and Fall Justice League : Rise and Fall Special ( 2010 ) 1 , Green Arrow and Black Canary ( 2007 ) 31 - 32 , Justice League : The Rise of Arsenal ( 2010 ) 1 - 4 , More Fun Comics ( 1936 ) 89 25 April 2019 98 Time Masters : Vanishing Point Time Masters : Vanishing Point ( 2010 ) 1 - 6 & Time Masters ( 1990 ) 1 9 May 2019 99 Teen Titans : A Kid 's Game Teen Titans ( 2003 ) 1 - 7 & The Flash ( 1959 ) 110 23 May 2019 100 JLA : Scary Monsters JLA : Scary Monsters ( 2003 ) 1 - 6 & All - Star Squadron ( 1981 ) 25 6 June 2019 Special issues ( edit ) The following ' special ' books are due to be released as part of the collection with a UK retail price of £ 19.99 . Subscribers get the Special issues at a discounted price of £ 18.99 . Issue / Volume Number Title Collecting Release Date Special 1 Crisis on Infinite Earths Crisis on Infinite Earths # 1 - 12 26 November 2015 Special 2 Infinite Crisis Infinite Crisis # 1 - 7 , Infinite Crisis Secret Files and Origins 2006 , Superman # 226 , Action Comics # 836 , and Adventures of Superman # 649 17 March 2016 Special 3 DC Universe Legacies Legacies # 1 - 10 9 June 2016 Special 4 Final Crisis Final Crisis # 1 - 7 , Final Crisis : Superman Beyond # 1 - 2 , Final Crisis : Submit # 1 , Final Crisis : Secret Files ( one - shot ) , Final Crisis : Requiem ( one - shot ) 29 September 2016 Special 5 Identity Crisis Identity Crisis # 1 - 7 , The Flash # 214 - 217 24 November 2016 Special 6 One Million Part 1 One Million # 1 - 3 , Man of Steel : One Million , Superman : One Million , Batman : Shadow of the bat : One Million , Nightwing : One Million , Detective Comics : One Million , Starman : One Million , JLA : One Million , Batman : One Million , Catwoman : One Million . 16 March 2017 Special 7 One Million Part 2 One Million # 4 , Robin : One Million , Wonder Woman : One Million , Shazam : One Million , Flash : One Million , Aquaman : One Million , Action Comics : One Million , Adventures of Superman : One Million , Man of Tomorrow : One Million , Ressurrection Man : One Million 11 May 2017 Special 8 Brightest Day Part 1 Brightest Day # 0 - 12 6 July 2017 Special 9 Brightest Day Part 2 Brightest Day # 13 - 24 28 September 2017 Special 10 Invasion ! Invasion ( 1989 ) 1 - 8 , Wonder Woman ( 1987 ) 25 , Superman ( 1987 ) 26 , Doom Patrol ( 1988 ) 17 , Power of the Atom ( 1989 ) 7 , Justice League International ( 1987 ) 22 & Detective Comics ( 1937 ) 595 18 December 2017 Special 11 Batman : Gotham after Midnight Batman : Gotham After Midnight # 1 - 12 15 March 2018 Special 12 Superman : Earth One TBC 7 June 2018 Subscriber exclusive issues ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Issue / Volume Number Title Collecting Release Date Upsell 1 The Sinestro Corps War Green Lantern # 21 - 25 , Green Lantern Corps # 14 - 19 , Green Lantern : Sinestro Corps Special # 1 , Tales of the Sinestro Corps : Paralax # 1 , Cyborg Superman # 1 , Superman Prime # 1 and Ion # 1 9 June 2016 Upsell 2 Prelude to Blackest Night Green Lantern # 26 - 28 & 36 - 42 , Final Crisis : Rage of the Red Lanterns # 1 , Green Lantern Corps # 29 - 39 16 March 2017 Upsell 3 Blackest Night Green Lantern # 50 - 52 , Blackest Night # 0 - 8 23 November 2017 Upsell 4 Green Lantern : Brightest Day Green Lantern ( 2005 ) 53 - 62 , Green Lantern Corps ( 2006 ) 47 - 57 ) 30 August 2018 Upsell 5 War of the Green Lanterns Green Lantern ( 2005 ) 63 - 67 , Green Lantern Corps ( 2006 ) 58 - 63 , Green Lantern : Emerald Warriors ( 2010 ) 8 - 13 & War of the Green Lanterns : Aftermath ( 2011 ) 1 - 2 ) 6 June 2019 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DC Comics Graphic Novel Collection '' . Eaglemoss . Jump up ^ `` DC Comics Graphic Novel Collection '' . Eaglemoss . Jump up ^ `` DC Comics Graphic Novel Collection '' . PreviewsWorld . Jump up ^ `` DC Comics Graphic Novel Collection '' . PreviewsWorld . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DC_Comics_Graphic_Novel_Collection&oldid=842649307 '' Categories : DC Comics Comic book collection books Partworks Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Español Magyar Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 19 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	dc comics - the legend of batman list	[]	[]
534425684514182591	Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah	Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah - Wikipedia Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah Promotional Poster Genre Sitcom Created by Asit Kumarr Modi Based on ' Duniya Ne Oondha Chashma ' by Taarak Mehta Written by Raju Odedra Rajen Upadhyay Manish Mehta Niren Bhatt Jitendra Parmar Ashok Parmar Abhishek Makwana Abbas Hirapurwala Directed by Dharmesh Mehta Harshad Joshi Malav Suresh Rajda Starring see ( list of characters ) Opening theme Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons No. of episodes 2,540 as of 24 August 2018 Production Producer ( s ) Neela Asit Modi Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 21 minutes ( approx . ) Production company ( s ) Neela Tele Films Distributor Neela Tele Films Release Original network SAB TV Picture format 576i HDTV 1080i Original release 28 July 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 28 ) -- present External links Website Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah ( commonly referred to as : TMKOC ) ( English : Taarak Mehta 's Inverted Spectacles ) is India 's longest running sitcom serial . It is produced by Neela Tele Films Private Limited . The show went on air on July 28 , 2008 . It airs from Monday to Friday on SAB TV . Reruns of the show started on Sony Pal on November 2 , 2015 . The show is based on the column Duniya Ne Undha Chashma written by real - life columnist and journalist / playwright Taarak Mehta for Gujarati weekly magazine Chitralekha . Contents 1 Plot summary 1.1 The Tapu Sena 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production and promotion 4 Reception and impact 5 Special episodes 6 Awards 6.1 Indian Television Academy Awards 6.2 Indian Telly Awards 6.3 Star Guild Awards 6.4 Other awards 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Gokuldham Society is a residential society in Powder Galli , Goregaon , Mumbai with four wings : A Wing , B Wing , C Wing and D Wing . Although the society has more than 50 flats , the show revolves around the lives of eight families : Jethalal Champaklal Gada , an electronics shop - owner from Kachchh district , Gujarat , and his wife Daya , father Champaklal Jayantilal Gada and son Tipendra ( Tapu ) . Residents of B Wing . The narrator , Taarak Mehta , a column - writer and his wife Anjali , a disciplined dietician who are from Gujarat . Residents of B Wing . The society 's secretary , Aatmaram Tukaram Bhide , a home tutor from Ratnagiri , Maharashtra , his wife Madhavi , a business woman and daughter Sonalika ( Sonu ) . Residents of A Wing . Dr. Hansraj Hathi , the resident doctor from Uttar Pradesh , his wife Komal and son Gulabkumar ( Goli ) . Residents of A Wing . Roshan Singh Sodhi , a car mechanic from Amritsar , Punjab and his Parsi wife , also named Roshan and their son Gurucharan ( Gogi ) . Residents of A Wing . Krishnan Subramaniam Iyer , a Tamil scientist from Chennai , Tamil Nadu and his Bengali wife Babita from Kolkata , West Bengal . Residents of C Wing . Popatlal Pandey , a newspaper journalist working for Toofan Express and from Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh . Residents of C Wing . Pankaj Diwan Sahay also called Pinku , part of the Tapu sena and resides in another society ( gulmohar apartments ) ( the Tapu sena did n't know about his personal background since the start of 2018 ) . There are also other recurring characters including Sundarlal ( brother of Jethalal 's wife Daya , from Ahmedabad , Gujarat ) and his friends . Abdul , the shopkeeper of the provisions store located outside the society entrance , reporter Rita Shrivastav from ' Kal Tak ' a news channel , Inspector Chalu Pandey , Asit Kumarr Modi as himself , Jethalal 's shop assistants - Natwarlal Prabhashankar Udhaiwala ( Natu Kaka ) and his nephew Baagheshwar Dadu Udhaiwala ( Baagha ) , who are often bent on doing the wrong job , and Baagha 's fiancée Bawri Dhondulal Kanpuria . The members of the society and other characters have a good psychological bond of love and sympathy for one another that makes them live like members of one family . They are often seen celebrating festivals and participating in events together . Although they are shown to live the lives of typical Indian families , the characters , more often than not Jethalal Gada , tend to find themselves in trouble , cropping up from routine activities that intensify in a comical manner . The quirks of the individual characters seek to enhance the humour quotient of the show . Whatever the nature of the problem that a member of the society encounters , all the other members stand by them to extend every possible help . In an episode , the resolution of the problem that a character faces is usually followed by a moral message at the end by Taarak Mehta , which is meant for all the characters of the show as well as the viewers . The Tapu Sena ( edit ) The Tapu Sena is a five - member group of children residing in Gokuldham Society : Tapu ( the leader of Tapu Sena ) , Goli , Gogi , Pinku and Sonu . These children have played significant roles , providing a fun young tone to the show . Usually , the group becomes a nuisance for the other members of the society because of their mischief , while at other times , it draws praises from the members by doing something laudable . The society secretary , Atmaram Tukaram Bhide is especially annoyed with the Tapu Sena for playing cricket in the society compound as sometimes they break the window glasses , or just cause a problem as shown in some episodes . Since the beginning of the show , the Tapu Sena has , with their childlike activities , characterized the typical frolicsome Indian children . As the children grow up and mature , the stories are tailored to suit their ages . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah characters Main ( edit ) Dilip Joshi as Jethalal Champaklal Gada Disha Vakani as Daya Jethalal Gada Bhavya Gandhi as Tipendra Jethalal Gada ( Tapu ) ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Raj Anadkat as Tipendra Jethalal Gada ) ) ( 2017 -- present ) Amit Bhatt as Champaklal Jayantilal Gada Shailesh Lodha as Taarak Mehta Neha Mehta as Anjali Taarak Mehta Tanuj Mahashabde as Krishnan Subramaniam Iyer Munmun Dutta as Babita Krishnan Iyer Mandar Chandwadkar as Aatmaram Tukaram Bhide Sonalika Joshi as Madhvi Aatmaram Bhide Jheel Mehta as Sonalika Aatmaram Bhide ( Sonu ) ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Nidhi Bhanushali as Sonalika Aatmaram Bhide ( Sonu ) ) ) ( 2012 -- present ) Gurucharan Singh as Roshan Singh Harjeet Singh Sodhi ( 2008 -- 2013 , 2014 -- present ) Laad Singh Maan as Roshan Singh Harjeet Singh Sodhi ) ) ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Jennifer Mistry Bansiwal as Roshan Kaur Roshan Singh Sodhi ( 2008 -- 2013 , 2016 -- present ) Dilkhush Reporter as Roshan Kaur Roshan Singh Sodhi ) ) ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Samay Shah as Gurcharan Singh Roshan Singh Sodhi ( Gogi ) Nirmal Soni as Dr. Hansraj Hathi ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Kavi Kumar Azad as Dr. Hansraj Hathi ) ) ( 2009 -- 2018 ) Ambika Ranjankar as Komal Hansraj Hathi Kush Shah as Gulabkumar Hansraj Hathi ( Goli ) Shyam Pathak as Popatlal Pandey Sharad Sankla as Abdul Recurring ( edit ) Azhar Shaikh as Pinku ( Pankaj Diwan Sahay ) Ghanashyam Nayak as Natwarlal Prabhashankar Udhaiwala Nattu Kaka ( Nattukaka ) Tanmay Vekaria as Bagheshwar Dadukh Udhaiwala ( Bagha ) Monika Bhadoriya as Bawree Dhondulal Kanpuria Mayur Vakani as Sundarlal Priya Ahuja Rajda as Reporter Rita Shrivastav Daya Shankar Pandey as Inspector Chalu Pandey Production and promotion ( edit ) The major part of the shooting is done in Mumbai . However , some parts of the show have also been shot in places such as Gujarat , New Delhi , Goa and in foreign locations such as London , Brussels , Paris and Hong Kong . To celebrate Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah completing 1,000 episodes on 6 November 2012 , the director `` decided to shoot the film on a different canvas as he does not want the audience to feel that they are watching yet another episode of the serial . '' In October 2013 , Joshi and Vakani participated in a promotional event held in New Jersey at the Expo Center . In February 2015 , Joshi , Vakani , and Lodha hosted the red carpet at the 60th Britannia Filmfare awards to promote the ' Clean India ' campaign . Reception and impact ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 2010 , the show beat Balika Vadhu to become the most watched television programme in India . The show has constantly achieved high ratings throughout its run , irrespective of the Indian Premier League . In the first week of 2017 , the show stood in fourth position with 6,004 TVT ratings . In the fourth week , the show entered the top five and stood in fifth position with 6,059 TVT ratings . In March 2017 , the show remained within the top five shows urban rural metrics . In the 25th week of 2017 , the show stood at the top spot with 6,092 TVT ratings . In the 26th week of 2017 , the show stood at third spot with 6,049 TVT ratings . It is the longest running scripted show on Indian television.In the 1st week of 2018 the show topped the trp chart with 6961 tvt ratings . Polish Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Culture and National Heritage , Piotr Glinski visited the sets of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah in February 2016 . Special episodes ( edit ) C.I.D. on Sony TV and SAB TV . The Episodes were named as Mahasangam . Awards ( edit ) Indian Television Academy Awards ( edit ) Year Category Recipient ( s ) Result 2008 Best Actress - Comedy Disha Vakani Won 2009 Best Actress - Comedy Won Best Serial -- Comedy Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won Best Serial - Comedy Won 2012 Best Actor - Comedy Dilip Joshi Won 2013 The ITA Scroll Of Honour Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won 2014 Best Actor - Comedy Dilip Joshi Won Best Actress - Comedy Disha Vakani Won 2015 Best Show - Comedy Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won 2016 Best Serial - Comedy Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won Indian Telly Awards ( edit ) Year Category Recipient ( s ) Result 2009 Best Actor in a Comic Role ( Male ) Dilip Joshi Won Best Actor in a Comic Role ( Female ) Disha Vakani Won Best Sitcom Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won Best Sitcom Writer Raju Odedra and Rajan Upadhyay Won Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role ( Male ) Dilip Joshi Won Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role ( Female ) Disha Vakani Won Most Popular Child Artist ( Male ) Bhavya Gandhi Won Best Sitcom Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won Best Sitcom Writer Raju Odedra and Rajan Upadhyay Won 2012 Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role ( Male ) Dilip Joshi Won Best Actress in a Comic Role ( Jury ) Disha Vakani Won Best Sitcom Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won 2013 Actress in a Comic Role ( Jury ) Disha Vakani Won Best Director ( Sitcom ) Harshad Joshi and Malav Rajda Won Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role Dilip Joshi Won Best Sitcom / Comedy Program Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won Star Guild Awards ( edit ) Year Category Recipient ( s ) Result 2011 Best Actor in a Drama Series Dilip Joshi Won 2013 Best Comedy Series Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won Other awards ( edit ) Year Award Category Result 2011 Global Honours Best Actor in a Comic Role ( Male ) Won See also ( edit ) List of Hindi comedy shows References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah : A Special Brand Of Humour '' . September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MUNMUN DUTTA OPENS UP ABOUT THE CONTROVERSY SURROUNDING TAARAK MEHTA KA OOLTAH CHASHMAH ; COMES OUT IN SUPPORT OF GURCHARAN SINGH ( SODHI ) '' . Jump up ^ `` TMKOC Tapu Sena '' . timesofindia.com . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TMKOC Tapu Sena '' . timesofindia.com . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Haathi of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashma aka Kavi Kumar Azad dead '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shruti Jambhekar ( 21 November 2012 ) . `` Gujarat comes alive on TV '' . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Awaasthi , Kavita ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Taarak Mehta ... completes 1,000 episodes '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Film version of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah set to roll next year '' . DNA India . 20 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah goes to New Jersey ! - Rediff.com Movies '' . Rediff.com. 2013 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Taarak Mehta 's team brings Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan to the red carpet - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.barcindia.co.in/statistic.aspx Jump up ^ `` IndianTelevisionAcademy.com '' . IndianTelevisionAcademy.com . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` IndianTelevisionAcademy.com '' . IndianTelevisionAcademy.com . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IndianTelevisionAcademy.com '' . IndianTelevisionAcademy.com . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IndianTelevisionAcademy.com '' . IndianTelevisionAcademy.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/winners/winners.htm ^ Jump up to : `` The Tenth Indian Telly Awards '' . Tellyawards.indiantelevision.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/winners.php ^ Jump up to : http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/winners.php Jump up ^ ards - winners. html Archived 12 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah . Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah on IMDb Programmes currently broadcast by SAB TV Currently broadcast Sictom Series Jijaji Chhat Par Hai Partners - Trouble Ho Gayi Double Saat Phero Ki Hera Pherie Sajan Re Phir Jhoot Mat Bolo Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah Tenali Rama See list of former shows / ref > style = `` background : # 99FF99 ; color : black ; vertical - align : middle ; text - align : center ; '' class = `` yes table - yes2 '' Won - Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role ( Female ) Disha Vakani Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taarak_Mehta_Ka_Ooltah_Chashmah&oldid=857000733 '' Categories : SAB TV television series Indian television series 2008 Indian television series debuts Indian television sitcoms 2000s Indian television series Television shows set in Mumbai 2010s Indian television series Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from August 2016 Use Indian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা भोजपुरी Esperanto ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ मराठी தமிழ் اردو 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 22 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	tarak mehta ka ulta chasma actors original name	[]	[]
6175694874504573953	Fort Garry	Fort Garry - wikipedia Fort Garry This article is about the former settlement located on the site of present - day downtown Winnipeg . For current Winnipeg district , see Fort Garry , Winnipeg . For other uses , see Fort Garry ( disambiguation ) . Fort Garry At the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers in what is now downtown Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada Fort Garry in 1884 Type Hudson 's Bay Company trading post Site information Controlled by Hudson 's Bay Company Occupied by the Métis in 1869 - 70 Website UpperFortGarry.com Site history Built 1822 Battles / wars Red River Rebellion National Historic Site of Canada Official name Forts Rouge , Garry , and Gibraltar National Historic Site of Canada Designated 1924 Fort Garry , also known as Upper Fort Garry , was a Hudson 's Bay Company trading post at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers in what is now downtown Winnipeg . It was established in 1822 on or near the site of the North West Company 's Fort Gibraltar . Fort Garry was named after Nicholas Garry , deputy governor of the Hudson 's Bay Company . It served as the centre of fur trade within the Red River Colony . In 1826 , a severe flood destroyed the fort . It was rebuilt in 1835 by the HBC and named Upper Fort Garry to differentiate it from `` the Lower Fort , '' or Lower Fort Garry , 32 km downriver , which was established in 1831 . Throughout the mid-to - late 19th century , Upper Fort Garry played a minor role in the actual trading of furs , but was central to the administration of the HBC and the surrounding settlement . The Council of Assiniboia , the administrative and judicial body of the Red River Colony mainly run by Hudson 's Bay Company officials , met at Upper Fort Garry . In 1869 , the Hudson 's Bay Company agreed to surrender its monopoly in the North - West , including Upper Fort Garry . In late 1869 and early 1870 , the fort was seized by Louis Riel and his Métis followers during the Red River Rebellion . After the Rebellion , the area around the fort continued to grow . In 1873 , the city of Winnipeg was established and the name Fort Garry was no longer used . In 1881 - 1884 the majority of the fort was demolished to straighten Main Street ( it was at Main Street and Assiniboine Avenue ) . Although only the main gate of the fort remains today , the name `` Fort Garry '' lives on through various institutions and businesses . An area or division of Winnipeg running along the Red River south of the original fort is called Fort Garry . The hotel beside the fort is called the Fort Garry Hotel , which was originally constructed for the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway company . The two streets on either side of the hotel are Fort Street and Garry Street . Many companies have adopted the name , such as Fort Garry Industries and the Fort Garry Brewing Company . The Fort Garry Horse has been a component of the Winnipeg military garrison throughout the 20th and into the 21st Centuries . Contents 1 National Historic Site 2 Legacy 3 Provincial Heritage Park 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 External links 7 Further reading 8 References National Historic site ( edit ) Fort Garry , along with the sites of nearby Forts Rouge and Gibraltar , were collectively designated a National Historic Site in 1924 , under the name `` Forts Rouge , Garry , and Gibraltar National Historic Site '' . Together , the three sites are illustrative of the evolution of the fur trade in Western Canada , from exploration and expansion westward ( Fort Rouge , established in 1738 by the French ) , to the dominance of the North West Company ( Fort Gibraltar , established in 1807 ) and finally the ascendancy of the Hudson 's Bay Company ( Fort Garry ) . The gate at Fort Garry constitutes the only above - ground remains of this succession of forts . Legacy ( edit ) On 15 June 1938 Canada Post issued ' Fort Garry Gate , Winnipeg ' , a 20 ¢ stamp . G Provincial heritage park ( edit ) Upper Fort Garry Provincial Heritage Park ( 2015 ) Work has begun on a project to establish a heritage park in the area surrounding what remains of the Upper Fort Garry . In the spring of 2010 , a bill passed the House in the Manitoba Legislature , entitled The Upper Fort Garry Heritage Provincial Park Act . In 2007 , a development company , Crystal Developers , sought to build an apartment complex next to the fort 's original `` footprint '' . However , the Friends of Upper Fort Garry , a group dedicated to developing an historical interpretive park at the site , was convened to oppose them . The plan called for an interpretive centre just outside the old fort 's walls , and a large surface parking lot that would have been placed closer to the walls than the apartment itself . After a City of Winnipeg - imposed deadline to raise funds to build a park on the site was nearing , Crystal Developers decided to grant the Friends an additional two years to finish raising the needed funds . Crystal ultimately bowed out of its proposed development plans . Two years later the City of Winnipeg approved the construction by Crystal Developers of a 25 - storey apartment tower just west of the original location , on Assiniboine Ave . Enough funds were raised by the Friends to purchase the buildings already on the site of their proposed heritage park , including a Petro - Canada gas station . The only building that was allowed to stay untouched was the current home of the Manitoba Club , which started as an organization in 1874 , only one year after the incorporation of Winnipeg . The existing Manitoba Club building was completed in 1905 . The historic Fort Garry Hotel across the street was built shortly thereafter , in 1913 . The plans for the future heritage park at the site of Upper Fort Garry were officially unveiled in May 2010 . From the Hansard Records of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , dated Monday , June 14 , 2010 , it is clear that the boundaries of the proposed Upper Fort Garry Provincial Heritage Park , described in Bill 27 -- The Upper Fort Garry Heritage Provincial Park Act then under consideration , would not include the Manitoba Club building . In the meeting referenced above , Mr. Jerry Gray ( Friends of Upper Fort Garry ) , referring to the future park boundaries , states that the property is `` bordered by Main Street on the east side , Assiniboine on the south side and Fort Street on the west side and then goes up to the back where the gate property is . '' Evidently , the Manitoba Club property on Broadway is excluded from the proposed heritage park , aside from being located on the same city block . According to the records of the Thirty - Ninth Legislature , Bill 27 received Royal Assent on June 17 , 2010 , by Proclamation of the Lieutenant - Governor Philip S. Lee . The park opened to the public on August 6 , 2015 , with development still to come . Gallery ( edit ) Fort Garry Upper Fort Garry in the early 1870s Canadian Dog Train and Remains of Old Fort Garry , 1899 . Upper Fort Garry Heritage Park in 2007 Plaque for the `` Fort Garry to Fort Edmonton Trail '' National Historic Event , also known as the Carlton Trail See also ( edit ) Council of Keewatin Fort Rouge ( fortification ) History of Winnipeg Temporary North - West Council Coat of arms of Winnipeg External links ( edit ) Official site Friends of Upper Fort Garry The Upper Fort Garry Heritage Provincial Park Act Manitoba Historical Maps , Images and Maps of Fort Garry Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fort Garry . Garry , Nicholas . Diary of Nicholas Garry , Deputy - Governor of the Hudson 's Bay Company from 1822 - 1835 . A Detailed Narrative of His Travels in the Northwest Territories of British North America in 1821 . 1900 . Coordinates : 49 ° 53 ′ 16 '' N 97 ° 08 ′ 07 '' W / 49.887883 ° N 97.135320 ° W / 49.887883 ; - 97.135320 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ A Short Pictorial History On Upper Ft . Garry . Lincoln Park Gallery website . Retrieved 16 Oct 2010 . Jump up ^ Martin Kavanagh , `` The Assoboine Basin '' , 1946 , map page 89 Jump up ^ Forts Rouge , Garry , and Gibraltar . Canadian Register of Historic Places . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Canada Post stamp Jump up ^ History buffs fight development near Upper Fort Garry . CBC News - Manitoba , May 29 , 2007 . Retrieved 16 Oct 2010 . Jump up ^ Dig uncovers more of Winnipeg 's Upper Fort Garry . CBC News - Manitoba , Oct. 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 16 Oct 2010 . Jump up ^ Deadline Extended for Upper Fort Garry . Friends of Upper Fort Garry , 28 March 2008 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Green light given to downtown high - rise apartment tower . Archived article from Winnipeg Free Press , June 10 , 2010 . Retrieved 16 Oct 2010 . Jump up ^ Gas station site added to heritage park at city 's birthplace . Winnipeg Free Press , June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved 17 Oct 2010 . Jump up ^ Even losers must celebrate Upper Fort Garry . Winnipeg Free Press , June 2 , 2009 . Retrieved 17 Oct 2010 . Jump up ^ Virtual Heritage Winnipeg - Manitoba Club . Retrieved 17 Oct 2010 . Jump up ^ Plans for Upper Fort Garry park unveiled . Winnipeg Free Press , May 12 , 2010 . Retrieved 17 Oct 2010 . Jump up ^ Legislative Assembly of Manitoba . Debate of the Standing Committee on Justice , June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved 17 Oct 2010 . Jump up ^ Plans for Upper Fort Garry park and interpretive centre unveiled . Winnipeg Free Press , May 15 , 2010 . Retrieved 17 Oct 2010 . Jump up ^ Manitoba Laws - The Upper Fort Garry Heritage Provincial Park Act . Bills of the Fourth Session , Thirty - Ninth Legislature , Legislative Assembly of Manitoba ( Printed copies of bills ) . Updated to Nov. 15 , 2010 . Retrieved 24 Nov 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Upper Fort Garry Provincial Park Open to Public : Construction Fence Coming Down '' , press release . Jump up ^ David Lipnowski , `` Upper Fort Garry open for visitors '' in the Winnipeg Free Press , 2015 - 08 - 07 . National Historic Sites of Canada by location Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Hamilton Kingston Niagara Ottawa Toronto Prince Edward Island Quebec Montreal Quebec City Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Other countries France Category Portal WikiProject Protected areas of Manitoba CRHP Central Plains Region Eastman Region Interlake Region Northern Region Parkland Region Pembina Valley Region Westman Region Winnipeg National parks Riding Mountain Wapusk National historic sites Fort Garry Linear Mounds Lower Fort Garry Prince of Wales Fort Riding Mountain Park East Gate Registration Complex Riel House St. Andrew 's Rectory The Forks York Factory more ... Provincial parks , park reserves , & ecological reserves Asessippi Atikaki Beaudry Beaver Creek Birds Hill Caribou River Duck Mountain Grand Beach Grass River Hecla - Grindstone Lundar Beach Nopiming Pembina Valley Pisew Falls Rainbow Beach Reindeer Island Spruce Woods St. Ambroise Beach Sasagiu Rapids Turtle Mountain Wekusko Falls Whiteshell Winnipeg Beach more ... UNESCO World Biosphere Reserves Riding Mountain Pimachiowin Aki ( proposed ) Winnipeg parks Assiniboine Bruce Central Kil - Cona Kildonan Kings Living Prairie Museum Maple Grove St. Vital Stephen Juba Other International Peace Garden Manitoba Tall Grass Prairie Preserve Morden Research Station Oak Hammock Marsh Whitewater Lake Category Conservation Districts Parks Canada Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Garry&oldid=837610045 '' Categories : History of Winnipeg Forts in Manitoba Hudson 's Bay Company forts Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 22 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who led an armed uprising and seized fort garry	[ "In 1869, the Hudson's Bay Company agreed to surrender its monopoly in the North-West, including Upper Fort Garry. In late 1869 and early 1870, the fort was seized by Louis Riel and his Métis followers during the Red River Rebellion. After the Rebellion, the area around the fort continued to grow. In 1873, the city of Winnipeg was established and the name Fort Garry was no longer used. In 1881-1884 the majority of the fort was demolished to straighten Main Street (it was at Main Street and Assiniboine Avenue[2]).\n" ]	[ "Louis Riel" ]
-917243554002823586	Skeleton	Skeleton - wikipedia Skeleton Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Skeleton ( disambiguation ) . `` Skeletons '' redirects here . For the American entertainment unit , see Skeletons ( band ) . For the film , see Skeletons ( film ) . Skeleton A horse and human skeleton placed in a display in the Australian Museum , Sydney . Vein skeleton of a leaf . Veins contain lignin that make them harder to degrade for microorganisms . The leaf came from Magnolia doltsopa ( Magnoliaceae ) . Details Identifiers Greek σκελετός MeSH D012863 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The skeleton is the body part that forms the supporting structure of an organism . There are several different skeletal types : the exoskeleton , which is the stable outer shell of an organism , the endoskeleton , which forms the support structure inside the body , the hydroskeleton , and the cytoskeleton . The term comes from from Greek σκελετός ( skeletós ) , meaning ' dried up ' . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of skeletons 1.1 Exoskeleton 1.2 Endoskeleton 1.3 Pliant skeletons 1.4 Rigid skeletons 1.5 Cytoskeleton 1.6 Fluid skeletons 1.6. 1 Hydrostatic skeleton ( hydroskeleton ) 2 Organisms with skeletons 2.1 Invertebrates 2.1. 1 Sponges 2.1. 2 Echinoderms 2.2 Vertebrates 2.2. 1 Fish 2.2. 2 Birds 2.2. 3 Marine mammals 2.2. 4 Humans 3 Bones and cartilage 3.1 Bone 3.2 Cartilage 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Types of skeletons ( edit ) There are two major types of skeletons : solid and fluid . Solid skeletons can be internal , called an endoskeleton , or external , called an exoskeleton , and may be further classified as pliant ( elastic / movable ) or rigid ( hard / non-movable ) . Fluid skeletons are always internal . Exoskeleton ( edit ) Main article : Exoskeleton Exoskeleton of an ant Exoskeletons are external , and are found in many invertebrates ; they enclose and protect the soft tissues and organs of the body . Some kinds of exoskeletons undergo periodic moulting as the animal grows , as is the case in many arthropods including insects and crustaceans . The exoskeleton of insects is not only a form of protection , but also serves as a surface for muscle attachment , as a watertight protection against drying , and as a sense organ to interact with the environment . The shell of mollusks also performs all of the same functions , except that in most cases it does not contain sense organs . An external skeleton can be quite heavy in relation to the overall mass of an animal , so on land , organisms that have an exoskeleton are mostly relatively small . Somewhat larger aquatic animals can support an exoskeleton because weight is less of a consideration underwater . The southern giant clam , a species of extremely large saltwater clam in the Pacific Ocean , has a shell that is massive in both size and weight . Syrinx aruanus is a species of sea snail with a very large shell . Endoskeleton ( edit ) Main article : Endoskeleton Endoskeleton of a bat . A beaver skeleton on display at The Museum of Osteology , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . The endoskeleton is the internal support structure of an animal , composed of mineralized tissue and is typical of vertebrates . Endoskeletons vary in complexity from functioning purely for support ( as in the case of sponges ) , to serving as an attachment site for muscles and a mechanism for transmitting muscular forces . A true endoskeleton is derived from mesodermal tissue . Such a skeleton is present in echinoderms and chordates . Pliant skeletons ( edit ) Pliant skeletons are capable of movement ; thus , when stress is applied to the skeletal structure , it deforms and then reverts to its original shape . This skeletal structure is used in some invertebrates , for instance in the hinge of bivalve shells or the mesoglea of cnidarians such as jellyfish . Pliant skeletons are beneficial because only muscle contractions are needed to bend the skeleton ; upon muscle relaxation , the skeleton will return to its original shape . Cartilage is one material that a pliant skeleton may be composed of , but most pliant skeletons are formed from a mixture of proteins , polysaccharides , and water . For additional structure or protection , pliant skeletons may be supported by rigid skeletons . Organisms that have pliant skeletons typically live in water , which supports body structure in the absence of a rigid skeleton . Rigid skeletons ( edit ) Rigid skeletons are not capable of movement when stressed , creating a strong support system most common in terrestrial animals . Such a skeleton type used by animals that live in water are more for protection ( such as barnacle and snail shells ) or for fast - moving animals that require additional support of musculature needed for swimming through water . Rigid skeletons are formed from materials including chitin ( in arthropods ) , calcium compounds such as calcium carbonate ( in stony corals and mollusks ) and silicate ( for diatoms and radiolarians ) . Cytoskeleton ( edit ) Main article : Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton ( gr . kytos = cell ) is used to stabilize and preserve the form of the cells . It is a dynamic structure that maintains cell shape , protects the cell , enables cellular motion ( using structures such as flagella , cilia and lamellipodia ) , and plays important roles in both intracellular transport ( the movement of vesicles and organelles , for example ) and cellular division . Fluid skeletons ( edit ) Hydrostatic skeleton ( hydroskeleton ) ( edit ) Main article : Hydrostatic skeleton A hydrostatic skeleton is a semi-rigid , soft tissue structure filled with liquid under pressure , surrounded by muscles . Longitudinal and circular muscles around their body sectors allow movement by alternate lengthening and contractions along their lengths . A common example of this is earthworm . Organisms with skeletons ( edit ) Invertebrates ( edit ) The endoskeletons of echinoderms and some other soft - bodied invertebrates such as jellyfish and earthworms are also termed hydrostatic ; a body cavity the coelom is filled with coelomic fluid and the pressure from this fluid acts together with the surrounding muscles to change the organism 's shape and produce movement . Sponges ( edit ) The skeleton of sponges consists of microscopic calcareous or silicious spicules . The demosponges include 90 % of all species of sponges . Their `` skeletons '' are made of spicules consisting of fibers of the protein spongin , the mineral silica , or both . Where spicules of silica are present , they have a different shape from those in the otherwise similar glass sponges . Echinoderms ( edit ) The skeleton of the echinoderms , which include , among other things , the starfish , is composed of calcite and a small amount of magnesium oxide . It lies below the epidermis in the mesoderm and is within cell clusters of frame - forming cells . This structure formed is porous and therefore firm and at the same time light . It coalesces into small calcareous ossicles ( bony plates ) , which can grow in all directions and thus can replace the loss of a body part . Connected by joints , the individual skeletal parts can be moved by the muscles . Vertebrates ( edit ) Pithecometra : From Thomas Huxley 's 1863 Evidence as to Man 's Place in Nature , the compared skeletons of apes to humans . In most vertebrates , the main skeletal component is referred to as bone . Another important component is cartilage which in mammals is found mainly in the joint areas . In other animals , such as the cartilaginous fishes , which include the sharks , the skeleton is composed entirely of cartilage . The segmental pattern of the skeleton is present in all vertebrates ( mammals , birds , fish , reptiles and amphibians ) with basic units being repeated . This segmental pattern is particularly evident in the vertebral column and the ribcage . Bones in addition to supporting the body also serve , at the cellular level , as calcium and phosphate storage . Fish ( edit ) Main article : Fish anatomy The skeleton , which forms the support structure inside the fish is either made of cartilage as in the ( Chondrichthyes ) , or bones as in the ( Osteichthyes ) . The main skeletal element is the vertebral column , composed of articulating vertebrae which are lightweight yet strong . The ribs attach to the spine and there are no limbs or limb girdles . They are supported only by the muscles . The main external features of the fish , the fins , are composed of either bony or soft spines called rays , which with the exception of the caudal fin ( tail fin ) , have no direct connection with the spine . They are supported by the muscles which compose the main part of the trunk . Birds ( edit ) Main article : Bird anatomy The bird skeleton is highly adapted for flight . It is extremely lightweight , yet still strong enough to withstand the stresses of taking off , flying , and landing . One key adaptation is the fusing of bones into single ossifications , such as the pygostyle . Because of this , birds usually have a smaller number of bones than other terrestrial vertebrates . Birds also lack teeth or even a true jaw , instead having evolved a beak , which is far more lightweight . The beaks of many baby birds have a projection called an egg tooth , which facilitates their exit from the amniotic egg . Marine mammals ( edit ) Californian sea lion To facilitate the movement of marine mammals in water , the hind legs were either lost altogether , as in the whales and manatees , or united in a single tail fin as in the pinnipeds ( seals ) . In the whale , the cervical vertebrae are typically fused , an adaptation trading flexibility for stability during swimming . Humans ( edit ) Main article : Human skeleton Study of Skeletons , c. 1510 , by Leonardo da Vinci The human skeleton consists of both fused and individual bones supported and supplemented by ligaments , tendons , muscles and cartilage . It serves as a scaffold which supports organs , anchors muscles , and protects organs such as the brain , lungs , heart and spinal cord . Although the teeth do not consist of tissue commonly found in bones , the teeth are usually considered as members of the skeletal system . The biggest bone in the body is the femur in the upper leg , and the smallest is the stapes bone in the middle ear . In an adult , the skeleton comprises around 14 % of the total body weight , and half of this weight is water . Fused bones include those of the pelvis and the cranium . Not all bones are interconnected directly : There are three bones in each middle ear called the ossicles that articulate only with each other . The hyoid bone , which is located in the neck and serves as the point of attachment for the tongue , does not articulate with any other bones in the body , being supported by muscles and ligaments . There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton , although this number depends on whether the pelvic bones ( the hip bones on each side ) are counted as one or three bones on each side ( ilium , ischium , and pubis ) , whether the coccyx or tail bone is counted as one or four separate bones , and does not count the variable wormian bones between skull sutures . Similarly , the sacrum is usually counted as a single bone , rather than five fused vertebrae . There is also a variable number of small sesamoid bones , commonly found in tendons . The patella or kneecap on each side is an example of a larger sesamoid bone . The patellae are counted in the total , as they are constant . The number of bones varies between individuals and with age - newborn babies have over 270 bones some of which fuse together . These bones are organized into a longitudinal axis , the axial skeleton , to which the appendicular skeleton is attached . The human skeleton takes 20 years before it is fully developed . In many animals , the skeleton bones contain marrow , which produces blood cells . There exist several general differences between the male and female skeletons . The male skeleton , for example , is generally larger and heavier than the female skeleton . In the female skeleton , the bones of the skull are generally less angular . The female skeleton also has wider and shorter breastbone and slimmer wrists . There exist significant differences between the male and female pelvis which are related to the female 's pregnancy and childbirth capabilities . The female pelvis is wider and shallower than the male pelvis . Female pelvises also have an enlarged pelvic outlet and a wider and more circular pelvic inlet . The angle between the pubic bones is known to be sharper in males , which results in a more circular , narrower , and near heart - shaped pelvis . Bones and cartilage ( edit ) Bone ( edit ) Main article : Bone Bones are rigid organs that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates . They function to move , support , and protect the various organs of the body , produce red and white blood cells and store minerals . Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue . Bones have a variety of shapes with a complex internal and external structure they are also lightweight , yet strong and hard . One of the types of tissue that makes up bone tissue is mineralized tissue and this gives it rigidity and a honeycomb - like three - dimensional internal structure . Other types of tissue found in bones include marrow , endosteum and periosteum , nerves , blood vessels and cartilage . There are 206 bones in the adult human body and 270 in an infant . Cartilage ( edit ) Main article : Cartilage During embryogenesis the precursor to bone development is cartilage . Much of this substance is then replaced by bone during the second and third trimester , after the flesh such as muscle has formed around it ; forming the skeleton . Cartilage is a stiff and inflexible connective tissue found in many areas in the bodies of humans and other animals , including the joints between bones , the rib cage , the ear , the nose , the elbow , the knee , the ankle , the bronchial tubes and the intervertebral discs . It is not as hard and rigid as bone but is stiffer and less flexible than muscle . Cartilage is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix composed of Type II collagen ( except Fibrocartilage which also contains type I collagen ) fibers , abundant ground substance rich in proteoglycan , and elastin fibers . Cartilage is classified in three types , elastic cartilage , hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage , which differ in the relative amounts of these three main components . Unlike other connective tissues , cartilage does not contain blood vessels . The chondrocytes are supplied by diffusion , helped by the pumping action generated by compression of the articular cartilage or flexion of the elastic cartilage . Thus , compared to other connective tissues , cartilage grows and repairs more slowly . In popular culture ( edit ) In Western culture , the skeleton is oftentimes seen as a fearful symbol of death and the paranormal . It is a popular motif in the holiday Halloween , as well as Day of the Dead . See also ( edit ) Bonesetter Chondrocyte Endochondral ossification Intramembranous ossification Osteoblast Osteometric points Skeletal system of the horse References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Skeletal system . Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionary of English 2nd edition 2005 ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Edward E. ; Fox , Richard S. ; Barnes , Robert D. ( 2003 ) . Invertebrate zoology : a functional evolutionary approach ( 7 . ed . ) . Belmont , Calif. ( u.a. ) : Thomson , Brooks / Cole . ISBN 0 - 03 - 025982 - 7 . Jump up ^ Pechenik , Jan A. ( 2015 ) . Biology of the Invertebrates ( Seventh ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 352418 - 4 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert D. ( 1982 ) . Invertebrate Zoology . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 105 -- 106 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 056747 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Beluga Whale '' . Yellowmagpie.com. 2012 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` About Whales '' . Whalesalive.org.au. 2009 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Skeletal System : Facts , Function & Diseases '' . Live Science . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ William W. Reynolds & William J. Karlotski ( 1977 ) . `` The Allometric Relationship of Skeleton Weight to Body Weight in Teleost Fishes : A Preliminary Comparison with Birds and Mammals '' . Copeia : 160 -- 163 . doi : 10.2307 / 1443520 . Jump up ^ Miller , Larry ( 2007 - 12 - 09 ) . `` We 're Born With 270 Bones . As Adults We Have 206 '' . Ground Report . Jump up ^ `` How many bones does the human body contain ? '' . Ask.yahoo.com. 2001 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://education.sdsc.edu/download/enrich/exploring_human.pdf Jump up ^ Tözeren , Aydın ( 2000 ) . Human Body Dynamics : Classical Mechanics and Human Movement . Springer . pp. 6 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 98801 - 7 . Jump up ^ Balaban , Naomi ( 2008 ) . The Handy Anatomy Answer Book . Visible Ink Press . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57859 - 190 - 9 . Jump up ^ Stein , Lisa ( 2007 ) . Body The Complete Human : How It Grows , How It Works , And How to Keep It Healthy And Strong . National Geographic Society . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0128 - 8 . Jump up ^ Steele , D. Gentry ; Claud A. Bramblett ( 1988 ) . The Anatomy and Biology of the Human Skeleton . Texas A&M University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 89096 - 300 - 2 . Jump up ^ Schmiedeler , Edgar ; Mary Rosa McDonough ( 1934 ) . Parent and Child : An Introductory Study of Parent Education . D. Appleton - Century . p. 31 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Anatomy and Physiology of Animals has a page on the topic of : The Skeleton Real bones , detailed dog skeleton GND : 4133111 - 4 NDL : 00566284 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skeleton&oldid=825603534 '' Categories : Skeletal system Animal anatomy Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 09 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what type of skeletal system do humans have	[]	[]
5826222159458573899	Brushed DC electric motor	Brushed DC electric motor - wikipedia Brushed DC electric motor Jump to : navigation , search A brushed DC motor is an internally commutated electric motor designed to be run from a direct current power source . Brushed motors were the first commercially important application of electric power to driving mechanical energy , and DC distribution systems were used for more than 100 years to operate motors in commercial and industrial buildings . Brushed DC motors can be varied in speed by changing the operating voltage or the strength of the magnetic field . Depending on the connections of the field to the power supply , the speed and torque characteristics of a brushed motor can be altered to provide steady speed or speed inversely proportional to the mechanical load . Brushed motors continue to be used for electrical propulsion , cranes , paper machines and steel rolling mills . Since the brushes wear down and require replacement , brushless DC motors using power electronic devices have displaced brushed motors from many applications . Contents ( hide ) 1 Simple two - pole DC motor 2 The commutating plane 2.1 Compensation for stator field distortion 3 Motor design variations 3.1 DC motors 3.2 Wound stators 3.3 Permanent - magnet motors 3.4 Axial field motors 4 Speed control 4.1 Series - parallel 4.2 Field weakening 4.3 Chopper 4.4 Ward Leonard 5 Torque and speed of a DC motor 5.1 Basic properties 5.2 Counter EMF equation 5.3 Voltage balance equation 5.4 Torque equation 5.5 Speed equation 6 Torque and speed characteristics 6.1 Shunt wound motor 6.2 Series wound motor 6.3 Permanent magnet motor 7 Protection 8 DC motor starters 8.1 Manual - starting rheostat 8.2 Three - point starter 8.3 Four - point starter 9 See also 10 References 11 External links 12 Bibliography Simple two - pole DC motor ( edit ) The following graphics illustrate a simple , two - pole , brushed , DC motor . DC motor rotation A simple DC electric motor . When the coil is powered , a magnetic field is generated around the armature . The left side of the armature is pushed away from the left magnet and drawn toward the right , causing rotation . The armature continues to rotate . When the armature becomes horizontally aligned , the torque becomes zero . At this point , the commutator reverses the direction of current through the coil , reversing the magnetic field . The process then repeats . Electric motors of various sizes When a current passes through the coil wound around a soft iron core , the side of the positive pole is acted upon by an upwards force , while the other side is acted upon by a downward force . According to Fleming 's left hand rule , the forces cause a turning effect on the coil , making it rotate . To make the motor rotate in a constant direction , `` direct current '' commutators make the current reverse in direction every half a cycle ( in a two - pole motor ) thus causing the motor to continue to rotate in the same direction . A problem with the motor shown above is that when the plane of the coil is parallel to the magnetic field -- i.e. when the rotor poles are 90 degrees from the stator poles -- the torque is zero . In the pictures above , this occurs when the core of the coil is horizontal -- the position it is just about to reach in the last picture on the right . The motor would not be able to start in this position . However , once it was started , it would continue to rotate through this position by momentum . There is a second problem with this simple pole design . At the zero - torque position , both commutator brushes are touching ( bridging ) both commutator plates , resulting in a short - circuit . The power leads are shorted together through the commutator plates , and the coil is also short - circuited through both brushes ( the coil is shorted twice , once through each brush independently ) . Note that this problem is independent of the non-starting problem above ; even if there were a high current in the coil at this position , there would still be zero torque . The problem here is that this short uselessly consumes power without producing any motion ( nor even any coil current . ) In a low - current battery - powered demonstration this short - circuiting is generally not considered harmful . However , if a two - pole motor were designed to do actual work with several hundred watts of power output , this shorting could result in severe commutator overheating , brush damage , and potential welding of the brushes -- if they were metallic -- to the commutator . Carbon brushes , which are often used , would not weld . In any case , a short like this is very wasteful , drains batteries rapidly and , at a minimum , requires power supply components to be designed to much higher standards than would be needed just to run the motor without the shorting . The inside of a miniature DC motor as would be found in a toy . One simple solution is to put a gap between the commutator plates which is wider than the ends of the brushes . This increases the zero - torque range of angular positions but eliminates the shorting problem ; if the motor is started spinning by an outside force it will continue spinning . With this modification , it can also be effectively turned off simply by stalling ( stopping ) it in a position in the zero - torque ( i.e. commutator non-contacting ) angle range . This design is sometimes seen in homebuilt hobby motors , e.g. for science fairs and such designs can be found in some published science project books . A clear downside of this simple solution is that the motor now coasts through a substantial arc of rotation twice per revolution and the torque is pulsed . This may work for electric fans or to keep a flywheel spinning but there are many applications , even where starting and stopping are not necessary , for which it is completely inadequate , such as driving the capstan of a tape transport , or any instance where to speed up and slow down often and quickly is a requirement . Another disadvantage is that , since the coils have a measure of self inductance , current flowing in them can not suddenly stop . The current attempts to jump the opening gap between the commutator segment and the brush , causing arcing . Even for fans and flywheels , the clear weaknesses remaining in this design -- especially that it is not self - starting from all positions -- make it impractical for working use , especially considering the better alternatives that exist . Unlike the demonstration motor above , DC motors are commonly designed with more than two poles , are able to start from any position , and do not have any position where current can flow without producing electromotive power by passing through some coil . Many common small brushed DC motors used in toys and small consumer appliances , the simplest mass - produced DC motors to be found , have three - pole armatures . The brushes can now bridge two adjacent commutator segments without causing a short circuit . These three - pole armatures also have the advantage that current from the brushes either flows through two coils in series or through just one coil . Starting with the current in an individual coil at half its nominal value ( as a result of flowing through two coils in series ) , it rises to its nominal value and then falls to half this value . The sequence then continues with current in the reverse direction . This results in a closer step-wise approximation to the ideal sinusoidal coil current , producing a more even torque than the two - pole motor where the current in each coil is closer to a square wave . Since current changes are half those of a comparable two - pole motor , arcing at the brushes is consequently less . If the shaft of a DC motor is turned by an external force , the motor will act like a generator and produce an Electromotive force ( EMF ) . During normal operation , the spinning of the motor produces a voltage , known as the counter-EMF ( CEMF ) or back EMF , because it opposes the applied voltage on the motor . The back EMF is the reason that the motor when free - running does not appear to have the same low electrical resistance as the wire contained in its winding . This is the same EMF that is produced when the motor is used as a generator ( for example when an electrical load , such as a light bulb , is placed across the terminals of the motor and the motor shaft is driven with an external torque ) . Therefore , the total voltage drop across a motor consists of the CEMF voltage drop , and the parasitic voltage drop resulting from the internal resistance of the armature 's windings . The current through a motor is given by the following equation : I = V applied − V cemf R armature ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( V_ ( \ text ( applied ) ) - V_ ( \ text ( cemf ) ) ) ( R_ ( \ text ( armature ) ) ) ) ) The mechanical power produced by the motor is given by : P = I ⋅ V cemf ( \ displaystyle P = I \ cdot V_ ( \ text ( cemf ) ) ) As an unloaded DC motor spins , it generates a backwards - flowing electromotive force that resists the current being applied to the motor . The current through the motor drops as the rotational speed increases , and a free - spinning motor has very little current . It is only when a load is applied to the motor that slows the rotor that the current draw through the motor increases . The commutating plane ( edit ) In a dynamo , a plane through the centers of the contact areas where a pair of brushes touch the commutator and parallel to the axis of rotation of the armature is referred to as the commutating plane . In this diagram the commutating plane is shown for just one of the brushes , assuming the other brush made contact on the other side of the commutator with radial symmetry , 180 degrees from the brush shown . Compensation for stator field distortion ( edit ) In a real dynamo , the field is never perfectly uniform . Instead , as the rotor spins it induces field effects which drag and distort the magnetic lines of the outer non-rotating stator . Exaggerated example of how the field is distorted by the rotor . Iron filings show the distorted field across the rotor . The faster the rotor spins , the further the degree of field distortion . Because the dynamo operates most efficiently with the rotor field at right angles to the stator field , it is necessary to either retard or advance the brush position to put the rotor 's field into the correct position to be at a right angle to the distorted field . Centered position of the commutating plane if there were no field distortion effects . Actual position of the commutating plane to compensate for field distortion . These field effects are reversed when the direction of spin is reversed . It is therefore difficult to build an efficient reversible commutated dynamo , since for highest field strength it is necessary to move the brushes to the opposite side of the normal neutral plane . The effect can be considered to be somewhat similar to timing advance in an internal combustion engine . Generally a dynamo that has been designed to run at a certain fixed speed will have its brushes permanently fixed to align the field for highest efficiency at that speed . Motor design variations ( edit ) DC motors ( edit ) Brushed DC motors are constructed with wound rotors and either wound or permanent - magnet stators . Wound stators ( edit ) A , Shunt B , Series C , Compound f , Field coil The field coils have traditionally existed in four basic formats : separately excited ( sepex ) , series - wound , shunt - wound , and a combination of the latter two ; compound - wound . In a series wound motor , the field coils are connected electrically in series with the armature coils ( via the brushes ) . In a shunt wound motor , the field coils are connected in parallel , or `` shunted '' to the armature coils . In a separately excited ( sepex ) motor the field coils are supplied from an independent source , such as a motor - generator and the field current is unaffected by changes in the armature current . The sepex system was sometimes used in DC traction motors to facilitate control of wheelslip . Permanent - magnet motors ( edit ) Permanent - magnet types have some performance advantages over direct - current , excited , synchronous types , and have become predominant in fractional horsepower applications . They are smaller , lighter , more efficient and reliable than other singly - fed electric machines . Originally all large industrial DC motors used wound field or rotor magnets . Permanent magnets have traditionally only been useful on small motors because it was difficult to find a material capable of retaining a high - strength field . Only recently have advances in materials technology allowed the creation of high - intensity permanent magnets , such as neodymium magnets , allowing the development of compact , high - power motors without the extra real - estate of field coils and excitation means . But as these high performance permanent magnets become more applied in electric motor or generator systems , other problems are realized ( see Permanent magnet synchronous generator ) . Axial field motors ( edit ) Traditionally , the field has been applied radially -- in and away from the rotation axis of the motor . However some designs have the field flowing along the axis of the motor , with the rotor cutting the field lines as it rotates . This allows for much stronger magnetic fields , particularly if halbach arrays are employed . This , in turn , gives power to the motor at lower speeds . However , the focused flux density can not rise about the limited residual flux density of the permanent magnet despite high coercivity and like all electric machines , the flux density of magnetic core saturation is the design constraint . Speed control ( edit ) Generally , the rotational speed of a DC motor is proportional to the EMF in its coil ( = the voltage applied to it minus voltage lost on its resistance ) , and the torque is proportional to the current . Speed control can be achieved by variable battery tappings , variable supply voltage , resistors or electronic controls . The direction of a wound field DC motor can be changed by reversing either the field or armature connections but not both . This is commonly done with a special set of contactors ( direction contactors ) . The effective voltage can be varied by inserting a series resistor or by an electronically controlled switching device made of thyristors , transistors , or , formerly , mercury arc rectifiers . Series - parallel ( edit ) Series - parallel control was the standard method of controlling railway traction motors before the advent of power electronics . An electric locomotive or train would typically have four motors which could be grouped in three different ways : All four in series ( each motor receives one quarter of the line voltage ) Two parallel groups of two in series ( each motor receives half the line voltage ) All four in parallel ( each motor receives the full line voltage ) This provided three running speeds with minimal resistance losses . For starting and acceleration , additional control was provided by resistances . This system has been superseded by electronic control systems . Field weakening ( edit ) The speed of a DC motor can be increased by field weakening . Reducing the field strength is done by inserting resistance in series with a shunt field , or inserting resistances around a series - connected field winding , to reduce current in the field winding . When the field is weakened , the back - emf reduces , so a larger current flows through the armature winding and this increases the speed . Field weakening is not used on its own but in combination with other methods , such as series - parallel control . Chopper ( edit ) In a circuit known as a chopper , the average voltage applied to the motor is varied by switching the supply voltage very rapidly . As the `` on '' to `` off '' ratio is varied to alter the average applied voltage , the speed of the motor varies . The percentage `` on '' time multiplied by the supply voltage gives the average voltage applied to the motor . Therefore , with a 100 V supply and a 25 % `` on '' time , the average voltage at the motor will be 25 V. During the `` off '' time , the armature 's inductance causes the current to continue through a diode called a `` flyback diode '' , in parallel with the motor . At this point in the cycle , the supply current will be zero , and therefore the average motor current will always be higher than the supply current unless the percentage `` on '' time is 100 % . At 100 % `` on '' time , the supply and motor current are equal . The rapid switching wastes less energy than series resistors . This method is also called pulse - width modulation ( PWM ) and is often controlled by a microprocessor . An output filter is sometimes installed to smooth the average voltage applied to the motor and reduce motor noise . Since the series - wound DC motor develops its highest torque at low speed , it is often used in traction applications such as electric locomotives , and trams . Another application is starter motors for petrol and small diesel engines . Series motors must never be used in applications where the drive can fail ( such as belt drives ) . As the motor accelerates , the armature ( and hence field ) current reduces . The reduction in field causes the motor to speed up until it destroys itself . This can also be a problem with railway motors in the event of a loss of adhesion since , unless quickly brought under control , the motors can reach speeds far higher than they would do under normal circumstances . This can not only cause problems for the motors themselves and the gears , but due to the differential speed between the rails and the wheels it can also cause serious damage to the rails and wheel treads as they heat and cool rapidly . Field weakening is used in some electronic controls to increase the top speed of an electric vehicle . The simplest form uses a contactor and field - weakening resistor ; the electronic control monitors the motor current and switches the field weakening resistor into circuit when the motor current reduces below a preset value ( this will be when the motor is at its full design speed ) . Once the resistor is in circuit , the motor will increase speed above its normal speed at its rated voltage . When motor current increases , the control will disconnect the resistor and low speed torque is made available . Ward Leonard ( edit ) A Ward Leonard control is usually used for controlling a shunt or compound wound DC motor , and developed as a method of providing a speed - controlled motor from an AC supply , though it is not without its advantages in DC schemes . The AC supply is used to drive an AC motor , usually an induction motor that drives a DC generator or dynamo . The DC output from the armature is directly connected to the armature of the DC motor ( sometimes but not always of identical construction ) . The shunt field windings of both DC machines are independently excited through variable resistors . Extremely good speed control from standstill to full speed , and consistent torque , can be obtained by varying the generator and / or motor field current . This method of control was the de facto method from its development until it was superseded by solid state thyristor systems . It found service in almost any environment where good speed control was required , from passenger lifts through to large mine pit head winding gear and even industrial process machinery and electric cranes . Its principal disadvantage was that three machines were required to implement a scheme ( five in very large installations , as the DC machines were often duplicated and controlled by a tandem variable resistor ) . In many applications , the motor - generator set was often left permanently running , to avoid the delays that would otherwise be caused by starting it up as required . Although electronic ( thyristor ) controllers have replaced most small to medium Ward - Leonard systems , some very large ones ( thousands of horsepower ) remain in service . The field currents are much lower than the armature currents , allowing a moderate sized thyristor unit to control a much larger motor than it could control directly . For example , in one installation , a 300 amp thyristor unit controls the field of the generator . The generator output current is in excess of 15,000 amperes , which would be prohibitively expensive ( and inefficient ) to control directly with thyristors . Torque and speed of a DC motor ( edit ) A DC motor 's speed and torque characteristics vary according to three different magnetization sources , separately excited field , self - excited field or permanent - field , which are used selectively to control the motor over the mechanical load 's range . Self - excited field motors can be series , shunt , or compound wound connected to the armature . Basic properties ( edit ) Define E , induced or counter EMF ( V ) I , armature current ( A ) k , counter EMF equation constant k , speed equation constant k , torque equation constant n , armature frequency ( rpm ) R , motor resistance ( Ω ) T , motor torque ( Nm ) V , motor input voltage ( V ) Φ , machine 's total flux ( Wb ) Counter emf equation ( edit ) The DC motor 's counter emf is proportional to the product of the machine 's total flux strength and armature speed : E = k Φ n Voltage balance equation ( edit ) The DC motor 's input voltage must overcome the counter emf as well as the voltage drop created by the armature current across the motor resistance , that is , the combined resistance across the brushes , armature winding and series field winding , if any : V = E + R I Torque equation ( edit ) The DC motor 's torque is proportional to the product of the armature current and the machine 's total flux strength : T = 1 2 π k b I a Φ = k T I a Φ ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) T& = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 \ pi ) ) k_ ( b ) I_ ( a ) \ Phi \ \ & = k_ ( T ) I_ ( a ) \ Phi \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where k = k / 2π Speed equation ( edit ) Since n = E / k Φ and V = E + R I we have n = V m − R m I a k b Φ = k n V m − R m I a Φ ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) n& = ( \ frac ( V_ ( m ) - R_ ( m ) I_ ( a ) ) ( k_ ( b ) \ Phi ) ) \ \ & = k_ ( n ) ( \ frac ( V_ ( m ) - R_ ( m ) I_ ( a ) ) ( \ Phi ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where k = 1 / k Torque and speed characteristics ( edit ) Shunt wound motor ( edit ) With the shunt wound motor 's high - resistance field winding connected in parallel with the armature , V , R and Ø are constant such that the no load to full load speed regulation is seldom more than 5 % . Speed control is achieved three ways : Varying the field voltage Field weakening Variable resistance in the field circuit . Series wound motor ( edit ) Main article : Universal motor The series motor responds to increased load by slowing down ; the current increases and the torque rises in proportional to the square of the current since the same current flows in both the armature and the field windings . If the motor is stalled , the current is limited only by the total resistance of the windings and the torque can be very high , but there is a danger of the windings becoming overheated . Series wound motors were widely used as traction motors in rail transport of every kind , but are being phased out in favour of power inverter - fed AC induction motors . The counter emf aids the armature resistance to limit the current through the armature . When power is first applied to a motor , the armature does not rotate , the counter emf is zero and the only factor limiting the armature current is the armature resistance . As the prospective current through the armature is very large , the need arises for an additional resistance in series with the armature to limit the current until the motor rotation can build up the counter emf . As the motor rotation builds up , the resistance is gradually cut out . The series wound DC motor 's most notable characteristic is that it is almost entirely dependent on the torque required to drive the load . This suits large inertial loads as motor accelerates from maximum torque , torque reducing gradually as load increases . As the series motor 's speed can be dangerously high , series motors are often geared or direct - connected to the load . Permanent magnet motor ( edit ) A permanent magnet DC motor is characterized by a linear relationship between stall torque when the torque is maximum with the shaft at standstill and no load speed with no applied shaft torque and maximum output speed . There is a quadratic power relationship between these two speed - axis points . Protection ( edit ) To extend a DC motor 's service life , protective devices and motor controllers are used to protect it from mechanical damage , excessive moisture , high dielectric stress and high temperature or thermal overloading . These protective devices sense motor fault conditions and either annunciate an alarm to notify the operator or automatically de-energize the motor when a faulty condition occurs . For overloaded conditions , motors are protected with thermal overload relays . Bi-metal thermal overload protectors are embedded in the motor 's windings and made from two dissimilar metals . They are designed such that the bimetallic strips will bend in opposite directions when a temperature set point is reached to open the control circuit and de-energize the motor . Heaters are external thermal overload protectors connected in series with the motor 's windings and mounted in the motor contactor . Solder pot heaters melt in an overload condition , which cause the motor control circuit to de-energize the motor . Bimetallic heaters function the same way as embedded bimetallic protectors . Fuses and circuit breakers are overcurrent or short circuit protectors . Ground fault relays also provide overcurrent protection . They monitor the electric current between the motor 's windings and earth system ground . In motor - generators , reverse current relays prevent the battery from discharging and motorizing the generator . Since D.C. motor field loss can cause a hazardous runaway or overspeed condition , loss of field relays are connected in parallel with the motor 's field to sense field current . When the field current decreases below a set point , the relay will deenergize the motor 's armature . A locked rotor condition prevents a motor from accelerating after its starting sequence has been initiated . Distance relays protect motors from locked - rotor faults . Undervoltage motor protection is typically incorporated into motor controllers or starters . In addition , motors can be protected from overvoltages or surges with isolation transformers , power conditioning equipment , MOVs , arresters and harmonic filters . Environmental conditions , such as dust , explosive vapors , water , and high ambient temperatures , can adversely affect the operation of a DC motor . To protect a motor from these environmental conditions , the National Electrical Manufacturers Association ( NEMA ) and the International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) have standardized motor enclosure designs based upon the environmental protection they provide from contaminants . Modern software can also be used in the design stage , such as Motor - CAD , to help increase the thermal efficiency of a motor . DC motor starters ( edit ) The counter-emf aids the armature resistance to limit the current through the armature . When power is first applied to a motor , the armature does not rotate . At that instant the counter-emf is zero and the only factor limiting the armature current is the armature resistance and inductance . Usually the armature resistance of a motor is less than 1 Ω ; therefore the current through the armature would be very large when the power is applied . This current can make an excessive voltage drop affecting other equipment in the circuit and even trip overload protective devices . Therefore , the need arises for an additional resistance in series with the armature to limit the current until the motor rotation can build up the counter-emf . As the motor rotation builds up , the resistance is gradually cut out . Manual - starting rheostat ( edit ) 1917 DC motor manual starting rheostat with no - voltage and overload release features . When electrical and DC motor technology was first developed , much of the equipment was constantly tended by an operator trained in the management of motor systems . The very first motor management systems were almost completely manual , with an attendant starting and stopping the motors , cleaning the equipment , repairing any mechanical failures , and so forth . The first DC motor - starters were also completely manual , as shown in this image . Normally it took the operator about ten seconds to slowly advance the rheostat across the contacts to gradually increase input power up to operating speed . There were two different classes of these rheostats , one used for starting only , and one for starting and speed regulation . The starting rheostat was less expensive , but had smaller resistance elements that would burn out if required to run a motor at a constant reduced speed . This starter includes a no - voltage magnetic holding feature , which causes the rheostat to spring to the off position if power is lost , so that the motor does not later attempt to restart in the full - voltage position . It also has overcurrent protection that trips the lever to the off position if excessive current over a set amount is detected . Three - point starter ( edit ) The incoming power is indicated as L1 and L2 . The components within the broken lines form the three - point starter . As the name implies there are only three connections to the starter . The connections to the armature are indicated as A1 and A2 . The ends of the field ( excitement ) coil are indicated as F1 and F2 . In order to control the speed , a field rheostat is connected in series with the shunt field . One side of the line is connected to the arm of the starter ( represented by an arrow in the diagram ) . The arm is spring - loaded so , it will return to the `` Off '' position when not held at any other position . On the first step of the arm , full line voltage is applied across the shunt field . Since the field rheostat is normally set to minimum resistance , the speed of the motor will not be excessive ; additionally , the motor will develop a large starting torque . The starter also connects an electromagnet in series with the shunt field . It will hold the arm in position when the arm makes contact with the magnet . Meanwhile , that voltage is applied to the shunt field , and the starting resistance limits the current to the armature . As the motor picks up speed counter-emf is built up ; the arm is moved slowly to short . Four - point starter ( edit ) The four - point starter eliminates the drawback of the three - point starter . In addition to the same three points that were in use with the three - point starter , the other side of the line , L1 , is the fourth point brought to the starter when the arm is moved from the `` Off '' position . The coil of the holding magnet is connected across the line . The holding magnet and starting resistors function identical as in the three - point starter . The possibility of accidentally opening the field circuit is quite remote . The four - point starter provides the no - voltage protection to the motor . If the power fails , the motor is disconnected from the line . See also ( edit ) Alternating current Brushless DC electric motor Equations of a DC Motor under loading References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hawkins Electrical Guide Jump up ^ Gottlieb , I.M. ( 1994 ) . Electric Motors & Control Techniques ( 2nd ed . ) . TAB Books . Jump up ^ Lander , Cyril W. ( 1993 ) . `` 8 D.C. Machine Control '' . Power Electronics ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Mc Graw Hill International UK . ISBN 0 - 07 - 707714 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hameyer , p. 66 , eq. 5 - 3437 Jump up ^ Lynn , § 8 - 144 , p. 826 , eq. 8 - 17 Jump up ^ Hameyer , p. 66 , eq. 5 - 20 Jump up ^ Lynn , § 8 - 146 , p. 826 , eq. 8 - 18 Jump up ^ Hameyer , p. 66 , eq. 5 - 23 Jump up ^ Lynn , § 147 , p. 827 , eq. 8 - 21 Jump up ^ Lynn , § 8 - 147 , p. 827 , eq. 8 - 20 Jump up ^ Hameyer , p. 68 , eq. 5 - 31 Jump up ^ Lynn , § 147 , p. 827 , eq. 8 - 22 Jump up ^ Lynn , § 8 - 148 to § 8 - 151 , p. 827 - 828 Jump up ^ Hameyer , p. 69 Jump up ^ Alger , § 7 - 278 , p. 757 Jump up ^ Alger , § 7 - 277 , p. 757 Jump up ^ Lynn , § 8 - 154 , p. 828 Jump up ^ MIT CIPD Jump up ^ Herman , Stephen L. Electric Motor Control . 9th ed . Delmar , Cengage Learning , 2009 . Page 12 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Barnes . Practical variable speed drives and power electronics . Elsevier , Newnes , 2003 . Page 151 . Jump up ^ J. Lewis Blackburn . Protective relaying : principles and applications . CRC Press , 1998 . Page 358 . Jump up ^ Ohio Electric Motors . DC Motor Protection . Ohio Electric Motors . 2011 . Archived November 15 , 2011 , at WebCite Jump up ^ H. Wayne Beaty and James L. Kirtley . Electric Motor Handbook . McGraw - Hill Professional , 1998 . Page 97 . Jump up ^ Hawkins Electrical Guide . Theo . Audel & Co. 1917 . pp. 664 -- 669 . External links ( edit ) How Electric Motors Work ( retrieved from Web Archive on 2014 / 31 / 01 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Alger , P.L. ( 1949 ) . `` § 7 - 277 to § 7 - 287 ' AC Commutator Motors ' in Sec. 7 - Alternating - Current Generators and Motors '' . In Knowlton , A.E. Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers ( 8th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . pp. 826 -- 831 . Hameyer , Kay ( 2001 ) . `` § 5.2 ' Basic Equations ' in section 5 - DC Machine '' . Electrical Machine I : Basics , Design , Function , Operation . RWTH Aachen University Institute of Electrical Machines . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Lynn , C. ( 1949 ) . `` § 8 - 144 to § 8 - 165 ' Motor Characteristics and Regulation ' in Sec. 8 - Direct - Current Generators and Motors '' . In Knowlton , A.E. Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers ( 8th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . pp. 826 -- 831 . MIT CIPD ( 2009 ) . `` Understanding D.C. Motor Characteristics '' . Designing with D.C. Motors . MIT , Mech . Engineering , CIPD . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 11 . Electric motors AC - Alternating current DC - Direct current PM - Permanent magnet SC - Self - commutated Fundamental types AC motor DC motor DC motors Homopolar Electrically - excited field or PM field brushed DC Unipolar AC SC mechanical commutator Repulsion Universal AC SC electronic commutator Brushless DC ( BLDC ) Switched reluctance ( SRM ) AC asynchronous ( induction ( IM ) ) Shaded - pole ( single - phase ) Dahlander pole changing motor Squirrel - cage rotor ( SCIM ) Wound - rotor ( WRIM ) Linear induction AC synchronous ( SM ) Hysteresis Interior / Surface PM ( IPMSM / SPMSM ) Reluctance ( SyRM ) Wound - rotor ( WRSM ) Special magnetic machines Doubly - fed Linear Servomotor Stepper Traction Non-magnetic Electrostatic Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Enclosure Type Hermetic TEFC Components and accessories Armature Braking chopper Brush Commutator DC injection braking Field coil Rotor Slip ring Stator Winding Motor controllers AC / AC converter Amplidyne Adjustable - speed drive ( ASD ) Cycloconverter Direct torque control ( DTC ) Metadyne Motor controller Motor soft starter Motor starter ( engine ) Power inverter Thyristor drive Variable - frequency drive ( VFD ) Vector control Voltage controller Ward Leonard control History , education , recreational use Timeline of the electric motor Ball bearing motor Barlow 's wheel Lynch motor Mendocino motor Mouse mill motor Experimental , futuristic Coilgun Railgun Superconducting machine Related topics Blocked - rotor test Circle diagram Closed - loop control Electromagnetism Open - circuit test Open - loop controller Power - to - weight ratio Torque and speed of a DC motor Two - phase system People Arago Baily Barlow Botto Cook Davenport Davidson Dolivo - Dobrovolsky Faraday Ferraris Froment Gramme Henry Jacobi Jedlik Lenz Maxwell Ørsted Park Pixii Saxton Siemens Sprague Steinmetz Stimpson Sturgeon Tesla See also Alternator Electric generator Inchworm motor SI electromagnetism units C - Capacitance ( F ) Q - Charge ( C ) G , B , Y - Conductance , susceptance , admittance ( S ) κ , γ , σ - Conductivity ( S / m ) I - Current ( A ) D - Electric displacement field ( C / m ) E - Electric field ( V / m ) Φ - Electric flux ( V m ) χ - Electric susceptibility U , ΔV , Δφ ; E - Emf ( V ) L , M - Inductance ( H ) H - Magnetic field ( A / m ) strength Φ - Magnetic flux ( Wb ) B - Magnetic flux density ( T ) χ - Magnetic susceptibility μ - Permeability ( H / m ) ε - Permittivity ( F / m ) P - Power ( W ) R , X , Z - Resistance , reactance , impedance ( Ω ) ρ - Resistivity ( Ω m ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brushed_DC_electric_motor&oldid=798612586 '' Categories : DC motors Electric motors Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from September 2014 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Latviešu Magyar 日本語 Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 22 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the three common types of winding of dc motor	[]	[]
1796314812009932783	Take Me to Church	Take Me to Church - wikipedia Take Me to Church Jump to : navigation , search `` Take Me to Church '' Single by Hozier from the album Take Me to Church EP and Hozier Released 13 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 13 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2013 Genre Indie rock soul blues Length 4 : 02 Label Rubyworks Island Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Andrew Hozier - Byrne Producer ( s ) Rob Kirwan Hozier singles chronology `` Take Me to Church '' ( 2013 ) `` From Eden '' ( 2014 ) `` Take Me to Church '' ( 2014 ) `` From Eden '' ( 2014 ) Hozier chronology Take Me to Church ( 2014 ) ' Take Me to Church'2014 From Eden ( 2014 ) ' From Eden'2014 `` Take Me to Church '' is a song by Irish musician Hozier from his debut extended play ( EP ) Take Me to Church ( 2013 ) -- -- originally released as a free download in September 2013 , featuring original recordings & mixes of songs `` Take Me To Church , '' `` Like Real People Do , '' `` Angel Of Small Death And The Codeine Scene , '' and `` Cherry Wine '' -- -- as well as his later self - titled debut album ( 2014 ) . The song was released as his debut single September 13 , 2013 . Hozier , a struggling musician at the time of its writing , wrote & recorded the song in the attic of his parents ' home in Bray , County Wicklow , Ireland . A mid-tempo soul song , its lyrics detail Hozier 's frustration with the Catholic Church and its stance on homosexuality . The song first caught the attention of independent label Rubyworks , where producer Rob Kirwan overdubbed the original demo with live instruments . Only two musicians feature on the track : Andrew Hozier - Byrne ( Hozier ) and drummer Fiachra Kinder . The song 's music video has contributed to its widespread popularity . The clip , directed by Brendan Canty and Conal Thomson of small production company Feel Good Lost , follows the relationship between two men and the subsequent violent homophobic backlash . Upon its YouTube release in September 2013 , the video quickly began to go viral , leading to Hozier 's subsequent license with Columbia Records US and Island Records UK . In 2014 , the song achieved widespread global popularity , topping the charts in 12 countries and reaching the top 10 in 21 other territories . Aided by music platforms Shazam and Spotify to become a rock radio hit in the US , the song spent 23 consecutive weeks at the top of the Hot Rock Songs chart , tied with Imagine Dragons ' `` Radioactive '' as the longest - running # 1 in its chart - history ( at the time ) , later crossing over to the all - genre Billboard Hot 100 , where it peaked at # 2 in December 2014 . The song was nominated for the Grammy Award for Song of the Year at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards . The song has been certified five times platinum in the US . April 16 , 2016 , Hozier released the original Take Me To Church EP on special edition 12 - inch vinyl picture disc for Record Store Day UK ; this was the first time the EP was available as a physical release . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Lyrical interpretation 3 Commercial performance 4 Music video 5 Track listing 6 Cover versions and use in media 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 All - time chart 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) In 2013 , Hozier was a struggling musician , often seen in Dublin - area open mic nights . During this period , he penned `` Take Me to Church '' at his parents ' home in Bray , County Wicklow , Ireland , and recorded a rough demo in their attic with a programmed backing track . He wrote the song after a bad breakup . `` The vocals were recorded in my attic at 2 o'clock in the morning . So it 's a real homemade job '' , he later remarked . It caught the attention of independent label Rubyworks , who paired him with producer Rob Kirwan . The song was overdubbed with live instrumentation , but the original demo vocals remained , as Kirwan found them `` powerful '' enough to remain . Lyrical interpretation ( edit ) `` Take Me to Church '' A 24 - second sample of `` Take Me to Church '' by Hozier , where a portion of the chorus is heard . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Lyrically , `` Take Me to Church '' is a metaphor , with the protagonist comparing his lover to religion . The song grew out of Hozier 's frustration with the Catholic Church 's teachings which , although he himself was raised in the Protestant Quaker faith , dominated the social and political outlook of the Irish state . `` Growing up , I always saw the hypocrisy of the Catholic church '' , Hozier said in an interview with Rolling Stone . `` The history speaks for itself and I grew incredibly frustrated and angry . I essentially just put that into my words . '' In an interview with The Irish Times , Hozier stated , I found the experience of falling in love or being in love was a death , a death of everything . You kind of watch yourself die in a wonderful way , and you experience for the briefest moment -- if you see yourself for a moment through their eyes -- everything you believed about yourself gone . In a death - and - rebirth sense . In an interview with New York magazine , he elaborated : Sexuality , and sexual orientation -- regardless of orientation -- is just natural . An act of sex is one of the most human things . But an organization like the church , say , through its doctrine , would undermine humanity by successfully teaching shame about sexual orientation -- that it is sinful , or that it offends God . The song is about asserting yourself and reclaiming your humanity through an act of love . The song draws inspiration from atheist author Christopher Hitchens and paraphrases the poet Fulke Greville 's verse `` Created sick , commanded to be sound . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) I never wrote music for the mainstream . I think I was incredibly fortunate that the song crossed over and people connected with it . Spotify played a big role . It 's a discovery platform and it 's been invaluable to me over the past year . `` '' Hozier in 2015 The song rose in prominence alongside its viral music video , attracting A&R representatives from major labels in a bidding war to sign Hozier . He was signed by Justin Eshak of Columbia Records , who later opined that the song became a hit due to a shift on pop radio , spearheaded by Sam Smith : `` The music is connecting because when it gets on the air it 's such a sharp juxtaposition to the existing material on top 40 radio . '' The song first experienced chart success in his native Ireland , climbing the charts in October 2013 and eventually reached number 2 on Irish Singles Chart . In May 2014 , Hozier performed the song on the Late Show with David Letterman . It was sent to US modern rock radio on 24 June 2014 by Columbia Records . It eventually reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for three consecutive weeks in December 2014 and January 2015 , behind Taylor Swift 's `` Blank Space '' , while becoming his first top - five single there . As of July 2015 , the song has sold 4,270,000 copies in the US . The track has since reached top 5 in many other countries including peaking at number 2 in Australia , Canada , New Zealand , and the United Kingdom . The song initially attracted US attention in Nashville via an adult album alternative radio station . From there , it became the top song for the area on music identification application Shazam , which led to its appearance on a local top 40 station . `` Take Me to Church '' achieved widespread popularity in the United States between the summer and fall of 2014 . Despite the song 's popularity on YouTube , the song achieved more listens on Spotify , becoming the service 's most - streamed song of 2014 , achieving 87 million listens . Music video ( edit ) The concept for the `` Take Me to Church '' music video was the result of a collaboration between Hozier , Brendan Canty and his writing partner Emmet O'Brien . It was directed by Brendan Canty and Conal Thomson of Feel Good Lost and was released on 25 September 2013 . The video , shot in grayscale on location at Inniscarra Dam in Cork , Ireland , follows a same - sex relationship and the violently homophobic backlash that ensues when the community learns of one of the men 's sexuality . The song went viral following its release . `` I remember someone texting me to say it was getting 10,000 views an hour '' , he recalled . The song achieved 230,000 YouTube views within two weeks . Hozier stated , `` The song was always about humanity at its most natural , and how that is undermined ceaselessly by religious organizations and those who would have us believe they act in its interests . What has been seen growing in Russia is no less than nightmarish . I proposed bringing these themes into the story and Brendan liked the idea . '' Track listing ( edit ) Digital download -- single No . Title Length 1 . `` Take Me to Church '' 4 : 01 Digital download -- EP No . Title Length 1 . `` Take Me to Church '' 4 : 01 2 . `` Like Real People Do '' 3 : 17 3 . `` Angel of Small Death & the Codeine Scene '' 3 : 38 4 . `` Cherry Wine '' ( Live ) 3 : 59 German CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` Take Me to Church '' 4 : 01 2 . `` Run '' 3 : 17 Cover versions and Use in Media ( edit ) Matt McAndrew performed `` Take Me to Church '' on U.S. television program The Voice season 7 as his top 12 act . His cover peaked at number 5 on the iTunes charts and at number 92 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song was used in season 14 of the documentary series Intervention . The song was used in a commercial for Beats by Dre which featured LeBron James . The commercial showed James returning to his old high school in Akron , Ohio . Ellie Goulding posted a cover of `` Take Me to Church '' on her official YouTube channel . The cover was featured in the Supergirl episode `` Livewire '' . Demi Lovato performed the song live from Live Lounge . The song was used in the closing credits of the third episode of the first season of The Leftovers . India Carney performed this song on U.S. television program The Voice season 8 as her Top 12 act . Amber Galloway Gallego performed an ASL version of the song Industrial metal band Vampires Everywhere ! released a cover of the song in their 2016 album `` Ritual ( Vampires Everywhere ! album ) '' , featuring Chelsea Grin vocalist Alex Koehler . Morgan James performed a cover version arranged by Scott Bradlee on the Postmodern Jukebox YouTube channel . Wé McDonald performed this song on U.S. television program The Voice season 11 as her Top 12 act . Sergei Polunin danced to the song , directed by David LaChapelle . Several artists have covered this song , including YouTube star Jasmine Thompson The song was used in season 10 of Supernatural , in episode 13 `` Halt and Catch Fire '' . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 15 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Canada Rock ( Billboard ) 13 Colombia ( National - Report Top Rock ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Dominican Republic ( Monitor Latino ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 37 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Iceland ( Tonlist Lagalistinn ) India ( Angrezi Top 20 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 10 Italy ( FIMI ) Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Russia ( 2M ) 6 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 5 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 6 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 12 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 32 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 83 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 61 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 37 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 84 UK Singles Chart 66 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 13 US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) 15 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 17 Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Belgian Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) 8 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 30 Israel ( Media Forest ) 25 Italy ( FIMI ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( ZPAV ) 20 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 14 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 26 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 13 All - time chart ( edit ) Chart Position Italy ( FIMI ) 12 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 32 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 6 × Platinum 420,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 8 × Platinum 640,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 120,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Gold 450,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 6 × Platinum 300,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 3 × Platinum 45,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 7 × Platinum 70,000 South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) 269,845 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 1,800,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 5,000,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 2,600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Since May 2013 , RIAA certifications for digital singles include on - demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads . Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ireland 13 September 2013 Digital download ( EP ) Rubyworks United States 16 September 2013 24 February 2014 Adult album alternative radio Columbia Ireland 20 March 2014 Digital download Rubyworks United States 24 June 2014 Modern rock radio Columbia 8 September 2014 Hot adult contemporary radio 16 September 2014 Contemporary hit radio Italy 14 November 2014 Island References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Hozier '' . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andy Greene ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Behind Hozier 's Unlikely Rise '' . Rolling Stone . New York City . ISSN 0035 - 791X . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rob LeDonne ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` For Hozier and ' Take Me To Church , ' a Four - Year Overnight Success Story '' . The New York Observer . ISSN 1052 - 2948 . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew R. Chow ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Protesting Injustice , Accepting Fame '' . The New York Times . ISSN 1052 - 2948 . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Regan , Brendan . `` RTÉ 's new season is a mixed blessing '' . The Irish Catholic . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mullally , Una ( 20 September 2014 ) . `` Hozier : An Interview '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Hozier on Gay Rights , Sexuality , and Good Hair '' . NY Magazine . 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier : The best vocalists I can think of are female '' . Jump up ^ `` Hozier '' . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Interview '' . Jump up ^ `` Hozier wows US on David Letterman with rendition of Take Me to Church '' . Irish Independent . 14 May 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Future Releases on Alternative Radio Stations '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's ' Blank Space ' No. 1 on Hot 100 for Second Week '' . Billboard . November 26 , 2014 . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` YTD Marketshare at the Seven - Month Mark '' . HITS Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . July 31 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2015 . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ William Gruger ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` Spotify Seems to Be Gaining on YouTube 's Streaming Dominance '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roisin O'Connor ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Hozier 's ' Take Me To Church ' named Spotify 's most viral song of 2014 '' . The Independent . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ward , James ( 26 July 2015 ) . `` Man behind Hozier 's Take Me To Church video hoping to crack the film industry after getting two nominations at the MTV VMAs '' . Irish Mirror . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Eoin . `` How a € 1,500 video made in Cork made Hozier : the biggest name in music '' . Irish Examiner . Jump up ^ Nichols , James ( 26 September 2013 ) . `` Hozier 's ' Take Me To Church ' Echoes Russian LGBT Violence '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Udell , Phil ( 25 September 2013 ) . `` Video Premiere : Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' . State . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Take Me To Church -- Single by Hozier '' . iTunes Store . Ireland : Apple . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Take Me To Church -- EP by Hozier '' . iTunes Store . Ireland : Apple . Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me To Church ( 2 - Track ) '' . Archived from the original on 21 December 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 15 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Beats by Dre Presents : LeBron James in RE-ESTABLISHED 2014 '' . Beats by Dre. 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 18 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding -- Take Me To Church ( Hozier cover ) '' . Ellie Goulding . 12 March 2015 . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me to Church -- APRA ID : GW45085675 '' . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me to Church ASL Cover '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ VAMPIRES EVERYWHERE ( 19 January 2016 ) . `` Vampires Everywhere ! - Take Me To Church Feat . Alex Koehler '' . Retrieved 2 April 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Take Me To Church -- Piano / Vocal Hozier Cover ft . Morgan James '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Sergei Polunin , `` Take Me to Church '' by Hozier , Directed by David LaChapelle `` . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 10 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Chart History ( Canada Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ROCK '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . 27 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201504 into search . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201450 into search . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts monitorLATINO '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Hozier . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier : Take Me To Church '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard Greece Digital Songs for Hozier . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Angrezi Top 20 '' . The Times of India -- Radio Mirchi . Archived from the original on 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 43 , 2013 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier -- Take Me To Church Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Hozier -- Take Me to Church '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NRJ TOP 20 21 - 11 - 2014 -- Hozier '' . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier -- Chart history '' Billboard Luxembourg Digital Songs for Hozier . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Hozier '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lenta.ru : Песня Гагариной на `` Евровидении '' `` . Lenta.ru ( in Russian ) . Rambler Media Group . 27 May 2015 . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201506 into search . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201450 into search . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier Chart History ( Rock Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop 50 Flanders : Year End 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Best of Singles '' . IRMA Charts . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI - Classifiche Annuali 2014 `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' FIMI - GfK : un anno di musica italiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Archived from the original on 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ 40 , Stichting Nederlandse Top . `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 2014 '' . Top40.nl . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2014 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Airplay Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Alternative Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=2015&cat=s Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Media Group . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles - année 2015 '' ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Airplay Year End 2015 '' . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CLASSIFICHE `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' 2015 FIMI - GfK : LA MUSICA ITALIANA IN VETTA NEGLI ALBUM E NEI SINGOLI DIGITALI '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2015 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay -- podsumowanie 2015 roku '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2015 revealed '' . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Media Group . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Media Group . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier : Take Me To Church '' ( in Italian ) . Jump up ^ `` Best of All Time -- Singles '' . Charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Enter Hozier in the field Interpret . Enter Take Me To Church in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Take Me to Church '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Hozier ; ' Take Me To The Church ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` Online Download ( international ) -- 2015 '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2015 in the field `` Year '' . Select ' ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Hozier ; ' Take Me to Church ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Hozier -- Take Me to Church '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Enter Take Me to Church in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer -- Hozier -- Take Me To Church '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Adds Digital Streams To Historic Gold & Platinum Awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . May 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me to Church ( Digital Download -- Ruby Works # RWXCD 109D ) -- Hozier '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot / Modern / AC Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on 24 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on 27 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Mompellio , Gabriel . `` Hozier -- Take Me To Church ( Island Records ) '' ( in Italian ) . Radio Airplay SRL . Archived from the original on 26 February 2015 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official video on YouTube Hozier Discography Studio albums Hozier ( 2014 ) Extended plays Take Me to Church ( 2013 ) From Eden ( 2014 ) Singles `` Take Me to Church '' `` From Eden '' `` Sedated '' `` Work Song '' `` Someone New '' Related articles Rubyworks Records Island Records Columbia Records Ivor Novello Awards -- Best Song Musically and Lyrically 1960s She 's Leaving Home ( 1968 ) 1970s Where Do You Go To ( My Lovely ) ? ( 1970 ) Something ( 1971 ) Do n't Let It Die ( 1972 ) Without You ( 1973 ) Daniel ( 1974 ) Streets of London * ( 1975 ) Do n't Cry for Me Argentina ( 1978 ) Baker Street ( 1979 ) 1980s The Logical Song ( 1980 ) Woman in Love ( 1981 ) Memory ( 1982 ) Have You Ever Been in Love ( 1983 ) Every Breath You Take ( 1984 ) Against All Odds ( 1985 ) Nikita ( 1986 ) Do n't Give Up ( 1987 ) Something Inside So Strong ( 1988 ) They Dance Alone ( 1989 ) 1990s The Living Years ( 1990 ) Sacrifice ( 1991 ) The Whole of the Moon ( 1992 ) Why ( 1993 ) If I Ever Lose My Faith in You ( 1994 ) Think Twice ( 1995 ) Common People ( 1996 ) Too Much Love Will Kill You ( 1997 ) Paranoid Android ( 1998 ) Believe ( 1999 ) 2000s Strong ( 2000 ) Babylon ( 2001 ) Walk On ( 2002 ) The Other Side ( 2003 ) Leave Right Now ( 2004 ) Dry Your Eyes ( 2005 ) Suddenly I See ( 2006 ) Elusive ( 2007 ) Love Is a Losing Game ( 2008 ) One Day Like This ( 2009 ) 2010s The Fear ( 2010 ) Becoming a Jackal ( 2011 ) The A Team ( 2012 ) Next to Me ( 2013 ) Strong ( 2014 ) Take Me to Church ( 2015 ) Was n't Expecting That ( 2016 ) Black Man in a White World ( 2017 ) * Awarded as The Best Song Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Take_Me_to_Church&oldid=834474921 '' Categories : 2013 singles 2013 songs Black - and - white music videos Billboard Rock Songs number - one singles Soul ballads Hozier ( musician ) songs Number - one singles in Austria Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland 2010s ballads Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Debut singles Viral videos LGBT - related songs Songs involved in plagiarism controversies Songs critical of religion Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadarock Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Luxembourgdigitalsongs Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrockairplay Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 22 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	take me to the church on time song	[]	[]
-7648252518145828938	Madam Secretary (season 4)	Madam Secretary ( season 4 ) - wikipedia Madam Secretary ( season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search Madam Secretary ( season 4 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network CBS Original release October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) -- May 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 List of Madam Secretary episodes The fourth season of the American political drama series Madam Secretary premiered on October 8 , 2017 , on CBS in the United States . It is produced by CBS Television Studios , and Revelations Entertainment with series creator Barbara Hall serving as executive producer , alongside Morgan Freeman , Lori McCreary , and Tracy Mercer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Téa Leoni as Dr. Elizabeth McCord , the United States Secretary of State Tim Daly as Dr. Henry McCord , Elizabeth 's husband and a National Security Agency operative Keith Carradine as Conrad Dalton , President of the United States Erich Bergen as Blake Moran , Elizabeth 's personal assistant Patina Miller as Daisy Grant , Elizabeth 's press coordinator Geoffrey Arend as Matt Mahoney , Elizabeth 's speechwriter Sebastian Arcelus as Jay Whitman , Elizabeth 's policy advisor and later chief of staff Sara Ramirez as Kat Sandoval , Elizabeth 's new policy advisor Kathrine Herzer as Alison McCord , Elizabeth and Henry 's younger daughter Evan Roe as Jason McCord , Elizabeth and Henry 's son Wallis Currie - Wood as Stephanie `` Stevie '' McCord , Elizabeth and Henry 's older daughter ; later , Dmitri 's girlfriend Željko Ivanek as Russell Jackson , White House Chief of Staff Chris Petrovski as Dmitri Petrov , a former Russian spy who joins the National Security Agency to work for Henry Bebe Neuwirth as Nadine Tolliver , Elizabeth 's chief of staff Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Madam Secretary episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 69 `` News Cycle '' Morgan Freeman Barbara Hall October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 7.21 At the United Nations General Assembly , Elizabeth meets with the assistant vice minister of Timor - Leste , who suddenly collapses and dies . When the president of Timor - Leste has the minister 's body returned to their home country before an autopsy can be performed , Elizabeth has Will look into the minister 's death . Meanwhile , Alison moves away to college , and Dmitri becomes a CIA operative . 70 `` Off the Record '' Eric Stoltz David Grae October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 6.36 The situation in Libya is worsening , and Elizabeth helps negotiate a cease fire after she gains the confidence of both sides , following an car incident and the rescue of a local girl . 71 `` The Essentials '' Charlotte Brandstrom Matt Ward October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 6.43 The President is negotiating with Congress to avoid a government shutdown . Elizabeth works with her team to bring electric power to a refugee camp in Lebanon . Henry tracks down Dimitri , who was trying to wean himself off of pain drug addiction , and drives him to a rehab clinic . Nadine decides to take a leave and not come back to be close to her son and a future grandchild . 72 `` Shutdown '' Felix Alcala Joy Gregory October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 5.83 The government shutdown continues ; Elizabeth negotiates an agreement , while picking a replacement for Nadine . 73 5 `` Persona Non Grata '' John Murray Alexander Maggio November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 5.92 Elizabeth organizes a human trafficking summit in Kyrgyzstan . Her ambassador there is declared persona non grata for having an affair with a family member of the presidential family , who eventually turns out to be a Russian spy . Allison has doubts about her college direction , and Henry helps her to stay on track . 74 6 `` Loophole '' Maggie Greenwald Moira Kirland November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 6.63 Henry disagrees with Elizabeth about not paying for ransoms for an agent kept prisoner by the Taliban . Stevie has split from Jareth and has a hard time . 75 7 `` North to the Future '' Sunu Gonera Kristi Korzec November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 5.86 Elizabeth works with the Russians to fight an outbreak of smallpox . Jason is in love . 76 8 `` The Fourth Estate '' Sam Hoffman Matt Chester November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 5.82 Elizabeth and her staff work with the Mexican government to extradite a drug trafficker . Stevie starts dating Dmitri . 77 9 `` Minefield '' Rob Greenlea Matt Ward December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 6.45 Elizabeth works on treaty to eliminate field mines . Henry uncovers a Russian spy within the senate . 78 10 `` Women Transform the World '' Eric Stoltz Lyla Oliver December 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) 5.53 Elizabeth organizes a conference for women . The government is working on the situation inAfghanistan . 79 11 `` Mitya '' Geoffrey Arend Alexander Maggio January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) 6.11 Elizabeth is working on the Russian ban on child adoption . Dmitri / Alexander is being followed by a Russian spy intent on killing him . 80 12 `` Sound and Fury '' Debbie Reinsich Barbara Hall & David Grae January 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) 7.25 The Bulgarian embassy is attacked with a sound - wave weapon , and the President overreacts . 81 13 `` Reading the Signs '' Phil Bertelsen Moira Kirland March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) 6.28 Elizabeth has to deal with a psychic in her diplomatic efforts with Sri Lanka . Alison 's roommate attempts suicide . 82 14 `` Refuge '' Eric Stoltz Kristi Korzec March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) 5.72 Jay and Kat work together to fight oppression against the LBGTQ community in Abkhazia . 83 15 `` The Unnamed '' Felix Alcala Joy Gregory March 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 25 ) 6.14 A humanitarian crisis in Myanmar takes place while its president is visiting in Washington . At the same time the President is having second thoughts about going back to the office after his recovery . Henry is reconnecting with his sister . 84 16 `` My Funny Valentine '' Rob Greenlea Matt Ward April 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 01 ) 5.75 Around the anniversary of a terrorist bombing of the US Embassy in Uganda , emotions run high . 85 17 `` Phase Two '' Martha Mitchell Leland Jay Anderson April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 6.19 Elizabeth McCord faces unforeseen trouble with the second phase of the Iranian peace talks . Morejon strikes again . 86 18 `` The Friendship Game '' Sam Hoffman Lyla Oliver April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) 6.06 Negotiations for an agreement to combat gang violence in South America become complicated when the US 's partner is complicit in a kidnapping . Elizabeth worries she is no longer fun . 87 19 `` Thin Ice '' Felix Alcala Moira Kirkland & Alexander Maggio April 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 29 ) 6.03 88 20 `` The Things We Get to Say '' Sunu Gonera Joy Gregory May 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) 5.91 89 21 `` Protocol '' Charlotte Brandstrom Matt Ward May 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 13 ) 5.90 90 22 `` Night Watch '' Rob Greenlea Barbara Hall & David Grae May 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) 6.22 Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` News Cycle '' October 8 , 2017 0.7 / 3 7.21 N / A 3.28 N / A 10.49 `` Off the Record '' October 15 , 2017 0.7 / 3 6.36 0.5 3.16 1.2 9.52 `` The Essentials '' October 22 , 2017 0.8 / 3 6.43 N / A 3.07 N / A 9.50 `` Shutdown '' October 29 , 2017 0.6 / 2 5.83 N / A 2.87 N / A 8.71 5 `` Persona Non Grata '' November 5 , 2017 0.6 / 2 5.92 N / A 3.13 N / A 9.06 6 `` Loophole '' November 12 , 2017 0.6 / 2 6.63 N / A 2.92 N / A 9.55 7 `` North to the Future '' November 19 , 2017 0.6 / 2 5.86 N / A 2.93 N / A 8.80 8 `` The Fourth Estate '' November 26 , 2017 0.6 / 2 5.82 N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 `` Minefield '' December 10 , 2017 0.7 / 3 6.45 N / A 3.07 N / A 9.53 10 `` Women Transform the World '' December 17 , 2017 0.7 / 3 5.53 N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` Mitya '' January 7 , 2018 0.6 / 2 6.11 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Sound and Fury '' January 14 , 2018 0.7 / 3 7.25 0.5 3.15 1.2 10.40 13 `` Reading the Signs '' March 11 , 2018 0.6 / 2 6.28 N / A 2.93 N / A 9.22 14 `` Refuge '' March 18 , 2018 0.6 / 3 5.72 N / A 2.62 N / A 8.34 15 `` The Unnamed '' March 25 , 2018 0.7 / 3 6.14 N / A 2.70 N / A 8.84 16 `` My Funny Valentine '' April 1 , 2018 0.5 / 2 5.75 0.4 2.88 0.9 8.63 17 `` Phase Two '' April 8 , 2018 0.6 / 2 6.19 N / A 2.68 N / A 8.87 18 `` The Friendship Game '' April 22 , 2018 0.6 / 3 6.06 TBD TBD TBD TBD 19 `` Thin Ice '' April 29 , 2018 0.6 / 3 6.03 TBD TBD TBD TBD 20 `` The Things We Get to Say '' May 6 , 2018 0.5 / 2 5.91 TBD TBD TBD TBD 21 `` Protocol '' May 13 , 2018 0.6 / 3 5.90 TBD TBD TBD TBD 22 `` Night Watch '' May 20 , 2018 0.6 / 3 6.22 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Young Sheldon ' , ' 9 JKL ' & Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , all others unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Madam Secretary ' and ' Wisdom of the Crowd ' adjust down , ' 60 Minutes , ' AFV ' and NFL up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Shark Tank ' adjust up , ' Madam Secretary ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wisdom of the Crowd , ' ' 60 Minutes ' adjust down , final World Series & NFL numbers : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Family Guy , ' ' 60 Minutes ' adjust up , ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Madam Secretary ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wisdom of the Crowd ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sunday Night Football ' adjusts up , ' 60 Minutes ' and ' Madam Secretary ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA , ' ' 60 Minutes ' and ' Sunday Night Football ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' The Simpsons ' and ' 60 Minutes ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wisdom of the Crowd ' and ' 60 Minutes ' adjust down , NFL up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' Simpsons , ' ' Ghosted , ' Golden Globes arrivals down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Family Guy ' adjust up , other FOX shows adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Ninja Warrior ' adjust up , ' Deception ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' NCIS : LA ' and ' AFV ' adjust up , ' Deception ' and ' 60 Minutes ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Bob 's Burgers ' adjust up , ' Instinct , ' ' Simpsons ' and ' Deception ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Dateline ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' rerun adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Timeless , ' ' Family Guy ' and all others hold : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Simpsons ' adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' Genius Junior ' finale adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' Family Guy ' and ' Dateline ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Madam Secretary episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madam_Secretary_(season_4)&oldid=843663625 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Madam Secretary Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 16 : 37 . About Wikipedia	how many episodes in madam secretary series 4	[ "\n\nMadam Secretary (season 4)\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n22\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nCBS\n\n\nOriginal release\nOctober 8, 2017 (2017-10-08) – May 20, 2018 (2018-05-20)\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 3\n\n\n\n\nList of Madam Secretary episodes\n\n" ]	[ "22" ]
-3691424539068180117	List of Washington Capitals seasons	List of Washington Capitals seasons - wikipedia List of Washington Capitals seasons Banners at the Capital One Arena showing the Capitals ' retired numbers The Washington Capitals are a professional ice hockey team based in Washington , D.C. The team is a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Capitals played at the Capital Centre from their inaugural season in 1974 to 1997 , when they moved to the MCI Center , now known as the Capital One Arena . In 42 completed seasons , the Capitals have qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs 27 times , making two Stanley Cup Finals appearances during the 1997 -- 98 and 2017 -- 18 seasons , winning the latter . The Capitals were founded in 1974 as an expansion team in the Prince of Wales Conference . The team had an 8 -- 67 -- 5 record and lost 37 straight road games in their inaugural season . The Capitals made their first playoffs in the 1982 -- 83 season and qualified for the playoffs for the following 13 seasons in a row . The Capitals won the Eastern Conference during their 1997 -- 98 season but were swept by the Detroit Red Wings in the 1998 Stanley Cup Finals . After reaching the Finals , the Capitals were assigned to the Southeast Division , in which they remained in for 15 years , until a NHL division realignment brought them into the newly formed Metropolitan Division in 2013 . Through these times , the Capitals won three Presidents ' Trophies in the 2009 -- 10 , 2015 -- 16 and 2016 -- 17 seasons , before finally winning their first ever Stanley Cup in the 2017 -- 18 season , after 42 seasons ( not counting the cancelled 2004 -- 05 season ) . Contents 1 Table key 2 Year by year 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Table key ( edit ) The interior of Capital One Arena , formerly the Verizon Center , the Capitals ' home arena since 1997 Key of colors and symbols Color / symbol Explanation Stanley Cup champions Conference champions Division champions Led league in points Key of terms and abbreviations Term or abbreviation Definition Finish Final position in division standings GA Goals against ( goals scored by the Capitals ' opponents ) GF Goals for ( goals scored by the Capitals ) GP Number of games played Number of losses OT Number of losses in overtime ( since the 1999 -- 2000 season ) Pts Number of points Number of ties Number of wins -- Does not apply Year by year ( edit ) Year by year listing of all seasons played by the Washington Capitals NHL season Capitals season Conference Division Regular season Postseason Finish GP OT Pts GF GA GP GF GA Result 1974 -- 75 1974 -- 75 Wales Norris 5th 80 8 67 5 -- 21 181 446 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1975 -- 76 1975 -- 76 Wales Norris 5th 80 11 59 10 -- 32 224 394 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1976 -- 77 1976 -- 77 Wales Norris 4th 80 24 42 14 -- 62 221 307 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1977 -- 78 1977 -- 78 Wales Norris 5th 80 17 49 14 -- 48 195 321 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1978 -- 79 1978 -- 79 Wales Norris 4th 80 24 41 15 -- 63 273 338 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1979 -- 80 1979 -- 80 Wales Patrick 5th 80 27 40 13 -- 67 261 293 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1980 -- 81 1980 -- 81 Wales Patrick 5th 80 26 36 18 -- 70 286 317 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1981 -- 82 1981 -- 82 Wales Patrick 5th 80 26 41 13 -- 65 319 338 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1982 -- 83 1982 -- 83 Wales Patrick 3rd 80 39 25 16 -- 94 306 283 11 19 Lost Division Semifinals to New York Islanders , 1 -- 3 1983 -- 84 1983 -- 84 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 48 27 5 -- 101 308 226 8 28 25 Won Division Semifinals vs. Philadelphia Flyers , 3 -- 0 Lost Division Finals to New York Islanders , 1 -- 4 1984 -- 85 1984 -- 85 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 46 25 9 -- 101 322 240 5 12 14 Lost Division Semifinals to New York Islanders , 2 -- 3 1985 -- 86 1985 -- 86 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 50 23 7 -- 107 315 272 9 5 36 24 Won Division Semifinals vs. New York Islanders , 3 -- 0 Lost Division Finals to New York Rangers , 2 -- 4 1986 -- 87 1986 -- 87 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 38 32 10 -- 86 285 278 7 19 19 Lost Division Semifinals to New York Islanders , 3 -- 4 1987 -- 88 1987 -- 88 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 38 33 9 -- 85 281 249 14 7 7 54 50 Won Division Semifinals vs. Philadelphia Flyers , 4 -- 3 Lost Division Finals to New Jersey Devils , 3 -- 4 1988 -- 89 1988 -- 89 Wales Patrick 1st 80 41 29 10 -- 92 305 259 6 18 25 Lost Division Semifinals to Philadelphia Flyers , 2 -- 4 1989 -- 90 1989 -- 90 Wales Patrick 3rd 80 36 38 6 -- 78 284 275 15 8 7 49 48 Won Division Semifinals vs. New Jersey Devils , 4 -- 2 Won Division Finals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Finals to Boston Bruins , 0 -- 4 1990 -- 91 1990 -- 91 Wales Patrick 3rd 80 37 36 7 -- 81 258 258 11 5 6 29 35 Won Division Semifinals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 2 Lost Division Finals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 1 -- 4 1991 -- 92 1991 -- 92 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 45 27 8 -- 98 330 275 7 27 25 Lost Division Semifinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 3 -- 4 1992 -- 93 1992 -- 93 Wales Patrick 2nd 84 43 34 7 -- 93 325 286 6 15 23 Lost Division Semifinals to New York Islanders , 2 -- 4 1993 -- 94 1993 -- 94 Eastern Atlantic 3rd 84 39 35 10 -- 88 277 263 11 5 6 32 32 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Pittsburgh Penguins , 4 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals to New York Rangers , 1 -- 4 1994 -- 95 1994 -- 95 Eastern Atlantic 2nd 48 22 18 8 -- 52 136 120 7 10 17 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 3 -- 4 1995 -- 96 1995 -- 96 Eastern Atlantic 4th 82 39 32 11 -- 89 234 204 6 17 21 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 2 -- 4 1996 -- 97 1996 -- 97 Eastern Atlantic 5th 82 33 40 9 -- 75 214 231 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1997 -- 98 1997 -- 98 Eastern Atlantic 3rd 82 40 30 12 -- 92 219 202 21 12 9 53 44 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Boston Bruins , 4 -- 2 Won Conference Semifinals vs. Ottawa Senators , 4 -- 1 Won Conference Finals vs. Buffalo Sabres , 4 -- 2 Lost Stanley Cup Finals to Detroit Red Wings , 0 -- 4 1998 -- 99 1998 -- 99 Eastern Southeast 3rd 82 31 45 6 -- 68 200 218 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1999 -- 2000 1999 -- 2000 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 44 24 12 102 227 194 5 6 15 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 1 -- 4 2000 -- 01 2000 -- 01 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 41 27 10 96 233 211 6 10 14 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 2 -- 4 2001 -- 02 2001 -- 02 Eastern Southeast 2nd 82 36 33 11 85 228 240 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2002 -- 03 2002 -- 03 Eastern Southeast 2nd 82 39 29 8 6 92 224 220 6 15 14 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Tampa Bay Lightning , 2 -- 4 2003 -- 04 2003 -- 04 Eastern Southeast 5th 82 23 46 10 59 186 253 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2004 -- 05 2004 -- 05 Eastern Southeast Season cancelled due to 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout 2005 -- 06 2005 -- 06 Eastern Southeast 5th 82 29 41 -- 12 70 237 306 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2006 -- 07 2006 -- 07 Eastern Southeast 5th 82 28 40 -- 14 70 235 286 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2007 -- 08 2007 -- 08 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 43 31 -- 8 94 242 231 7 20 23 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Philadelphia Flyers , 3 -- 4 2008 -- 09 2008 -- 09 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 50 24 -- 8 108 272 245 14 7 7 41 38 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Semifinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 3 -- 4 2009 -- 10 2009 -- 10 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 54 15 -- 13 121 318 233 7 22 20 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Montreal Canadiens , 3 -- 4 2010 -- 11 2010 -- 11 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 48 23 -- 11 107 224 197 9 5 23 24 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Semifinals to Tampa Bay Lightning , 0 -- 4 2011 -- 12 2011 -- 12 Eastern Southeast 2nd 82 42 32 -- 8 92 222 230 14 7 7 28 30 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Boston Bruins , 4 - 3 Lost Conference Semifinals to New York Rangers , 3 -- 4 2012 -- 13 2012 -- 13 Eastern Southeast 1st 48 27 18 -- 57 149 130 7 13 15 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to New York Rangers , 3 -- 4 2013 -- 14 2013 -- 14 Eastern Metropolitan 5th 82 38 30 -- 14 90 235 240 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2014 -- 15 2014 -- 15 Eastern Metropolitan 2nd 82 45 26 -- 11 101 242 203 14 7 7 28 28 Won First Round vs. New York Islanders , 4 -- 3 Lost Second Round to New York Rangers , 3 -- 4 2015 -- 16 2015 -- 16 Eastern Metropolitan 1st 82 56 18 -- 8 120 252 193 12 6 6 29 22 Won First Round vs. Philadelphia Flyers , 4 -- 2 Lost Second Round to Pittsburgh Penguins , 2 -- 4 2016 -- 17 2016 -- 17 Eastern Metropolitan 1st 82 55 19 -- 8 118 263 182 13 7 6 36 34 Won First Round vs. Toronto Maple Leafs , 4 -- 2 Lost Second Round to Pittsburgh Penguins , 3 -- 4 2017 -- 18 2017 -- 18 Eastern Metropolitan 1st 82 49 26 -- 7 105 259 239 24 16 8 86 61 Won First Round vs. Columbus Blue Jackets 4 -- 2 Won Second Round vs. Pittsburgh Penguins 4 -- 2 Won Conference Finals vs. Tampa Bay Lightning 4 -- 3 Won Stanley Cup Finals vs. Vegas Golden Knights 4 -- 1 Totals 3426 1575 1406 303 142 3595 10750 10861 275 132 143 793 776 Notes ( edit ) In 1992 , the NHL expanded the season to 84 games , and each team played two games at a neutral site . After the 1995 lockout , the neutral site games were eliminated , and the season was reduced to 82 games . The NHL realigned into Eastern and Western conferences prior to the 1993 -- 94 season . Washington was placed in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The season was shortened to 48 games because of the 1994 -- 95 NHL lockout . Beginning with the 1999 -- 00 season , teams received one point for losing a regular season game in overtime . The season was canceled because of the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout . Before the 2005 -- 06 season , the NHL instituted a penalty shootout for regular season games that remained tied after a five - minute overtime period , which prevented ties . The NHL added 4 expansion teams prior to the 1998 -- 99 season and split the Eastern Conference into three divisions : Northeast , Atlantic , and Southeast . Washington was moved into the new Southeast division . The season was shortened to 48 games because of the 2012 -- 13 NHL lockout . The NHL realigned prior to the 2013 -- 14 season . Washington was placed in the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Page 2 Staff . `` Worst Pro Teams of All - time '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , David ( June 17 , 1998 ) . `` No Shame in Shutout , Fans Say '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Capitals clinch NHL 's best record '' . ESPN . April 5 , 2010 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Capitals Statistics and History '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Capitals Franchise Index '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Total statistics of Washington Capitals in Regular season 1974 / 75 - 2017 / 18 NHL.com Jump up ^ Total statistics of Washington Capitals in Playoff 1974 / 75 - 2017 / 18 NHL.com Jump up ^ Morrison , Scott ( December 1 , 2007 ) . `` 84 game schedule a lock '' . SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( April 1 , 1993 ) . `` Hockey ; N.H.L. Redraws Map In Realignment Plan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( April 15 , 1993 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Rangers Must Search For a ' Riley ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Swift , E.M. ( January 23 , 1995 ) . `` Drop Those Pucks ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( September 30 , 1999 ) . `` Hockey : Preview ' 99 -- ' 00 ; Overtime Is Now Five Minutes in Hockey Heaven '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lockout over salary cap shuts down NHL '' . Associated Press . ESPN . February 16 , 2005 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shootouts are fan - friendly '' . The Washington Times . October 19 , 2005 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` N.H.L. Names 4 Cities For Its New Franchises '' . The New York Times . June 18 , 1997 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Announces 2012 - 13 Season Schedule '' . Lightning.nhl.com . Tampa Bay Lightning . January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NHL slate , division names revealed '' . ESPN.com news services . ESPN . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Washington Capitals official website Washington Capitals Founded in 1974 Based in Washington , D.C. Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners Monumental Sports & Entertainment ( Ted Leonsis , chairman ) General manager Brian MacLellan Head coach Todd Reirden Team captain Alexander Ovechkin Current roster Arenas Capital Centre Capital One Arena Rivalries New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Affiliates AHL Hershey Bears ECHL South Carolina Stingrays Media TV NBCS Mid-Atlantic Radio WFED WJFK Caps Radio 24 / 7 ( Tunein app ) Culture and lore Easter Epic 2011 NHL Winter Classic 2015 NHL Winter Classic 2018 NHL Stadium Series 2018 Stanley Cup Finals MedStar Capitals Iceplex Washington Capitals seasons 1970s 1970 -- 71 . 1971 -- 72 . 1972 -- 73 . 1973 -- 74 . 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980s 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990s 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000s 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010s 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship NHL seasons by team Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Anaheim Arizona Calgary Edmonton Los Angeles San Jose Vancouver Vegas Central Chicago Colorado Dallas Minnesota Nashville St. Louis Winnipeg Atlantic Boston Buffalo Detroit Florida Montreal Ottawa Tampa Bay Toronto Metropolitan Carolina Columbus New Jersey NY Islanders NY Rangers Philadelphia Pittsburgh Washington Relocated ( still active ) Atlanta Flames ( Calgary ) Atlanta Thrashers ( Winnipeg ) Hartford Whalers ( Carolina ) Kansas City Scouts / Colorado Rockies ( New Jersey ) Minnesota North Stars ( Dallas ) Quebec Nordiques ( Colorado ) Winnipeg Jets ( Arizona ) Defunct teams California Golden Seals / Cleveland Barons Hamilton Tigers Montreal Maroons New York Americans Ottawa Senators / St. Louis Eagles Pittsburgh Pirates / Philadelphia Quakers Ice hockey portal Sports portal Washington , D.C. portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Washington_Capitals_seasons&oldid=846571455 '' Categories : National Hockey League team seasons Washington Capitals seasons Lists of National Hockey League seasons Washington Capitals lists Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2018 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 15 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time the capitals made the finals	[ "The Washington Capitals are a professional ice hockey team based in Washington, D.C. The team is a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The Capitals played at the Capital Centre from their inaugural season in 1974 to 1997, when they moved to the MCI Center, now known as the Capital One Arena. In 42 completed seasons, the Capitals have qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs 27 times, making two Stanley Cup Finals appearances during the 1997–98 and 2017–18 seasons, winning the latter.\n" ]	[ "2017–18" ]
-86855138610988231	Ganesha	Ganesha - Wikipedia Ganesha Jump to : navigation , search `` Vinayaka '' and `` Vinayakudu '' redirect here . For other uses , see Vinayaka ( disambiguation ) . `` Ganapati '' and `` Ganapathy '' redirect here . For other uses , see Ganapati ( disambiguation ) . For other uses , see Ganesha ( disambiguation ) . Ganesha God of New Beginnings Remover of Obstacles Basohli miniature , c. 1730 . National Museum , New Delhi . Devanagari गणेश Sanskrit transliteration Gaṇeśa Affiliation Deva Abode Mount Kailash ( with parents Shiva and Parvati ) Mantra Oṃ Shri Gaṇeśāya Namaḥ Oṃ Gaṃ Gaṇapataye Namaḥ Weapon Paraśu ( axe ) , pāśa ( noose ) , aṅkuśa ( elephant goad ) Symbols Aum , Modak Mount Mouse Texts Ganesha Purana , Mudgala Purana , Ganapati Atharvashirsa Festivals Ganesh Chaturthi Personal Information Consort Buddhi ( wisdom ) Riddhi ( prosperity ) Siddhi ( attainment ) Parents Shiva and Parvati Siblings Kartikeya Ganesha ( / ɡəˈneɪʃə / ; Sanskrit : गणेश , Gaṇeśa ; listen ( help info ) ) , also known as Ganapati , Vinayaka and Binayak , is one of the best - known and most worshiped deities in the Hindu pantheon . His image is found throughout India , Sri Lanka , Thailand , and Nepal . Hindu denominations worship him regardless of affiliations . Devotion to Ganesha is widely diffused and extends to Jains and Buddhists . Although he is known by many attributes , Ganesha 's elephant head makes him easy to identify . Ganesha is widely revered as the remover of obstacles , the patron of arts and sciences and the deva of intellect and wisdom . As the god of beginnings , he is honoured at the start of rites and ceremonies . Ganesha is also invoked as patron of letters and learning during writing sessions . Several texts relate mythological anecdotes associated with his birth and exploits and explain his distinct iconography . Ganesha worship was well established as far back as at least the 1st century AD , and took his present recognizable form by the 4th and 5th centuries AD , during the Gupta period , although he inherited traits from Vedic and pre-Vedic precursors . Hindu mythology identifies him as the restored son of Parvati and Shiva of the Shaivism tradition , but he is a pan-Hindu god found in its various traditions . In the Ganapatya tradition of Hinduism , Ganesha is the supreme deity . The principal texts on Ganesha include the Ganesha Purana , the Mudgala Purana , and the Ganapati Atharvashirsa . Brahma Purana and Brahmanda Purana are other two Puranic genre encyclopedic texts that deal with Ganesha . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and other names 2 Iconography 2.1 Common attributes 2.2 Vahanas 3 Features 3.1 Removal of obstacles 3.2 Buddhi ( Knowledge ) 3.3 Aum 3.4 First chakra 4 Family and consorts 5 Worship and festivals 5.1 Ganesha Chaturthi 5.2 Temples 6 Rise to prominence 6.1 First appearance 6.2 Possible influences 6.3 Vedic and epic literature 6.4 Puranic period 6.5 Scriptures 7 Beyond India and Hinduism 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Etymology and other names ( edit ) Ganesha , Madhya Pradesh , c. 750 , India Ganesha has been ascribed many other titles and epithets , including Ganapati ( Ganpati ) and Vighneshvara . The Hindu title of respect Shri ( Sanskrit : श्री ; IAST : śrī ; also spelled Sri or Shree ) is often added before his name . The name Ganesha is a Sanskrit compound , joining the words gana ( gaṇa ) , meaning a group , multitude , or categorical system and isha ( īśa ) , meaning lord or master . The word gaņa when associated with Ganesha is often taken to refer to the gaņas , a troop of semi-divine beings that form part of the retinue of Shiva , Ganesha 's father . The term more generally means a category , class , community , association , or corporation . Some commentators interpret the name `` Lord of the Gaņas '' to mean `` Lord of Hosts '' or `` Lord of created categories '' , such as the elements . Ganapati ( गणपति ; gaṇapati ) , a synonym for Ganesha , is a compound composed of gaṇa , meaning `` group '' , and pati , meaning `` ruler '' or `` lord '' . Though the earliest mention of the word Ganapati is found in hymn 2.23. 1 of the 2nd - millennium BCE Rigveda , it is however uncertain that the Vedic term referred specifically to Ganesha . The Amarakosha , an early Sanskrit lexicon , lists eight synonyms of Ganesha : Vinayaka , Vighnarāja ( equivalent to Vighnesha ) , Dvaimātura ( one who has two mothers ) , Gaṇādhipa ( equivalent to Ganapati and Ganesha ) , Ekadanta ( one who has one tusk ) , Heramba , Lambodara ( one who has a pot belly , or , literally , one who has a hanging belly ) , and Gajanana ( gajānana ) ; having the face of an elephant . Vinayaka ( विनायक ; vināyaka ) is a common name for Ganesha that appears in the Purāṇas and in Buddhist Tantras . This name is reflected in the naming of the eight famous Ganesha temples in Maharashtra known as the Ashtavinayak ( Marathi : अष्टविनायक , aṣṭavināyaka ) . The names Vighnesha ( विघ्नेश ; vighneśa ) and Vighneshvara ( विघ्नेश्वर ; vighneśvara ) ( Lord of Obstacles ) refers to his primary function in Hinduism as the master and remover of obstacles ( vighna ) . A prominent name for Ganesha in the Tamil language is Pillai ( Tamil : பிள்ளை ) or Pillaiyar ( பிள்ளையார் ) . A.K. Narain differentiates these terms by saying that pillai means a `` child '' while pillaiyar means a `` noble child '' . He adds that the words pallu , pella , and pell in the Dravidian family of languages signify `` tooth or tusk '' , also `` elephant tooth or tusk '' . Anita Raina Thapan notes that the root word pille in the name Pillaiyar might have originally meant `` the young of the elephant '' , because the Pali word pillaka means `` a young elephant '' . In the Burmese language , Ganesha is known as Maha Peinne ( မဟာပိန္နဲ , pronounced ( məhà pèiɴné ) ) , derived from Pali Mahā Wināyaka ( မဟာဝိနာယက ) . The widespread name of Ganesha in Thailand is Phra Phikanet . The earliest images and mention of Ganesha names as a major deity in present - day Indonesia , Thailand , Cambodia and Vietnam date from the 7th - and 8th - centuries , and these mirror Indian examples of the 5th century or earlier . In Sri Lankan Singhala Buddhist areas he is known as Gana deviyo , and revered along with Buddha , Vishnu , Skanda and others . Iconography ( edit ) A 13th - century statue of Ganesha , Hoysala - style , Karnataka Ganesha is a popular figure in Indian art . Unlike those of some deities , representations of Ganesha show wide variations and distinct patterns changing over time . He may be portrayed standing , dancing , heroically taking action against demons , playing with his family as a boy , sitting down or on an elevated seat , or engaging in a range of contemporary situations . Ganesha images were prevalent in many parts of India by the 6th century . The 13th - century statue pictured is typical of Ganesha statuary from 900 -- 1200 , after Ganesha had been well - established as an independent deity with his own sect . This example features some of Ganesha 's common iconographic elements . A virtually identical statue has been dated between 973 -- 1200 by Paul Martin - Dubost , and another similar statue is dated c. 12th century by Pratapaditya Pal . Ganesha has the head of an elephant and a big belly . This statue has four arms , which is common in depictions of Ganesha . He holds his own broken tusk in his lower - right hand and holds a delicacy , which he samples with his trunk , in his lower - left hand . The motif of Ganesha turning his trunk sharply to his left to taste a sweet in his lower - left hand is a particularly archaic feature . A more primitive statue in one of the Ellora Caves with this general form has been dated to the 7th century . Details of the other hands are difficult to make out on the statue shown . In the standard configuration , Ganesha typically holds an axe or a goad in one upper arm and a pasha ( noose ) in the other upper arm . In rare instances , he may be depicted with a human head . The influence of this old constellation of iconographic elements can still be seen in contemporary representations of Ganesha . In one modern form , the only variation from these old elements is that the lower - right hand does not hold the broken tusk but is turned towards the viewer in a gesture of protection or fearlessness ( abhaya mudra ) . The same combination of four arms and attributes occurs in statues of Ganesha dancing , which is a very popular theme . Common attributes ( edit ) For thirty - two popular iconographic forms of Ganesha , see Thirty - two forms of Ganesha . A typical four - armed form . Miniature of Nurpur school ( circa 1810 ) Ganesha has been represented with the head of an elephant since the early stages of his appearance in Indian art . Puranic myths provide many explanations for how he got his elephant head . One of his popular forms , Heramba - Ganapati , has five elephant heads , and other less - common variations in the number of heads are known . While some texts say that Ganesha was born with an elephant head , he acquires the head later in most stories . The most recurrent motif in these stories is that Ganesha was created by Parvati using clay to protect her and Shiva beheaded him when Ganesha came between Shiva and Parvati . Shiva then replaced Ganesha 's original head with that of an elephant . Details of the battle and where the replacement head came from varying from source to source . Another story says that Ganesha was created directly by Shiva 's laughter . Because Shiva considered Ganesha too alluring , he gave him the head of an elephant and a protruding belly . Ganesha 's earliest name was Ekadanta ( One Tusked ) , referring to his single whole tusk , the other being broken . Some of the earliest images of Ganesha show him holding his broken tusk . The importance of this distinctive feature is reflected in the Mudgala Purana , which states that the name of Ganesha 's second incarnation is Ekadanta . Ganesha 's protruding belly appears as a distinctive attribute in his earliest statuary , which dates to the Gupta period ( 4th to 6th centuries ) . This feature is so important that according to the Mudgala Purana , two different incarnations of Ganesha use names based on it : Lambodara ( Pot Belly , or , literally , Hanging Belly ) and Mahodara ( Great Belly ) . Both names are Sanskrit compounds describing his belly ( IAST : udara ) . The Brahmanda Purana says that Ganesha has the name Lambodara because all the universes ( i.e. , cosmic eggs ; IAST : brahmāṇḍas ) of the past , present , and future are present in him . The number of Ganesha 's arms varies ; his best - known forms have between two and sixteen arms . Many depictions of Ganesha feature four arms , which is mentioned in Puranic sources and codified as a standard form in some iconographic texts . His earliest images had two arms . Forms with 14 and 20 arms appeared in Central India during the 9th and the 10th centuries . The serpent is a common feature in Ganesha iconography and appears in many forms . According to the Ganesha Purana , Ganesha wrapped the serpent Vasuki around his neck . Other depictions of snakes include use as a sacred thread ( IAST : yajñyopavīta ) wrapped around the stomach as a belt , held in a hand , coiled at the ankles , or as a throne . Upon Ganesha 's forehead may be a third eye or the sectarian mark ( IAST : tilaka ) , which consists of three horizontal lines . The Ganesha Purana prescribes a tilaka mark as well as a crescent moon on the forehead . A distinct form of Ganesha called Bhalachandra ( IAST : bhālacandra ; `` Moon on the Forehead '' ) includes that iconographic element . Ganesha is often described as red in color . Specific colors are associated with certain forms . Many examples of color associations with specific meditation forms are prescribed in the Sritattvanidhi , a treatise on Hindu iconography . For example , white is associated with his representations as Heramba - Ganapati and Rina - Mochana - Ganapati ( Ganapati Who Releases from Bondage ) . Ekadanta - Ganapati is visualized as blue during meditation in that form . Vahanas ( edit ) Dancing Ganesha sculpture from North Bengal , 11th century CE , Asian Art Museum of Berlin ( Dahlem ) . The earliest Ganesha images are without a vahana ( mount / vehicle ) . Of the eight incarnations of Ganesha described in the Mudgala Purana , Ganesha uses a mouse ( shrew ) in five of them , a lion in his incarnation as Vakratunda , a peacock in his incarnation as Vikata , and Shesha , the divine serpent , in his incarnation as Vighnaraja . Mohotkata uses a lion , Mayūreśvara uses a peacock , Dhumraketu uses a horse , and Gajanana uses a mouse , in the four incarnations of Ganesha listed in the Ganesha Purana . Jain depictions of Ganesha show his vahana variously as a mouse , elephant , tortoise , ram , or peacock . Ganesha is often shown riding on or attended by a mouse , shrew or rat . Martin - Dubost says that the rat began to appear as the principal vehicle in sculptures of Ganesha in central and western India during the 7th century ; the rat was always placed close to his feet . The mouse as a mount first appears in written sources in the Matsya Purana and later in the Brahmananda Purana and Ganesha Purana , where Ganesha uses it as his vehicle in his last incarnation . The Ganapati Atharvashirsa includes a meditation verse on Ganesha that describes the mouse appearing on his flag . The names Mūṣakavāhana ( mouse - mount ) and Ākhuketana ( rat - banner ) appear in the Ganesha Sahasranama . The mouse is interpreted in several ways . According to Grimes , `` Many , if not most of those who interpret Gaṇapati 's mouse , do so negatively ; it symbolizes tamoguṇa as well as desire '' . Along these lines , Michael Wilcockson says it symbolizes those who wish to overcome desires and be less selfish . Krishan notes that the rat is destructive and a menace to crops . The Sanskrit word mūṣaka ( mouse ) is derived from the root mūṣ ( stealing , robbing ) . It was essential to subdue the rat as a destructive pest , a type of vighna ( impediment ) that needed to be overcome . According to this theory , showing Ganesha as master of the rat demonstrates his function as Vigneshvara ( Lord of Obstacles ) and gives evidence of his possible role as a folk grāma - devatā ( village deity ) who later rose to greater prominence . Martin - Dubost notes a view that the rat is a symbol suggesting that Ganesha , like the rat , penetrates even the most secret places . Features ( edit ) Heramba - Ganesha with consort , 18th century Nepal Removal of obstacles ( edit ) Ganesha is Vighneshvara or Vighnaraja or Vighnaharta ( Marathi ) , the Lord of Obstacles , both of a material and spiritual order . He is popularly worshipped as a remover of obstacles , though traditionally he also places obstacles in the path of those who need to be checked . Paul Courtright says that `` his task in the divine scheme of things , his dharma , is to place and remove obstacles . It is his particular territory , the reason for his creation . '' Krishan notes that some of Ganesha 's names reflect shadings of multiple roles that have evolved over time . Dhavalikar ascribes the quick ascension of Ganesha in the Hindu pantheon , and the emergence of the Ganapatyas , to this shift in emphasis from vighnakartā ( obstacle - creator ) to vighnahartā ( obstacle - averter ) . However , both functions continue to be vital to his character . Buddhi ( knowledge ) ( edit ) Ganesha is considered to be the Lord of letters and learning . In Sanskrit , the word buddhi is a feminine noun that is variously translated as intelligence , wisdom , or intellect . The concept of buddhi is closely associated with the personality of Ganesha , especially in the Puranic period , when many stories stress his cleverness and love of intelligence . One of Ganesha 's names in the Ganesha Purana and the Ganesha Sahasranama is Buddhipriya . This name also appears in a list of 21 names at the end of the Ganesha Sahasranama that Ganesha says are especially important . The word priya can mean `` fond of '' , and in a marital context it can mean `` lover '' or `` husband '' , so the name may mean either `` Fond of Intelligence '' or `` Buddhi 's Husband '' . Aum ( edit ) Ganesha , Chola period , early 13th century . Ganesha is identified with the Hindu mantra Aum , also spelled Om . The term oṃkārasvarūpa ( Aum is his form ) , when identified with Ganesha , refers to the notion that he personifies the primal sound . The Ganapati Atharvashirsa attests to this association . Chinmayananda translates the relevant passage as follows : ( O Lord Ganapati ! ) You are ( the Trimurti ) Brahma , Vishnu , and Mahesa . You are Indra . You are fire ( Agni ) and air ( Vāyu ) . You are the sun ( Sūrya ) and the moon ( Chandrama ) . You are Brahman . You are ( the three worlds ) Bhuloka ( earth ) , Antariksha - loka ( space ) , and Swargaloka ( heaven ) . You are Om . ( That is to say , You are all this ) . Some devotees see similarities between the shape of Ganesha 's body in iconography and the shape of Aum in the Devanāgarī and Tamil scripts . First chakra ( edit ) According to Kundalini yoga , Ganesha resides in the first chakra , called Muladhara ( mūlādhāra ) . Mula means `` original , main '' ; adhara means `` base , foundation '' . The muladhara chakra is the principle on which the manifestation or outward expansion of primordial Divine Force rests . This association is also attested to in the Ganapati Atharvashirsa . Courtright translates this passage as follows : `` You continually dwell in the sacral plexus at the base of the spine ( mūlādhāra cakra ) . '' Thus , Ganesha has a permanent abode in every being at the Muladhara . Ganesha holds , supports and guides all other chakras , thereby `` governing the forces that propel the wheel of life '' . Family and consorts ( edit ) See also : Mythological anecdotes of Ganesha and Consorts of Ganesha Shiva and Parvati giving a bath to Ganesha . Kangra miniature , 18th century . Allahabad Museum , New Delhi . Though Ganesha is popularly held to be the son of Shiva and Parvati , the Puranic myths give different versions about his birth . In some he was created by Parvati , in another he was created by Shiva and Parvati , in another he appeared mysteriously and was discovered by Shiva and Parvati or he was born from the elephant headed goddess Malini after she drank Parvati 's bath water that had been thrown in the river . The family includes his brother , the god of war , Kartikeya , who is also called Skanda and Murugan . Regional differences dictate the order of their births . In northern India , Skanda is generally said to be the elder , while in the south , Ganesha is considered the firstborn . In northern India , Skanda was an important martial deity from about 500 BCE to about 600 CE , after which worship of him declined significantly . As Skanda fell , Ganesha rose . Several stories tell of sibling rivalry between the brothers and may reflect sectarian tensions . Ganesha 's marital status , the subject of considerable scholarly review , varies widely in mythological stories . One pattern of myths identifies Ganesha as an unmarried brahmachari . This view is common in southern India and parts of northern India . Another pattern associates him with the concepts of Buddhi ( intellect ) , Siddhi ( spiritual power ) , and Riddhi ( prosperity ) ; these qualities are sometimes personified as goddesses , said to be Ganesha 's wives . He also may be shown with a single consort or a nameless servant ( Sanskrit : daşi ) . Another pattern connects Ganesha with the goddess of culture and the arts , Sarasvati or Śarda ( particularly in Maharashtra ) . He is also associated with the goddess of luck and prosperity , Lakshmi . Another pattern , mainly prevalent in the Bengal region , links Ganesha with the banana tree , Kala Bo . The Shiva Purana says that Ganesha had begotten two sons : Kşema ( prosperity ) and Lābha ( profit ) . In northern Indian variants of this story , the sons are often said to be Śubha ( auspiciouness ) and Lābha . The 1975 Hindi film Jai Santoshi Maa shows Ganesha married to Riddhi and Siddhi and having a daughter named Santoshi Ma , the goddess of satisfaction . This story has no Puranic basis , but Anita Raina Thapan and Lawrence Cohen cite Santoshi Ma 's cult as evidence of Ganesha 's continuing evolution as a popular deity . Worship and Festivals ( edit ) Celebrations of Ganesha by the Tamil community in Paris , France Ganesha is worshipped on many religious and secular occasions , especially at the beginning of ventures such as buying a vehicle or starting a business . K.N. Somayaji says , `` there can hardly be a ( Hindu ) home ( in India ) which does not house an idol of Ganapati ... Ganapati , being the most popular deity in India , is worshipped by almost all castes and in all parts of the country '' . Devotees believe that if Ganesha is propitiated , he grants success , prosperity and protection against adversity . Ganesha is a non-sectarian deity . Hindus of all denominations invoke him at the beginning of prayers , important undertakings , and religious ceremonies . Dancers and musicians , particularly in southern India , begin art performances such as the Bharatnatyam dance with a prayer to Ganesha . Mantras such as Om Shri Gaṇeshāya Namah ( Om , salutation to the Illustrious Ganesha ) are often used . One of the most famous mantras associated with Ganesha is Om Gaṃ Ganapataye Namah ( Om , Gaṃ , Salutation to the Lord of Hosts ) . Devotees offer Ganesha sweets such as modaka and small sweet balls called laddus . He is often shown carrying a bowl of sweets , called a modakapātra . Because of his identification with the color red , he is often worshipped with red sandalwood paste ( raktachandana ) or red flowers . Dūrvā grass ( Cynodon dactylon ) and other materials are also used in his worship . Festivals associated with Ganesh are Ganesh Chaturthi or Vināyaka chaturthī in the śuklapakṣa ( the fourth day of the waxing moon ) in the month of Bhadrapada ( August / September ) and the Ganesh Jayanti ( Ganesha 's birthday ) celebrated on the cathurthī of the śuklapakṣa ( fourth day of the waxing moon ) in the month of magha ( January / February ) . '' Ganesha Chaturthi ( edit ) Street festivities in Hyderabad , India during the festival of Ganesha Chaturthi An annual festival honours Ganesha for ten days , starting on Ganesha Chaturthi , which typically falls in late August or early September . The festival begins with people bringing in clay idols of Ganesha , symbolising Ganesha 's visit . The festival culminates on the day of Ananta Chaturdashi , when idols ( murtis ) of Ganesha are immersed in the most convenient body of water . Some families have a tradition of immersion on the 2nd , 3rd , 5th , or 7th day . In 1893 , Lokmanya Tilak transformed this annual Ganesha festival from private family celebrations into a grand public event . He did so `` to bridge the gap between the Brahmins and the non-Brahmins and find an appropriate context in which to build a new grassroots unity between them '' in his nationalistic strivings against the British in Maharashtra . Because of Ganesha 's wide appeal as `` the god for Everyman '' , Tilak chose him as a rallying point for Indian protest against British rule . Tilak was the first to install large public images of Ganesha in pavilions , and he established the practice of submerging all the public images on the tenth day . Today , Hindus across India celebrate the Ganapati festival with great fervour , though it is most popular in the state of Maharashtra . The festival also assumes huge proportions in Mumbai , Pune , and in the surrounding belt of Ashtavinayaka temples . Temples ( edit ) Further information : List of Ganapati temples and Ashtavinayak In Hindu temples , Ganesha is depicted in various ways : as an acolyte or subordinate deity ( pãrśva - devatã ) ; as a deity related to the principal deity ( parivāra - devatã ) ; or as the principal deity of the temple ( pradhāna ) , treated similarly to the highest gods of the Hindu pantheon . As the god of transitions , he is placed at the doorway of many Hindu temples to keep out the unworthy , which is analogous to his role as Parvati 's doorkeeper . In addition , several shrines are dedicated to Ganesha himself , of which the Ashtavinayak ( Sanskrit : अष्टविनायक ; aṣṭavināyaka ; lit . `` eight Ganesha ( shrines ) '' ) in Maharashtra are particularly well known . Located within a 100 - kilometer radius of the city of Pune , each of the eight shrines celebrates a particular form of Ganapati , complete with its own lore and legend . The eight shrines are : Morgaon , Siddhatek , Pali , Mahad , Theur , Lenyadri , Ozar and Ranjangaon . There are many other important Ganesha temples at the following locations : Wai in Maharashtra ; Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh ; Jodhpur , Nagaur and Raipur ( Pali ) in Rajasthan ; Baidyanath in Bihar ; Baroda , Dholaka , and Valsad in Gujarat and Dhundiraj Temple in Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh . Prominent Ganesha temples in southern India include the following : the Rockfort Ucchi Pillayar Temple at Tiruchirapalli in Tamil Nadu ; Kottarakara , Pazhavangadi , Kasargod in Kerala ; Hampi , and Idagunji in Karnataka ; and Bhadrachalam in Telangana . T.A. Gopinatha notes , `` Every village however small has its own image of Vighneśvara ( Vigneshvara ) with or without a temple to house it in . At entrances of villages and forts , below pīpaḹa ( Sacred fig ) trees ... in a niche ... in temples of Viṣṇu ( Vishnu ) as well as Śiva ( Shiva ) and also in separate shrines specially constructed in Śiva temples ... the figure of Vighneśvara is invariably seen . '' Ganesha temples have also been built outside of India , including Southeast Asia , Nepal ( including the four Vinayaka shrines in the Kathmandu valley ) , and in several western countries . Rise to Prominence ( edit ) First appearance ( edit ) 7th - to 8th - century Ganesha sculpture from Cham dynasty , Vietnam . Ganesha appeared in his classic form as a clearly - recognizable deity with well - defined iconographic attributes in the early 4th to 5th centuries CE . Some of the earliest known Ganesha images include two images found in eastern Afghanistan . The first image was discovered in the ruins north of Kabul along with those of Surya and Shiva . It is dated to the 4th - century . The second image found in Gardez has an inscription on Ganesha pedestal that has helped date it to the 5th - century . Another Ganesha sculpture is embedded in the walls of Cave 6 of the Udayagiri Caves in Madhya Pradesh . This is dated to the 5th - century . An early iconic image of Ganesha with elephant head , a bowl of sweets and a goddess sitting in his lap has been found in the ruins of the Bhumara Temple in Madhya Pradesh , and this is dated to the 5th - century Gupta period . Other recent discoveries , such as one from Ramgarh Hill , are also dated to the 4th or 5th centuries . An independent cult with Ganesha as the primary deity was well established by about the 10th century . Narain summarizes the lack of evidence about Ganesha 's history before the 5th century as follows : What is inscrutable is the somewhat dramatic appearance of Gaņeśa on the historical scene . His antecedents are not clear . His wide acceptance and popularity , which transcend sectarian and territorial limits , are indeed amazing . On the one hand , there is the pious belief of the orthodox devotees in Gaņeśa 's Vedic origins and in the Purāṇic explanations contained in the confusing , but nonetheless interesting , mythology . On the other hand , there are doubts about the existence of the idea and the icon of this deity '' before the fourth to fifth century A.D. ... ( I ) n my opinion , indeed there is no convincing evidence ( in ancient Brahmanic literature ) of the existence of this divinity prior to the fifth century . The evidence for more ancient Ganesha , suggests Narain , may reside outside Brahmanic or Sanskritic traditions , or outside geocultural boundaries of India . Ganesha appears in China by the 6th century , states Brown , and his artistic images in temple setting as `` remover of obstacles '' in South Asia appear by about 400 CE . He is , states Bailey , recognized as goddess Parvati 's son and integrated into Shaivism theology by early centuries of the common era . Possible influences ( edit ) Ganesha worshipped in the Durga Puja celebrations in Cologne Courtright reviews various speculative theories about the early history of Ganesha , including supposed tribal traditions and animal cults , and dismisses all of them in this way : In this search for a historical origin for Gaņeśa , some have suggested precise locations outside the Brāhmaṇic tradition ... These historical locations are intriguing to be sure , but the fact remains that they are all speculations , variations on the Dravidian hypothesis , which argues that anything not attested to in the Vedic and Indo - European sources must have come into Brāhmaṇic religion from the Dravidian or aboriginal populations of India as part of the process that produced Hinduism out of the interactions of the Aryan and non-Aryan populations . There is no independent evidence for an elephant cult or a totem ; nor is there any archaeological data pointing to a tradition prior to what we can already see in place in the Purāṇic literature and the iconography of Gaņeśa . Thapan 's book on the development of Ganesha devotes a chapter to speculations about the role elephants had in early India but concludes that `` although by the second century CE the elephant - headed yakṣa form exists it can not be presumed to represent Gaṇapati - Vināyaka . There is no evidence of a deity by this name having an elephant or elephant - headed form at this early stage . Gaṇapati - Vināyaka had yet to make his debut . '' Some have noted the roots of Ganesha worship , dating back to 3,000 BCE since the times of Indus Valley Civilization . In 1993 , a metal plate depiction of an elephant - headed figure , interpreted as Ganesha , was discovered in Lorestan Province , Iran , dating back to 1,200 BCE . First terracotta images of Ganesha are from 1st century CE found in Ter , Pal , Verrapuram , and Chandraketugarh . These figures are small , with elephant head , two arms , and chubby physique . The earliest Ganesha icons in stone were carved in Mathura during Kushan times ( 2nd - 3rd centuries CE ) . One theory of the origin of Ganesha is that he gradually came to prominence in connection with the four Vinayakas ( Vināyakas ) . In Hindu mythology , the Vināyakas were a group of four troublesome demons who created obstacles and difficulties but who were easily propitiated . The name Vināyaka is a common name for Ganesha both in the Purāṇas and in Buddhist Tantras . Krishan is one of the academics who accept this view , stating flatly of Ganesha , `` He is a non-Vedic god . His origin is to be traced to the four Vināyakas , evil spirits , of the Mānavagŗhyasūtra ( 7th -- 4th century BCE ) who cause various types of evil and suffering '' . Depictions of elephant - headed human figures , which some identify with Ganesha , appear in Indian art and coinage as early as the 2nd century . According to Ellawala , the elephant - headed Ganesha as lord of the Ganas was known to the people of Sri Lanka in the early pre-Christian era . Vedic and epic Literature ( edit ) 17th century Rajasthan I manuscript of the Mahabharata depicting Vyasa narrating the Mahabharata to Ganesha , who serves as the scribe The title `` Leader of the group '' ( Sanskrit : gaṇapati ) occurs twice in the Rig Veda , but in neither case does it refer to the modern Ganesha . The term appears in RV 2.23. 1 as a title for Brahmanaspati , according to commentators . While this verse doubtless refers to Brahmanaspati , it was later adopted for worship of Ganesha and is still used today . In rejecting any claim that this passage is evidence of Ganesha in the Rig Veda , Ludo Rocher says that it `` clearly refers to Bṛhaspati -- who is the deity of the hymn -- and Bṛhaspati only '' . Equally clearly , the second passage ( RV 10. 112.9 ) refers to Indra , who is given the epithet ' gaṇapati ' , translated `` Lord of the companies ( of the Maruts ) . '' However , Rocher notes that the more recent Ganapatya literature often quotes the Rigvedic verses to give Vedic respectability to Ganesha . Two verses in texts belonging to Black Yajurveda , Maitrāyaṇīya Saṃhitā ( 2.9. 1 ) and Taittirīya Āraṇyaka ( 10.1 ) , appeal to a deity as `` the tusked one '' ( Dantiḥ ) , `` elephant - faced '' ( Hastimukha ) , and `` with a curved trunk '' ( Vakratuņḍa ) . These names are suggestive of Ganesha , and the 14th century commentator Sayana explicitly establishes this identification . The description of Dantin , possessing a twisted trunk ( vakratuṇḍa ) and holding a corn - sheaf , a sugar cane , and a club , is so characteristic of the Puranic Ganapati that Heras says `` we can not resist to accept his full identification with this Vedic Dantin '' . However , Krishan considers these hymns to be post-Vedic additions . Thapan reports that these passages are `` generally considered to have been interpolated '' . Dhavalikar says , `` the references to the elephant - headed deity in the Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā have been proven to be very late interpolations , and thus are not very helpful for determining the early formation of the deity '' . Ganesha does not appear in the Indian epic literature that is dated to the Vedic period . A late interpolation to the epic poem Mahabharata says that the sage Vyasa ( Vyāsa ) asked Ganesha to serve as his scribe to transcribe the poem as he dictated it to him . Ganesha agreed but only on condition that Vyasa recites the poem uninterrupted , that is , without pausing . The sage agreed but found that to get any rest he needed to recite very complex passages so Ganesha would have to ask for clarifications . The story is not accepted as part of the original text by the editors of the critical edition of the Mahabharata , in which the twenty - line story is relegated to a footnote in an appendix . The story of Ganesha acting as the scribe occurs in 37 of the 59 manuscripts consulted during preparation of the critical edition . Ganesha 's association with mental agility and learning is one reason he is shown as scribe for Vyāsa 's dictation of the Mahabharata in this interpolation . Richard L. Brown dates the story to the 8th century , and Moriz Winternitz concludes that it was known as early as c. 900 , but it was not added to the Mahabharata some 150 years later . Winternitz also notes that a distinctive feature in South Indian manuscripts of the Mahabharata is their omission of this Ganesha legend . The term vināyaka is found in some recensions of the Śāntiparva and Anuśāsanaparva that are regarded as interpolations . A reference to Vighnakartṛīṇām ( `` Creator of Obstacles '' ) in Vanaparva is also believed to be an interpolation and does not appear in the critical edition . Puranic period ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Mythological anecdotes of Ganesha . Tanjore - style painting of Ganesha Stories about Ganesha often occur in the Puranic corpus . Brown notes while the Puranas `` defy precise chronological ordering '' , the more detailed narratives of Ganesha 's life are in the late texts , c. 600 -- 1300 . Yuvraj Krishan says that the Puranic myths about the birth of Ganesha and how he acquired an elephant 's head are in the later Puranas , which were composed of c. 600 onwards . He elaborates on the matter to say that references to Ganesha in the earlier Puranas , such as the Vayu and Brahmanda Puranas , are later interpolations made during the 7th to 10th centuries . In his survey of Ganesha 's rise to prominence in Sanskrit literature , Ludo Rocher notes that : Above all , one can not help being struck by the fact that the numerous stories surrounding Gaṇeśa concentrate on an unexpectedly limited number of incidents . These incidents are mainly three : his birth and parenthood , his elephant head , and his single tusk . Other incidents are touched on in the texts , but to a far lesser extent . Ganesha 's rise to prominence was codified in the 9th century when he was formally included as one of the five primary deities of Smartism . The 9th - century philosopher Adi Shankara popularized the `` worship of the five forms '' ( Panchayatana puja ) system among orthodox Brahmins of the Smarta tradition . This worship practice invokes the five deities Ganesha , Vishnu , Shiva , Devi , and Surya . Adi Shankara instituted the tradition primarily to unite the principal deities of these five major sects on an equal status . This formalized the role of Ganesha as a complementary deity . Scriptures ( edit ) Further information : Ganesha Purana , Mudgala Purana , and Ganapati Atharvashirsa Ganesha statue in 9th century Prambanan temple , Java , Indonesia Once Ganesha was accepted as one of the five principal deities of Brahmanism , some Brahmins chose Ganesha as their principal deity . They developed the Ganapatya tradition , as seen in the Ganesha Purana and the Mudgala Purana . The date of composition for the Ganesha Purana and the Mudgala Purana -- and their dating relative to one another -- has sparked academic debate . Both works were developed over time and contain age - layered strata . Anita Thapan reviews comment about dating and provide her own judgment . `` It seems likely that the core of the Ganesha Purana appeared around the twelfth and thirteenth centuries '' , she says , `` but was later interpolated . '' Lawrence W. Preston considers the most reasonable date for the Ganesha Purana to be between 1100 and 1400 , which coincides with the apparent age of the sacred sites mentioned by the text . R.C. Hazra suggests that the Mudgala Purana is older than the Ganesha Purana , which he dates between 1100 and 1400 . However , Phyllis Granoff finds problems with this relative dating and concludes that the Mudgala Purana was the last of the philosophical texts concerned with Ganesha . She bases her reasoning on the fact that , among other internal evidence , the Mudgala Purana specifically mentions the Ganesha Purana as one of the four Puranas ( the Brahma , the Brahmanda , the Ganesha , and the Mudgala Puranas ) which deal at length with Ganesha . While the kernel of the text must be old , it was interpolated until the 17th and 18th centuries as the worship of Ganapati became more important in certain regions . Another highly regarded scripture , the Ganapati Atharvashirsa , was probably composed during the 16th or 17th centuries . Ganesha Sahasranama is part of the Puranic literature , and is a litany of a thousand names and attributes of Ganesha . Each name in the sahasranama conveys a different meaning and symbolises a different aspect of Ganesha . Versions of the Ganesha Sahasranama are found in the Ganesha Purana . One of the most important Sanskrit texts , that enjoys authority in Ganapatya tradition states John Grimes , is the Ganapati Atharvashirsa . Beyond India and Hinduism ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Ganesha in world religions . `` Dancing Ganesh . Central Tibet . Early fifteenth century . Colours on cotton . Height : 68 centimeters '' . This form is also known as Maharakta ( `` The Great Red One '' ) . Commercial and cultural contacts extended India 's influence in Western and Southeast Asia . Ganesha is one of a number of Hindu deities who consequently reached foreign lands . Ganesha was particularly worshipped by traders and merchants , who went out of India for commercial ventures . From approximately the 10th century onwards , new networks of exchange developed including the formation of trade guilds and a resurgence of money circulation . During this time , Ganesha became the principal deity associated with traders . The earliest inscription invoking Ganesha before any other deity is associated with the merchant community . Hindus migrated to Maritime Southeast Asia and took their culture , including Ganesha , with them . Statues of Ganesha are found throughout the region , often beside Shiva sanctuaries . The forms of Ganesha found in the Hindu art of Java , Bali , and Borneo show specific regional influences . The spread of Hindu culture throughout Southeast Asia established Ganesha worship in modified forms in Burma , Cambodia , and Thailand . In Indochina , Hinduism and Buddhism were practiced side by side , and mutual influences can be seen in the iconography of Ganesha in the region . In Thailand , Cambodia , and among the Hindu classes of the Chams in Vietnam , Ganesha was mainly thought of as a remover of obstacles . Today in Buddhist Thailand , Ganesha is regarded as a remover of obstacles , the god of success . The Japanese form of Ganesha - Kangiten , late 18th - early 19th - century painting by Shorokuan Ekicho Before the arrival of Islam , Afghanistan had close cultural ties with India , and the adoration of both Hindu and Buddhist deities was practiced . Examples of sculptures from the 5th to the 7th centuries have survived , suggesting that the worship of Ganesha was then in vogue in the region . Ganesha appears in Mahayana Buddhism , not only in the form of the Buddhist god Vināyaka , but also as a Hindu demon form with the same name . His image appears in Buddhist sculptures during the late Gupta period . As the Buddhist god Vināyaka , he is often shown dancing . This form , called Nṛtta Ganapati , was popular in northern India , later adopted in Nepal , and then in Tibet . In Nepal , the Hindu form of Ganesha , known as Heramba , is popular ; he has five heads and rides a lion . Tibetan representations of Ganesha show ambivalent views of him . A Tibetan rendering of Ganapati is tshogs bdag . In one Tibetan form , he is shown being trodden under foot by Mahākāla , ( Shiva ) a popular Tibetan deity . Other depictions show him as the Destroyer of Obstacles , and sometimes dancing . Ganesha appears in China and Japan in forms that show distinct regional character . In northern China , the earliest known stone statue of Ganesha carries an inscription dated to 531 . In Japan , where Ganesha is known as Kangiten , the Ganesha cult was first mentioned in 806 . Ganesha temple in Bali , Indonesia The canonical literature of Jainism does not mention the worship of Ganesha . However , Ganesha is worshipped by most Jains , for whom he appears to have taken over certain functions of the god of wealth , Kubera . Jain ties with the trading community support the idea that Jainism took up Ganesha worship as a result of commercial connections . The earliest known Jain Ganesha statue dates to about the 9th century . A 15th - century Jain text lists procedures for the installation of Ganapati images . Images of Ganesha appear in the Jain temples of Rajasthan and Gujarat . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heras 1972 , p. 58 . ^ Jump up to : Getty 1936 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Ganesha getting ready to throw his lotus . Basohli miniature , circa 1730 . National Museum , New Delhi . In the Mudgalapurāṇa ( VII , 70 ) , in order to kill the demon of egotism ( Mamāsura ) who had attacked him , Gaṇeśa Vighnarāja throws his lotus at him . Unable to bear the fragrance of the divine flower , the demon surrenders to Gaṇeśha . '' For quotation of description of the work , see : Martin - Dubost ( 1997 ) , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Rao , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Brown , p. 1 . `` Gaṇeśa is often said to be the most worshipped god in India . '' Getty , p. 1 . `` Gaṇeśa , Lord of the Gaṇas , although among the latest deities to be admitted to the Brahmanic pantheon , was , and still is , the most universally adored of all the Hindu gods and his image is found in practically every part of India . '' Jump up ^ Rao , p. 1 . Martin - Dubost , pp. 2 -- 4 . Brown , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Chapter XVII , `` The Travels Abroad '' , in : Nagar ( 1992 ) , pp. 175 -- 187 . For a review of Ganesha 's geographic spread and popularity outside of India . Getty , pp. 37 -- 88 , For discussion of the spread of Ganesha worship to Nepal , Chinese Turkestan , Tibet , Burma , Siam , Indo - China , Java , Bali , Borneo , China , and Japan Martin - Dubost , pp. 311 -- 320 . Thapan , p. 13 . Pal , p.x. Jump up ^ Martin - Dubost , p. 2 . Jump up ^ For Ganesha 's role as an eliminator of obstacles , see commentary on Gaṇapati Upaniṣad , verse 12 in Saraswati 2004 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Heras 1972 , p. 58 Jump up ^ These ideas are so common that Courtright uses them in the title of his book , Ganesha : Lord of Obstacles , Lord of Beginnings . Jump up ^ Prof. S.K. Ramachandra Rao in his # Kannada book , ಗಣಪತಿ ಕಲ್ಪನೆ states , `` It is not clear what the physical traits of Ganapati were during the early centuries of CE . But , it is clear that he was an established and worshiped deity in Hala 's Gaha Sattasai from the first century CE that cites worships of ' ganAhivayi ' ( ganAdhipati ) '' Jump up ^ Brown , Robert L. ( 1991 ) . Ganesh : Studies of an Asian God . SUNY Press . ISBN 9780791406564 . Jump up ^ Narain , A.K. `` Gaṇeśa : The Idea and the Icon '' in Brown 1991 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Gavin D. Flood ( 1996 ) . An Introduction to Hinduism . Cambridge University Press . pp. 14 -- 18 , 110 -- 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43878 - 0 . Jump up ^ Vasudha Narayanan ( 2009 ) . Hinduism . The Rosen Publishing Group . pp. 30 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4358 - 5620 - 2 . Jump up ^ For history of the development of the gāṇapatya and their relationship to the wide geographic dispersion of Ganesha worship , see : Chapter 6 , `` The Gāṇapatyas '' in : Thapan ( 1997 ) , pp. 176 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Narain , A.K. `` Gaṇeśa : A Protohistory of the Idea and the Icon '' . Brown , pp. 21 -- 22 . Apte , p. 395 . Jump up ^ For the derivation of the name and relationship with the gaņas , see : Martin - Dubost . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Apte 1965 , p. 395 . Jump up ^ The word gaņa is interpreted in this metaphysical sense by Bhāskararāya in his commentary on the gaṇeśasahasranāma . See in particular commentary on verse 6 including names Gaṇeśvaraḥ and Gaṇakrīḍaḥ in : Śāstri Khiste 1991 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Grimes 1995 , pp. 17 - 19 , 201 . Jump up ^ Rigveda Mandala 2 , Hymn 2.23. 1 , Wikisource , Quote : गणानां त्वा गणपतिं हवामहे कविं कवीनामुपमश्रवस्तमम् । ज्येष्ठराजं ब्रह्मणां ब्रह्मणस्पत आ नः शृण्वन्नूतिभिः सीद सादनम् ॥ १ ॥ ; For translation , see Grimes ( 1995 ) , pp. 17 - 19 Jump up ^ Oka 1913 , p. 8 for source text of Amarakośa 1.38 as vināyako vighnarājadvaimāturagaṇādhipāḥ -- apyekadantaherambalambodaragajānanāḥ . Śāstri 1978 for text of Amarakośa versified as 1.1. 38 . Jump up ^ Y . Krishan , Gaṇeśa : Unravelling an Enigma , 1999 , p. 6 ) : `` Pārvati who created an image of Gaṇeśa out of her bodily impurities but which became endowed with life after immersion in the sacred waters of the Gangā . Therefore he is said to have two mothers -- Pārvati and Gangā and hence called dvaimātura and also Gāngeya . '' Jump up ^ Krishan p. 6 ^ Jump up to : Thapan , p. 20 . Jump up ^ For the history of the aṣṭavināyaka sites and a description of pilgrimage practices related to them , see : Mate , pp. 1 -- 25 . Jump up ^ These ideas are so common that Courtright uses them in the title of his book , Ganesha : Lord of Obstacles , Lord of Beginnings . For the name Vighnesha , see : Courtright 1985 , pp. 156 , 213 ^ Jump up to : For Krishan 's views on Ganesha 's dual nature see his quote : `` Gaṇeśa has a dual nature ; as Vināyaka , as a grāmadevatā , he is vighnakartā , and as Gaṇeśa he is vighnahartā , a paurāṇic devatā . '' Krishan , p. viii . Jump up ^ Martin - Dubost , p. 367 . Jump up ^ Narain , A.K. `` Gaṇeśa : The Idea and the Icon '' . Brown , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Thapan , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Myanmar - English Dictionary , Yangon : Dunwoody Press , 1993 , ISBN 1 - 881265 - 47 - 1 , retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 Jump up ^ Justin Thomas McDaniel ( 2013 ) . The Lovelorn Ghost and the Magical Monk : Practicing Buddhism in Modern Thailand . Columbia University Press . pp. 156 -- 157 . ISBN 978 - 0231153775 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Brown ( 1987 ) , A Note on the Recently Discovered Gaṇeśa Image from Palembang , Sumatra , Indonesia , No. 43 , Issue April , pages 95 - 100 Jump up ^ Brown 1991 , pp. 176 , 182 , Note : some scholars suggest adoption of Ganesha by the late 6th century CE , see page 192 footnote 7 . Jump up ^ Brown 1991 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ John Clifford Holt ( 1991 ) . Buddha in the Crown : Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka : Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka . Oxford University Press . pp. 6 , 100 , 180 -- 181 . ISBN 978 - 0195362466 . Jump up ^ Pal , p. ix . Jump up ^ Martin - Dubost , for a comprehensive review of iconography abundantly illustrated with pictures . Chapter X , `` Development of the Iconography of Gaņeśa '' , in : Krishan 1999 , pp. 87 -- 100 , for a survey of iconography with emphasis on developmental themes , well - illustrated with plates . Pal , for a richly illustrated collection of studies on specific aspects of Ganesha with a focus on art and iconography . Jump up ^ Brown , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Martin - Dubost , p. 213 . In the upper right corner , the statue is dated as ( 973 -- 1200 ) . Jump up ^ Pal , p. vi . The picture on this page depicts a stone statue in the Los Angeles County Museum of Art that is dated as c. 12th century . Pal shows an example of this form dated c. 13th century on p. viii . Jump up ^ Brown , p. 176 . Jump up ^ See photograph 2 , `` Large Ganesh '' , in : Pal , p. 16 . Jump up ^ For the human - headed form of Ganesha in : Cambodia , see Brown , p. 10 Nandrudayan Vinayaka Temple , see `` Vinayaka in unique form '' . The Hindu . 10 October 2003 . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Uthrapathiswaraswamy Temple see Catlin , Amy ; `` Vātāpi Gaṇapatim '' : Sculptural , Poetic , and Musical Texts in the a Hymn to Gaṇeśa '' in Brown pp. 146 , 150 Jump up ^ Martin - Dubost , pp. 197 -- 198 . photograph 9 , `` Ganesh images being taken for immersion '' , in : Pal , pp. 22 -- 23 . For an example of a large image of this type being carried in a festival procession . Pal , p. 25 , For two similar statues about to be immersed . Jump up ^ Pal , pp. 41 -- 64 . For many examples of Ganesha dancing . Brown , p. 183 . For popularity of the dancing form . Jump up ^ Four - armed Gaṇeśa . Miniature of Nurpur school , circa 1810 . Museum of Chandigarh . For this image see : Martin - Dubost ( 1997 ) , p. 64 , which describes it as follows : `` On a terrace leaning against a thick white bolster , Gaṇeśa is seated on a bed of pink lotus petals arranged on a low seat to the back of which is fixed a parasol . The elephant - faced god , with his body entirely red , is dressed in a yellow dhoti and a yellow scarf fringed with blue . Two white mice decorated with a pretty golden necklace salute Gaṇeśa by joining their tiny feet together . Gaṇeśa counts on his rosary in his lower right hand ; his two upper hands brandish an axe and an elephant goad ; his fourth hand holds the broken left tusk . '' Jump up ^ Nagar , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Brown , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Nagar , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Brown , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Brown , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Brown , pp. 77 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Brown , pp. 76 -- 77 . Jump up ^ For creation of Ganesha from Shiva 's laughter and subsequent curse by Shiva , see Varaha Purana 23.17 as cited in Brown : p. 77 . Jump up ^ Getty 1936 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Heras , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Granoff , Phyllis . `` Gaṇeśa as Metaphor '' . Brown , p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` Ganesha in Indian Plastic Art '' and Passim . Nagar , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Granoff , Phyllis . `` Gaṇeśa as Metaphor '' . Brown , p. 91 . Jump up ^ For translation of udara as `` belly '' see : Apte , p. 268 . Jump up ^ Br . P. 2.3. 42.34 Thapan , p. 200 , For a description of how a variant of this story is used in the Mudgala Purana 2.56. 38 -- 9 Jump up ^ For an iconographic chart showing number of arms and attributes classified by source and named form , see : Nagar , pp. 191 -- 195 . Appendix I . Jump up ^ For history and prevalence of forms with various arms and the four - armed form as one of the standard types see : Krishan 1999 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Krishan 1999 , p. 89 , For two - armed forms as an earlier development than four - armed forms . Brown , p. 103 . Maruti Nandan Tiwari and Kamal Giri say in `` Images of Gaṇeśa In Jainism '' that the presence of only two arms on a Ganesha image points to an early date . Jump up ^ Martin - Dubost , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Martin - Dubost , p. 202 , For an overview of snake images in Ganesha iconography . Krishan 1999 , pp. 50 -- 53 , For an overview of snake images in Ganesha iconography . Jump up ^ Martin - Dubost , p. 202 . For the Ganesha Purana references for Vāsuki around the neck and use of a serpent - throne . Krishan 1999 , pp. 51 -- 52 . For the story of wrapping Vāsuki around the neck and Śeṣa around the belly and for the name in his sahasranama as Sarpagraiveyakāṅgādaḥ ( `` Who has a serpent around his neck '' ) , which refers to this standard iconographic element . Jump up ^ Martin - Dubost , p. 202 . For the text of a stone inscription dated 1470 identifying Ganesha 's sacred thread as the serpent Śeṣa . Nagar , p. 92 . For the snake as a common type of yajñyopavīta for Ganesha . Jump up ^ Nagar , p. 81 . tilaka with three horizontal lines . the dhyānam in : Sharma ( 1993 edition of Ganesha Purana ) I. 46.1 . For Ganesa visualized as trinetraṁ ( having three eyes ) . Jump up ^ Nagar , p. 81 . For citation to Ganesha Purana I. 14.21 -- 25 and For citation to Padma Purana as prescribing the crescent for decoration of the forehead of Ganesha Bailey ( 1995 ) , pp. 198 -- 199 . For translation of Ganesha Purana I. 14 , which includes a meditation form with moon on forehead . Jump up ^ Nagar , p. 81 . For Bhālacandra as a distinct form worshipped . Sharma ( 1993 edition of Ganesha Purana ) I. 46.15 . For the name Bhālacandra appearing in the Ganesha Sahasranama ^ Jump up to : Nagar , Preface . Jump up ^ `` The Colors of Ganesha '' . Martin - Dubost , pp. 221 -- 230 . Jump up ^ Martin - Dubost , pp. 224 -- 228 Jump up ^ Martin - Dubost , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Krishan , pp. 48 , 89 , 92 . Jump up ^ Krishan , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Krishan , pp. 48 -- 49 . Bailey ( 1995 ) , p. 348 . For the Ganesha Purana story of Mayūreśvara with the peacock mount ( GP I. 84.2 -- 3 ) Maruti Nandan Tiwari and Kamal Giri , `` Images of Gaṇeśa In Jainism '' , in : Brown , pp. 101 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Nagar . Preface . Martin - Dubost , pp. 231 -- 244 . Jump up ^ See note on figure 43 in : Martin - Dubost , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Citations to Matsya Purana 260.54 , Brahmananda Purana Lalitamahatmya XXVII , and Ganesha Purana 2.134 -- 136 are provided by : Martin - Dubost , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Martin - Dubost , p. 232 . Jump up ^ For Mūṣakavāhana see v. 6 . For Ākhuketana see v. 67 . In : Gaṇeśasahasranāmastotram : mūla evaṁ srībhāskararāyakṛta ' khadyota ' vārtika sahita . ( Prācya Prakāśana : Vārāṇasī , 1991 ) . Source text with a commentary by Bhāskararāya in Sanskrit . Jump up ^ For a review of different interpretations , and quotation , see : Grimes ( 1995 ) , p. 86 . Jump up ^ A Student 's Guide to AS Religious Studies for the OCR Specification , by Michael Wilcockson , pg. 117 Jump up ^ Krishan pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Martin - Dubost , p. 231 . Rocher , Ludo . `` Gaṇeśa 's Rise to Prominence in Sanskrit Literature '' , in : Brown ( 1991 ) , p. 73 . For mention of the interpretation that `` the rat is ' the animal that finds its way to every place , ' '' Jump up ^ `` Lord of Removal of Obstacles '' , a common name , appears in the title of Courtright 's Gaṇeśa : Lord of Obstacles , Lord of Beginnings . For equivalent Sanskrit names Vighneśvara and Vighnarāja , see : Courtright , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Courtright , p. 136 . Jump up ^ For Dhavilkar 's views on Ganesha 's shifting role , see Dhavalikar , M.K. `` Gaṇeśa : Myth and reality '' in Brown 1991 , p. 49 Jump up ^ Brown , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Nagar , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Apte 1965 , p. 703 . Jump up ^ Ganesha Purana I. 46 , v. 5 of the Ganesha Sahasranama section in GP - 1993 , Sharma edition . It appears in verse 10 of the version as given in the Bhaskararaya commentary . Jump up ^ Sharma edition , GP - 1993 I. 46 , verses 204 -- 206 . The Bailey edition uses a variant text , and where Sharma reads Buddhipriya , Bailey translates Granter - of - lakhs . Jump up ^ Practical Sanskrit Dictionary By Arthur Anthony McDonell ; p. 187 ( priya ) ; Published 2004 ; Motilal Banarsidass Publ ; ISBN 81 - 208 - 2000 - 2 Jump up ^ Krishan 1999 ; pp. 60 -- 70 discusses Ganesha as `` Buddhi 's Husband '' . Jump up ^ Grimes , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Chinmayananda 1987 , p. 127 , In Chinmayananda 's numbering system , this is upamantra 8 ... Jump up ^ For examples of both , see : Grimes , pp. 79 -- 80 . ^ Jump up to : Tantra Unveiled : Seducing the Forces of Matter & Spirit By Rajmani Tigunait ; Contributor Deborah Willoughby ; Published 1999 ; Himalayan Institute Press ; p. 83 ; ISBN 0 - 89389 - 158 - 4 Jump up ^ Translation . Courtright , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Chinmayananda 1987 , p. 127 , In Chinmayananda 's numbering system this is part of upamantra 7 . ' You have a permanent abode ( in every being ) at the place called `` Muladhara '' ' ... Jump up ^ This work is reproduced and described in Martin - Dubost ( 1997 ) , p. 51 , which describes it as follows : `` This square shaped miniature shows us in a Himalayan landscape the god Śiva sweetly pouring water from his kamaṇḍalu on the head of baby Gaṇeśa . Seated comfortably on the meadow , Pārvatī balances with her left hand the baby Gaņeśa with four arms with a red body and naked , adorned only with jewels , tiny anklets and a golden chain around his stomach , a necklace of pearls , bracelets and armlets . '' Jump up ^ Nagar , pp. 7 -- 14 . For a summary of Puranic variants of birth stories . Martin - Dubost , pp. 41 -- 82 . Chapter 2 , `` Stories of Birth According to the Purāṇas '' . Jump up ^ Shiva Purana IV . 17.47 -- 57 . Matsya Purana 154.547 . Jump up ^ Varāha Purana 23.18 -- 59 . Jump up ^ For summary of Brahmavaivarta Purana , Ganesha Khanda , 10.8 -- 37 , see : Nagar , pp. 11 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Melton , J. Gordon ( 2011 - 09 - 13 ) . Religious Celebrations : An Encyclopedia of Holidays , Festivals , Solemn Observances , and Spiritual Commemorations . ABC - CLIO . pp. 325 -- . ISBN 9781598842050 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ For a summary of variant names for Skanda , see : Thapan , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Khokar and Saraswati , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Brown , p. 4 , 79 . Jump up ^ Gupta , p. 38 . Jump up ^ For a review , see : Cohen , Lawrence . `` The Wives of Gaṇeśa '' . Brown , pp. 115 -- 140 Jump up ^ Getty 1936 , p. 33 . `` According to ancient tradition , Gaṇeśa was a Brahmacārin , that is , an unmarried deity ; but legend gave him two consorts , personifications of Wisdom ( Buddhi ) and Success ( Siddhi ) . '' Krishan 1999 , p. 63 . `` ... in the smārta or orthodox traditional religious beliefs , Gaṇeśa is a bachelor or brahmacārī '' Jump up ^ For discussion on celibacy of Ganesha , see : Cohen , Lawrence , `` The Wives of Gaṇeśa '' , in : Brown 1991 , pp. 126 -- 129 . Jump up ^ For a review of associations with Buddhi , Siddhi , Riddhi , and other figures , and the statement `` In short the spouses of Gaṇeśa are the personifications of his powers , manifesting his functional features ... '' , see : Krishan 1999 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ For single consort or a nameless daşi ( servant ) , see : Cohen , Lawrence , `` The Wives of Gaṇeśa '' , in : Brown 1991 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ For associations with Śarda and Sarasvati and the identification of those goddesses with one another , see : Cohen , Lawrence , `` The Wives of Gaṇeśa '' , in : Brown 1991 , pp. 131 -- 132 . Jump up ^ For associations with Lakshmi see : Cohen , Lawrence , `` The Wives of Gaṇeśa '' , in : Brown 1991 , pp. 132 -- 135 . Jump up ^ For discussion of the Kala Bou , see : Cohen , Lawrence , `` The Wives of Gaṇeśa '' , in : Brown 1991 , pp. 124 -- 125 . Jump up ^ For statement regarding sons , see : Cohen , Lawrence , `` The Wives of Gaṇeśa '' , in : Brown 1991 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Lawrence . `` The Wives of Gaṇeśa '' . Brown , pp. 130 . Thapan , pp. 15 -- 16 , 230 , 239 , 242 , 251 . Jump up ^ Krishan pp. 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ K.N. Somayaji , Concept of Ganesha , p. 1 as quoted in Krishan pp. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Krishan p. 38 Jump up ^ For worship of Ganesha by `` followers of all sects and denominations , Saivites , Vaisnavites , Buddhists , and Jainas '' see Krishan 1981 -- 1982 , p. 285 Jump up ^ Grimes p. 27 Jump up ^ The term modaka applies to all regional varieties of cakes or sweets offered to Ganesha . Martin - Dubost , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Martin - Dubost , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Martin - Dubost , p. 369 . Jump up ^ Martin - Dubost , pp. 95 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Thapan p. 215 Jump up ^ For the fourth waxing day in Māgha being dedicated to Ganesa ( Gaṇeśa - caturthī ) see : Bhattacharyya , B. , `` Festivals and Sacred Days '' , in : Bhattacharyya , volume IV , p. 483 . Jump up ^ The Experience of Hinduism : Essays on Religion in Maharashtra ; Edited By Eleanor Zelliot , Maxine Berntsen , pp. 76 -- 94 ( `` The Ganesh Festival in Maharashtra : Some Observations '' by Paul B. Courtright ) ; Published 1988 ; SUNY Press ; ISBN 0 - 88706 - 664 - X Jump up ^ Metcalf and Metcalf , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Brown ( 1992 ) , p. 9 . Thapan , p. 225 . For Tilak 's role in converting the private family festivals to a public event in support of Indian nationalism . Jump up ^ Momin , A.R. , The Legacy Of G.S. Ghurye : A Centennial Festschrift , p. 95 . Brown ( 1991 ) , p. 9 . For Ganesha 's appeal as `` the god for Everyman '' as a motivation for Tilak . Jump up ^ For Tilak as the first to use large public images in maṇḍapas ( pavilions or tents ) see : Thapan , p. 225 . Jump up ^ For Ganesh Chaturthi as the most popular festival in Maharashtra , see : Thapan , p. 226 . Jump up ^ `` Gaṇeśa in a Regional Setting '' . Courtright , pp. 202 -- 247 . Jump up ^ Krishan p. 92 Jump up ^ Brown p. 3 Jump up ^ Grimes , pp. 110 -- 112 Jump up ^ Krishan pp. 91 -- 92 Jump up ^ T.A. Gopinatha ; Elements of Hindu Iconography , pp 47 -- 48 as quoted in Krishan p. 2 Jump up ^ Krishan pp. 147 -- 158 Jump up ^ `` Ganesha Temples worldwide '' . Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Jump up ^ John Guy ( editors : Andrew Hardy et al ) ( 2009 ) . Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn ( Vietnam ) . National University of Singapore Press . pp. 144 -- 150 . ISBN 978 - 9971694517 . ^ Jump up to : Brown 1991 , pp. 19 - 21 , chapter by AK Narain . ^ Jump up to : Brown 1991 , p. 50 - 55 , 120 . Jump up ^ Nagar , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Raman Sukumar ( 2003 ) . The Living Elephants : Evolutionary Ecology , Behaviour , and Conservation . Oxford University Press . pp. 67 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 802673 - 0 . Jump up ^ Brown 1991 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Brown 1991 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1995 , pp. ix . Jump up ^ Courtright , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Thapan , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Point of Origin : Gobekli Tepe and the Spiritual Matrix for the World 's Cosmologies , p. 51 , Laird Scranton , Inner Traditions Jump up ^ Horns , Tusks , and Flippers : The Evolution of Hoofed Mammals p. 179 JHU Press Jump up ^ Nanditha Krishna . Sacred Animals of India . Penguin UK . p. 164 . Jump up ^ `` Loving Ganeśa : Hinduism 's Endearing Elephant - faced God '' , by Subramuniya , p. 268 ^ Jump up to : Kumar , Ajit , 2007 . `` A Unique Early Historic Terracotta Ganesa Image from Pal '' in Kala , The Journal of Indian Art History Congress , Vol XI. ( 2006 - 2007 ) , pp. 89 - 91 Jump up ^ Passim . Thapan . Rocher , Ludo . `` Gaņeśa 's Rise to Prominence in Sanskrit Literature '' . Brown , pp. 70 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Aitareya Brāhmana , I , 21 . Jump up ^ Bhandarkar . Vaisnavism , Saivism and other Minor Sects . pp. 147 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Krishan , p. vii . Jump up ^ For a discussion of early depiction of elephant - headed figures in art , see Krishan 1981 -- 1982 , pp. 287 -- 290 or Krishna 1985 , pp. 31 -- 32 Jump up ^ Ellawala 1969 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Wilson , H.H. Ŗgveda Saṃhitā . Sanskrit text , English translation , notes , and index of verses . Parimal Sanskrit Series No. 45 . Volume II : Maṇḍalas 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 . Second Revised Edition ; Edited and Revised by Ravi Prakash Arya and K.L. Joshi . ( Parimal Publications : Delhi , 2001 ) . ( Vol. II ) ; ISBN 81 - 7110 - 138 - 0 ( Set ) . RV 2.23. 1 ( 2222 ) gaṇānāṃ tvā gaṇapatiṃ havāmahe kaviṃ kavīnāmupamaśravastamam 2.23. 1 ; `` We invoke the Brahmaṇaspati , chief leader of the ( heavenly ) bands ; a sage of sages . '' Jump up ^ Nagar , p. 3 . Rao , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Rocher , Ludo . `` Gaņeśa 's Rise to Prominence in Sanskrit Literature '' . Brown , p. 69 . Bṛhaspati is a variant name for Brahamanaspati . Jump up ^ Rocher , Ludo . `` Gaņeśa 's Rise to Prominence in Sanskrit Literature '' . Brown , pp. 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Wilson , H.H. Ŗgveda Saṃhitā . Sanskrit text , English translation , notes , and index of verses . Parimal Sanskrit Series No. 45 . Volume IV : Maṇḍalas 9 , 10 . Second Revised Edition ; Edited and Revised by Ravi Prakash Arya and K.L. Joshi . ( Parimal Publications : Delhi , 2001 ) . ( Vol. IV ) ; ISBN 81 - 7110 - 138 - 0 ( Set ) . RV 10.112. 9 ( 10092 ) ni ṣu sīda gaṇapate gaṇeṣu tvāmāhurvipratamaṃ kavīnām ; `` Lord of the companies ( of the Maruts ) , sit down among the companies ( of the worshippers ) , they call you the most sage of sages '' . Jump up ^ For use of RV verses in recent Ganapatya literature , see Rocher , Ludo . `` Gaņeśa 's Rise to Prominence in Sanskrit Literature '' in Brown 1991 , p. 70 Jump up ^ The verse : `` tát karāţāya vidmahe hastimukhāya dhîmahi tán no dántî pracodáyāt '' Jump up ^ The verse : `` tát púruṣâya vidmahe vakratuṇḍāya dhîmahi tán no dántî pracodáyāt '' Jump up ^ For text of Maitrāyaṇīya Saṃhitā 2.9. 1 and Taittirīya Āraṇyaka 10.1 and identification by Sāyaṇa in his commentary on the āraṇyaka , see : Rocher , Ludo , `` Gaņeśa 's Rise to Prominence in Sanskrit Literature '' in Brown 1991 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Rajarajan , R.K.K. ( 2001 ) . `` Sugarcane Gaṇapati '' . East and West , Rome . 51.3 / 4 : 379 -- 84 -- via https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757520?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=Sugarcane&searchText=Ganapati&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3Fgroup%3Dnone%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3BQuery%3DSugarcane%2BGanapati%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff . Jump up ^ Taittiriya Aranyaka , X , 1 , 5 . Jump up ^ Heras , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Krishan 1981 -- 1982 , p. 290 Krishan 1999 , pp. 12 -- 15 . For arguments documenting interpolation into the Maitrāyaṇīya Saṃhitā Jump up ^ Thapan , p. 101 . For interpolation into the Maitrāyaṇīya Saṃhitā and Taittirīya Āraṇyaka . Dhavalikar , M.K. `` Gaṇeśa : Myth and reality '' in Brown 1991 , pp. 56 -- 57 . For Dhavilkar 's views on Ganesha 's in early Literature . Jump up ^ Rocher , Ludo `` Ganesa 's Rise to Prominence in Sanskrit Literature '' . Brown , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Mahābhārata Vol. 1 Part 2 . Critical edition , p. 884 . Jump up ^ For a statement that `` Fifty - nine manuscripts of the Ādiparvan were consulted for the reconstruction of the critical edition . The story of Gaṇeśa acting as the scribe for writing the Mahābhārata occurs in 37 manuscripts '' , see : Krishan 1999 , p. 31 , note 4 . Jump up ^ Brown , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Winternitz , Moriz . `` Gaṇeśa in the Mahābhārata '' . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1898 : 382 ) . Citation provided by Rocher , Ludo . `` Gaņeśa 's Rise to Prominence in Sanskrit Literature '' . Brown , p. 80 . Jump up ^ For interpolations of the term vināyaka see : Krishan 1999 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ For reference to Vighnakartṛīṇām and translation as `` Creator of Obstacles '' , see : Krishan 1999 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Brown , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Krishan , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Rocher , Ludo . `` Gaṇeśa 's Rise to Prominence in Sanskrit Literature '' . Brown , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Courtright , p. 163 . For Dating of the pañcāyatana pūjā and its connection with Smārta Brahmins . Bhattacharyya , S. , `` Indian Hymnology '' , in : Bhattacharyya ( 1956 ) , volume IV , p. 470 . For the `` five '' divinities ( pañcādevatā ) becoming `` the major deities '' in general , and their listing as Shiva , Shakti , Vishnu , Surya , and Ganesha . Jump up ^ Grimes , p. 162 . Pal , p. ix . Jump up ^ Thapan , pp. 196 -- 197 . Addresses the pañcāyatana in the Smārta tradition and the relationship of the Ganesha Purana and the Mudgala Purana to it . Jump up ^ For a review of major differences of opinions between scholars on dating , see : Thapan , pp. 30 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Preston , Lawrence W. , `` Subregional Religious Centers in the History of Maharashtra : The Sites Sacred to Gaṇeśa '' , in : N.K. Wagle , ed. , Images of Maharashtra : A Regional Profile of India . p. 103 . Jump up ^ R.C. Hazra , `` The Gaṇeśa Purāṇa '' , Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Research Institute ( 1951 ) ; 79 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Phyllis Granoff , `` Gaṇeśa as Metaphor '' , in Brown , pp. 94 -- 95 , note 2 . Jump up ^ Thapan , pp. 30 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Courtright , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1995 , pp. 258 -- 269 . Jump up ^ Grimes 1995 , pp. 21 - 22 . Jump up ^ This work and its description are shown in Pal , p. 125 . Jump up ^ For a representation of this form identified as Maharakta , see Pal , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Nagar , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Nagar , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Thapan , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Thapan , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Getty 1936 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Getty , pp. 55 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Getty 1936 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Nagar , p. 175 . Martin - Dubost , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Getty 1936 , pp. 37 - 45 . Jump up ^ Getty 1936 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Getty 1936 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Getty 1936 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Nagar , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Wayman , Alex ( 2006 ) . Chanting the Names of Manjushri . Motilal Banarsidass Publishers : p. 76 . ISBN 81 - 208 - 1653 - 6 Jump up ^ Getty , p. 42 Nagar , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Nagar , pp. 185 -- 186 . Jump up ^ Martin - Dubost , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Martin - Dubost , p. 313 . ^ Jump up to : Krishan , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Thapan , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Thapan , pp. 151 , 158 , 162 , 164 , 253 . Jump up ^ Krishan , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Thapan , p. 158 . References ( edit ) Apte , Vaman Shivram ( 1965 ) . The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Publishers . ISBN 81 - 208 - 0567 - 4 . ( fourth revised and enlarged edition ) . Bailey , Greg ( 1995 ) . Ganeśapurāna : Introduction , translation , notes and index . Harrassowitz . ISBN 3 - 447 - 03647 - 8 . Bhattacharyya ( Editor ) , Haridas ( 1956 ) . The Cultural Heritage of India . Calcutta : The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Four volumes . Brown , Robert ( 1991 ) , Ganesh : Studies of an Asian God , Albany : State University of New York , ISBN 0 - 7914 - 0657 - 1 Chinmayananda , Swami ( 1987 ) , Glory of Ganesha , Bombay : Central Chinmaya Mission Trust , ISBN 978 - 8175973589 Courtright , Paul B. ( 1985 ) , Gaṇeśa : Lord of Obstacles , Lord of Beginnings , New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505742 - 2 Ellawala , H ( 1969 ) , Social History of Early Ceylon , Colombo : Department of Cultural Affairs . Getty , Alice ( 1936 ) . Gaņeśa : A Monograph on the Elephant - Faced God ( 1992 reprint ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 81 - 215 - 0377 - 9 . Grimes , John A. ( 1995 ) , Ganapati : Song of the Self , SUNY Series in Religious Studies , Albany : State University of New York Press , ISBN 0 - 7914 - 2440 - 5 Heras , H. ( 1972 ) , The Problem of Ganapati , Delhi : Indological Book House Khokar , Ashish ; Saraswati , S. ( 2005 ) , Ganesha - Karttikeya , New Delhi : Rupa and Co , ISBN 81 - 291 - 0776 - 7 Krishan , Yuvraj ( 1981 -- 1982 ) , `` The Origins of Gaṇeśa '' , Artibus Asiae , Artibus Asiae Publishers , 43 ( 4 ) : 285 -- 301 , doi : 10.2307 / 3249845 , JSTOR 3249845 Krishan , Yuvraj ( 1999 ) , Gaņeśa : Unravelling An Enigma , Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Publishers , ISBN 81 - 208 - 1413 - 4 Krishna , Murthy , K. ( 1985 ) , Mythical Animals in Indian Art , New Delhi : Abhinav Publications , ISBN 0 - 391 - 03287 - 9 Mate , M.S. ( 1962 ) , Temples and Legends of Maharashtra , Bombay : Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan , OCLC 776939647 Metcalf , Thomas R. ; Metcalf , Barbara Daly , A Concise History of India , ISBN 0 - 521 - 63027 - 4 Oka , Krishnaji Govind ( 1913 ) , The Nāmalingānuśāsana ( Amarakosha ) of Amarasimha : with the Commentary ( Amarakoshodghāṭana ) of Kshīrasvāmin , Poona : Law Printing Press , retrieved 2007 - 09 - 14 . Ramachandra Rao , S.K. ( 1992 ) , The Compendium on Gaņeśa , Delhi : Sri Satguru Publications , ISBN 81 - 7030 - 828 - 3 Saraswati , Swami Tattvavidananda ( 2004 ) , Gaṇapati Upaniṣad , Delhi : D.K. Printworld Ltd. , ISBN 81 - 246 - 0265 - 4 Śāstri Khiste , Baṭukanātha ( 1991 ) , Gaṇeśasahasranāmastotram : mūla evaṁ srībhāskararāyakṛta ' khadyota ' vārtika sahita , Vārāṇasī : Prācya Prakāśana . Source text with a commentary by Bhāskararāya in Sanskrit . Śāstri , Hargovinda ( 1978 ) , Amarkoṣa with Hindi commentary , Vārānasi : Chowkhambā Sanskrit Series Office Thapan , Anita Raina ( 1997 ) . Understanding Gaņapati : Insights into the Dynamics of a Cult . New Delhi : Manohar Publishers . ISBN 81 - 7304 - 195 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutGaneshaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Ganesha at Encyclopædia Britannica Ganesh : Symbol and presence Ganesha Forms Mahaganapati Bala Ganapati Haridra Ganapati Heramba Uchchhishta Ganapati Kangiten Epithets Worship Ganapatya Ganesh Chaturthi Ganesh Jayanti Sankashti Chaturthi Ganesha Temples Ganesha in world religions Ashtavinayaka Temples Morgaon Siddhatek Pali Mahad Theur Lenyadri Ozar Ranjangaon Legends and Texts Ganesha Purana Mudgala Purana Ganapati Atharvashirsa Ganesha Sahasranama Ganesha stories Associated deities Gana Consorts of Ganesha Vinayakas Vinayaki Shiva Parvati Kartikeya See also Hinduism Hindu mythology Modak Ganesha at Wikimedia Commons Hindu deities and texts Gods Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Rama Krishna Shiva Ganesha Kartikeya Hanuman Indra Surya more Goddesses Tridevi Saraswati Lakshmi Sita Radha Parvati Sati Kali Adi Parashakti Mahavidya Durga Shakti Navadurga Matrikas more Texts Vedas Rig Sama Yajur Atharva Upanishads Puranas Ramayana Mahabharata Bhagavad Gita Yoga Sutras of Patanjali more Hinduism Hindu mythology Hinduism topics Glossary Philosophy Concepts Brahman Om Ishvara Atman Maya Karma Samsara Purusharthas Dharma Artha Kama Moksha Niti Ahimsa Asteya Aparigraha Brahmacharya Satya Dāna Damah Dayā Akrodha Schools Astika : Samkhya Yoga Nyaya Vaisheshika Mimamsa Vedanta Dvaita Advaita Vishishtadvaita Nastika : Charvaka Texts Classification Śruti Smriti Vedas Rigveda Yajurveda Samaveda Atharvaveda Divisions Samhita Brahmana Aranyaka Upanishad Upanishads Aitareya Kaushitaki Brihadaranyaka Isha Taittiriya Katha Maitri Shvetashvatara Chandogya Kena Mundaka Mandukya Prashna Upavedas Ayurveda Dhanurveda Gandharvaveda Sthapatyaveda Vedanga Shiksha Chandas Vyakarana Nirukta Kalpa Jyotisha Other Bhagavad Gita Agamas Itihasas Ramayana Mahabharata Puranas Minor Upanishads Artha Shastra Dharma Shastra Manusmriti Nāradasmṛti Yājñavalkya Smṛti Sutras Stotras Subhashita Tantras Yoga Vasistha Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Deities Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Shiva Ishvara Devi Deva Saraswati Lakshmi Parvati Shakti Durga Kali Ganesha Kartikeya Rama Krishna Hanuman Prajapati Rudra Indra Agni Dyaus Bhumi Varuna Vayu Practices Worship Temple Murti Puja Bhakti Japa Bhajana Naivedhya Yajna Homa Tapa Dhyana Tirthadana Sanskaras Garbhadhana Pumsavana Simantonayana Jatakarma Namakarana Nishkramana Annaprashana Chudakarana Karnavedha Vidyarambha Upanayana Keshanta Ritushuddhi Samavartana Vivaha Antyeshti Varnashrama Varna Brahmin Kshatriya Vaishya Shudra Ashrama Brahmacharya Grihastha Vanaprastha Sanyassa Festivals Diwali Holi Shivaratri Raksha Bandhan Navaratri Durga Puja Ramlila Vijayadashami ( Dasara ) Ganesh Chaturthi Rama Navami Janmashtami Onam Pongal Makar Sankranti New Year Bihu Gudi Padwa Pahela Baishakh Puthandu Vaisakhi Vishu Ugadi Kumbha Mela Ratha Yatra Teej Vasant Panchami Others Other Svādhyāya Namaste Bindi Tilaka Related Hindu Denominations Law Calendar Criticism Gurus , saints , philosophers Hindu studies Iconography Mythology Nationalism Hindutva Persecution Pilgrimage sites Glossary Hinduism by country Category Portal Shaivism History History of Shaivism Deities Shiva Sadyojata Vamadeva Aghora Tatpurusha Ishana Nataraja Dakshinamurthy Harihara Shakti Ardhanarishvara Parvati Ganesha Kartikeya Nandi Texts Shvetashvatara Upanishad Shivarahasya Purana Shiva Purana Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta Mantra / Stotra Om Namah Shivaya Rudrashtakam Mahamrityunjaya Mantra Shiva Tandava Stotram Shiva Sahasranama Shiv Chalisa Shri Rudram Chamakam Shiva mahimna stotram Philosophical Traditions Shaiva Siddhanta Pashupata Shaivism Kashmir Shaivism Veera Shaivism Siddha Siddhanta Shiva Advaita Shaiva Smartas Jyotirlingas Bhimāśankara Ghuṣmeśvara Kedāranātha Viśveśvara Mallikārjuna Mahākāleśvara Nāgeśvara Omkāreśvara Rāmeśvara Somanātha Tryambakeśvara Vaidyanātha Pancha Bhoota Stalam Chidambaram Temple ( Ether ) Sri Kalahasti Temple ( Air ) Annamalaiyar Temple ( Fire ) Thiruvanaikaval Temple ( Water ) Ekambareswarar Temple ( Earth ) Temples Amarnath Brihadeeswarar Kailash Mansarovar Katasraj temple Lingaraj Temple Meenakshi Tirunelveli Panch Kedar Kedarnath Tungnath Rudranath Madhyamaheshwar Kalpeshwar Pancha Sabhai Ratna Sabai Pon Sabai Velli Sabai Thamira Sabai Chitira Sabai Tiruchengode Thirukutralam Vadakkum Nathan List of Shiva temples in India Traditional Observances Kanwar Yatra Lingam Rasalingam Maha Shivaratri Pradosha Shiva Puja Siddha Vibhuti Other names Category India portal Indian religions portal Hinduism portal Hindu mythology portal VIAF : 130931498 GND : 11921024X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganesha&oldid=826745980 '' Categories : Ganesha Hindu gods Hinduism and animals Mythological human hybrids Animal gods Commerce gods Fortune gods Knowledge gods Wisdom gods Elephants in Indian culture Buddhist deities Heavenly attendants in Jainism Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use Indian English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from September 2016 Articles containing Sanskrit - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Marathi - language text Articles containing Tamil - language text Articles containing Burmese - language text CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 19 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the story of ganesha the elephant god	[]	[]
-5261951794567801157	Hit 'Em High (The Monstars' Anthem)	Hit ' Em High ( the Monstars ' Anthem ) - Wikipedia Hit ' Em High ( the Monstars ' Anthem ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' Single by B - Real , Coolio , Method Man , LL Cool J and Busta Rhymes from the album Space Jam Released January 7 , 1997 Format CD Recorded October 1996 Genre Hip hop Length 4 : 17 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Artis Ivey Jr . Clifford Smith James Todd Smith Louis Freese Jean Claude Olivier , Samuel Barnes Trevor Smith Producer ( s ) Trackmasters Space Jam track listing `` I Believe I Can Fly '' ( 4 ) `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' ( 5 ) `` I Found My Smile Again '' ( 6 ) B - Real singles chronology `` Boom Biddy Bye Bye '' ( with Cypress Hill ) ( 1996 ) String Module Error : Match not found1996 `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' ( 1997 ) Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) 1997 `` Men of Steel '' ( 1997 ) Men of Steel 1997 Coolio singles chronology `` Keep It on the Red Light '' ( 1996 ) Keep It on the Red Light1996 `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' ( 1997 ) Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) 1997 `` The Winner '' ( 1997 ) The Winner 1997 Method Man singles chronology `` The Riddler '' ( 1995 ) The Riddler 1995 `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' ( 1997 ) Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) 1997 `` Judgement Day '' ( 1998 ) Judgement Day 1998 LL Cool J singles chronology `` Ai n't Nobody '' ( 1996 ) Ai n't Nobody 1996 `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' ( 1997 ) Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) 1997 `` Phenomenon '' ( 1997 ) Phenomenon 1997 Busta Rhymes singles chronology `` It 's a Party '' ( 1996 ) It 's a Party 1996 `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' ( 1997 ) Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) String Module Error : Match not found `` Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See '' ( 1997 ) Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See 1997 `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' is a hip hop single performed by B - Real , Busta Rhymes , Coolio , LL Cool J , and Method Man from the Space Jam Soundtrack . Though the movie received mixed reviews , the soundtrack was popular . It failed to reach the Billboard Hot 100 , but was successful in the United Kingdom . The video , directed by Hype Williams , is in black and white and features scenes from the movie , mostly the Monstars . The rappers wore the Monstars ' jerseys from the movie while rapping on a basketball court . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personnel 2 Track listing 2.1 A-Side 2.2 B - Side 3 Chart performance 3.1 Peak positions 3.2 Year - end 4 References Personnel ( edit ) Produced , Mixed and Drum Programming by Poke and Tone Mix Engineer : Bill Esses at Chung King Studios Recorded at Encore Studios and The Hit Factory Track listing ( edit ) A-Side ( edit ) `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' ( Extended Mix ) -- 4 : 41 `` Hit ' Em High '' ( Extended Track Masters Remix ) -- 4 : 23 B - Side ( edit ) `` Hit ' Em High '' ( Original Instrumental ) -- 4 : 16 `` Hit ' Em High '' ( Track Masters Remix Instrumental ) -- 4 : 21 Chart performance ( edit ) Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 35 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 14 France ( SNEP ) 38 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 14 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Italy 140 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 17 Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 11 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 8 Year - end ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 86 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 79 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 82 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 71 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- B Real , Busta Rhymes , Coolio , LL Cool J & Method Man -- Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- B Real , Busta Rhymes , Coolio , LL Cool J & Method Man -- Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- B Real , Busta Rhymes , Coolio , LL Cool J & Method Man -- Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- B Real , Busta Rhymes , Coolio , LL Cool J & Method Man Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- B Real , Busta Rhymes , Coolio , LL Cool J & Method Man '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- B Real , Busta Rhymes , Coolio , LL Cool J & Method Man -- Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- B Real , Busta Rhymes , Coolio , LL Cool J & Method Man -- Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- B Real , Busta Rhymes , Coolio , LL Cool J & Method Man -- Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- B Real , Busta Rhymes , Coolio , LL Cool J & Method Man -- Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 1997 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop Wallonia . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1997 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Charts Portal . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 1998 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . B - Real Albums Smoke N Mirrors Mixtapes The Gunslinger Part II : Fist Full of Dollars Related Cypress Hill Goliath Management Serial Killers Busta Rhymes Discography Albums The Coming When Disaster Strikes ... E.L.E. ( Extinction Level Event ) : The Final World Front Anarchy Genesis It Ai n't Safe No More ... The Big Bang Back on My B.S. Year of the Dragon Compilations Total Devastation : The Best of Busta Rhymes Turn It Up ! The Very Best of Busta Rhymes The Artist Collection : Busta Rhymes Rich Gang ( with YMCMB ) Singles `` Woo Hah ! ! Got You All in Check '' `` It 's a Party '' `` Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See '' `` Dangerous '' `` Turn It Up ( Remix ) / Fire It Up '' `` Gimme Some More '' `` What 's It Gonna Be ? ! '' `` Break Ya Neck '' `` Make It Clap '' `` Pass the Courvoisier , Part II '' `` I Know What You Want '' `` Where 's Your Money ? '' `` Touch It '' `` I Love My Bitch '' `` New York Shit '' `` In the Ghetto '' `` Do n't Get Carried Away '' `` Do n't Touch Me ( Throw da Water on ' em ) '' `` We Made It '' `` Arab Money '' `` Hustler 's Anthem ' 09 '' `` Respect My Conglomerate '' `` World Go Round '' `` Why Stop Now '' `` Twerk It '' `` Thank You '' `` Calm Down '' Featured singles `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' `` Victory '' `` Fire '' `` What 's Happenin ' '' `` Do n't Cha '' `` Hurt '' `` Run the Show '' `` Peace Sign / Index Down '' `` Rotate '' `` C'mon ( Catch ' em by Surprise ) '' `` Look at Me Now '' `` Welcome to My Hood ( remix ) '' `` Worldwide Choppers '' `` The Woman You Love '' `` Pride n Joy '' `` Take You There '' Other songs `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Related articles Leaders of the New School Native Tongues Conglomerate Records Coolio Albums It Takes a Thief Gangsta 's Paradise My Soul Coolio.com El Cool Magnifico The Return of the Gangsta Steal Hear From the Bottom 2 the Top Compilations Fantastic Voyage : The Greatest Hits Singles `` County Line '' `` Mama I 'm in Love '' `` I Remember '' `` Fantastic Voyage '' `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' `` Too Hot '' `` It 's All the Way Live ( Now ) '' `` 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ( Sumpin ' New ) '' `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' `` CU When U Get There '' `` Winner '' `` Ooh La La '' `` Ghetto Square Dance '' `` Hustler '' `` Gangsta Walk '' `` Boyfriend '' `` Change '' `` Lady '' `` Gangsta 's Paradise 2K11 '' Related articles Discography Awards and nominations WC and the Maad Circle Cookin ' with Coolio LL Cool J Discography Studio albums Radio Bigger and Deffer Walking with a Panther Mama Said Knock You Out 14 Shots to the Dome Mr. Smith Phenomenon G.O.A.T. 10 The DEFinition Todd Smith Exit 13 Authentic Compilations All World : Greatest Hits All World 2 Singles `` I Need a Beat '' `` I Ca n't Live Without My Radio '' `` I Can Give You More '' `` Rock the Bells '' `` You 'll Rock '' `` I 'm Bad '' `` I Need Love '' `` Go Cut Creator Go '' `` Going Back to Cali '' `` I 'm That Type of Guy '' `` Big Ole Butt '' `` One Shot at Love '' `` Jingling Baby '' `` To da Break of Dawn '' `` The Boomin ' System '' `` Around the Way Girl '' `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' `` 6 Minutes of Pleasure '' `` Who 's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf ? '' `` Strictly Business '' `` How I 'm Comin ' '' `` Back Seat ( Of My Jeep ) '' `` Pink Cookies In a Plastic Bag Getting Crushed By Buildings '' `` Stand By Your Man '' `` Hey Lover '' `` Doin ' It '' `` Loungin '' `` I Shot Ya '' `` Ai n't Nobody '' `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' `` Phenomenon '' `` 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 '' `` Father '' `` Candy '' `` Zoom '' `` Say What '' `` Deepest Bluest '' `` Hot Hot Hot '' `` Shut ' Em Down `` Imagine That '' `` You and Me '' `` Put Your Hands Up '' `` Blink Blink '' `` Luv U Better '' `` Paradise '' `` All I Have '' `` Amazin ' `` Headsprung '' `` Hush '' `` It 's LL and Santana '' `` Control Myself '' `` Freeze '' `` Cry '' `` Baby '' Featured singles `` Rampage '' `` This Is for the Lover in You '' `` Incredible '' `` Fatty Girl '' `` All I Have '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Other songs `` Accidental Racist '' Method Man Discography Videography Filmography Studio albums Tical ( 1994 ) Tical 2000 : Judgement Day ( 1998 ) Tical 0 : The Prequel ( 2004 ) 4 : 21 ... The Day After ( 2006 ) The Meth Lab ( 2015 ) Collaboration albums Blackout ! ( with Redman ) ( 1999 ) Blackout ! 2 ( with Redman ) ( 2009 ) Wu - Massacre ( with Raekwon and Ghostface Killah ) ( 2010 ) Compilations Back to Back : Raw & Uncut ( 2008 ) Singles `` Bring the Pain '' `` I 'll Be There for You / You 're All I Need to Get By '' `` How High '' `` The Riddler '' `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' `` Judgement Day '' `` Part II '' `` Say '' `` A-Yo '' `` Mrs. International '' Featured singles `` Ice Cream '' `` 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 '' `` The Worst '' `` Symphony 2000 '' `` Left & Right '' `` N 2 Gether Now '' `` Love @ 1st Sight '' `` Still on It '' `` Trillmatic '' Related articles Wu - Tang Clan Method Man & Redman How High Method & Red Cheese Wagstaff Dustin Lee Abraham This 1990s single -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hit_%27Em_High_(The_Monstars%27_Anthem)&oldid=797004470 '' Categories : 1996 songs 1997 singles Atlantic Records singles Method Man songs Busta Rhymes songs LL Cool J songs Coolio songs Songs written for films Songs written by LL Cool J Songs written by Busta Rhymes Music videos directed by Hype Williams Songs written by Jean - Claude Olivier Song recordings produced by Trackmasters Songs written by Method Man Songs written by Samuel Barnes ( songwriter ) Posse cuts Black - and - white music videos 1990s single stubs Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 11 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	wu tang clan ft. cypress hill - hit em high lyrics	[]	[]
5061560534208301189	List of largest church buildings	List of largest church buildings - wikipedia List of largest church buildings Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that List of tallest church buildings be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since July 2017 . St. Peter 's Basilica , the largest church in the world . This article lists the largest church buildings in the world as measured by various criteria . Contents ( hide ) 1 Scope 2 Measurements 3 By height 4 By length 5 See also 6 References Scope ( edit ) The term church is open to interpretation and debate . In this article , it means any building that was built for the primary purpose of Christian worship . The list does include at least one building -- the Hagia Sophia -- that was originally a church but later became a mosque and is now a museum . Measurements ( edit ) Whilst claims are made about the relative size of churches many of these claims are not easily substantiated . `` Largest '' is at best a vague term , which is often not qualified by claimants . Accepted measures of largeness could include area , volume , length , width , height , and / or capacity , although the last is far more subjective . It is important to note therefore that churches may claim to be `` the largest '' based on only one of these measurements ; and thus that there may be several churches that have equal claim to be `` the largest church '' . Since there is no official body governing these claims , there is no generally accepted criterion for being `` the largest church '' . The list below attempts to rank churches by different ( more - or-less ) objective criteria , and thus may generate different orders depending on the measure used . Churches for which claims are made but dimensions can not be found are not included on the below lists . For length , width and height , there is usually a definitive statistic for each church , which can easily be compared . However , for area and volume , the situation is often more complex . It is often possible to find multiple values quoted for the area / volume of a church in references . Many values appear to be estimates or approximations ( especially for volume ) , or may have been calculated by multiplying lengths , widths and heights . In the latter case , the exact dimensions used ( internal vs. external , etc . ) may give very different figures . Therefore , although area and volume are the most common ' largeness ' measures , they are also apt to be the least reliable . This should be borne in mind when comparing church sizes . Area ( m2 ) Gross volume ( m3 ) Name Built City Country Denomination 15,160 ( interior ) 21,095 ( exterior ) 5,000,000 St. Peter 's Basilica 1506 -- 1626 Vatican City Vatican City Catholic ( Roman Rite ) Area can be verified on a plan printed as 205 % size in 1 : 1000 scale to match a 41.47 m dome internal diameter 12,000 1,200,000 Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida 1955 -- 80 Aparecida Brazil Catholic ( Roman Rite ) Church dimensions 173 × 168 m yielding a maximum area of 29,000 m2 11,700 ( interior ) 440,000 Milan Cathedral 1386 -- 1965 Milan Italy Catholic ( Ambrosian Rite ) The largest Gothic cathedral in the world 11,520 500,000 + Seville Cathedral 1401 -- 1528 Seville Spain Catholic ( Roman Rite ) Burial site of Christopher Columbus 11,200 480,000 Cathedral of Saint John the Divine 1892 -- present New York City United States Anglican ( Episcopal Church in the U.S. ) Unfinished , lacking transepts among other components 9,717 ( interior ) Abbey of Santa Giustina 1501 -- 1606 Padua Italy Catholic ( Roman Rite ) 10,090 300,000 Basilica of Our Lady of Licheń 1994 -- 2004 Licheń Stary Poland Catholic ( Roman Rite ) 9,240 m2 or 10,090 m2 9,687 450,000 + Liverpool Cathedral 1904 -- 78 Liverpool United Kingdom Anglican ( Church of England ) 8,700 130,000 Church of the Most Holy Trinity 2004 - 07 Fátima Portugal Catholic ( Roman Rite ) Area given as 12,000 m2 8,515 Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls IV -- 1823 Rome Italy Catholic ( Roman Rite ) One nave & four aisles by 80 columns 8,318 Basilica - Cathedral of Our Lady of the Pillar 1681 -- 1872 Zaragoza Spain Catholic ( Roman Rite ) 8,300 Florence Cathedral 1296 -- 1436 Florence Italy Catholic ( Roman Rite ) Largest brick and mortar dome in the world 8,260 ( 6,029 interior ) 190,000 Ulm Minster 1377 -- 1890 Ulm Germany Lutheran World 's tallest and one of the largest brick churches 8,000 Basilica of the Sacred Heart 1905 -- 70 Koekelberg ( Brussels ) Belgium Catholic ( Roman Rite ) 8,167 Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe 1974 -- 76 Mexico City Mexico Catholic ( Roman Rite ) Circular base of 102 m in diameter 8,000 Cathedral of Our Lady 1352 -- 1521 Antwerp Belgium Catholic ( Roman Rite ) 8,000 Rio de Janeiro Cathedral 1964 - 76 Rio de Janeiro Brazil Catholic ( Roman Rite ) External diameter is 106 meters 7,989 ( interior ) 30,000 ( exterior ) Basilica of Our Lady of Peace 1985 -- 89 Yamoussoukro Ivory Coast Catholic ( Roman Rite ) The enclosed area approximately 8,000 m2 7,960 255,800 Hagia Sophia 532 -- 537 Istanbul Turkey Orthodox ( Ecumenical Patriarchate ) Was the largest church in the world for a millennium , now a museum . 7,920 258,000 San Petronio Basilica 1390 -- 1479 Bologna Italy Catholic ( Roman Rite ) World 's largest Gothic brick church 7,914 407,000 Cologne Cathedral 1248 -- 1880 Cologne Germany Catholic ( Roman Rite ) Gross volume without buttresses 7,875 St Paul 's Cathedral 1677 -- 1708 London United Kingdom Anglican ( Church of England ) 7,712 Washington National Cathedral 1907 -- 90 Washington , DC United States Anglican ( Episcopal Church in the U.S. ) 7,700 200,000 ( interior only ) Amiens Cathedral 1220 -- 70 Amiens France Catholic ( Roman Rite ) Gross volume slightly below 400,000 7,097 ( interior ) 12,069 ( exterior ) Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception 1919 -- 61 Washington , DC United States Catholic ( Roman Rite ) Completed Trinity Dome in 2017 6,968 Cathedral of La Plata 1884 - 1932 La Plata Argentina Catholic ( Roman Rite ) Largest church in Argentina 6,825 660,000 Saint Joseph 's Oratory 1904 -- 67 Montreal Canada Catholic ( Roman Rite ) Exterior dome rises 263 m above sea level ; highest point in Montreal 6,732 Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral 1573 - 1813 Mexico City Mexico Catholic ( Roman Rite ) 6,655 160,000 ( interior ) Palma Cathedral 1220 - 1346 Palma , Majorca Spain Catholic ( Roman Rite ) With the largest rosette Gothic world 6,650 Reims Cathedral 1211 -- 75 Reims France Catholic ( Roman Rite ) The longest church in France ; 149.17 m 6,044 Strasbourg Cathedral 1015 -- 1439 Strasbourg France Catholic ( Roman Rite ) World 's tallest building 1647 - 1874 6,038 Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels 1998 -- 2002 Los Angeles United States Catholic ( Roman Rite ) 6,020 43,300 De Hoeksteen , Barneveld 2007 -- 08 Barneveld Netherlands Calvinist 6,000 Padre Pio Pilgrimage Church 1991 - 2004 San Giovanni Rotondo Italy Catholic ( Roman Rite ) Vaulted church holding 6,500 seats 5,900 Bourges Cathedral 1195 - 1230 Bourges France Catholic ( Roman Rite ) 5,660 Esztergom Basilica 1822 -- 69 Esztergom Hungary Catholic ( Roman Rite ) World 's largest altarpiece painting on a single canvas 5,500 Notre Dame de Paris 1163 -- 1345 Paris France Catholic ( Roman Rite ) 5,400 Sagrada Familia 1882 -- present Barcelona Spain Catholic ( Roman Rite ) Will be the tallest church in the world when finished ( 172 , 5m ) 5,300 São Paulo Cathedral 1913 - 1954 São Paulo Brazil Catholic ( Roman Rite ) Capacity for 8,000 people 5,300 Primate Cathedral of Bogotá 1807 - 23 Bogotá Colombia Catholic ( Roman Rite ) 5,240 Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 1839 -- 83 Moscow Russia Orthodox ( Moscow Patriarchate ) Rebuilt during 1995 - 2000 5,200 Chartres Cathedral 1145 - 1220 Chartres France Catholic ( Roman Rite ) Ground area 10,875 square meters 5,170 New Cathedral , Linz 1862 -- 1924 Linz Austria Catholic ( Roman Rite ) 5,017 Westminster Cathedral 1895 -- 1910 London United Kingdom Catholic ( Roman Rite ) 5,000 185,000 -- 190,000 St. Mary 's Church 1343 -- 1502 Gdańsk Poland Catholic ( Roman Rite ) One of the largest Gothic brick churches north of the Alps 5,000 137,000 Holy Trinity Cathedral 1995 -- 2004 Tbilisi Georgia Orthodox ( Patriarchate of Georgia ) Description see 4,968 Winchester Cathedral 1079 -- 1525 Winchester United Kingdom Anglican ( Church of England ) The longest Gothic Cathedral in Europe . 4,800 Dresden Cathedral 1739 - 55 Dresden Germany Catholic ( Roman Rite ) Largest church in all of Saxony 4,500 Basilica of St. Thérèse , Lisieux 1929 - 54 Lisieux France Catholic ( Roman Rite ) 4,320 Basilica de San Martin de Tours ( Taal ) 1856 -- 78 Taal , Batangas Philippines Catholic ( Roman Rite ) 4,273 Ely Cathedral , Cambridgeshire 1083 -- 1375 Ely United Kingdom Anglican ( Church of England ) Third - largest medieval Cathedral in the United Kingdom 4,188 185,000 -- 190,000 Frauenkirche 1468 -- 1525 Munich Germany Catholic ( Roman Rite ) One of the largest Gothic brick churches north of the Alps and the largest hall church 4,130 Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis ( St. Louis ) 1907 - 14 St. Louis United States Catholic ( Roman Rite ) 7,700 square meters , largest mosaic collection in the world 4,000 Saint Isaac 's Cathedral 1818 -- 58 Saint Petersburg Russia Orthodox ( Moscow Patriarchate ) 3,822 Saint Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral , Yerevan 1997 -- 2001 Yerevan Armenia Armenian Apostolic Church 3,500 170,000 Church of Saint Sava 1935 -- 89 Belgrade Serbia Orthodox ( Serbian Orthodox Church ) The largest church in Southeastern Europe . 3,170 Alexander Nevsky Cathedral 1882 -- 1912 Sofia Bulgaria Orthodox ( Patriarchate of Bulgaria ) 2,972 Westminster Abbey 960 - 18c London United Kingdom Anglican ( Church of England ) 2,800 Medak Cathedral 1914 -- 26 Medak India Anglican ( Church of South India ) 2,300 Our Lady of Dolours Syro - Malabar Catholic Basilica 1929 - 2005 Our Lady of Dolours Syro - Malabar Catholic Basilica India Catholic ( East Syrian Rite ) It has the 3rd tallest tower in Asia 2,135 64,040 Basilica of St. John the Baptist 1839 -- 55 St. John 's Canada Catholic ( Roman Rite ) The largest church in eastern Canada 2,025 Myeongdong Cathedral 1892 - 1898 Seoul Korea Catholic ( Roman Rite ) In 1898 , largest building in Seoul 1,760 32,162 All Saints Cathedral , Halifax 1907 -- 10 Halifax Canada Anglican ( Church of Canada ) The largest Anglican cathedral church in Canada By height ( edit ) Main article : List of tallest churches in the world By length ( edit ) Main article : List of longest church buildings in the world See also ( edit ) List of highest church naves List of the largest Protestant churches List of the largest Protestant churches in the USA List of largest Orthodox cathedrals Megachurch References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` St. Peter 's - The Nave '' . Saintpetersbasilica.org . Archived from the original on 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Basilica of St. Peter '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ^ Jump up to : Ellis , Edward Robb ( 21 December 2004 ) . The Epic of New York City : A Narrative History . Basic Books . p. 413 . ASIN 0786714360 . ISBN 978 - 0786714360 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Faith '' . The Times . 13 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 30 August 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida '' . Structurae . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` I NUMERI DEL DUOMO DI MILANO - Duomo Patrons Italiano '' . www.duomopatrons.org . Jump up ^ http://www.ticketone.it , TICKETONE . `` Duomo di Milano '' . Duomo di Milano - Biglietti . Jump up ^ Quintero , Josephine . `` Seville Cathedral , The City of Seville main sights , Andalucia , Southern Spain '' . Andalucia.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Seville Cathedral '' . seville-traveller.com . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Edward Robb Edgewood Apartments p. 413 Jump up ^ Calculated as length * width = 118.5 m * 82m = 9,717 m ^ 2 , see Basilica e Abbazia di Santa Giustina Jump up ^ `` D Padova - Basilica e Abbazia di Santa Giustina '' . www.dpadova.com . ^ Jump up to : 9,240 m2 of Lichen Basilica : enclosed main floor includes transept and apse at 290 m2 , enclosed tower floor at 560 m2 , open tower and gallery floor at 23,000 m2 ( which excludes the porticos at 530 m2 ) , total area includes all floors `` Sanktuarium Maryjne w Licheniu '' . Lichen.pl . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Cathedral '' . Liverpool Cathedral . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Carvalho , António P.O. ; Freitas , Diamantino ( 10 July 2003 ) . `` The New Megachurch For The Sanctuary Of Fátima '' ( PDF ) . Tenth International Congress on Sound and Vibration . Stockholm : University of Porto . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` La Basílica de Nuestra Señora del Pilar '' ( in Spanish ) . Goya.unizar.es . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Basílica de Guadalupe Santuario '' . Virgendeguadalupe.org.mx . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Art & Architecture : Facts and Figures '' . Dekathedraal.be . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The world 's most extreme structures '' . The Guardian . 17 June 2004 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Basilica of Our Lady of Peace Yamoussoukro '' . Emporis : Buildings . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Woszczyk , Wieslaw ( 27 January 2014 ) . `` Aural Architecture : Music , Acoustics , and Ritual '' ( PDF ) . Onassis Seminar on music acoustics and ritual . Stanford University . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ data from http://www.bolognawelcome.com , Basilica di San Petronio plus calculations as follows : San Petronio de Bologna : The footplan of the building is a simple rectangle Area = length of the building x width of the building = 132 mx 60 m The volume , without the roofs , can be calculated as a sum of five cuboids , one single ( the central nave ) and two pairs ( the aisles and the files of chapels ) . The sum each of the pairs can be calculated as one cuboid of double width . Knowing the height of the central nave and the width of the building , the measures of the sections can be calculated by measuring an orthograde photo of the facade . Volume = ( traverse section of the central nave ( width = 22 m , height = 44.27 m ) + sum of the traverse sections of the two aisles ( width = 20 m , height = 29.06 m ) + sum of the traverse sections of the two files of chapels ( width = 18 m , height = 22.38 m ) ) x length of the building ( 132 m ) ( 973.94 + 581.2 + 402.84 ) x 132 = 1,957.98 x 132 = 258,453.36 Jump up ^ `` The Cathedral 's dimensions '' . Dierk 's page . 7 January 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Architectural History '' . Washington National Cathedral . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Structurae . `` Structurae - International Database and Gallery of Structures '' . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Histsory : Architecture '' . National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` GGiN Barneveld - Van Beijnum Architecten '' . www.vanbeijnumarch.nl . Jump up ^ http://structurae.net/structures/saint-marys-church give 155,000 only , excluding roofs and turrets , without telllng that Jump up ^ Description of Tblisi Cathedral : The overall area of the cathedral , including its large narthex , is 5,000 square meters and the volume it occupies is 137,000 cubic meters . The interior of the church measures 56 metres by 44 metres , with an interior area of 2,380 square metres . The height of the cathedral from the ground to the top of the cross is 105 , 5 metres . The underground chapel occupies 35,550 cubic metres . The height is 13 metres . Jump up ^ Sergeant , Philip W. ( 1899 ) . Bell 's Cathedrals : The Cathedral Church of Winchester . London : George Bell & Sons . Jump up ^ Basilica de San Martin de Tours ( Taal ) Jump up ^ `` Facts & Figures '' . Ely Cathedral . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Volumen ( Kubatur ) der Münchener Frauenkirche '' . www.gebaut.eu . ^ Jump up to : `` Димензије и архитектонске карактеристике Храм Светог Саве гатара '' ( Dimensions and Architectural Features ) ( in Serbian ) . Hram Svetog Save . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` I love early morning Sofia '' . Archived from the original on 30 March 2010 . The church occupies an area of 3170 m2 and can accommodate up to 5,000 worshippers inside , which makes it the second biggest cathedral on the Balkan Peninsula after the Temple of Saint Sava in Serbia . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Medak Diocese Church of South India '' . Csimedakdiocese.in . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Geology of the Catholic Basilica of St. John the Baptist , St. John 's , Newfoundland '' ( PDF ) . Geoscience Canada . Geological Association of Canada . 31 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 10 . March 2004 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . Cathedral Church of All Saints . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 . ( hide ) Religion - related lists of superlative buildings By date Oldest Churches the Americas United States Mosques Synagogues By size Largest Churches United States Mosques Longest Churches Tallest Churches Eastern Orthodox Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_church_buildings&oldid=832112803 '' Categories : Lists of churches Construction records Christianity - related lists of superlatives Lists of largest buildings and structures Hidden categories : Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Serbian - language sources ( sr ) Articles to be merged from July 2017 All articles to be merged Use dmy dates from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Nederlands Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 22 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the largest church in the world located	[ "\n\nArea (m²)\nGross volume (m³)\nName\nBuilt\nCity\nCountry\nDenomination\nComment\n\n\n15,160 (interior)[1][2]\n21,095 (exterior)[1]\n5,000,000[3]\nSt. Peter's Basilica\n1506–1626\nVatican City\n Vatican City\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nArea can be verified on a plan printed as 205% size in 1:1000 scale to match a 41.47 m dome internal diameter\n\n\n12,000\n1,200,000[4]\nBasilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida\n1955–80\nAparecida\n Brazil\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nChurch dimensions 173×168 m yielding a maximum area of 29,000 m²[5]\n\n\n11,700 (interior) [6]\n440,000 [7]\nMilan Cathedral\n1386–1965\nMilan\n Italy\nCatholic (Ambrosian Rite)\nThe largest Gothic cathedral in the world\n\n\n11,520[8]\n500,000 +\nSeville Cathedral\n1401–1528\nSeville\n Spain\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nBurial site of Christopher Columbus[9]\n\n\n11,200[3]\n480,000[10]\nCathedral of Saint John the Divine\n1892–present\nNew York City\n United States\nAnglican (Episcopal Church in the U.S.)\nUnfinished, lacking transepts among other components\n\n\n9,717 (interior)[11]\n\nAbbey of Santa Giustina\n1501–1606[12]\nPadua\n Italy\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\n\n\n\n10,090\n300,000[13]\nBasilica of Our Lady of Licheń\n1994–2004\nLicheń Stary\n Poland\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\n9,240 m²[13] or 10,090 m²\n\n\n9,687[14]\n450,000 +\nLiverpool Cathedral\n1904–78\nLiverpool\n United Kingdom\nAnglican (Church of England)\n\n\n\n8,700[15]\n130,000\nChurch of the Most Holy Trinity\n2004-07\nFátima\n Portugal\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nArea given as 12,000m²[4]\n\n\n8,515\n\nBasilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls\nIV–1823\nRome\n Italy\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nOne nave & four aisles by 80 columns\n\n\n8,318[16]\n\nBasilica-Cathedral of Our Lady of the Pillar\n1681–1872\nZaragoza\n Spain\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\n\n\n\n8,300\n\nFlorence Cathedral\n1296–1436\nFlorence\n Italy\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nLargest brick and mortar dome in the world\n\n\n8,260 (6,029 interior)\n190,000\nUlm Minster\n1377–1890\nUlm\n Germany\nLutheran\nWorld's tallest and one of the largest brick churches\n\n\n8,000\n\nBasilica of the Sacred Heart\n1905–70\nKoekelberg (Brussels)\n Belgium\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\n\n\n\n8,167\n\nBasilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe\n1974–76\nMexico City\n Mexico\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nCircular base of 102 m in diameter[17]\n\n\n8,000[18]\n\nCathedral of Our Lady\n1352–1521\nAntwerp\n Belgium\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\n\n\n\n8,000\n\nRio de Janeiro Cathedral\n1964-76\nRio de Janeiro\n Brazil\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nExternal diameter is 106 meters\n\n\n7,989 (interior)\n30,000 (exterior)[19]\n\nBasilica of Our Lady of Peace\n1985–89\nYamoussoukro\n Ivory Coast\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nThe enclosed area approximately 8,000 m²[20]\n\n\n7,960\n255,800 [21]\nHagia Sophia\n532–537\nIstanbul\n Turkey\nOrthodox (Ecumenical Patriarchate)\nWas the largest church in the world for a millennium, now a museum.\n\n\n7,920\n258,000\nSan Petronio Basilica[22]\n1390–1479\nBologna\n Italy\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nWorld's largest Gothic brick church\n\n\n7,914\n407,000[23]\nCologne Cathedral\n1248–1880\nCologne\n Germany\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nGross volume without buttresses\n\n\n7,875[2]\n\nSt Paul's Cathedral\n1677–1708\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nAnglican (Church of England)\n\n\n\n7,712[24]\n\nWashington National Cathedral\n1907–90\nWashington, DC\n United States\nAnglican (Episcopal Church in the U.S.)\n\n\n\n7,700[25]\n200,000 (interior only)\nAmiens Cathedral\n1220–70\nAmiens\n France\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nGross volume slightly below 400,000\n\n\n7,097 (interior)\n12,069 (exterior)[26]\n\nBasilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception\n1919–61\nWashington, DC\n United States\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nCompleted Trinity Dome in 2017\n\n\n6,968\n\nCathedral of La Plata\n1884-1932\nLa Plata\n Argentina\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nLargest church in Argentina\n\n\n6,825\n660,000\nSaint Joseph's Oratory\n1904–67\nMontreal\n Canada\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nExterior dome rises 263 m above sea level; highest point in Montreal\n\n\n6,732\n\nMexico City Metropolitan Cathedral\n1573-1813\nMexico City\n Mexico\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\n\n\n\n6,655\n160,000 (interior)\nPalma Cathedral\n1220-1346\nPalma, Majorca\n Spain\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nWith the largest rosette Gothic world\n\n\n6,650\n\nReims Cathedral\n1211–75\nReims\n France\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nThe longest church in France; 149.17 m\n\n\n6,044\n\nStrasbourg Cathedral\n1015–1439\nStrasbourg\n France\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nWorld's tallest building 1647-1874\n\n\n6,038\n\nCathedral of Our Lady of the Angels\n1998–2002\nLos Angeles\n United States\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\n\n\n\n6,020[27]\n43,300\nDe Hoeksteen, Barneveld\n2007–08\nBarneveld\n Netherlands\nCalvinist\n\n\n\n6,000\n\nPadre Pio Pilgrimage Church\n1991-2004\nSan Giovanni Rotondo\n Italy\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nVaulted church holding 6,500 seats\n\n\n5,900\n\nBourges Cathedral\n1195-1230\nBourges\n France\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\n\n\n\n5,660\n\nEsztergom Basilica\n1822–69\nEsztergom\n Hungary\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nWorld's largest altarpiece painting on a single canvas\n\n\n5,500\n\nNotre Dame de Paris\n1163–1345\nParis\n France\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\n\n\n\n5,400\n\nSagrada Familia\n1882–present\nBarcelona\n Spain\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nWill be the tallest church in the world when finished (172,5m)\n\n\n5,300\n\nSão Paulo Cathedral\n1913-1954\nSão Paulo\n Brazil\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nCapacity for 8,000 people\n\n\n5,300\n\nPrimate Cathedral of Bogotá\n1807-23\nBogotá\n Colombia\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\n\n\n\n5,240\n\nCathedral of Christ the Saviour\n1839–83\nMoscow\n Russia\nOrthodox (Moscow Patriarchate)\nRebuilt during 1995-2000\n\n\n5,200\n\nChartres Cathedral\n1145-1220\nChartres\n France\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nGround area 10,875 square meters\n\n\n5,170\n\nNew Cathedral, Linz\n1862–1924\nLinz\n Austria\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\n\n\n\n5,017\n\nWestminster Cathedral\n1895–1910\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\n\n\n\n5,000\n185,000–190,000\nSt. Mary's Church[28]\n1343–1502\nGdańsk\n Poland\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nOne of the largest Gothic brick churches north of the Alps\n\n\n5,000\n137,000\nHoly Trinity Cathedral\n1995–2004\nTbilisi\n Georgia\nOrthodox (Patriarchate of Georgia)\nDescription see[29]\n\n\n4,968[30]\n\nWinchester Cathedral\n1079–1525\nWinchester\n United Kingdom\nAnglican (Church of England)\nThe longest Gothic Cathedral in Europe.\n\n\n4,800\n\nDresden Cathedral\n1739-55\nDresden\n Germany\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nLargest church in all of Saxony\n\n\n4,500\n\nBasilica of St. Thérèse, Lisieux\n1929-54\nLisieux\n France\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\n\n\n\n4,320[31]\n\nBasilica de San Martin de Tours (Taal)\n1856–78\nTaal, Batangas\n Philippines\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\n\n\n\n4,273[32]\n\nEly Cathedral, Cambridgeshire\n1083–1375\nEly\n United Kingdom\nAnglican (Church of England)\nThird-largest medieval Cathedral in the United Kingdom\n\n\n4,188\n185,000–190,000[33]\nFrauenkirche\n1468–1525\nMunich\n Germany\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nOne of the largest Gothic brick churches north of the Alps and the largest hall church\n\n\n4,130\n\nCathedral Basilica of Saint Louis (St. Louis)\n1907-14\nSt. Louis\n United States\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\n7,700 square meters, largest mosaic collection in the world\n\n\n4,000\n\nSaint Isaac's Cathedral\n1818–58\nSaint Petersburg\n Russia\nOrthodox (Moscow Patriarchate)\n\n\n\n3,822\n\nSaint Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral, Yerevan\n1997–2001\nYerevan\n Armenia\nArmenian Apostolic Church\n\n\n\n3,500[34]\n170,000[34]\nChurch of Saint Sava\n1935–89\nBelgrade\n Serbia\nOrthodox (Serbian Orthodox Church)\nThe largest church in Southeastern Europe.\n\n\n3,170[35]\n\nAlexander Nevsky Cathedral\n1882–1912\nSofia\n Bulgaria\nOrthodox (Patriarchate of Bulgaria)\n\n\n\n2,972\n\nWestminster Abbey\n960-18c\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nAnglican (Church of England)\n\n\n\n2,800[36]\n\nMedak Cathedral\n1914–26\nMedak\n India\nAnglican (Church of South India)\n\n\n\n2,300\n\nOur Lady of Dolours Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica\n1929-2005\nOur Lady of Dolours Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica\n India\nCatholic (East Syrian Rite)\nIt has the 3rd tallest tower in Asia\n\n\n2,135\n64,040[37]\nBasilica of St. John the Baptist\n1839–55\nSt. John's\n Canada\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nThe largest church in eastern Canada\n\n\n2,025\n\nMyeongdong Cathedral\n1892-1898\nSeoul\n Korea\nCatholic (Roman Rite)\nIn 1898, largest building in Seoul\n\n\n1,760\n32,162[38]\nAll Saints Cathedral, Halifax\n1907–10\nHalifax\n Canada\nAnglican (Church of Canada)\nThe largest Anglican cathedral church in Canada\n\n" ]	[ "Vatican City" ]
-8506621260412211479	Like I Love You	Like I Love You - wikipedia Like I Love You Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Like I Love You ( disambiguation ) . `` Like I Love You '' Single by Justin Timberlake from the album Justified Released October 14 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 14 ) Format 12 '' single CD single LP record Recorded 2002 Genre R&B Length 4 : 43 Label Jive Songwriter ( s ) Justin Timberlake Chad Hugo Pharrell Williams Producer ( s ) The Neptunes Justin Timberlake singles chronology `` Like I Love You '' ( 2002 ) `` Cry Me a River '' ( 2002 ) `` Like I Love You '' ( 2002 ) `` Cry Me a River '' ( 2002 ) `` Like I Love You '' is the debut single recorded by American singer Justin Timberlake for his debut studio album , Justified ( 2002 ) . The song features American hip hop duo Clipse . It was co-written by Timberlake and The Neptunes ( Chad Hugo and Pharrell Williams ) , who also produced it . The song was released on October 14 , 2002 as Timberlake 's debut solo single , following the break - up of ' NSYNC earlier that year . According to Williams , who came up with the music loop , the song 's drums were an ode to the funk era . The song peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number two in the United Kingdom . It was performed by Timberlake at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards in New York City , on August 29 , 2002 . It also received a nomination at the Grammy Awards of 2003 for Best Rap / Sung Collaboration . The location of the music video is in Weston , Ontario , Canada . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and recording 2 Release 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Live performances 6 Credits and personnel 7 Charts 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Writing and Recording ( edit ) Chad Hugo ( left ) and Pharrell Williams ( right ) co-wrote `` Like I Love You '' together with Timberlake . MTV News reported in July 2002 that Chad Hugo and Pharrell Williams ( known collectively as Williams and Hugo ) were working on multiple tracks for Justified . When the duo picked Timberlake up from his hotel in Virginia Beach , they listened to Earth , Wind & Fire albums during the car ride . The background of the songs was the feeling the duo wanted to implement into the musical content of the album . In response to this , Timberlake said : `` Nobody 's ever heard anything like that before ... a white boy singing this kind of music . '' Hugo revealed that Timberlake `` did n't care what people would say . '' The production duo commented that despite not being content with sampling music , for inspiration , they listened to both Off the Wall and Thriller , albums by Michael Jackson . Hugo commented that `` We just wanted to re-create that sense of those timeless , classic songs , without any of the ' bling , bling , hit me on my two - way ' style of the new R&B . It has elements of the old and the new . '' `` Like I Love You '' was the first song they recorded together and the first song Timberlake recorded for Justified . The song was written by Timberlake , Hugo and Williams , while the production was done by the latter two . The song features a rap verse by hip hop duo Clipse . `` Like I Love You '' was recorded at Master Sound Recording Studios and Windmark Recording both located in Virginia Beach with Andrew Coleman serving as a recording engineer . Serban Ghenea mixed the song at Windmark Recording , while Daniel Botancourt and Tim Roberts were additional engineers . John Hanes provided the additional pro tools engineering . All the instrumentation was delivered by Hugo and Williams , while the song 's vocal arrangement was provided by Williams together with Timberlake . Release ( edit ) `` Like I Love You '' was chosen as Timberlake 's debut single and the lead single of Justified . According to Timberlake , there was `` never any question '' in his mind whether or not the song would be released as his debut single . Of the song , Timberlake said : `` It sounded so original to me . And I kind of consider myself a new artist . This is a new beginning for me , so why call on some big - name hip - hop artist when I could get somebody that feels new so it could feel like we were chomping at the bit at the same time ? '' On October 14 , 2002 , a CD single was released in Germany containing the album version of the song , its instrumental and two club extended mixes . The same version of the single was released in Canada on October 17 , 2002 . In the UK , the album version of `` Like I Love You '' , its instrumental and one extended remix was physically released on October 22 , 2002 . The song was released as a 12 '' vinyl on November 19 , 2002 , in Italy and Spain . On November 24 , 2002 , it was also released in France as a CD single . Critical reception ( edit ) `` This is quite possibly the best post-boy - band debut single of all time . He booked the hottest producers ( The Neptunes ) and a bubbling - under hip - hop duo ( Clipse ) to show that the bubblegum had officially popped . There could n't have been a better introduction to Justin Timberlake , solo star . '' -- Billboard 's Katie Atkinson in 2016 . The song received positive reviews from music critics . Entertainment Weekly 's Craig Seymour wrote `` Over a lo - fi Neptunes - produced track dashed with Spanish guitar , live drums , and Planet Rock - like electro bleeps ... ( Justin proves that ) while no innovator , he is a fine student '' . In his review of the album Justified for Rolling Stone , Ben Ratliff wrote `` In Like I Love You , a nasty funk rhythm on loud , live drums shares the space with a tiny guitar strum and Timberlake 's breathy , studied tenor ; it 's minimalism influenced by Michael Jackson . But a softer , harmony - and - hook - filled chorus sets it off , thus pleasing preteen girls and beat junkies alike . '' Denise Boyd , writing for BBC Music , said that the song was a `` sure bet for success '' with The Neptunes producing the song but `` Justin 's vocal arrangement has given this offering a distinctive edge and it stands out as one of the best Neptunes productions this year . '' Slant Magazine called it a `` well - oiled Neptunes production '' and `` the acoustic guitar loops and snap - crackle - pop percussion of `` Like I Love You '' pick up where ' NSYNC 's hit `` Girlfriend '' left off . '' In 2013 , Lauren Nostro from Complex wrote , `` The song catapulted Timberlake 's career ... It was the quintessential R&B / pop / hip - hop track filled with soulful lyrics and a heavy beat . It presented JT as a full - fledged musician , and not just the lead singer of ' N Sync . '' Adelle Platon from Billboard opined in 2016 , `` This groovy number cemented J.T. 's solo career as a genre - fusing wunderkind . '' In 2017 , Spin staff ranked it as the best boy - band solo debut single . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Like I Love You '' debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 67 for the issue dated September 7 , 2002 . The next week it climbed to number 46 . It eventually reached a peak of number 11 and stayed on the chart for total of 36 weeks . The song was more successful on the US Pop Songs and Hot Dance Club Songs charts where it peaked at number four and one respectively . Additionally it charted on the US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart where reached a peak of 53 . The song was more successful in Oceania . On the Australian Singles Chart , the song debuted at number nine for the week dated October 27 , 2002 . The next week it fell to number 11 , before eventually reaching its peak of number eight in its third week ; the single stayed on its peak position for three consecutive weeks . `` Like I Love You '' stayed on the chart for a total of twelve weeks . The song was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipments of 70,000 units . It debuted and peaked at number six on the New Zealand Singles Chart for the week dated November 10 , 2002 . The song stayed on the chart for twelve weeks . In the United Kingdom , `` Like I Love You '' debuted at its peak of number two for the issue dated November 2 , 2002 . It stayed on the chart for total of 16 weeks , with its last appearance being on February 15 , 2003 at number 57 . The song debuted and peaked at number five on the Irish Singles Chart . `` Like I Love You '' debuted at its peak of number four on the Danish Singles Chart and managed to stay on the position for two consecutive weeks , before starting to fell on the chart . It stayed on the chart for total of 14 weeks . The single debuted at number 14 on the Norwegian Singles Chart for the week dated October 25 , 2002 . After three weeks , `` Like I Love You '' managed to reach its peak of number 10 on the chart . Additionally , the song charted and peaked at number 14 on the Swiss Singles Chart . Live performances ( edit ) Timberlake made his solo performance debut on the MTV Video Music Awards performing `` Like I Love You '' at the 2002 ceremony . `` Like I Love You '' was featured on The Justified World Tour ( 2003 / 04 ) , Justified and Stripped Tour ( 2003 ) , FutureSex / LoveShow ( 2007 ) , Legends of the Summer ( 2013 ) and The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour ( 2013 / 14 ) . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Recording and mixing Recorded at Master Sound Recording Studios and Windmark Recording , Virginia Beach ; mixed at Windmark Recording , Virginia Beach . Personnel Songwriting -- Justin Timberlake , Chad Hugo , Pharrell Williams Production -- The Neptunes Rap Verse -- Clipse Recording -- Andrew Coleman Mixing -- Serban Ghenea Assistant engineers -- Daniel Botancourt , Tim Roberts Additional Pro Tools Engineering -- John Hanes All instruments -- Pharrell Williams , Chad Hugo Vocal arrangement -- Justin Timberlake , Pharrell Williams Credits adapted from the liner notes of Justified , Jive Records . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 -- 03 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 29 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 27 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 16 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 36 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Italy ( FIMI ) 17 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 20 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 14 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 14 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 11 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 53 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 17 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 300,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Release date Format Label Germany October 14 , 2002 Maxi single RCA Records Canada October 17 , 2002 LP Jive Records United Kingdom October 22 , 2002 CD single RCA Records Italy November 19 , 2002 12 '' single Spain France November 25 , 2002 CD single Jive Records See also ( edit ) Book : Justified ( album ) List of number - one dance singles of 2003 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Timberlake fails to top chart '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 27 October 2002 . Retrieved 25 May 2009 . Jump up ^ D'Angelo , Joe ( 7 January 2003 ) . `` Eminem , Avril , Norah Jones nab most Grammy noms '' . MTV News . MTV . Retrieved 25 May 2003 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( July 23 , 2002 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Working ' NSecret On Star - Packed Solo LP '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( August 26 , 2002 ) . `` Preview Of Justin Timberlake Album From Neptunes ' Hugo '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1457770/janet-gets-sexy-on-justin-cd.jhtml ^ Jump up to : Justified ( inlay cover ) . Justin Timberlake . Jive Records . 2002 . ^ Jump up to : `` Like I Love You - Justin Timberlake '' ( in German ) . Amazon.com ( DE ) . Amazon Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Like I Love You : Justin Timberlake '' . Amazon.com ( CA ) . Amazon Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Like I Love You : Justin Timberlake '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) . Amazon Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Like I Love You - Justin Timberlake '' ( in Italian ) . Amazon.com ( IT ) . Amazon Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Like I Love You - Justin Timberlake '' ( in Spanish ) . Amazon.com ( ES ) . Amazon Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Like I Love You : Justin Timberlake '' ( in French ) . Amazon.com ( FR ) . Amazon Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Katie ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Critic 's Choice : Every Justin Timberlake Single Ranked '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seymour , Craig ( 13 September 2002 ) . `` Music Capsule review - Like I Love You '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 25 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Ratliff , Ben ( 4 November 2002 ) . `` Justin Timberlake : Justified : Music Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 25 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Denise ( 20 November 2002 ) . `` BBC Music - Review of Justin Timberlake - Justified '' . BBC Music . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 25 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Cinquemani , Sal ( 8 November 2002 ) . `` Justin Timberlake : Justified - Music review '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved 25 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The 25 Best Justin Timberlake Songs '' . Complex . March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Platon , Adelle ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's 14 Best Hip - Hop / R&B Collaborations '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best Boy Band Solo Debut Singles , Ranked '' . Spin. April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hot 100 : Sep 14 , 2002 - Billboard Chart Archives '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- Like I Love You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2002 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Justin Timberlake -- Like I Love You '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Charts Company - Like I Love You by Justin Timberlake Search '' . The Official Charts Company . 6 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Track : Week 43 , 2002 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Danishcharts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- Like I Love You '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- Like I Love You '' . VG - lista . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- Like I Love You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Justin Timberlake -- Like I Love You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Timberlake -- Like I Love You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Timberlake -- Like I Love You '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Justin Timberlake -- Like I Love You '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- Like I Love You '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Justin Timberlake search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Justin Timberlake -- Like I Love You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- Like I Love You '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2002 - 11 - 02 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Justin Timberlake . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Justin Timberlake . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Justin Timberlake . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Justin Timberlake . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Justin Timberlake . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Justin Timberlake -- Like I Love You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Enter Like I Love You in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's biggest selling singles revealed ! '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Justin Timberlake songs Discography Justified `` Like I Love You '' `` Cry Me a River '' `` Rock Your Body '' `` Señorita '' Live from London `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' FutureSex / LoveSounds `` FutureSex / LoveSound '' `` SexyBack '' `` My Love '' `` LoveStoned '' `` What Goes Around ... Comes Around '' `` Summer Love '' `` Until the End of Time '' The 20 / 20 Experience `` Pusher Love Girl '' `` Suit & Tie '' `` Do n't Hold the Wall '' `` Strawberry Bubblegum '' `` Tunnel Vision '' `` Let the Groove Get In '' `` Mirrors '' `` Blue Ocean Floor '' The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 `` Gimme What I Do n't Know ( I Want ) '' `` Cabaret '' `` TKO '' `` Take Back the Night '' `` Drink You Away '' `` Not a Bad Thing '' Trolls Soundtrack `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' `` Hair Up '' `` What U Workin ' With ? '' Collaborations `` 3 - Way ( The Golden Rule ) '' `` 4 Minutes '' `` Ayo Technology '' `` Ca n't Believe It '' `` Carry Out '' `` Dead and Gone '' `` Dick in a Box '' `` Give It to Me '' `` Hallelujah '' `` Heaven '' `` Holy Grail '' `` Love Dealer '' `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Love Sex Magic '' `` Motherlover '' `` The Only Promise That Remains '' `` Release '' `` Rehab '' `` Signs '' `` Work It '' `` Winner '' Book Template WikiProject Clipse Pusha T No Malice Studio albums Exclusive Audio Footage Lord Willin ' Hell Hath No Fury Til the Casket Drops Mixtapes We Got It 4 Cheap Road to Till the Casket Drops Singles `` Grindin ' '' `` When the Last Time '' `` Ma , I Do n't Love Her '' `` Hot Damn '' `` Mr. Me Too '' `` Wamp Wamp ( What It Do ) '' `` Kinda Like a Big Deal '' `` I 'm Good '' Featured singles `` Like I Love You '' `` So Sick '' `` Set It Off '' Related articles Discography Re-Up Gang Clipse Presents : Re-Up Gang Star Trak Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Like_I_Love_You&oldid=798638209 '' Categories : 2002 singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Justin Timberlake songs Jive Records singles Debut singles Clipse songs Music videos directed by Diane Martel Song recordings produced by The Neptunes Songs written by Justin Timberlake Songs written by Pharrell Williams Songs written by Chad Hugo Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 01 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	justin timberlake like i love you video girl	[]	[]
-6940349336674168590	Spinal nerve	Spinal nerve - wikipedia Spinal nerve Jump to : navigation , search Spinal nerve The formation of the spinal nerve from the posterior and anterior roots Details Identifiers Latin nervus spinalis MeSH D013127 TA A14. 2.00. 027 A14. 2.02. 001 FMA 5858 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) A spinal nerve is a mixed nerve , which carries motor , sensory , and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body . In the human body there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves , one on each side of the vertebral column . These are grouped into the corresponding cervical , thoracic , lumbar , sacral and coccygeal regions of the spine . There are eight pairs of cervical nerves , twelve pairs of thoracic nerves , five pairs of lumbar nerves , five pairs of sacral nerves , and one pair of coccygeal nerves . The spinal nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Regional nerves 2.1 Cervical nerves 2.2 Thoracic nerves 2.3 Lumbar nerves 2.4 Sacral nerves 2.5 Coccygeal nerve 3 Function 4 Clinical significance 5 Additional Images 6 References Structure ( edit ) Spinal nerve Typical spinal nerve location Each spinal nerve is formed from the combination of nerve fibers from its dorsal and ventral roots . The dorsal root is the afferent sensory root and carries sensory information to the brain . The ventral root is the efferent motor root and carries motor information from the brain . The spinal nerve emerges from the spinal column through an opening ( intervertebral foramen ) between adjacent vertebrae . This is true for all spinal nerves except for the first spinal nerve pair ( C1 ) , which emerges between the occipital bone and the atlas ( the first vertebra ) . Thus the cervical nerves are numbered by the vertebra below , except spinal nerve C8 , which exists below vertebra C7 and above vertebra T1 . The thoracic , lumbar , and sacral nerves are then numbered by the vertebra above . In the case of a lumbarized S1 vertebra ( aka L6 ) or a sacralized L5 vertebra , the nerves are typically still counted to L5 and the next nerve is S1 . Scheme showing structure of a typical spinal nerve 1 . Somatic efferent . 2 . Somatic afferent . 3 , 4 , 5 . Sympathetic efferent . 6 , 7 . Sympathetic afferent Outside the vertebral column , the nerve divides into branches . The dorsal ramus contains nerves that serve the posterior portions of the trunk carrying visceral motor , somatic motor , and somatic sensory information to and from the skin and muscles of the back ( epaxial muscles ) . The ventral ramus contains nerves that serve the remaining anterior parts of the trunk and the upper and lower limbs ( hypaxial muscles ) carrying visceral motor , somatic motor , and sensory information to and from the ventrolateral body surface , structures in the body wall , and the limbs . The meningeal branches ( recurrent meningeal or sinuvertebral nerves ) branch from the spinal nerve and re-enter the intervertebral foramen to serve the ligaments , dura , blood vessels , intervertebral discs , facet joints , and periosteum of the vertebrae . The rami communicantes contain autonomic nerves that serve visceral functions carrying visceral motor and sensory information to and from the visceral organs . Some anterior rami merge with adjacent anterior rami to form a nerve plexus , a network of interconnecting nerves . Nerves emerging from a plexus contain fibers from various spinal nerves , which are now carried together to some target location . Major plexuses include the cervical , brachial , lumbar , and sacral plexuses . Regional nerves ( edit ) Further information : Spinal cord § Spinal cord segments Cervical nerves ( edit ) Cervical nerves The cervical nerves are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae in the cervical segment of the spinal cord . Although there are seven cervical vertebrae ( C1 - C7 ) , there are eight cervical nerves C1 -- C8 . All cervical nerves except C8 emerge above their corresponding vertebrae , while the C8 nerve emerges below the C7 vertebra . Elsewhere in the spine , the nerve emerges below the vertebra with the same name . The posterior distribution includes the suboccipital nerve ( C1 ) , the greater occipital nerve ( C2 ) and the third occipital nerve ( C3 ) . The anterior distribution includes the cervical plexus ( C1 - C4 ) and brachial plexus ( C5 - T1 ) . The cervical nerves innervate the sternohyoid , sternothyroid and omohyoid muscles . A loop of nerves called ansa cervicalis is part of the cervical plexus . Thoracic nerves ( edit ) The thoracic nerves are the twelve spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic vertebrae . Each thoracic nerve T1 - T12 originates from below each corresponding thoracic vertebra . Branches also exit the spine and go directly to the paravertebral ganglia of the autonomic nervous system where they are involved in the functions of organs and glands in the head , neck , thorax and abdomen . Anterior divisions : The intercostal nerves come from thoracic nerves T1 - T11 , and run between the ribs . At T2 and T3 , further branches form the intercostobrachial nerve . The subcostal nerve comes from nerve T12 , and runs below the twelfth rib . Posterior divisions : The medial branches ( ramus medialis ) of the posterior branches of the upper six thoracic nerves run between the semispinalis dorsi and multifidus , which they supply ; they then pierce the rhomboid and trapezius muscles , and reach the skin by the sides of the spinous processes . This sensitive branch is called the medial cutaneous ramus . The medial branches of the lower six are distributed chiefly to the multifidus and longissimus dorsi , occasionally they give off filaments to the skin near the middle line . This sensitive branch is called the posterior cutaneous ramus . Lumbar nerves ( edit ) Further information : List of lumbar nerves Lumbar plexus and branches The lumbar nerves are the five spinal nerves emerging from the lumbar vertebrae . They are divided into posterior and anterior divisions . Posterior divisions : The medial branches of the posterior divisions of the lumbar nerves run close to the articular processes of the vertebrae and end in the multifidus muscle . The laterals supply the erector spinae muscles . The upper three give off cutaneous nerves which pierce the aponeurosis of the latissimus dorsi at the lateral border of the erector spinae muscles , and descend across the posterior part of the iliac crest to the skin of the buttock , some of their twigs running as far as the level of the greater trochanter . Anterior divisions : The anterior divisions of the lumbar nerves ( rami anteriores ) increase in size from above downward . They are joined , near their origins , by gray rami communicantes from the lumbar ganglia of the sympathetic trunk . These rami consist of long , slender branches which accompany the lumbar arteries around the sides of the vertebral bodies , beneath the psoas major . Their arrangement is somewhat irregular : one ganglion may give rami to two lumbar nerves , or one lumbar nerve may receive rami from two ganglia . The first and second , and sometimes the third and fourth lumbar nerves are each connected with the lumbar part of the sympathetic trunk by a white ramus communicans . The nerves pass obliquely outward behind the psoas major , or between its fasciculi , distributing filaments to it and the quadratus lumborum . The first three and the greater part of the fourth are connected together in this situation by anastomotic loops , and form the lumbar plexus . The smaller part of the fourth joins with the fifth to form the lumbosacral trunk , which assists in the formation of the sacral plexus . The fourth nerve is named the furcal nerve , from the fact that it is subdivided between the two plexuses . Sacral nerves ( edit ) Plan of sacral and pudendal plexuses The sacral nerves are the five pairs of spinal nerves which exit the sacrum at the lower end of the vertebral column . The roots of these nerves begin inside the vertebral column at the level of the L1 vertebra , where the cauda equina begins , and then descend into the sacrum . There are five paired sacral nerves , half of them arising through the sacrum on the left side and the other half on the right side . Each nerve emerges in two divisions : one division through the anterior sacral foramina and the other division through the posterior sacral foramina . The nerves divide into branches and the branches from different nerves join with one another , some of them also joining with lumbar or coccygeal nerve branches . These anastomoses of nerves form the sacral plexus and the lumbosacral plexus . The branches of these plexus give rise to nerves that supply much of the hip , thigh , leg and foot . The sacral nerves have both afferent and efferent fibers , thus they are responsible for part of the sensory perception and the movements of the lower extremities of the human body . From the S2 , S3 and S4 arise the pudendal nerve and parasympathetic fibers whose electrical potential supply the descending colon and rectum , urinary bladder and genital organs . These pathways have both afferent and efferent fibers and , this way , they are responsible for conduction of sensory information from these pelvic organs to the central nervous system ( CNS ) and motor impulses from the CNS to the pelvis that control the movements of these pelvic organs . Coccygeal nerve ( edit ) The coccygeal nerve is the 31st pair of spinal nerves . It arises from the conus medullaris , and its anterior root helps form the coccygeal plexus . It does not divide into a medial and lateral branch . It is distributed to the skin over the back of the coccyx . Function ( edit ) Areas of distribution of the cutaneous branches of the posterior divisions of the spinal nerves . The areas of the medial branches are in black , those of the lateral in red Actions of the spinal nerves edit Level Motor function C1 -- C6 Neck flexors C1 -- T1 Neck extensors C3 , C4 , C5 Supply diaphragm ( mostly C4 ) C5 , C6 Move shoulder , raise arm ( deltoid ) ; flex elbow ( biceps ) C6 externally rotate ( supinate ) the arm C6 , C7 Extend elbow and wrist ( triceps and wrist extensors ) ; pronate wrist C7 , C8 Flex wrist ; supply small muscles of the hand T1 -- T6 Intercostals and trunk above the waist T7 -- L1 Abdominal muscles L1 -- L4 Flex thigh L2 , L3 , L4 Adduct thigh ; Extend leg at the knee ( quadriceps femoris ) L4 , L5 , S1 abduct thigh ; Flex leg at the knee ( hamstrings ) ; Dorsiflex foot ( tibialis anterior ) ; Extend toes L5 , S1 , S2 Extend leg at the hip ( gluteus maximus ) ; flex foot and flex toes Clinical significance ( edit ) The muscles that one particular spinal root supplies are that nerve 's myotome , and the dermatomes are the areas of sensory innervation on the skin for each spinal nerve . Lesions of one or more nerve roots result in typical patterns of neurologic defects ( muscle weakness , abnormal sensation , changes in reflexes ) that allow localization of the responsible lesion . There are several procedures used in sacral nerve stimulation for the treatment of various related disorders . Sciatica is generally caused by the compression of lumbar nerves L4 , or L5 or sacral nerves S1 , S2 , or S3 , or by compression of the sciatic nerve itself . Additional images ( edit ) A portion of the spinal cord , showing its right lateral surface . The dura is opened and arranged to show the nerve roots . Distribution of the cutaneous nerves . Ventral aspect . Distribution of the cutaneous nerves . Dorsal aspect . The spinal cord with dura cut open , showing the exits of the spinal nerves . The spinal cord showing how the anterior and posterior roots join in the spinal nerves . A longer view of the spinal cord . Projections of the spinal cord into the nerves ( red motor , blue sensory ) . Projections of the spinal cord into the nerves ( red motor , blue sensory ) . Schematic diagram of cervical plexus . Dissection images Cerebrum . Inferior view . Deep dissection . Cerebrum . Inferior view . Deep dissection . Spinal nerves . Spinal cord and vertebral canal . Deep dissection . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Spinal Nerves '' . National Library of Medicine . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ 1 . Anatomy , descriptive and surgical : Gray 's anatomy . Gray , Henry . Philadelphia : Courage Books / Running Press , 1974 Jump up ^ 2 . Clinically Oriented Anatomy . Moore , Keith L. Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , 2010 ( 6th ed ) Jump up ^ 1 . Anatomy , descriptive and surgical : Gray 's anatomy . Gray , Henry . Philadelphia : Courage Books / Running Press , 1974 Jump up ^ 1 . Anatomy , descriptive and surgical : Gray 's anatomy . Gray , Henry . Philadelphia : Courage Books / Running Press , 1974 Jump up ^ 3 . Human Neuroanatomy . Carpenter , Malcolm B. Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins Co. , 1976 ( 7th ed ) Jump up ^ 3 . Human Neuroanatomy . Carpenter , Malcolm B. Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins Co. , 1976 ( 7th ed ) Blumenfeld H. ' Neuroanatomy Through Clinical Cases ' . Sunderland , Mass : Sinauer Associates ; 2002 . Drake RL , Vogl W , Mitchell AWM . ' Gray 's Anatomy for Students ' . New York : Elsevier ; 2005 : 69 - 70 . Ropper AH , Samuels MA . ' Adams and Victor 's Principles of Neurology ' . Ninth Edition . New York : McGraw Hill ; 2009 . Nervous system Central nervous system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Rhombencephalon Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Peripheral nervous system Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerve Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric Spinal nerves Cervical C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 anterior Cervical plexus Brachial plexus posterior Posterior branches of cervical nerves Suboccipital -- C1 Greater occipital -- C2 Third occipital -- C3 Thoracic T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 anterior Intercostal Intercostobrachial -- T2 Thoraco - abdominal nerves -- T7 -- T11 Subcostal -- T12 posterior Posterior branches of thoracic nerves Lumbar L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 anterior Lumbar plexus Lumbosacral trunk posterior Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves Superior cluneal L1 -- L3 Sacral S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 anterior Sacral plexus posterior Posterior branches of sacral nerves Medial cluneal nerves Coccygeal anterior Coccygeal plexus posterior Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve GND : 4256684 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spinal_nerve&oldid=825336513 '' Categories : Peripheral nervous system Spinal nerves Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Українська 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 20 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the nerves called that emerge from the thoracic region of the spinal cord	[ "The thoracic nerves are the twelve spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic vertebrae. Each thoracic nerve T1 -T12 originates from below each corresponding thoracic vertebra. Branches also exit the spine and go directly to the paravertebral ganglia of the autonomic nervous system where they are involved in the functions of organs and glands in the head, neck, thorax and abdomen." ]	[ "T1 -T12" ]
8063801427590638885	Star-Lord	Star - Lord - wikipedia Star - Lord `` Star Lord '' redirects here . For other uses , see Star Lord ( disambiguation ) . `` Peter Quill '' redirects here . For Australian rules footballer , see Peter Quill ( footballer ) . Star - Lord Textless variant cover of Star - Lord Vol. 2 # 2 ( January 2007 ) . Art by Nic Klein . Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Marvel Preview # 4 ( January 1976 ) Created by Steve Englehart Steve Gan In - story information Alter ego Peter Jason Quill Species Human / Spartoi Hybrid Place of origin Colorado , Earth Team affiliations Guardians of the Galaxy Infinity Watch Ravagers Shi'ar Imperial Guard United Front Abilities Expert hand - to - hand combatant Skilled marksman Flight via jet boots Utilizes dual element guns , and helmet providing survivability in space , and formerly used a universal translator implant in his neck Star - Lord ( Peter Quill ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character , created by Steve Englehart and Steve Gan , first appeared in Marvel Preview # 4 ( January 1976 ) . The son of human Meredith Quill and Spartoi J'son , Peter Quill assumes the mantle of Star - Lord , an interplanetary policeman . The character played prominent roles in the comic book storylines `` Annihilation '' ( 2006 ) and `` Annihilation : Conquest '' ( 2007 ) , `` War of Kings '' ( 2008 ) , and The Thanos Imperative ( 2009 ) . He became the leader of the space - based superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy in the 2008 relaunch of the comic of the same name . He has been featured in a variety of associated Marvel merchandise , including animated television series , toys , and trading cards . Chris Pratt portrays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe beginning with the 2014 live - action film Guardians of the Galaxy , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Avengers : Infinity War . He will also reprise the role in the fourth Avengers film . Wyatt Oleff portrays a young Peter Quill in the first two Guardians of the Galaxy films . Contents 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 New Guardians and Kitty Pryde 2.2 The Black Vortex 2.3 Secret Wars 2.4 All - New , All - Different Marvel 2.4. 1 Grounded 3 Powers and abilities 4 Other characters named Star - Lord 5 Other versions 5.1 Classic 5.2 Age of Ultron 5.3 Starkill 6 In other media 6.1 Television 6.2 Film 6.3 Video games 6.4 Theme Parks 6.5 Toys 7 Collected editions 8 References 9 External links Publication history ( edit ) The character first appeared in the black - and - white magazine publication Marvel Preview # 4 ( Jan 1976 ) . Creator Steve Englehart had plans for the character that went unrealized . He later reflected on his website : I conceived something very large . My hero would go from being an unpleasant , introverted jerk to the most cosmic being in the universe , and I would tie it into my then - new interest in astrology . After his earthbound beginning , his mind would be opened step by step , with a fast - action story on Mercury , a love story on Venus , a war story on Mars , and so on out to the edge of the solar system , and then beyond . But -- after his earthbound beginning , where I established him as an unpleasant , introverted jerk , I left Marvel , so no one ever saw what he was to become . Star - Lord continued to appear in Marvel Preview , with writer Chris Claremont revamping the character and using science fiction adventure stories like the Heinlein juveniles for inspiration . Heinlein 's lawyers threatened legal action over the cover to Marvel Preview # 11 , which featured a blurb that described the content as `` a novel - length science fiction spectacular in the tradition of Robert A. Heinlein '' , leading to the issue being pulled and reprinted . The story in # 11 was the first teaming of the celebrated X-Men creative trio of writer Chris Claremont , penciller John Byrne , and inker Terry Austin . Star - Lord made sporadic appearances over the next few years in the titles Marvel Super Special , Marvel Spotlight , and Marvel Premiere . The Marvel Spotlight installments , which were Star - Lord 's first appearance in a traditional comic book format , served to consolidate the separate but complementary origin stories from his two appearances in Marvel Preview . In February 1982 , a color reprint of the black - and - white Star - Lord story from Marvel Preview # 11 was published with a new framing sequence by Claremont and artist Michael Golden . The character returned in Thanos # 8 -- 12 ( May -- Sept. 2004 ) and Annihilation # 1 - 6 ( 2006 ) . The following year , he received a four issue eponymous title ( Annihilation : Conquest -- Star - Lord ) leading into the `` Annihilation : Conquest '' crossover storyline , in which he played a central role . Spinning out of `` Annihilation : Conquest '' , a second volume of Guardians of the Galaxy featured a team of characters from the crossover who were led by Star - Lord for the duration of the title 's 25 - issue run . Plot lines from that series were concluded in The Thanos Imperative mini-series . Because of revisions to the character 's origin , his early appearances have been officially designated as occurring in an alternate reality . Star - Lord returned , along with other members of the Guardians , in Avengers Assemble # 4 - 8 ( June -- Oct. 2012 ) . He stars in Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 3 , a part of the Marvel NOW ! relaunch . In July 2014 , Star - Lord received his own ongoing series , Legendary Star - Lord . The character was also given a new costume , matching that seen in the Marvel Studios film Guardians of the Galaxy His solo series and Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 3 ended as Marvel began its 2015 `` Secret Wars '' storyline . Star - Lord appeared as a main character in the core Secret Wars miniseries , and in a tie - in miniseries during the event , Star - Lord and Kitty Pryde . During publication of `` Secret Wars '' , Marvel premiered a new ongoing Star - Lord series , written by Sam Humphries , as part of the All - New , All - Different Marvel initiative , which focused on the character 's revamped origins . This series also saw him leave the Guardians of the Galaxy , and replaced by his fiancée Kitty Pryde , who took over the identity of Star - Lord on the team 's roster . The series lasted for eight issues . A subsequent Star - Lord ongoing series written by Chip Zdarsky began in December 2017 before being canceled after a six issues and one annual . Fictional character biography ( edit ) When J'son 's ship crash lands on Earth , he is taken in by Meredith Quill . The two form a relationship while J'son makes repairs to his ship . Eventually , J'son is forced to leave to return home and fight in a war . He leaves , not knowing Meredith is pregnant with Peter Quill . Ten years later , Meredith is killed when she is attacked by two Badoon soldiers who have come to kill Peter and end J'son's blood line . Peter finds his father 's gun by accident , kills them with a shotgun , and escapes his home before it is destroyed by the Badoon ship . The Badoon presume Peter has been killed and leave . Peter is placed in an orphanage and eventually joins NASA . It was eventually explained that he was raised by his mother 's best friend Lisa Chang who was a commander at NASA . Later , when his ship malfunctions and he is stranded in space , Peter is found by the Ravagers , a group of space pirates led by Yondu . After the Ravagers saved Peter , he tried to steal their ship . Peter managed to outsmart every member of the Ravagers and even knocked out Yondu before capturing him . After he woke up , Yondu managed to set himself free from his restraints and attacked Peter and gave him a choice between letting himself be released to space without more trouble or get killed right there . Peter instead asked him if he could join his crew . Yondu was not sold on the idea but after he found out Peter was like him as they were both `` kids without homes '' , Yondu changed his mind and let him stay in the ship with the Ravagers as their cleaning boy . Peter decided to stay and try to learn everything he could from space while he was part of the Ravagers . The character encountered the former Herald of Galactus , the Fallen One , and is almost killed defeating the entity , and in addition Star - Lord 's vessel `` Ship '' is destroyed in the conflict . The pair are subsequently imprisoned in the intergalactic prison the Kyln . Star - Lord is freed by the hero Nova during the Annihilation War and aids in the war against villain Annihilus . Quill later acts as military adviser to the Kree General Ronan the Accuser . When the Kree homeworld of Hala is conquered by the Phalanx , Star - Lord leads a band of rebels against the invaders until the war is over . In an effort to prevent another interstellar war , Star - Lord forms a new version of the Guardians of the Galaxy . They are `` proactive '' and try to end emerging galactic threats early , but are unsuccessful at preventing a war between the Kree and Shi'ar . During a war with an invading universe , Star - Lord and Nova are prepared to sacrifice themselves to defeat Thanos but only Nova dies and Thanos escapes . New Guardians and Kitty Pryde ( edit ) Peter decides to remain inactive for a time until he found out his father was planning to pass a law that forbade any interaction of extraterrestrial or space origin with Earth . Knowing this would be an open invitation for invasion , Peter decides to reform the Guardians with six members : Gamora , Rocket , Groot , Drax , and Bug , along with himself , and start protecting Earth from any attack . Soon they aid the Avengers against the returned Thanos . After this , Star - Lord and his new team of Guardians engage in conflicts with the Badoon . He is soon captured by the army of Spartax but he escapes imprisonment and broadcasts a video showing the unfairness of his father 's reign . During the war of the builders , he infiltrated the S.W.O.R.D. facilities and rescued Abigail Brand along with Rocket and new member Angela . He also declared war against the Shi'ar empire after intervening in one of their trials to rescue the kidnapped young Jean Grey along with the X-Men . It was during this mission when he met Kitty Pryde , the woman with whom he would initiate a romantic relationship before long . After that , all the Guardians were cornered and captured by the Spartax army . Peter was sent to Spartax where he confronted his father again and escaped after exposing once again his father 's tyrannical reign . This time a riot formed in the Empire and J'son was deposed as a consequence . Peter decided to keep a low profile and dedicated completely to his long distance relationship with Kitty , the two eventually falling in love with each other . Soon he discovered he was elected by the Spartax people to be their new Emperor . Peter ignored the announcement and kept focusing on Kitty and his search for a gangster named Mr. Knife who had put a bounty on his head . After being captured by Knife , he found out his real identity was J'son , his father . He escaped thanks to Kitty and both disappeared from the radar to spend some time together . Peter convinced Kitty to stay in space with him and both consummated their relationship before deciding to steal an important artifact from J'son as payback . The Black Vortex ( edit ) Peter and Kitty were successful in stealing the artifact called The Black Vortex , but found themselves outnumbered by J'son's killing squad so they decided to call the X-Men and the remaining Guardians for help . Knowing the artifact could give them the needed power to defeat J'son , Peter wanted everyone to submit to the Vortex to gain cosmic powers . Kitty stood against the idea but some of their friends submitted anyway . After failing to stop them , the submitted cosmic warriors attacked Hala and Peter went with a team to help the Kree in the battle . After some failed negotiations for the Vortex his team had to escape , but J'son found them and destroyed Hala in retaliation . Peter escaped on time . After finding Spartax had been completely covered in amber by Thane , including Kitty , Peter lamented not having heard her since the beginning and apologize to her . Kitty escaped thanks to her phasing powers and both had a reunion . Seeing no other way to defeat J'son and his cosmic empowered team , Peter tried to submit to the Vortex but after seeing the power would eventually make him push Kitty away , he refused . Kitty ended up submitting and saving Spartax . After the war ended , Peter had a romantic talk with Kitty where he proposes to Kitty Pryde , a proposal which she accepts . Secret Wars ( edit ) When the universe is facing its imminent end , Star - Lord and the rest of the Guardians of the Galaxy come to the world 's final battle against the Children of Tomorrow . During the battle , Groot and Rocket Raccoon are killed , and Star - Lord is teleported away by Reed Richards to his ship . In the end , he is one of the few survivors of the apocalypse aboard the Fantastic Four 's `` life raft '' . After the end of the universe , Doctor Doom somehow creates a new , patchwork world formed from the remains of dead universes . The life raft that Star - Lord was on remained in cryostasis for the next eight years , until they are awakened by Doctor Strange , a new Thor , and Miles Morales . Doom becomes aware of their location , and ambushes them . Knowing they are the only hope of reviving the old universe , Strange casts a spell to spread the survivors across the world using the wind , with Doom vowing to find them . Star - Lord ends up in the domain of Manhattan , where he gets a job singing in the popular club , `` the Quiet Room '' , singing Disney songs , as Disney films never existed in Battleworld , using the alias of Steve Rogers to hide from Doom . It is here that he runs into an alternate universe version of Kitty Pryde ( from the Age of Apocalypse universe ) , who is hunting down artifacts from before Battleworld 's creation . Hoping to talk to who he believes is his fiancé , he accidentally messes up a deal between Kitty and Gambit to obtain an ancient artifact . Gambit leaves , but Kitty uses a scanner to discover that Star - Lord is from before Battleworld 's creation , and plans on taking him to Doom . However , they are ambushed by a group of robots connected to Gambit . The two decide to steal an artifact that Gambit has , but it was a trap and the two are captured . Right before Gambit can kill them , a version of Drax appears , who originally hired Peter to work in the Quiet Room , and knocks out Gambit . The three escape with the artifact secured . When they are safe the next morning , Kitty shows it to the two , only to find out its Rocket Racoon 's tail . Star - Lord laments the death of his friend , and Kitty decides to allow him to keep it , as it is the one thing left of his old universe . Star - Lord thanks Kitty , who kisses him before heading back to her home of Doomguard . Realizing the two are out of a job for abandoning the Quiet Room in the middle of a show , Star - Lord and Drax decide to go back into Star - Lord 's old career as a thief . He asks Drax if he knows a good geneticist , as he plans on using Rocket 's tail to make a clone of his friend , possibly an army of them . During the final stand against God Doom , Peter not only piloted a ship to take the two Reed Richards ' to the heart of Castle Doom , but also managed to keep Black Swan occupied by using the last twig of Groot , kept in his pocket ever since the Incursions to be planted at the crucial moment . All - new , all - Different Marvel ( edit ) Following the restoration of reality , Peter ascended to the throne of Spartax , with Rocket taking over leadership of the Guardians while Kitty - now under the alias of Star - Lady - and the Thing - following the disbanding of the FF while the Richards ' family worked to restore the multiverse - joined the team . After Kree accuser Hala and the ruthless Yotat the Destroyer caused mass destruction on Spartax while trying to eliminate Quill , he was forced to return to the Guardians due to the accusations of his delegates about his responsibility for the resulting deaths . During the Civil War II storyline , Star - Lord and the Guardians of the Galaxy assist Captain Marvel in the fight against Iron Man as her surprise weapon . During the battle , the Guardians ship explodes , leaving them stranded on Earth . After Iron Man 's faction leaves , Gamora overhears a conversation between Peter and Kitty in which she finds out that Peter knew that Thanos was on Earth the entire time they were there without telling the rest of the team . After stopping Gamora from storming into the Triskelion and killing Thanos , Gamora and the other Guardians leave Peter for not telling them the truth . Peter and Kitty then break off their engagement . Grounded ( edit ) Living alone in an apartment given to him by Abigail Brand , Peter calls Howard the Duck to try and have drinks with him , and Howard furiously hangs up . He then finds Kitty and Old Man Logan in an art gallery , where Kitty shouts at him for carrying his guns into an art gallery with children . Frustrated , Peter leaves . Logan then catches up to him and has drinks with him in a bar , where they fight hitmen , which attracts the attention of the police . Logan flees the scene and Peter is captured . Peter is prosecuted by Matt Murdock , who argues that unlike other superheroes , Star - Lord was reckless and endangered civilians while causing substantial property damage . The trial is interrupted by Brand , who gets the judge to reduce Peter 's sentence to community service , to which Peter agrees . Brand and Alpha Flight then give him a new skin - tight costume , and he is assigned to senior citizen Edmund Allen , a retired super criminal named Silver Bandit . After a day of bonding , Star - Lord is hired as a bartender at a bar for supervillains owned by Edmund 's son . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Star - Lord is a master strategist and problem solver who is an expert in close - quarter combat , various human and alien firearms , and battle techniques . He has extensive knowledge of various alien customs , societies , and cultures , and considerable knowledge about cosmic abstracts , such as Oblivion . As Star - Lord , Peter Quill wears a suit that grants augmented strength and durability and the ability to travel through space . The character uses an `` Element Gun '' , a special meta - pistol capable of projecting one of the four elements ( air , earth , fire and water ) . Star - Lord shares a psychic link with his sentient space vessel , `` Ship '' . `` Ship '' is actually a sentient energy form . She most often exists in the form of a starship , but can alter her structure at will . She can travel through air , space and water . She possesses many of the conventional starship accessories , including shields , energy blasters , advanced sensors , replicators ( able to form any kind of food , drink , etc . ) , and hologram projectors . She has proven capable of creating a human form , which she can then animate and use as a host . Even if completely destroyed , she is capable of restoring herself , since her true form is her consciousness . In addition , she takes on a number of feminine characteristics , such as a mothering instinct for those she is partnered with . She has felt deeper attachments , including love for her partners . `` Ship '' can create Widgets -- small , mobile droids able to scout out situations , gather information , and then return to her . The full extent of `` Ship 's '' abilities are unknown . During Star - Lord 's battle with The Fallen One , his Element Gun , suit and `` Ship '' were destroyed . Due to severe injury he was grafted with cybernetic implants by doctors on the Kyln , where he was sentenced . The eye implant allows him to see all energy spectra and the memory chip in his brain gives him 100 % total recall . On the Kree world of Aladon Prime , Star - Lord 's cybernetic implants were removed . Star - Lord was outfitted with a Kree - issued heat - dampening espionage battle - suit , which became the hallmark look for the Guardians of the Galaxy , a battle helmet , and a universal translator , all of which he still uses . His battle helmet can analyze strategy data , improve vision , and regulate oxygen in space . Star - Lord 's chosen weapons are two Kree sub-machine guns with various types of ammunition , including explosives . After escaping the Cancerverse , Peter acquires a new element gun ( s ) , but discards his armor . Other characters named Star - Lord ( edit ) A three - issue limited series , titled Starlord , featured a man named Sinjin Quarrel adopting the identity 12 years after the disappearance of the original Star - Lord ( Peter Jason Quill ) . The series , published from December 1996 to February 1997 , was written by Timothy Zahn , with art by Dan Lawlis . Where the events depicted in this miniseries fit into Peter Quill 's chronology has never been revealed . Other versions ( edit ) Classic ( edit ) Star - Lord 's adventures in Marvel Preview # 4 and # 11 have been officially designated as occurring in an alternate past . In these issues , Peter Quill is born during an unusual astronomical phenomenon when many of the planets align . Seeing no resemblance , the man who believed he was Quill 's father accuses his wife Meredith of infidelity and attempts to kill the infant , but dies of a sudden heart attack . Peter is raised by his single mother until she is killed by Ariguans when he is eleven . Quill is placed in an orphanage but escapes and eventually becomes a trainee NASA astronaut . An alien entity called the Master of the Sun later visits the space station that Quill and other astronauts are inhabiting , and offers the mantle of Star - Lord ( an interplanetary policeman ) to a worthy candidate . Quill volunteers , but is rejected in favor of a colleague he once treated badly . Quill is outraged , and NASA orders his return to Earth and discharge for his conduct . Instead , he steals a scout ship , returns to the space station , and takes his colleague 's place . Quill becomes Star - Lord , with the Master of the Sun first creating an illusion in which the character is able to find and kill the aliens that murdered his mother to free him of his past . Equipped with a sentient vessel called `` Ship '' , Quill commences his role as Star - Lord . Years later , Star - Lord becomes involved in stopping a group of slavers who are destroying worlds . His efforts led him to discover a conspiracy to replace the emperor of the Spartoi Empire . In order to thwart the takeover , Star - Lord travels to the imperial throneworld Sparta where he encounters and kills the alien who killed his mother . Star - Lord then meets Emperor Jason who reveals that he is Peter 's father . Jason explains that he had crashed on Earth decades earlier and been rescued by Meredith Quill . During the year that he had spent repairing his ship , Jason and Meredith fell in love . When it came time to leave , Jason , for Meredith 's safety , had placed a mindlock on her memories of him , causing her to remember their year together as only a dream . Age of Ultron ( edit ) During the 2013 `` Age of Ultron '' storyline , Wolverine and Susan Storm accidentally create an alternate timeline after traveling back in time and assassinating Hank Pym before he can create Ultron . In the new reality , Star - Lord is seen as a member of the Defenders , who have replaced the defunct Avengers as the world 's premier superhero team . Starkill ( edit ) Lord Starkill debuted in Captain Marvel # 126 in 2018 . He is an evil version of Star - Lord from an alternate universe . He possesses the Reality Stone and is allied with Thanos . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Star - Lord appears in The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes episode `` Michael Korvac '' , voiced by Steve Downes . Star - Lord appears in the Ultimate Spider - Man cartoon series , voiced by Chris Cox . In `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' , he is seen as a member of the Guardians of the Galaxy . He and the Guardians of the Galaxy fight Korvac and the Chitauri with the help of Spider - Man and Nova . In `` The Return of the Guardians of the Galaxy '' , Star - Lord is with the Guardians of the Galaxy when they land on Earth to rebuild their ship at the same time when Titus was leading the Chitauri into targeting Nova 's helmet . Star - Lord appears in Avengers Assemble , voiced by Chris Cox ( in `` Guardians and Spaceknights '' ) and later by Will Friedle ( in `` Widow 's Run '' ) . In `` Guardians and Spaceknights '' , he was seen with the Guardians of the Galaxy when they are in the middle of evacuating the D'Bari from their homeworld before it can be consumed by Galactus . In `` Widow 's Run '' , Star - Lord tries to get Tony Stark to have the Infinity Gems in the custody of the Guardians of the Galaxy only to be turned down . This causes Star - Lord to lead the Guardians of the Galaxy into taking the Infinity Gems from the Black Widow leading the group 's fight with the Avengers . Using special teleportation disks , the Falcon was able to send the Guardians of the Galaxy back to their ship . Star - Lord 's design initially resembles his original comic book appearance , however it changed and now resembles Chris Pratt 's character from the Guardians of the Galaxy film . Star - Lord appeared in Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. , voiced by Chris Cox ( in `` It 's a Wonderful Smash '' and `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' ) , and by Will Friedle ( in `` Planet Monster '' Pt. 2 ) . Star - Lord appears in Marvel Disk Wars : The Avengers episode `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Star - Lord appears in the Guardians of the Galaxy animated series , voiced again by Will Friedle . Star - Lord appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy : The Thanos Threat , voiced again by Will Friedle . Film ( edit ) Star - Lord makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the animated direct - to - video film Planet Hulk . He is seen as an audience member in the Sakaar arena . Chris Pratt as Star - Lord in a character poster for the 2014 film Guardians of the Galaxy . Chris Pratt portrays Peter Quill / Star - Lord in the films set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The character first appears in the 2014 film Guardians of the Galaxy . In 1988 , when Peter Quill was a young boy in Missouri and unable to accept his mother 's death due to cancer , he leaves the hospital in tears , and is subsequently abducted by an extraterrestrial star - ship . Twenty - six years later , he is a member of the Ravagers , the mercenary gang who abducted him as a child led by Yondu Udonta , and has had many adventures with this crew around the galaxy . While on a scavenging job , Peter finds himself embroiled in a significant power struggle and revenge war between two advanced galactic powers , the Kree warlord Ronan the Accuser and Xandar 's Nova Corps while also being hunted by Yondu after failing to bring him a stolen relic later revealed to be an Infinity Stone which Ronan seeks . Throughout the movie , Peter is shown listening to a mixtape of various hit songs from 1962 -- 1986 in a Walkman that was given to him by his mother , which serves as his only connection with Earth . One recurring gag in the film is everyone 's failure to remember Quill 's alias . Star - Lord returns in the 2017 sequel Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . In this film , Quill learns that his father is Ego the Living Planet , a primordial Celestial who manifests a human avatar that allows him to interact with other races , with Ego informing Quill that he too possesses his Celestial abilities . Peter is initially happy to have found his father and to have family again , however , it is eventually revealed that Ego intends to terraform all other planets into extentions of himself , killing all other life , and had conceived Peter with the intention that his son would provide the extra power necessary to do so . He turns against his father when it is revealed that Ego killed his mother to ensure his focus on his self - perceived ' duty ' . Peter keeps Ego occupied in combat with his newfound Celestial powers until the other Guardians are able to destroy Ego 's brain . After Ego dies and Peter loses his Celestial powers , he is rescued from the planet 's destruction by Yondu , who sacrifices his life in the process . The Guardians hold a memorial to give Yondu an honorable funeral , during which Peter realizes that Yondu is the man who has truly been a father to him , and the Ravagers arrive to pay homage . Peter also replaces his Walkman , which Ego had destroyed , with a Zune . Star - Lord appears in Avengers : Infinity War . During the film , Peter , along with the rest of the Guardians , rescue Thor from the wreckage of the Asgardian refugee vessel , and learns of Thanos 's quest for the Infinity Stones . He leads Gamora , Drax , and Mantis to Knowhere , where Thor tells them Thanos will be seeking the Reality Stone . Gamora privately asks Peter to kill her if Thanos should capture her to prevent him from learning the location of the Soul Stone , to which he reluctantly agrees ; the two then share a kiss . On Knowhere , Peter gives Gamora instructions when the group confronts Thanos , which she ignores ; she is then captured by Thanos as she had feared . After they share their love for one another , Peter tearfully keeps his promise , but is rendered innefective by Thanos with the Reality Stone . After Thanos leaves with Gamora , Peter , Drax , and Mantis go to Titan and meet Iron Man , Doctor Strange , and Spider - Man , and eventually fight Thanos when he arrives on the planet . The heroes briefly gain the upper hand , with Mantis subduing him with her powers , but when Peter learns that Thanos has killed Gamora , he loses his temper and attacks Thanos , inadvertently breaking Mantis ' hold . After Thanos completes the Infinity Gauntlet and eliminates half of all life in the universe , Star - Lord is among those who cease to exist . Star - Lord is listed among the characters who will appear in the Untitled Avengers film and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . Video games ( edit ) Star - Lord is available as downloadable content for LittleBigPlanet , as part of `` Marvel Costume Kit 5 '' . Star - Lord appeared in Marvel Heroes . Star - Lord appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes . Star - Lord appears as a playable character in Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes . Star - Lord is available in the `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' skin pack for Minecraft on Xbox and Playstation platforms . This skin pack became unavailable in December 2015 along with the other 2 Marvel skin packs : `` The Avengers '' and `` Spider - Man '' . Star - Lord is available in the Facebook game Marvel : Avengers Alliance as the Special Operations 20 unlockable . Star - Lord is an unlockable and playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions . Star - Lord is an unlockable and playable character in Marvel : Future Fight . Star - Lord is a playable character in Disney Infinity 3.0 . Star - Lord is the primary protagonist of the video game Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series , voiced by Scott Porter as an adult and by Jeremy Shada as a kid . As seen in a flashback , Peter Quill had to promise his mother not to get into fights with a bully . After Meredith Quill died , Peter Quill is taken in by Yondu where Meredith entrusted him to watch over Peter . There are three playable versions of Star - Lord in the match - three mobile game Marvel Puzzle Quest , the two newest versions of which were added to the game in April 2017 . Star - Lord also appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 . Star - Lord is a playable character in Marvel Strike Force . Theme parks ( edit ) Star - Lord appears in the Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! attraction at Disney California Adventure with Chris Pratt reprising his role from the films . Toys ( edit ) Star - Lord was featured in the Marvel Universe toy line as a 3 3 / 4 '' figure in his Guardian uniform . He was sold in a three pack with Drax the Destroyer , Rocket Raccoon , and a mini Groot accessory . Star - Lord appears as a figure in the Groot Build - A-Figure line . Star - Lord is featured in the Hot Toys 1 : 6 scale line for Marvel Studios film Guardians of the Galaxy . The head sculpt features an authentic and detailed likeness of Chris Pratt as Star - Lord . Nerf has released toys of Star - Lord 's mask and weapons as they appear in the film . Collected editions ( edit ) Star - Lord : Guardian of the Galaxy ( collects Marvel Preview # 4 , 11 , 14 - 15 , 18 ; Marvel Super Special # 10 ; Marvel Spotlight vol. 2 # 6 - 7 ; Marvel Premiere # 61 ; and Star - Lord Vol. 1 # 1 - 3 ) , 424 pages , July 2014 , ISBN 978 - 0785154495 Legendary Star - Lord Vol. 1 : Face It , I Rule ( collects Legendary Star - Lord # 1 - 5 ) , 112 pages , February 2015 , ISBN 978 - 0785191599 Legendary Star - Lord Vol. 2 : Rise of the Black Vortex ( collects Legendary Star - Lord # 6 - 12 ) , 160 pages , August 2015 , ISBN 978 - 0785191605 Legendary Star - Lord Vol. 3 : First Flight ( collects Star - Lord Vol. 2 # 1 - 5 ) , 112 pages , July 2016 , ISBN 978 - 0785196242 Legendary Star - Lord Vol. 4 : Out of Orbit ( collects Star - Lord Vol. 2 # 6 - 8 , Avengers # 28 , 51 , 174 ) , 128 pages , November 2016 , ISBN 978 - 0785196259 Star - Lord and Kitty Pryde ( collects Star - Lord and Kitty Pryde # 1 - 3 , Generation Next # 1 , and Guardians of the Galaxy and X-Men : The Black Vortex Omega ) , 128 pages , December 2015 , ISBN 978 - 0785198437 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Opie , David ( May 7 , 2017 ) , `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol. 2 ' : Marvel Easter Eggs , Comic Book References & MCU Movie Links '' , Movie Pilot . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 Jump up ^ Englehart , Steve ( n.d. ) . `` Star - Lord '' . SteveEnglehart.com . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Retrieved December 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Claremont , Chris ( w ) , Byrne , John ( p ) , Austin , Terry ( i ) . `` Star - Lord '' Marvel Preview 11 ( Summer 1977 ) Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` Comic Book Legends Revealed # 194 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Heinlein 's lawyers contacted Marvel and a new printing was done and the text was removed . In fact , relatively few copies of Marvel Preview # 11 exist with the original text . Jump up ^ Moench , Doug ( w ) , Colan , Gene ( p ) , Palmer , Tom ( i ) . `` World In a Bottle '' Marvel Super Special 10 ( Winter 1979 ) Jump up ^ Moench , Doug ( w ) , Sutton , Tom ( p ) , Sutton , Tom ( i ) . `` The Saga of Star - Lord '' Marvel Spotlight v2 , 6 ( May 1980 ) Jump up ^ Moench , Doug ( w ) , Sutton , Tom ( p ) , Sutton , Tom ( i ) . `` Tears for the World Called Heaven '' Marvel Spotlight v2 , 7 ( July 1980 ) Jump up ^ Moench , Doug ( w ) , Sutton , Tom ( p ) , Sutton , Tom ( i ) . `` Planet Story '' Marvel Premiere 61 ( August 1981 ) Jump up ^ Brennaman , Chris ( April 2014 ) . `` Marvel Premiere '' . Back Issue ! . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing ( 71 ) : 32 . Jump up ^ Buttery , Jarrod ( April 2014 ) . `` Ready for the Spotlight '' . Back Issue ! . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing ( 71 ) : 12 . Jump up ^ Catron , Michael ( August 1981 ) . `` Marvel Sets Release Dates for New Graphic Albums '' . Amazing Heroes . Stamford , Connecticut : Fantagraphics Books ( 3 ) : 14 . Jump up ^ Starlord , The Special Edition at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Jeff Christiansen , Jeff ( n.d. ) . `` Numbered Realities '' . Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Earth - 791 Star - Lord ( Peter Quill ) sired by Jason of Sparta , given Star - Lord identity and weaponry by Master of the Sun . Marvel Preview # 4 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Richards , Dave ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` NYCC : Bendis , McNiven & Wacker Relaunch the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Legendary Star - Lord ( 2014 ) # 1 '' . Marvel Comics . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yehl , Joshua ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` 33 Marvel Comics Will Be Cancelled for Secret Wars '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star - Lord and Kitty Pryde ( 2015 ) # 1 '' . Marvel Comics . June 10 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Just Revealed Its Entire ' All - New All - Different ' Comic Universe '' . io9 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star - Lord '' Archived 2017 - 04 - 01 at the Wayback Machine ... Comic Book Round Up . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star - Lord ( 2016 ) '' Archived 2017 - 05 - 22 at the Wayback Machine ... Comic Book Round Up . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , McNiven , Steve ( p ) , Dell , John ( i ) . Guardians of the Galaxy v3 , 0.1 ( April 2013 ) Jump up ^ Humphries , Sam ( w ) , Garron , Javier ( p ) , Garron , Javier ( i ) . `` Year One , Chapter One : Free Falling '' Star - Lord 1 ( January 2016 ) Jump up ^ Humphries , Sam ( w ) , Garron , Javier ( p ) , Garron , Javier ( i ) . `` Year One , Chapter Two : Space Pirates Of The Galaxy '' Star - Lord 2 ( February 2016 ) Jump up ^ Giffen , Keith ( w ) , Lim , Ron ( p ) , Milgrom , Al ( i ) . `` Dark Alliances '' Thanos 8 ( May 2004 ) Jump up ^ Giffen , Keith ( w ) , Lim , Ron ( p ) , Milgrom , Al ( i ) . `` Divine Madness '' Thanos 9 ( June 2004 ) Jump up ^ Giffen , Keith ( w ) , Lim , Ron ( p ) , Milgrom , Al ( i ) . Thanos 10 ( July 2004 ) Jump up ^ Giffen , Keith ( w ) , Lim , Ron ( p ) , Milgrom , Al ( i ) . `` The Fallen '' Thanos 11 ( August 2004 ) Jump up ^ Giffen , Keith ( w ) , Lim , Ron ( p ) , Milgrom , Al ( i ) . `` Crescendo '' Thanos 12 ( September 2004 ) Jump up ^ Giffen , Keith ( w ) , Di Vito , Andrea ( p ) , Di Vito , Andrea ( i ) . `` Blood and Thunder '' Annihilation 1 ( October 2006 ) Jump up ^ Giffen , Keith ( w ) , Di Vito , Andrea ( p ) , Di Vito , Andrea ( i ) . `` Nice Try , Drax '' Annihilation 2 ( November 2006 ) Jump up ^ Giffen , Keith ( w ) , Di Vito , Andrea ( p ) , Di Vito , Andrea ( i ) . `` Desperate Measures '' Annihilation 3 ( December 2006 ) Jump up ^ Giffen , Keith ( w ) , Di Vito , Andrea ( p ) , Di Vito , Andrea ( i ) . `` Revelation '' Annihilation 4 ( January 2007 ) Jump up ^ Giffen , Keith ( w ) , Di Vito , Andrea ( p ) , Di Vito , Andrea ( i ) . `` Ascension '' Annihilation 5 ( February 2007 ) Jump up ^ Giffen , Keith ( w ) , Di Vito , Andrea ( p ) , Di Vito , Andrea ( i ) . `` Finale '' Annihilation 6 ( March 2007 ) Jump up ^ Giffen , Keith ( w ) , Green II , Timothy ( p ) , Olazaba , Victor ( i ) . `` Starlord Part 1 '' Annihilation : Conquest - Starlord 1 ( September 2007 ) Jump up ^ Giffen , Keith ( w ) , Green II , Timothy ( p ) , Olazaba , Victor ( i ) . `` Starlord Part 2 '' Annihilation : Conquest - Starlord 2 ( October 2007 ) Jump up ^ Giffen , Keith ( w ) , Green II , Timothy ( p ) , Olazaba , Victor ( i ) . `` Starlord Part 3 '' Annihilation : Conquest - Starlord 3 ( November 2007 ) Jump up ^ Giffen , Keith ( w ) , Green II , Timothy ( p ) , Olazaba , Victor ( i ) . `` Starlord Part 4 '' Annihilation : Conquest - Starlord 4 ( December 2007 ) Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan ; Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Pelletier , Paul ( p ) , Magyar , Rick ( i ) . `` Somebody 's Got to Do It '' Guardians of the Galaxy v2 , 1 ( July 2008 ) Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan ; Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Sepulveda , Miguel ( p ) , Sepulveda , Miguel ( i ) . `` The site of the necropsy rite , The Cancerverse '' The Thanos Imperative 6 ( January 2011 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , McGuinness , Ed ( p ) , Farmer , Mark ( i ) . `` First , I have something to confess to you . I have changed . '' Guardians of the Galaxy v3 , 18 ( October 2014 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , McGuinness , Ed ( p ) , Farmer , Mark ( i ) . `` You handed the cosmic cube over to Thanos ? ! '' Guardians of the Galaxy v3 , 19 ( November 2014 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , McGuinness , Ed ( p ) , Farmer , Mark ( i ) . `` Please do n't touch my stuff . '' Guardians of the Galaxy v3 , 20 ( December 2014 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Bagley , Mark ( p ) , Miki , Danny ( i ) . `` Hear me , Zodiac '' Avengers Assemble 3 ( July 2012 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Bagley , Mark ( p ) , Miki , Danny ( i ) . `` Thanos , I am Thor , son of Odin , prince of Asgard '' Avengers Assemble 4 ( August 2012 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Bagley , Mark ( p ) , Miki , Danny ( i ) . `` Great job , Quill ! '' Avengers Assemble 5 ( September 2012 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Bagley , Mark ( p ) , Miki , Danny ( i ) . `` Uh , excuse me , Avengers ? '' Avengers Assemble 6 ( October 2012 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Bagley , Mark ( p ) , Miki , Danny ( i ) . `` I know your type hates surprises , so you 'll forgive the intrusion ... '' Avengers Assemble 7 ( November 2012 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Bagley , Mark ( p ) , Miki , Danny ( i ) . `` Okay ... I 'm game ... what do we do ? '' Avengers Assemble 8 ( December 2012 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , McNiven , Steve ( p ) , Dell , John ( i ) . `` What exactly do you think you 're doing , Mister Quill ? '' Guardians of the Galaxy v3 , 1 ( May 2013 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , McNiven , Steve ; Pichelli , Sara ( p ) , Dell , John ; Morales , Mark ; McNiven , Steve ; Pichelli , Sara ( i ) . `` Well , Hell ! Gamora , get the Avengers on the line ! ! '' Guardians of the Galaxy v3 , 2 ( June 2013 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , McNiven , Steve ; Pichelli , Sara ( p ) , Dell , John ; McNiven , Steve ; Pichelli , Sara ( i ) . `` My King . I have clear word from the Royal Guard 's Earth Planet Initative ( sic ) '' Guardians of the Galaxy v3 , 3 ( August 2013 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Pichelli , Sara ( p ) , Pichelli , Sara ( i ) . `` Huuaarrgghh ! Did I tell you ? ! '' Guardians of the Galaxy v3 , 4 ( August 2013 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Francavilla , Francesco ( p ) , Francavilla , Francesco ( i ) . `` Damn you , Peter Quill ! ! '' Guardians of the Galaxy v3 , 9 ( February 2014 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Pichelli , Sara ( p ) , Pichelli , Sara ( i ) . `` Quill ... '' Guardians of the Galaxy v3 , 11. NOW ( April 2014 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Pichelli , Sara ( p ) , Pichelli , Sara ( i ) . `` Oh my God ! '' Guardians of the Galaxy v3 , 12 ( May 2014 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Pichelli , Sara ( p ) , Pichelli , Sara ( i ) . `` Gladiator ! Everything the Phoenix did ... '' Guardians of the Galaxy v3 , 13 ( June 2014 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Schiti , Valerio ( p ) , Schiti , Valerio ( i ) . `` Come on Valkyrie , just admit that you thought this was going to be easier for you and I 'm giving you an actual run for your money . '' Guardians of the Galaxy v3 , 23 ( March 2015 ) Jump up ^ Humphries , Sam ( w ) , Williams , Freddie ( p ) , Williams , Freddie ( i ) . `` Is it weird now that we are hanging out in person ? '' Legendary Star - Lord 8 ( March 2015 ) Jump up ^ Humphries , Sam ( w ) , Garrón , Javier ; McGuinness , Ed ( p ) , Farmer , Mark ; Garrón , Javier ; McGuinness , Ed ( i ) . `` The Black Vortex Chapter 13 '' Guardians of the Galaxy & X-Men : The Black Vortex Omega 1 ( June 2015 ) Jump up ^ Hickman , Jonathan ( w ) , Ribić , Esad ( p ) , Ribić , Esad ( i ) . `` The End Times '' Secret Wars 1 ( July 2015 ) Jump up ^ Hickman , Jonathan ( w ) , Ribić , Esad ( p ) , Ribić , Esad ( i ) . `` The Eye of Doom '' Secret Wars 3 ( August 2015 ) Jump up ^ Hickman , Jonathan ( w ) , Ribić , Esad ( p ) , Ribić , Esad ( i ) . `` All the Angels Sing , All the Devils Dance '' Secret Wars 4 ( September 2015 ) Jump up ^ Humphries , Sam ( w ) , Firmansyah , Alti ( p ) , Firmansyah , Alti ( i ) . Star - Lord and Kitty Pryde 1 ( September 2015 ) Humphries , Sam ( w ) , Firmansyah , Alti ( p ) , Firmansyah , Alti ( i ) . Star - Lord and Kitty Pryde 2 ( October 2015 ) Humphries , Sam ( w ) , Firmansyah , Alti ( p ) , Firmansyah , Alti ( i ) . Star - Lord and Kitty Pryde 3 ( November 2015 ) Jump up ^ Hickman , Jonathan ( w ) , Ribić , Esad ( p ) , Ribić , Esad ( i ) . `` Under Siege '' Secret Wars 8 ( February 2016 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Schiti , Valerio ( p ) , Schiti , Valerio ( i ) . Guardians of the Galaxy v4 , 1 ( December 2015 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Schiti , Valerio ( p ) , Schiti , Valerio ( i ) . Guardians of the Galaxy v4 , 5 ( April 2016 ) Jump up ^ Christiansen , Jeff ( September 18 , 2002 ) . `` Starlord ( Sinjin Quarrel ) '' . Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Starlord at the Grand Comics Database ^ Jump up to : Englehart , Steve ( w ) , Gan , Steve ; McLeod , Bob ( p ) , Gan , Steve ; McLeod , Bob ( i ) . `` Starlord First House : Earth ! '' Marvel Preview 4 ( January 1976 ) ^ Jump up to : Christiansen , Jeff ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Star - Lord ( Peter Quill ) '' . Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Peterson , Brandon ; Pacheco , Carlos ( p ) , Peterson , Brandon ; Martinez , Roger ( i ) . Age of Ultron 7 ( July 2013 ) Jump up ^ Captain Marvel # 126 ^ Jump up to : Arbeiter , Michael ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Other Films and TV Shows Where You Can Find the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Hollywood.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hunsaker , Andy ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` DVD Review : Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes Vol. 1 & 2 '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Melching , Steven ( writer ) ; Archibald , Patrick ( director ) ( July 6 , 2014 ) . `` It 's a Wonderful Smash '' . Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. Season 1 . Episode 26 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Will Friedle @ willfriedle will voice # StarLord on # DisneyXD 's # Marvel 's # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy '' . Disney Channel PR on Twitter . February 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ End credits for Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy : The Thanos Threat Jump up ^ Radtke , Chris ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Planet Hulk is Loaded With Random Marvel Universe Cameos '' . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pratt Getting Guardians Of The Galaxy Lead '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Footage Recap : Baby Groot , Human Ego & So Much More ( Comic - Con 2016 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Avengers 3 Gets Official Title With Temp Name Hung On Avengers 4 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Costume Kit 5 '' . Sony . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2012 . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chabala , Ben ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Piecing Together Marvel Puzzle Quest : Star - Lord '' . Marvel Comics . Archived from the original May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burke , Ron ( April 2017 ) . `` The Guardians of the Galaxy arrive in Marvel Puzzle Quest starting with Star - Lord '' . Gaming Trend . Jump up ^ `` Star - Lord MARVEL Strike Force '' . MARVEL Strike Force Database MSF.gg . External links ( edit ) Star - Lord at the Comic Book DB Guardians of the Galaxy Creators Stan Lee Arnold Drake Roy Thomas Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Members 1969 team members Charlie - 27 Martinex T'Naga Nikki Starhawk Talon Vance Astro / Major Victory Yondu Udonta 2008 team members Adam Warlock Bug Cosmo the Spacedog Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Jack Flag Mantis Moondragon Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Supporting characters Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Gladiator Quasar Silver Surfer Avengers Kismet Nebula Nova Corps Richard Rider Sam Alexander Starjammers Antagonists Annihilus Badoon Blastaar Brood Ego the Living Planet Galactus Hala the Accuser J'son Korvac Magus Nebula Ronan the Accuser Shi'ar Empire Vulcan Skrull Thanos Titus Universal Church of Truth Storylines Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative The Black Vortex In other media Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy ( TV series ) Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy : The Thanos Threat Related articles Asgardians of the Galaxy Cosmic entities Knowhere Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Guardians of the Galaxy ( roller coaster ) Marvel 's cosmic setting Alien species Acanti Badoon Beyonders Brood Celestials D'Bari Dire Wraiths Galadorians Kree Kymellians Phalanx Shi'ar Skrulls Symbiotes Watchers Groups Access Blood Brothers Captain Marvel ( Mar - Vell ) High Evolutionary Howard the Duck Maelstrom Magus Molecule Man Nebula Paibok the Power Skrull Super-Skrull Thanos Uatu the Watcher Wraith Universal Church of Truth Agents of Cosmos Agent Venom Elders of the Universe Astronomer Champion Collector Contemplator Ego the Living Planet Gardener Grandmaster Obliterator Possessor Runner Trader Fraternity of Raptors Darkhawk Gyre Talon Razor Heralds of Galactus Air - Walker Fallen One Firelord Morg the Executioner Nova Praeter Red Shift Silver Surfer Stardust Terrax the Tamer Tyrant Imperial Guard ( Shi'ar ) Electron Fang Flashfire Gladiator Hobgoblin Magique Mentor Neutron Nightside Oracle Pulsar Smasher Starbolt Titan Nova Corps Garthan Saal Powerhouse Richard Rider ( Nova Prime ) Rhomann Dey Sam Alexander Royal Family ( Inhumans ) Black Bolt Crystal Gorgon Karnak the Shatterer Luna Maximoff Maximus Medusa Triton Spaceknights Ikon Rom the Spaceknight Starshine Microverse Jarella Psycho - Man Psyklop Negative Zone Annihilus Blastaar Ravenous Storylines The Infinity Gauntlet The Infinity War The Infinity Crusade Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative Infinity The Black Vortex Superhuman races Deviants Eternals Inhumans Teams Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Cosmo the Spacedog Gladiator Ikon Quasar Ronan the Accuser Silver Surfer Enigma Force Arcturus Rann Bug Flare Marionette Quark Guardians of the Galaxy Adam Warlock Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Mantis Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Infinity Watch Adam Warlock Drax the Destroyer Gamora Maxam Moondragon Pip the Troll Starjammers Ch'od Corsair Hepzibah Korvus Raza Longknife Related articles Cosmic entities Knowhere Planets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star-Lord&oldid=856344061 '' Categories : Marvel Comics superheroes Characters created by Steve Englehart Comics characters introduced in 1976 Fictional marksmen and snipers Fictional characters from Colorado Fictional demigods Fictional extraterrestrial -- human hybrids Fictional victims of kidnapping Guardians of the Galaxy characters Science fiction comics characters Superhero film characters Fictional characters from Missouri Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Character pop Converted comics character infoboxes Converted category character infoboxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Scots Suomi Svenska 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 15 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is peter quill's father in the comic books	[]	[]
-7578323811703069851	Guardians of the Galaxy (soundtrack)	Guardians of the Galaxy ( Soundtrack ) - wikipedia Guardians of the Galaxy ( Soundtrack ) Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) is the soundtrack album for the Marvel Studios film Guardians of the Galaxy . Featuring the songs present on Peter Quill 's mixtape in the film , the album was released by Hollywood Records on July 29 , 2014 . A separate film score album , Guardians of the Galaxy ( Original Score ) , composed by Tyler Bates , was also released by Hollywood Records on the same date , along with a deluxe version featuring both albums . The soundtrack album reached number one on the US Billboard 200 chart , becoming the first soundtrack album in history consisting entirely of previously released songs to top the chart . The album topped the Billboard Top Soundtracks for 11 consecutive weeks and 16 weeks in total . As of April 2017 , it has sold over 1.75 million copies in the United States alone , and has been certified Platinum by the RIAA . The album was the US 's second best - selling soundtrack album of 2014 , behind only the soundtrack to Frozen . Contents 1 Background 2 Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2.1 Track listing 2.2 Charts and certifications 2.2. 1 Charts 2.2. 2 Year - end charts 2.2. 3 Certifications 3 Guardians of the Galaxy ( Original Score ) 3.1 Track listing 4 References Background ( edit ) In August 2013 the film 's director , James Gunn , posted on his Facebook page that Tyler Bates would be composing the film 's score . Gunn stated that Bates will write some of the score first so that he can film to the music , as opposed to scoring to the film . In February 2014 , Gunn revealed that the film would incorporate songs from the 1970s and 1980s , such as `` Hooked on a Feeling '' , on a mixtape in Quill 's Walkman , which acts as a way for him to stay connected to the Earth , home and family he lost . In May 2014 , Gunn added that using the songs from the 70s and 80s were `` cultural reference points '' , saying , `` It 's striking the balance throughout the whole movie , through something that is very unique , but also something that is easily accessible to people at the same time . The music and the Earth stuff is one of those touchstones that we have to remind us that , yeah , ( Quill ) is a real person from planet Earth who 's just like you and me . Except that he 's in this big outer space adventure . '' Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 ( original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Various artists Released July 29 , 2014 Recorded 1967 -- 1979 Studio Various , across the United States and the United Kingdom Genre Rock , soul Length 44 : 34 Label Hollywood Marvel Music Producer James Gunn Kevin Feige Dave Jordan Marvel Cinematic Universe soundtrack chronology Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Track listing ( edit ) All songs -- with the exception of `` Spirit in the Sky '' , which is played in the trailer -- are featured in the film . `` Never Been to Spain '' by Three Dog Night , `` Magic '' by Pilot , and `` Livin ' Thing '' by Electric Light Orchestra were also used during filming ; however , the scenes in which they were featured were cut from the final version of the film . `` Wichita Lineman '' by Glen Campbell and `` Mama Told Me ( Not to Come ) '' by Three Dog Night were originally considered for the film instead of `` Moonage Daydream '' . `` Fox on the Run '' by Sweet and `` Surrender '' by Cheap Trick were also considered for the film . Both would be used for Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 's Awesome Mix Vol. 2 . No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Hooked on a Feeling '' Blue Swede 2 : 52 2 . `` Go All the Way '' Raspberries 3 : 21 3 . `` Spirit in the Sky '' Norman Greenbaum 4 : 02 4 . `` Moonage Daydream '' David Bowie 4 : 41 5 . `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' Elvin Bishop 4 : 35 6 . `` I 'm Not in Love '' 10cc 6 : 03 7 . `` I Want You Back '' The Jackson 5 2 : 58 8 . `` Come and Get Your Love '' Redbone 3 : 26 9 . `` Cherry Bomb '' The Runaways 2 : 17 10 . `` Escape ( The Piña Colada Song ) '' Rupert Holmes 3 : 47 11 . `` O-o-h Child '' Five Stairsteps 3 : 13 12 . `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell 2 : 29 Total length : 44 : 35 Charts and certifications ( edit ) By August 2014 , Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 had reached the top of the Billboard 200 chart , becoming the first soundtrack album consisting entirely of previously released songs to top the chart . By September 2014 , Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 was the second best - selling soundtrack album in the US ( after Frozen ) with 426,000 copies sold at that time . The album was also the second soundtrack album released by Disney Music Group that year ( also after Frozen ) to reach No. 1 on the aforementioned chart . The album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America , eight weeks after its release . An exclusive vinyl LP edition of the soundtrack was also released on September 16 , 2014 . On November 28 , 2014 , the soundtrack got a limited edition cassette tape release exclusive to retailers associated with Record Store Day 's Black Friday event , and is the first cassette release by Disney Music Group since 2003 's Classic Disney : 60 Years of Musical Magic . The soundtrack became the fifth best - selling album of 2014 , selling a total of 898,000 copies that year . In January 2015 , the album was certified platinum by the RIAA . It has sold 1.75 million total copies in the United States , with 11,000 coming from cassette sales . Worldwide , Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 sold over 2.5 million copies in 2014 . Charts ( edit ) Charts ( 2014 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 18 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 23 Canadian Albums Chart Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 5 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 27 French Albums ( SNEP ) 46 Hungarian Albums ( MAHASZ ) 11 Italian Compilation Albums Chart New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 7 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 28 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 19 UK Compilation Albums Chart US Billboard 200 US Billboard Top Soundtracks US Billboard Top Rock Albums US Billboard Top Digital Albums Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 22 Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 36 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 48 Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 18 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 37 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 200,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 300,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 2,140,000 Worldwide ( IFPI ) 2,500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Guardians of the Galaxy ( Original Score ) ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( Original Score ) Guardians of the Galaxy Deluxe Edition Film score by Tyler Bates Released July 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 29 ) Studio Abbey Road Studios Genre Film score Length 64 : 34 Label Hollywood Marvel Music Producer James Gunn Kevin Feige Dave Jordan Tyler Bates chronology Flight 7500 ( 2014 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( Original Score ) ( 2014 ) John Wick ( 2014 ) Marvel Cinematic Universe soundtrack chronology Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Tyler Bates . No . Title Length 1 . `` Morag '' 1 : 58 2 . `` The Final Battle Begins '' 4 : 21 3 . `` Plasma Ball '' 1 : 18 4 . `` Quill 's Big Retreat '' 1 : 38 5 . `` To the Stars '' 2 : 52 6 . `` Ronan 's Theme '' 2 : 24 7 . `` Everyone 's an Idiot '' 1 : 26 8 . `` What a Bunch of A-Holes '' 2 : 14 9 . `` Busted '' 1 : 34 10 . `` The New Meat '' 0 : 36 11 . `` The Destroyer '' 1 : 27 12 . `` Sanctuary '' 2 : 26 13 . `` The Kyln Escape '' 7 : 23 14 . `` Do n't Mess With My Walkman '' 0 : 44 15 . `` The Great Companion '' 0 : 51 16 . `` The Road to Knowhere '' 0 : 37 17 . `` The Collector '' 3 : 20 18 . `` Ronan 's Arrival '' 0 : 56 19 . `` The Pod Chase '' 3 : 56 20 . `` Sacrifice '' 3 : 20 21 . `` We All Got Dead People '' 1 : 46 22 . `` The Ballad of the Nova Corps . '' 1 : 48 23 . `` Groot Spores '' 1 : 11 24 . `` Guardians United '' 2 : 46 25 . `` The Big Blast '' 3 : 05 26 . `` Groot Cocoon '' 2 : 29 27 . `` Black Tears '' 2 : 43 28 . `` Citizens Unite '' 1 : 15 29 . `` A Nova Upgrade '' 2 : 10 Total length : 64 : 34 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Hollywood Records And Marvel Set To Release Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Deluxe Soundtrack , Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Awesome Mix Vol. 1 And Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Digital Score Soundtrack '' . Digital Journal via PR Newswire . July 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Carrie Underwood 's ' Greatest ' Is Doing Great '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Meghan Trainor 's Debut Album Arrives at # 1 '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : ' Guardians ' Soundtrack Surpasses 1 Million in Sales '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' 1989 ' Beats ' Frozen ' As Top Selling Album of 2014 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( August 2013 ) . `` James Gunn On ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Composer Tyler Bates ' Approach '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Star Lord 's Walkman '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` 15 Reasons To Get Excited About Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ AllMusic review Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of The Galaxy ' Soundtrack : Marvel Unearths ' 70s Jams '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2014 . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bussey , Ben ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Teases Deleted Guardians Of The Galaxy Musical Scene '' . Yahoo ! UK . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2014 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Suskind , Alex ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` Director James Gunn on How He Chose the Music in Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Vulture . New York . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2014 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Reveals Uncut Awesome Mix : Vol. 1 ; Includes Cheap Trick and Three Dog Night '' . Collider . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hiatt , Brian ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' Soundtrack '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilman , Greg ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Becomes First Soundtrack in History Without New Songs to Land No. 1 Spot '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' soundtrack shoots to No. 1 on Billboard 200 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : ' Guardians ' & ' Frozen ' Make Up Almost 40 % of 2014 Soundtrack Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris , Christopher ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Soundtrack Takes Over U.S. Album Chart '' ( Variety ) . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Music And Hollywood Records ' Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Awesome Mix Vol. 1 Soundtrack Is Certified Gold '' . PR Newsire . September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Guardians ' Soundtrack To Be Released On Cassette Tape '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' 1989 ' Beats ' Frozen ' As Top Selling Album of 2014 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Awesome Mix Vol. 1 Soundtrack Is Certified Platinum '' . PR Newswire . January 16 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : ' Saturday Night Fever ' Soundtrack Returns '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar 's ' DAMN . ' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 , Incubus & ' Guardians 2 ' Debut in Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Josh ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` Director James Gunn talks mom rock and why Led Zeppelin missed the cut for his ' Guardians 2 ' mix '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Digital Music Report 2015 : Charting the Path to Sustainable Growth '' ( PDF ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy - Awesome Mix Vol. 1 '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy - Awesome Mix Vol. 1 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy - Awesome Mix Vol. 1 '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack - Chart history - Billboard '' . Billboard . August 7 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Journal of Musical ThingsWeekly Music Sales Report and Analysis : 14 August 2014 - A Journal of Musical Things '' . A Journal of Musical Things . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy - Awesome Mix Vol. 1 '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Soundtrack -- Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy - Awesome Mix Vol. 1 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy - Awesome Mix Vol. 1 '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez - lista -- 2014 . 34 . hét '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Jump up ^ `` Compilation - Classifica settimanale WK 44 ( dal 27 - 10 - 2014 al 02 - 11 - 2014 ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Soundtrack -- Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy - Awesome Mix Vol. 1 '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy - Awesome Mix Vol. 1 '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy - Awesome Mix Vol. 1 '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ Travis , Ben ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix soundtrack tops Billboard chart '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Soundtrack Hits No. 1 On Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul . `` Chart Watch : J.J. Cale Tribute , ' Galaxy ' Soundtrack Soar '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts -- ARIA Top 100 Albums 2014 '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Albums 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts - End of Year Charts 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End of Year Albums 2017 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 -- Album - Charts 2017 '' . oe3.orf.at . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian album certifications -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack -- Guardians of the Galaxy - Awesome Mix Vol. 1 '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Enter Original Motion Picture Soundtrack in the field Interpret . Enter Guardians of the Galaxy - Awesome Mix Vol. 1 in the field Titel . Select album in the field Format . Click Suchen . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack -- Guardians of the Galaxy - Awesome Mix Vol. 1 '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( O.S.T. - Various ; ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand album certifications -- Soundtrack -- Guardians Of The Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Soundtrack -- Guardians of the Galaxy '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select albums in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Type Guardians of the Galaxy in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Soundtrack -- Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 25 May 2018 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : ' Greatest Showman ' Becomes First Soundtrack Released in Nearly Four Years to Sell 1 Million Copies in U.S. '' Billboard . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI publishes Digital Music Report 2015 '' . IFPI. April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Deluxe Edition Soundtrack & Score Album Details '' . Film Music Reporter . July 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Guardians of the Galaxy Creators Stan Lee Arnold Drake Roy Thomas Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Members 1969 team members Charlie - 27 Martinex T'Naga Nikki Starhawk Talon Vance Astro / Major Victory Yondu Udonta 2008 team members Adam Warlock Bug Cosmo the Spacedog Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Jack Flag Mantis Moondragon Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Supporting characters Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Gladiator Quasar Silver Surfer Avengers Kismet Nebula Nova Corps Richard Rider Sam Alexander Starjammers Antagonists Annihilus Badoon Black Order Blastaar Brood Ego the Living Planet Galactus Hala the Accuser J'son Korath the Pursuer Korvac Magus Nebula Ronan the Accuser Shi'ar Empire Vulcan Skrull Thanos Titus Universal Church of Truth Storylines Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative The Black Vortex In other media Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy ( TV series ) Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy : The Thanos Threat Related articles Asgardians of the Galaxy Cosmic entities Knowhere Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Guardians of the Galaxy ( roller coaster ) Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther accolades box office achievements Avengers : Infinity War production box office records Ant - Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Untitled Avengers film production Post-Phase Three Spider - Man : Far From Home Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 6 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher season 1 Hulu Runaways `` Reunion '' Freeform Cloak & Dagger season 1 Other Most Wanted New Warriors Other media Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Tony Stark Claire Temple Music Soundtracks Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War Ant - Man and the Wasp Singles `` Live to Rise '' `` All the Stars '' `` King 's Dead '' `` Pray for Me '' MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Disney Parks Iron Man Experience Marvel - themed areas Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Other Team Thor Book Outline Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(soundtrack)&oldid=864731702 '' Categories : 2014 soundtracks Albums recorded at Abbey Road Studios Art rock soundtracks Blues rock soundtracks Concept albums Tyler Bates soundtracks Guardians of the Galaxy ( film series ) Hollywood Records albums Hollywood Records soundtracks Marvel Cinematic Universe soundtracks Marvel Music compilation albums Marvel Music soundtracks Pop rock soundtracks Punk rock soundtracks Record Store Day releases Soft rock soundtracks Soul soundtracks Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from August 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Italiano Lietuvių 日本語 Português Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 02 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	guardians of the galaxy vol. 1 awesome mix vol. 2 songs	[]	[]
837838392260493499	The Mask (film)	The Mask ( film ) - wikipedia The Mask ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1994 film . For the 1961 horror film , see The Mask ( 1961 film ) . For the 1985 film , see Mask ( film ) . This article is missing information about the film 's production . Please expand the article to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( September 2017 ) The Mask Theatrical release poster Directed by Charles Russell Produced by Bob Engelman Screenplay by Mike Werb Story by Michael Fallon Mark Verheiden Based on The Mask by Mike Richardson Mark Badger John Arcudi Doug Mahnke Starring Jim Carrey Peter Riegert Peter Greene Amy Yasbeck Richard Jeni Cameron Diaz Music by Randy Edelman Cinematography John R. Leonetti Edited by Arthur Coburn Production company Dark Horse Entertainment Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date July 29 , 1994 ( 1994 - 07 - 29 ) Running time 101 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $23 million Box office $351.6 million The Mask is a 1994 American superhero fantasy comedy film directed by Charles Russell , produced by Bob Engelman , and written by Mike Werb , based on the comic series of the same name distributed by Dark Horse Comics . The film stars Jim Carrey , Peter Greene , Amy Yasbeck , Peter Riegert , Richard Jeni , Ben Stein , Joely Fisher , and Cameron Diaz in her film debut . It revolves around an unlucky bank clerk finding a mask that grants the wearer cartoon - like superpowers . The film was released on July 29 , 1994 by New Line Cinema , becoming a critical and commercial blockbuster , grossing over $351.6 million over a $23 million budget and receiving positive reviews . It cemented Carrey 's reputation as a dominant actor of the 1990s , and established Diaz long - term as a leading lady . Carrey was nominated for a Golden Globe for his role , and the film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects but lost to Forrest Gump . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Visual effects 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 5 Soundtracks 5.1 Original soundtrack 5.1. 1 Track listing 5.1. 2 Orchestral score track listing 5.1. 3 Charts 6 Home video 7 Adaptations 8 Sequel 9 Possible third film 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Stanley Ipkiss is a shy and unlucky bank clerk working at the local Edge City bank . He is frequently ridiculed by everyone around him , except for his Jack Russell Terrier Milo , and his co-worker and best friend Charlie Schumaker . Meanwhile , gangster Dorian Tyrell , owner of the Coco Bongo nightclub , plots to overthrow his boss Niko . One day , Tyrell sends his singer girlfriend Tina Carlyle into Stanley 's bank to record its layout , in preparation to rob the bank . Stanley is attracted to Tina , and she seems to reciprocate . Unable to enter the Coco Bongo to watch Tina perform , Stanley finds a wooden mask near the city 's harbor . Placing it on his face transforms him into a green - faced , zoot - suited , bizarre , wisecracking trickster known as the Mask , who is able to cartoonishly alter himself and his surroundings at will . Stanley exacts revenge on his tormentors and scares off a street gang that attempts to rob him by turning a balloon into a Tommy gun . The next morning , Stanley encounters detective Lieutenant Kellaway and newspaper reporter Peggy Brandt investigating the Mask 's activity of the previous night . To attend Tina 's performance , he again becomes the Mask to raid the bank , inadvertently foiling Tyrell 's plan in the process . At the Coco Bongo , Stanley dances exuberantly with Tina , whom he ends up kissing . Following a confrontation with Tyrell for disrupting the bank robbery , Stanley flees leaving behind a scrap of cloth from his suit that transforms back into his pajamas , while Tyrell and his men are arrested by Kellaway and his partner Doyle . Based on the piece of cloth , Kellaway suspects Stanley to be the bank robber . Stanley later consults a psychiatrist who has recently published a book on masks and is discovered that the object may be a depiction of Loki , the Norse god of darkness and mischief . The same night , Stanley meets Tina at a local park as the Mask , but the meeting is interrupted by Kellaway , who attempts to capture him . Stanley tricks a large group of police officers into joining him in a mass - performance of the Desi Arnaz song `` Cuban Pete '' and flees with Peggy , but she betrays him to Tyrell for a $50,000 bounty . Using the mask , Tyrell becomes a malevolent green - faced monster . Tyrell 's henchmen ends up in the possession of the stolen money after Stanley is forced to reveal its location ; and they turn Stanley in to the police . When Tina visits Stanley in the station , he urges her to flee the city . Tina thanks Stanley for his generosity and tells him that she knew he was the Mask all along . She attempts to leave the city , but is captured by Tyrell 's men and forcibly taken to a charity ball at the Coco Bongo hosted by Niko and attended by the city 's elite , including Mayor Tilton . Upon arrival , the masked Tyrell kills Niko and prepares to destroy both the club and Tina with dynamite . Milo helps Stanley escape from the station , and Stanley brings Kellaway as a cover and hostage in a desperate attempt to stop Tyrell . After locking Kellaway in his car , Stanley enters the club and manages to enlist the help of Charlie , but is soon after discovered and captured . Tina tricks Tyrell into taking off the mask , which is recovered and donned by Milo , who fights Tyrell 's men , while Stanley fights Tyrell , himself . After recovering the mask , Stanley uses its special powers to rescue Tina by swallowing Tyrell 's bomb and flushing Tyrell down the drain of the club 's ornamental fountain . The police arrive and arrest Tyrell 's remaining henchmen and attempt to capture Stanley once again . However , Tilton tells Kellaway to release Stanley because Tyrell was the Mask the whole time and Tilton calls Stanley a hero for his actions . As the sun rises the following day , all charges against Stanley are dropped . To avoid getting involved with the police again , Stanley decides to return the mask back to the harbor . Tina throws the mask into the water , and she and Stanley kiss . Charlie then jumps in the water to retrieve the mask for himself , only to find Milo swimming away with it . Cast ( edit ) Jim Carrey as Stanley Ipkiss / The Mask . Carrey commented that he characterized Stanley after his own father : `` a nice guy , just trying to get by '' . Carrey was paid $450,000 for starring in the film , which was a huge bargain for New Line Cinema at the time . Cameron Diaz as Tina Carlyle , Dorian Tyrell 's girlfriend and lounge singer at the Coco Bongo who later becomes Stanley 's love interest . This role marked the feature film debut for Cameron Diaz . Before Diaz was cast , the studio considered casting Anna Nicole Smith , Vanessa Williams and Kristy Swanson . After Diaz auditioned twelve times for the role , she was finally cast only a week before filming began . Peter Greene as Dorian Tyrell , a mobster who wants to take over the city 's underworld . Greene was cast after the studio 's top choice , Gary Kemp , turned it down . Richard Jeni as Charlie Schumaker , Stanley 's best friend and colleague . Peter Riegert as Lt. Mitch Kellaway , a cynical police detective who hunts the Mask , as well as Tyrell and Niko . Before Riegert was cast , the studio considered Richard Gere for the role . Jim Doughan as Det . Doyle , Lt. Kellaway 's dim - witted partner . Amy Yasbeck as Peggy Brandt , a reporter with a crush on Stanley . In a deleted scene , Peggy is killed by Tyrell shortly after he first puts the mask on . Orestes Matacena as Niko , a Greek mafia boss and Tyrell 's nemesis . Eamonn Roche as Mr. Dickey , the son of the Bank President who is Stanley and Charlie 's superior . Nancy Fish as Mrs. Peenman , Stanley 's grumpy land - lady . Tim Bagley as Irv Ripley , a mechanic who rips off Stanley . Johnny Williams as Burt Ripley , a mechanic and Irv 's brother . Reginald E. Cathey as Freeze ( called The Doctor in the film ) , Dorian Tyrell 's trusted lieutenant and friend whose death , inadvertently caused by The Mask , drives Tyrell into a personal vendetta against Ipkiss . Denis Forest as Sweet Eddy , one of Tyrell 's henchmen . Before Forest was cast , the studio considered Chris Elliott for the role . Nils Allen Stewart as Orlando , another of Tyrell 's henchmen . Ivory Ocean as Mayor Mitchell Tilton , the mayor of Edge City . Joely Fisher as Maggie , another one of Stanley 's colleagues . Ben Stein as Dr. Arthur Neuman , Stanley 's psychologist . He is the only character to appear in both The Mask and its sequel Son of the Mask . Royal Crown Revue as themselves / The Coco Bongo Band Production ( edit ) In 1989 , Mike Richardson and Todd Moyer ( who was Executive Vice President of Dark Horse Comics ) first approached New Line Cinema about adapting the comic The Mask into a film , after having seen other offers . The main character went through several transformations , and the project was stalled a couple of times . One unused `` Mask '' idea , according to Mike Richardson , was to transform the story into one about a mask - maker who took faces off of corpses to put them on teens and turn them into zombies . Initially intended to become a new horror franchise , New Line Cinema offered the job of directing the film to Chuck Russell . However , Russell found the violence of the comic to be off - putting , and wanted the film be less grim and more fun than the source material . Mike Werb says Chuck Russell tapped him after reading his script for Curious George for Imagine . The two decided to turn The Mask into a wild romantic comedy . Mike Werb wrote his first draft of The Mask in less than six weeks , and less than two months later it was green - lit . According to Mike Verheiden , they had a first draft screenplay for a film version done back in 1990 . Verheiden then wrote the second draft in early 1991 , adding more humor , and that ended up being the only work he did on The Mask . After that the film went into development hell . There were a lot of VFX scenes that had to be cut for budget . Visual Effects ( edit ) The Mask 's visual effects were handled by Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) and Digital Domain . The sequences in the film which involved computer animation were supervised by ILM animation director Wes Takahashi . Release ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film was a box - office success , grossing $119 million domestically and over $350 million worldwide , becoming the second - highest grossing superhero movie at that time , behind Batman . The film also received positive reviews from critics , including Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times , who gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , noting Jim Carrey for his `` joyful performance . '' The Mask is one of three films featuring Carrey ( the others being Ace Ventura : Pet Detective and Dumb and Dumber ) released in 1994 that helped launch the actor to superstardom , though The Mask was the most successful of these three films both critically and commercially . The film is also notable for immediately establishing Diaz -- previously a complete unknown -- as a major star in Hollywood as well . The film is also considered a cult classic . Critical reception ( edit ) It currently holds a 77 % `` Certified Fresh '' rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , with the consensus stating `` It misses perhaps as often as it hits , but Carrey 's manic bombast , Diaz 's blowsy appeal , and the film 's overall cartoony bombast keep The Mask afloat . '' On the television program Siskel & Ebert & the Movies , the critics gave the film `` two thumbs up '' . Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from film critics , gave The Mask a rating score of 56 , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' based on 12 reviews . The film was nominated for Best Visual Effects at the 67th Academy Awards , but lost to Forrest Gump . In addition , Carrey was nominated for a Golden Globe . Conversely , he was also nominated for a Razzie Award for `` Worst New Star '' . The film is also recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Stanley Ipkiss : `` Somebody stop me ! '' -- Nominated 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Nominated Fantasy Film Soundtracks ( edit ) Original soundtrack ( edit ) The Mask : Music From the Motion Picture was released on July 26 , 1994 on Chaos Records through Sony Music Entertainment . It features music from Xscape , Tony ! Toni ! Toné ! , Vanessa Williams , Harry Connick Jr. , Carrey himself and more . The Mask : Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack album by Various artists Released July 26 , 1994 ( 1994 - 07 - 26 ) Genre Swing , retro swing , pop rock , R&B , new jack swing Label Chaos / Columbia Track listing ( edit ) `` Cuban Pete '' ( C & C Pop Radio Edit ) -- Jim Carrey `` Who 's That Man ? '' -- Xscape `` This Business of Love '' -- Domino `` Bounce Around '' -- Tony ! Toni ! Toné ! `` ( I Could Only ) Whisper Your Name '' -- Harry Connick Jr . `` You Would Be My Baby '' -- Vanessa Williams `` Hi De Ho '' -- K7 `` Let the Good Times Roll '' -- Fishbone `` Straight Up '' -- The Brian Setzer Orchestra `` Hey ! Pachuco ! '' -- Royal Crown Revue `` Gee , Baby , Ai n't I Good to You '' -- Susan Boyd `` Cuban Pete '' ( Arkin Movie Mix ) -- Jim Carrey The record label Epic Soundtrax released an orchestral score soundtrack to The Mask shortly after the original soundtrack 's release . The score was composed and conducted by Randy Edelman and performed by the Irish Film Orchestra . Orchestral score track listing ( edit ) Opening -- The Origin of the Mask Tina Carnival Transformation Tango In The Park Lovebirds Out of the Line of Fire A Dark Night The Man Behind the Mask Dorian Gets a New Face Looking for a Way Out The Search Forked Tongue Milo to the Rescue The Mask Is Back Finale Charts ( edit ) Chart Position Billboard 200 80 Home video ( edit ) The film was released on VHS and Laserdisc on January 18 , 1995 , ( and later on DVD ) by New Line Home Video . The VHS version included an interview between Jim Carrey and Space Ghost , as a promotion for their corporate sibling Cartoon Network 's Space Ghost Coast to Coast after the film . It also had a trailer for Jim Carrey 's then - upcoming film , Dumb and Dumber , and ads for the soundtrack to the film , and for what was then branded as Betty Crocker Pop Secret . It was later released on Blu - ray Disc on December 9 , 2008 . It has an aspect ratio of 1.85 : 1 and is encoded in 1080p / VC - 1 . Its audio is a 5.1 Dolby TrueHD encoded at a 16 bit / 48 kHz sample rate . Special features include additional scenes , production details and two commentary tracks , one by director Chuck Russell and the other by the rest of the production crew . Adaptations ( edit ) An animated television series was made , The Mask : Animated Series , and a video game for the Super Nintendo , The Mask , were both based on the film . Sequel ( edit ) After the success of the original , a sequel was planned , with magazine Nintendo Power offering readers a chance , via sweepstakes , to win a cameo role in the film . However Jim Carrey eventually bailed on the project forcing , amongst other things , for Nintendo Power to give the winner of the contest the equivalent cash value instead . A critically panned sequel , Son of the Mask , not featuring Carrey , was eventually released in 2005 . Possible third film ( edit ) On the possibility of a third film , Mike Richardson has said , `` We 've been talking about reviving The Mask , both in film and in comics . We 've had a couple of false starts . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Mask '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mask ( 1994 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ' Mask ' Makes Dark Horse Into Sure Bet for Spinoffs : The booming comic - book publisher gets a multi-picture deal before the Jim Carrey film even opens . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( 20 October 2013 ) . `` NYCC : Palmiotti , Richie & Richardson Talk Comics and Hollywood '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ THN Exclusive : Chuck Russell talks I Am Wrath , The Mask and Freddy Krueger Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Marc ( August 1994 ) . `` Mask Maker '' . Starlog . No. 205 . pp. 32 -- 35 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ ' MASK ' MASTERMIND : But Are n't All Screenwriters Former Teen - Age Geek Losers ? Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ An Interview with Face / Off Screenwriter Mike Werb Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jankiewicz , Pat ( September 1994 ) . `` Masks of Time '' . Starlog . No. 206 . pp. 40 -- 45 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ An Interview with Face / Off Screenwriter Mike Werb Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Subject : Wes Ford Takahashi '' . Animators ' Hall of Fame . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 29 , 1994 ) . `` The Mask '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Mask ( 1994 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Dreuth , Josh ( 2008 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Today on Blu - ray -- December 9 '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Ponce , Tony . `` Meet the winner of Nintendo Power 's The Mask II contest '' . Destructoid . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Sunu , Steve ( 7 August 2014 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Richardson Details Dark Horse 's `` Itty Bitty Mask '' Plans `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Mask ( film ) The Mask on IMDb The Mask at the TCM Movie Database The Mask at AllMovie The Mask at Metacritic The Mask The Mask ( film ) Video game The Mask : Animated Series Son of the Mask Films based on Dark Horse Comics Single films Tank Girl Barb Wire Virus Mystery Men G - Men from Hell American Splendor R.I.P.D. Film series 300 300 300 : Rise of an Empire Alien vs. Predator Alien vs. Predator Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem Hellboy Hellboy ( 2004 ) Hellboy II : The Golden Army Hellboy ( upcoming ) Animated Hellboy : Sword of Storms Hellboy : Blood and Iron The Mask The Mask Son of the Mask Sin City Sin City Sin City : A Dame to Kill For Timecop Timecop Timecop 2 : The Berlin Decision Films directed by Chuck Russell A Nightmare on Elm Street 3 : Dream Warriors ( 1987 ) The Blob ( 1988 ) The Mask ( 1994 ) Eraser ( 1996 ) Bless the Child ( 2000 ) The Scorpion King ( 2002 ) I Am Wrath ( 2016 ) Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Superhero fiction portal Comedy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mask_(film)&oldid=804446404 '' Categories : 1994 films English - language films 1990s fantasy films 1990s screwball comedy films 1990s superhero films American fantasy - comedy films American screwball comedy films American slapstick comedy films American superhero films American films Dark Horse Entertainment films Films adapted into television programs Films adapted into video games Films based on Dark Horse Comics Films based on Norse mythology Films directed by Chuck Russell Live - action films based on comics The Mask Masks in fiction Films about banking New Line Cinema films Superhero comedy films Film scores by Randy Edelman Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 01 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the masked dorian in the mask	[ "Peter Greene as Dorian Tyrell, a mobster who wants to take over the city's underworld. Greene was cast after the studio's top choice, Gary Kemp, turned it down." ]	[ "Peter Greene" ]
-299592629213405885	Wireless access point	Wireless access point - wikipedia Wireless access point Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Wireless Application Protocol . See also : Router ( computing ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In computer networking , a wireless access point ( WAP ) , or more generally just access point ( AP ) , is a networking hardware device that allows a Wi - Fi device to connect to a wired network . The AP usually connects to a router ( via a wired network ) as a standalone device , but it can also be an integral component of the router itself . An AP is differentiated from a hotspot , which is the physical location where Wi - Fi access to a WLAN is available . Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 Wireless access point vs. ad hoc network 3 Limitations 4 Security 5 See also 6 References Introduction ( edit ) Linksys `` WAP54G '' 802.11 g wireless access point Embedded RouterBoard 112 with U. FL - RSMA pigtail and R52 mini PCI Wi - Fi card widely used by wireless Internet service providers ( WISPs ) across the world Prior to wireless networks , setting up a computer network in a business , home or school often required running many cables through walls and ceilings in order to deliver network access to all of the network - enabled devices in the building . With the creation of the wireless access point , network users were able to add devices that access the network with few or no cables . An AP normally connects directly to a wired Ethernet connection and the AP then provides wireless connections using radio frequency links for other devices to utilize that wired connection . Most APs support the connection of multiple wireless devices to one wired connection . Modern APs are built to support a standard for sending and receiving data using these radio frequencies . Those standards , and the frequencies they use are defined by the IEEE . Wireless access point vs. ad hoc network ( edit ) Some people confuse wireless access points with wireless ad hoc networks . An ad hoc network uses a connection between two or more devices without using a wireless access point : the devices communicate directly when in range . An ad hoc network is used in situations such as a quick data exchange or a multiplayer LAN game because setup is easy and does not require an access point . Due to its peer - to - peer layout , ad hoc Wi - Fi connections are similar to connections available using Bluetooth . But ad hoc connections are generally not recommended for a permanent installation . The reason is that Internet access via ad hoc networks , using features like Windows ' Internet Connection Sharing , may work well with a small number of devices that are close to each other , but ad hoc networks do n't scale well . Internet traffic will converge to the nodes with direct internet connection , potentially congesting these nodes . For internet - enabled nodes , access points have a clear advantage , with the possibility of having a wired LAN . Limitations ( edit ) It is generally recommended that one IEEE 802.11 AP should have , at a maximum , 15 - 25 clients per radio ( most APs having between 1 and 4 radios ) . However , the actual maximum number of clients that can be supported can vary significantly depending on several factors , such as type of APs in use , density of client environment , desired client throughput , etc . The range of communication can also vary significantly , depending on such variables as indoor or outdoor placement , height above ground , nearby obstructions , other electronic devices that might actively interfere with the signal by broadcasting on the same frequency , type of antenna , the current weather , operating radio frequency , and the power output of devices . Network designers can extend the range of APs through the use of repeaters , which amplify a radio signal , and reflectors , which only bounce it . In experimental conditions , wireless networking has operated over distances of several hundred kilometers . Most jurisdictions have only a limited number of frequencies legally available for use by wireless networks . Usually , adjacent APs will use different frequencies ( Channels ) to communicate with their clients in order to avoid interference between the two nearby systems . Wireless devices can `` listen '' for data traffic on other frequencies , and can rapidly switch from one frequency to another to achieve better reception . However , the limited number of frequencies becomes problematic in crowded downtown areas with tall buildings using multiple APs . In such an environment , signal overlap becomes an issue causing interference , which results in signal droppage and data errors . Wireless networking lags wired networking in terms of increasing bandwidth and throughput . While ( as of 2013 ) high - density 256 - QAM ( TurboQAM ) modulation , 3 - antenna wireless devices for the consumer market can reach sustained real - world speeds of some 240 Mbit / s at 13 m behind two standing walls ( NLOS ) depending on their nature or 360 Mbit / s at 10 m line of sight or 380 Mbit / s at 2 m line of sight ( IEEE 802.11 ac ) or 20 to 25 Mbit / s at 2 m line of sight ( IEEE 802.11 g ) , wired hardware of similar cost reaches closer to 1000 Mbit / s up to specified distance of 100 m with twisted - pair cabling in optimal conditions ( Category 5 ( known as Cat - 5 ) or better cabling with Gigabit Ethernet ) . One impediment to increasing the speed of wireless communications comes from Wi - Fi 's use of a shared communications medium : Thus , two stations in infrastructure mode that are communicating with each other even over the same AP must have each and every frame transmitted twice : from the sender to the AP , then from the AP to the receiver . This approximately halves the effective bandwidth , so an AP is only able to use somewhat less than half the actual over-the - air rate for data throughput . Thus a typical 54 Mbit / s wireless connection actually carries TCP / IP data at 20 to 25 Mbit / s . Users of legacy wired networks expect faster speeds , and people using wireless connections keenly want to see the wireless networks catch up . By 2012 , 802.11 n based access points and client devices have already taken a fair share of the marketplace and with the finalization of the 802.11 n standard in 2009 inherent problems integrating products from different vendors are less prevalent . Security ( edit ) Main article : Wireless LAN Security Wireless access has special security considerations . Many wired networks base the security on physical access control , trusting all the users on the local network , but if wireless access points are connected to the network , anybody within range of the AP ( which typically extends farther than the intended area ) can attach to the network . The most common solution is wireless traffic encryption . Modern access points come with built - in encryption . The first generation encryption scheme , WEP , proved easy to crack ; the second and third generation schemes , WPA and WPA2 , are considered secure if a strong enough password or passphrase is used . Some APs support hotspot style authentication using RADIUS and other authentication servers . Opinions about wireless network security vary widely . For example , in a 2008 article for Wired magazine , Bruce Schneier asserted the net benefits of open Wi - Fi without passwords outweigh the risks , a position supported in 2014 by Peter Eckersley of the Electronic Frontier Foundation . The opposite position was taken by Nick Mediati in an article for PC World , in which he takes the position that every wireless access point should be protected with a password . See also ( edit ) Femtocell -- a local - area base station using cellular network standards such as UMTS , rather than Wi - Fi HomePlug List of wireless router firmware projects LWAPP -- Lightweight Access Point Protocol used to manage a large set of APs Wi - Fi Array System of multiple APs Wi - Fi Direct -- a Wi - Fi standard that enables devices to connect with each other without requiring a ( hardware ) wireless access point and to communicate at typical Wi - Fi speeds WiMAX -- wide - area wireless standard that has a few elements in common with Wi - Fi Wireless LAN -- networks consisting of one or more access points plus one or more devices References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chris Hoffman ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) . `` What 's the Difference Between Ad - Hoc and Infrastructure Mode Wi - Fi ? '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Designing and Building a Campus Wireless Network '' ( PDF ) . MCNC. 2012 . Jump up ^ Ermanno Pietrosemoli . `` Setting Long Distance WiFi Records : Proofing Solutions for Rural Connectivity '' . Fundación Escuela Latinoamericana de Redes University of the Andes ( Venezuela ) . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Yan ; Zheng , Jun ; Ma , Miao ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) . Handbook of Research on Wireless Security . Idea Group Inc ( IGI ) . ISBN 9781599048994 . Jump up ^ `` Steal This Wi - Fi '' . Jump up ^ `` Why We Need An Open Wireless Movement '' . 27 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Nick Mediati ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` How to Secure Your Home Wi - Fi Network '' . PC World . ( hide ) Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber - optic communication Optical fiber Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wireless_access_point&oldid=818613721 '' Categories : IEEE 802.11 Network access Telecommunications infrastructure Wireless networking hardware Wireless access points Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 15 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in wifi network which acts as a base station	[ "In computer networking, a wireless access point (WAP), or more generally just access point (AP), is a networking hardware device that allows a Wi-Fi device to connect to a wired network. The AP usually connects to a router (via a wired network) as a standalone device, but it can also be an integral component of the router itself. An AP is differentiated from a hotspot, which is the physical location where Wi-Fi access to a WLAN is available." ]	[ "access point" ]
8126875155807327085	Virtual private network	Virtual private network - wikipedia Virtual private network Jump to : navigation , search `` VPN '' redirects here . For other uses , see VPN ( disambiguation ) . This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this article to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( November 2016 ) VPN connectivity overview A virtual private network ( VPN ) extends a private network across a public network , and enables users to send and receive data across shared or public networks as if their computing devices were directly connected to the private network . Applications running across the VPN may therefore benefit from the functionality , security , and management of the private network . VPNs may allow employees to securely access a corporate intranet while located outside the office . They are used to securely connect geographically separated offices of an organization , creating one cohesive network . Individual Internet users may secure their wireless transactions with a VPN , to circumvent geo - restrictions and censorship , or to connect to proxy servers for the purpose of protecting personal identity and location . However , some Internet sites block access to known VPN technology to prevent the circumvention of their geo - restrictions . A VPN is created by establishing a virtual point - to - point connection through the use of dedicated connections , virtual tunneling protocols , or traffic encryption . A VPN available from the public Internet can provide some of the benefits of a wide area network ( WAN ) . From a user perspective , the resources available within the private network can be accessed remotely . Traditional VPNs are characterized by a point - to - point topology , and they do not tend to support or connect broadcast domains , so services such as Microsoft Windows NetBIOS may not be fully supported or work as they would on a local area network ( LAN ) . Designers have developed VPN variants , such as Virtual Private LAN Service ( VPLS ) , and layer - 2 tunneling protocols , to overcome this limitation . Some VPNs have been banned in China and Russia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 2 Security mechanisms 2.1 Authentication 3 Routing 3.1 Provider - provisioned VPN building - blocks 4 User - visible PPVPN services 4.1 OSI Layer 2 services 4.2 OSI Layer 3 PPVPN architectures 4.3 Unencrypted tunnels 5 Trusted delivery networks 6 VPNs in mobile environments 7 VPN on routers 8 Networking limitations 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading Types ( edit ) Early data networks allowed VPN - style remote connectivity through dial - up modem or through leased line connections utilizing Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( ATM ) virtual circuits , provisioned through a network owned and operated by telecommunication carriers . These networks are not considered true VPNs because they passively secure the data being transmitted by the creation of logical data streams . They have been replaced by VPNs based on IP and IP / Multi-protocol Label Switching ( MPLS ) Networks , due to significant cost - reductions and increased bandwidth provided by new technologies such as Digital Subscriber Line ( DSL ) and fiber - optic networks . VPNs can be either remote - access ( connecting a computer to a network ) or site - to - site ( connecting two networks ) . In a corporate setting , remote - access VPNs allow employees to access their company 's intranet from home or while travelling outside the office , and site - to - site VPNs allow employees in geographically disparate offices to share one cohesive virtual network . A VPN can also be used to interconnect two similar networks over a dissimilar middle network ; for example , two IPv6 networks over an IPv4 network . VPN systems may be classified by : The protocols used to tunnel the traffic The tunnel 's termination point location , e.g. , on the customer edge or network - provider edge The type of topology of connections , such as site - to - site or network - to - network The levels of security provided The OSI layer they present to the connecting network , such as Layer 2 circuits or Layer 3 network connectivity The number of simultaneous connections Security mechanisms ( edit ) VPNs can not make online connections completely anonymous , but they can usually increase privacy and security . To prevent disclosure of private information , VPNs typically allow only authenticated remote access using tunneling protocols and encryption techniques . The VPN security model provides : Confidentiality such that even if the network traffic is sniffed at the packet level ( see network sniffer and deep packet inspection ) , an attacker would only see encrypted data Sender authentication to prevent unauthorized users from accessing the VPN Message integrity to detect any instances of tampering with transmitted messages Secure VPN protocols include the following : Internet Protocol Security ( IPsec ) was initially developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) for IPv6 , which was required in all standards - compliant implementations of IPv6 before RFC 6434 made it only a recommendation . This standards - based security protocol is also widely used with IPv4 and the Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol . Its design meets most security goals : authentication , integrity , and confidentiality . IPsec uses encryption , encapsulating an IP packet inside an IPsec packet . De-encapsulation happens at the end of the tunnel , where the original IP packet is decrypted and forwarded to its intended destination . Transport Layer Security ( SSL / TLS ) can tunnel an entire network 's traffic ( as it does in the OpenVPN project and SoftEther VPN project ) or secure an individual connection . A number of vendors provide remote - access VPN capabilities through SSL . An SSL VPN can connect from locations where IPsec runs into trouble with Network Address Translation and firewall rules . Datagram Transport Layer Security ( DTLS ) -- used in Cisco AnyConnect VPN and in OpenConnect VPN to solve the issues SSL / TLS has with tunneling over UDP . Microsoft Point - to - Point Encryption ( MPPE ) works with the Point - to - Point Tunneling Protocol and in several compatible implementations on other platforms . Microsoft Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol ( SSTP ) tunnels Point - to - Point Protocol ( PPP ) or Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol traffic through an SSL 3.0 channel . ( SSTP was introduced in Windows Server 2008 and in Windows Vista Service Pack 1 . ) Multi Path Virtual Private Network ( MPVPN ) . Ragula Systems Development Company owns the registered trademark `` MPVPN '' . Secure Shell ( SSH ) VPN -- OpenSSH offers VPN tunneling ( distinct from port forwarding ) to secure remote connections to a network or to inter-network links . OpenSSH server provides a limited number of concurrent tunnels . The VPN feature itself does not support personal authentication . Authentication ( edit ) Tunnel endpoints must be authenticated before secure VPN tunnels can be established . User - created remote - access VPNs may use passwords , biometrics , two - factor authentication or other cryptographic methods . Network - to - network tunnels often use passwords or digital certificates . They permanently store the key to allow the tunnel to establish automatically , without intervention from the administrator . Routing ( edit ) Tunneling protocols can operate in a point - to - point network topology that would theoretically not be considered as a VPN , because a VPN by definition is expected to support arbitrary and changing sets of network nodes . But since most router implementations support a software - defined tunnel interface , customer - provisioned VPNs often are simply defined tunnels running conventional routing protocols . Provider - provisioned VPN building - blocks ( edit ) Depending on whether a provider - provisioned VPN ( PPVPN ) operates in layer 2 or layer 3 , the building blocks described below may be L2 only , L3 only , or combine them both . Multi-protocol label switching ( MPLS ) functionality blurs the L2 - L3 identity . RFC 4026 generalized the following terms to cover L2 and L3 VPNs , but they were introduced in RFC 2547 . More information on the devices below can also be found in Lewis , Cisco Press . Customer ( C ) devices A device that is within a customer 's network and not directly connected to the service provider 's network . C devices are not aware of the VPN . Customer Edge device ( CE ) A device at the edge of the customer 's network which provides access to the PPVPN . Sometimes it 's just a demarcation point between provider and customer responsibility . Other providers allow customers to configure it . Provider edge device ( PE ) A PE is a device , or set of devices , at the edge of the provider network which connects to customer networks through CE devices and presents the provider 's view of the customer site . PEs are aware of the VPNs that connect through them , and maintain VPN state . Provider device ( P ) AP device operates inside the provider 's core network and does not directly interface to any customer endpoint . It might , for example , provide routing for many provider - operated tunnels that belong to different customers ' PPVPNs . While the P device is a key part of implementing PPVPNs , it is not itself VPN - aware and does not maintain VPN state . Its principal role is allowing the service provider to scale its PPVPN offerings , for example , by acting as an aggregation point for multiple PEs . P - to - P connections , in such a role , often are high - capacity optical links between major locations of providers . User - visible PPVPN services ( edit ) OSI Layer 2 services ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Virtual LAN A Layer 2 technique that allow for the coexistence of multiple LAN broadcast domains , interconnected via trunks using the IEEE 802.1 Q trunking protocol . Other trunking protocols have been used but have become obsolete , including Inter-Switch Link ( ISL ) , IEEE 802.10 ( originally a security protocol but a subset was introduced for trunking ) , and ATM LAN Emulation ( LANE ) . Virtual private LAN service ( VPLS ) Developed by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers , VLANs allow multiple tagged LANs to share common trunking . VLANs frequently comprise only customer - owned facilities . Whereas VPLS as described in the above section ( OSI Layer 1 services ) supports emulation of both point - to - point and point - to - multipoint topologies , the method discussed here extends Layer 2 technologies such as 802.1 d and 802.1 q LAN trunking to run over transports such as Metro Ethernet . As used in this context , a VPLS is a Layer 2 PPVPN , rather than a private line , emulating the full functionality of a traditional local area network ( LAN ) . From a user standpoint , a VPLS makes it possible to interconnect several LAN segments over a packet - switched , or optical , provider core ; a core transparent to the user , making the remote LAN segments behave as one single LAN . In a VPLS , the provider network emulates a learning bridge , which optionally may include VLAN service . Pseudo wire ( PW ) PW is similar to VPLS , but it can provide different L2 protocols at both ends . Typically , its interface is a WAN protocol such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode or Frame Relay . In contrast , when aiming to provide the appearance of a LAN contiguous between two or more locations , the Virtual Private LAN service or IPLS would be appropriate . Ethernet over IP tunneling EtherIP ( RFC 3378 ) is an Ethernet over IP tunneling protocol specification . EtherIP has only packet encapsulation mechanism . It has no confidentiality nor message integrity protection . EtherIP was introduced in the FreeBSD network stack and the SoftEther VPN server program . IP - only LAN - like service ( IPLS ) A subset of VPLS , the CE devices must have Layer 3 capabilities ; the IPLS presents packets rather than frames . It may support IPv4 or IPv6 . OSI Layer 3 PPVPN architectures ( edit ) This section discusses the main architectures for PPVPNs , one where the PE disambiguates duplicate addresses in a single routing instance , and the other , virtual router , in which the PE contains a virtual router instance per VPN . The former approach , and its variants , have gained the most attention . One of the challenges of PPVPNs involves different customers using the same address space , especially the IPv4 private address space . The provider must be able to disambiguate overlapping addresses in the multiple customers ' PPVPNs . BGP / MPLS PPVPN In the method defined by RFC 2547 , BGP extensions advertise routes in the IPv4 VPN address family , which are of the form of 12 - byte strings , beginning with an 8 - byte Route Distinguisher ( RD ) and ending with a 4 - byte IPv4 address . RDs disambiguate otherwise duplicate addresses in the same PE . PEs understand the topology of each VPN , which are interconnected with MPLS tunnels , either directly or via P routers . In MPLS terminology , the P routers are Label Switch Routers without awareness of VPNs . Virtual router PPVPN The virtual router architecture , as opposed to BGP / MPLS techniques , requires no modification to existing routing protocols such as BGP . By the provisioning of logically independent routing domains , the customer operating a VPN is completely responsible for the address space . In the various MPLS tunnels , the different PPVPNs are disambiguated by their label , but do not need routing distinguishers . Unencrypted tunnels ( edit ) Some virtual networks use tunneling protocols without encryption for protecting the privacy of data . While VPNs often do provide security , an unencrypted overlay network does not neatly fit within the secure or trusted categorization . For example , a tunnel set up between two hosts with Generic Routing Encapsulation ( GRE ) is a virtual private network , but neither secure nor trusted . Native plaintext tunneling protocols include Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol ( L2TP ) when it is set up without IPsec and Point - to - Point Tunneling Protocol ( PPTP ) or Microsoft Point - to - Point Encryption ( MPPE ) . Trusted delivery networks ( edit ) Trusted VPNs do not use cryptographic tunneling , and instead rely on the security of a single provider 's network to protect the traffic . Multi-Protocol Label Switching ( MPLS ) often overlays VPNs , often with quality - of - service control over a trusted delivery network . Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol ( L2TP ) which is a standards - based replacement , and a compromise taking the good features from each , for two proprietary VPN protocols : Cisco 's Layer 2 Forwarding ( L2F ) ( obsolete as of 2009 ) and Microsoft 's Point - to - Point Tunneling Protocol ( PPTP ) . From the security standpoint , VPNs either trust the underlying delivery network , or must enforce security with mechanisms in the VPN itself . Unless the trusted delivery network runs among physically secure sites only , both trusted and secure models need an authentication mechanism for users to gain access to the VPN . VPNs in mobile environments ( edit ) Mobile virtual private networks are used in settings where an endpoint of the VPN is not fixed to a single IP address , but instead roams across various networks such as data networks from cellular carriers or between multiple Wi - Fi access points . Mobile VPNs have been widely used in public safety , where they give law enforcement officers access to mission - critical applications , such as computer - assisted dispatch and criminal databases , while they travel between different subnets of a mobile network . They are also used in field service management and by healthcare organizations , among other industries . Increasingly , mobile VPNs are being adopted by mobile professionals who need reliable connections . They are used for roaming seamlessly across networks and in and out of wireless coverage areas without losing application sessions or dropping the secure VPN session . A conventional VPN can not withstand such events because the network tunnel is disrupted , causing applications to disconnect , time out , or fail , or even cause the computing device itself to crash . Instead of logically tying the endpoint of the network tunnel to the physical IP address , each tunnel is bound to a permanently associated IP address at the device . The mobile VPN software handles the necessary network authentication and maintains the network sessions in a manner transparent to the application and the user . The Host Identity Protocol ( HIP ) , under study by the Internet Engineering Task Force , is designed to support mobility of hosts by separating the role of IP addresses for host identification from their locator functionality in an IP network . With HIP a mobile host maintains its logical connections established via the host identity identifier while associating with different IP addresses when roaming between access networks . VPN on routers ( edit ) With the increasing use of VPNs , many have started deploying VPN connectivity on routers for additional security and encryption of data transmission by using various cryptographic techniques . Setting up VPN support on a router and establishing a VPN allows any networked device to have access to the entire network -- all devices look like local devices with local addresses . Supported devices are not restricted to those capable of running a VPN client . Many router manufacturers , including Asus , Cisco , DrayTek , Linksys , Netgear , and Yamaha , supply routers with built - in VPN clients . Some use open - source firmware such as DD - WRT , OpenWRT and Tomato , in order to support additional protocols such as OpenVPN . Setting up VPN services on a router requires a deep knowledge of network security and careful installation . Minor misconfiguration of VPN connections can leave the network vulnerable . Performance will vary depending on the ISP . Networking limitations ( edit ) One major limitation of traditional VPNs is that they are point - to - point , and do not tend to support or connect broadcast domains . Therefore , communication , software , and networking , which are based on layer 2 and broadcast packets , such as NetBIOS used in Windows networking , may not be fully supported or work exactly as they would on a real LAN . Variants on VPN , such as Virtual Private LAN Service ( VPLS ) , and layer 2 tunneling protocols , are designed to overcome this limitation . See also ( edit ) Anonymizer Dynamic Multipoint Virtual Private Network Geo - blocking Internet privacy Mediated VPN Opportunistic encryption Split tunneling Tinc ( protocol ) UT - VPN Virtual private server VPNBook References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew G. ( 2002 ) . Cisco Secure Virtual Private Network . Cisco Press . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Microsoft Technet . `` Virtual Private Networking : An Overview '' . Jump up ^ Ryan Browne ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Russia follows China in tightening internet restrictions , raising fresh censorship concerns '' . CNBC.com . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Cisco Systems , et al. Internet working Technologies Handbook , Third Edition . Cisco Press , 2000 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Mark . Comparing , Designing . And Deploying VPNs . Cisco Press , 2006 , p. 5 Jump up ^ International Engineering Consortium . Digital Subscriber Line 2001 . Intl . Engineering Consortium , 2001 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Technet Lab . `` IPv6 traffic over VPN connections '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ RFC 6434 , `` IPv6 Node Requirements '' , E. Jankiewicz , J. Loughney , T. Narten ( December 2011 ) Jump up ^ SoftEther VPN : Using HTTPS Protocol to Establish VPN Tunnels Jump up ^ `` OpenConnect '' . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 08 . OpenConnect is a client for Cisco 's AnyConnect SSL VPN ( ... ) OpenConnect is not officially supported by , or associated in any way with , Cisco Systems . It just happens to interoperate with their equipment . Jump up ^ Trademark Applications and Registrations Retrieval ( TARR ) Jump up ^ OpenBSD ssh manual page , VPN section Jump up ^ Unix Toolbox section on SSH VPN Jump up ^ Ubuntu SSH VPN how - to Jump up ^ E. Rosen & Y . Rekhter ( March 1999 ) . `` RFC 2547 BGP / MPLS VPNs '' . Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) . Jump up ^ Lewis , Mark ( 2006 ) . Comparing , designing , and deploying VPNs ( 1st print . ed . ) . Indianapolis , Ind. : Cisco Press . pp. 5 -- 6 . ISBN 1587051796 . Jump up ^ Ethernet Bridging ( OpenVPN ) Jump up ^ Glyn M Burton : RFC 3378 EtherIP with FreeBSD , 03 February 2011 Jump up ^ net-security.org news : Multi-protocol SoftEther VPN becomes open source , January 2014 Jump up ^ Address Allocation for Private Internets , RFC 1918 , Y . Rekhter et al. , February 1996 Jump up ^ RFC 2917 , A Core MPLS IP VPN Architecture Jump up ^ RFC 2918 , E. Chen ( September 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` Overview of Provider Provisioned Virtual Private Networks ( PPVPN ) '' . Secure Thoughts . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . Jump up ^ RFC 1702 : Generic Routing Encapsulation over IPv4 networks . October 1994 . Jump up ^ IETF ( 1999 ) , RFC 2661 , Layer Two Tunneling Protocol `` L2TP '' Jump up ^ Cisco Systems , Inc. ( 2004 ) . Internetworking Technologies Handbook . Networking Technology Series ( 4 ed . ) . Cisco Press . p. 233 . ISBN 9781587051197 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . ( ... ) VPNs using dedicated circuits , such as Frame Relay ( ... ) are sometimes called trusted VPNs , because customers trust that the network facilities operated by the service providers will not be compromised . Jump up ^ Layer Two Tunneling Protocol `` L2TP '' , RFC 2661 , W. Townsley et al. , August 1999 Jump up ^ IP Based Virtual Private Networks , RFC 2341 , A. Valencia et al. , May 1998 Jump up ^ Point - to - Point Tunneling Protocol ( PPTP ) , RFC 2637 , K. Hamzeh et al. , July 1999 ^ Jump up to : Phifer , Lisa . `` Mobile VPN : Closing the Gap '' , SearchMobileComputing.com , July 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Willett , Andy . `` Solving the Computing Challenges of Mobile Officers '' , www.officer.com , May , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Cheng , Roger . `` Lost Connections '' , The Wall Street Journal , December 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Encryption and Security Protocols in a VPN '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` VPN '' . Draytek . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Kelly , Sean ( August 2001 ) . `` Necessity is the mother of VPN invention '' . Communication News : 26 -- 28 . ISSN 0010 - 3632 . Archived from the original on 2001 - 12 - 17 . Virtual private networking Communications protocol SSTP IPsec L2TP L2TPv3 PPTP Split tunneling SSL / TLS ( Opportunistic : tcpcrypt ) Free software Cloudvpn FreeLAN FreeS / WAN Libreswan n2n OpenConnect OpenIKED Openswan OpenVPN Social VPN SoftEther VPN strongSwan tcpcrypt tinc VTun Shadowsocks Vendor - driven protocols Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol DirectAccess Proprietary software Avast SecureLine Check Point VPN - 1 Cisco Systems VPN Client LogMeIn Hamachi Microsoft Forefront Unified Access Gateway Risk Vectors Content - control software Deep content inspection Deep packet inspection IP address blocking Network enumeration Stateful firewall TCP Reset VPN blocking Cryptographic software Email clients Apple Mail Claws Mail Enigmail GPG ( Gpg4win ) Kontact Outlook p ≡ p PGP Sylpheed Thunderbird Secure communication OTR Adium BitlBee Centericq ChatSecure climm Jitsi Kopete MCabber Profanity SSH Dropbear lsh OpenSSH PuTTY SecureCRT WinSCP Xshell TLS & SSL Bouncy Castle BoringSSL Botan CryptoComply cryptlib GnuTLS JSSE LibreSSL MatrixSSL NSS OpenSSL mbed TLS RSA BSAFE SChannel SSLeay stunnel wolfSSL VPN Check Point VPN - 1 Hamachi Openswan OpenVPN SoftEther VPN strongSwan Tinc ZRTP CSipSimple Jitsi Linphone Ring Zfone P2P Bitmessage RetroShare Tox DRA Matrix OMEMO Conversations Cryptocat ChatSecure Proteus Signal Protocol Google Allo Facebook Messenger Signal TextSecure WhatsApp Disk encryption ( Comparison ) BestCrypt BitLocker CipherShed CrossCrypt Cryptoloop DiskCryptor dm - crypt DriveSentry E4M eCryptfs FileVault FreeOTFE GBDE geli LUKS PGPDisk Private Disk Scramdisk Sentry 2020 TrueCrypt History VeraCrypt Anonymity GNUnet I2P Java Anon Proxy Tor Vidalia RetroShare Ricochet Wickr File systems ( List ) EncFS EFS eCryptfs LUKS PEFS Rubberhose StegFS Tahoe - LAFS Service providers Freenet Tresorit TeamDrive Wuala Educational CrypTool Related topics Outline of cryptography Timeline of cryptography Hash functions Cryptographic hash function List of hash functions S / MIME Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virtual_private_network&oldid=799362470 '' Categories : Network architecture Computer network security Internet privacy Crypto - anarchism Virtual private networks Hidden categories : Pages using RFC magic links Articles needing cleanup from November 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from November 2016 Use dmy dates from August 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 07 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	give some examples of the usage of vpn	[]	[]
-7872537212322448259	Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil	Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil - wikipedia Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil Jump to : navigation , search Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil The cover of the 1994 book , which features the Bird Girl sculpture . Author John Berendt Country United States Language English Genre Nonfiction novel Publisher Random House Publication date January 1994 Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Pages 389 pp ISBN 0 - 679 - 42922 - 0 OCLC 27975809 Dewey Decimal 975.8 / 724 20 LC Class F294. S2 B48 1994 Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil is a non-fiction work by John Berendt . The book , Berendt 's first , was published in 1994 . It became a New York Times Best - Seller for 216 weeks following its debut and remains the longest - standing New York Times Best - Seller . The book was subsequently made into Clint Eastwood 's 1997 film adaptation . It was also adapted as a metabook in 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 The book 2 Real life events 3 Title 4 Cover 5 Awards 6 See also 7 References 8 External links The book ( edit ) Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil is atmospherically Deep South coastal ( Savannah , Georgia , Beaufort , South Carolina ) and Southern Gothic in tone , depicting a wide range of eccentric personalities in and around the city of Savannah , Georgia . The story , unsettling and real , broke down the idea of the quintessential phenomenon of a true American city -- only to reveal its quirks : its man walking an invisible dog ; its voice of the drag queen ; a high - society man in its elite community -- all that somehow , unravels a murder mystery . Virtually seeming like a novel and reading like a tale , the non-fictional story is about the real - life events surrounding the murder . The central narrative concerns the killing of Danny Hansford , a local male prostitute ( characterized as `` a good time not yet had by all '' ) by an important Savannah socialite , respected antiques dealer Jim Williams . This results in four murder trials , with the fourth ending in acquittal after the judge finally agreed to a change of venue to move the case away from the Savannah jury pool . The book describes Williams ' version of the killing , which is that it was in `` self - defense '' -- the result of Hansford , who is prone to fits of rage , shooting at Williams with a gun that is on display , and Williams shooting back in self - defense -- and not murder , pre-meditated or otherwise by Williams . The death occurred in Williams ' home ' Mercer House ' . The book highlights many other notable Savannah residents , as well , including The Lady Chablis , a transgender woman and local drag queen and entertainer . Chablis provides both a Greek chorus of sorts as well as a light - hearted contrast to the more serious action . Real life events ( edit ) The book 's plot is based on real - life events that occurred in the 1980s and is classified as non-fiction . Because it reads like a novel ( and rearranges the sequence of true events in time ) , it is sometimes referred to as a `` non-fiction novel '' or `` faction '' , a subgenre popularized by Truman Capote and Norman Mailer . Title ( edit ) The title alludes to the voodoo notion of `` midnight '' , the period between the time for good magic ( 11 pm to midnight ) and the time for evil magic ( midnight to 1 am ) , and `` the garden of good and evil '' , which refers principally to the cemetery in Beaufort , South Carolina , where Dr. Buzzard , the husband of Minerva , the voodoo priestess who figures in the story , is buried . It is over his grave that Minerva performed the incantations to ensure a more successful result in the retrial for the case of Jim Williams . Cover ( edit ) The famous Bird Girl statue , originally designed both as art and as a birdseed holder , was originally located at Savannah 's historic Bonaventure Cemetery . A Savannah photographer , Jack Leigh , was commissioned to take a photograph for the cover of the book . The cover image became immediately iconic , with author John Berendt calling it `` one of the strongest covers I 've ever seen '' , and the statue became a popular stop for tourists . Due to rising concerns about the integrity of the statue and the cemetery 's privacy , Bird Girl was relocated in 1997 for display in Telfair Museums in Savannah . In late 2014 , the statue was moved to a dedicated space in the Telfair Museums ' Jepson Center for the Arts on West York Street , in Savannah . Both Hugh W. Mercer and Johnny Mercer are buried in Bonaventure Cemetery . Awards ( edit ) The book won the 1995 Boeke Prize and was one of the finalists for the 1995 Pulitzer Prize for nonfiction . See also ( edit ) Novels portal The City of Falling Angels ( 2005 ) , Berendt 's second book . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil '' . New Georgia Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Nawotka , Edward ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Is Metabook the Next Evolution of the Book ? In Discussion '' . Publishing Perspectives . Jump up ^ Clehane , Diane ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Metabook Publisher : New iPad App Will Transform Books '' . adweek Fishbowl , NY . Jump up ^ `` Telfair Museums Jepson Center '' . telfair.org . TELFAIR MUSEUMS . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Jan Whitt ( 28 August 2008 ) . Settling the borderland : other voices in literary journalism . University Press of America . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7618 - 4093 - 0 . Retrieved 12 September 2010 . External links ( edit ) `` Photos of the first edition of Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil '' . Mansion Books . `` Booknotes interview with Berendt on Midnight '' . C - SPAN . August 1997 . `` Official book site '' . RandomHouse.com . `` Map of Event Locations with photos '' . Google Maps . Retrieved 16 December 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midnight_in_the_Garden_of_Good_and_Evil&oldid=792799899 '' Categories : 1994 American novels American novels adapted into films Culture of Savannah , Georgia Debut novels Lambda Literary Award - winning works Non-fiction novels about murders in the United States Novels set in Savannah , Georgia Random House books Southern Gothic novels Transgender and transsexual non-fiction books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 日本語 Polski Suomi ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2017 , at 19 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	true story behind midnight in the garden of good and evil	[]	[]
-9090016263885569203	First Battle of Bull Run	First battle of Bull Run - wikipedia First battle of Bull Run This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 8 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search First Battle of Bull Run ( Battle of First Manassas ) Part of the American Civil War First Battle of Bull Run . Chromolithograph by Kurz & Allison , 1889 Date July 21 , 1861 ( 1861 - 07 - 21 ) Location Fairfax County and Prince William County , Virginia 38 ° 48 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 31 ′ 22 '' W / 38.8147 ° N 77.5227 ° W / 38.8147 ; - 77.5227 Coordinates : 38 ° 48 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 31 ′ 22 '' W / 38.8147 ° N 77.5227 ° W / 38.8147 ; - 77.5227 Result Confederate victory Belligerents United States ( Union ) Confederate States Commanders and leaders Political leaders : Abraham Lincoln Military commanders : Winfield Scott Irvin McDowell Robert Patterson Political leaders : Jefferson Davis Military commanders : P.G.T. Beauregard Thomas `` Stonewall '' Jackson Joseph E. Johnston Units involved Department of Northeastern Virginia : Army of Northeastern Virginia Department of Pennsylvania : Patterson 's Command ( not engaged ) Army of the Potomac Army of the Shenandoah Strength Army of Northeastern Virginia : 35,732 ( c. 18,000 engaged ) Patterson 's Command : 14 -- 18,000 ( not engaged ) 32,000 -- 34,000 ( c. 18,000 engaged ) Casualties and losses 2,708 ( 481 killed ; 1,011 wounded ; 1,216 missing ) 1,982 ( 387 killed ; 1,582 wounded ; 13 missing ) Manassas Campaign Fairfax Court House ( June 1861 ) Arlington Mills Vienna , Virginia Hoke 's Run Blackburn 's Ford 1st Bull Run Virginia ( 1861 ) Northeastern Virginia ( 1861 ) The First Battle of Bull Run ( the name used by Union forces ) , also known as the Battle of First Manassas ( the name used by Confederate forces ) , was fought on July 21 , 1861 in Prince William County , Virginia , just north of the city of Manassas and about 25 miles west - southwest of Washington , D.C. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War . The Union 's forces were slow in positioning themselves , allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail . Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle . It was a Confederate victory , followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces . Just months after the start of the war at Fort Sumter , the Northern public clamored for a march against the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia , which was expected to bring an early end to the rebellion . Yielding to political pressure , Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell led his unseasoned Union Army across Bull Run against the equally inexperienced Confederate Army of Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard camped near Manassas Junction . McDowell 's ambitious plan for a surprise flank attack on the Confederate left was poorly executed by his officers and men ; nevertheless , the Confederates , who had been planning to attack the Union left flank , found themselves at an initial disadvantage . Confederate reinforcements under Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the Shenandoah Valley by railroad , and the course of the battle quickly changed . A brigade of Virginians under the relatively unknown brigadier general from the Virginia Military Institute , Thomas J. Jackson , stood its ground , which resulted in Jackson receiving his famous nickname , `` Stonewall '' . The Confederates launched a strong counterattack , and as the Union troops began withdrawing under fire , many panicked and the retreat turned into a rout . McDowell 's men frantically ran without order in the direction of Washington , D.C. Both armies were sobered by the fierce fighting and many casualties , and realized that the war was going to be much longer and bloodier than either had anticipated . The Battle of First Bull Run highlighted many of the problems and deficiencies that were typical of the first year of the war . Units were committed piecemeal , attacks were frontal , infantry failed to protect exposed artillery , tactical intelligence was nil , and neither commander was able to employ his whole force effectively . McDowell , with 35,000 men , was only able to commit about 18,000 , and the combined Confederate forces , with about 32,000 men , committed only 18,000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Military and political situation 1.2 Irvin McDowell 1.3 Intelligence 1.4 McDowell 's plan and initial movements in the Manassas Campaign 1.5 Prelude to battle 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 Battle 3.1 Morning phase 3.1. 1 Matthews Hill 3.2 Noon phase 3.2. 1 Henry House Hill 3.3 Union retreat 4 Aftermath 4.1 Brief observations 4.2 Detailed casualties 4.2. 1 Union 4.2. 2 Confederate 4.3 Effect on the Union and subsequent events 4.4 Effect on the Confederacy 4.5 Confederate victory : turning point of the American Civil War 4.6 `` Bull Run '' vs. `` Manassas '' 4.7 Confusion between the battle flags 4.8 Conclusions 5 Additional battle maps 5.1 Gallery : the First Bull Run hour by hour 6 In popular culture 7 Sesquicentennial 8 Battlefield preservation 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Memoirs and primary sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Background ( edit ) Military and political situation ( edit ) Main article : Manassas Campaign Further information : Origins of the American Civil War ; Battle of Fort Sumter ; Western Virginia Campaign ; Border states ( American Civil War ) ; President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers ; Eastern Theater of the American Civil War ; and American Civil War Opposing political leaders Pres . Abraham Lincoln , USA Pres . Jefferson Davis , CSA Northern Virginia Theater in July 1861 Confederate Union Further map details , see : Additional Map 1 and Additional Map 2 . On April 15 , 1861 , the day after South Carolina military forces attacked and captured Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor , President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring an insurrection against the laws of the United States . Earlier , South Carolina and seven other Southern states had declared their secession from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America . To suppress the rebellion and restore Federal law in the Southern states , Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers with ninety - day enlistments to augment the existing U.S. Army of about 15,000 . He later accepted an additional 40,000 volunteers with three - year enlistments and increased the strength of the U.S. Army to almost 20,000 . Lincoln 's actions caused four more Southern states , including Virginia , to secede and join the Confederacy , and by 1 June the Confederate capital had been moved from Montgomery , Alabama , to Richmond , Virginia . In Washington , D.C. , as thousands of volunteers rushed to defend the capital , General in Chief Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott laid out his strategy to subdue the rebellious states . He proposed that an army of 80,000 men be organized and sail down the Mississippi River and capture New Orleans . While the Army `` strangled '' the Confederacy in the west , the U.S. Navy would blockade Southern ports along the eastern and Gulf coasts . The press ridiculed what they dubbed as Scott 's `` Anaconda Plan '' . Instead , many believed the capture of the Confederate capital at Richmond , only one hundred miles south of Washington , would quickly end the war . By July 1861 thousands of volunteers were camped in and around Washington . Since General Scott was seventy - five years old and physically unable to lead this force , the administration searched for a more suitable field commander . Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott , General in Chief , USA Cartoon map illustrating Gen. Winfield Scott 's plan to crush the Confederacy , economically . It is sometimes called the `` Anaconda plan '' . Irvin McDowell ( edit ) Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase championed fellow Ohioan , 42 - year - old Maj . Irvin McDowell . Although McDowell was a West Point graduate , his command experience was limited . In fact , he had spent most of his career engaged in various staff duties in the Adjutant General 's Office . While stationed in Washington he had become acquainted with Chase , a former Ohio governor and senator . Now , through Chase 's influence , McDowell was promoted three grades to brigadier general in the Regular Army and on 27 May was assigned command ( by President Abraham Lincoln ) of the Department of Northeastern Virginia , which included the military forces in and around Washington ( Army of Northeastern Virginia ) . McDowell immediately began organizing what became known as the Army of Northeastern Virginia , 35,000 men arranged in five divisions . Under public and political pressure to begin offensive operations , McDowell was given very little time to train the newly inducted troops . Units were instructed in the maneuvering of regiments , but they received little or no training at the brigade or division level . He was reassured by President Lincoln , `` You are green , it is true , but they are green also ; you are all green alike . '' Against his better judgment , McDowell commenced campaigning . Intelligence ( edit ) During the previous year , U.S. Army captain Thomas Jordan set up a pro-Southern spy network in Washington City , including Rose O'Neal Greenhow , a prominent socialite with a wide range of contacts . He provided her with a code for messages . After he left to join the Confederate Army , he gave her control of his network but continued to receive reports from her . On July 9 and 16 , 1861 , Greenhow passed secret messages to Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard containing critical information regarding military movements for what would be the First Battle of Bull Run , including the plans of Union general McDowell . McDowell 's plan and initial movements in the Manassas Campaign ( edit ) On July 16 , 1861 , McDowell departed Washington with the largest field army yet gathered on the North American continent , about 35,000 men ( 28,452 effectives ) . McDowell 's plan was to move westward in three columns and make a diversionary attack on the Confederate line at Bull Run with two columns , while the third column moved around the Confederates ' right flank to the south , cutting the railroad to Richmond and threatening the rear of the Confederate army . He assumed that the Confederates would be forced to abandon Manassas Junction and fall back to the Rappahannock River , the next defensible line in Virginia , which would relieve some of the pressure on the U.S. capital . McDowell had hoped to have his army at Centreville by 17 July , but the troops , unaccustomed to marching , moved in starts and stops . Along the route soldiers often broke ranks to wander off to pick apples or blackberries or to get water , regardless of the orders of their officers to remain in ranks . The Confederate Army of the Potomac ( 21,883 effectives ) under Beauregard was encamped near Manassas Junction , approximately 25 miles ( 40 km ) from the United States capital . McDowell planned to attack this numerically inferior enemy army . Union Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson 's 18,000 men engaged Johnston 's force ( the Army of the Shenandoah at 8,884 effectives , augmented by Maj. Gen. Theophilus H. Holmes 's brigade of 1,465 ) in the Shenandoah Valley , preventing them from reinforcing Beauregard . Movements July 16 -- 21 , 1861 Situation July 18 Battlefield of Manassas After two days of marching slowly in the sweltering heat , the Union army was allowed to rest in Centreville . McDowell reduced the size of his army to approximately 31,000 by dispatching Brig. Gen. Theodore Runyon with 5,000 troops to protect the army 's rear . In the meantime , McDowell searched for a way to outflank Beauregard , who had drawn up his lines along Bull Run . On July 18 , the Union commander sent a division under Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler to pass on the Confederate right ( southeast ) flank. Tyler was drawn into a skirmish at Blackburn 's Ford over Bull Run and made no headway . Also on the morning of 18 July Johnston had received a telegram suggesting he go to Beauregard 's assistance if possible . Johnston marched out of Winchester about noon , while Stuart 's cavalry screened the movement from Patterson . Patterson was completely deceived . One hour after Johnston 's departure Patterson telegraphed Washington , `` I have succeeded , in accordance with the wishes of the General - in - Chief , in keeping General Johnston 's force at Winchester . '' For the maneuver to be successful McDowell felt he needed to act quickly . He had already begun to hear rumors that Johnston had slipped out of the valley and was headed for Manassas Junction . If the rumors were true , McDowell might soon be facing 34,000 Confederates , instead of 22,000 . Another reason for quick action was McDowell 's concern that the ninety - day enlistments of many of his regiments were about to expire . `` In a few days I will lose many thousands of the best of this force '' , he wrote Washington on the eve of battle . In fact , the next morning two units of McDowell 's command , their enlistments expiring that day , would turn a deaf ear to McDowell 's appeal to stay a few days longer . Instead , to the sounds of battle , they would march back to Washington to be mustered out of service . Becoming more frustrated , McDowell resolved to attack the Confederate left ( northwest ) flank instead . He planned to attack with Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler 's division at the Stone Bridge on the Warrenton Turnpike and send the divisions of Brig . Gens . David Hunter and Samuel P. Heintzelman over Sudley Springs Ford . From here , these divisions could march into the Confederate rear . The brigade of Col. Israel B. Richardson ( Tyler 's Division ) would harass the enemy at Blackburn 's Ford , preventing them from thwarting the main attack . Patterson would tie down Johnston in the Shenandoah Valley so that reinforcements could not reach the area . Although McDowell had arrived at a theoretically sound plan , it had a number of flaws : it was one that required synchronized execution of troop movements and attacks , skills that had not been developed in the nascent army ; it relied on actions by Patterson that he had already failed to take ; finally , McDowell had delayed long enough that Johnston 's Valley force was able to board trains at Piedmont Station and rush to Manassas Junction to reinforce Beauregard 's men . Prelude to battle ( edit ) On July 19 -- 20 , significant reinforcements bolstered the Confederate lines behind Bull Run . Johnston arrived with all of his army , except for the troops of Brig. Gen. Kirby Smith , who were still in transit . Most of the new arrivals were posted in the vicinity of Blackburn 's Ford , and Beauregard 's plan was to attack from there to the north toward Centreville . Johnston , the senior officer , approved the plan . If both of the armies had been able to execute their plans simultaneously , it would have resulted in a mutual counterclockwise movement as they attacked each other 's left flank . McDowell was getting contradictory information from his intelligence agents , so he called for the balloon Enterprise , which was being demonstrated by Prof. Thaddeus S.C. Lowe in Washington , to perform aerial reconnaissance . Opposing forces ( edit ) Union ( edit ) Further information : Union order of battle Key Union commanders Brig. Gen . Irvin McDowell , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( Commanding ) , USA Brig. Gen . Daniel Tyler , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 1st Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . David Hunter , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 2nd Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . Samuel P. Heintzelman , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 3rd Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . Theodore Runyon , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 4th Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . Dixon S. Miles , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 5th Div . ) USA Maj. Gen . Robert Patterson , Patterson 's Command , USA McDowell 's Army of Northeastern Virginia was organized into five infantry divisions of three to five brigades each . Each brigade contained three to five infantry regiments . An artillery battery was generally assigned to each brigade . The total number of Union troops present at the Battle of First Bull Run was about 35,000 , although only about 18,000 were actually engaged . The Union army was organized as follows : 1st Division of Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler the largest in the army , contained four brigades , led by Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenck , Col. Erasmus Keyes , Col. William T. Sherman , and Col. Israel B. Richardson ; 2nd Division of Col. David Hunter of two brigades . These were led by Cols . Andrew Porter and Ambrose E. Burnside ; 3rd Division of Col. Samuel P. Heintzelman included 3 brigades , led by Cols . William B. Franklin , Orlando B. Willcox , and Oliver O. Howard ; 4th Division of Brig. Gen. Theodore Runyon without brigade organization and not engaged , contained seven regiments of New Jersey and one regiment of New York volunteer infantries ; 5th Division of Col. Dixon S. Miles included 2 brigades , commanded by Cols . Louis Blenker and Thomas A. Davies ; While McDowell organized the Army of Northeastern Virginia , a smaller Union command was organized and stationed northwest of Washington , near Harper 's Ferry . Commanded by Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson , 18,000 men of the Department of Pennsylvania protected against a Confederate incursion from the Shenandoah Valley . Abstract from the returns of the Department of Northeastern Virginia , commanded by Brigadier - General McDowell , U.S.A. , for July 16 and 17 , 1861 . ARMY OF NORTHEASTERN VIRGINIA Commands Present For duty Total Aggregate Officers Men General staff 19 21 First ( Tyler 's ) Division 569 12,226 9,494 9,936 Second ( Hunter 's ) Division 121 2,364 2,525 2,648 Third ( Heintzelman 's ) Division 382 8,680 9,385 9,777 Fourth ( Runyon 's ) Division 247 5,201 5,502 5,752 Fifth ( Miles ' ) Division 289 5,884 5,917 6,207 Twenty - first New York Volunteers 37 684 707 745 Twenty - fifth New York Militia 39 519 534 573 Second United States Cavalry , Company E 56 63 73 Total 1,707 35,614 34,127 35,732 Abstract from return of the Department of Pennsylvania , commanded by Major - General Patterson , June 28 , 1861 . PATTERSON 'S COMMAND Commanding officer Troops Present for duty Infantry Cavalry Artillery Officers Men Officers Men Officers Men Bvt . Maj. Gen. Geo . Cadwalader First division 322 6,637 11 307 7 251 Maj. Gen. W.H. Keim Second division 322 6,410 74 Total 644 13,047 14 381 7 251 Aggregate present for duty Infantry 13,691 Cavalry 395 Artillery 258 Total 14,344 Confederate ( edit ) Further information : Confederate order of battle Key Confederate commanders Brig. Gen . P.G.T. Beauregard , CSA Army of the Potomac Brig. Gen . Joseph E. Johnston , CSA Army of the Shenandoah , ( Commanding ) Joseph E. Johnston 's forces was organized as follows : The Army of the Potomac ( Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard ) was organized into six infantry brigades , with each brigade containing three to six infantry regiments . Artillery batteries were assigned to various infantry brigades . The total number of troops in the Confederate Army of the Potomac was approximately 22,000 . Beauregard 's army also contained thirty - nine pieces of field artillery and a regiment of Virginia cavalry . The Army of the Potomac was organized into seven infantry brigades . These were : 1st Brigade , under Brig. Gen. Milledge Luke Bonham ; 2nd Brigade , under Brig. Gen. Richard S. Ewell ; 3rd Brigade , under Brig. Gen. David R. Jones ; 4th Brigade , under Brig. Gen. James Longstreet ; 5th Brigade , under Col. Philip St. George Cocke ; 6th Brigade , under Col. Jubal Early ; 7th Brigade , under Col. Nathan G. Evans . The Army of the Shenandoah ( Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston ) was also organized into brigades . It consisted of four brigades of three to five infantry regiments each , which totaled approximately 12,000 men . Each brigade was assigned one artillery battery . In addition to the infantry , there were twenty pieces of artillery and about 300 Virginia cavalrymen under Col. J.E.B. Stuart . Although the combined strength of both Confederate armies was about 34,000 , only about 18,000 were actually engaged at First Bull Run . The Army of the Shenandoah consisted of four infantry brigades : 1st Brigade , commanded by Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson ; 2nd Brigade , commanded by Col. Francis S. Bartow ; 3rd Brigade , commanded by Brig. Gen. Barnard E. Bee ; 4th Brigade , commanded by Brig. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith . Abstract front field return , First Corps ( Army of the Potomac ) , July 21 , 1861 . ( Dated September 25 , 1861 . ) ARMY OF THE POTOMAC Commands . General and Staff Officers Infantry . Cavalry . Artillery . Officers Men . Officers Men . Officers Men . First Brigade 211 4,070 Second Brigade 133 2,307 Third Brigade 128 1,989 Fourth Brigade 160 2,364 Fifth Brigade 208 8,065 Sixth Brigade 261 2,356 Seventh Louisiana 44 773 Eighth Louisiana 43 803 Hampton Legion 27 627 Thirteenth Virginia 34 642 Harrison 's Battalion ( three companies ) 13 196 Troops ( ten ) of cavalry 38 545 Washington ( Louisiana ) Artillery 19 201 Kemper 's battery 76 Latham 's battery 86 Loudoun Battery 55 Shield 's battery 82 Camp Pickens ( heavy artillery ) 18 275 Total 22 1,215 18,354 85 1,383 51 775 Aggregates : Infantry 19,569 Cavalry 1,468 Artillery 826 21,863 Abstract from monthly report of Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston 's division , or Army of the Shenandoah ( C.S.A. ) , for June 30 , 1861 . ARMY OF THE SHENANDOAH Commanding officer . Troops . PRESENT FOR DUTY . Infantry . Cavalry . Artillery . Officers . Men . Officers . Men . Officers . Men . Colonel Jackson First brigade 128 2,043 81 Col. F.S. Bartow Second brigade 155 2,391 59 Brigadier - General Bee Third brigade 161 2,629 78 Col. A. Elzey Fourth brigade 156 2,106 45 Col. J.E.B. Stuart First Virginia Cavalry 21 313 Col. A.C. Cummings Virginia Volunteers 14 227 Total 614 9,396 21 313 15 263 Aggregate present for duty . General staff 32 Infantry 10,010 Cavalry 334 Artillery 278 10,654 Battle ( edit ) Morning phase ( edit ) Matthews Hill ( edit ) Situation morning , July 21 Situation at 05 : 30 -- 06 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) On the morning of July 21 , 1861 , McDowell sent the divisions of Hunter and Heintzelman ( about 12,000 men ) from Centreville at 2 : 30 a.m. , marching southwest on the Warrenton Turnpike and then turning northwest toward Sudley Springs . Tyler 's division ( about 8,000 ) marched directly toward the Stone Bridge . The inexperienced units immediately developed logistical problems . Tyler 's division blocked the advance of the main flanking column on the turnpike . The later units found the approach roads to Sudley Springs were inadequate , little more than a cart path in some places , and did not begin fording Bull Run until 9 : 30 a.m. Tyler 's men reached the Stone Bridge around 6 a.m. At 5 : 15 a.m. , Richardson 's brigade fired a few artillery rounds across Mitchell 's Ford on the Confederate right , some of which hit Beauregard 's headquarters in the Wilmer McLean house as he was eating breakfast , alerting him to the fact that his offensive battle plan had been preempted . Nevertheless , he ordered demonstration attacks north toward the Union left at Centreville . Bungled orders and poor communications prevented their execution . Although he intended for Brig. Gen. Richard S. Ewell to lead the attack , Ewell , at Union Mills Ford , was simply ordered to `` hold ... in readiness to advance at a moment 's notice '' . Brig. Gen. D.R. Jones was supposed to attack in support of Ewell , but found himself moving forward alone . Holmes was also supposed to support , but received no orders at all . U.S. cavalry at Sudley Spring Ford An 1862 illustration of a Confederate officer forcing slaves to fire a cannon at U.S. forces at gunpoint . According to John Parker , a former slave , he was forced by his Confederate captors to fire a cannon at U.S. soldiers at the Battle of Bull Run . All that stood in the path of the 20,000 Union soldiers converging on the Confederate left flank were Col. Nathan `` Shanks '' Evans and his reduced brigade of 1,100 men . Evans had moved some of his men to intercept the direct threat from Tyler at the bridge , but he began to suspect that the weak attacks from the Union brigade of Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenck were merely feints . He was informed of the main Union flanking movement through Sudley Springs by Captain Edward Porter Alexander , Beauregard 's signal officer , observing from 8 miles ( 13 km ) southwest on Signal Hill . In the first use of wig - wag semaphore signaling in combat , Alexander sent the message `` Look out for your left , your position is turned . '' Evans hastily led 900 of his men from their position fronting the Stone Bridge to a new location on the slopes of Matthews Hill , a low rise to the northwest of his previous position . The Confederate delaying action on Matthews Hill included a spoiling attack launched by Major Roberdeau Wheat 's 1st Louisiana Special Battalion , `` Wheat 's Tigers '' . After Wheat 's command was thrown back , and Wheat seriously wounded , Evans received reinforcement from two other brigades under Brig. Gen. Barnard Bee and Col. Francis S. Bartow , bringing the force on the flank to 2,800 men . They successfully slowed Hunter 's lead brigade ( Brig. Gen. Ambrose Burnside ) in its attempts to ford Bull Run and advance across Young 's Branch , at the northern end of Henry House Hill . One of Tyler 's brigade commanders , Col. William Tecumseh Sherman , crossed at an unguarded ford and struck the right flank of the Confederate defenders . This surprise attack , coupled with pressure from Burnside and Maj . George Sykes , collapsed the Confederate line shortly after 11 : 30 a.m. , sending them in a disorderly retreat to Henry House Hill . ( Further map details , see : Additional Map 4 , Additional Map 5 , Additional Map 6 and Additional Map 7 . ) Noon phase ( edit ) Henry House Hill ( edit ) As they retreated from their Matthews Hill position , the remainder of Evans 's , Bee 's , and Bartow 's commands received some cover from Capt . John D. Imboden and his battery of four 6 - pounder guns , who held off the Union advance while the Confederates attempted to regroup on Henry House Hill . They were met by generals Johnston and Beauregard , who had just arrived from Johnston 's headquarters at the M. Lewis Farm , `` Portici '' . Fortunately for the Confederates , McDowell did not press his advantage and attempt to seize the strategic ground immediately , choosing to bombard the hill with the batteries of Capts . James B. Ricketts ( Battery I , 1st U.S. Artillery ) and Charles Griffin ( Battery D , 5th U.S. ) from Dogan 's Ridge . Attacks on Henry House Hill , noon -- 2 p.m Union retreat , after 4 p.m. Brig. Gen Thomas J. Jackson 's Virginia Brigade came up in support of the disorganized Confederates around noon , accompanied by Col. Wade Hampton and his Hampton 's Legion , and Col. J.E.B. Stuart 's cavalry . Jackson posted his five regiments on the reverse slope of the hill , where they were shielded from direct fire , and was able to assemble 13 guns for the defensive line , which he posted on the crest of the hill ; as the guns fired , their recoil moved them down the reverse slope , where they could be safely reloaded . Meanwhile , McDowell ordered the batteries of Ricketts and Griffin to move from Dogan 's Ridge to the hill for close infantry support . Their 11 guns engaged in a fierce artillery duel across 300 yards ( 270 m ) against Jackson 's 13 . Unlike many engagements in the Civil War , here the Confederate artillery had an advantage . The Union pieces were now within range of the Confederate smoothbores and the predominantly rifled pieces on the Union side were not effective weapons at such close ranges , with many shots fired over the head of their targets . Ruins of Judith Henry 's house , `` Spring Hill '' , after the battle Postwar house on site of Judith Henry house in Manassas Judith Henry grave One of the casualties of the artillery fire was Judith Carter Henry , an 85 - year - old widow and invalid , who was unable to leave her bedroom in the Henry House . As Ricketts began receiving rifle fire , he concluded that it was coming from the Henry House and turned his guns on the building . A shell that crashed through the bedroom wall tore off one of the widow 's feet and inflicted multiple injuries , from which she died later that day . `` The Enemy are driving us '' , Bee exclaimed to Jackson . Jackson , a former U.S. Army officer and professor at the Virginia Military Institute , is said to have replied , `` Then , Sir , we will give them the bayonet . '' Bee exhorted his own troops to re-form by shouting , `` There is Jackson standing like a stone wall . Let us determine to die here , and we will conquer . Rally behind the Virginians . '' This exclamation was the source for Jackson 's ( and his brigade 's ) nickname , `` Stonewall '' . There is some controversy over Bee 's statement and intent , which could not be clarified because he was mortally wounded almost immediately after speaking and none of his subordinate officers wrote reports of the battle . Major Burnett Rhett , chief of staff to General Johnston , claimed that Bee was angry at Jackson 's failure to come immediately to the relief of Bee 's and Bartow 's brigades while they were under heavy pressure . Those who subscribe to this opinion believe that Bee 's statement was meant to be pejorative : `` Look at Jackson standing there like a stone wall ! '' Artillery commander Griffin decided to move two of his guns to the southern end of his line , hoping to provide enfilade fire against the Confederates . At approximately 3 p.m. , these guns were overrun by the 33rd Virginia , whose men were outfitted in blue uniforms , causing Griffin 's commander , Maj . William F. Barry , to mistake them for Union troops and to order Griffin not to fire on them . Close range volleys from the 33rd Virginia and Stuart 's cavalry attack against the flank of the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment ( Ellsworth 's Fire Zouaves ) , which was supporting the battery , killed many of the gunners and scattered the infantry . Capitalizing on this success , Jackson ordered two regiments to charge Ricketts 's guns and they were captured as well . As additional Federal infantry engaged , the guns changed hands several times . Capture of Ricketts ' Battery , painting by Sidney E. King , National Park Service The capture of the Union guns turned the tide of battle . Although McDowell had brought 15 regiments into the fight on the hill , outnumbering the Confederates two to one , no more than two were ever engaged simultaneously . Jackson continued to press his attacks , telling soldiers of the 4th Virginia Infantry , `` Reserve your fire until they come within 50 yards ! Then fire and give them the bayonet ! And when you charge , yell like furies ! '' For the first time , Union troops heard the disturbing sound of the Rebel yell . At about 4 p.m. , the last Union troops were pushed off Henry House Hill by a charge of two regiments from Col. Philip St. George Cocke 's brigade . To the west , Chinn Ridge had been occupied by Col. Oliver Otis Howard 's brigade from Heintzelman 's division . Also at 4 p.m. , two Confederate brigades - Col. Jubal Early 's , which had moved from the Confederate right , and Brig. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith 's ( commanded by Col. Arnold Elzey after Smith was wounded ) , which had just arrived from the Shenandoah Valley -- crushed Howard 's brigade . Beauregard ordered his entire line forward . At 5 p.m. everywhere McDowell 's army was disintegrating . Thousands , in large and small groups or as individuals , began to leave the battlefield and head for Centreville . McDowell rode around the field trying to rally regiments and groups of soldiers , but most had had enough . Unable to stop the mass exodus , McDowell gave orders for Porter 's Regular infantry battalion , near the intersection of the turnpike and Manassas - Sudley Road , to act as a rear guard as his army withdrew . The unit briefly held the crossroads , then retreated eastward with the rest of the army . McDowell 's force crumbled and began to retreat . ( Further map details , see : Additional Map 8 , Additional Map 9 , Additional Map 10 , Additional Map 11 and Additional Map 12 . ) Union retreat ( edit ) The retreat was relatively orderly up to the Bull Run crossings , but it was poorly managed by the Union officers . A Union wagon was overturned by artillery fire on a bridge spanning Cub Run Creek and incited panic in McDowell 's force . As the soldiers streamed uncontrollably toward Centreville , discarding their arms and equipment , McDowell ordered Col. Dixon S. Miles 's division to act as a rear guard , but it was impossible to rally the army short of Washington . In the disorder that followed , hundreds of Union troops were taken prisoner . Wagons and artillery were abandoned , including the 30 - pounder Parrott rifle , which had opened the battle with such fanfare . Expecting an easy Union victory , the wealthy elite of nearby Washington , including congressmen and their families , had come to picnic and watch the battle . When the Union army was driven back in a running disorder , the roads back to Washington were blocked by panicked civilians attempting to flee in their carriages . Since their combined army had been left highly disorganized as well , Beauregard and Johnston did not fully press their advantage , despite urging from Confederate President Jefferson Davis , who had arrived on the battlefield to see the Union soldiers retreating . An attempt by Johnston to intercept the Union troops from his right flank , using the brigades of Brig . Gens . Milledge L. Bonham and James Longstreet , was a failure . The two commanders squabbled with each other and when Bonham 's men received some artillery fire from the Union rear guard , and found that Richardson 's brigade blocked the road to Centreville , he called off the pursuit . In Washington President Lincoln and members of the cabinet waited for news of a Union victory . Instead , a telegram arrived stating `` General McDowell 's army in full retreat through Centreville . The day is lost . Save Washington and the remnants of this army . '' The tidings were happier in the Confederate capital . From the battlefield President Davis telegraphed Richmond , `` We have won a glorious but dear - bought victory . Night closed on the enemy in full flight and closely pursued . '' Aftermath ( edit ) Brief observations ( edit ) First Bull Run was a clash between relatively large , ill - trained bodies of recruits , led by inexperienced officers . Neither army commander was able to deploy his forces effectively , only 18,000 men from each side were actually engaged . Although McDowell had been active on the battlefield , he had expended most of his energy maneuvering nearby regiments and brigades , instead of controlling and coordinating the movements of his army as a whole . Other factors contributed to McDowell 's defeat : Patterson 's failure to hold Johnston in the valley ; McDowell 's two - day delay at Centreville ; allowing Tyler 's division to lead the march on 21 July thus delaying the flanking divisions of Hunter and Heintzelman ; and the 2 1 / 2 - hour delay after the Union victory on Matthews ' Hill , which allowed the Confederates to bring up reinforcements and establish a defensive position on Henry Hill . On Henry Hill Beauregard had also limited his control to the regimental level , generally allowing the battle to continue on its own and only reacting to Union moves . Johnston 's decision to transport his infantry to the battlefield by rail played a major role in the Confederate victory . Although the trains were slow and a lack of sufficient cars did not allow the transport of large numbers of troops at one time , almost all of his army arrived in time to participate in the battle . After reaching Manassas Junction , Johnston had relinquished command of the battlefield to Beauregard , but his forwarding of reinforcements to the scene of fighting was decisive . Detailed casualties ( edit ) Bull Run was the largest and bloodiest battle in United States history up to that point . Union casualties were 460 killed , 1,124 wounded , and 1,312 missing or captured ; Confederate casualties were 387 killed , 1,582 wounded , and 13 missing . Among the Union dead was Col. James Cameron , brother of President Lincoln 's first Secretary of War , Simon Cameron . Among the Confederate casualties was Col. Francis S. Bartow , who was the first Confederate brigade commander to be killed in the Civil War . General Bee was mortally wounded and died the following day . Compared to later battles , casualties at First Bull Run had not been especially heavy . Both Union and Confederate killed , wounded , and missing were a little over one thousand seven hundred each . Union ( edit ) Union casualties at the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . ARMY OF NORTHEASTERN VIRGINIA Troops Killed Wounded Missing Remarks Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men General staff First Division , General TYLER : First Brigade , Colonel Keyes 19 46 5 149 Eighteen others slightly wounded . Second Brigade , General Schenck 16 15 15 Third Brigade , Colonel Sherman 117 15 193 13 240 Fourth Brigade , Colonel Richardson Not engaged . Guarding Blackburn 's Ford . Total , First Division 6 152 19 254 19 404 Second Division , Colonel HUNTER : First Brigade , Colonel Porter 83 9 139 9 236 Four surgeons missing . Second Brigade , Colonel Burnside 5 35 85 59 Five surgeons missing . Total Second Division 6 118 12 224 11 295 Third Division , Colonel HEINTZELMAN : Division headquarters . First Brigade , Colonel Franklin 68 13 183 22 Second Brigade , Colonel Willcox 70 11 161 186 Third Brigade , Colonel Howard 48 7 108 6 174 Total , Third Division 6 186 32 452 10 382 Fourth Division , General RUNYON In reserve on the Potomac . Fifth Division , Colonel MILES : First Brigade Colonel Blenker 6 16 94 Second Brigade , Colonel Davies Total , Fifth Division 6 17 95 Grand total 19 462 64 947 40 1,176 Union artillery lost in the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . Batteries Commanders Guns lost Remarks Rifled Smooth Total First U.S. Artillery , Company G ( two 20 - pounder Parrotts , one 30 - pounder Parrott ) . Lieutenant Edwards 20 - pounders saved First U.S. Artillery , Company I ( six 10 - pounder Parrots ) Captain Ricketts 6 6 None saved Second U.S. Artillery , Company D Captain Arnold None saved Second U.S. Artillery , Company E ( two 13 - pounder James , two 6 - pounders ( old ) , two 12 - pounder howitzers ) . Captain Carlisle Two 6 - pounders saved Fifth S. Artillery ( Company D ) , ( two 10 - pounder Parrotts , two 6 - pounders ( old ) , two 12 - pounder howitzers ) . Captain Griffin 5 One 10 - pounder saved Rhode Island Battery ( six 13 - pounder James ) 5 5 One saved Total lost 17 8 25 Confederate ( edit ) Confederate casualties at the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . Command Killed Wounded Missing Aggregate Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men ARMY OF THE POTOMAC INFANTRY First Louisiana ( battalion ) 8 5 33 48 Seventh Louisiana 23 26 Thirteenth Mississippi 6 6 Seventeenth Mississippi 9 11 Eighteenth Mississippi 6 28 38 Fifth North Carolina Second South Carolina 5 6 37 48 Fourth South Carolina 10 9 70 6 96 Fifth South Carolina 23 26 Eighth South Carolina 5 20 28 Hampton Legion 19 100 121 First Virginia 6 6 Seventh Virginia 9 37 47 Eighth Virginia 6 23 30 Seventeenth Virginia Eighteenth Virginia 6 12 19 Nineteenth Virginia 6 Twenty - eighth Virginia 9 9 Forty - ninth Virginia 9 29 40 ARTILLERY Alexandria Light Artillery Latham 's Loudoun Washington ( La . ) CAVALRY Thirtieth Virginia 9 Hanover ARMY OF THE SHENANDOAH INFANTRY Fourth Alabama 36 6 151 Seventh Georgia 18 12 122 Eighth Georgia 38 6 153 First Maryland 5 Second Mississippi 21 79 Eleventh Mississippi 7 21 Sixth North Carolina 22 46 Third Tennessee Second Virginia 15 69 Fourth Virginia 30 100 Fifth Virginia 6 47 Tenth Virginia 6 10 Twenty - seventh Virginia 18 122 Thirty - third Virginia 44 101 Total First Corps 6 99 29 490 12 632 Total Second Corps 19 263 34 1,029 Grand total 25 362 63 1,519 12 632 Today will be known as BLACK MONDAY . We are utterly and disgracefully routed , beaten , whipped by secessionists . Union diarist George Templeton Strong If the war had turned out to be of short duration , Bull Run would have been a disaster for the Union . But if , as now seemed more plausible , a long and nasty war was inevitable , that battle had a curiously salutary effect for the Union side . It provided a wake - up call for those optimists -- like Seward or even Lincoln -- who had hoped for or counted on a quick result . David Detzer , Donnybrook Bull Run was a turning point in the American Civil War ... in the sense that the battle struck with impelling force upon public opinion at home and abroad , upon Congress , and upon the Commander - in - chief . It framed new patterns of thought and led to far - reaching changes in the conduct of the war . The failure at Bull Run inspired a second Northern rising . Volunteering accelerated , 90 - day men reenlisted , states rushed fresh regiments forward in plenitude ... As they realized victory would not come readily , a new mood fastened upon Northerners . An iron resolve entered the Northern soul ... James A. Rawley , Turning Points of the Civil War Effect on the Union and subsequent events ( edit ) Union forces and civilians alike feared that Confederate forces would advance on Washington , D.C. , with very little standing in their way . On July 24 , Prof. Thaddeus S.C. Lowe ascended in the balloon Enterprise to observe the Confederates moving in and about Manassas Junction and Fairfax . He saw no evidence of massing Confederate forces , but was forced to land in Confederate territory . It was overnight before he was rescued and could report to headquarters . He reported that his observations `` restored confidence '' to the Union commanders . The Northern public was shocked at the unexpected defeat of their army when an easy victory had been widely anticipated . Both sides quickly came to realize the war would be longer and more brutal than they had imagined . On July 22 President Lincoln signed a bill that provided for the enlistment of another 500,000 men for up to three years of service . On July 25 , eleven thousand Pennsylvanians who had earlier been rejected by the U.S. Secretary of War , Simon Cameron , for federal service in either Patterson 's or McDowell 's command arrived in Washington , D.C. , and were finally accepted . Three months after First Bull Run Union forces suffered another , smaller defeat at the Battle of Ball 's Bluff , near Leesburg , Virginia . The perceived military incompetence at First Bull Run and Ball 's Bluff led to the establishment of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War , a congressional body created to investigate Northern military affairs . Concerning the Battle of First Bull Run , the committee listened to testimony from a variety of witnesses connected with McDowell 's army . Although the committee 's report concluded that the principal cause of defeat was Patterson 's failure to prevent Johnston from reinforcing Beauregard , Patterson 's enlistment had expired a few days after the battle , and he was no longer in the service . The Northern public clamored for another scapegoat , and McDowell bore the chief blame . On 25 July 1861 , he was relieved of army command and replaced by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan , who was named general - in - chief of all the Union armies . McDowell was also present to bear significant blame for the defeat of Maj. Gen. John Pope 's Army of Virginia by Gen. Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia thirteen months later , at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Effect on the Confederacy ( edit ) The reaction in the Confederacy was more muted . There was little public celebration as the Southerners realized that despite their victory , the greater battles that would inevitably come would mean greater losses for their side as well . Once the euphoria of victory had worn off , Jefferson Davis called for 400,000 additional volunteers . Beauregard was considered the Confederate hero of the battle and was promoted that day by C.S. President Davis to full general in the Confederate army . Stonewall Jackson , arguably the most important tactical contributor to the victory , received no special recognition , but would later achieve glory for his 1862 Valley Campaign . Privately , Davis credited Greenhow with ensuring Confederate victory . Jordan sent a telegram to Greenhow : `` Our President and our General direct me to thank you . We rely upon you for further information . The Confederacy owes you a debt . ( Signed ) JORDAN , Adjutant - General . '' The battle also had long - term psychological consequences . The decisive victory led to a degree of over-confidence on the part of Confederate forces , while prompting a determined organizational effort on the part of the Union . In hindsight commentators on both sides agreed that the one - sided outcome `` proved the greatest misfortune that would have befallen the Confederacy '' . Although modern historians generally agree with this interpretation , James M. McPherson has argued that the esprit de corps attained by Confederate troops on the heels of their victory , together with a new sense of insecurity felt by northern commanders , also gave the Confederacy a military edge in the following months . Confederate victory : turning point of the American Civil War ( edit ) Further information : Turning point of the American Civil War § Confederate victory in First Battle of Bull Run ( July 1861 ) `` Bull Run '' vs. `` Manassas '' ( edit ) The name of the battle has caused controversy since 1861 . The Union Army frequently named battles after significant rivers and creeks that played a role in the fighting ; the Confederates generally used the names of nearby towns or farms . The U.S. National Park Service uses the Confederate name for its national battlefield park , but the Union name ( Bull Run ) also has widespread currency in popular literature . Confusion between the battle flags ( edit ) Battlefield confusion between the battle flags , especially the similarity of the Confederacy 's `` Stars and Bars '' and the Union 's `` Stars and Stripes '' when fluttering , led to the adoption of the Confederate Battle Flag , which eventually became the most popular symbol of the Confederacy and the South in general . Conclusions ( edit ) First Bull Run demonstrated that the war would not be won by one grand battle , and both sides began preparing for a long and bloody conflict . The battle also showed the need for adequately trained and experienced officers and men . One year later many of the same soldiers who had fought at First Bull Run , now combat veterans , would have an opportunity to test their skills on the same battlefield at the Second Battle of Bull Run / Manassas . Additional battle maps ( edit ) Gallery : the First Bull Run hour by hour ( edit ) Map 1 : Situation Mid-July 1861 Map 2 : Beauregard 's defensive situation ( Mid-July 1861 ) Map 3 : Situation at 05 : 30 - 06 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 4 : Situation at 10 : 30 - 11 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 5 : Situation at 11 : 00 - 11 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 6 : Situation at 12 : 00 - 12 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 7 : Situation at 13 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 8 : Situation at 14 : 30 - 15 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 9 : Situation at 15 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 10 : Situation at 15 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 11 : Situation at 16 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 12 : Situation at 16 : 30 - 17 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) In popular culture ( edit ) The First Battle of Bull Run is mentioned in the novel Gods and Generals , but is depicted more fully in its film adaptation . The battle forms the climax of the film Class of ' 61 . It also appears in the first episode of the second season of the mini-series North and South , in the second episode of the first season of the mini-series How the West Was Won and in the first episode of the mini-series The Blue and the Gray . Manassas ( 1999 ) is the first volume in the James Reasoner Civil War Series of historical novels . The battle is described in Rebel ( 1993 ) , the first volume of Bernard Cornwell 's The Starbuck Chronicles series of historical novels . The battle is described from the viewpoint of a Union infantryman in Upton Sinclair 's novella Manassas , which also depicts the political turmoil leading up to the Civil War . The battle is also depicted in John Jakes 's The Titans , the fifth novel in The Kent Family Chronicles , a series that explores the fictional Confederate cavalry officer Gideon Kent . The battle is the subject of the Johnny Horton song , `` Battle of Bull Run '' . Shaman , second in the Cole family trilogy by Noah Gordon , includes an account of the battle . The battle is also depicted in the song `` Yankee Bayonet '' by indie - folk band The Decemberists . In Murder at 1600 , Detective Harlan Regis ( Wesley Snipes ) has built a plan - relief of the battle which plays a certain role in the plot . Sesquicentennial ( edit ) The National Jubilee of Peace building at Grant and Lee avenues in Manassas , Virginia , is draped with the U.S. flag for the 150th anniversary commemoration , held on July 21 , 2011 , of the First Battle of Bull Run . Prince William County staged special events commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Civil War through 2011 . Manassas was named the No. 1 tourist destination in the United States for 2011 by the American Bus Association for its efforts in highlighting the historical impact of the Civil War . The cornerstone of the commemoration event featured a reenactment of the battle on July 23 -- 24 , 2011 . Throughout the year , there were tours of the Manassas battlefield and other battlefields in the county and a number of related events and activities . The City of Manassas commemorated the 150th anniversary of the battle July 21 -- 24 , 2011 . Battlefield preservation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Manassas National Battlefield Park U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. Historic district U.S. National Battlefield Park Stonewall Jackson 's cannons on Henry House Hill Location Prince William County , Virginia Nearest city Gainesville , Virginia Coordinates 38 ° 48 ′ 46 '' N 77 ° 31 ′ 18 '' W / 38.81278 ° N 77.52167 ° W / 38.81278 ; - 77.52167 Area 5,073 acres ( 20.53 km ) NRHP reference # 66000039 Part of the site of the battle is now Manassas National Battlefield Park . Located north of Manassas , in Prince William County , Virginia , it preserves the site of two major American Civil War battles : the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21 , 1861 , and the Second Battle of Bull Run which was fought between August 28 and August 30 , 1862 ( also known as the First Battle of Manassas and the Second Battle of Manassas , respectively ) . The peaceful Virginia countryside bore witness to clashes between the armies of the North ( Union ) and the South ( Confederacy ) , and it was there that Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson acquired his nickname `` Stonewall . '' Today the National Battlefield Park provides the opportunity for visitors to explore the historic terrain where men fought and died more than a century ago . More than 900,000 people visit the battlefield each year . ( In comparison , roughly 15 million people annually visit nearby Washington , DC . ) As a historic area under the National Park Service , the park was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15 , 1966 . See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal Second Battle of Bull Run Armies in the American Civil War Troop engagements of the American Civil War , 1861 List of costliest American Civil War land battles Origins of the American Civil War Battle of Fort Sumter Manassas Campaign Manassas National Battlefield Park Bull Run Mountains Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Park Service . Jump up ^ National Park Service Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II pages 314 -- 315 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II pages 469 -- 470 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Abtract from returns of the Department of Northeastern Virginia , commanded by Brigadier - General McDowell , U.S.A. , for July 16 and 17 , 1861 ( Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 309 ) . ^ Jump up to : Strength figures vary by source . Eicher , p. 87 - 88 : 35,000 Union , 32,000 Confederate ; Esposito , map 19 : 35,000 Union , 29,000 Confederate ; Ballard , 35,000 Union ( 18,000 engaged ) , 34,000 Confederate ( 18,000 engaged ) ; Salmon , p. 20 : 28,450 Union , 32,230 Confederate ; Kennedy , p. 14 : 35,000 Union , 33,000 Confederate ; Livermore , p. 77 : 28,452 Union `` effectives '' , 32,323 Confederate engaged . Writing in The Century Magazine , adjutant generals James B. Fry cites Archived May 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . 18,572 Union men ( including stragglers not on the field ) and 24 guns engaged , Thomas Jordan cites Archived August 29 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . 18,052 Confederate men and 37 guns engaged . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 187 and pages 568 -- 569 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Casualties at the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . ( Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 327 ) . Jump up ^ 2,896 ( 460 killed ; 1,124 wounded ; 1,312 captured / missing ) , according to Eicher , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Casualties in the Army of the Potomac ( Confederate ) July 21 , 1861 . ( Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 570 ) . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page V ( Preface ) . Jump up ^ Ballard , 3 . Jump up ^ Ballard , 4 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 4 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 77 ; Williams , p. 21 ; McPherson , p. 336 ; Davis , p. 110 , attributes the remark to general - in - chief Winfield Scott . ^ Jump up to : Fishel , Edwin C. , The Secret War For The Union : The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1996 , pp. 59 -- 63 ^ Jump up to : `` Greenhow , Rose O'Neal '' , ( 1817 -- 1864 ) , The National Archives -- People Description. 1817 -- 1864 , ( accessed February 5 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Letter Written in Cipher on Mourning Paper by Rose Greenhow '' , National Archives and Records Administration , World Digital Library Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 110 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 8 . ^ Jump up to : Livermore , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 9 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 10 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 91 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 187 . Jump up ^ Beatie , pp. 285 -- 88 ; Esposito , text for Map 21 ; Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 94 ; Esposito , Map 22 . Jump up ^ Masur , Kate ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Slavery and Freedom at Bull Run '' . The New York Times . New York : The New York Times Company . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Andy ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Memory : Frederick Douglass ' Black Confederate '' . Dead Confederates : A Civil War Blog . WordPress . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Brown , pp. 43 -- 45 ; Alexander , pp. 50 -- 51 . Alexander recalls that the signal was `` You are flanked . '' Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , pp. 312 -- 13 ; Rafuse , A Single Grand Victory `` , p. 131 ; Esposito , Map 22 ; Eicher , pp. 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 313 ; Eicher , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 357 ; Davis , pp. 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ Robertson , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Freeman , vol. 1 , p. 82 ; Robertson , p. 264 . McPherson , p. 342 , reports the quotation after `` stone wall '' as being `` Rally around the Virginians ! '' Jump up ^ See , for instance , McPherson , p. 342 . There are additional controversies about what Bee said and whether he said anything at all . See Freeman , vol. 1 , pp. 733 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 96 -- 98 ; Esposito , Map 23 ; Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , pp. 314 -- 15 ; McPherson , pp. 342 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 315 ; Eicher , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 32 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , pp. 315 -- 16 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 344 ; Eicher , p. 98 ; Esposito , Map 24 . Jump up ^ Freeman , vol. 1 , p. 76 ; Esposito , Map 24 ; Davis , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 35 . Jump up ^ Ballard , pages 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 434 -- 435 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 383 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard , page 36 . Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 328 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 488 . Jump up ^ Rawley , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Haydon , pp. 192 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Rawley , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Curtin , Andrew G. ( January 8 , 1862 ) . `` Message of Andrew G. Curtin , Governor of Pennsylvania , to the Legislature , '' . Executive Department : 8 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 492 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Freeman , vol. 1 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Greenhow , Rose O'Neal , My Imprisonment and the First Year of Abolition Rule at Washington , London : Richard Bentley , 1863 , p. 18 , full text online at Documenting the American South , University of North Carolina Jump up ^ James M. McPherson ( 1988 ) . The Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford University Press . p. 347 -- 350 . ISBN 9780199743902 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 346 , n . 7 . McPherson 's popular one - volume history of the war uses the two names interchangeably because he states that `` neither name has any intrinsic superiority over the other . '' Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 342 . Jump up ^ `` Plan a trip and discover your story '' . visitpwc.com . Jump up ^ `` manassascivilwar.org '' . manassascivilwar.org . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Washington DC GO ! References ( edit ) Alexander , Edward P. Fighting for the Confederacy : The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander . Edited by Gary W. Gallagher . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4722 - 4 . Ballard , Ted . First Battle of Bull Run : Staff Ride Guide . Washington , DC : United States Army Center of Military History , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 068078 - 6 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Beatie , Russel H. Army of the Potomac : Birth of Command , November 1860 -- September 1861 . New York : Da Capo Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81141 - 3 . Brown , J. Willard . The Signal Corps , U.S.A. in the War of the Rebellion . U.S. Veteran Signal Corps Association , 1896 . Reprinted 1974 by Arno Press . ISBN 0 - 405 - 06036 - X . Davis , William C. , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . First Blood : Fort Sumter to Bull Run . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4704 - 5 . Detzer , David . Donnybrook : The Battle of Bull Run , 1861 . New York : Harcourt , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 603143 - 1 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Praeger , 1959 . Freeman , Douglas S. Lee 's Lieutenants : A Study in Command . 3 vols . New York : Scribner , 1946 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85979 - 3 . Haydon , F. Stansbury . Military Ballooning during the Early Civil War . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1941 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6442 - 9 . Livermore , Thomas L. Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America 1861 -- 65 . Reprinted with errata , Dayton , OH : Morninside House , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 527 - 57600 - X . First published in 1901 by Houghton Mifflin . McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford History of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . Rafuse , Ethan S. `` First Battle of Bull Run . '' In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History , edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X . Rafuse , Ethan S. A Single Grand Victory : The First Campaign and Battle of Manassas . The American Crisis Series . Wilmington , DE : SR Books , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8420 - 2875 - 7 . Rawley , James A. Turning Points of the Civil War . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1966 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8935 - 9 . Robertson , James I. , Jr . Stonewall Jackson : The Man , The Soldier , The Legend . New York : MacMillan Publishing , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 864685 - 1 . Salmon , John S . The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2868 - 4 . Williams , T. Harry . Lincoln and His Generals . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1952 . ISBN 0 - 9654382 - 6 - 0 . National Park Service battle description Professor Thaddeus Lowe 's Official Report ( Part I ) Memoirs and primary sources ( edit ) Dyer , Frederick H. , A compendium of the War of the Rebellion , Volume 1 , 1908 , Des Moines IA Longstreet , James . From Manassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America . New York : Da Capo Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80464 - 6 . First published in 1896 by J.B. Lippincott and Co . Robert Underwood Johnson , Clarence Clough Buell , Battles and Leaders of the Civil War : The Opening Battles , Volume 1 ( Pdf ) , New York : The Century Co. , 1887 . U.S. War Department , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1880 -- 1901 Further reading ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bull Run . Davis , William C. Battle at Bull Run : A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1977 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0867 - 7 . Goldfield , David , et al . The American Journey : A History of the United States . 2nd ed . New York : Prentice Hall , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 088243 - 7 . Gottfried , Bradley M. The Maps of First Bull Run : An atlas of the First Bull Run ( Manassas ) Campaign , including the Battle of Ball 's Bluff , June -- October 1861 . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 60 - 9 . Hankinson , Alan . First Bull Run 1861 : The South 's First Victory . Osprey Campaign Series # 10 . London : Osprey Publishing , 1991 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 133 - 5 . Hennessy , John , Ethan Rafuse , and Harry Smeltzer . `` Historians ' Forum : The First Battle of Bull Run . '' Civil War History 57 # 2 ( June 2011 ) : 106 -- 120 . Hines , Blaikie . The Battle of First Bull Run , Manassas Campaign -- July 16 -- 22 , 1861 : An Illustrated Atlas and Battlefield Guide . Maine : American Patriot Press , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61364 - 129 - 3 . Longacre , Edward G . The Early Morning of War : Bull Run , 1861 ( 2014 ) . Rable , George . `` The Battlefield and Beyond . '' Civil War History 53 # 3 ( September 2007 ) : 244 -- 51 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Battle of Bull Run . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manassas National Battlefield Park . Battle of Bull Run : Battle maps , photos , history articles , and battlefield news ( Civil War Trust ) `` Map of the Battles of Bull Run , 1861 '' , prepared by Army engineer , National Archives and Record Administration , at World Digital Library Manassas National Battlefield Park website First Battle of Manassas : An End to Innocence , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Harper 's Weekly 1861 Report on the Battle of Bull Run Civil War Home website on First Bull Run Animated history of the First Battle of Bull Run FirstBullRun.co.uk The First Battle of Bull Run public domain audiobook at LibriVox First Manassas Campaign with Official Records and Reports Map of the Battles of Bull Run Near Manassas . Solomon Bamberger . Zoomable high - resolution map . Newspaper coverage of the First Battle of Bull Run Manassas Civil War 150th Anniversary July 21 -- 24 , 2011 Texts on Wikisource : Guernsey , Alfred H. ( 1879 ) . `` Bull Run '' . The American Cyclopædia . Eastern Theater of the American Civil War 1861 Campaigns Chesapeake blockade ( May -- Jun ) Western Virginia ( Jun -- Dec ) Manassas ( Jul ) Carolina coast blockade ( Aug ) McClellan 's Operations ( Oct -- Dec ) Potomac blockade ( Oct -- Jan 1862 ) Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run 1862 Campaigns Burnside 's NC Expedition ( Feb -- Jun ) Jackson 's Valley ( Mar -- Jun ) Peninsula ( Mar -- Jul ) Northern Virginia ( Jul - Sep ) Maryland ( Sep ) Fredericksburg ( Nov -- Dec ) Goldsboro Expedition ( Dec ) Major battles Hampton Roads Williamsburg Seven Pines Seven Days Battles Oak Grove Beaver Dam Creek Gaines 's Mill Garnett 's & Golding 's Farm Savage 's Station White Oak Swamp Glendale Malvern Hill 2nd Bull Run Antietam Fredericksburg 1863 Campaigns Tidewater Operations ( Mar -- Apr ) Chancellorsville ( Apr -- May ) Gettysburg ( Jun -- Jul ) Bristoe ( Oct -- Nov ) Mine Run ( Nov -- Dec ) Major battles Chancellorsville Gettysburg 1864 Campaigns Valley Campaigns ( May -- Oct ) : Lynchburg , Early 's B&O Raid , Sheridan 's Campaign Operations Against Plymouth ( Apr -- May ) Bermuda Hundred ( May ) Overland ( May -- Jun ) Petersburg ( Jun -- Mar 1865 ) Major battles Wilderness Spotsylvania Court House North Anna Cold Harbor Trevilian Station 2nd Petersburg Crater 2nd Deep Bottom Globe Tavern 3rd Winchester Chaffin 's Farm Cedar Creek Boydton Plank Road 1865 Campaigns Wilmington ( Dec -- Feb ) Appomattox ( Mar -- Apr ) Major battles 2nd Fort Fisher Bentonville Fort Stedman Five Forks 3rd Petersburg Sailor 's Creek Appomattox Court House Armies James Potomac Virginia Shenandoah Northern Virginia Geography Departments Monongahela Susquehanna Landforms Cumberland Valley Gettysburg - Newark Lowlands Shenandoah Valley Fairfax County in the American Civil War Battles Battle of Blackburn 's Ford Battle of Chantilly Battle of Dranesville Battle of Fairfax Court House ( June 1861 ) Battle of Fairfax Court House ( June 1863 ) First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Battle of Vienna , Virginia Skirmishes Bog Wallow Ambush Raids Burke 's Station Raid Mosby 's Raids Units 8th Virginia Infantry 17th Virginia Infantry 1st Virginia Cavalry 43rd Battalion of Virginia Cavalry Georgia Hussars ( later Jeff Davis Cavalry Legion , Company F ) 3rd New Jersey Volunteer Infantry 3rd Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment 45th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment 16th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry First New Jersey Brigade 2nd Vermont Brigade XXII Corps ( Union Army ) Union Army Balloon Corps People Clara Barton Michael Corcoran Antonia Ford Thaddeus Lowe John Quincy Marr John S. Mosby Edwin H. Stoughton Robert H. Anderson Sites Clarens ( Alexandria , Virginia ) Centreville Military Railroad Colvin Run Mill Fort Lyon ( Virginia ) Fort Marcy Park Hope Park Huntley ( plantation ) Fort O'Rourke Oak Hill ( Annandale , Virginia ) Okeley Manor Ossian Hall ( plantation ) Ox Hill Battlefield Park Ravensworth ( plantation ) St. Mary 's Church ( Fairfax Station , Virginia ) Taylor 's Tavern William Gunnell House ( Fairfax , Virginia ) Mason 's Hill Minor 's Hill Munson 's Hill Upton 's Hill Bailey 's Crossroads ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. Sandford Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union ( USA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy ( CSA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major Campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson 's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan 's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond - Petersburg Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Sherman 's March Carolinas Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson 's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement ( by state or territory ) AL AK AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Leaders Confederate Military R.H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Price Semmes E.K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath U.S. Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks -- Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Savings Bank Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk - Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski ( Tennessee ) Riot of 1867 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Confederate refugees Confederados Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 White League post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate monuments and memorials Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Southern Historical Society United Daughters of the Confederacy Monuments and memorials Union List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Confederate List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials List of memorials to Robert E. Lee List of memorials to Jefferson Davis Annapolis Roger B. Taney Monument Baltimore Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument Confederate Women 's Monument Roger B. Taney Monument Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument Durham , North Carolina Robert E. Lee Monument New Orleans Battle of Liberty Place Monument Jefferson Davis Monument General Beauregard Equestrian Statue Robert E. Lee Monument Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies ' memorial associations U.S. Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers ' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Music Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Stonewall Jackson Leadership Instructor , Virginia Military Institute Colonel , Virginia Militia Stonewall Brigade Second Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia Mexican -- American War Siege of Veracruz Battle of Contreras Battle of Chapultepec Battle for Mexico City American Civil War raids and expeditions Great Train Raid of 1861 Romney Expedition American Civil War battles and campaigns First Battle of Manassas Valley Campaign Seven Days Battles Northern Virginia Campaign Maryland Campaign Battle of Fredericksburg Battle of Chancellorsville Historic items Winchester Headquarters Stone Mountain Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar Monument Avenue `` Stonewall Jackson 's Way '' CSS Stonewall USS Stonewall USS Stonewall Jackson Related Lee -- Jackson Day Virginia portal Fairfax County , Virginia Northern Virginia Washington metropolitan area Baltimore -- Washington metropolitan area Administration Fairfax County Public Schools Fairfax County Board of Supervisors Fairfax County Park Authority Fairfax County Economic Development Authority Fairfax County Public Library Fairfax County Fire and Rescue Department Fairfax County Police Department Fairfax County Sheriff 's Office Organizations Fairfax Symphony Orchestra Northern Virginia Chamber of Commerce Landmarks Fairfax County Government Center Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts Inova Fairfax Hospital Mount Vernon Gunston Hall Tysons Corner Center Washington & Old Dominion Railroad Regional Park Great Falls Park Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center Washington and Old Dominion Railway Fort Belvoir Transportation Air Manassas Regional Airport Washington Dulles International Airport Roads Fairfax County Parkway Springfield Interchange Virginia State Route 123 Dulles Toll Road ( VA 267 ) Transit Fairfax Connector Silver Line Virginia Railway Express Manassas Line Fredericksburg Line Culture Battles Battle of Chantilly First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Events Celebrate Fairfax ! Education George Mason University University of Fairfax Northern Virginia Community College Prince William County , Virginia Northern Virginia Washington Metropolitan Area Administration Prince William Board of County Supervisors Prince William County Public Schools Prince William County Department of Parks & Recreation Prince William County Public Library Prince William County Department of Fire and Rescue Prince William County Police Department Prince William County Sheriff 's Office Organizations Prince William Chamber of Commerce Landmarks National Museum of the Marine Corps Marine Corps Base Quantico Hylton Performing Arts Center Manassas National Battlefield Park Jiffy Lube Live Old Dominion Speedway Prince William Forest Park Leesylvania State Park Potomac Mills Transportation OmniRide Washington Dulles International Airport Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport Manassas Regional Airport Prince William Parkway Virginia State Route 234 Interstate 66 Interstate 95 U.S. Route 1 Culture Battles First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Events Dale City 4th of July Parade Education George Mason University Northern Virginia Community College Strayer University University of Northern Virginia Municipalities and communities of Prince William County , Virginia , United States County seat : Manassas Towns Dumfries Haymarket Occoquan Quantico CDPs Buckhall Bull Run Bull Run Mountain Estates Cherry Hill County Center Dale City Gainesville Independent Hill Lake Ridge Linton Hall Loch Lomond Marumsco Montclair Neabsco Nokesville Potomac Mills Quantico Base ‡ Sudley Triangle Woodbridge Yorkshire Unincorporated communities Aden Agnewville Antioch Batestown Bethel Brentsville Bristow Buckland Canova Catharpin Cornwell Featherstone Greenwich Groveton Hickory Ridge Hoadly Joplin Kopp Locust Hill Minnieville Rixlew Southbridge Sudley Springs Thoroughfare Wellington West Gate Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Bull_Run&oldid=809332022 '' Categories : Fairfax County in the American Civil War Manassas Campaign Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Confederate victories of the American Civil War Prince William County in the American Civil War Battles of the American Civil War in Virginia United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries 1861 in the American Civil War 1861 in Virginia July 1861 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 13 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the battle of bull run in the civil war	[]	[]
-4351328598906045057	Oklahoma State Cowboys football	Oklahoma State Cowboys football - wikipedia Oklahoma State Cowboys football Jump to : navigation , search Oklahoma State Cowboys football 2017 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team First season 1901 Athletic director Mike Holder Head coach Mike Gundy 13th season , 113 -- 53 (. 681 ) Stadium Boone Pickens Stadium ( Capacity : 60,218 ) Field surface FieldTurf Location Stillwater , Oklahoma NCAA division Division I FBS Conference Big 12 Conference All - time record 581 -- 552 -- 49 (. 512 ) Bowl record 17 -- 10 -- 0 (. 630 ) Claimed nat'l titles 1 ( 1945 ) Conference titles 10 Rivalries Oklahoma Sooners ( rivalry ) Texas Tech Red Raiders ( rivalry ) Tulsa Golden Hurricane ( rivalry ) Heisman winners Consensus All - Americans 17 Colors Orange and Black Fight song Ride ' em Cowboys Waving Song Mascot Pistol Pete Marching band Cowboy Marching Band Website OKstate.com The Oklahoma State Cowboys football program represents Oklahoma State University -- Stillwater in college football . The team is a member of the Big 12 Conference and competes at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision level . The Cowboys are led by Mike Gundy , who is in his thirteenth year as head coach . Oklahoma State plays their home games at Boone Pickens Stadium in Stillwater , Oklahoma . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history ( 1900 -- 1938 ) 1.2 Jim Lookabaugh era ( 1939 -- 1949 ) 1.3 Jennings Whitworth era ( 1950 -- 1954 ) 1.4 Cliff Speegle era ( 1955 -- 1962 ) 1.5 Phil Cutchin era ( 1963 -- 1968 ) 1.6 Floyd Gass era ( 1969 -- 1971 ) 1.7 Dave Smith era ( 1972 ) 1.8 Jim Stanley era ( 1973 -- 1978 ) 1.9 Jimmy Johnson era ( 1979 -- 1983 ) 1.10 Pat Jones era ( 1984 -- 1994 ) 1.11 Bob Simmons era ( 1995 -- 2000 ) 1.12 Les Miles era ( 2001 -- 2004 ) 1.13 Mike Gundy era ( 2005 -- present ) 2 Facilities 3 Current coaching staff 4 Allegations of misconduct by Sports Illustrated 5 Logos and uniforms 5.1 Past uniforms 6 Paddle people 7 Rivalries 7.1 Oklahoma 7.2 Tulsa 7.3 Texas Tech 7.4 All - time Record versus current Big 12 Teams 8 Conference ( seasons as member ) 9 Championships 9.1 National championship seasons 10 Individual honors 10.1 Cowboys in the NFL 11 Bowl games 12 Year by year records 13 Final rankings 14 See also 15 Future non-conference opponents 16 References 17 External links History ( edit ) Early history ( 1900 -- 1938 ) ( edit ) An early version of Pistol Pete The Oklahoma A&M Aggies ( also referred to as the Tigers ) played their first season of football in 1900 and joined their first conference for the start of the 1915 season , the Southwest Conference . In 1925 , the Oklahoma A&M program joined the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association . In 1928 , the MVIAA split into the Big Six Conference and the Missouri Valley Conference . A&M was the only large school that joined the smaller MVC . Jim Lookabaugh era ( 1939 -- 1949 ) ( edit ) Jim Lookabaugh led the Aggies for eleven seasons , which included a 9 -- 0 campaign and a national championship in 1945 which followed an 8 -- 1 season the year before . Lookabaugh was an OSU alum who lettered in multiple sports . In October 2016 , Oklahoma State was retroactively awarded the 1945 national championship by the American Football Coaches Association ( AFCA ) . Lookabaugh stepped down after the 1949 season , finishing his tenure with a mark of 58 -- 41 -- 6 . Jennings Whitworth era ( 1950 -- 1954 ) ( edit ) From 1950 to 1954 , Jennings B. Whitworth coached at Oklahoma A&M , and compiled a 22 -- 27 -- 1 record , which included only one winning season , a 7 -- 3 campaign in 1953 . Whitworth departed A&M to accept the head coaching position at Alabama following the 1954 season . In 1951 , Oklahoma A&M players and coaches caused the Johnny Bright incident , a violent on - field assault against an African American player from Drake University , Johnny Bright ; Oklahoma A&M administration would attempt to cover up and deny the incident for over half a century . Cliff Speegle era ( 1955 -- 1962 ) ( edit ) Cliff Speegle took the reins of the Oklahoma A&M Cowboys . Under Speegle 's tutelage , the Cowboys compiled a record of 36 -- 42 -- 3 , which included three winning seasons from 1957 to 1959 . The losing record , combined with an 0 -- 8 mark against rival Oklahoma , resulted in Speegle 's firing following the 1962 season . In 1956 , A&M announced it was joining ( or rejoining , depending on one 's view ) what had become the Big Seven for the 1958 -- 59 academic year . As part of a transition period , the Cowboys went independent for two years . On May 15 , 1957 , Oklahoma A&M changed its name to Oklahoma State University . They officially became a part of the renamed Big Eight Conference in 1958 . Phil Cutchin era ( 1963 -- 1968 ) ( edit ) Longtime Bear Bryant assistant Phil Cutchin led Oklahoma State to its first win over Oklahoma in 20 years , but failed to bring success to Stillwater , compiling a mark of 19 -- 38 -- 2 . Cutchin was replaced by the OSU administration eager to see a winning product on the field . Floyd Gass era ( 1969 -- 1971 ) ( edit ) Oklahoma State continued to struggle under head coach Floyd Gass , an OSU alum , who led the Cowboy football program for three seasons . During his tenure , he led the team to three straight losing seasons . Fan and administration support became increasingly hard to come by as the on - field production slipped . Despite the lack of football success , Gass would serve in multiple capactities at OSU , including athletics director for several years after his resignation as football coach . Dave Smith era ( 1972 ) ( edit ) The Cowboys were finally able to enjoy a winning season -- their first in nine years -- in 1974 under the leadership of head coach Dave Smith . However , Smith would n't stick around , as he departed for the head coaching position at SMU after just one season in Stillwater . Jim Stanley era ( 1973 -- 1978 ) ( edit ) Coach Stanley Jim Stanley , a two - time defensive coordinator at OSU , returned to Stillwater to become the head coach of the Cowboys in 1973 . He coached them from 1973 to 1978 , amassing a career record of 35 -- 31 -- 2 . Stanley 's Cowboys earned a Fiesta Bowl victory in 1974 and his 1976 team ended the season 9 -- 3 finishing as a Big Eight tri-champions on their way to a Tangerine Bowl victory . His success at Oklahoma State earned him many accolades , including being invited to coach three collegiate all - star games : the 1973 East -- West Shrine Game , the 1977 Hula Bowl , and the 1977 Japan Bowl . In 1978 , the Big Eight Conference initiated an investigation into the OSU football program in response to allegations of violations of several NCAA rules and regulations while Stanley was head coach . Stanley successfully filed suit against the conference to require them to provide various due process protections in their final hearing on the charges . Jimmy Johnson era ( 1979 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) In 1979 , Jimmy Johnson got the head coaching job at Oklahoma State . Johnson 's successful rebuilding of the inconsistent Cowboys football program is a hallmark in the long history of Cowboy football . In his final season , he led the Cowboys to an 8 -- 4 record and a 24 -- 14 victory over 20th - ranked Baylor in the Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl . The season included a season opening romp over then # 12 ranked Arizona State in Tempe , and a Bedlam matchup between the # 2 ranked Oklahoma Sooners and the # 3 - ranked Cowboys on November 24 , 1984 . A game in which the Cowboys ultimately lost , 24 -- 14 . In 1984 , when he was offered the head coaching job at Miami , Jimmy Johnson was unsure if he wanted to leave Stillwater . His good friend Larry Lacewell told Johnson that if he wanted to win a national championship and eventually coach in the NFL he had to take the Miami job . Johnson soon after accepted the head coaching job at Miami . Jimmy Johnson left OSU with an overall record of 29 -- 25 -- 3 . Pat Jones era ( 1984 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) Pat Jones was promoted from assistant coach to head coach following Johnson 's departure . He served as head coach of the Oklahoma State Cowboys from 1984 to 1994 after five years as an assistant under Jimmy Johnson . During his 11 years at Oklahoma State , he compiled a 62 -- 60 -- 3 record , including a 3 -- 1 bowl game record . Jones was named Big Eight Coach of the Year in both 1984 and 1992 . From 1984 to 1988 , Jones led the Cowboys to the most successful period in school history at the time . With a talented roster that included running backs Barry Sanders and Thurman Thomas , wide receiver Hart Lee Dykes and quarterback Mike Gundy , they went 44 -- 15 over this five - year stretch , including the school 's first three - year stretch of ten - win seasons . Running back Barry Sanders played for the Cowboys from 1986 to 1988 . During his first two seasons at Oklahoma State , he backed up All - American Thurman Thomas . In 1987 , Sanders led the nation in yards per kickoff return ( 31.6 ) , while also rushing for over 600 yards and scoring 8 touchdowns . Thomas moved on to the NFL , and Sanders became the starter for his junior year . In 1988 , in what has been called the greatest individual season in college football history , Sanders led the nation by averaging 7.6 yards per carry and over 200 yards per game , including rushing for over 300 yards in four games . Despite his massive workload of 344 carries , Sanders was still used as the team 's punt and kickoff returner , adding another 516 yards on special teams . He set college football season records with 2,628 yards rushing , 3,248 total yards , 234 points , 39 touchdowns , 37 rushing touchdowns , 5 consecutive 200 yard games , scored at least 2 touchdowns in 11 consecutive games , and 9 times he scored at least 3 touchdowns . Sanders also ran for 222 yards and scored 5 touchdowns in his three quarters of action in the 1988 Holiday Bowl , a game that is not included in the official NCAA season statistics . Sanders learned of his Heisman Trophy win while he was with the team in Tokyo , Japan , preparing to face Texas Tech in the Coca - Cola Classic . He chose to leave Oklahoma State before his senior season to enter the NFL draft . Days after the 1988 season , Oklahoma State and the NCAA released the results of an unusual joint investigation into the football program . The investigation revealed several major violations dating prior to Johnson 's tenure , principally involvement in a `` bidding war '' for Dykes out of high school . The Cowboys were banned from bowl games for three years and from live television for two years , and they were also limited to 20 scholarships from 1989 to 1992 . Jones was not directly implicated in any wrongdoing ; indeed , the investigation found that no violations had taken place in two years . He was unable to put together another winning team due to the sanctions , and left OSU after the 1994 season . In Jones ' last six years , the Cowboys won only seven games in Big Eight play , including three seasons of winless conference records . Oklahoma State would need almost the entire decade of the 1990s to recover ; with only one winning season coming between 1989 and 2001 . Bob. Simmons era ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) Bob Simmons came to OSU from his post as defensive line coach at Colorado to replace Jones . Simmons ' teams were largely unsuccessful , and Simmons resigned under pressure following the 2000 season . His final record in Stillwater was 30 -- 38 with just one winning campaign , an 8 -- 4 season in 1997 that culminated in a loss in the Alamo Bowl . In 1996 , OSU joined with the other Big Eight schools and four schools from the old Southwest Conference to form the Big 12 Conference . Les Miles era ( 2001 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) After Simmons ' resignation , a coaching search produced Dirk Koetter as the new head coach . Hours after accepting the job , Koetter reneged on his offer in order to coach at Arizona State . The next two candidates were Les Miles , a former OSU offensive coordinator , and Mike Gundy , a former OSU player and coach . Miles was hired as head coach while Gundy was brought on as offensive coordinator . In his first year as head coach , Miles would achieve a 4 -- 7 record . In the 2001 regular season finale , the underdog Cowboys would defeat the reigning National Champion Oklahoma Sooners in Norman 16 -- 13 . In 2002 , Miles would post a 7 -- 5 regular season record . The Cowboys again defeated the Oklahoma Sooners , this time in Stillwater . The team would go on to three straight bowl games in Miles 's last three years as head coach ( ' 02 , ' 03 , ' 04 ) . Miles left after the 2004 season to take the head coaching position at LSU . Mike Gundy era ( 2005 -- present ) ( edit ) Mike Gundy was promoted from offensive coordinator and named immediately as Miles ' successor and the 22nd head coach at Oklahoma State . Gundy is one of three head football coaches at Oklahoma State to have played for Oklahoma State , along with Jim Lookabaugh and Floyd Gass . Coach Mike Gundy His first season saw the expulsion of eleven players from the team and the Cowboys struggled to a 4 -- 7 record winning only one Big 12 conference game . In his second season , the Cowboy offense began to click and the Cowboys would finish 7 -- 6 including a victory over the Alabama Crimson Tide in the Independence Bowl . In 2007 , the Cowboys again posted a 6 -- 6 regular season record and a bowl win over the Indiana Hoosiers in the Insight Bowl . After their second straight bowl appearance , Gundy was rewarded with a contract extension through the 2013 season . After posting a 9 -- 3 regular season record in 2008 , Coach Gundy received a new seven - year contract worth $15.7 million . The contract , which extends through the 2015 season , was taken into effect on January 1 , 2009 . Gundy 's tenure as head coach of the Cowboys has seen the rise and expansion of not only his football program , but the football facilities as well . The Cowboys began the 2009 season ranked # 9 in the country in the AP Top 25 , but the dreams of a miracle season were crushed when the Pokes lost 45 -- 35 to the unranked Houston Cougars at home the following week , and later finding out that star wide receiver Dez Bryant was ruled ineligible for the remainder of the season , for lying to the NCAA about having contact with 8 - time pro bowler Deion Sanders , which was n't an NCAA violation in the first place . The following year , Oklahoma State hired Offensive Coordinator Dana Holgorsen from the University of Houston . In 2010 coach Gundy recorded the first ever 11 - win season in Oklahoma State history . What was supposed to be a rebuilding year turned into the best in school history . Under Gundy there have been a series of NFL quality wide receivers to come through Boone Pickens Stadium . These include Adarius Bowman , Dez Bryant , and Justin Blackmon . On December 3 , 2011 , the Cowboys won their first Big - 12 Championship in school history with a 44 -- 10 victory over rival Oklahoma in the Bedlam Series . The nationally third - ranked Cowboys eventually went on to win the Tostitos Fiesta Bowl by beating fourth - ranked Stanford in overtime , 41 -- 38 , on January 2 , 2012 . On October 29 , 2016 , Mike Gundy recorded his 100th victory as a head coach with a 37 -- 20 win over # 10 West Virginia . In the process , notching his sixth victory over a top 10 ranked school . Mike Gundy is the only Oklahoma State football coach to record 100 victories , and only the 6th coach to reach such a milestone with his current school . Facilities ( edit ) Oklahoma State plays in Boone Pickens Stadium on Lewis Field in Stillwater , Oklahoma . The original football field was inaugurated in 1913 , and the first stand was built in 1920 . At that time the field was repositioned from a north - south to an east - west configuration to avoid the strong prevailing winds of northern Oklahoma . To this day Boone Pickens Stadium is one of a very few major college football stadiums with an east - west configuration . By 1930 the capacity had risen to 13,000 and increased again in 1947 . Major additions , including the first press box , brought the capacity to 30,000 . In 1950 again seats were added and the total capacity increased to 39,000 . The next renovations came in 1972 and for the next three decades the capacity hovered around 50,000 . In 2003 alumnus T. Boone Pickens made a historic donation to the university for improvements to its athletic facilities , and it was announced that the stadium would be renamed in his honor . The announcement of the renovation came after two consecutive victories over the Oklahoma Sooners in the Bedlam Series . The latest renovation of the football stadium was completed in 2009 , with the current capacity at 60,218 . In 2007 , plans to build the Sherman E. Smith Training Center were unveiled . The 92,000 square foot indoor practice facility was completed in 2013 . Current coaching staff ( edit ) Name Position Mike Gundy Head Coach Dan Hammerschmidt Safeties Mike Yurcich Offensive Coordinator / Quarterbacks Coach Glenn Spencer Defensive Coordinator / Linebackers Coach John Wozniak Running Backs Coach Tim Duffie Cornerbacks Coach Kasey Dunn Receivers Coach Jason McEndoo Tight Ends / Cowboy Backs Coach Josh Henson Offensive Line Coach Joe Bob Clements Defensive Line Coach Allegations of misconduct by Sports Illustrated ( edit ) On September 10 , 2013 , Sports Illustrated published the first of 5 stories alleging misconduct during Les Miles tenure and extending into the Mike Gundy era . Writers Thayer Evans and George Dohrmann reportedly engaged in a 10 - month - long investigation into wrongdoing throughout the early - mid 2000s of the Oklahoma State football program . The first installment `` The Money '' made allegations of illicit gifts , overzealous boosters , no - show jobs , and a bounty system in place . The second installment , `` The Academics '' alleged academic fraud , steering athletes into easy pass or no - show classes , and grade tampering . The third installment , `` The Drugs '' painted a picture of a drug culture , in which the players were selling drugs , and the school did little to curtail drug usage . The fourth installment , `` The Sex '' was heavily edited by all accounts , considering its late online release time . This installment revealed a hostess program where the head coaches oversaw the application process , and writers implied the hostesses were expected to have sex with recruits . The final installment `` The Fallout '' told the tale of Artrell Woods , who had left school after a horrific accident from which he had recovered . While at first shocking to fans and media , Oklahoma State immediately pledged transparency . Athletic Director Mike Holder held a press conference the day before the release and apologized for the bad publicity , and promised to investigate the claims . OSU then hired independent investigator , Charles Smrt to conduct a thorough investigation into the allegations . ESPN later debunked several of the claims in the story by simply calling OSU 's registrar and obtaining a transcript from Tatum Bell that proved he was not in school during stated timelines . Further controversy began to surround the Sports Illustrated article when Jason Whitlock , a former colleague of Evans , claimed that he was a huge fan of the University of Oklahoma . Dohrmann went on national syndicated radio with Doug Gottlieb and stated that Fath ' Carter had two degrees from OSU . When questioned by ESPN 's Brett McMurphy , the registrars ' office later stated that Fath ' Carter had never graduated . Brandon Weeden also was able to point to unprofessional behavior from Evans displayed during a press conference . DeadSpin also found out that many crucial professors and tutors never were interviewed for the story . In June 2014 , John Talley , a spokesperson for the FCA chapter at Oklahoma State had filed a lawsuit against Dohrmann , Time Inc. , and Evans for false - light accusations which painted him as an overzealous booster . In his lawsuit , Talley is seeking damages of $75,000 . In July 2014 , OSU confirmed that the NCAA had been investigating the allegations . On October 21 , 2014 , the NCAA and The Compliance Group , an independent investigation firm led by Charles Smrt , jointly released a statement that the allegations contained in the Sports Illustrated story were `` fundamentally unfounded '' . The NCAA and the investigator had pored over 50,000 emails and had unfettered access to all areas of the compliance department and re-interviewed those who were quoted in the story . The report stated `` Overall , several interviewees indicated that they reported to SI general information or incidents about college football but that the SI reporter indicated that the incident occurred at OSU . '' During the joint investigation , however , three lesser allegations -- not related to the Sports Illustrated claims , and labeled as Level II violations - were uncovered `` During the period of fall 2007 through the spring of 2013 , approximately 1,572 drug tests occurred of football players . There were 94 positives involving approximately 60 student - athletes per the policy . ( According to the company used by the University to conduct its drug testing program , this positive rate per total number of tests is slightly less than the national average ) . The institution examined the application of the policy in those 94 situations and believes that on four occasions , the applicable penalty per the policy was not applied and reported this information to the Enforcement Staff . '' Also , it was deemed that the Orange Pride spirit program was chartered under the football program , but a recent NCAA policy change in 2007 required spirit clubs to form under the admissions department . Because of these two minor violations , OSU was cited for a failure to monitor in these two instances . The total cost for the independent investigation amounted to $221,055.18 . On January 22 , 2015 , Burns Hargis and other OSU officials visited the NCAA offices in Indianapolis to appeal to the NCAA . Even as Level II allegations , OSU officials considered them harsh and sought to have them reduced further . Hargis stated OSU 's intent on having those Level II allegations reconsidered , possibly as Level III . On April 24 , 2015 , the NCAA announced the sanctions against Oklahoma State would include an $8,500 fine and one - year probation to avoid further citings . The University self - imposed limits on the number of recruiting visits , off - campus evaluations , and the number of evaluation days in the fall and spring recruiting periods all of which will expire in 2016 . The University is also not allowed to use the Orange Pride program to assist with recruiting visits for four years ( 2019 -- 2020 season ) . No scholarships were reduced and no postseason bans were put into place . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) Throughout the 2000s , the Cowboys had four main uniform combinations . For the 2011 football season , it was revealed that Nike had created new uniforms for the Cowboys , offering three different helmet options in either gray , black , or white . New jerseys and pants consisting of black , orange , grey and white also came aboard , allowing for up to 48 different variations . The Cowboys debuted their new gray uniforms for the first game of the 2011 season . In a 2012 home game against Iowa State , the Cowboys debuted the new orange helmets , along with a new Pistol Pete decal . This would bring the different uniform combinations up to 64 . The uniform combinations are chosen before the season by a committee of players and the Cowboys equipment manager , Wes Edwards . A few patterns have evolved since the origination of the multiple uniform era . Thursday night games during 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , and in 2014 have involved black uniforms . Another trend has the Cowboys reverting to the traditional White Helmet / Traditional Brand Logo / Orange Jersey / White Pants for the home opener in 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 . Bowl games for the 2012 Fiesta Bowl , the 2013 Heart of Dallas Bowl , and the high - profile 2014 season opener in the Cowboys Classic featured Oklahoma State wearing all black . During the 2012 season , fans saw the addition of the orange helmet , and the addition of new decals . For the first time since 1979 , the Cowboys took the field in `` All Orange '' against Iowa State for Homecoming . Also during the 2012 season , new carbon fiber gray helmets replaced the matte gray that had been used in 2011 . The Cowboys helmet logos include a Pistol Pete logo , as well as what fans refer to as `` Phantom Pete '' . The `` OSU '' Branded logo was now featured in different variants , to reflect the helmet being worn . During 2013 , OSU began incorporating a stripe down the center of their helmets for different variations . In 2014 , OSU revealed two new helmet choices - a `` classic Aggie '' which paid homage to the bucking Aggie logo used in the 1940s and 1950s when the school was still called Oklahoma A&M Aggies . The other helmet was an Orange - Chrome with an oversized , off - center Pistol Pete . This was worn in a Thursday night victory over Texas Tech . Past uniforms ( edit ) Oklahoma State 's Uniforms for 2010 Season 2011 Season Opener Combination Carbon Fiber Helmet 2014 Bucking Aggie Logo 2014 Orange Chrome Pete 2012 Oklahoma State Uniform 2013 Oklahoma State Uniform Paddle people ( edit ) The student section has a tradition of hitting orange paddles on the sideline wall at home games . This tradition apparently started in the early 1990s , and has since become an official group within the university . The orange paddles have the word `` pokes '' in bold letters written on them . Rivalries ( edit ) Oklahoma ( edit ) Main article : Bedlam Series The first Bedlam game was held at Island Park in Guthrie , Oklahoma . It was a cold , and very windy day with the temperatures well below the freezing mark . At one moment in the game when the Oklahoma A&M Aggies were punting , the wind carried the ball backwards behind the kicker . If the Oklahoma A&M squad recovered the ball it would be a touchback and if the University of Oklahoma squad recovered it , it would be a touchdown . The ball kept going backwards and rolled down a hill into the half - frozen creek . Since a touchdown was at stake , members of both teams dove into the icy waters to recover the ball . A member of the OU team came out with the ball and downed it for a touchdown , eventually winning the game 75 -- 0. ( 2 ) Thus was the beginning of Bedlam . Author Steve Budin , whose father was a New York bookie , has recently publicized the claim that the 1954 `` Bedlam '' game against rival OU was fixed by mobsters in his book Bets , Drugs , and Rock & Roll ( ISBN 1 - 60239 - 099 - 1 ) . Allegedly , the mobsters threatened and paid off a cook to slip laxatives into a soup eaten by many OU Sooner starting players , causing them to fall violently ill in the days leading up to the game . OU was victorious in the end , but their 14 -- 0 win did not cover the 20 - point spread they had in their favor . However , many people involved in the 1954 contest do not recall any incident like the one purported by Budin to have occurred . The University of Oklahoma leads the Bedlam Series in football 86 -- 18 -- 7 after claiming their 10th Big XII Conference Championship 38 -- 20 against Oklahoma State on Dec 3 , 2016 . Tulsa ( edit ) Main article : Oklahoma State - Tulsa football rivalry The Cowboys also have a rivalry with Tulsa . Oklahoma State leads Tulsa in the all - time series 40 -- 27 -- 5 , winning the most recent match up in 2017 , 59 -- 24 . Since 1990 Tulsa is 3 -- 9 versus Oklahoma State with the Cowboys scoring at least 36 points in each of the last four contests . The Cowboys have a twenty - game home winning streak against Tulsa . The last time Tulsa won in Stillwater was 1951 . Texas Tech ( edit ) Main article : Oklahoma State -- Texas Tech football rivalry All - time Record versus current Big 12 Teams ( edit ) Opponent Won Lost Tied Percentage Streak First Meeting Baylor 19 16 0 . 543 Won 1 1914 Iowa State 30 18 . 618 Won 5 1926 Kansas 36 29 . 552 Won 7 1923 Kansas State 39 24 0 . 619 Won 2 1908 Oklahoma 18 86 6 . 191 Lost 2 1904 TCU 15 10 . 593 Won 2 1915 Texas 7 24 0 . 226 Won 2 1916 Texas Tech 21 21 . 500 Won 9 1935 West Virginia 0 . 500 Won 2 1928 Totals 188 232 16 . 450 Conference ( seasons as member ) ( edit ) Independent ( 1901 -- 1914 ) Southwest Conference ( 1915 -- 1924 ) MVIAA ( 1925 -- 1927 ) Missouri Valley Conference ( 1928 -- 1956 ) Independent ( 1957 -- 1959 ) Big Eight Conference ( 1960 -- 1995 ) Big 12 Conference ( 1996 -- present ) Championships ( edit ) OSU has 1 claimed national championship from 1945 , retroactively awarded in 2016 by a committee representing the Coaches ' Poll. ( 1 ) , won 7 Missouri Valley Conference Championships , 2 Big Eight Conference Championships , and 1 Big 12 Conference Championship . National championship seasons ( edit ) Season Coach Selectors Record Bowl 1945 Jim Lookabaugh AFCA ( Coaches ) 9 -- 0 Won Sugar Bowl Claimed National Championships Year Overall Record Conference Record Coach Conference 1926 3 -- 4 -- 1 John Maulbetsch Big Eight Conference 1930 † 7 -- 2 -- 1 Lynn O. Waldorf Missouri Valley Conference 1932 9 -- 1 -- 2 Lynn O. Waldorf Missouri Valley Conference 1933 † 6 -- 2 -- 1 Lynn O. Waldorf Missouri Valley Conference 1944 8 -- 1 Jim Lookabaugh Missouri Valley Conference 1945 + 9 -- 0 Jim Lookabaugh Missouri Valley Conference 1948 6 -- 4 Jim Lookabaugh Missouri Valley Conference 1953 † 7 -- 3 J.B. Whitworth Missouri Valley Conference 1976 † 9 -- 3 5 -- 2 Jim Stanley Big Eight Conference 2011 12 -- 1 8 -- 1 Mike Gundy Big 12 Conference Total 10 -- -- -- † Denotes shared title Individual honors ( edit ) See also : Oklahoma State Cowboys football statistical leaders Heisman Trophy Barry Sanders , 1988 Maxwell Award Barry Sanders , 1988 Walter Camp Award Barry Sanders , 1988 Ray Guy Award Matt Fodge , 2008 Fred Biletnikoff Award Justin Blackmon , 2010 Justin Blackmon , 2011 James Washington , 2017 Lou Groza Award Dan Bailey , 2010 Cowboys in the NFL ( edit ) As of May 6 , 2017 . Dan Bailey , K -- Dallas Cowboys Justin Blackmon , WR -- Jacksonville Jaguars Dez Bryant , WR -- Dallas Cowboys Chris Carson , RB -- Seattle Seahawks Justin Gilbert , CB -- Kendall Hunter , RB -- Blake Jarwin , TE -- Dallas Cowboys Charlie Johnson , OT -- Ashton Lampkin , CB -- Kansas City Chiefs Orie Lemon , LB -- Emmanuel Ogbah , DE -- Cleveland Browns Russell Okung , OT -- Los Angeles Chargers Tyler Patmon , CB -- Carolina Panthers Kevin Peterson , CB -- Los Angeles Rams Brandon Pettigrew , TE -- Lenzy Pipkins , CB -- Green Bay Packers Joseph Randle , RB -- Ryan Robinson , DE -- Antonio Smith , DE -- Houston Texans Jordan Sterns , FS -- Kansas City Chiefs Lane Taylor , G -- Green Bay Packers Vincent Taylor , DT -- Miami Dolphins Brandon Weeden , QB -- Houston Texans Bowl games ( edit ) The Cowboys have played in 27 bowl games , garnering a record of 17 -- 10 . They are 4 -- 4 in the six major bowl games ( Rose , Peach , Cotton Bowl Classic , Sugar , Fiesta & Orange ) , with their biggest win being over Stanford in the 2012 Fiesta Bowl , with the win making them finish 3rd in the final poll , the highest ever finish for a Cowboy team . Season Bowl Opponent Result 1944 Cotton Bowl Classic TCU W 34 -- 0 1945 Sugar Bowl St. Mary 's W 33 -- 13 1948 Delta Bowl William & Mary L 0 -- 20 1958 Bluegrass Bowl Florida State W 15 -- 6 Fiesta Bowl BYU W 16 -- 6 1976 Tangerine Bowl BYU W 49 -- 21 1981 Independence Bowl Texas A&M L 16 -- 33 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl Baylor W 24 -- 14 1984 Gator Bowl South Carolina W 21 -- 14 1985 Gator Bowl Florida State L 23 -- 34 Sun Bowl West Virginia W 35 -- 33 1988 Holiday Wyoming W 62 -- 14 1997 Alamo Bowl Purdue L 20 -- 33 2002 Houston Bowl Southern Miss W 33 -- 23 2003 Cotton Bowl Classic Mississippi L 28 -- 31 Alamo Bowl Ohio State L 7 -- 33 2006 Independence Bowl Alabama W 34 -- 31 2007 Insight Indiana W 49 -- 33 2008 Holiday Bowl Oregon L 31 -- 42 2009 Cotton Bowl Classic Mississippi L 7 -- 21 Alamo Bowl Arizona W 36 -- 10 2011 Fiesta Bowl Stanford W 41 -- 38 ( OT ) 2012 Heart Of Dallas Bowl Purdue W 58 -- 14 2013 Cotton Bowl Classic Missouri L 31 -- 41 2014 Cactus Bowl Washington W 30 -- 22 2015 Sugar Bowl Mississippi L 48 -- 20 2016 Alamo Bowl Colorado W 38 -- 8 2017 Camping World Bowl Virginia Tech TBD Year by year records ( edit ) Year Coach Overall Conference Standing Bowl / playoffs Coaches AP No Coach ( Independent ) ( 1901 -- 1905 ) 1901 -- 2 -- 3 N / A N / A 1902 No team -- N / A N / A 1903 -- 0 -- 2 -- 2 N / A N / A 1904 -- 0 -- 4 -- 1 N / A N / A 1905 -- 1 -- 3 -- 2 N / A N / A Boyd Hill ( Independent ) ( 1906 ) 1906 Hill 1 -- 4 -- 2 N / A N / A Ed Parry ( Independent ) ( 1907 -- 1908 ) 1907 Parry 1 -- 3 -- 1 N / A N / A 1908 Parry 4 -- 3 N / A N / A Paul J. Davis ( Independent ) ( 1909 -- 1914 ) 1909 Davis 5 -- 3 N / A N / A 1910 Davis 3 -- 4 N / A N / A 1911 Davis 5 -- 2 N / A N / A 1912 Davis 6 -- 2 N / A N / A 1913 Davis 4 -- 3 N / A N / A 1914 Davis 6 -- 2 -- 1 N / A N / A John G. Griffith ( Southwest ) ( 1915 -- 1916 ) 1915 Griffith 4 -- 5 -- 1 0 -- 3 N / A N / A 1916 Griffith 4 -- 4 0 -- 3 N / A N / A E.A. Pritchard ( Southwest ) ( 1917 -- 1918 ) 1917 Pritchard 4 -- 5 1 -- 2 N / A N / A 1918 Pritchard 4 -- 2 0 -- 2 N / A N / A Jim Pixlee ( Southwest ) ( 1919 -- 1920 ) 1919 Pixlee 3 -- 3 -- 2 0 -- 2 N / A N / A 1920 Pixlee 0 -- 7 -- 1 0 -- 3 N / A N / A John Maulbetsch ( Southwest ) ( 1921 -- 1924 ) 1921 Maulbetsch 5 -- 4 -- 1 1 -- 1 N / A N / A 1922 Maulbetsch 4 -- 4 -- 1 2 -- 3 N / A N / A 1923 Maulbetsch 2 -- 8 1 -- 3 N / A N / A 1924 Maulbetsch 6 -- 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 -- 1 N / A N / A John Maulbetsch ( Missouri Valley ) ( 1925 -- 1928 ) 1925 Maulbetsch 2 -- 5 -- 1 0 -- 3 -- 1 N / A N / A 1926 Maulbetsch 3 -- 4 -- 1 3 -- 0 -- 1 N / A N / A 1927 Maulbetsch 4 -- 4 2 -- 1 N / A N / A 1928 Maulbetsch 1 -- 7 0 -- 1 N / A N / A Pappy Waldorf ( Missouri Valley ) ( 1929 -- 1933 ) 1929 Waldorf 4 -- 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 N / A N / A 1930 Waldorf 7 -- 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 N / A N / A 1931 Waldorf 8 -- 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 N / A N / A 1932 Waldorf 9 -- 1 -- 2 3 -- 0 N / A N / A 1933 Waldorf 6 -- 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 N / A N / A Albert Exendine ( Missouri Valley ) ( 1934 -- 1935 ) 1934 Exendine 4 -- 5 -- 1 1 -- 1 -- N / A 1935 Exendine 3 -- 7 0 -- 3 -- N / A Ted Cox ( Missouri Valley ) ( 1936 -- 1938 ) 1936 Cox 1 -- 9 1 -- 2 -- N / A 1937 Cox 4 -- 6 2 -- 2 -- N / A 1938 Cox 2 -- 8 0 -- 4 -- N / A Jim Lookabaugh ( Missouri Valley ) ( 1939 -- 1949 ) 1939 Lookabaugh 5 -- 4 -- 1 3 -- 1 -- N / A 1940 Lookabaugh 6 -- 3 -- 1 4 -- 1 -- N / A 1941 Lookabaugh 5 -- 4 3 -- 1 -- N / A 1942 Lookabaugh 6 -- 3 -- 1 4 -- 1 -- N / A 1943 Lookabaugh 3 -- 4 0 -- 1 -- N / A 1944 Lookabaugh 8 -- 1 1 -- 0 W Cotton -- N / A 1945 Lookabaugh 9 -- 0 1 -- 0 W Sugar 5 1946 Lookabaugh 3 -- 7 -- 1 1 -- 1 -- N / A 1947 Lookabaugh 3 -- 7 0 -- 2 -- N / A 1948 Lookabaugh 6 -- 4 2 -- 0 L Delta -- N / A 1949 Lookabaugh 4 -- 4 -- 2 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- N / A J.B. Whitworth ( Missouri Valley ) ( 1950 -- 1954 ) 1950 Whitworth 4 -- 6 -- 1 1 -- 2 -- 1 -- -- 1951 Whitworth 3 -- 7 3 -- 2 -- -- 1952 Whitworth 3 -- 7 2 -- 2 -- -- 1953 Whitworth 7 -- 3 3 -- 1 -- -- 1954 Whitworth 5 -- 4 -- 1 2 -- 2 -- -- Cliff Speegle ( Missouri Valley ) ( 1955 -- 1956 ) 1955 Speegle 2 -- 8 1 -- 3 -- -- 1956 Speegle 3 -- 5 -- 2 2 -- 1 -- 1 Cliff Speegle ( Independent ) ( 1957 -- 1959 ) 1957 Speegle 6 -- 3 -- 1 -- -- 1958 Speegle 8 -- 3 W Bluegrass -- 19 1959 Speegle 6 -- 4 -- -- Cliff Speegle ( Big Eight ) ( 1960 -- 1962 ) 1960 Speegle 3 -- 7 2 -- 5 -- -- 1961 Speegle 4 -- 6 2 -- 5 -- -- 1962 Speegle 4 -- 6 2 -- 5 -- -- Phil Cutchin ( Big Eight ) ( 1963 -- 1968 ) 1963 Cutchin 1 -- 8 0 -- 6 -- -- 1964 Cutchin 4 -- 6 3 -- 4 -- -- 1965 Cutchin 3 -- 7 2 -- 5 -- -- 1966 Cutchin 4 -- 5 -- 1 4 -- 2 -- 1 -- -- 1967 Cutchin 4 -- 5 -- 1 3 -- 4 -- -- 1968 Cutchin 3 -- 7 2 -- 5 -- -- Floyd Gass ( Big Eight ) ( 1969 -- 1971 ) 1969 Gass 5 -- 5 3 -- 4 -- -- 1970 Gass 4 -- 7 2 -- 5 -- -- 1971 Gass 4 -- 6 -- 1 2 -- 5 -- -- Dave Smith ( Big Eight ) ( 1972 ) 1972 Smith 6 -- 5 4 -- 3 -- -- Jim Stanley ( Big Eight ) ( 1973 -- 1978 ) 1973 Stanley 5 -- 4 -- 2 2 -- 3 -- 2 -- -- Stanley 7 -- 5 4 -- 3 W Fiesta -- -- Stanley 7 -- 4 3 -- 4 -- -- 1976 Stanley 9 -- 3 5 -- 2 W Tangerine 14 14 1977 Stanley 4 -- 7 2 -- 5 -- -- 1978 Stanley 3 -- 8 3 -- 4 -- -- Jimmy Johnson ( Big Eight ) ( 1979 -- 1983 ) 1979 Johnson 7 -- 4 5 -- 2 -- -- 1980 Johnson 3 -- 7 -- 1 2 -- 4 -- 1 -- -- 1981 Johnson 7 -- 5 4 -- 3 L Independence -- -- 1982 Johnson 4 -- 5 -- 2 3 -- 2 -- 2 -- -- Johnson 8 -- 4 3 -- 4 W Bluebonnet 18 -- Pat Jones ( Big Eight ) ( 1984 -- 1994 ) 1984 Jones 10 -- 2 5 -- 2 W Gator 5 7 1985 Jones 8 -- 4 4 -- 3 L Gator -- -- 1986 Jones 6 -- 5 4 -- 3 -- -- Jones 10 -- 2 5 -- 2 W Sun 12 11 1988 Jones 10 -- 2 5 -- 2 W Holiday 11 11 1989 Jones 4 -- 7 3 -- 4 -- -- 1990 Jones 4 -- 7 2 -- 5 -- -- 1991 Jones 0 -- 10 -- 1 0 -- 6 -- 1 -- -- 1992 Jones 4 -- 6 -- 1 2 -- 4 -- 1 -- -- 1993 Jones 3 -- 8 0 -- 7 -- -- 1994 Jones 3 -- 7 -- 1 0 -- 6 -- 1 -- -- Bob Simmons ( Big Eight ) ( 1995 ) 1995 Simmons 4 -- 8 2 -- 5 -- -- Bob Simmons ( Big 12 ) ( 1996 -- 2000 ) Simmons 5 -- 6 2 -- 6 -- -- 1997 Simmons 8 -- 4 5 -- 3 L Alamo 24 24 1998 Simmons 5 -- 6 3 -- 5 -- -- 1999 Simmons 5 -- 6 3 -- 5 -- -- 2000 Simmons 3 -- 8 1 -- 7 -- -- Les Miles ( Big 12 ) ( 2001 -- 2004 ) 2001 Miles 4 -- 7 2 -- 6 -- -- 2002 Miles 8 -- 5 5 -- 3 W Houston -- -- 2003 Miles 9 -- 4 5 -- 3 L Cotton -- -- Miles 7 -- 5 4 -- 4 L Alamo -- -- Mike Gundy ( Big 12 ) ( 2005 -- present ) 2005 Gundy 4 -- 7 1 -- 7 -- -- 2006 Gundy 7 -- 6 3 -- 5 W Independence -- -- 2007 Gundy 7 -- 6 4 -- 4 W Insight -- -- 2008 Gundy 9 -- 4 5 -- 3 L Holiday 18 16 2009 Gundy 9 -- 4 6 -- 2 L Cotton 25 -- Gundy 11 -- 2 6 -- 2 W Alamo 10 13 2011 Gundy 12 -- 1 8 -- 1 W Fiesta 2012 Gundy 8 -- 5 5 -- 4 W Heart of Dallas -- -- 2013 Gundy 10 -- 3 7 -- 2 L Cotton 17 17 2014 Gundy 7 -- 6 4 -- 5 W Cactus -- -- 2015 Gundy 10 -- 3 7 -- 2 L Sugar Bowl 19 20 2016 Gundy 10 -- 3 7 -- 2 W Alamo Bowl 11 11 Total : 580 -- 552 -- 49 National championship Conference title Conference division title or championship game berth Indicates Bowl Coalition , Bowl Alliance , BCS , or CFP / New Years ' Six bowl . Rankings from final Coaches Poll . Final rankings ( edit ) Season Record Conf AP Rank Coaches Rank 1945 9 -- 0 -- 0 ( 1 -- 0 -- 0 ) 5 1958 8 -- 3 -- 0 N / A 19 -- 1976 9 -- 3 -- 0 ( 5 -- 2 -- 0 ) 14 14 8 -- 4 -- 0 ( 5 -- 2 -- 0 ) -- 18 1984 10 -- 2 -- 0 ( 5 -- 2 -- 0 ) 7 5 10 -- 2 -- 0 ( 5 -- 2 -- 0 ) 11 12 1988 10 -- 2 -- 0 ( 5 -- 2 -- 0 ) 11 11 1997 8 -- 4 ( 5 -- 3 ) 24 24 2008 9 -- 4 ( 5 -- 3 ) 16 18 2009 9 -- 4 ( 6 -- 2 ) -- 25 11 -- 2 ( 6 -- 2 ) 13 10 2011 12 -- 1 ( 8 -- 1 ) 2013 10 -- 3 ( 7 -- 2 ) 17 17 2015 10 -- 3 ( 7 -- 2 ) 20 19 2016 10 -- 3 ( 7 -- 2 ) 11 11 See also ( edit ) List of Oklahoma State Cowboys head football coaches Future non-conference opponents ( edit ) Announced schedules as of May 11 , 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 vs South Alabama at Oregon State vs Oregon State vs Rice vs Central Michigan at Arizona State vs Boise State at Tulsa vs Tulsa vs Tulsa vs Arizona State vs Western Illinois at Boise State References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official Color Palette '' . Style Guide for the Oklahoma State University system . Oklahoma State University -- Stillwater . February 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Lookabaugh Coaching Record '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Cliff Speegle Coaching Record '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma State football : Phil Cutchin 's Cowboys still share bond '' . 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Former OSU Football Coach , Athletic Director Floyd Gass Dead at 79 : : Gass served as Oklahoma State Athletic Director until 1978 '' . www.cstv.com . Jump up ^ `` Former SMU Coach Dave Smith Passes Away '' . Jump up ^ `` Jim Stanley Coaching Record '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma vs. Oklahoma State , The Historical : High Stakes Bedlam '' . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame Hurricanes : Jimmy Johnson '' . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Johnson Coaching Record '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Merron , Jeff . `` Best individual college football seasons '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 12 . Marron wrote , The only serious questions when composing this list was `` Who 's No. 2 ? Jump up ^ `` Barry Sanders College Stats '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Holiday Bowl Summary '' . Archived from the original on 21 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Trotter , Jake ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` Sanders ' 1988 season stands alone '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Simmons Coaching Record '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma State got their men when Dirk Koetter changed his mind '' . News OK . 2011 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` LSU hires Les Miles '' . Jump up ^ `` Gundy given new deal '' . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma State University Cowboys Football '' . wikiblammo . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Gundy Trying To Join Six Other Coaches With 100 Wins At Current School -- Pistols Firing '' . 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma State football : Cowboys can finally head indoors '' . 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Special Report on Oklahoma State Football : Part 1 -- The Money '' . SI.com . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Unhappy with Jason Whitlock 's Comments About Sports Illustrated 's Thayer Evans '' . The Big Lead . Jump up ^ `` Sports Illustrated writer George Dohrmann defends his investigative report of Oklahoma State '' . Jump up ^ McMurphy , Brett ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` Fath ' Carter story questioned '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brandon Weeden rips into Sports Illustrated writer , report on Oklahoma State football '' . cleveland.com . Jump up ^ Dom Cosentino . `` Why SI 's Oklahoma State Series Sucked : The Inside Story '' . Deadspin . Jump up ^ `` Sports Illustrated 's ' Dirty Game ' articles spark false - light lawsuit '' . NewsOK.com . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma State football under investigation '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` OSU -- OSU Response '' . okstate.edu . Jump up ^ `` Charges ' fundamentally unfounded ' '' . ABC7 San Francisco . Jump up ^ `` NCAA announces infractions penalties for Oklahoma State football program '' . 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.ncaa.org/sites/default/files/Figure19-1.pdf Jump up ^ Bob. S ( 2012 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Uni Tracker : Orange helmets added to Cowboys ' possible looks OSU Cowboys '' . Blog.newsok.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Budin , Steve with Schaller , Bob ( 2007 ) . Bets , Drugs , and Rock & Roll : The Rise and Fall of the World 's First Offshore Sports Gambling Empire . Skyhorse Publishing . ISBN 1 - 60239 - 099 - 1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Book claims ' 54 Bedlam Game was fixed by mob '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma State - Tulsa 2017 Game Summary '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^  @ CowboysRFF ( 2010 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Is Oklahoma State vs. Tulsa a rivalry ? '' . Cowboys Ride For Free . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Poll.com '' . www.collegefootballpoll.com . Jump up ^ CFRC College Football Database -- Oklahoma State . Retrieved 2014 - Nov - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma State -- Future Non-Conference Opponents '' . FBSchedules.com. 2017 . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oklahoma State Cowboys football . Official website Oklahoma State Cowboys football Venues Boone Pickens Stadium ( 1920 -- present ) Sherman E. Smith Training Center Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Oklahoma : Bedlam Series Texas Tech Tulsa Culture & lore Bullet Pistol Pete `` The Waving Song '' `` Ride ' Em Cowboys '' Marching band Johnny Bright incident 2011 Iowa State game 2015 homecoming parade crash People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Oklahoma State University System Located in : Stillwater , Oklahoma Campuses Center for Health Sciences Oklahoma City OSUIT OSU Medical Center Stillwater -- Main campus Tulsa Academics College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources College of Arts & Sciences CEAT College of Education Edmon Low Library Spears School of Business Athletics Baseball Men 's Basketball Football Wrestling Women 's Basketball Bedlam Boone Pickens Stadium Cowgirl Stadium Gallagher - Iba Arena Allie P. Reynolds Stadium Karsten Creek Sherman E. Smith Training Center Bullet Pistol Pete National Wrestling Hall of Fame In the NFL Draft History History Old Central People List of OSU people List of OSU Olympians List of OSU Greeks Student life Colvin Center Cowboy Marching Band Daily O'Collegian Homecoming Orange Peel Student Union Founded : 1890 Students : 23,459 Endowment : 904 million Big 12 Conference football Current teams Baylor Bears Iowa State Cyclones Kansas Jayhawks Kansas State Wildcats Oklahoma Sooners Oklahoma State Cowboys TCU Horned Frogs Texas Longhorns Texas Tech Red Raiders West Virginia Mountaineers Championships & awards Big 12 Championship Game All - time standings Big 12 Conference football individual awards Seasons 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_State_Cowboys_football&oldid=815469691 '' Categories : Oklahoma State Cowboys football Sports clubs established in 1901 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 00 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time oklahoma state won a national championship in football	[ "OSU has 1 claimed national championship from 1945, retroactively awarded in 2016 by a committee representing the Coaches' Poll. [1], won 7 Missouri Valley Conference Championships, 2 Big Eight Conference Championships, and 1 Big 12 Conference Championship." ]	[ "1945" ]
-4206045168581807247	Software asset management	Software asset management - wikipedia Software asset management Jump to : navigation , search Software asset management ( SAM ) is a business practice that involves managing and optimizing the purchase , deployment , maintenance , utilization , and disposal of software applications within an organization . According to the Information Technology Infrastructure Library ( ITIL ) , SAM is defined as `` ... all of the infrastructure and processes necessary for the effective management , control and protection of the software assets ... throughout all stages of their lifecycle . '' Fundamentally intended to be part of an organization 's information technology business strategy , the goals of SAM are to reduce information technology ( IT ) costs and limit business and legal risk related to the ownership and use of software , while maximizing IT responsiveness and end - user productivity . SAM is particularly important for large corporations in regard to redistribution of licenses and managing legal risks associated with software ownership and expiration . SAM technologies track license expiration , thus allowing the company to function ethically and within software compliance regulations . This can be important for both eliminating legal costs associated with license agreement violations and as part of a company 's reputation management strategy . Both are important forms of risk management and are critical for large corporations ' long - term business strategies . SAM is one facet of a broader business discipline known as IT asset management , which includes overseeing both software and hardware that comprise an organization 's computers and network . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role within organizations 2 SAM Technology 3 International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) 4 Issues with scalability 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Role within organizations ( edit ) SAM can serve many different functions within organizations , depending on their software portfolios , IT infrastructures , resource availability , and business goals . For many organizations , the goal of implementing a SAM program is very tactical in nature , focused specifically on balancing the number of software licenses purchased with the number of actual licenses consumed or used . In addition to balancing the number of licenses purchased with the amount of consumption , an effective SAM program must also ensure that the usage of all installed software is in keeping with the terms and conditions of the specific vendor license agreement . In doing so , organizations can minimize liabilities associated with software piracy in the event of an audit by a software vendor or a third party such as the Business Software Alliance ( BSA ) . SAM , according to this interpretation , involves conducting detailed software inventories on a periodic basis to determine the exact number of software licenses consumed , comparing this information with the number of licenses purchased , reviewing how the software is being used in respect to the terms and conditions and establishing controls to ensure that proper licensing practices are maintained on an ongoing basis . This can be accomplished through a combination of IT processes , purchasing policies and procedures , and technology solutions such as software inventory tools . Counting installations is the most common means of measuring license consumption but some software is licensed by number of users , capital , processors or CPU Cores . More broadly defined , the strategic goals of SAM often include ( but are not limited to ) the following : Reduce software and support costs by negotiating volume contract agreements and eliminating or reallocating underutilized software licenses Enforce compliance with corporate security policies and desktop / server / mobile standards Improve worker productivity by deploying the right kinds of technology more quickly and reliably Limit overhead associated with managing and supporting software by streamlining and / or automating IT processes ( such as inventory tracking , software deployment , issue tracking , and patch management ) Establish ongoing policies and procedures surrounding the acquisition , documentation , deployment , usage and retirement of software in an effort to recognize long - term benefits of SAM SAM technology ( edit ) A number of technologies are available to support key SAM processes : Software inventory tools intelligently `` discover '' software installed across the computer network , and collect software file information such as title , product ID , size , date , path , and version . License manager solutions provide an intelligent repository for license entitlements which can then be reconciled against data provided by Software inventory tools to provide the organization with an ' Effective License Position ' or view of where the organization is under - licensed ( at risk of a compliance audit ) or over-licensed ( wasting money on unnecessary software purchases ) . Software metering tools monitor the utilization of software applications across a network . They can also provide real - time enforcement of compliance for applications licensed based on usage . Application control tools restrict what and by whom particular software can be run on a computer as a means of avoiding security and other risks . Software deployment tools automate and regulate the deployment of new software . Patch management tools automate the deployment of software patches to ensure that computers are up - to - date and meet applicable security and efficiency standards . Request management tools allow employees to place requests for software products using a centralized form and process specifically designed to capture and assess specific license requirements as well as to manage and track the procurement and deployment process . Product catalog tools capture product specific information such as name , edition , version and license agreement types as well as other key top level information for products used within the business . This information normalizes product naming conventions with the organization and allows mapping between other technologies tools used in the composite SAM solution . International organization for Standardization ( ISO ) ( edit ) Main article : ISO 19770 The latest version of the SAM standard from ISO is 19770 - 1 : 2012 . This revised standard is designed to allow the implementation of SAM processes to be `` accomplished in multiple staged increments or tiers . '' Part 1 of the standard details SAM processes including control environment , planning and implementation , inventory , verification and compliance , operations management and life cycle . In 2003 , the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) and the International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) began working with the SAM industry to develop a standard of best practices for software asset management programs . Standard ISO / IEC 19770 - 1 : 2006 , Information technology -- software asset management -- Part 1 , was published by the ISO and IEC in May 2006 . ISO / IEC 19770 - 2 : 2015 : Software identification tag ; establishes specifications for tagging software to optimize its identification and management . The current version was published in 2015 and is a revision to the 2009 original Software ID Tag standard . Using software identification tags or SWID tags makes discovery a simpler and more accurate process that can be verified by software vendors if they audit an organisations entire estate . SWID tags are implemented and supported by many vendors including IBM , Microsoft and Adobe . ISO / IEC 19770 - 3 : 2016 : Entitlement Management Schema outlines a technical schema which can be used to encapsulate license details including contract information , entitlements , rights , limitations and details about invoice , PO numbers , etc . This is currently at FDIS ( Final Draft International Standard ) stage and was published in April of 2016 . ISO 55000 : 2014 is the new international standard for asset management and was ratified in January 2014 . It provides an overview of asset management , its principles and terminology , and the expected benefits from adopting a comprehensive asset management strategy . This standardisation is driving increased interest in the whole asset management market , including asset management software , and is particularly interesting to asset - intensive organisations including Utilities , Chemical and Transport companies . 19770 - 1 is aligned with this standard . ISO 55000 : 2014 can be applied to all types of assets and by all types and sizes of organization . It is intended to be used for managing physical assets in particular , but it can also be applied to other asset types . By itself it does not cover many of the requirements for IT and Software Asset Management , such as licensing , and the additional controls which are needed in general for software ( e.g. for access and integrity ) , and for complex control situations such as SaaS and BYOD . These additional requirements are being incorporated in edition 3 of ISO / IEC 19770 - 1 which is based on ISO 55000 : 2014 . Publication is not likely until 2017 . Issues with scalability ( edit ) An example of issues faced when scaling up discovery tools is with Microsoft 's System Centre Configuration Manager ( SCCM ) . Using SCCM Metering Rules to monitor software usage across a small estate or a small number of applications is relatively easy and reliable given the total number of unique executables (. exe files ) and the number of instances of each executable . Turning on Metering Rules for every packaged application and every executable in a large estate quickly makes the volume of data generated unmanageable and expensive to maintain . Most SAM tools which consume SCCM data rely on these Metering Rules to understand usage . See also ( edit ) IT asset management License manager Software licensing audit Financial Software References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ITIL 's Guide to Software Asset Management ^ Jump up to : `` International Standard '' . International Organization for Standardization and International Electrotechnical Commission . 2006 - 05 - 01 : 5 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ; contribution = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ `` What is SAM ? '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` International Standard '' . International Organization for Standardization and International Electrotechnical Commission . 2006 - 05 - 01 : 19 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ; contribution = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Software Asset Management : Step - by - Step Training - Step 4 '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ogren , Eric ( 2006 - 11 - 03 ) . `` Application control coming your way '' . ComputerWorld . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ International Standard ISO / IEC 19770 - 1 : 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Information technology -- Software asset management -- Part 1 : Processes and tiered assessment of conformance '' . International Organization for Standardization and International Electrotechnical Commission : vi . Jump up ^ `` International Standard '' . International Organization for Standardization and International Electrotechnical Commission . 2006 - 05 - 01 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ; contribution = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=65666 Jump up ^ http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=53670 Jump up ^ http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=52293 Jump up ^ http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=55088 External links ( edit ) Business Software Alliance ( BSA ) Federation Against Software Theft ( FAST ) 19770 - 1 : 2006 ISO / IEC Information Centre International Business Software Managers Association ( IBSMA ) International Association of Information Technology Asset Managers ( IAITAM ) Software & Information Industry Association ( SIIA ) Top 200 SAM Terms -- A Glossary Australian Software Asset Management Association ( ASAMA ) Principles of Software Asset Management Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_asset_management&oldid=842521597 '' Categories : Information technology management Asset management Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : chapter ignored Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Русский Svenska Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 00 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is software asset management (sam)	[ "Software asset management (SAM) is a business practice that involves managing and optimizing the purchase, deployment, maintenance, utilization, and disposal of software applications within an organization. According to the Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL), SAM is defined as “…all of the infrastructure and processes necessary for the effective management, control and protection of the software assets…throughout all stages of their lifecycle.”[1] Fundamentally intended to be part of an organization’s information technology business strategy, the goals of SAM are to reduce information technology (IT) costs and limit business and legal risk related to the ownership and use of software, while maximizing IT responsiveness and end-user productivity.[2] SAM is particularly important for large corporations in regard to redistribution of licenses and managing legal risks associated with software ownership and expiration. SAM technologies track license expiration, thus allowing the company to function ethically and within software compliance regulations. This can be important for both eliminating legal costs associated with license agreement violations and as part of a company's reputation management strategy. Both are important forms of risk management and are critical for large corporations' long-term business strategies." ]	[ "a business practice that involves managing and optimizing the purchase, deployment, maintenance, utilization, and disposal of software applications within an organization" ]
-5720801119637685252	Hirschsprung's disease	Hirschsprung 's disease - wikipedia Hirschsprung 's disease Jump to : navigation , search This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) Hirschsprung 's disease Histopathology of Hirschsprung disease . Enzyme histochemistry showing aberrant acetylcholine esterase ( AchE ) - positive nerve fibers ( brown ) in the lamina propria mucosae . Classification and external resources Specialty medical genetics ICD - 10 Q43. 1 ICD - 9 - CM 751.3 OMIM 142623 DiseasesDB 5901 MedlinePlus 001140 eMedicine med / 1016 MeSH D006627 ( edit on Wikidata ) Hirschsprung 's disease ( HD or HSCR ) , or congenital megacolon , or aganglionic megacolon , is a form of megacolon that occurs when part or all of the large intestine or parts of the gastrointestinal tract have no ganglion cells and can not function . During normal prenatal development , cells from the neural crest migrate into the large intestine ( colon ) to form the networks of nerves called the myenteric plexus ( Auerbach plexus ) ( between the smooth muscle layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall ) and the submucosal plexus ( Meissner plexus ) ( within the submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract wall ) . In Hirschsprung 's disease , the migration is not complete and part of the colon lacks these nerve bodies that regulate the activity of the colon . The affected segment of the colon can not relax and pass stool through the colon , creating an obstruction . In most affected people , the disorder affects the part of the colon nearest the anus . In rare cases , the lack of nerve bodies involves more of the colon . In 5 % of cases , the entire colon is affected . The stomach and esophagus may be affected , too . Hirschsprung 's disease occurs in about one in 5,000 of live births . It is usually diagnosed in children , and affects boys more often than girls . About 10 % of cases are familial . Play media Video explanation Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Pathophysiology 2.1 Genetic basis 2.2 RET proto - oncogene 2.3 Other genes 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 4.1 Colostomy 4.2 Swenson , Soave , Duhamel , and Boley procedures 5 Associated syndromes 6 Epidemiology 7 History 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) A : Plain abdominal radiograph showing a PARTZ at rectosigmoid , arrow . B : Plain abdominal radiograph showing a PARTZ at midsigmoid , arrow. C : Plain abdominal radiograph showing a PARTZ at descending colon , arrow. D: Contrast enema showing a CETZ at rectosigmoid , arrow . E : Contrast enema showing a CETZ at midsigmoid , arrow . F : Contrast enema showing a CETZ at descending colon , arrow . Typically , Hirschsprung 's disease is diagnosed shortly after birth , although it may develop well into adulthood , because of the presence of megacolon , or because the baby fails to pass the first stool ( meconium ) within 48 hours of delivery . Normally , 90 % of babies pass their first meconium within 24 hours , and 99 % within 48 hours . Other symptoms include green or brown vomit , explosive stools after a doctor inserts a finger into the rectum , swelling of the abdomen , excessive gas , and bloody diarrhea . Some cases are diagnosed later , into childhood , but usually before age 10 . The child may experience fecal retention , constipation , or abdominal distention . With an incidence of one in 5,000 births , the most cited feature is absence of ganglion cells : notably in males , 75 % have none in the end of the colon ( rectosigmoid ) and 8 % lack ganglion cells in the entire colon . The enlarged section of the bowel is found proximally , while the narrowed , aganglionic section is found distally , closer to the end of the bowel . The absence of ganglion cells results in a persistent overstimulation of nerves in the affected region , resulting in contraction . In some extremely rare cases , the absence of ganglion cells continues to spread after the corrective surgery , resulting in multiple surgeries . Those patients who also have thyroid cancer may be able to digest food properly , but may not be able to use the nutrients properly . Pathophysiology ( edit ) The most accepted theory of the cause of Hirschsprung is a defect in the craniocaudal migration of neuroblasts originating from the neural crest that occurs during the first 12 weeks of gestation . Defects in the differentiation of neuroblasts into ganglion cells and accelerated ganglion cell destruction within the intestine may also contribute to the disorder . This lack of ganglion cells in the myenteric and submucosal plexus is well documented in Hirschsprung 's disease . With Hirschsprung 's disease , the segment lacking neurons ( aganglionic ) becomes constricted , causing the normal , proximal section of bowel to become distended with feces . This narrowing of the distal colon and the failure of relaxation in the aganglionic segment are thought to be caused by the lack of neurons containing nitric oxide synthase . The equivalent disease in horses is lethal white syndrome . Genetic basis ( edit ) Several genes and specific regions on chromosomes ( loci ) have been shown or suggested to be associated with Hirschsprung 's disease : Type OMIM Gene Locus HSCR1 142623 RET 10q11. 2 HSCR2 600155 EDNRB 13q22 HSCR3 600837 GDNF 5p13. 1 - p12 HSCR4 131242 EDN3 20q13. 2 - q13. 3 HSCR5 600156 ? 21q22 HSCR6 606874 ? 3p21 HSCR7 606875 ? 19q12 HSCR8 608462 ? 16q23 HSCR9 611644 ? 4q31 - 32 -- 602229 SOX10 22q13 -- 600423 ECE1 1p36. 1 -- 602018 NRTN 19p13. 3 -- 602595 SIP1 14q13 - q21 -- 191315 NTRK1 1q23. 1 -- 605802 ZEB2 2q22. 3 Hirschsprung 's disease can also present as part of a multisystem disorder , such as Down syndrome , Bardet -- Biedl syndrome , Waardenburg -- Shah syndrome , Mowat -- Wilson syndrome , Goldberg -- Shprintzen megacolon syndrome , cartilage -- hair hypoplasia , multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 , Smith - Lemli - Opitz syndrome , and congenital central hypoventilation syndrome . The RET proto - oncogene accounts for the highest proportion of both familial and sporadic cases , with a wide range of mutations scattered along its entire coding region . A proto - oncogene is a gene that can cause cancer if it is mutated or over-expressed . Research published in 2002 suggested that Hirschsprung 's may be caused by the interaction between two proteins encoded by two variant genes . The RET proto - oncogene on chromosome 10 was identified as one of the two genes involved . The other protein with which RET must interact to cause Hirschsprung 's disease is termed EDNRB , and is encoded by the gene EDNRB located on chromosome 13 . Hirschsprung 's disease , hypoganglionosis , gut dysmotility , gut transit disorders , and intussusception have been recorded with the dominantly inherited neurovisceral porphyrias ( acute intermittent porphyria , hereditary coproporphyria , variegate porphyria ) . Children may require enzyme or DNA testing for these disorders , as they may not produce or excrete porphyrins before puberty . RET proto - oncogene ( edit ) RET is a gene that codes for proteins that assist cells of the neural crest in their movement through the digestive tract during the development of the embryo . Those neural crest cells eventually form bundles of nerve cells called ganglions . EDNRB codes for proteins that connect these nerve cells to the digestive tract . Thus , mutations in these two genes could directly lead to the absence of certain nerve fibers in the colon . Research suggests that several genes are associated with Hirschsprung 's disease . Also , new research suggests that mutations in genomic sequences involved in regulating EDNRB have a bigger impact on Hirschsprung 's disease than previously thought . RET can mutate in many ways and is associated with Down syndrome . Since Down syndrome is comorbid in 2 % of Hirschsprung 's cases , a likelihood exists that RET is involved heavily in both Hirschsprung 's disease and Down syndrome . RET is also associated with medullary thyroid cancer and neuroblastoma , which is a type of cancer common in children . Both of these disorders are more common in Hirschsprung 's patients than in the general population . One function that RET controls is the travel of the neural crest cells through the intestines in the developing fetus . The earlier the RET mutation occurs in Hirschsprung 's disease , the more severe the disorder becomes . Other genes ( edit ) Common and rare DNA variations in the neuregulin 1 ( NRG1 ) and NRG3 ( NRG3 ) were first shown to be associated with the disease in Chinese patients through a Genome Wide Association Study by the Hong Kong team in 2009 and 2012 , respectively Subsequent studies in both Asian and Caucasian patients confirmed the initial findings by the University of Hong Kong . Both rare and common variants in these two genes have been identified in additional Chinese , Thai , Korean , Indonesian and Spanish patients . These two genes are known to play a role in the formation of the enteric nervous system ; thus , they are likely to be involved in the pathology of Hirschsprung 's disease , at least in some cases . Diagnosis ( edit ) Definitive diagnosis is made by suction biopsy of the distally narrowed segment . A histologic examination of the tissue would show a lack of ganglionic nerve cells . Diagnostic techniques involve anorectal manometry , barium enema , and rectal biopsy . The suction rectal biopsy is considered the current international gold standard in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung 's disease . Radiologic findings may also assist with diagnosis . Cineanography ( fluoroscopy of contrast medium passing anorectal region ) assists in determining the level of the affected intestines . Treatment ( edit ) Treatment of Hirschsprung 's disease consists of surgical removal ( resection ) of the abnormal section of the colon , followed by reanastomosis . Colostomy ( edit ) The first stage of treatment used to be a reversible colostomy . In this approach , the healthy end of the large intestine is cut and attached to an opening created on the front of the abdomen . The contents of the bowel are discharged through the hole in the abdomen and into a bag . Later , when the patient 's weight , age , and condition are right , the `` new '' functional end of the bowel is connected with the anus . The first surgical treatment involving surgical resection followed by reanastomosis without a colostomy occurred as early as 1933 by Doctor Baird in Birmingham on a one - year - old boy . Swenson , Soave , Duhamel , and Boley procedures ( edit ) The Swedish - American surgeon , Orvar Swenson ( 1909 -- 2012 ) , who discovered the cause of Hirschsprung 's , first performed its surgical treatment , the pull - through surgery , in 1948 . The pull - through procedure repairs the colon by connecting the functioning portion of the bowel to the anus . The pull - through procedure is the typical method for treating Hirschsprung 's in younger patients . Swenson devised the original procedure , and the pull - through surgery has been modified many times . Currently , several different surgical approaches are used , which include the Swenson , Soave , Duhamel , and Boley procedures . The Swenson procedure leaves a small portion of the diseased bowel . The Soave procedure , named after the Italian pediatric surgeon , Franco Soave ( 1917 -- 1984 ) , leaves the outer wall of the colon unaltered . The Boley procedure , pioneered by the American surgeon , Scott Boley ( b . 1941 ) , is a small modification of the Soave procedure , so the term `` Soave - Boley '' procedure is sometimes used . The Duhamel procedure , named for the French pediatric surgeon , Bernard Duhamel ( 1917 -- 1996 ) , uses a surgical stapler to connect the good and bad bowel . For the 15 % of children who do not obtain full bowel control , other treatments are available . Constipation may be remedied by laxatives or a high - fiber diet . In those patients , serious dehydration can play a major factor in their lifestyles . A lack of bowel control may be addressed by a stoma , similar to a colostomy . The Malone antegrade colonic enema ( ACE ) is also an option . In a Malone ACE , a tube goes through the abdominal wall to the appendix , or if available , to the colon . The bowel is then flushed daily . Children as young as 6 years of age may administer this daily flush on their own . If the affected portion of the lower intestine is restricted to the lower portion of the rectum , other surgical procedures may be performed , such as a posterior rectal myectomy . The prognosis is good in 70 % of cases . Chronic postoperative constipation is present in 7 to 8 % of the operated cases . Postoperative enterocolitis , a severe manifestation , is present in the 10 -- 20 % of operated patients . Associated syndromes ( edit ) Bardet -- Biedl syndrome Cartilage -- hair hypoplasia Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome MEN2 Mowat -- Wilson syndrome Smith -- Lemli -- Opitz syndrome Trisomy 21 ( Down syndrome ) Waardenburg syndrome Epidemiology ( edit ) According to a 1984 study conducted in Maryland , Hirschsprung 's disease appears in 18.6 per 100,000 live births . In Japan , it occurs at a similar rate of about one in 5,000 births ( 20 per 100,000 ) . It is more common in male than female ( 4.32 : 1 ) and in white rather than nonwhite . Nine percent of the Hirschsprung cases were also diagnosed as having Down syndrome . Most cases are diagnosed before the patient is 10 years of age . History ( edit ) The first report of Hirschsprung 's disease dates to 1691 , when it was described by Dutch anatomist Frederik Ruysch . However , the disease is named after Harald Hirschsprung , the Danish physician who first described two infants who died of this disorder in 1888 . Hirschsprung 's disease is a congenital disorder of the colon in which certain nerve cells , known as ganglion cells , are absent , causing chronic constipation . The lack of ganglion cells is in the myenteric plexus ( Auerbach 's plexus ) , which is responsible for moving food in the intestine . A barium enema is the mainstay of diagnosis of Hirschsprung 's , though a rectal biopsy showing the lack of ganglion cells is the only certain method of diagnosis . The first publication on an important genetic discovery of the disease was from Martucciello Giuseppe et al. in 1992 . The authors described a case of a patient with total colonic aganglionosis associated with a 46 , XX , del 10 ( q11. 21 q21. 2 ) karyotype . The major gene of Hirschsprung disease was identified in this chromosomal 10 region , it was the RET proto - oncogene . The usual treatment is `` pull - through '' surgery where the portion of the colon that does have nerve cells is pulled through and sewn over the part that lacks nerve cells . For a long time , Hirschsprung 's was considered a multifactorial disorder , where a combination of nature and nurture was considered to be the cause . However , in August 1993 , two articles by independent groups in Nature Genetics said that Hirschsprung 's disease could be mapped to a stretch of chromosome 10 . This research also suggested that a single gene was responsible for the disorder . However , the researchers were unable to isolate it . See also ( edit ) Achalasia Ileus , failure of peristaltic muscle activity in the gut Intestinal neuronal dysplasia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Parisi MA , Pagon RA , Bird TD , Dolan CR , Stephens K , Adam MP ( 2002 ) . Pagon RA , Bird TC , Dolan CR , Stephens K , eds . `` Hirschsprung Disease Overview '' . GeneReviews . PMID 20301612 . Jump up ^ Samuel Nurko MD , MPH - Director Center for Motility and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders , Children 's Hospital , Boston . `` HIRSCHSPRUNG 'S DISEASE '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Lee . Goldman 's Cecil Medicine ( 24th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Elsevier Saunders . p. 867 . ISBN 1437727883 . Jump up ^ Kays DW ( 1996 ) . `` Surgical conditions of the neonatal intestinal tract '' . Clinics in Perinatology. 23 ( 2 ) : 353 -- 75 . PMID 8780909 . Jump up ^ Metallinos DL , Bowling AT , Rine J ( Jun 1998 ) . `` A missense mutation in the endothelin - B receptor gene is associated with Lethal White Foal Syndrome : an equine version of Hirschsprung disease '' . Mamm . Genome. 9 ( 6 ) : 426 -- 31 . PMID 9585428 . doi : 10.1007 / s003359900790 . Jump up ^ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man ( OMIM ) 142623 Jump up ^ Martucciello G , Ceccherini I , Lerone M , Jasonni V ( 2000 ) . `` Pathogenesis of Hirschsprung 's disease '' . Journal of Pediatric Surgery . 35 ( 7 ) : 1017 -- 1025 . PMID 10917288 . doi : 10.1053 / jpsu. 2000.7763 . Jump up ^ Puri P , Shinkai T ( 2004 ) . `` Pathogenesis of Hirschsprung 's disease and its variants : recent progress '' . Semin . Pediatr . Surg. 13 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 24 . PMID 14765367 . doi : 10.1053 / j. sempedsurg. 2003.09. 004 . Jump up ^ Garcia - Barcelo , Maria - Merce ( 2009 ) . `` Genome - wide association study identifies NRG1 as a susceptibility locus for Hirschsprung 's disease '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA . 106 : 2694 -- 2699 . PMC 2650328 . PMID 19196962 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0809630105 . Jump up ^ Tang , Clara ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` Genome - wide copy number analysis uncovers a new HSCR gene : NRG3 . '' . PLoS Genet. 8 ( 5 ) : e1002687 . PMC 3349728 . PMID 22589734 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pgen. 1002687 . Jump up ^ Yang J , Duan S , Zhong R , Yin J , Pu J , Ke J , Lu X , Zou L , Zhang H , Zhu Z , Wang D , Xiao H , Guo A , Xia J , Miao X , Tang S , Wang G ( 2013 ) . `` Exome sequencing identified NRG3 as a novel susceptible gene of Hirschsprung 's disease in a Chinese population '' . Mol . Neurobiol. 47 ( 3 ) : 957 -- 66 . PMID 23315268 . doi : 10.1007 / s12035 - 012 - 8392 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dobbins WO , Bill AH ( 1965 ) . `` Diagnosis of Hirschsprung 's Disease Excluded by Rectal Suction Biopsy '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 272 ( 19 ) : 990 -- 993 . PMID 14279253 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM196505132721903 . Jump up ^ Eli Ehrenpreis ( Oct 2003 ) . Anal and rectal diseases explained . Remedica . pp. 15 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 901346 - 67 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Martucciello G , Pini Prato A , Puri P , Holschneider AM , Meier - Ruge W , Jasonni V , Tovar JA , Grosfeld JL ( 2005 ) . `` Controversies concerning diagnostic guidelines for anomalies of the enteric nervous system : a report from the fourth International Symposium on Hirschsprung 's disease and related neurocristopathies '' . J Pediatr Surg. 40 ( 10 ) : 1527 -- 31 . PMID 16226977 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpedsurg. 2005.07. 053 . Jump up ^ Kim HJ , Kim AY , Lee CW , Yu CS , Kim JS , Kim PN , Lee MG , Ha HK ( 2008 ) . `` Hirschsprung disease and hypoganglionosis in adults : radiologic findings and differentiation '' . Radiology. 247 ( 2 ) : 428 -- 34 . PMID 18430875 . doi : 10.1148 / radiol. 2472070182 . Jump up ^ Swenson O ( 1989 ) . `` My early experience with Hirschsprung 's disease '' . J. Pediatr . Surg. 24 ( 8 ) : 839 -- 44 ; discussion 844 -- 5 . PMID 2671336 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 3468 ( 89 ) 80549 - 4 . Jump up ^ W. Allan Walker ( 2004 - 07 - 01 ) . Pediatric gastrointestinal disease : pathophysiology , diagnosis , management . PMPH - USA . pp. 2120 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55009 - 240 - 0 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Timothy R. Koch ( 2003 ) . Colonic diseases . Humana Press . pp. 387 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89603 - 961 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Malone PS , Ransley PG , Kiely EM ( 1990 ) . `` Preliminary report : the antegrade continence enema '' . Lancet . 336 ( 8725 ) : 1217 -- 1218 . PMID 1978072 . doi : 10.1016 / 0140 - 6736 ( 90 ) 92834 - 5 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Koyle , Waxman ( 2000 ) . `` The Malone ACE Procedure for Fecal Incontinence '' . Infections in Urology. 13 ( 4 ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Mäkitie O , Heikkinen M , Kaitila I , Rintala R ( 2002 ) . `` Hirschsprung 's disease in cartilage - hair hypoplasia has poor prognosis '' . J Pediatr Surg. 37 ( 11 ) : 1585 -- 8 . PMID 12407544 . doi : 10.1053 / jpsu. 2002.36189 . Jump up ^ de Pontual L , Pelet A , Clement - Ziza M , Trochet D , Antonarakis SE , Attie - Bitach T , Beales PL , Blouin JL , Dastot - Le Moal F , Dollfus H , Goossens M , Katsanis N , Touraine R , Feingold J , Munnich A , Lyonnet S , Amiel J ( 2007 ) . `` Epistatic interactions with a common hypomorphic RET allele in syndromic Hirschsprung disease '' . Human Mutation. 28 ( 8 ) : 790 -- 6 . PMID 17397038 . doi : 10.1002 / humu. 20517 . Jump up ^ Saunders CJ , Zhao W , Ardinger HH ( 2009 ) . `` Comprehensive ZEB2 gene analysis for Mowat - Wilson syndrome in a North American cohort : a suggested approach to molecular diagnostics '' . American Journal of Medical Genetics . 149A ( 11 ) : 2527 -- 31 . PMID 19842203 . doi : 10.1002 / ajmg. a. 33067 . Jump up ^ Bonnard A , Zeidan S , Degas V , Viala J , Baumann C , Berrebi D , Perrusson O , El Ghoneimi A ( 2009 ) . `` Outcomes of Hirschsprung 's disease associated with Mowat - Wilson syndrome '' . Journal of Pediatric Surgery . 44 ( 3 ) : 587 -- 91 . PMID 19302864 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpedsurg. 2008.10. 066 . Jump up ^ Mueller C , Patel S , Irons M , Antshel K , Salen G , Tint GS , Bay C ( 2003 ) . `` Normal cognition and behavior in a Smith - Lemli - Opitz syndrome patient who presented with Hirschsprung disease '' . American Journal of Medical Genetics . 123A ( 1 ) : 100 -- 6 . PMC 1201564 . PMID 14556255 . doi : 10.1002 / ajmg. a. 20491 . Jump up ^ Flori E , Girodon E , Samama B , Becmeur F , Viville B , Girard - Lemaire F , Doray B , Schluth C , Marcellin L , Boehm N , Goossens M , Pingault V ( 2005 ) . `` Trisomy 7 mosaicism , maternal uniparental heterodisomy 7 and Hirschsprung 's disease in a child with Silver - Russell syndrome '' . European Journal of Human Genetics . 13 ( 9 ) : 1013 -- 8 . PMID 15915162 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. ejhg. 5201442 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg EL ( 1984 ) . `` An epidemiological study of Hirschsprung 's disease '' . Int J Epidemiol. 13 ( 4 ) : 479 -- 85 . PMID 6240474 . doi : 10.1093 / ije / 13.4. 479 . Jump up ^ Suita S , Taguchi T , Ieiri S , Nakatsuji T ( 2005 ) . `` Hirschsprung 's disease in Japan : analysis of 3852 patients based on a nationwide survey in 30 years '' . Journal of Pediatric Surgery . 40 ( 1 ) : 197 -- 201 ; discussion 201 -- 2 . PMID 15868585 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpedsurg. 2004.09. 052 . Jump up ^ Colwell , Janice ( 2004 ) . Fecal and Urinary Diversion Management . Mosby . p. 264 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 02248 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hirschsprung 's Disease and Allied Disorders . Berlin : Springer . 2007 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 33934 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Hirschsprung Disease : Background , Pathophysiology , Epidemiology '' . 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ synd / 1163 at Who Named It ? Jump up ^ Hirschsprung , H. ( 1888 ) . `` Stuhlträgheit Neugeborener in Folge von Dilatation und Hypertrophie des Colons '' . Jahrbuch für Kinderheilkunde und physische Erziehung . Berlin . 27 : 1 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Worman S , Ganiats TG ( 1995 ) . `` Hirschsprung 's disease : a cause of chronic constipation in children '' . Am Fam Physician. 51 ( 2 ) : 487 -- 94 . PMID 7840044 . Jump up ^ Martucciello G ; Bicocchi MP ; Dodero P. ; Lerone M. ; Silengo Cirillo M ; Puliti A ; Gimelli G ; Romeo G. ( 1992 ) . `` Total colonic aganglionosis associated with interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 10 '' . Pediatric Surgery International . 7 ( 4 ) : 308 -- 310 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00183991 . Jump up ^ Romeo G , Ronchetto P , Luo Y , Barone V , Seri M , Ceccherini I , Pasini B , Bocciardi R , Lerone M , Kääriäinen H ( 1994 ) . `` Point mutations affecting the tyrosine kinase domain of the RET proto - oncogene in Hirschsprung 's disease '' . Nature . 367 ( 6461 ) : 377 -- 378 . PMID 8114938 . doi : 10.1038 / 367377a0 . Jump up ^ ( National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse ) . Jump up ^ Angrist M , Kauffman E , Slaugenhaupt SA , Matise TC , Puffenberger EG , Washington SS , Lipson A , Cass DT , Reyna T , Weeks DE ( 1993 ) . `` A gene for Hirschsprung disease ( megacolon ) in the pericentromeric region of human chromosome 10 '' . Nat . Genet. 4 ( 4 ) : 351 -- 6 . PMID 8401581 . doi : 10.1038 / ng0893 - 351 . Jump up ^ Lyonnet S , Bolino A , Pelet A , Abel L , Nihoul - Fékété C , Briard ML , Mok - Siu V , Kaariainen H , Martucciello G , Lerone M , Puliti A , Luo Y , Weissenbach J , Devoto M , Munnich A , Romeo G ( 1993 ) . `` A gene for Hirschsprung disease maps to the proximal long arm of chromosome 10 '' . Nat . Genet. 4 ( 4 ) : 346 -- 50 . PMID 8401580 . doi : 10.1038 / ng0893 - 346 . External links ( edit ) Hirschsprung 's & Motility Disorders Support Network . Supporting Parents since 1990 CHAMPS Appeal Registered charity England and Wales 1150443 Hirschsprung 's disease at DMOZ The Bowel Movement Congenital malformations and deformations of digestive system ( Q35 -- Q45 , 749 -- 751 ) Upper GI tract Tongue , mouth and pharynx Cleft lip and palate Van der Woude syndrome tongue Ankyloglossia Macroglossia Hypoglossia Esophagus EA / TEF Esophageal atresia : types A , B , C , and D Tracheoesophageal fistula : types B , C , D and E esophageal rings Esophageal web ( upper ) Schatzki ring ( lower ) Stomach Pyloric stenosis Hiatus hernia Lower GI tract Intestines Intestinal atresia Duodenal atresia Meckel 's diverticulum Hirschsprung 's disease Intestinal malrotation Dolichocolon Enteric duplication cyst Rectum / anal canal Imperforate anus Rectovestibular fistula Persistent cloaca Rectal atresia Accessory Pancreas Annular pancreas Accessory pancreas Johanson -- Blizzard syndrome Pancreas divisum Bile duct Choledochal cysts Caroli disease Biliary atresia Liver Alagille syndrome Polycystic liver disease Extracellular ligand disorders Cytokine EDA Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia Camurati -- Engelmann disease Ephrin Craniofrontonasal dysplasia WNT Tetra - amelia syndrome TGF OFC 11 Fas ligand Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome 1B Endothelin EDN3 Waardenburg syndrome IVb Hirschsprung 's disease 4 Other DHH ( DHH XY gonadal dysgenesis ) BMP15 ( Premature ovarian failure 4 ) TSHB ( Congenital hypothyroidism 4 ) See also intercellular signaling peptides and proteins Cell surface receptor deficiencies G protein - coupled receptor ( including hormone ) Class A TSHR ( Congenital hypothyroidism 1 ) LHCGR ( Luteinizing hormone insensitivity , Leydig cell hypoplasia , Male - limited precocious puberty ) FSHR ( Follicle - stimulating hormone insensitivity , XX gonadal dysgenesis ) GnRHR ( Gonadotropin - releasing hormone insensitivity ) EDNRB ( ABCD syndrome , Waardenburg syndrome 4a , Hirschsprung 's disease 2 ) AVPR2 ( Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 1 ) PTGER2 ( Aspirin - induced asthma ) Class B PTH1R ( Jansen 's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia ) Class C CASR ( Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ) Class F FZD4 ( Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy 1 ) Enzyme - linked receptor ( including growth factor ) RTK ROR2 ( Robinow syndrome ) FGFR1 ( Pfeiffer syndrome , KAL2 Kallmann syndrome ) FGFR2 ( Apert syndrome , Antley -- Bixler syndrome , Pfeiffer syndrome , Crouzon syndrome , Jackson -- Weiss syndrome ) FGFR3 ( Achondroplasia , Hypochondroplasia , Thanatophoric dysplasia , Muenke syndrome ) INSR ( Donohue syndrome Rabson -- Mendenhall syndrome ) NTRK1 ( Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis ) KIT ( KIT Piebaldism , Gastrointestinal stromal tumor ) STPK AMHR2 ( Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome II ) TGF beta receptors : Endoglin / Alk - 1 / SMAD4 ( Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia ) TGFBR1 / TGFBR2 ( Loeys -- Dietz syndrome ) GC GUCY2D ( Leber 's congenital amaurosis 1 ) JAK - STAT Type I cytokine receptor : GH ( Laron syndrome ) CSF2RA ( Surfactant metabolism dysfunction 4 ) MPL ( Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia ) TNF receptor TNFRSF1A ( TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome ) TNFRSF13B ( Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency 2 ) TNFRSF5 ( Hyper - IgM syndrome type 3 ) TNFRSF13C ( CVID4 ) TNFRSF13B ( CVID2 ) TNFRSF6 ( Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome 1A ) Lipid receptor LRP : LRP2 ( Donnai -- Barrow syndrome ) LRP4 ( Cenani -- Lenz syndactylism ) LRP5 ( Worth syndrome , Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy 4 , Osteopetrosis 1 ) LDLR ( LDLR Familial hypercholesterolemia ) Other / ungrouped Immunoglobulin superfamily : AGM3 , 6 Integrin : LAD1 Glanzmann 's thrombasthenia Junctional epidermolysis bullosa with pyloric atresia EDAR ( EDAR hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia ) PTCH1 ( Nevoid basal - cell carcinoma syndrome ) BMPR1A ( BMPR1A juvenile polyposis syndrome ) IL2RG ( X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency ) See also cell surface receptors Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hirschsprung%27s_disease&oldid=805342756 '' Categories : Gastrointestinal tract disorders Congenital disorders of digestive system Pediatrics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional medical references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox medical condition with unknown parameters Articles with DMOZ links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2017 , at 18 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the most common presentation of hirschprung disease is which of the following	[ "Typically, Hirschsprung's disease is diagnosed shortly after birth, although it may develop well into adulthood, because of the presence of megacolon, or because the baby fails to pass the first stool (meconium)[3] within 48 hours of delivery. Normally, 90% of babies pass their first meconium within 24 hours, and 99% within 48 hours. Other symptoms include green or brown vomit, explosive stools after a doctor inserts a finger into the rectum, swelling of the abdomen, excessive gas, and bloody diarrhea." ]	[ "the baby fails to pass the first stool (meconium)" ]
5065991257609619105	When Calls the Heart	When Calls the Heart - wikipedia When Calls the Heart Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with When the Heart Calls . When Calls the Heart Genre Family Drama Western Based on When Calls the Heart by Janette Oke Developed by Michael Landon Jr . Starring Erin Krakow Daniel Lissing Lori Loughlin Martin Cummins Jack Wagner Pascale Hutton Kavan Smith Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 50 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Landon Jr . Jimmy Townsend Roman Viaris Francisco Gonzalez Brian Bird Brad Krevoy Producer ( s ) Vicki Sotheran Greg Malcolm Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Running time 42 -- 84 minutes Production company ( s ) Believe Pictures Brad Krevoy Television Jordan Films Release Original network Hallmark Channel ( U.S. ) Super Channel ( Canada ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website When Calls the Heart is a Canadian - American television drama series , inspired by Janette Oke 's book of the same name from her Canadian West series , and developed by Michael Landon Jr . The series began airing on the Hallmark Channel in the United States on January 11 , 2014 , and on April 16 , 2014 on Super Channel in Canada . The series originally debuted as a two - hour television movie pilot in October 2013 , starring Maggie Grace as young teacher Elizabeth Thatcher and Stephen Amell as North West Mounted Police officer Wynn Delaney . In the television series Erin Krakow is cast as her niece , whose name is also Elizabeth Thatcher ( played by Poppy Drayton in the movie ) , and Daniel Lissing plays a Mountie named Jack Thornton , with Lori Loughlin reprising her role as coal mine widow Abigail Stanton . On April 24 , 2017 , Krakow announced via the Hallmark Channel website that the show would return for a fifth season , which premiered with a two - hour Christmas special broadcast as part of Hallmark 's Countdown to Christmas event and resumed in February 2018 , ending in April . On March 21 , 2018 , Hallmark renewed the series for a sixth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 4 Characters 5 Production 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) When Calls the Heart tells the story of Elizabeth Thatcher ( Erin Krakow ) , a young teacher accustomed to her high - society life . She receives her first classroom assignment in Coal Valley , a small coal - mining town in Western Canada which is located just south of Robb , Alberta . There , life is simple -- but often fraught with challenges . Elizabeth charms most everyone in Coal Valley , except Royal North West Mounted Police Constable Jack Thornton ( Daniel Lissing ) . He believes Thatcher 's wealthy father has doomed the lawman 's career by insisting he be assigned in town to protect the shipping magnate 's daughter . The town of Coal Valley was renamed Hope Valley in Episode 2 , Season 2 after the coal mine was closed . Living in this 1910 coal town , Elizabeth must learn the ways of the Canadian frontier movement if she wishes to thrive in the rural west on her own . Lori Loughlin portrays Abigail Stanton , whose husband , the foreman of the mine , and her only son -- along with 45 other miners -- have recently been killed in an explosion , which turns out to have been a tragic accident waiting to happen -- a result of the mining - company site manager 's irresponsible management and lack of due care in his management of the mine . The newly widowed women find their faith tested when they must go to work in the mine to keep a roof over their heads , food on the table , and compile a wage for the town 's teacher . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of When Calls the Heart episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) March 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 29 ) 7 April 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 25 ) June 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 ) New Year 's Wish December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) 8 February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) Christmas December 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) 10 February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) The Christmas Wishing Tree December 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) 5 10 February 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Erin Krakow as Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton Daniel Lissing as Jack Thornton ( Seasons 1 - 5 ) Lori Loughlin as Abigail Stanton Jack Wagner as Bill Avery Martin Cummins as Henry Gowen Pascale Hutton as Rosemary LeVeaux Coulter Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter Recurring ( edit ) Paul Greene as Carson Shepherd Gracyn Shinyei as Emily Montgomery Loretta Walsh as Florence Blakeley Erica Carroll as Dottie Ramsey Mark Humphrey as Frank Hogan Johannah Newmarch as Molly Sullivan Mitchell Kummen as Gabe Montgomery Logan Williams as Miles Montgomery Ben Rosenbaum as Hickam Carter Ryan Evancic as Cody Hastings Chelah Horsdal as Cat Montgomery Steve Bacic as Charles Spurlock Kristina Wagner as Nora Avery Aren Buchholz as Jesse Flynn Charlotte Hegele as Julie Thatcher Andrea Brooks as Faith Carter Eva Bourne as Clara Stanton Ava Grace Cooper as Opal Max Lloyd - Jones as Tom Thornton Brooke Shields as Charlotte Thornton Devon Weigel as Viola Thatcher Marcus Rosner as Charles Kensington Mamie Laverock as Rosaleen Sullivan Adrian Hough as Reverend Anderson Lynda Boyd as Grace Thatcher Will Verchere - Gopaulsingh as Caleb Dunbar Ali Skovbye as Becky Hastings Garwin Sanford as William Thatcher Laura Bertram as Mary Dunbar Derek Hamilton as Dewitt Graves Niall Matter as Shane Cantrell ( season 4 ) Spencer Drever as Cyrus Rivera ( season 4 ) Josie Bissett as AJ Foster Characters ( edit ) This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton is an independent , strong - minded , passionate and dedicated young teacher from the city . The middle daughter of William and Grace Thatcher , Elizabeth has two sisters , older sister Viola and younger sister Julie . Elizabeth finds herself in Coal Valley , a small community on the Canadian frontier in need of a teacher , and quickly discovers it is not an easy place to live , lacking the creature comforts and luxuries of her privileged life with her family . She soon meets the newly appointed and charismatic Mountie Jack Thornton and develops an immediate dislike for him . However , over time they become good friends , and develop an obvious attraction to one another . In the final episode of season 1 , `` Prelude to a Kiss , '' ( also titled as `` Final Adieu '' ) , after overcoming many obstacles throughout the season , Jack tells Elizabeth , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one '' and they share a kiss . Throughout season 2 , Elizabeth 's feelings for Jack are high at times as well as low . Finally , in the season 2 finale , she admits that his job as a Mountie scares her . After being comforted both admitting that they love each other , Jack and Elizabeth kiss . Jack Thornton is a laid back country boy . Jack is the son of Mountie Thomas Thornton and his wife Charlotte Thornton . Jack has a younger brother , Tom ( named after his father ) . As a Mountie and a man of stout character and integrity , he often finds himself protecting and saving people . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Jack finds a basset hound whom he names Rip ( after Rip Van Winkle ) and takes home with him . A source of comfort and companion in the small town , Jack often goes to Rip when times in his life are difficult . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Rip , who 's afraid of thunder , hides in the mine shafts during a storm . Jack and Elizabeth search for him ; in their search , their relationship grows stronger . Upon his first meeting of Elizabeth , he developed an instant dislike and it appeared she irritated him . However , he grew to like and then fall madly and completely in love with her over time . In `` Rules of Engagement '' ( S. 1 ) , it is revealed that Jack was briefly engaged to Rosemary LeVeaux when she comes looking for him . However , they have both changed and realize that they can not have a relationship as they once did ever again . In `` Prelude to a Kiss '' ( S. 1 ) , Jack found out that Elizabeth may be leaving Coal Valley . Taking her on a walk and giving her a framed picture of them that he had sketched , he asks her not to leave Coal Valley and tells her , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one . '' She replied that she was `` not going anywhere '' , Coal Valley was where she belonged before they share a kiss . In season 2 , Elizabeth and Jack share a hot - and - cold relationship until the finale , `` With All My Heart . '' They both admit that they love each other and share another kiss . Jack 's brother , Tom , is introduced season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart , '' and their rocky relationship continues until `` Coming Together , Coming Apart . '' Jack gently reminds his younger brother how their father was so proud of him , but he would n't be proud of the way he was currently living . Both in tears , Jack tells his younger brother that he believes in him and that he can turn his life around . More recently , Jack has become good friends with the sawmill operator , Lee Coulter . In season 3 , Jack begins the new year knowing that Elizabeth only has eyes for him and that her relationship with Charles is over for good . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Jack 's mother Charlotte shows up unexpectedly . She meets Elizabeth and is suspicious of her , but through staying her sees Elizabeth for who she really is : a trustworthy , dedicated teacher . In the season finale , `` Prayers From The Heart , '' Jack is injured in a flood . But he miraculously recovers in time to serve as Lee 's best man at his wedding . Abigail Stanton is a Coal Valley woman who tragically lost her husband and son in the mining accident . Abigail is a very kind woman , and she stands strongly for the things she believes in . She is one of the first women to welcome Elizabeth and the two women quickly become friends . When Elizabeth accidentally burns down the little teacherage , Abigail gladly welcomes her into her home to live . After being complimented on her cooking , Abigail decides to open a cafe in Coal Valley . Together , Abigail and Elizabeth move into the rooms above the cafe . At the end of season 1 , Abigail enjoys the company of Bill Avery , a Mountie , serving as a Forensic Investigator and friend of Jack Thornton 's . In season 2 , Abigail takes in her daughter - in - law , Clara , the wife of her late son Peter whom Abigail sees as the daughter she never had . With Bill 's past being revealed , Abigail ends their friendship and spends more time with the new pastor , Frank Hogan . Also , she is a strong independent woman that is set on doing the things that are right and tries to help Elizabeth . Bill Avery is a mysterious , quiet man . He first appears in season 1 's `` Rules of Engagement , '' in order to help Jack expose Mr. Gowen 's wrongdoings . Bill is immediately attracted to widow Abigail Stanton . Things are going well until Abigail discovers a picture of Bill 's family and his wedding ring . He later tells her that his son died , as well as his wife . However , his wife , Nora , comes to confront him in season 2 's `` Heart 's Desire . '' Henry Gowen is a cold , cynical man who formerly owned the coal mine . After the mine was shut down , Henry became the mayor of Hope Valley and still creates a cold , cynical presence whenever people are around him . Henry is highly disliked and feared in the town . He frequently uses bribery to get what he wants , which is never for the good of the town . Rosemary `` Rosie '' LeVeaux Coulter is a flamboyant , enthusiastic actress from New York . She was briefly engaged to Jack Thornton , but they both realized that it would n't work out . Rosie immediately disliked Elizabeth and viewed her as `` the competition , '' but eventually came to really care about Elizabeth , even if she has a hard time showing it . At the beginning of season 2 , Rosemary began working at the cafe with Abigail and the two quickly became friends . Spending time with Abigail helped tone down some of Rosemary 's enthusiasm and made her a more likable person . Rosemary even came to like Elizabeth , even if only on an acquaintance level . Truthfully , she cares about everyone in Hope Valley , especially Lee , with whom she shares an mutual attraction . When Rosie is not spending time with Lee , talking to Abigail , or dreaming about the glamorous life of an actress , she can often be found somewhere writing her weekly advice column for Hope Valley 's newspaper ! In season 3 , Rosemary 's friendship with Elizabeth deepened . Instead of viewing her as an adversary , she finds a friend in Elizabeth . Throughout season 3 , Rosemary 's relationship with Lee becomes more romantic . In `` Heart Of A Hero , '' seeing that Lee needs to spend more time at the sawmill to help the new settlers find jobs , Rosemary tells Lee that the theatre does n't have to be built . He insists , but she says how important his job is . He smiles and tells her he will one day build her theatre , telling her that she is `` the best part of his life . '' The couple shares in their first kiss . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking he is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to him , telling how much she loves him . In `` Heartbreak , '' Rosemary is offered a job in Hollywood filming . This has always been Rosemary 's dream , to be an actress . Lee unselfishly tells her to do whatever she feels best , but it is obvious that the thought of her leaving Hope Valley hurts him . Rosemary considers her options and realizes that her place is in Hope Valley , with Lee . Lee then tells her that he has another `` role '' that he thinks would be perfect for her and proposes marriage . She happily accepts . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Rosemary enthusiastically plans for their wedding . The couple weds in the season 3 finale `` Prayers From The Heart , '' with Elizabeth and Abigail as her maids of honor . Leland `` Lee '' Coulter is a kind , laidback , patient man who opens a sawmill in Hope Valley . When timber becomes Coal Valley 's major source of natural resources , the town is renamed Hope Valley . He shares a mutual attraction to Rosemary and proves to be one of the few people who can outwit her . When she declines his romantic intentions , Lee recruits his friend , Molly Sullivan , to make Rosemary jealous ; the ploy succeeds and Rosemary accepts his suit , appreciating Lee 's good qualities . Despite her dramatic and occasionally prickly personality , Lee 's compassion and patience never fails with her . With Rosemary 's help , Lee beat Mr. Gowen at his own game in `` Heart and Home . '' When not at work , Lee enjoys being with friends , including Jack Thornton , who shares Lee 's simple and laidback outlook , allowing the men to discuss their lives and exchange romantic advice . In season 3 , Lee 's mill is unfortunately sabotaged by a man inside . Through Bill and Jack 's investigation , they find the culprit . In season 3 's `` Heart Of A Hero , '' Rosemary unselfishly gives up the theatre that Lee promised to build her . Lee promises that one day , he will build her the theatre at a time when he is n't so involved with the sawmill and finding people jobs . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking Lee is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to Lee , telling him how afraid she was when she heard he had been injured . He however hears each and every word . She told him how much she loves him and to never leave her . In the episode `` Heartbreak , '' Lee thinks Rosemary may leave Hope Valley when she is offered a movie job in Hollywood . When she gives up the movie , seeing her future in Hope Valley with him , he asks her to marry him . The couple weds in the season 3 finale , `` Prayers From The Heart . '' Jack serves the role of Lee 's best man . Julie Thatcher is Elizabeth 's hopeless romantic younger sister . She often gets herself into sticky situations by falling head over heels for men who are n't quite what they seem . In season 2 she gets involved with Jack 's brother Tom , which causes trouble with her family and for Jack and Elizabeth 's relationship . Cat Montgomery is a kind , encouraging woman in Coal Valley . She is a widow and mother of three : Gabe , Miles , and Emily . Cat was one of the first mothers to show kindness to Elizabeth when she first came . She desperately wants her children to remember the good memories of their father as seen by her self - sacrificing acts in `` Secrets and Lies . '' Possessing a great sense of teamwork and encouragement , Cat supports the women of Coal Valley while working in the mines in `` Cease and Desist . '' She is good friends with Elizabeth and Abigail . In `` These Games , '' she also helps Jack catch a thief . Florence Blakeley is a feisty gossip in Hope Valley . She often has a pessimistic perspective and always seems to find the negative , even in a very positive situation . In `` Heart and Home , '' Abigail told Florence what she really thought about her , which causes Florence to rein in her negativity somewhat , though she remains fairly outspoken . While not always likable , Florence adds spice to life in Hope Valley . Molly Sullivan is a friend of Lee Coulter and Elizabeth Thatcher . Molly 's husband was killed in the mine disaster . She has a daughter Rosaleen . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Rosaleen has trouble in school because she misses her father so much . When she runs away , Elizabeth finds her in the mine , feeling guilty that she did n't bring her father his lunch the day of the disaster because she wanted to play with a friend instead . She fears her mother will blame her , but Elizabeth convinces her that Molly will `` say that she loves her more than life itself . '' Molly is reunited with her daughter , to the joy of the town 's people . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Lee feels it 's time to `` play hard to get '' with Rosemary , so he enlists help from Molly . She pretends to be interested in him romantically . This ploy works and Rosemary admits that she does in fact like him . Molly is a kind woman and was among the first to welcome Elizabeth to town . Clara Stanton is the wife of Abigail 's late son Peter , and is a sweet , quiet , and sensitive young woman . Abigail never knew she had a daughter - in - law until season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart ; '' with Peter having married Clara only three days before he was killed . In `` Heart 's Desire , '' Abigail invites Clara to come live with her in Hope Valley , an offer that Clara accepts . Charles Kensington III is an old friend of Elizabeth with whom she reconnects while in Hamilton . He is interested in her , though her feelings for Jack get in the way of their relationship . Production ( edit ) The series , originally planned to be filmed in Colorado , is filmed south of Vancouver , British Columbia , on a farm surrounded by vineyards . The fictional frontier town of Coal Valley was erected in late 2013 . Some of the set trimmings and a stage coach came from the Hell on Wheels set . The Thatcher home is the University Women 's Club of Vancouver . The series was renewed for a second season , which aired from April 25 to June 13 , 2015 . Hallmark Channel announced in July 2015 that the series had been renewed for a third season , which aired from February 21 to April 10 , 2016 , with a sneak peek airing during the 2015 Christmas season . In mid-2016 , it was announced that Season 4 would premiere on the Hallmark Channel Christmas Day with a two - hour special . On April 11 , 2016 , Lissing and Krakow announced via the series ' Facebook page that Hallmark Channel had renewed the series for a fourth season , which aired from February 19 to April 23 , 2017 . Filming for season five began in Vancouver on August 22 , 2017 , and ended on December 21 , 2017 . Broadcast ( edit ) The first season of the series was subsequently picked up by CBC Television for rebroadcast as a summer series in 2015 . The network has since aired all five seasons . The series became available internationally on Netflix in August 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reiher , Andrea ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' When Calls the Heart ' premiere : Will you return to the frontier ? '' . Zap2It . From Inside the Box ( blog ) . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' When Calls the Heart ' features Aussie Mountie '' . Canadian Press , April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - The Movie Cast '' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` '' When Calls the Heart , '' Hallmark Channel 's Newest Original Primetime Series Kicks Off with a 2 - Hour Special Extended Pilot on October 5 '' ( Press release ) . Hallmark Channel . 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 11 -- via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Hallmark Channel 's ' When Calls The Heart ' Adds Cast ; ' Cedar Cove ' July Premiere Set '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Special Announcement - When Calls the Heart '' . April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Gets Season 5 Premiere Date On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Hallmark Channel Upfront Presentation Canceled Due To Storm , Net Makes Announcements , Including ' When Calls the Heart ' Renewal , At Central Park Event '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - About the Series '' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' TV Series Set In Fictional Town Built In B.C. '' The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` TV Q&A : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Younger , ' ' Bones ' and a former Pittsburgh news anchor '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` When Calls the Heart ' Renewed for Second Season by Hallmark Channel '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Renewed For Season 3 On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When Calls the Heart videos '' . Hallmark Channel . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` When Calls the Heart : Season Four Renewal for Hallmark Channel Series '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Renewed For Season 4 By Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Filming in Vancouver : Johnny Depp , When Calls the Heart , and Eggplant Emoji '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Krakow , Erin ( @ erinkrakow ) ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a Season 5 WRAP for Elizabeth ! It flew ! Missing my Hope Valley friends already ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` CBC - TV stacks fall and winter lineups with British , Aussie fare '' . 680 News , May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Television reveals its 2016 summer schedule with five new primetime series , returning hits and the Rio 2016 Olympic Games '' . CBC Television . May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Announces 2017 - 18 Programming Slate '' . CBC Television . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : When Calls the Heart Official website When Calls the Heart on IMDb ( hide ) Hallmark Channel original programming Original programming Former Cedar Cove ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Signed , Sealed , Delivered ( 2014 ) Current Home and Family ( since 2012 ) When Calls the Heart ( since 2014 ) Good Witch ( since 2015 ) Chesapeake Shores ( since 2016 ) Meet the Peetes ( since 2018 ) Movies List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies Hallmark Hall of Fame movie list Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_Calls_the_Heart&oldid=842350049 '' Categories : English - language television programs 2010s American drama television series 2014 American television series debuts 2010s Canadian drama television series 2014 Canadian television series debuts Period family drama television series Western ( genre ) television series Television programs based on books Television series produced in Vancouver Super Channel shows Hallmark Channel shows CBC Television shows 2010s American romance television series Canadian romance television series Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2018 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from April 2018 All articles that are excessively detailed Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 21 : 52 . About Wikipedia	rosemary's friend on when calls the heart	[ "Rosemary \"Rosie\" LeVeaux Coulter is a flamboyant, enthusiastic actress from New York. She was briefly engaged to Jack Thornton, but they both realized that it wouldn't work out. Rosie immediately disliked Elizabeth and viewed her as \"the competition,\" but eventually came to really care about Elizabeth, even if she has a hard time showing it. At the beginning of season 2, Rosemary began working at the cafe with Abigail and the two quickly became friends. Spending time with Abigail helped tone down some of Rosemary's enthusiasm and made her a more likable person. Rosemary even came to like Elizabeth, even if only on an acquaintance level. Truthfully, she cares about everyone in Hope Valley, especially Lee, with whom she shares an mutual attraction. When Rosie is not spending time with Lee, talking to Abigail, or dreaming about the glamorous life of an actress, she can often be found somewhere writing her weekly advice column for Hope Valley's newspaper! In season 3, Rosemary's friendship with Elizabeth deepened. Instead of viewing her as an adversary, she finds a friend in Elizabeth. Throughout season 3, Rosemary's relationship with Lee becomes more romantic. In \"Heart Of A Hero,\" seeing that Lee needs to spend more time at the sawmill to help the new settlers find jobs, Rosemary tells Lee that the theatre doesn't have to be built. He insists, but she says how important his job is. He smiles and tells her he will one day build her theatre, telling her that she is \"the best part of his life.\" The couple shares in their first kiss. In \"A Gentle Heart,\" Lee is injured. Thinking he is asleep, Rosemary pours out her heart to him, telling how much she loves him. In \"Heartbreak,\" Rosemary is offered a job in Hollywood filming. This has always been Rosemary's dream, to be an actress. Lee unselfishly tells her to do whatever she feels best, but it is obvious that the thought of her leaving Hope Valley hurts him. Rosemary considers her options and realizes that her place is in Hope Valley, with Lee. Lee then tells her that he has another \"role\" that he thinks would be perfect for her and proposes marriage. She happily accepts. In \"Hearts In Question,\" Rosemary enthusiastically plans for their wedding. The couple weds in the season 3 finale \"Prayers From The Heart,\" with Elizabeth and Abigail as her maids of honor." ]	[ "Abigail" ]
3485751826277518121	President of the United States	President of the United States - Wikipedia President of the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` POTUS '' redirects here . For the political talk radio channel , see P.O.T.U.S. ( Sirius XM ) . For other uses , see President of the United States ( disambiguation ) . For a list , see List of Presidents of the United States . President of the United States of America Presidential Seal Presidential Standard Incumbent Donald Trump since January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) Executive Branch of the U.S. Government Executive Office of the President Style Mr. President ( informal ) The Honorable ( formal ) His Excellency ( international correspondence ) Member of Cabinet Domestic Policy Council National Economic Council National Security Council Residence White House Seat Washington , D.C. Appointer Electoral College of the United States Term length Four - year term renewable once ( Amendment XXII ) Constituting instrument United States Constitution Inaugural holder George Washington Formation March 4 , 1789 ( 228 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Salary $400,000 annually Website WhiteHouse.gov This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The President of the United States ( abbreviated as POTUS , pronounced / ˈpoʊ. təs / , POE - tus ) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America . The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander - in - chief of the United States Armed Forces . In contemporary times , the president is looked upon as the world 's most powerful political figure and as the leader of the only current global superpower . The role includes responsibility for the world 's most expensive military that has the second largest nuclear arsenal . The president also leads the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP . The president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power . Article II of the Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government . It vests the executive power of the United States in the president . The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the Senate . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances . The president is largely responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member . The president also directs the foreign and domestic policies of the United States . In addition , as part of the system of checks and balances , Article One of the United States Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation . Since the office of president was established in 1789 , its power has grown substantially , as has the power of the federal government as a whole . Through the Electoral College , the registered voters indirectly elect the president and vice president to a four - year term . This is the only national federal election and the only election that is not decided by popular vote . Nine vice presidents became president by virtue of a president 's intra-term death or resignation . The Twenty - second Amendment precludes any United States citizen from being elected president for a third term . It also prohibits a person from being elected to the presidency more than once if that person previously had served as president , or acting president , for more than two years of another person 's term as president . In all , 44 individuals have served 45 presidencies ( counting Grover Cleveland 's two non-consecutive terms separately ) spanning 57 full four - year terms . Incumbent Donald Trump was inaugurated on January 20 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Powers and duties 2.1 Article I legislative role 2.2 Article II executive powers 2.2. 1 War and foreign affairs powers 2.2. 2 Administrative powers 2.2. 3 Juridical powers 2.2. 4 Legislative facilitator 2.3 Ceremonial roles 2.4 Critics of presidency 's evolution 3 Selection process 3.1 Eligibility 3.2 Campaigns and nomination 3.3 Election and oath 3.4 Tenure and term limits 3.5 Succession , vacancy , or disability 3.6 Political affiliation 4 Compensation 5 Residence 6 Travel 7 Protection 8 Post-presidency 8.1 Presidential libraries 9 Timeline of presidents 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 Primary sources 14 External links Origin During the American Revolution in 1776 , the Thirteen Colonies , acting through the Second Continental Congress , declared political independence from Great Britain . The new states were independent of each other as nation states and recognized the necessity of closely coordinating their efforts against the British . Congress desired to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy and negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish an alliance between the states . Under the Articles , Congress was a central authority without any legislative power . It could make its own resolutions , determinations , and regulations , but not any laws , and could not impose any taxes or enforce local commercial regulations upon its citizens . This institutional design reflected how Americans believed the deposed British system of Crown and Parliament ought to have functioned with respect to the royal dominion : a superintending body for matters that concerned the entire empire . The states were out from under any monarchy and assigned some formerly royal prerogatives ( e.g. , making war , receiving ambassadors , etc . ) to Congress ; the remaining prerogatives were lodged within their own respective state governments . The states agreed to a resolution that settled competing western land claims . The Articles took effect on March 1 , 1781 , when Maryland became the final state to ratify them . In 1783 , the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies . With peace at hand , the states each turned toward their own internal affairs . By 1786 , Americans found their continental borders besieged and weak and their respective economies in crises as neighboring states agitated trade rivalries with one another . They witnessed their hard currency pouring into foreign markets to pay for imports , their Mediterranean commerce preyed upon by North African pirates , and their foreign - financed Revolutionary War debts unpaid and accruing interest . Civil and political unrest loomed . Following the successful resolution of commercial and fishing disputes between Virginia and Maryland at the Mount Vernon Conference in 1785 , Virginia called for a trade conference between all the states , set for September 1786 in Annapolis , Maryland , with an aim toward resolving further - reaching interstate commercial antagonisms . When the convention failed for lack of attendance due to suspicions among most of the other states , Alexander Hamilton led the Annapolis delegates in a call for a convention to offer revisions to the Articles , to be held the next spring in Philadelphia . Prospects for the next convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washington 's attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia . When the Constitutional Convention convened in May 1787 , the 12 state delegations in attendance ( Rhode Island did not send delegates ) brought with them an accumulated experience over a diverse set of institutional arrangements between legislative and executive branches from within their respective state governments . Most states maintained a weak executive without veto or appointment powers , elected annually by the legislature to a single term only , sharing power with an executive council , and countered by a strong legislature . New York offered the greatest exception , having a strong , unitary governor with veto and appointment power elected to a three - year term , and eligible for reelection to an indefinite number of terms thereafter . It was through the closed - door negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U.S. Constitution emerged . Powers and duties Article I legislative role President Ronald Reagan signs the Martin Luther King bill , 1983 . The Presentment Clause requires that any bill passed by Congress must be presented to the president before it can become law . Once the legislation has been presented , the president has three options : Sign the legislation within ten days , excluding Sundays -- the bill becomes law . Veto the legislation within the above timeframe and return it to the house of Congress from which it originated , expressing any objections -- the bill does not become law , unless both houses of Congress vote to override the veto by a two - thirds vote . Take no action on the legislation within the above timeframe -- the bill becomes law , as if the president had signed it , unless Congress is adjourned at the time , in which case it does not become law ( a pocket veto ) . In 1996 , Congress attempted to enhance the president 's veto power with the Line Item Veto Act . The legislation empowered the president to sign any spending bill into law while simultaneously striking certain spending items within the bill , particularly any new spending , any amount of discretionary spending , or any new limited tax benefit . Congress could then repass that particular item . If the president then vetoed the new legislation , Congress could override the veto by its ordinary means , a two - thirds vote in both houses . In Clinton v. City of New York , 524 U.S. 417 ( 1998 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled such a legislative alteration of the veto power to be unconstitutional . Article II executive powers War and foreign affairs powers Abraham Lincoln , the 16th president of the United States , successfully preserved the Union during the American Civil War One of the most important of all executive powers is the president 's role as commander - in - chief of the United States Armed Forces . The power to declare war is constitutionally vested in Congress , but the president has ultimate responsibility for the direction and disposition of the military . The present - day operational command of the Armed Forces is delegated to the Department of Defense and is normally exercised through the Secretary of Defense . The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combatant Commands assist with the operation as outlined in the presidentially approved Unified Command Plan ( UCP ) . The framers of the Constitution took care to limit the president 's powers regarding the military ; Alexander Hamilton explained this in Federalist No. 69 : The President is to be commander - in - chief of the army and navy of the United States ... It would amount to nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the military and naval forces ... while that ( the power ) of the British king extends to the DECLARING of war and to the RAISING and REGULATING of fleets and armies , all ( of ) which ... would appertain to the legislature . ( Emphasis in the original . ) Pursuant to the War Powers Resolution , Congress must authorize any troop deployments longer than 60 days , although that process relies on triggering mechanisms that have never been employed , rendering it ineffectual . Additionally , Congress provides a check to presidential military power through its control over military spending and regulation . Presidents have historically initiated the process for going to war , but critics have charged that there have been several conflicts in which presidents did not get official declarations , including Theodore Roosevelt 's military move into Panama in 1903 , the Korean War , the Vietnam War , and the invasions of Grenada in 1983 and Panama in 1990 . The president also directs U.S. foreign policy . Through the Department of State and the Department of Defense , the president is responsible for the protection of Americans abroad and of foreign nationals in the United States . The president decides whether to recognize new nations and new governments , and negotiates treaties with other nations , which become binding on the United States when approved by two - thirds vote of the Senate . Administrative powers Suffice it to say that the President is made the sole repository of the executive powers of the United States , and the powers entrusted to him as well as the duties imposed upon him are awesome indeed . William Rehnquist , Nixon v. General Services Administration , 433 U.S. 425 ( 1977 ) ( dissenting opinion ) The president is the head of the executive branch of the federal government and is constitutionally obligated to `` take care that the laws be faithfully executed '' . The executive branch has over four million employees , including members of the military . Presidents make numerous executive branch appointments : an incoming president may make up to 6,000 before taking office and 8,000 more while serving . Ambassadors , members of the Cabinet , and other federal officers , are all appointed by a president with the `` advice and consent '' of a majority of the Senate . When the Senate is in recess for at least ten days , the president may make recess appointments . Recess appointments are temporary and expire at the end of the next session of the Senate . The power of a president to fire executive officials has long been a contentious political issue . Generally , a president may remove executive officials purely at will . However , Congress can curtail and constrain a president 's authority to fire commissioners of independent regulatory agencies and certain inferior executive officers by statute . To manage the growing federal bureaucracy , presidents have gradually surrounded themselves with many layers of staff , who were eventually organized into the Executive Office of the President of the United States . Within the Executive Office , the president 's innermost layer of aides ( and their assistants ) are located in the White House Office . Additionally , the president possesses the power to manage operations of the federal government through issuing various types of directives , such as presidential proclamation and executive orders . When the president is lawfully exercising one of his constitutionally conferred responsibilities , the scope of this power is broad . Even so , these directives are subject to judicial review by U.S. federal courts , which can find them to be unconstitutional . Moreover , Congress can overturn an executive order though legislation . Juridical powers The president also has the power to nominate federal judges , including members of the United States courts of appeals and the Supreme Court of the United States . However , these nominations require Senate confirmation . Securing Senate approval can provide a major obstacle for presidents who wish to orient the federal judiciary toward a particular ideological stance . When nominating judges to U.S. district courts , presidents often respect the long - standing tradition of senatorial courtesy . Presidents may also grant pardons and reprieves . Gerald Ford pardoned Richard Nixon a month after taking office . Bill Clinton pardoned Patty Hearst on his last day in office , as is often done just before the end of a second presidential term , but not without controversy . Historically , two doctrines concerning executive power have developed that enable the president to exercise executive power with a degree of autonomy . The first is executive privilege , which allows the president to withhold from disclosure any communications made directly to the president in the performance of executive duties . George Washington first claimed the privilege when Congress requested to see Chief Justice John Jay 's notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with Great Britain . While not enshrined in the Constitution , or any other law , Washington 's action created the precedent for the privilege . When Richard Nixon tried to use executive privilege as a reason for not turning over subpoenaed evidence to Congress during the Watergate scandal , the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Nixon , 418 U.S. 683 ( 1974 ) , that executive privilege did not apply in cases where a president was attempting to avoid criminal prosecution . When President Bill Clinton attempted to use executive privilege regarding the Lewinsky scandal , the Supreme Court ruled in Clinton v. Jones , 520 U.S. 681 ( 1997 ) , that the privilege also could not be used in civil suits . These cases established the legal precedent that executive privilege is valid , although the exact extent of the privilege has yet to be clearly defined . Additionally , federal courts have allowed this privilege to radiate outward and protect other executive branch employees , but have weakened that protection for those executive branch communications that do not involve the president . President George W. Bush delivers the 2007 State of the Union Address , with Vice President Dick Cheney and Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi . The state secrets privilege allows the president and the executive branch to withhold information or documents from discovery in legal proceedings if such release would harm national security . Precedent for the privilege arose early in the 19th century when Thomas Jefferson refused to release military documents in the treason trial of Aaron Burr and again in Totten v. United States 92 U.S. 105 ( 1876 ) , when the Supreme Court dismissed a case brought by a former Union spy . However , the privilege was not formally recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court until United States v. Reynolds 345 U.S. 1 ( 1953 ) , where it was held to be a common law evidentiary privilege . Before the September 11 attacks , use of the privilege had been rare , but increasing in frequency . Since 2001 , the government has asserted the privilege in more cases and at earlier stages of the litigation , thus in some instances causing dismissal of the suits before reaching the merits of the claims , as in the Ninth Circuit 's ruling in Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan , Inc . Critics of the privilege claim its use has become a tool for the government to cover up illegal or embarrassing government actions . Legislative facilitator The Constitution 's Ineligibility Clause prevents the president ( and all other executive officers ) from simultaneously being a member of Congress . Therefore , the president can not directly introduce legislative proposals for consideration in Congress . However , the president can take an indirect role in shaping legislation , especially if the president 's political party has a majority in one or both houses of Congress . For example , the president or other officials of the executive branch may draft legislation and then ask senators or representatives to introduce these drafts into Congress . The president can further influence the legislative branch through constitutionally or statutorily mandated , periodic reports to Congress . These reports may be either written or oral , but today the greatest in importance are given as the oral State of the Union addresses , which often outline the president 's legislative proposals for the coming year . Additionally , the president may attempt to have Congress alter proposed legislation by threatening to veto that legislation unless requested changes are made . In the 20th century , critics charged that too many legislative and budgetary powers that should have belonged to Congress had slid into the hands of presidents . As the head of the executive branch , presidents control a vast array of agencies that can issue regulations with little oversight from Congress . One critic charged that presidents could appoint a `` virtual army of ' czars ' -- each wholly unaccountable to Congress yet tasked with spearheading major policy efforts for the White House '' . Presidents have been criticized for making signing statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it . This practice has been criticized by the American Bar Association as unconstitutional . Conservative commentator George Will wrote of an `` increasingly swollen executive branch '' and `` the eclipse of Congress '' . According to Article II , Section 3 of the Constitution , the president may convene either or both houses of Congress . If both houses can not agree on a date of adjournment , the president may appoint a date for Congress to adjourn . For example , Franklin Delano Roosevelt convened a special session of Congress immediately after the December 7 , 1941 , Japanese sneak attack on Pearl Habor and asked for a declaration of war . Ceremonial roles President Woodrow Wilson throws out the ceremonial first ball on Opening Day , 1916 As head of state , the president can fulfill traditions established by previous presidents . William Howard Taft started the tradition of throwing out the ceremonial first pitch in 1910 at Griffith Stadium , Washington , D.C. , on the Washington Senators ' Opening Day . Every president since Taft , except for Jimmy Carter , threw out at least one ceremonial first ball or pitch for Opening Day , the All - Star Game , or the World Series , usually with much fanfare . The President of the United States has served as the honorary president of the Boy Scouts of America since the founding of the organization . Other presidential traditions are associated with American holidays . Rutherford B. Hayes began in 1878 the first White House egg rolling for local children . Beginning in 1947 , during the Harry S. Truman administration , every Thanksgiving the president is presented with a live domestic turkey during the annual National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation held at the White House . Since 1989 , when the custom of `` pardoning '' the turkey was formalized by George H.W. Bush , the turkey has been taken to a farm where it will live out the rest of its natural life . Presidential traditions also involve the president 's role as head of government . Many outgoing presidents since James Buchanan traditionally give advice to their successor during the presidential transition . Ronald Reagan and his successors have also left a private message on the desk of the Oval Office on Inauguration Day for the incoming president . Four ruffles and flourishes and ' Hail to the Chief ' ( long version ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . During a state visit by a foreign head of state , the president typically hosts a State Arrival Ceremony held on the South Lawn , a custom begun by John F. Kennedy in 1961 . This is followed by a state dinner given by the president which is held in the State Dining Room later in the evening . The modern presidency holds the president as one of the nation 's premier celebrities . Some argue that images of the presidency have a tendency to be manipulated by administration public relations officials as well as by presidents themselves . One critic described the presidency as `` propagandized leadership '' which has a `` mesmerizing power surrounding the office '' . Administration public relations managers staged carefully crafted photo - ops of smiling presidents with smiling crowds for television cameras . One critic wrote the image of John F. Kennedy was described as carefully framed `` in rich detail '' which `` drew on the power of myth '' regarding the incident of PT 109 and wrote that Kennedy understood how to use images to further his presidential ambitions . As a result , some political commentators have opined that American voters have unrealistic expectations of presidents : voters expect a president to `` drive the economy , vanquish enemies , lead the free world , comfort tornado victims , heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit - card fees '' . Critics of presidency 's evolution Main articles : Imperial Presidency and Imperiled Presidency The nation 's Founding Fathers expected the Congress -- which was the first branch of government described in the Constitution -- to be the dominant branch of government ; they did not expect a strong executive department . However , presidential power has shifted over time , which has resulted in claims that the modern presidency has become too powerful , unchecked , unbalanced , and `` monarchist '' in nature . Critic Dana D. Nelson believes presidents over the past thirty years have worked towards `` undivided presidential control of the executive branch and its agencies '' . She criticizes proponents of the unitary executive for expanding `` the many existing uncheckable executive powers -- such as executive orders , decrees , memorandums , proclamations , national security directives and legislative signing statements -- that already allow presidents to enact a good deal of foreign and domestic policy without aid , interference or consent from Congress '' . Activist Bill Wilson opined that the expanded presidency was `` the greatest threat ever to individual freedom and democratic rule '' . Selection process George Washington , the first president of the United States Eligibility Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 of the Constitution sets the following qualifications for holding the presidency : be a natural - born citizen of the United States ; be at least thirty - five years old ; be a resident in the United States for at least fourteen years . A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions : Under the Twenty - second Amendment , no person can be elected president more than twice . The amendment also specifies that if any eligible person serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a term for which some other eligible person was elected president , the former can only be elected president once . Scholars disagree over whether a person precluded by the Twenty - second Amendment to being elected president is also precluded from being vice president . Under Article I , Section 3 , Clause 7 , upon conviction in impeachment cases , the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding federal office , including that of president . Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment , no person who swore an oath to support the Constitution , and later rebelled against the United States , can become president . However , this disqualification can be lifted by a two - thirds vote of each house of Congress . Campaigns and nomination Main articles : United States presidential primary , United States presidential nominating convention , United States presidential election debates , and United States presidential election The modern presidential campaign begins before the primary elections , which the two major political parties use to clear the field of candidates before their national nominating conventions , where the most successful candidate is made the party 's nominee for president . Typically , the party 's presidential candidate chooses a vice presidential nominee , and this choice is rubber - stamped by the convention . The most common previous profession of U.S. presidents is lawyer . Nominees participate in nationally televised debates , and while the debates are usually restricted to the Democratic and Republican nominees , third party candidates may be invited , such as Ross Perot in the 1992 debates . Nominees campaign across the country to explain their views , convince voters and solicit contributions . Much of the modern electoral process is concerned with winning swing states through frequent visits and mass media advertising drives . Election and oath Map of the United States showing the number of electoral votes allocated following the 2010 census to each state for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections ; it also notes that Maine and Nebraska distribute electors by way of the Congressional District Method. 270 electoral votes are required for a majority out of 538 votes possible . Main articles : Electoral College ( United States ) and Oath of office of the President of the United States The president is elected indirectly . A number of electors , collectively known as the Electoral College , officially select the president . On Election Day , voters in each of the states and the District of Columbia cast ballots for these electors . Each state is allocated a number of electors , equal to the size of its combined delegation in both Houses of Congress . Generally , the ticket that wins the most votes in a state wins all of that state 's electoral votes and thus has its slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College . The winning slate of electors meet at its state 's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December , about six weeks after the election , to vote . They then send a record of that vote to Congress . The vote of the electors is opened by the sitting vice president -- acting in that role 's capacity as President of the Senate -- and read aloud to a joint session of the incoming Congress , which was elected at the same time as the president . Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment , the president 's term of office begins at noon on January 20 of the year following the election . This date , known as Inauguration Day , marks the beginning of the four - year terms of both the president and the vice president . Before executing the powers of the office , a president is constitutionally required to take the presidential oath : I do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States , and will to the best of my Ability , preserve , protect , and defend the Constitution of the United States . Presidents have traditionally palmed a Bible while taking the oath and have added , `` So help me God ! '' to the end of the oath . Although the oath may be administered by any person authorized by law to administer oaths , presidents are traditionally sworn in by the Chief Justice of the United States , except when vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency due to a president 's death or resignation . Tenure and term limits Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to four terms as President of the United States . Since ratification of the Twenty - second Amendment in 1951 , no one can be elected president more than twice . The term of office for the president is four years . As the first president , George Washington set an unofficial precedent by serving only two terms . Prior to Franklin D. Roosevelt , Ulysses S. Grant and Theodore Roosevelt both unsuccessfully sought a third term . In 1940 , FDR was elected to a third term after being `` drafted '' by his party . In 1941 , the United States entered World War II , which led voters to elect Roosevelt to a fourth term in 1944 despite his declining physical health ; he died 82 days into his fourth term on April 12 , 1945 . In response to the unprecedented length of Roosevelt 's presidency , the Twenty - second Amendment was adopted in 1951 . The amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice , or once if that person served more than two years ( 24 months ) of another president 's four - year term . Harry S. Truman , president when this term limit came into force , was exempted from its limitations , and briefly sought a second full term -- to which he would have otherwise inelegible for election to , as he had been president for more than two years of Roosevelt 's fourth term -- before he withdrew from the 1952 election . Since the amendment 's adoption , five presidents have served two full terms : Dwight D. Eisenhower , Ronald Reagan , Bill Clinton , George W. Bush , and Barack Obama . Both Jimmy Carter and George H.W. Bush sought a second term , but were defeated . Richard Nixon was elected to a second term , but resigned before completing it . Lyndon B. Johnson , having held the presidency for one full term in addition to only 14 months of John F. Kennedy 's unexpired term , was eligible for a second full term in 1968 , but withdrew from Democratic Primary . Additionally , Gerald Ford , who served out the last two years and five months of Nixon 's second term , sought a full term , but was defeated by Jimmy Carter in the 1976 election . Succession , vacancy , or disability See also : Twenty - fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution , United States presidential line of succession , Presidential Succession Act , and Impeachment in the United States Succession to or vacancies in the office of president may arise under several possible circumstances : death , resignation , and removal from office . Deaths have occurred a number of times , resignation has occurred only once , and removal from office has never occurred . Article II , Section 4 of the Constitution allows for the removal of high federal officials , including the president , from office for `` treason , bribery , or other high crimes and misdemeanors . '' Article I , Section 2 , Clause 5 gives the House of Representatives the power to impeach such officials by a majority vote . Article I , Section 3 , Clause 6 gives the Senate the power to remove impeached officials from office , given a two - thirds vote to convict . The House has thus far impeached two presidents : Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998 . Neither was convicted by the Senate . Johnson was acquitted by just one vote and Clinton by 17 votes . Under Section 3 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment , the president may transfer the presidential powers and duties to the vice president , who then becomes acting president , by transmitting a statement to the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate stating the reasons for the transfer . The president resumes the discharge of the presidential powers and duties upon transmitting , to those two officials , a written declaration stating that resumption . This transfer of power may occur for any reason the president considers appropriate ; in 2002 and again in 2007 , President George W. Bush briefly transferred presidential authority to Vice President Dick Cheney . In both cases , this was done to accommodate a medical procedure that required Bush to be sedated ; both times , Bush returned to duty later the same day . Under Section 4 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment , the vice president , in conjunction with a majority of the Cabinet , may transfer the presidential powers and duties from the president to the vice president by transmitting a written declaration to the Speaker of the House and the president pro tempore of the Senate that the president is unable to discharge the presidential powers and duties . If this occurs , then the vice president will assume the presidential powers and duties as acting president ; however , the president can declare that no such inability exists and resume the discharge of the presidential powers and duties . If the vice president and Cabinet contest this claim , it is up to Congress , which must meet within two days if not already in session , to decide the merit of the claim . The United States Constitution mentions the resignation of the president , but does not regulate its form or the conditions for its validity . Pursuant to federal law , the only valid evidence of the president 's resignation is a written instrument to that effect , signed by the president and delivered to the office of the Secretary of State . This has only occurred once , when Richard Nixon delivered a letter to Henry Kissinger to that effect . Section 1 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment states that the vice president becomes president upon the removal from office , death , or resignation of the preceding president . The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 provides that if the offices of president and vice president are each either vacant or are held by a disabled person , the next officer in the presidential line of succession , the Speaker of the House , becomes acting president . The line then extends to the President pro tempore of the Senate , followed by every member of the Cabinet . The constitutionality of having congressional officials in the line of succession has been questioned . A person must fulfill all eligibility requirements of the office of president to be eligible to become acting president ; ineligible individuals are skipped . Political affiliation Throughout most of its history , politics of the United States have been dominated by political parties . Political parties had not been anticipated when the U.S. Constitution was drafted in 1787 , nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788 -- 1789 . Organized political parties developed in the U.S. in the mid -- 1790s , but political factions , from which organized parties evolved , began to appear almost immediately after the Federal government came into existence . Those who supported the Washington administration were referred to as `` pro-administration '' and would eventually form the Federalist Party , while those in opposition joined the emerging Democratic - Republican Party . Greatly concerned about the very real capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together , Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight - year presidency . He was , and remains , the only U.S. president never to be affiliated with a political party . Since George Washington , 43 persons have been sworn into the office of president , and each has been affiliated with a political party at the time of assuming office . The number of presidents per political party are : 19 with the Republican Party -- Chester A. Arthur , George H.W. Bush , George W. Bush , Calvin Coolidge , Dwight D. Eisenhower , Gerald Ford , James A. Garfield , Ulysses S. Grant , Warren G. Harding , Benjamin Harrison , Rutherford B. Hayes , Herbert Hoover , Abraham Lincoln , William McKinley , Richard Nixon , Ronald Reagan , Theodore Roosevelt , William Howard Taft , and Donald Trump 15 with the Democratic Party -- James Buchanan , Jimmy Carter , Grover Cleveland , Bill Clinton , Andrew Jackson , Andrew Johnson , Lyndon B. Johnson , John F. Kennedy , Barack Obama , Franklin Pierce , James K. Polk , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Harry S. Truman , Martin Van Buren , and Woodrow Wilson Four with the Democratic - Republican Party -- John Quincy Adams , Thomas Jefferson , James Madison , and James Monroe Four with the Whig Party -- Millard Fillmore , William Henry Harrison , Zachary Taylor , and John Tyler Two with the National Union Party -- Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson One with the Federalist Party -- John Adams Compensation Presidential pay history Date established Salary Salary in 2016 dollars September 24 , 1789 $25,000 $702,755 March 3 , 1873 $50,000 $1,032,868 March 4 , 1909 $75,000 $2,045,483 January 19 , 1949 $100,000 $1,008,433 January 20 , 1969 $200,000 $1,307,940 January 20 , 2001 $400,000 $542,082 Sources : Since 2001 , the president has earned a $400,000 annual salary , along with a $50,000 annual expense account , a $100,000 nontaxable travel account , and $19,000 for entertainment . The most recent raise in salary was approved by Congress and President Bill Clinton in 1999 and went into effect in 2001 . Residence The White House in Washington , D.C. serves as the official residence of the president . Facilities that are available to the president include access to the White House staff , medical care , recreation , housekeeping , and security services . The government pays for state dinners and other official functions , but the president pays for personal , family , and guest dry cleaning and food ; the high food bill often amazes new residents . Camp David , officially titled Naval Support Facility Thurmont , is a mountain - based military camp in Frederick County , Maryland , used as a country retreat and for high alert protection of the president and guests . Blair House , located next to the Eisenhower Executive Office Building at the White House Complex and Lafayette Park , is a complex of four connected townhouses exceeding 70,000 square feet ( 6,500 m ) of floor space that serves as the president 's official guest house and as a secondary residence for the president if needed . Travel The primary means of long distance air travel for the president is one of two identical Boeing VC - 25 aircraft , which are extensively modified Boeing 747 airliners and are referred to as Air Force One while the president is on board ( although any U.S. Air Force aircraft the president is aboard is designated as `` Air Force One '' for the duration of the flight ) . In - country trips are typically handled with just one of the two planes , while overseas trips are handled with both , one primary and one backup . The president also has access to smaller Air Force aircraft , most notably the Boeing C - 32 , which are used when the president must travel to airports that can not support a jumbo jet . Any civilian aircraft the president is aboard is designated Executive One for the flight . For short distance air travel , the president has access to a fleet of U.S. Marine Corps helicopters of varying models , designated Marine One when the president is aboard any particular one in the fleet . Flights are typically handled with as many as five helicopters all flying together and frequently swapping positions as to disguise which helicopter the president is actually aboard to any would - be threats . For ground travel , the president uses the presidential state car , which is an armored limousine designed to look like a Cadillac sedan , but built on a truck chassis . The US Secret Service operates and maintains the fleet of several limousines . The president also has access to two armored motorcoaches , which are primarily used for touring trips . Protection The U.S. Secret Service is charged with protecting the president and the first family . As part of their protection , presidents , first ladies , their children and other immediate family members , and other prominent persons and locations are assigned Secret Service codenames . The use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely encrypted ; today , the names simply serve for purposes of brevity , clarity , and tradition . Presidential amenities The White House Camp David Blair House State car Air Force One Marine One Post-presidency Five presidents : George H.W. Bush , Barack Obama , George W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and Jimmy Carter . Photo taken in the Oval Office on January 7 , 2009 . Under the Former Presidents Act , all living former presidents are granted a pension , an office , and a staff . The pension has increased numerous times with Congressional approval . Retired presidents now receive a pension based on the salary of the current administration 's cabinet secretaries , which was $199,700 each year in 2012 . Former presidents who served in Congress may also collect congressional pensions . The act also provides former presidents with travel funds and franking privileges . Prior to 1997 , all former presidents , their spouses , and their children until age 16 were protected by the Secret Service until the president 's death . In 1997 , Congress passed legislation limiting secret service protection to no more than 10 years from the date a president leaves office . On January 10 , 2013 , President Obama signed legislation reinstating lifetime secret service protection for him , George W. Bush , and all subsequent presidents . A spouse who remarries is no longer eligible for secret service protection . Some presidents have had significant careers after leaving office . Prominent examples include William Howard Taft 's tenure as Chief Justice of the United States and Herbert Hoover 's work on government reorganization after World War II . Grover Cleveland , whose bid for reelection failed in 1888 , was elected president again four years later in 1892 . Two former presidents served in Congress after leaving the White House : John Quincy Adams was elected to the House of Representatives , serving there for seventeen years , and Andrew Johnson returned to the Senate in 1875 . John Tyler served in the provisional Congress of the Confederate States during the Civil War and was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives , but died before that body first met . Presidents may use their predecessors as emissaries to deliver private messages to other nations or as official representatives of the United States to state funerals and other important foreign events . Richard Nixon made multiple foreign trips to countries including China and Russia and was lauded as an elder statesman . Jimmy Carter has become a global human rights campaigner , international arbiter , and election monitor , as well as a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize . Bill Clinton has also worked as an informal ambassador , most recently in the negotiations that led to the release of two American journalists , Laura Ling and Euna Lee , from North Korea . Clinton has also been active politically since his presidential term ended , working with his wife Hillary on her 2008 and 2016 presidential bids and President Obama on his 2012 reelection campaign . The five living former presidents Jimmy Carter ( age 93 ) since 1981 George H.W. Bush ( age 93 ) since 1993 Bill Clinton ( age 71 ) since 2001 George W. Bush ( age 71 ) since 2009 Barack Obama ( age 56 ) since 2017 Presidential libraries Main article : Presidential library Every president since Herbert Hoover has created a repository known as a presidential library for preserving and making available his papers , records , and other documents and materials . Completed libraries are deeded to and maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) ; the initial funding for building and equipping each library must come from private , non-federal sources . There are currently thirteen presidential libraries in the NARA system . There are also presidential libraries maintained by state governments and private foundations and Universities of Higher Education , such as the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum , which is run by the State of Illinois , the George W. Bush Presidential library and Museum , which is run by Southern Methodist University , the George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum , which is run by Texas A&M University , and the Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library and Museum , which is run by the University of Texas at Austin . A number of presidents have lived for many years after leaving office , and several of them have personally overseen the building and opening of their own presidential libraries . Some have even made arrangements for their own burial at the site . Several presidential libraries contain the graves of the president they document , including the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library , Museum and Boyhood Home in Abilene , Kansas , Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in Yorba Linda , California , and the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley , California . These gravesites are open to the general public . Timeline of presidents Main article : List of Presidents of the United States § Presidents See also Government of the United States portal Curse of Tippecanoe Imperial Presidency The Imperial Presidency Imperiled presidency List of United States presidential trips Mr. President ( title ) President of the Continental Congress Presidential $1 Coin Program Presidential M&M 's Second - term curse United States presidential line of succession in fiction Vice President of the United States White House Office Notes Jump up ^ Donald Trump has announced he will take a salary of only 1 dollar per annum . Jump up ^ The informal term POTUS originated in the Phillips Code , a shorthand method created in 1879 by Walter P. Phillips for the rapid transmission of press reports by telegraph . Jump up ^ The nine vice presidents who succeeded to the presidency upon their predecessor 's death or resignation and finished - out that unexpired term are John Tyler ( 1841 ) ; Millard Fillmore ( 1850 ) ; Andrew Johnson ( 1865 ) ; Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 ) ; Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 ) ; Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 ) ; Harry S. Truman ( 1945 ) ; Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 ) ; and Gerald Ford ( 1974 ) . Jump up ^ Foreign - born American citizens who met the age and residency requirements at the time the Constitution was adopted were also eligible for the presidency . However , this allowance has since become obsolete . References Jump up ^ `` How To Address The President ; He Is Not Your Excellency Or Your Honor , But Mr. President '' . The New York Times . August 2 , 1891 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Correspondence Handbook -- Chapter 4 '' . Usgs.gov . July 18 , 2007 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Models of Address and Salutation '' . Ita.doc.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ HEADS OF STATE , HEADS OF GOVERNMENT , MINISTERS FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS , Protocol and Liaison Service , United Nations . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The White House Office of the Press Secretary ( September 1 , 2010 ) . `` Remarks by President Obama , President Mubarak , His Majesty King Abdullah , Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exchanges of Letters '' . Jimmy Carter Library . September 1978 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owings v. Speed , 18 U.S. 420 ( 1820 ) Jump up ^ Lawson , Gary ; Seidman , Guy ( 2001 ) . `` When Did the Constitution Become Law ? '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 77 : 1 -- 37 . Jump up ^ `` How common is Trump 's $1 salary ? '' . BBC World Service . November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Safire , William ( 2008 ) . Safire 's Political Dictionary . Oxford University Press . p. 564 . ISBN 9780195340617 . Jump up ^ Von Drehle , David ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Is Steve Bannon the Second Most Powerful Man in the World ? '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` Who should be the world 's most powerful person ? '' . The Guardian . London . January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Meacham , Jon ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` Meacham : The History of Power '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zakaria , Fareed ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` The NEWSWEEK 50 : Barack Obama '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of the Constitution of the United States -- Official '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pfiffner , J.P. ( 1988 ) . `` The President 's Legislative Agenda '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 499 : 22 -- 35 . doi : 10.1177 / 0002716288499001002 . Jump up ^ The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power , ' Henry Jones Ford , Proceedings of the American Political Science Association , Vol. 5 , Fifth Annual Meeting ( 1908 ) . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Branch '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . , The White House . Jump up ^ `` Executive Branch '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov ... Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms , so he is counted twice ; as the 22nd and 24th presidents . ^ Jump up to : Milkis , Sidney M. ; Nelson , Michael ( 2008 ) . The American Presidency : Origins and Development ( 5th ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : CQ Press . pp. 1 -- 25 . ISBN 0 - 87289 - 336 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Alfred H. ; Harbison , Winfred A. ; Belz , Herman ( 1991 ) . The American Constitution : Its Origins and Development . I ( 7th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Co. pp. 76 -- 81 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 96056 - 0 . Jump up ^ Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain , Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7684 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` DOD Releases Unified Command Plan 2011 '' . United States Department of Defense . April 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 164 Jump up ^ Joint Chiefs of Staff . About the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alexander . The Federalist # 69 ( reposting ) . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Christopher , James A. ; Baker , III ( July 8 , 2008 ) . `` The National War Powers Commission Report '' . The Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . No clear mechanism or requirement exists today for the president and Congress to consult . The War Powers Resolution of 1973 contains only vague consultation requirements . Instead , it relies on reporting requirements that , if triggered , begin the clock running for Congress to approve the particular armed conflict . By the terms of the 1973 Resolution , however , Congress need not act to disapprove the conflict ; the cessation of all hostilities is required in 60 to 90 days merely if Congress fails to act . Many have criticized this aspect of the Resolution as unwise and unconstitutional , and no president in the past 35 years has filed a report `` pursuant '' to these triggering provisions . ^ Jump up to : `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Alison ( May 2 , 1999 ) . `` The World ; Only Congress Can Declare War . Really . It 's True '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Presidents have sent forces abroad more than 100 times ; Congress has declared war only five times : the War of 1812 , the Mexican War , the Spanish - American War , World War I and World War II . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Alison ( May 2 , 1999 ) . `` The World ; Only Congress Can Declare War . Really . It 's True '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . President Reagan told Congress of the invasion of Grenada two hours after he had ordered the landing . He told Congressional leaders of the bombing of Libya while the aircraft were on their way . Jump up ^ Gordon , Michael R. ( December 20 , 1990 ) . `` U.S. troops move in panama in effort to seize noriega ; gunfire is heard in capital '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . It was not clear whether the White House consulted with Congressional leaders about the military action , or notified them in advance . Thomas S. Foley , the Speaker of the House , said on Tuesday night that he had not been alerted by the Administration . Jump up ^ `` Article II , Section 3 , U.S. Constitution '' . law.cornell.edu . Legal Information Institute . 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Executive Branch '' . The White House website . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning , 572 U.S. __ ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Shurtleff v. United States , 189 U.S. 311 ( 1903 ) ; Myers v. United States , 272 U.S. 52 ( 1926 ) . Jump up ^ Humphrey 's Executor v. United States , 295 U.S. 602 ( 1935 ) and Morrison v. Olson , 487 U.S. 654 ( 1988 ) , respectively . Jump up ^ Gaziano , Todd ( February 21 , 2001 ) . `` Executive Summary : The Use and Abuse of Executive Orders and Other Presidential Directives '' . Washington , D.C. : The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnston , David ( December 24 , 1992 ) . `` Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair , Aborting a Weinberger Trial ; Prosecutor Assails ' Cover - Up ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . But not since President Gerald R. Ford granted clemency to former President Richard M. Nixon for possible crimes in Watergate has a Presidential pardon so pointedly raised the issue of whether the President was trying to shield officials for political purposes . Jump up ^ Johnston , David ( December 24 , 1992 ) . `` Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair , Aborting a Weinberger Trial ; Prosecutor Assails ' Cover - Up ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . The prosecutor charged that Mr. Weinberger 's efforts to hide his notes may have ' forestalled impeachment proceedings against President Reagan ' and formed part of a pattern of ' deception and obstruction . ' ... In light of President Bush 's own misconduct , we are gravely concerned about his decision to pardon others who lied to Congress and obstructed official investigations . Jump up ^ Eisler , Peter ( March 7 , 2008 ) . `` Clinton - papers release blocked '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Former president Clinton issued 140 pardons on his last day in office , including several to controversial figures , such as commodities trader Rich , then a fugitive on tax evasion charges . Rich 's ex-wife , Denise , contributed $2,000 in 1999 to Hillary Clinton 's Senate campaign ; $5,000 to a related political action committee ; and $450,000 to a fund set up to build the Clinton library . Jump up ^ Millhiser , Ian ( June 1 , 2010 ) . `` Executive Privilege 101 '' . Center for American Progress . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Part III of the opinion in Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan '' . Caselaw.findlaw.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Frost , Amanda ; Florence , Justin ( 2009 ) . `` Reforming the State Secrets Privilege '' ( PDF ) . American Constitution Society . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weaver , William G. ; Pallitto , Robert M. ( 2005 ) . `` State Secrets and Executive Power '' . Political Science Quarterly . The Academy of Political Science . 120 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 112 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1538 - 165x. 2005. tb00539. x . Use of the state secrets privilege in courts has grown significantly over the last twenty - five years . In the twenty - three years between the decision in Reynolds ( 1953 ) and the election of Jimmy Carter , in 1976 , there were four reported cases in which the government invoked the privilege . Between 1977 and 2001 , there were a total of fifty - one reported cases in which courts ruled on invocation of the privilege . Because reported cases only represent a fraction of the total cases in which the privilege is invoked or implicated , it is unclear precisely how dramatically the use of the privilege has grown . But the increase in reported cases is indicative of greater willingness to assert the privilege than in the past . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` Court Dismisses a Case Asserting Torture by C.I.A '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Finn , Peter ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` Suit dismissed against firm in CIA rendition case '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Glenn ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` The 180 - degree reversal of Obama 's State Secrets position '' . Salon . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Background on the State Secrets Privilege '' . American Civil Liberties Union . January 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Eric ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Obama 's 32 Czars '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Dana D. ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` The ' unitary executive ' question '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Suarez , Ray ; et al. ( July 24 , 2006 ) . `` President 's Use of ' Signing Statements ' Raises Constitutional Concerns '' . PBS Online NewsHour . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . The American Bar Association said President Bush 's use of `` signing statements '' , which allow him to sign a bill into law but not enforce certain provisions , disregards the rule of law and the separation of powers . Legal experts discuss the implications . Jump up ^ Will , George F. ( December 21 , 2008 ) . `` Making Congress Moot '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Duggan , Paul ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Balking at the First Pitch '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 . Jump up ^ `` History of the BSA Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Boy Scouts of America . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grier , Peter ( April 25 , 2011 ) . `` The ( not so ) secret history of the White House Easter Egg Roll '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hesse , Monica ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` Turkey Pardons , The Stuffing of Historic Legend '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Nancy ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` How Presidents Pass The Torch '' . Time . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dorning , Mike ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` A note from Bush starts morning in the Oval Office '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2011 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Abbott , James A. ; Rice , Elaine M. ( 1998 ) . Designing Camelot : The Kennedy White House Restoration . Van Nostrand Reinhold . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 442 - 02532 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The White House State Dinner '' . The White House Historical Association . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dykoski , Rachel ( November 1 , 2008 ) . `` Book note : Presidential idolatry is `` Bad for Democracy '' `` . Twin Cities Daily Planet . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Dana D. Nelson 's book makes the case that we 've had 200 + years of propagandized leadership ... Jump up ^ Neffinger , John ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Democrats vs. Science : Why We 're So Damn Good at Losing Elections '' . HuffPost . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 ... back in the 1980s Lesley Stahl of 60 Minutes ran a piece skewering Reagan 's policies on the elderly ... But while her voiceover delivered a scathing critique , the video footage was all drawn from carefully - staged photo - ops of Reagan smiling with seniors and addressing large crowds ... Deaver thanked ... Stahl ... for broadcasting all those images of Reagan looking his best . Jump up ^ Nelson , Dana D. ( 2008 ) . `` Bad for democracy : how the Presidency undermines the power of the people '' . U of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 5677 - 6 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . in rich detail how Kennedy drew on the power of myth as he framed his experience during World War II , when his PT boat was sliced in half by a Japanese ... Jump up ^ Nelson , Dana D. ( 2008 ) . `` Bad for democracy : how the Presidency undermines the power of the people '' . U of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 5677 - 6 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Even before Kennedy ran for Congress , he had become fascinated , through his Hollywood acquaintances and visits , with the idea of image ... ( p. 54 ) Jump up ^ Lexington ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` The Cult of the Presidency '' . The Economist . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Gene Healy argues that because voters expect the president to do everything ... When they inevitably fail to keep their promises , voters swiftly become disillusioned . Yet they never lose their romantic idea that the president should drive the economy , vanquish enemies , lead the free world , comfort tornado victims , heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit - card fees . Jump up ^ Kakutani , Michiko ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Unchecked and Unbalanced '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . the founding fathers had ' scant affection for strong executives ' like England 's king , and ... Bush White House 's claims are rooted in ideas `` about the ' divine ' right of kings '' ... and that certainly did not find their ' way into our founding documents , the 1776 Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of 1787 . ' Jump up ^ `` The Conquest of Presidentialism '' . HuffPost . August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schimke , David ( September -- October 2008 ) . `` Presidential Power to the People -- Author Dana D. Nelson on why democracy demands that the next president be taken down a notch '' . Utne Reader . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Linker , Ross ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Critical of Presidency , Prof. Ginsberg and Crenson unite '' . The Johns - Hopkins Newsletter . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . presidents slowly but surely gain more and more power with both the public at large and other political institutions doing nothing to prevent it . Jump up ^ Kakutani , Michiko ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Unchecked and Unbalanced '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . UNCHECKED AND UNBALANCED : Presidential Power in a Time of Terror By Frederick A.O. Schwarz Jr. and Aziz Z . Huq ( authors ) ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Dana D. ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` Opinion -- The ' unitary executive ' question -- What do McCain and Obama think of the concept ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shane , Scott ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` A Critic Finds Obama Policies a Perfect Target '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . There is the small , minority - owned firm with deep ties to President Obama 's Chicago backers , made eligible by the Federal Reserve to handle potentially lucrative credit deals . ' I want to know how these firms are picked and who picked them , ' Mr. Wilson , the group 's president , tells his eager researchers . Jump up ^ See : Peabody , Bruce G. ; Gant , Scott E. ( 1999 ) . `` The Twice and Future President : Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty - Second Amendment '' . Minnesota Law Review . Minneapolis , MN : Minnesota Law Review . 83 ( 565 ) . ; alternatively , see : Albert , Richard ( 2005 ) . `` The Evolving Vice Presidency '' . Temple Law Review . Philadelphia , PA : Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education . 78 ( 811 , at 856 -- 9 ) . Jump up ^ See GPO Annotated U.S. Constitution , 2002 Ed . Archived August 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , at 611 & nn. 772 -- 773 . Jump up ^ International Law , US Power : The United States ' Quest for Legal Security , p 10 , Shirley V. Scott -- 2012 Jump up ^ U.S. Const . art . II , § 1 , cl. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Judge does n't ban `` God '' in inaugural oath `` . Associated Press . January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Guardian , `` Bush colonoscopy leaves Cheney in charge '' , July 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 20 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Party Division '' . senate.gov . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jamison , Dennis ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` George Washington 's views on political parties in America '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chambers , William Nisbet ( 1963 ) . Political parties in a new Nation : the American experience , 1776 -- 1809 . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Presidential and Vice Presidential Salaries Exclusive of Perquisites '' . University of Michigan . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Relative Value in US Dollars . Measuring Worth . Retrieved May 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Dept. of Labor Inflation Calculator . Inflation Calculator . Retrieved August 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How much does the U.S. president get paid ? '' . Howstuffworks . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Salaries of Federal Officials : A Fact Sheet Archived April 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... United States Senate website . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bumiller , Elizabeth ( January 2009 ) . `` Inside the Presidency '' . National Geographic . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` President 's Guest House ( includes Lee House and Blair House ) , Washington , DC '' . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Air Force One '' . whitehouse.gov/about/air-force-one/ . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 ... White House Military Office . Retrieved June 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Any U.S. Air Force aircraft carrying the president will use the call sign `` Air Force One . '' Similarly , `` Navy One '' , `` Army One '' , and `` Coast Guard One '' are the call signs used if the president is aboard a craft belonging to these services . `` Executive One '' becomes the call sign of any civilian aircraft when the president boards . Jump up ^ New Presidential Limousine enters Secret Service Fleet U.S. Secret Service Press Release ( January 14 , 2009 ) Retrieved on January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ahlers , Mike M. ; Marrapodi , Eric ( January 6 , 2009 ) . `` Obama 's wheels : Secret Service to unveil new presidential limo '' . CNN . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farley , Robert ( August 25 , 2011 ) . `` Obama 's Canadian - American Bus '' . FactCheck . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Junior Secret Service Program : Assignment 7 . Code Names '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2007 . Retrieved August 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Code Names Secret Service Monikers Used on the Campaign Trail '' . CBS . September 16 , 2008 . Retrieved November 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schwemle , Barbara L. ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` President of the United States : Compensation '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Former presidents cost U.S. taxpayers big bucks '' . Toledo Blade . January 7 , 2007 . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 3056 Jump up ^ `` Obama signs bill granting lifetime Secret Service protection to former presidents and spouses '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . January 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Secret Service : Protection '' . United States Secret Service . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obama signs protection bill for former presidents '' . The Washington Times . January 10 , 2013 . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shock and Anger Flash Throughout the United States '' . Associated Press . March 31 , 1981 . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FOUR PRESIDENTS '' . Reagan Presidential Library , National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of Richard M. Nixon '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . , The White House . Jump up ^ 44 U.S.C. § 2112 Further reading Balogh , Brian and Bruce J. Schulman , eds . Recapturing the Oval Office : New Historical Approaches to the American Presidency ( Cornell University Press , 2015 ) , 311 pp . Bumiller , Elisabeth ( January 2009 ) . `` Inside the Presidency '' . National Geographic . 215 ( 1 ) : 130 -- 149 . Couch , Ernie . Presidential Trivia . Rutledge Hill Press . March 1 , 1996 . ISBN 1 - 55853 - 412 - 1 Lang , J. Stephen . The Complete Book of Presidential Trivia . Pelican Publishing . 2001 . ISBN 1 - 56554 - 877 - 9 Greenberg , David . Republic of Spin : An Inside History of the American Presidency ( W.W. Norton & Company , 2015 ) . xx , 540 pp . Leo , Leonard -- Taranto , James -- Bennett , William J. Presidential Leadership : Rating the Best and the Worst in the White House . Simon and Schuster . 2004 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 5433 - 3 Presidential Studies Quarterly , published by Blackwell Synergy , is a quarterly academic journal on the presidency . Świątczak , Wasilewska , Iwona . `` The Toughest Season in the White House '' : The Rhetorical Presidency and the State of the Union Address , 1953 -- 1992 . PhD thesis . University of Helsinki , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 951 - 51 - 0248 - 5 . Primary sources Waldman , Michael -- Stephanopoulos , George . My Fellow Americans : The Most Important Speeches of America 's presidents , from George Washington to George W. Bush . Sourcebooks Trade . 2003 . ISBN 1 - 4022 - 0027 - 7 Jacobs , Ron . Interview with Joseph G. Peschek and William Grover , authors of The Unsustainable Presidency , a book offering an analysis of the role the US President plays in economics and politics External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : President of the United States Wikimedia Commons has media related to Presidents of the United States . Wikiquote has quotations related to : President of the United States Official `` Executive Office of the President '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2009 . `` White House '' . Presidential histories A New Nation Votes : American Election Returns , 1787 -- 1825 Presidential election returns including town and county breakdowns `` American Presidents : Life Portraits '' . C - SPAN . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Companion website for the C - SPAN television series : American presidents : Life Portraits `` Presidential Documents from the National Archives '' . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Collection of letters , portraits , photos , and other documents from the National Archives `` The American Presidency Project '' . UC Santa Barbara . Retrieved October 7 , 2005 . Collection of over 67,000 presidential documents The History Channel : US Presidents Miscellaneous `` All the President 's Roles '' . Ask Gleaves . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved October 20 , 2006 . Article analyzing a president 's many hats Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies . Educational site on the American presidency `` Presidents ' Occupations '' . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Listing of every president 's occupations before and after becoming the commander in chief `` The Masonic Presidents Tour '' . The Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania . Retrieved October 7 , 2005 . Brief histories of the Masonic careers of presidents who were members of the Freemasons `` The Presidents '' . American Experience . Retrieved March 4 , 2007 . PBS site on the American presidency Presidents of the United States : Resource Guides from the Library of Congress Shapell Manuscript Foundation . Images of documents written by U.S. presidents Presidents of the United States ( list ) George Washington ( 1789 -- 1797 ) John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John Quincy Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 ) William Henry Harrison ( 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 -- 1845 ) James K. Polk ( 1845 -- 1849 ) Zachary Taylor ( 1849 -- 1850 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1850 -- 1853 ) Franklin Pierce ( 1853 -- 1857 ) James Buchanan ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Abraham Lincoln ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865 -- 1869 ) Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869 -- 1877 ) Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877 -- 1881 ) James A. Garfield ( 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 -- 1885 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Benjamin Harrison ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1893 -- 1897 ) William McKinley ( 1897 -- 1901 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 -- 1909 ) William H. Taft ( 1909 -- 1913 ) Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Warren G. Harding ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 1929 ) Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 1933 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 1953 ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 1969 ) Richard Nixon ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Gerald Ford ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Jimmy Carter ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1981 -- 1989 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Bill Clinton ( 1993 -- 2001 ) George W. Bush ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Barack Obama ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Donald Trump ( 2017 -- present ) Presidency timelines Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F.D. Roosevelt first 100 days Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L.B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G.H.W. Bush Clinton G.W. Bush Obama first 100 days Trump first 100 days Book Category Chief executives of the United States Federal President of the United States State governors ( current list ) Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California list Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii list Idaho Illinois list Indiana list Iowa list Kansas Kentucky list Louisiana Maine list Maryland list Massachusetts Michigan list Minnesota list Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska list Nevada New Hampshire list New Jersey list New Mexico list New York list North Carolina list North Dakota list Ohio Oklahoma list Oregon list Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina list South Dakota list Tennessee list Texas list Utah Vermont list Virginia list Washington West Virginia Wisconsin list Wyoming Territorial ( current list ) American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands Defunct Pre-state territories Panama Canal Zone Cuba Philippine Islands ( until 1935 ) Philippine Commonwealth ( until 1946 ) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Primaries and caucuses Iowa caucuses New Hampshire primary South Carolina primary Super Tuesday Nominating conventions Brokered convention Convention bounce Superdelegate Electoral College and Popular vote Results Summary Elections in which the winner lost the popular vote Electoral College margins Electoral College results by state Electoral vote changes between elections Electoral vote recipients Popular vote margins Contingent election Faithless elector Unpledged elector Voter turnout Related topics Campaign slogans Historical election polling Election Day Major party tickets Major party losers Presidential debates October surprise Red states and blue states Swing state Election recount House elections Senate elections Gubernatorial elections United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG Category MC AF CG Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers United States military seniority National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : A MC N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Northern Central European Pacific Southern Africa Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : Army Center of Military History MC History Division Naval History and Heritage Command Air Force Historical Research Agency American official war artists : Army Art Program AF Art Program Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC Weapons : N CG Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier America 's Critical Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Category Portal Heads of state and government of North America Heads of state Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Heads of government Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States VIAF : 123879793 LCCN : n80001199 ISNI : 0000 0001 2106 1812 GND : 2033432 - 1 SUDOC : 026377519 BNF : cb11863688j ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_United_States&oldid=828204511 '' Categories : Presidents of the United States Presidency of the United States United States presidential history 1789 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles which contain graphical timelines Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikiversity Languages Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Авар Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Bikol Central Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gàidhlig 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Dorerin Naoero Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語中文 82 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 04 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does the president of the us do	[]	[]
-9103898868897456897	Library of Congress Control Number	Library of Congress Control number - Wikipedia Library of Congress Control number For information on using this system on Wikipedia , see Wikipedia : Authority control § LCCN . The Library of Congress Control Number ( LCCN ) is a serially based system of numbering cataloging records in the Library of Congress in the United States . It has nothing to do with the contents of any book , and should not be confused with Library of Congress Classification . Contents 1 History 2 Format 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The LCCN numbering system has been in use since 1898 , at which time the acronym LCCN originally stood for Library of Congress Card Number . It has also been called the Library of Congress Catalog Card Number , among other names . The Library of Congress prepared cards of bibliographic information for their library catalog and would sell duplicate sets of the cards to other libraries for use in their catalogs . This is known as centralized cataloging . Each set of cards was given a serial number to help identify it . Although most of the bibliographic information is now electronically created , stored , and shared with other libraries , there is still a need to identify each unique record , and the LCCN continues to perform that function . Librarians all over the world use this unique identifier in the process of cataloging most books which have been published in the United States . It helps them reach the correct cataloging data ( known as a cataloging record ) , which the Library of Congress and third parties make available on the Web and through other media . In February 2008 , the Library of Congress created the LCCN Permalink service , providing a stable URL for all Library of Congress Control Numbers . Format ( edit ) In its most elementary form the number includes a year and a serial number . The year has two digits for 1898 to 2000 , and four digits beginning in 2001 . The three ambiguous years ( 1898 , 1899 , and 1900 ) are distinguished by the size of the serial number . There are also some peculiarities in numbers beginning with a `` 7 '' because of an unsuccessful experiment applied between 1969 and 1972 . Serial numbers are six digits long and should include leading zeros . The leading zeros padding the number are a more recent addition to the format , so many older works will show less full codes . The hyphen that is often seen separating the year and serial number is optional . More recently , the Library of Congress has instructed publishers not to include a hyphen . See also ( edit ) Library of Congress Subject Headings ( LCSH ) Virtual International Authority File ( VIAF ) CODEN Integrated Authority File ( GND ; Gemeinsame Normdatei ) International Standard Book Number ( ISBN ) Books in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Library of Congress Update for 2008 ALA Annual Conference : January - May , 2008 '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Wikidata has the properties : LCOC LCCN ( bibliographic ) ( P1144 ) ( see uses ) Library of Congress authority ID ( P244 ) ( see uses ) Library of Congress Name Authority File ( NAF ) Structure of the LC Control Number Traditional and normalized forms of the LCCN LCCN Permalink Frequently Asked Questions Bibliographic Processing Cataloging Rules : Library of Congress Control Number ( LCCN ) at the Wayback Machine ( archived 2016 - 05 - 13 ) This Library of Congress article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress_Control_Number&oldid=851036137 '' Categories : Library cataloging and classification Library of Congress Identifiers United States Library of Congress stubs Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Webarchive template wayback links All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2018 , at 16 : 57 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what is the library of congress control number	[]	[]
2333808283191313786	The Rain in Spain	The rain in Spain - wikipedia The rain in Spain Jump to : navigation , search For information about rain in Spain , see Climate of Spain . `` The Rain in Spain '' Julie Andrews as Eliza , Rex Harrison as Higgins , Robert Coote as Pickering in `` The Rain in Spain '' segment , 1957 Song Published 1956 Genre Musical theatre Composer ( s ) Frederick Loewe Lyricist ( s ) Alan Jay Lerner Songs from the film My Fair Lady Act I `` Overture '' `` Busker Sequence '' `` Why Ca n't the English ? '' `` Would n't It Be Loverly ? '' `` With a Little Bit of Luck '' `` I 'm an Ordinary Man '' `` With a Little Bit of Luck ( Reprise ) '' `` Just You Wait '' `` The Servants ' Chorus ( Poor Professor Higgins ) '' `` The Rain in Spain '' `` I Could Have Danced All Night '' `` Ascot Gavotte '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Eliza 's Entrance / Embassy Waltz '' Act II `` You Did It '' `` Just You Wait ( Reprise ) '' `` On the Street Where You Live ( Reprise ) '' `` Show Me '' `` The Flower Market / Would n't It Be Loverly ? ( Reprise ) '' `` Get Me to the Church on Time '' `` A Hymn to Him '' `` Without You '' `` I 've Grown Accustomed to Her Face '' `` I Could Have Danced All Night ( Reprise ) / Finale '' `` The Rain in Spain '' is a song from the musical My Fair Lady , with music by Frederick Loewe and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner . The song was published in 1956 , sounding similar to piano trio in C minor 3rd movement by Josep Suk . The song is a turning point in the plotline of the musical . Professor Higgins and Colonel Pickering have been drilling Eliza Doolittle incessantly with speech exercises , trying to break her Cockney accent speech pattern . The key lyric in the song is `` The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain '' , which contains five words that a Cockney would pronounce with ( æɪ ) or ( aɪ ) -- more like `` eye '' ( aɪ ) than the Received Pronunciation diphthong ( eɪ ) . With the three of them nearly exhausted , Eliza finally `` gets it '' , and recites the sentence with all long - As . The trio breaks into song , repeating this key phrase as well as singing other exercises correctly , such as `` In Hertford , Hereford , and Hampshire , hurricanes hardly happen '' , and `` How kind of you to let me come '' , in which Eliza had failed before by dropping the leading ' H ' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Translations 3 Usage in other popular culture 4 References 5 External links Origin ( edit ) The phrase does not appear in Shaw 's original play , but is used in the 1938 film of the play . According to The Disciple and His Devil , the biography of Gabriel Pascal by his wife Valerie , it was Gabriel Pascal who introduced the famous phonetic exercises `` The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain '' and `` In Hertford , Hereford , and Hampshire , hurricanes hardly ever happen '' into the script of the film , the first of which was later used in the song in My Fair Lady . Spanish rain does not actually stay mainly in the plain . It falls mainly in the northern mountains . In Spanish , the phrase was translated as La lluvia en Sevilla es una maravilla ( The rain in Seville is a miracle ) . The lyric about Hertford , Hereford , and Hampshire contains an implicature ( but not an entailment ) that hurricanes ever occur at all in these areas . This implicature is false , as the only hurricane force ( ≥ 64 knot ) winds that do occur in these areas ( in Britain ) result from extratropical cyclones , which differ from hurricanes in their causes and dynamics . Translations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The musical has been translated into many languages , with Eliza speaking Berlin , Vienna , Stockholm , Göteborg , Amsterdam , and Budapest dialects . Here is the equivalent of `` The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain '' in various languages : Afrikaans : `` Die Spaanse maan het in sy baan gaan staan '' Arabic : `` سيدتي الجميلة : أنت القلب الكبير ... أنت نعمة وإحسان ... بنعمتك تختال علينا '' Bulgarian : `` Дъждът в Испания '' Chinese : `` 西班牙的雨大多數落在平原上 '' Czech : `` Déšť dští ve Španělsku zvlášť tam kde je pláň '' Danish : `` En snegl på vejen er tegn på regn i Spanien '' ( A snail on the road is a sign of rain in Spain . ) Dutch ( Version 1 and 3 ) : `` Het Spaanse graan heeft de orkaan doorstaan '' Dutch ( Version 2 ) : `` De franje in Spanje is meestal niet oranje '' Estonian : `` Hispaanias on hirmsad vihmahood '' Finnish ( Version 1 ) : `` Vie fiestaan hienon miekkamiehen tie '' Finnish ( Version 2 ) : `` En säiden tähden lähde Madridiin '' French : `` Le ciel serein d'Espagne est sans embrun '' French ( Quebec ) : `` La plaine madrilène plait à la reine '' German : `` Es grünt so grün , wenn Spaniens Blüten blühen '' Hebrew : `` ברד ירד בדרום ספרד הערב '' ( `` Barad yarad bidrom sfarad haerev '' : Hail fell in southern Spain this evening . ) Hungarian ( Version 1 ) : `` Lenn délen édes éjen édent remélsz '' Hungarian ( Version 2 ) : `` Hispánián át nyári zápor szitál '' Icelandic ( Version 1 ) : `` Á Spáni hundur lá við lund á grund '' Icelandic ( Version 2 ) : `` Á Spáni er til að bili þil í byl '' Italian ( original performance on stage ) : `` In Spagna s'è bagnata la campagna '' Italian ( film version ) : `` La rana in Spagna gracida in campagna '' Italian ( later performances on stage ) : `` La pioggia in Spagna bagna la campagna '' Japanese : `` スペインの雨は主に平野に降る . '' Korean : `` 스페인 평원 에 비가 내려요 '' Marathi : `` Ti Phularaani '' Norwegian ( Version 1 ) : `` Det gol og mol i solen en spanjol '' Norwegian ( Version 2 ) : `` De spanske land har alltid manglet vann '' Persian : `` باران در سپاین می بارد فراوان '' Polish : `` W Hiszpanii mży , gdy dżdżyste przyjdą dni '' Portuguese ( Version 1 ) : `` O rei de Roma ruma a Madrid '' Portuguese ( Version 2 ) : `` Atrás do trem as tropas vem trotando '' Russian ( Version 1 ) : `` Того и жди , пойдут в Испании дожди '' ( `` Tovo i zhdi , poydut v Ispanii dozhdi '' ) Russian ( Version 2 : ) `` В Севилье град крупнее , говорят '' ( `` F Sevilye grat krupneye , govaryat '' ) Russian ( Version 3 : ) `` Карл у Клары украл кораллы '' ( `` Karl u Klary ukral korally '' ) Spanish ( Mexico 1959 ) `` El rey que hay en Madrid se fue a Aranjuez '' Spanish ( Film version ) : `` La lluvia en Sevilla es una pura maravilla '' Spanish ( Spain 1982 ) : `` El juez jugó en Jerez al ajedrez '' Spanish ( Spain 2001 ) : `` La lluvia en España bellos valles baña '' Spanish ( Mexico 2002 ) `` Un ardid urdió el bardo en Madrid '' Swedish : `` Den spanska räven rev en annan räv '' Swedish ( version 2 ) : `` Nederbörden och skörden '' ( `` All nederbörd förstörde körsbärsskörden '' ) Turkish : `` İspanya'da yağmur , her yer çamur '' Ukrainian : `` Дощі в Афінах частіше йдуть в долинах '' ( `` Doshchi v Afinah chastishe jdut ' v dolynah '' ) Usage in other popular culture ( edit ) This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information . Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information . ( June 2017 ) In the Family Guy episode `` One If by Clam , Two If by Sea '' , Stewie tries to teach a girl to lose her Cockney accent . Together , he and Eliza sing a parody , `` The Life of The Wife is Ended by the Knife . '' The satirical revue Forbidden Broadway set up playwright David Mamet as being exasperated with Madonna 's acting style with the lyrics , `` I strain in vain to train Madonna 's brain . '' The song is included on the album Forbidden Broadway , Vol. 2 . In The Flintstones episode A Star is Almost Born there is a takeoff on the tune entitled The Ants in France stay Mainly on the Plants - performed for pretty much the same reason . The Simpsons episode `` My Fair Laddy '' is itself a parody of My Fair Lady , and includes the song `` Not On My Clothes '' ( with the lyrics , `` What flows from the nose does not go on my clothes '' ) . In Stephen King 's book The Gunslinger he writes a parody titled The Rain in Spain Falls Mainly on the Plain . King 's novel Salem 's Lot also features his changed lyrics recited by Mark Petrie . In 2012 , a punk rock version of `` The Rain in Spain '' was featured in comedy - musical TV series Glee , episode `` Choke '' . The song was performed by Mark Salling ( as his character Puck ) and the guys of the series ' fictional glee club New Directions . In the 1956 -- 59 revue At the Drop of a Hat , Michael Flanders observes in a brief comic monologue that : `` Despite all you may have heard to the contrary , the rain in Spain stays almost invariably in the hills . '' In the show `` Whose Line is it Anyway '' , Colin Mochrie tells this hilarious news report : `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed reindeer , dead at 53 . I know , it is sad . Over Barcelona , today , the famed reindeer was hit by a flock of seagulls and a 747 . Eyewitnesses report that the Reindeer in Spain was hit mainly by the plane . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 1982 ) . Accents of English 2 : The British Isles . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 307 -- 308 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 24224 - X . Jump up ^ Pascal , Valerie , `` The Disciple and His Devil , '' McGraw - hill , 1970 . p. 83 . Jump up ^ http://maps.howstuffworks.com/spain-annual-precipitation-map.htm Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/23degrees/2011/09/whats_in_a_name.html Jump up ^ Almagor , Dan , `` '' Barad yarad bidrom sfarad : How `` The Rain in Spain '' Fell in Eretz - Israel , '' Israel Review of Arts and Letters , Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( MFA.org ) , November 19 , 1998 . Jump up ^ Musicalmuzeum.hu - Lyrics of `` Lenn délen édes éjen édent remélsz ! '' ) Jump up ^ The Internet Movie Transcriptions Database , `` Family Guy S3 E1 - 11 . '' Jump up ^ Planet Family Guy , `` Subtitle Scripts . '' Jump up ^ Kilian , Michael , `` Offing Broadway Satirical Revue Grows Into A Star - Bashing Biggie , '' Chicago Tribune , 6 November 1988 , p. 28 . ( Full Text ) Jump up ^ Kuchwara , Michael , `` Alessandrini zeroes in on next Broadway target , '' Knight - Ridder , 5 March 2000 . Jump up ^ Clausen , Alf and Michael Price , `` Not On My Clothes , '' TCF Music Publishing , Inc. , 2006 . Jump up ^ Stephen King ( 2011 ) . Salem 's Lot . Random House . p. 653 . Jump up ^ http://top40.about.com/od/top10lists/tp/Glee-Songs-Report-Card-Season-3-Episode-18.htm Jump up ^ http://www.nyanko.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/fas/hat_weath.html External links ( edit ) `` Barad yarad bidrom sfarad '' : How `` The Rain in Spain '' Fell in Eretz - Israel , by Dan Almagor `` The Rain in Spain '' from `` My Fair Lady '' on YouTube , 2001 London revival `` The Rain in Spain ( My Fair Lady ) '' from `` Hey Mr Producer '' on YouTube , 1998 live recording of `` Hey , Mr. Producer ! '' `` The Rain in Spain '' from `` An Evening with Alan Jay Lerner '' on YouTube , 1987 live recording of `` An Evening with Alan Jay Lerner '' ( feat . Plácido Domingo , Liz Robertson , Richard Caldicot ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) My Fair Lady by Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner ( Lerner and Loewe ) Characters Eliza Doolittle Source Pygmalion ( 1912 play ) by George Bernard Shaw Pygmalion ( 1938 film ) by George Bernard Shaw adapted by W.P. Lipscomb and Cecil Lewis Films My Fair Lady ( 1964 film ) The Opening of Misty Beethoven ( 1976 ) Galatea ( 1977 ) Man Pasand ( 1980 ) Albums My Fair Lady ( 1956 Broadway cast recording ) My Fair Lady ( 1956 Shelly Manne album ) My Fair Lady ( 1958 Oscar Peterson Trio album ) Nat King Cole Sings My Fair Lady ( 1963 album ) My Fair Lady Loves Jazz ( 1964 Billy Taylor album ) The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady '' and Other Broadway Hits ( 1964 Andy Williams album ) Musical numbers `` Would n't It Be Loverly ? '' `` With a Little Bit of Luck '' `` The Rain in Spain '' `` I Could Have Danced All Night '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Get Me to the Church on Time '' `` I 've Grown Accustomed to Her Face '' Television `` My Fair Laddy '' `` One If by Clam , Two If by Sea '' Selfie Related The Street Where I Live Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rain_in_Spain&oldid=832235751 '' Categories : Phonetics Songs with music by Frederick Loewe Songs with lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner Songs from My Fair Lady 1956 songs Songs about Spain Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with trivia sections from June 2017 All articles with trivia sections Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 17 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the rains in spain fall mainly on the plain	[]	[]
8284835870880208970	Nile	Nile - wikipedia Nile Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Nile ( disambiguation ) . Nile River The river in Uganda Countries Egypt , Sudan , South Sudan , Ethiopia , Uganda , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Kenya , Tanzania , Rwanda , Burundi , Eritrea Cities Jinja , Juba , Khartoum , Cairo Primary source White Nile - elevation 2,700 m ( 8,858 ft ) - coordinates 02 ° 16 ′ 56 '' S 029 ° 19 ′ 53 '' E / 2.28222 ° S 29.33139 ° E / - 2.28222 ; 29.33139 Secondary source Blue Nile - location Lake Tana , Ethiopia - coordinates 12 ° 02 ′ 09 '' N 037 ° 15 ′ 53 '' E / 12.03583 ° N 37.26472 ° E / 12.03583 ; 37.26472 Source confluence near Khartoum Mouth - location Mediterranean Sea , Egypt - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 30 ° 10 ′ N 031 ° 06 ′ E / 30.167 ° N 31.100 ° E / 30.167 ; 31.100 Coordinates : 30 ° 10 ′ N 031 ° 06 ′ E / 30.167 ° N 31.100 ° E / 30.167 ; 31.100 Length 6,853 km ( 4,258 mi ) Width 2.8 km ( 2 mi ) Depth 8 -- 11 m ( 26 -- 36 ft ) Basin 3,400,000 km ( 1,312,747 sq mi ) Discharge - average 2,830 m / s ( 99,941 cu ft / s ) The Nile ( Arabic : النيل ‎ ‎ , Egyptian Arabic en - Nīl , Standard Arabic an - Nīl ; Coptic : ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲱ , P ( h ) iaro ; Ancient Egyptian : Ḥ'pī and Jtrw ; Biblical Hebrew : היאור , Ha - Ye'or or השיחור , Ha - Shiḥor ) is a major north - flowing river in northeastern Africa . It is commonly regarded as the longest river in the world , though other conflicting sources cite a 2007 study that gave the title to the Amazon River in South America . The Nile , which is 6,853 km ( 4,258 miles ) long , is an `` international '' river as its drainage basin covers eleven countries , namely , Tanzania , Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Kenya , Ethiopia , Eritrea , South Sudan , Sudan and Egypt . In particular , the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan . The Nile has two major tributaries , the White Nile and Blue Nile . The White Nile is considered to be the headwaters and primary stream of the Nile itself . The Blue Nile , however , is the source of most of the water and silt . The White Nile is longer and rises in the Great Lakes region of central Africa , with the most distant source still undetermined but located in either Rwanda or Burundi . It flows north through Tanzania , Lake Victoria , Uganda and South Sudan . The Blue Nile ( Amharic : ዓባይ , ʿĀbay ) begins at Lake Tana in Ethiopia and flows into Sudan from the southeast . The two rivers meet just north of the Sudanese capital of Khartoum . The northern section of the river flows north almost entirely through the Sudanese desert to Egypt , then ends in a large delta and flows into the Mediterranean Sea . Egyptian civilization and Sudanese kingdoms have depended on the river since ancient times . Most of the population and cities of Egypt lie along those parts of the Nile valley north of Aswan , and nearly all the cultural and historical sites of Ancient Egypt are found along riverbanks . In the ancient Egyptian language , the Nile is called Ḥ'pī or Iteru ( Hapy ) , meaning `` river '' . In Coptic , the words piaro ( Sahidic ) or phiaro ( Bohairic ) meaning `` the river '' ( lit . p ( h ). iar - o `` the. canal - great '' ) come from the same ancient name . The English name Nile and the Arabic names en - Nîl and an - Nîl both derive from the Latin Nilus and the Ancient Greek Νεῖλος . Beyond that , however , the etymology is disputed . One possible etymology derives it from a Semitic Nahal , meaning `` river '' . The standard English names `` White Nile '' and `` Blue Nile '' , to refer to the river 's source , derive from Arabic names formerly applied only to the Sudanese stretches which meet at Khartoum . Contents ( hide ) 1 Course 1.1 Sources 1.1. 1 Lost headwaters 1.2 In Uganda 1.3 In South Sudan 1.4 In Sudan 1.5 In Egypt 2 Tributaries 2.1 Atbara River 2.2 Blue Nile 2.3 Bahr el Ghazal and Sobat River 2.4 Yellow Nile 3 History 3.1 Eonile 3.2 Integrated Nile 3.3 Role in the founding of Egyptian civilization 3.4 Search for the source of the Nile 3.5 Since 1950 4 Water sharing dispute 5 Modern achievements and exploration 6 Crossings 6.1 Crossings from Khartoum to the Mediterranean Sea 6.2 Crossings from Rwanda to Khartoum 7 Images and media of the Nile 8 Annotated bibliography 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Course ( edit ) See also : White Nile The Nile at Dendera , as seen from the SPOT satellite The Nile 's watershed The Nile near Beni Suef Composite satellite image of the White Nile Above Khartoum , the Nile is also known as the White Nile , a term also used in a limited sense to describe the section between Lake No and Khartoum . At Khartoum the river is joined by the Blue Nile . The White Nile starts in equatorial East Africa , and the Blue Nile begins in Ethiopia . Both branches are on the western flanks of the East African Rift . The drainage basin of the Nile covers 3,254,555 square kilometers ( 1,256,591 sq mi ) , about 10 % of the area of Africa . The Nile basin is complex , and because of this , the discharge at any given point along the mainstem depends on many factors including weather , diversions , evaporation and evapotranspiration , and groundwater flow . Sources ( edit ) The source of the Nile is sometimes considered to be Lake Victoria , but the lake has feeder rivers of considerable size . The Kagera River , which flows into Lake Victoria near the Tanzanian town of Bukoba , is the longest feeder , although sources do not agree on which is the longest tributary of the Kagera and hence the most distant source of the Nile itself . It is either the Ruvyironza , which emerges in Bururi Province , Burundi , or the Nyabarongo , which flows from Nyungwe Forest in Rwanda . The two feeder rivers meet near Rusumo Falls on the Rwanda - Tanzania border . The source of the Nile from the underwater spring at the neck of Lake Victoria , Jinja In 2010 , an exploration party went to a place described as the source of the Rukarara tributary , and by hacking a path up steep jungle - choked mountain slopes in the Nyungwe forest found ( in the dry season ) an appreciable incoming surface flow for many kilometres upstream , and found a new source , giving the Nile a length of 6,758 km ( 4,199 mi ) . Gish Abay is reportedly the place where the `` holy water '' of the first drops of the Blue Nile develop . Lost headwaters ( edit ) Further information : List of rivers by length Formerly Lake Tanganyika drained northwards along the African Rift Valley into the White Nile , making the Nile about 1,400 kilometers ( 870 mi ) longer , until it was blocked in Miocene times by the bulk of the Virunga Volcanoes . In Uganda ( edit ) The Nile leaves Lake Nyanza ( Victoria ) at Ripon Falls near Jinja , Uganda , as the Victoria Nile . It flows north for some 130 kilometers ( 81 mi ) , to Lake Kyoga . The last part of the approximately 200 kilometers ( 120 mi ) river section starts from the western shores of the lake and flows at first to the west until just south of Masindi Port , where the river turns north , then makes a great half circle to the east and north until Karuma Falls . For the remaining part it flows merely westerly through the Murchison Falls until it reaches the very northern shores of Lake Albert where it forms a significant river delta . The lake itself is on the border of DR Congo , but the Nile is not a border river at this point . After leaving Lake Albert , the river continues north through Uganda and is known as the Albert Nile . In South Sudan ( edit ) The river flows into South Sudan just south of Nimule , where it is known as the Bahr al Jabal ( `` Mountain River '' ) . Just south of the town it has the confluence with the Achwa River . The Bahr al Ghazal , itself 716 kilometers ( 445 mi ) long , joins the Bahr al Jabal at a small lagoon called Lake No , after which the Nile becomes known as the Bahr al Abyad , or the White Nile , from the whitish clay suspended in its waters . When the Nile floods it leaves a rich silty deposit which fertilizes the soil . The Nile no longer floods in Egypt since the completion of the Aswan Dam in 1970 . An anabranch river , the Bahr el Zeraf , flows out of the Nile 's Bahr al Jabal section and rejoins the White Nile . The flow rate of the Bahr al Jabal at Mongalla , South Sudan is almost constant throughout the year and averages 1,048 m / s ( 37,000 cu ft / s ) . After Mongalla , the Bahr Al Jabal enters the enormous swamps of the Sudd region of South Sudan . More than half of the Nile 's water is lost in this swamp to evaporation and transpiration . The average flow rate of the White Nile at the tails of the swamps is about 510 m / s ( 18,000 cu ft / s ) . From here it soon meets with the Sobat River at Malakal . On an annual basis , the White Nile upstream of Malakal contributes about fifteen percent of the total outflow of the Nile River . The average flow of the White Nile at Malakal , just below the Sobat River , is 924 m / s ( 32,600 cu ft / s ) ; the peak flow is approximately 1,218 m / s ( 43,000 cu ft / s ) in October and minimum flow is about 609 m / s ( 21,500 cu ft / s ) in April . This fluctuation is due the substantial variation in the flow of the Sobat , which has a minimum flow of about 99 m / s ( 3,500 cu ft / s ) in March and a peak flow of over 680 m / s ( 24,000 cu ft / s ) in October . During the dry season ( January to June ) the White Nile contributes between 70 percent and 90 percent of the total discharge from the Nile . In Sudan ( edit ) Below Renk the White Nile enters Sudan , it flows north to Khartoum and meets the Blue Nile . The course of the Nile in Sudan is distinctive . It flows over six groups of cataracts , from the sixth at Sabaloka just north of Khartoum northward to Abu Hamed . Due to the tectonic uplift of the Nubian Swell , the river is then diverted to flow for over 300 km south - west following the structure of the Central African Shear Zone embracing the Bayuda Desert . At Al Dabbah it resumes its northward course towards the first Cataract at Aswan forming the ' S ' - shaped Great Bend of the Nile already mentioned by Eratosthenes . In the north of Sudan the river enters Lake Nasser ( known in Sudan as Lake Nubia ) , the larger part of which is in Egypt . In Egypt ( edit ) Below the Aswan High Dam , at the northern limit of Lake Nasser , the Nile resumes its historic course . North of Cairo , the Nile splits into two branches ( or distributaries ) that feed the Mediterranean : the Rosetta Branch to the west and the Damietta to the east , forming the Nile Delta . Tributaries ( edit ) Atbara river ( edit ) Below the confluence with the Blue Nile the only major tributary is the Atbara River , roughly halfway to the sea , which originates in Ethiopia north of Lake Tana , and is around 800 kilometers ( 500 mi ) long . The Atbara flows only while there is rain in Ethiopia and dries very rapidly . During the dry period of January to June , it typically dries up . It joins the Nile approximately 300 kilometers ( 200 mi ) north of Khartoum . Blue Nile ( edit ) Main article : Blue Nile The Blue Nile Falls fed by Lake Tana near the city of Bahir Dar , Ethiopia Nile Delta from space Annotated view of the Nile and Red Sea , with a dust storm . The Blue Nile ( Ge'ez ጥቁር ዓባይ Ṭiqūr ʿĀbbāy ( Black Abay ) to Ethiopians ; Arabic : النيل الأزرق ‎ ‎ ; transliterated : an - Nīl al - Azraq ) springs from Lake Tana in the Ethiopian Highlands . The Blue Nile flows about 1,400 kilometres to Khartoum , where the Blue Nile and White Nile join to form the Nile . Ninety percent of the water and ninety - six percent of the transported sediment carried by the Nile originates in Ethiopia , with fifty - nine percent of the water from the Blue Nile ( the rest being from the Tekezé , Atbarah , Sobat , and small tributaries ) . The erosion and transportation of silt only occurs during the Ethiopian rainy season in the summer , however , when rainfall is especially high on the Ethiopian Plateau ; the rest of the year , the great rivers draining Ethiopia into the Nile ( Sobat , Blue Nile , Tekezé , and Atbarah ) have a weaker flow . In harsh and arid seasons and droughts the blue Nile dries out completely . The flow of the Blue Nile varies considerably over its yearly cycle and is the main contribution to the large natural variation of the Nile flow . During the dry season the natural discharge of the Blue Nile can be as low as 113 m / s ( 4,000 cu ft / s ) , although upstream dams regulate the flow of the river . During the wet season the peak flow of the Blue Nile often exceeds 5,663 m / s ( 200,000 cu ft / s ) in late August ( a difference of a factor of 50 ) . Before the placement of dams on the river the yearly discharge varied by a factor of 15 at Aswan . Peak flows of over 8,212 m / s ( 290,000 cu ft / s ) occurred during late August and early September , and minimum flows of about 552 m / s ( 19,500 cu ft / s ) occurred during late April and early May . Bahr el Ghazal and Sobat river ( edit ) The Bahr al Ghazal and the Sobat River are the two most important tributaries of the White Nile in terms of discharge . The Bahr al Ghazal 's drainage basin is the largest of any of the Nile 's sub-basins , measuring 520,000 square kilometers ( 200,000 sq mi ) in size , but it contributes a relatively small amount of water , about 2 m / s ( 71 cu ft / s ) annually , due to tremendous volumes of water being lost in the Sudd wetlands . The Sobat River , which joins the Nile a short distance below Lake No , drains about half as much land , 225,000 km ( 86,900 sq mi ) , but contributes 412 cubic meters per second ( 14,500 cu ft / s ) annually to the Nile . When in flood the Sobat carries a large amount of sediment , adding greatly to the White Nile 's color . Yellow Nile ( edit ) The Yellow Nile is a former tributary that connected the Ouaddaï Highlands of eastern Chad to the Nile River Valley c. 8000 to c. 1000 BC . Its remains are known as the Wadi Howar . The wadi passes through Gharb Darfur near the northern border with Chad and meets up with the Nile near the southern point of the Great Bend . History ( edit ) Further information : Sahara § Climate history Reconstruction of the Oikoumene ( inhabited world ) , an ancient map based on Herodotus ' description of the world , circa 450 BC The Nile ( iteru in Ancient Egyptian ) has been the lifeline of civilization in Egypt since the Stone Age , with most of the population and all of the cities of Egypt resting along those parts of the Nile valley lying north of Aswan . However , the Nile used to run much more westerly through what is now Wadi Hamim and Wadi al Maqar in Libya and flow into the Gulf of Sidra . As sea level rose at the end of the most recent ice age , the stream which is now the northern Nile pirated the ancestral Nile near Asyut , this change in climate also led to the creation of the current Sahara desert , around 3400 BC . Eonile ( edit ) The present Nile is at least the fifth river that has flowed north from the Ethiopian Highlands . Satellite imagery was used to identify dry watercourses in the desert to the west of the Nile . An Eonile canyon , now filled by surface drift , represents an ancestral Nile called the Eonile that flowed during the later Miocene ( 23 -- 5.3 million years before present ) . The Eonile transported clastic sediments to the Mediterranean ; several natural gas fields have been discovered within these sediments . During the late - Miocene Messinian salinity crisis , when the Mediterranean Sea was a closed basin and evaporated to the point of being empty or nearly so , the Nile cut its course down to the new base level until it was several hundred metres below world ocean level at Aswan and 2,400 m ( 7,900 ft ) below Cairo . This created a very long and deep canyon which was filled with sediment when the Mediterranean was recreated . At some point the sediments raised the riverbed sufficiently for the river to overflow westward into a depression to create Lake Moeris . Lake Tanganyika drained northwards into the Nile until the Virunga Volcanoes blocked its course in Rwanda . The Nile was much longer at that time , with its furthest headwaters in northern Zambia . Integrated Nile ( edit ) There are two theories about the age of the integrated Nile . One is that the integrated drainage of the Nile is of young age , and that the Nile basin was formerly broken into series of separate basins , only the most northerly of which fed a river following the present course of the Nile in Egypt and Sudan . Rushdi Said postulated that Egypt itself supplied most of the waters of the Nile during the early part of its history . The other theory is that the drainage from Ethiopia via rivers equivalent to the Blue Nile and the Atbara and Takazze flowed to the Mediterranean via the Egyptian Nile since well back into Tertiary times . Salama suggested that during the Paleogene and Neogene Periods ( 66 million to 2.588 million years ago ) a series of separate closed continental basins each occupied one of the major parts of the Sudanese Rift System : Mellut rift , White Nile rift , Blue Nile rift , Atbara rift and Sag El Naam rift . The Mellut Rift Basin is nearly 12 kilometers ( 7.5 mi ) deep at its central part . This rift is possibly still active , with reported tectonic activity in its northern and southern boundaries . The Sudd swamps which form the central part of the basin may still be subsiding . The White Nile Rift System , although shallower than the Bahr el Arab rift , is about 9 kilometers ( 5.6 mi ) deep . Geophysical exploration of the Blue Nile Rift System estimated the depth of the sediments to be 5 -- 9 kilometers ( 3.1 -- 5.6 mi ) . These basins were not interconnected until their subsidence ceased , and the rate of sediment deposition was enough to fill and connect them . The Egyptian Nile connected to the Sudanese Nile , which captures the Ethiopian and Equatorial headwaters during the current stages of tectonic activity in the Eastern , Central and Sudanese Rift Systems . The connection of the different Niles occurred during cyclic wet periods . The River Atbara overflowed its closed basin during the wet periods that occurred about 100,000 to 120,000 years ago . The Blue Nile connected to the main Nile during the 70,000 -- 80,000 years B.P. wet period . The White Nile system in Bahr El Arab and White Nile Rifts remained a closed lake until the connection of the Victoria Nile to the main system some 12,500 years ago . Role in the founding of Egyptian civilization ( edit ) A felucca traversing the Nile near Aswan The Greek historian Herodotus wrote that `` Egypt was the gift of the Nile '' . An unending source of sustenance , it provided a crucial role in the development of Egyptian civilization . Silt deposits from the Nile made the surrounding land fertile because the river overflowed its banks annually . The Ancient Egyptians cultivated and traded wheat , flax , papyrus and other crops around the Nile . Wheat was a crucial crop in the famine - plagued Middle East . This trading system secured Egypt 's diplomatic relationships with other countries , and contributed to economic stability . Far - reaching trade has been carried on along the Nile since ancient times . Water buffalo were introduced from Asia , and Assyrians introduced camels in the 7th century BC . These animals were killed for meat , and were domesticated and used for ploughing -- or in the camels ' case , carriage . Water was vital to both people and livestock . The Nile was also a convenient and efficient means of transportation for people and goods . The Nile was an important part of ancient Egyptian spiritual life . Hapy was the god of the annual floods , and both he and the pharaoh were thought to control the flooding . The Nile was considered to be a causeway from life to death and the afterlife . The east was thought of as a place of birth and growth , and the west was considered the place of death , as the god Ra , the Sun , underwent birth , death , and resurrection each day as he crossed the sky . Thus , all tombs were west of the Nile , because the Egyptians believed that in order to enter the afterlife , they had to be buried on the side that symbolized death . As the Nile was such an important factor in Egyptian life , the ancient calendar was even based on the 3 cycles of the Nile . These seasons , each consisting of four months of thirty days each , were called Akhet , Peret , and Shemu . Akhet , which means inundation , was the time of the year when the Nile flooded , leaving several layers of fertile soil behind , aiding in agricultural growth . Peret was the growing season , and Shemu , the last season , was the harvest season when there were no rains . Search for the source of the Nile ( edit ) John Hanning Speke c. 1863 . Speke was the Victorian explorer who first reached Lake Victoria in 1858 , returning to establish it as the source of the Nile by 1862 . Henry Morton Stanley in 1872 . Stanley circumnavigated the lake and confirmed Speke 's observations in 1875 . Owing to their failure to penetrate the sudd wetlands of South Sudan , the upper reaches of the Nile remained largely unknown to the ancient Greeks and Romans . Various expeditions failed to determine the river 's source . Agatharcides records that in the time of Ptolemy II Philadelphus , a military expedition had penetrated far enough along the course of the Blue Nile to determine that the summer floods were caused by heavy seasonal rainstorms in the Ethiopian Highlands , but no European of antiquity is known to have reached Lake Tana . The Tabula Rogeriana depicted the source as three lakes in 1154 . Europeans began to learn about the origins of the Nile in the 15th and 16th centuries , when travelers to Ethiopia visited Lake Tana and the source of the Blue Nile in the mountains south of the lake . Although James Bruce claimed to be the first European to have visited the headwaters , modern writers give the credit to the Jesuit Pedro Páez . Páez 's account of the source of the Nile is a long and vivid account of Ethiopia . It was published in full only in the early 20th century , although it was featured in works of Páez 's contemporaries , including Baltazar Téllez , Athanasius Kircher and by Johann Michael Vansleb . Europeans had been resident in Ethiopia since the late 15th century , and one of them may have visited the headwaters even earlier without leaving a written trace . The Portuguese João Bermudes published the first description of the Tis Issat Falls in his 1565 memoirs , compared them to the Nile Falls alluded to in Cicero 's De Republica . Jerónimo Lobo describes the source of the Blue Nile , visiting shortly after Pedro Páez . Telles also used his account . The White Nile was even less understood . The ancients mistakenly believed that the Niger River represented the upper reaches of the White Nile . For example , Pliny the Elder wrote that the Nile had its origins `` in a mountain of lower Mauretania '' , flowed above ground for `` many days '' distance , then went underground , reappeared as a large lake in the territories of the Masaesyli , then sank again below the desert to flow underground `` for a distance of 20 days ' journey till it reaches the nearest Ethiopians . '' A merchant named Diogenes reported that the Nile 's water attracted game such as buffalo . A map of the Nile c. 1911 , a time when its entire primary course ran through British occupations , condominiums , colonies , and protectorates . Lake Victoria was first sighted by Europeans in 1858 when the British explorer John Hanning Speke reached its southern shore while traveling with Richard Francis Burton to explore central Africa and locate the great lakes . Believing he had found the source of the Nile on seeing this `` vast expanse of open water '' for the first time , Speke named the lake after the then Queen of the United Kingdom . Burton , recovering from illness and resting further south on the shores of Lake Tanganyika , was outraged that Speke claimed to have proved his discovery to be the true source of the Nile when Burton regarded this as still unsettled . A very public quarrel ensued , which sparked a great deal of intense debate within the scientific community and interest by other explorers keen to either confirm or refute Speke 's discovery . British explorer and missionary David Livingstone pushed too far west and entered the Congo River system instead . It was ultimately Welsh - American explorer Henry Morton Stanley who confirmed Speke 's discovery , circumnavigating Lake Victoria and reporting the great outflow at Ripon Falls on the Lake 's northern shore . European involvement in Egypt goes back to the time of Napoleon . Laird Shipyard of Liverpool sent an iron steamer to the Nile in the 1830s . With the completion of the Suez Canal and the British takeover of Egypt in the 1870s , more British river steamers followed . The Nile is the area 's natural navigation channel , giving access to Khartoum and Sudan by steamer . The Siege of Khartoum was broken with purpose - built sternwheelers shipped from England and steamed up the river to retake the city . After this came regular steam navigation of the river . With British Forces in Egypt in the First World War and the inter-war years , river steamers provided both security and sightseeing to the Pyramids and Thebes . Steam navigation remained integral to the two countries as late as 1962 . Sudan steamer traffic was a lifeline as few railways or roads were built in that country . Most paddle steamers have been retired to shorefront service , but modern diesel tourist boats remain on the river . Village on the Nile , 1891 Since 1950 ( edit ) The confluence of the Kagera and Ruvubu rivers near Rusumo Falls , part of the Nile 's upper reaches Dhows on the Nile The Nile passes through Cairo , Egypt 's capital city The Nile has long been used to transport goods along its length . Winter winds blow south , up river , so ships could sail up river , and down river using the flow of the river . While most Egyptians still live in the Nile valley , the 1970 completion of the Aswan High Dam ended the summer floods and their renewal of the fertile soil , fundamentally changing farming practices . The Nile supports much of the population living along its banks , enabling Egyptians to live in otherwise inhospitable regions of the Sahara . The rivers 's flow is disturbed at several points by the Cataracts of the Nile , which are sections of faster - flowing water with many small islands , shallow water , and rocks , which form an obstacle to navigation by boats . The Sudd wetlands in Sudan also forms a formidable navigation obstacle and impede water flow , to the extent that Sudan had once attempted to canalize ( the Jonglei Canal ) to bypass the swamps . Nile cities include Khartoum , Aswan , Luxor ( Thebes ) , and the Giza -- Cairo conurbation . The first cataract , the closest to the mouth of the river , is at Aswan , north of the Aswan Dam . This part of the river is a regular tourist route , with cruise ships and traditional wooden sailing boats known as feluccas . Many cruise ships ply the route between Luxor and Aswan , stopping at Edfu and Kom Ombo along the way . Security concerns have limited cruising on the northernmost portion for many years . A computer simulation study to plan the economic development of the Nile was directed by H.A.W. Morrice and W.N. Allan , for the Ministry of Hydro - power of the Republic of the Sudan , during 1955 -- 1957 Morrice was their Hydrological Adviser , and Allan his predecessor . M.P. Barnett directed the software development and computer operations . The calculations were enabled by accurate monthly inflow data collected for 50 years . The underlying principle was the use of over-year storage , to conserve water from rainy years for use in dry years . Irrigation , navigation and other needs were considered . Each computer run postulated a set of reservoirs and operating equations for the release of water as a function of the month and the levels upstream . The behavior that would have resulted given the inflow data was modeled . Over 600 models were run . Recommendations were made to the Sudanese authorities . The calculations were run on an IBM 650 computer . Simulation studies to design water resources are discussed further in the article on hydrology transport models , that have been used since the 1980s to analyze water quality . Despite the development of many reservoirs , drought during the 1980s led to widespread starvation in Ethiopia and Sudan , but Egypt was nourished by water impounded in Lake Nasser . Drought has proven to be a major cause of fatality in the Nile River basin . According to a report by the Strategic Foresight Group around 170 million people have been affected by droughts in the last century with half a million lives lost . From the 70 incidents of drought which took place between 1900 and 2012 , 55 incidents took place in Ethiopia , Sudan , South Sudan , Kenya and Tanzania . Water sharing dispute ( edit ) The Nile 's water has affected the politics of East Africa and the Horn of Africa for many decades . Countries including Uganda , Sudan , Ethiopia and Kenya have complained about Egyptian domination of its water resources . The Nile Basin Initiative promotes a peaceful cooperation among those states . Several attempts have been made to establish agreements between the countries sharing the Nile waters . It is very difficult to have all these countries agree with each other given the self - interest of each country and their political , strategic , and social differences . On 14 May 2010 at Entebbe , Ethiopia , Rwanda , Tanzania and Uganda signed a new agreement on sharing the Nile water even though this agreement raised strong opposition from Egypt and Sudan . Ideally , such international agreements should promote equitable and efficient usage of the Nile basin 's water resources . Without a better understanding about the availability of the future water resources of the Nile River , it is possible that conflicts could arise between these countries relying on the Nile for their water supply , economic and social developments . Modern achievements and exploration ( edit ) The White Nile Expedition , led by South African national Hendrik Coetzee , became the first to navigate the White Nile 's entire length of approximately 3,700 kilometres ( 2,300 mi ) . The expedition began at the White Nile 's source , Lake Victoria in Uganda , on 17 January 2004 and arrived safely at the Mediterranean in Rosetta , four and a half months later . The Blue Nile Expedition , led by geologist Pasquale Scaturro and his partner , kayaker and documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown became the first people to descend the entire Blue Nile , from Lake Tana in Ethiopia to the beaches of Alexandria on the Mediterranean . Their approximately 5,230 kilometres ( 3,250 mi ) journey took 114 days : from 25 December 2003 to 28 April 2004 . Though their expedition included others , Brown and Scaturro were the only ones to complete the entire journey . Although they descended whitewater manually the team used outboard motors for much of their journey . On 29 January 2005 Canadian Les Jickling and New Zealander Mark Tanner completed the first human powered transit of Ethiopia 's Blue Nile . Their journey of over 5,000 kilometres ( 3,100 mi ) took five months . They recount that they paddled through two war zones , regions notorious for bandits , and were arrested at gunpoint . On 30 April 2005 a team led by South Africans Peter Meredith and Hendrik Coetzee became the first to navigate the major remote source of the White Nile , the Akagera river that starts as the Ruvyironza in Bururi Province , Burundi , and ends at Lake Victoria , Uganda . Crossings ( edit ) Crossings from Khartoum to the Mediterranean Sea ( edit ) The following bridges cross the Blue Nile and connect Khartoum to Khartoum North : Mac Nimir Bridge Blue Nile Road & Railway Bridge Burri Bridge Elmansheya Bridge Soda bridge The following bridges cross the White Nile and connect Khartoum to Omdurman : White Nile Bridge Fitayhab Bridge Al Dabbaseen Bridge ( under construction ) Omhuraz Bridge ( proposed ) the following bridges cross from Omdurman : to Khartoum North : Shambat Bridge Halfia Bridge The following bridges cross to Tuti from Khartoum states three cities Khartoum - tuti Bridge Omdurman - Tuti Suspension Bridge ( proposed ) Khartoum North - tuti Bridge ( proposed ) Other bridges Shandi Bridge , Shendi Atbarah Bridge , Atbarah Merowe Dam , Merowe Merowe Bridge , Merowe Aswan Bridge , Aswan Luxor Bridge , Luxor Suhag Bridge , Suhag Assiut Bridge , Assiut Al Minya Bridge , Minya Al Marazeek Bridge , Helwan First Ring Road Bridge ( Moneeb Crossing ) , Cairo Abbas Bridge , Cairo University Bridge , Cairo Qasr al - Nil Bridge , Cairo 6th October Bridge , Cairo Abu El Ela Bridge , Cairo ( removed in 1998 ) New Abu El Ela Bridge , Cairo Imbaba Bridge , Cairo Rod Elfarag Bridge , Cairo Second Ring Road Bridge , Cairo Banha Bridge , Banha Samanoud Bridge , Samanoud Mansoura 2 Bridges , Mansoura Talkha Bridge , Talkha Shirbine high Bridge Shirbine Bridge Kafr Sad - Farscor Bridge International Coastal Road Bridge Damietta high Bridge , Damietta Damietta Bridge , Damietta Kafr El Zayat Bridges , Kafr El Zayat Zefta Bridge , Zefta This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Crossings from Rwanda to Khartoum ( edit ) Nalubaale Bridge , Jinja , Uganda ( Formerly Owen Falls Bridge ) Karuma Bridge , Karuma , Uganda Pakwach Bridge , Uganda This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Images and media of the Nile ( edit ) Riverboat on the Nile , Egypt 1900 Marsh along the Nile A river boat crossing the Nile in Uganda Murchison Falls in Uganda , between Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga The Nile in Luxor The river Nile flows through Cairo , here contrasting ancient customs of daily life with the modern city of today . Annotated bibliography ( edit ) The following is an annotated bibliography of key written documents for the Western exploration of the Nile . 17th century Historia da Ethiopia , Pedro Páez ( aka Pero Pais ) , Portugal , 1620 A Jesuit missionary who was sent from Goa to Ethiopia in 1589 and remained in the area until his death in 1622 . Credited with being the first European to view the source of the Blue Nile which he describes in this volume . Voyage historique d'Abissinie , Jerónimo Lobo ( aka Girolamo Lobo ) , Piero Matini , Firenze ; 1693 One of the most important and earliest sources on Ethiopia and the Nile . Jerónimo Lobo ( 1595 - 1687 ) , a Jesuit priest , stayed in Ethiopia , mostly in Tigre , for 9 years and travelled to Lake Tana and the Blue Nile , reaching the province of Damot . When the Jesuits were expelled from the country , he too had to leave and did so via Massaua and Suakin . `` He was the best expert on Ethiopian matters . After Pais , Lobo is the second European to describe the sources of the Blue Nile and he did so more exactly than Bruce '' ( transl. from Henze ) . 18th century Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile in the Years -- 1768 , 1770 , 1771 , 1772 , and 1773 , James Bruce of Kinnaird . J. Ruthven for G. GJ. and J. Robinson et al. , Edinburgh , 1790 ( 5 Volumes ) With time on his hands and at the urging of a friend , Bruce composed this account of his travels on the African continent , including comments on the history and religion of Egypt , an account of Indian trade , a history of Abyssinia , and other material . Although Bruce would not be confused with `` a great scholar or a judicious critic , few books of equal compass are equally entertaining ; and few such monuments exist of the energy and enterprise of a single traveller '' ( DNB ) . `` The result of his travels was a very great enrichment of the knowledge of geography and ethnography '' ( Cox II , p. 389 . ) Bruce was one of the earliest westerners to search for the source of the Nile . In November 1770 he reached the source of the Blue Nile , and though he acknowledged that the White Nile was the larger stream , he claimed that the Blue Nile was the Nile of the ancients and that he was thus the discoverer of its source . The account of his travels was written twelve years after his journey and without reference to his journals , which gave critics grounds for disbelief , but the substantial accuracy of the book has since been amply demonstrated . 1800 -- 1850 Egypt And Mohammed Ali , Or Travels In The Valley of The Nile , James Augustus St. John , Longman , London , 1834 St. John traveled extensively in Egypt and Nubia in 1832 -- 33 , mainly on foot . He gives a very interesting picture of Egyptian life and politics under Mohammed Ali , a large part of volume II deals with the Egyptian campaign in Syria . Travels in Ethiopia Above the Second Cateract of the Nile ; Exhibiting the State of That Country and Its Various Inhabitants Under the Dominion of Mohammed Ali ; and Illustrating the Antiquities , Arts , and History of the Ancient Kingdom of Meroe , G.A. Hoskins . Longman , Rees , Orme , Brown , Green , & Longman , London ; 1835 . Modern Egypt and Thebes : Being a Description of Egypt ; Including Information Required for Travelers in That Country , Sir Gardner Wilkinson , John Murray , London , 1843 The first known English travelers guide to the Lower Nile Basin . 1850 -- 1900 Lake Regions of Central Equatorial Africa , with Notices of The Lunar Mountains and the Sources of the White Nile ; being The Results of an Expedition Undertaken under the Patronage of Her Majesty 's Government and the Royal Geographical Society of London , In the Years 1857 -- 1859 , Sir Richard Burton . W. Clowes , London ; 1860 Sir Richard Burton 's presentation of his expedition with John Speke . Ultimately , Burton 's view of the sources of the Nile failed and Speke 's prevailed . Travels , researches , and missionary labours , during eighteen years ' residence in eastern Africa . Together with journeys to Jagga , Usambara , Ukambani , Shoa , Abessinia , and Khartum ; and a coasting voyage from Mombaz to Cape Delgado . With an appendix respecting the snow - capped mountains of eastern Africa ; the sources of the Nile ; the languages and literature of Abessinia And eastern Africa , etc. etc. , Rev Dr. J. Krapf , Trubner and Co , London ; 1860 ; Ticknor and Fields , Boston ; 1860 Krapf went to East Africa in the service of the English Church Missionary Society , arriving at Mombasa , Kenya in 1844 and staying in East Africa until 1853 . While stationed there he was the first to report the existence of Lake Baringo and a sighting of the snow - clad Kilimanjaro . Krapf , during his travels , collected information from the Arab traders operating inland from the coast . From the traders Krapf and his companions learned of great lakes and snow - capped mountains , which Krapf claimed to have seen for himself , much to the ridicule of English explorers who could not believe the idea of snow on the equator . However , Krapf was correct and had seen Mounts Kilimanjaro and Kenya , the first European to do so . Egypt , Soudan and Central Africa : With Explorations From Khartoum on the White Nile to the Regions of the Equator , Being Sketches from Sixteen Years ' Travel , John Petherick . William Blackwood , Edinburgh ; 1861 Petherick was a well known Welsh traveler in East Central Africa where he had adopted the profession of mining engineer . This work describes sixteen years of his travel throughout Africa . In 1845 , he entered the service of Mehemet Ali , and was employed in examining Upper Egypt , Nubia , the Red Sea coast and Kordofan in an unsuccessful search for coal . In 1848 , he left the Egyptian service and established himself at El Obeid as a trader and was , at the same time made British Consul for the Sudan . In 1853 , he removed to Khartoum and became an ivory trader . He traveled extensively in the Bahr - el - Ghazal region , then almost unknown , exploring the Jur , Yalo and other affluents of the Ghazal and in 1858 he penetrated the Niam - Niam country . Petherick 's additions to the knowledge of natural history were considerable , being responsible for the discovery of a number of new species . In 1859 , he returned to England where he became acquainted with John Speke , then arranging for an expedition to discover the source of the Nile . While in England , Petherick married and published this account of his travels . He got the idea to join Speke in his travels , and in this volume is an actual subscription and list of subscribers to raise money to send Petherick to join Speke . His subsequent adventures as a consul in Africa were published in a later work . Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile , John Hanning Speke . William Blackwood , Edinburgh , 1863 ; Harper & Brothers , New York ; 1864 Speke had previously made an expedition with Sir Richard Burton under the auspices of the Indian government , during which Speke was convinced that he had discovered the source of the Nile . Burton , however , disagreed and ridiculed Speke 's account . Speke set off on another expedition , recounted here , in the company of Captain Grant . During the course of this expedition he not only produced further evidence for his discoveries but he also met ( later Sir ) Samuel and Florence Baker . Speke and Burton provided them with essential information which helped Baker in the discovery of the Albert Nyanza . The importance of Speke 's discoveries can hardly be overestimated . In discovering the source reservoir of the Nile he succeeded in solving the problem of all ages ; he and Grant were the first Europeans to cross Equatorial Eastern Africa and gained for the world a knowledge of about 800 km ( 500 mi ) of a portion of Eastern Africa previously totally unknown . See also ( edit ) Africa portal Geography portal Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station Egyptian Public Works Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station Water politics in the Nile Basin Merowe Dam Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station Orders of magnitude Vid Flumina , a river of liquid methane and ethane on Saturn 's moon Titan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nile River at GEOnet Names Server Jump up ^ `` Nile River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Amazon Longer Than Nile River , Scientists Say Jump up ^ Oloo , Adams ( 2007 ) . `` The Quest for Cooperation in the Nile Water Conflicts : A Case for Eritrea '' ( PDF ) . African Sociological Review . 11 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 25 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary `` Teleconnection , Modeling , Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin '' . Canada : University of Alberta . 2012 . Retrieved 23 January 2012 Jump up ^ BGN / PCGN . `` Romanization System for Amharic Archived 13 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine . '' . 1967 . Hosted at the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency , 2013 . Accessed 28 Feb 2014 . Jump up ^ See also : BGN / PCGN romanization . Jump up ^ The river 's outflow from that lake occurs at 12 ° 02 ′ 09 '' N 37 ° 15 ′ 53 '' E / 12.03583 ° N 37.26472 ° E / 12.03583 ; 37.26472 Jump up ^ `` What 's the Blue Nile and the White Nile ? - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Nile '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3 ed . ) . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Nile § Name '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 693 . Jump up ^ An overview is given by : Carles Múrcia ( 2006 ) . Greek : Νεῖλος : El nom grec del riu Nil pot ser d'origen amazic ? Aula Orientalis 24 : 269 - 292 Jump up ^ `` Nile '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Nile '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 695 . Jump up ^ `` The Nile River '' . Nile Basin Initiative . 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ EarthTrends : The Environmental Information Portal Archived 27 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McLeay , Cam ( July 2 , 2006 ) . `` The Truth About the Source of R. Nile '' . New Vision . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nile River '' . Archived from the original on 10 January 2007 . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Team Reaches Nile 's ' True Source ' '' . BBC News . March 31 , 2006 . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Described in Joanna Lumley 's Nile , 7 pm to 8 pm , ITV , Sunday 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Journey to the source of the Nile '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Next on Egypt 's to - do : Ethiopia and the Nile Jump up ^ Arabic bahr can refer to either seas or large rivers . Jump up ^ Hurst H.E. ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` The Nile Basins volume 1 The Hydrology of the Blue Nile and Akbara and the Main Nile to Aswan , with some Reference to the Projects Nile control Dept . paper 12 '' ( PDF ) . Cairo : Government Printing office . Jump up ^ J.V. Sutcliffe & Y.P. Parks ( 1999 ) . `` 12 '' . The Hydrology of the Nile ( PDF ) . IAHS Special Publication no . 5 . p. 161 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Robert J. Stern , Mohamed Gamal Abdelsalam : The Origin of the Great Bend of the Nile from SIR - C / X-SAR Imaginary . In : Science , New Series , Vol. 274 , Issue 5293 ( Dec. 6 , 1996 ) , pp. 1696 - 1698 Jump up ^ as per Strabos Geographika book XVII Jump up ^ Egyptian Dust Plume , Red Sea Jump up ^ `` Blue Nile River river , Africa '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Marshall et al. , `` Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental and climatic change from Lake Tana , source of the Blue Nile '' ( PDF ) . ( 247 KB ) , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Two Niles Meet : Image of the Day '' . earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 2013 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Shahin , Mamdouh ( 2002 ) . Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa . Springer . pp. 276 , 287 -- 288 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 0866 - X . ; online at Google Books Jump up ^ `` Sobat River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 21 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Keding , Birgit ( 2000 ) . `` New Data on the Holocene Occupation of the Wadi Howar Region ( Eastern Sahara / Sudan ) '' . Studies in African Archaeology. 7 : 89 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Carmignani , Luigi ; Salvini , Riccardo ; Bonciani , Filippo ( 2009 ) . `` Did the Nile River flow to the Gulf of Sirt during the late Miocene ? '' ( PDF ) . Bollettino della Societa Geologica Italiana ( Italian Journal of Geoscience ) . 128 ( 2 ) : 403 -- 408 . doi : 10.3301 / IJG. 2009.128. 2.403 . Jump up ^ Salvini , Riccardo ; Carmignani , Luigi ; Francionib , Mirko ; Casazzaa , Paolo ( 2015 ) . `` Elevation modelling and palaeo - environmental interpretation in the Siwa area ( Egypt ) : Application of SAR interferometry and radargrammetry to COSMO - SkyMed imagery '' . Catena. 129 : 46 -- 62 . doi : 10.1016 / j. catena. 2015.02. 017 . Jump up ^ Although the ancestral Sahara Desert initially developed at least 7 million years ago , it grew during interglacial periods and shrank during glacial ones . The growth of the current Sahara began about 6,000 years ago . Schuster , Mathieu ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` The age of the Sahara desert '' ( PDF ) . Science . 311 ( 5762 ) : 821 -- 821 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1120161 . Jump up ^ Warren , John ( 2006 ) . Evaporites : Sediments , Resources and Hydrocarbons . Berlin : Springer . p. 352 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 26011 - 0 . Jump up ^ Said , R. ( 1981 ) . The geological evolution of the River Nile . Springer Verlag . Jump up ^ Williams , M.A.J. ; Williams , F. ( 1980 ) . Evolution of Nile Basin . In M.A.J. Williams and H. Faure ( eds ) . The Sahara and the Nile . Balkema , Rotterdam , pp 207 -- 224 . Jump up ^ Salama , R.B. ( 1987 ) . `` The evolution of the River Nile , The buried saline rift lakes in Sudan '' . J. African Earth Sciences . 6 ( 6 ) : 899 -- 913 . doi : 10.1016 / 0899 - 5362 ( 87 ) 90049 - 2 . Jump up ^ Salama , R.B. ( 1997 ) . Rift Basins of Sudan . African Basins , Sedimentary Basins of the World . 3 . Edited by R.C. Selley ( Series Editor K.J. Hsu ) pp. 105 -- 149 . ElSevier , Amsterdam . ^ Jump up to : Springer , Lisa ; Neil Morris ( 15 January 2010 ) . Art and Culture of Ancient Egypt . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4358 - 3589 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm 1911 , p. 698 . Jump up ^ Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile Jump up ^ History of Ethiopia , circa 1622 Jump up ^ Historia geral da Ethiopia a Alta , 1660 Jump up ^ Mundus Subterraneus , 1664 Jump up ^ The Present State of Egypt , 1678 . Jump up ^ S. Whiteway , editor and translator , The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia in 1441 -- 1543 , 1902 . ( Nendeln , Liechtenstein : Kraus Reprint , 1967 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Natural History , 5.10 Jump up ^ Chisholm 1911 , p. 693 . Jump up ^ Shahin , Mamdouh ( 2002 ) . Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa . Springer . pp. 286 -- 287 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 0866 - X . ; online at Google Books Jump up ^ `` Big Canal To Change Course of Nile River '' . October 1933 . Popular Science ( short article on top - right of page with map ) . Jump up ^ H.A.W. Morrice and W.N. Allan , Planning for the ultimate hydraulic development of the Nile Valley , Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers , 14 , 101 , 1959 . doi : 10.1680 / iicep. 1959.11963 Jump up ^ M.P. Barnett , Comment on the Nile Valley Calculations , Journal of the Royal Statistical Society , Series B , vol. 19 , 223 , 1957 . JSTOR 2983815 Jump up ^ D.F. Manzer and M.P. Barnett , Analysis by Simulation : Programming Techniques for a High - Speed Digital Computer , in Arthur Maas et al , Design of Water Resource Systems , pp. 324 -- 390 , Harvard University Press , Cambridge , Massachusetts , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Blue Peace for the Nile , 2009 Archived 8 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. ; Report by Strategic Foresight Group Jump up ^ The Nile Basin Initiative Archived 27 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cambanis , Thanassis ( 25 September 2010 ) . `` Egypt and Thirsty Neighbors Are at Odds Over Nile '' . New York Times . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ National Geographic released a feature film about the expedition in late 2005 entitled The Longest River . Jump up ^ They chronicled their adventure with an IMAX camera and two handheld video cams , sharing their story in the IMAX film Mystery of the Nile released in 2005 , and in a book of the same title . Jump up ^ Mark Tanner , Paddling the Blue Nile in Flood . Retrieved 1 November 2014 Jump up ^ Dorothy Middleton , ' Baker , Florence Barbara Maria , Lady Baker ( 1841 -- 1916 ) ' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 accessed 11 Sept 2015 Further reading ( edit ) Jeal , Tim ( 2011 ) . Explorers of the Nile : The Triumph and Tragedy of a Great Victorian Adventure . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 14935 - 7 Tvedt , Terje , ed . The River Nile in the Post-Colonial Age : Conflict and Cooperation Among the Nile Basin Countries ( I.B. Tauris , 2010 ) 293 pages ; studies of the river 's finite resources as shared by multiple nations in the post-colonial era ; includes research by scholars from Burundi , Congo , Egypt , Ethiopia , Kenya , Rwanda , Sudan , Tanzania , and Uganda . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nile . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nile . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Nile A Struggle Over the Nile -- slideshow by The New York Times Thesis Analyzing Nile River Negotiations Geographic data related to Nile at OpenStreetMap Ancient Egypt topics Outline Index Major topics Glossary of artifacts Agriculture Architecture ( Egyptian Revival architecture ) Art Astronomy Burial customs Chronology Cities ( list ) Clothing Cuisine Dynasties Geography Great Royal Wives History Language Literature Mathematics Medicine Military Music Mythology People Pharaohs ( list ) Philosophy Religion Sites Technology Trade Writing Egyptology Egyptologists Museums Book Ancient Egypt portal WikiProject Commons People and things in the Quran ( hide ) Characters God in Islam ( Allah ) Names of God found in the Quran Angels Israfil Izra'il / Azrael ( Malak al - Mawt ) Jibra'il / Gabriel ( Al - Ruh al - Amin ) and Holy Spirit ( Al - Ruh al - Qudus ) and Al - Ruh ( The Spirit ) Maalik Mika'il Harut and Marut Jinns Iblīs / Devil Shaitan / Satan Ifrit ( and Marid ) Qareen In Heaven ( Jannah ) Ghilman and Wildan Houri In Hell ( Jahannam ) Zabaniyya Zaqqum Prophets and apostles ( messengers ) of God Mentioned Ādam / Adam Alyasa ' / Elisha Ayyub / Job Dawud / David Dhul - Kifl / Ezekiel ? Harun / Aaron Hud / Eber ? Ibrahim / Abraham ( Khalilullah ) Idris / Enoch ? Ilyas / Elijah Imran / Joachim ( father of Maryam ) Isa / Jesus Isḥaq / Isaac Isma'il / Ishmael Dhabih Ullah Lut / Lot Muhammad or Ahmad / Paraclete Musa / Moses ( Kalimullah ) Nuh / Noah Saleh / Shelah ? Shuaib / Jethro Sulayman / Solomon Uzair / Ezra ? Yahya / John the Baptist Yaqub / Jacob ( Israel ) Yunus / Jonah ( Dhul - Nun , Sahib al - Hut ) Yūsuf / Joseph Zakariya / Zechariah Implied Ermia / Jeremiah Samuel Yusha ' ibn Nūn / Joshua Good people ( before Islam ) Mentioned Dhul - Qarnayn Luqman Maryam / Mary ( mother of Isa ) Talut / Saul Implicitly mentioned Asiyah bint Muzahim / Bithiah ? ( wife of Fir'aun ) Asif ibn Barkhiya Bilquis ( Queen of Saba / Sheba ) Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Beniamin / Benjamin Habib the Carpenter ( believer of Ya - Sin ) Kaleb / Caleb Khidr Magicians of Fir'aun Simon Cephas / Simon Peter Other people ( before Islam ) Mentioned Āzar ( uncle of Ibrahim ) Fir'aun / Pharaoh Haman Jalut / Goliath Qarun / Korah Sāmiri Implicitly mentioned Abraha Bal'am / Balaam Barṣīṣā Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Potiphar ( Al - Aziz ) Shaddad Simeon ( son of Ya'qub ) Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Valid ibn Rayyan ( king of Egypt in the account of Yūsuf ) Zuleika ( wife of al - Aziz ) Mentioned people ( after inception of Islam ) Abū Lahab Zayd ibn Harithah Relatives of prophets Specified good relatives Daughters of Lut / Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Elizabeth or ' Ishā ' ( wife of Zakariya ) Habil / Abel ( son of Adam ) Hawwa ' / Eve ( wife of Adam ) Kulthum / Miriam ( sister of Musa ) Saffurah / Zipporah ( wife of Musa ) and Layya ( Saffura 's sister ) Sarah ( wife of Ibrahim , mother of Isḥaq ) Yukabed / Jochebed ( mother of Musa ) Non-specified good relatives Abiona / Amtelai daughter of Karnebo ( mother of Ibrahim ) Bathsheba ( wife of Dawud ) Muhammad 's wives Daughters of Muhammad Hājar / Hagar ( wife of Ibrahim , mother of Isma'il ) Hannah / Anne daughter of Faquz ( mother of Maryam ) Imran / Amram ( father of Musa ) Lamech ( father of Nuh ) Rāhil / Rachel ( wife of Ya'qub ) Rahma / Dinah ( wife of Ayyub ) Shamkha bint Anush / Betenos ( mother of Nuh ) Son of Luqman Other relatives Brothers of Yūsuf Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ? Tārah / Terah ( father of Ibrahim ) Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ? ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) Groups and tribes Tribes and ethnicities Mentioned ' Ād ( people of Hud ) Arabs and Ajam Children of Israel / Israelites Companions of the Rass People of Saba ' / Sheba People of Shu'aib ( people of Madyan and people of Aykah / Wood ) People of Tubba ' Quraysh Romans Thamud ( people of Saleh , companions of Hijr ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Implicitly mentioned Ahl al - Bayt Amalek Banu Hashim Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Groups Mentioned Christian apostles Disciples of Jesus Companions of Noah 's Ark Companions of Sabbath ( Aşḥāb al - Sabt ) Companions of the Cave / Seven Sleepers and Companions of al - Raqaim Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of the City ( People of Ya - Sin ) People of the Burned Garden ( Aşḥāb al - Jannah ) Ulu'l azm prophets Implicitly mentioned Ahl al - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Aus and Khazraj Copts Hezbollah Muhajirun ( The emigrants ) and Ansar ( The helpers ) Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Christians ( People of Injil ) Jews Kafir ( Infidels ) Majus Zoroastrians Munafiq Hypocrites Mushrik Polytheists Muslims People of the Book ( ‎ ′ Ahl al - Kitāb ) Sabians Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Rabbani / Rabbi Ruhban ( Christian monks ) Locations , entities and events Locations Mentioned Ahqāf Al - Aqsa Mosque Arafat and Mash'ar al - Harām Bābil / Babylon Badr Door of Hittah Hijr / Hegra Holy Land ( Palestine and Levant ) Hunayn Iram Ka'bah / Kaaba ( Bayt al - Harām / Sacred House , Bayt al - ' Atīq / Ancient House ) Madyan / Midian Madinah / Medina ( formerly Yathrib ) Majma ' al - Bahrain Makkah / Mecca ( Umm al - Qura , Balad al - Amin , Bakkah ) Maqām Ibrahim Masjid al - Dirar Masjid al - Haram Mount Judi Mu'tafikat ( Sodom ) Rass Saba ' / Sheba Al - Safa and Al - Marwah Tur Sinā ' / Mount Sinai and Jabal al - Tur Egypt Valley of Tuwa Implicitly mentioned Antioch Antakya Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas and ' Ariha Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) and Al - Hijr of Isma'il Canaan Cave of Hira and Cave of Thawr Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār al - Nadwa Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Ma'rib Dam Masjid al - Nabawi ( Prophet 's Mosque ) Mesopotamia Nile River Nineveh Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Quba Mosque Sinai Desert and Tīh Desert Ta'if Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Mihrab Monastery Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Non-human physical entities Religious texts Injil / Gospel Quran Suhuf - i Ibrahim ( Scrolls of Abraham ) Tawrat / Torah , Suhuf - i - Musa ( Scrolls of Moses ) and Tablets of Stone Zabur Related animals Cow of Israelites and Golden calf Dog of Seven Sleepers Fish of Yunis Hoopoe of Sulayman She - Camel of Saleh Related objects Forbidden fruit of Adam Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Tabut al - Sakina ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) Baal Lāt , ' Uzza and Manāt Wadd , Suwa ' , Yaghuth , Ya'uq and Nasr ( Jibt and Taghut Ansāb ) Events Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of the Trench ( Battle of the Confederates ) Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Hadith of the pond of Khumm Incident of Ifk Layla al - Mabit Mubahala The Farewell Pilgrimage ( Hujja al - Wada ' ) Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Umrah al - Qaza Yawm al - Dār Note : The names are sorted alphabetically . Standard form : Islamic name / Biblical name ( title or relationship ) VIAF : 129365562 GND : 4042339 - 6 NDL : 00628842 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nile&oldid=805945785 '' Categories : Nile International rivers of Africa Nile basin Rivers of Egypt Rivers of Sudan Rivers of South Sudan Rivers of Uganda Geography of ancient Egypt Hebrew Bible rivers National parks of Egypt Water transport in Egypt Rivers of Africa Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles containing Greek - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Amharic - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2011 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Incomplete lists from August 2008 Incomplete lists from April 2009 Use dmy dates from October 2010 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bislama Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi - Chewa ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Перем Коми Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Davvisámegiella संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Thuɔŋjäŋ Удмурт Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 17 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the nile river on the map	[]	[]
4063742165004871550	Hindu joint family	Hindu joint family - Wikipedia Hindu joint family This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on Hinduism Hindu History Concepts ( show ) Worldview Hindu cosmology Puranic chronology Hindu mythology God / Highest Reality Brahman Ishvara God in Hinduism God and gender Life Ashrama ( stage ) Brahmacharya Grihastha Vanaprastha Sannyasa Purusharthas Dharma Artha Kama Moksha Liberation Atman Maya Karma Samsara Ethics Niti shastra Yamas Niyama Ahimsa Asteya Aparigraha Brahmacharya Satya Damah Dayā Akrodha Arjava Santosha Tapas Svādhyāya Shaucha Mitahara Dāna Liberation Bhakti yoga Jnana yoga Karma yoga Schools ( show ) Six Astika schools Samkhya Yoga Nyaya Vaisheshika Mimamsa Vedanta Advaita Dvaita Vishishtadvaita Other schools Paśupata Śaiva Pratyabhijñā Raseśvara Īśvara Pāṇini Darśana Chārvaka Deities ( show ) Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Shiva Other major Devas / Devis Vedic Indra Agni Prajapati Rudra Devi Saraswati Ushas Varuna Vayu Post-Vedic Durga Ganesha Hanuman Kali Kartikeya Krishna Lakshmi Parvati Radha Rama Shakti Sita Texts ( show ) Scriptures Vedas Rigveda Yajurveda Samaveda Atharvaveda Divisions Samhita Brahmana Aranyaka Upanishad Upanishads Rigveda : Aitareya Kaushitaki Yajurveda : Brihadaranyaka Isha Taittiriya Katha Shvetashvatara Maitri Samaveda : Chandogya Kena Atharvaveda : Mundaka Mandukya Prashna Other scriptures Bhagavad Gita Agama Other texts Vedangas Shiksha Chandas Vyakarana Nirukta Kalpa Jyotisha Puranas Vishnu Purana Bhagavata Purana Nāradeya Purana Vāmana Purana Matsya Purana Garuda Purana Brahma Purana Brahmānda Purana Brahma Vaivarta Purana Bhavishya Purana Padma Purana Agni Purana Shiva Purana Linga Purana Kūrma Purana Skanda Purana Varaha Purana Mārkandeya Purana Itihasas Ramayana Mahabharata Upavedas Ayurveda Dhanurveda Gandharvaveda Sthapatyaveda Shastras and Sutras Dharma Shastra Artha Śastra Kama Sutra Brahma Sutras Samkhya Sutras Mimamsa Sutras Nyāya Sūtras Vaiśeṣika Sūtra Yoga Sutras Pramana Sutras Charaka Samhita Sushruta Samhita Natya Shastra Panchatantra Divya Prabandha Tirumurai Ramcharitmanas Yoga Vasistha Swara yoga Shiva Samhita Gheranda Samhita Panchadasi Stotra Sutras Text classification Śruti Smriti Timeline of Hindu texts Practices ( show ) Worship Puja Temple Murti Bhakti Japa Bhajana Yajna Homa Vrata Prāyaścitta Tirtha Tirthadana Matha Nritta - Nritya Meditation and Charity Tapa Dhyana Dāna Yoga Sadhu Yogi Asana Hatha yoga Jnana yoga Bhakti yoga Karma yoga Raja yoga Kundalini yoga Arts Bharatanatyam Kathak Kathakali Kuchipudi Manipuri Mohiniyattam Odissi Sattriya Bhagavata Mela Yakshagana Dandiya Raas Carnatic music Rites of passage Garbhadhana Pumsavana Simantonayana Jatakarma Namakarana Nishkramana Annaprashana Chudakarana Karnavedha Vidyarambha Upanayana Keshanta Ritushuddhi Samavartana Vivaha Antyeshti Ashrama Dharma Ashrama : Brahmacharya Grihastha Vanaprastha Sannyasa Festivals Diwali Holi Shivaratri Navaratri Durga Puja Ramlila Vijayadashami - Dussehra Raksha Bandhan Ganesh Chaturthi Vasant Panchami Rama Navami Janmashtami Onam Makar Sankranti Kumbha Mela Pongal Ugadi Vaisakhi Bihu Puthandu Vishu Ratha Yatra Gurus , saints , philosophers ( show ) Ancient Agastya Angiras Aruni Ashtavakra Atri Bharadwaja Gotama Jamadagni Jaimini Kanada Kapila Kashyapa Pāṇini Patanjali Raikva Satyakama Jabala Valmiki Vashistha Vishvamitra Vyasa Yajnavalkya Medieval Nayanars Alvars Adi Shankara Basava Akka Mahadevi Allama Prabhu Siddheshwar Jñāneśvar Chaitanya Gangesha Upadhyaya Gaudapada Gorakshanath Jayanta Bhatta Kabir Kumarila Bhatta Matsyendranath Mahavatar Babaji Madhusudana Madhva Haridasa Thakur Namdeva Nimbarka Prabhakara Raghunatha Siromani Ramanuja Sankardev Purandara Dasa Kanaka Dasa Ramprasad Sen Jagannatha Dasa Vyasaraya Sripadaraya Raghavendra Swami Gopala Dasa Śyāma Śastri Vedanta Desika Tyagaraja Tukaram Tulsidas Vachaspati Mishra Vallabha Vidyaranya Modern Aurobindo Bhaktivinoda Thakur Chinmayananda Dayananda Saraswati Mahesh Yogi Jaggi Vasudev Krishnananda Saraswati Narayana Guru Prabhupada Ramakrishna Ramana Maharshi Radhakrishnan Sarasvati Sivananda U.G. Krishnamurti Sai Baba Vivekananda Nigamananda Yogananda Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade Tibbetibaba Trailanga Society ( show ) Varna Brahmin Kshatriya Vaishya Shudra Dalit Jati Denominations Persecution Nationalism Hindutva Other topics ( show ) Hinduism by country Balinese Hinduism Architecture Calendar Hinduphobia Iconography Mythology Pilgrimage sites Hinduism and Jainism / and Buddhism / and Sikhism / and Judaism / and Christianity / and Islam Glossary of Hinduism terms Hinduism portal A joint family or undivided family is an extended family arrangement prevalent throughout the Indian subcontinent , particularly in India , consisting of many generations living in the same household , all bound by the common relationship . Contents 1 Family structure 1.1 Relationships 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading Family structure ( edit ) Historically , for generations India had a prevailing tradition of the Joint Hindu Family or undivided family . The system is an extended family arrangement prevalent throughout the Indian subcontinent , particularly in India , consisting of many generations living in the same home , all bound by the common relationship . A joint family consists of a husband and wife ; their sons ; their daughters , and so on up - to generations . Any number of these people may without impacting the legal existence of the family , be decreased . The family is headed by a senior person called a ' Karta ' , usually the oldest male or female , who makes decisions on economic and social matters on behalf of the entire family . The patriarch 's wife generally exerts control over the household and minor religious practices and often wields considerable influence in domestic matters . Family income flows into a common pool , from which resources are drawn to meet the needs of all members , which are regulated by the heads of the family . However , with urbanization and economic development , India has witnessed a break up of traditional joint family into more nuclear - like families , and the traditional joint family in India accounted for a small number of Indian households . A Hindu undivided family or HUF is a legal term related to the Hindu Marriage Act . The female members are also given the right of share to the property in the HUF . The term finds reference in the provisions of the Income Tax Act , but the expression is not defined in the act . There are various aspects of Hindu law relevant for the purpose assessment of income of HUF with Hindu Succession Act 1956 and Income Tax Act 1961 and wealth in the status of HUF , as well as the impact of the provisions of Hindu Succession Act 1956 as amended by Hindu Succession ( Amendment ) Act 2005 relevant for the purpose of assessment of income and wealth in the status of HUF under the Income Tax Act 1961 . In the case of Surjit Lal Chhabra 101 ITR 776 SC , joint family and undivided family are synonymous : `` A joint Hindu family consists of persons lineally descended from a common ancestor and includes their wives and unmarried daughters . The daughter , on marriage , ceases to be a member of her father 's family and becomes a member of her husband 's family . '' In 2016 , a judgment of the Delhi High Court ruled that the eldest female member of a Hindu Undivided Family can be its ' Karta ' ( manager ) . Relationships ( edit ) Different relationships are addressed via different names . The nature of relationship also varies . Relations can be of equivalence , mutual respect or teasing in nature . In joint families in northern and central India between a bride or sister - in - law and her younger brother - in - law , a joking or teasing relationship is common , and the relationship towards an older brother - in - law is that of respectfulness . In a traditional joint Hindu family , there is a subservient relationship between the wives of the brothers : the patriarch 's wife is addressed as `` Badi Bhabhi '' ( in Hindi ) , meaning `` eldest brother 's wife . '' She is traditionally considered the mistress of the house and is in charge of running the household affairs and overseeing the servants ( if any ) . The subsequent younger brothers ' wives typically seek her advice and permission for any matters / decisions regarding the household and rearing of the children . See also ( edit ) Look up joint family in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Nuclear family Extended family References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Henry Orenstein and Michael Micklin . `` The Hindu Joint Family : The Norms and the Numbers '' . Pacific Affairs . 39 ( 3 / 4 ) : 314 -- 325 . JSTOR 2754275 . Autumn , 1966 Further reading ( edit ) Donner , Henrike ( 2008 ) , Domestic goddesses : maternity , globalization and middle - class identity in contemporary India , Aldershot : Ashgate Publishing , ISBN 0 - 7546 - 4942 - 3 Michaels , Axel ; Harshav , Barbara ( 2004 ) , Hinduism : Past and Present ( 5th ed . ) , Princeton : Princeton University Press , pp. 111 -- 131 , ISBN 0 - 691 - 08953 - 1 South Asian wedding By religion Bahá'í Buddhist Christian Hindu Islamic Jewish Sikh Zoroastrian By region or culture Arunachal Pradesh ( Panchai baja ) Bengal ( Muslim ) Bengal ( Hindu ) Hajong Kerala ( Kettu Kalyanam ) Orissa Punjabi Rajasthan ( Rajput ) Sikkim ( Limbu ) Tamil ( Iyer ) Telugu By country Bangladesh India ( Hindu ) Nepal ( Ihi ) Pakistan Sri Lanka ( Buddhist ) Types Arranged marriage in India Inter caste marriage Love marriage Traditions Baraat Dahej ( dowry ) Mahr ( dower ) Nikah Sarbala Stealing shoes Rituals Balle Mallarada Puje Bodhu Boron Bou Bhaat Gauna Gaye holud ( Bengali ) Kankana Dharane Mangal Ashtaka Pade Puje Parikrama Saptapadi Saat Phere Shakunamanojaya Upanayana Items Alta Bangles Henna Mangalsutra Nose ring Palki Pheta Sehra Sindoor Thali necklace Tiara Topor Upanayana Varmala Wedding mandap Wedding sari Other Card Photography Songs Websites Social issues in India Economy Brain drain Communications Famine Farmers ' suicides Labour Land reforms Debt bondage National Pension Scheme Poverty BPL Public Distribution System Remittances Reverse brain drain Slums Standard of living Street vendors Transport Urbanisation Unemployment Widening income gap Education Literacy Ragging School corporal punishment Environment Conservation Global warming Manual scavenging Natural disasters Pollution Water supply and sanitation Water disputes Family Cohabitation Divorce Domestic violence Dowry system Family planning Hindu joint family Infertility Nuclear family Polyandry Polygamy Children Abortion Child labour Child marriage Child prostitution Child trafficking Female foeticide Female infanticide Street children Women Acid throwing Bride burning Devadasi Dowry death Eve teasing Women 's health Feminism Menstrual taboo Prostitution Rape Sati Sexism Widows Caste system Caste politics Caste - related violence Dalit Reservation Communalism Proposed states and territories Ethnic relations Religious conflicts Religious violence Secularism Separatist movements Crime Corruption Groom kidnapping Human trafficking Illegal housing Illegal immigration Illegal mining Organised crime Terrorism Vigilantism Cybercrime Health Epidemics HIV / AIDS Leprosy Malnutrition Obesity Suicide Media Censorship Internet Films about social issues Freedom of expression Social impact of Indian soap opera Other issues Feudalism Gambling Sexuality LGBT Homosexuality Hijra Human rights Prohibition Religious and spiritual use of cannabis Superstitions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindu_joint_family&oldid=856145203 '' Categories : Marriage , unions and partnerships in India Hindu law Family in Asia Living arrangements Hidden categories : Use Indian English from September 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles needing additional references from May 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 05 : 34 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what is the work of a member in a joint family	[]	[]
-9159573544969551264	Skye	Skye - wikipedia Skye This article is about the island in western Scotland . For other uses , see Skye ( disambiguation ) . `` Isle of Skye '' redirects here . For the bar in the United States , see Isle of Skye ( bar ) . Skye Gaelic name An t - Eilean Sgitheanach Pronunciation ( əɲ thjelan s̪kjiə. anəx ) Norse name Skíð Meaning of name Etymology unclear Location Skye Skye shown within Scotland OS grid reference NG452319 Coordinates 57 ° 18 ′ 25 '' N 6 ° 13 ′ 48 '' W / 57.307 ° N 6.230 ° W / 57.307 ; - 6.230 Coordinates : 57 ° 18 ′ 25 '' N 6 ° 13 ′ 48 '' W / 57.307 ° N 6.230 ° W / 57.307 ; - 6.230 Physical geography Island group Skye Area 1,656 km ( 639 sq mi ) Area rank Highest elevation Sgùrr Alasdair 993 metres ( 3,258 ft ) Administration Sovereign state United Kingdom Country Scotland Council area Highland Demographics Population 10,008 Population rank Population density 6.04 people / km Main settlement Portree References Skye , or the Isle of Skye ( / skaɪ / ; Scottish Gaelic : An t - Eilean Sgitheanach or Eilean a ' Cheò ) , is the largest and northernmost of the major islands in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland . The island 's peninsulas radiate from a mountainous centre dominated by the Cuillins , the rocky slopes of which provide some of the most dramatic mountain scenery in the country . Although it has been suggested that the Gaelic Sgitheanach describes a winged shape there is no definitive agreement as to the name 's origins . The island has been occupied since the Mesolithic period , and its history includes a time of Norse rule and a long period of domination by Clan MacLeod and Clan Donald . The 18th century Jacobite risings led to the breaking up of the clan system and subsequent Clearances that replaced entire communities with sheep farms , some of which also involved forced emigrations to distant lands . Resident numbers declined from over 20,000 in the early 19th century to just under 9,000 by the closing decade of the 20th century . Skye 's population increased by 4 per cent between 1991 and 2001 . About a third of the residents were Gaelic speakers in 2001 , and although their numbers are in decline , this aspect of island culture remains important . The main industries are tourism , agriculture , fishing and forestry . Skye is part of the Highland Council local government area . The island 's largest settlement is Portree , known for its picturesque harbour . There are links to various nearby islands by ferry and , since 1995 , to the mainland by a road bridge . The climate is mild , wet and windy . The abundant wildlife includes the golden eagle , red deer and Atlantic salmon . The local flora are dominated by heather moor , and there are nationally important invertebrate populations on the surrounding sea bed . Skye has provided the locations for various novels and feature films and is celebrated in poetry and song . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Geography 2.1 Towns and villages 2.2 Climate 3 History 3.1 Prehistory 3.2 Early history 3.3 Clans and Scottish rule 3.4 Clearances 3.5 Overview of population trends 3.6 Gaelic 4 Government and politics 5 Economy 6 Transport 7 Culture , media and the arts 8 Wildlife 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Citations 12 References 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) Main article : Etymology of Skye The first written references to the island are Roman sources such as the Ravenna Cosmography , which refers to Scitis and Scetis , which can be found on a map by Ptolemy . One possible derivation comes from skitis , an early Celtic word for winged , which may describe how the island 's peninsulas radiate out from a mountainous centre . Subsequent Gaelic - , Norse - and English - speaking peoples have influenced the history of Skye ; the relationships between their names for the island are not straightforward . Various etymologies have been proposed , such as the `` winged isle '' or `` the notched isle '' but no definitive solution has been found to date ; the place name may be from an earlier , non-Gaelic language . In the Norse sagas Skye is called Skíð , for example in the Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar and a skaldic poem in the Heimskringla from c. 1230 contains a line that translates as `` the hunger battle - birds were filled in Skye with blood of foemen killed '' . The island was also referred to by the Norse as Skuy ( misty isle ) , Skýey or Skuyö ( isle of cloud ) . The traditional Gaelic name is An t - Eilean Sgitheanach ( the island of Skye ) , An t - Eilean Sgiathanach being a more recent and less common spelling . In 1549 Donald Munro , High Dean of the Isles , wrote of `` Sky '' : `` This Ile is callit Ellan Skiannach in Irish , that is to say in Inglish the wyngit Ile , be reason it has mony wyngis and pointis lyand furth fra it , throw the dividing of thir foirsaid Lochis . '' but the meaning of this Gaelic name is unclear . Eilean a ' Cheò , which means island of the mist ( a translation of the Norse name ) , is a poetic Gaelic name for the island . Geography ( edit ) Further information : Geology of Skye Skye and the surrounding islands Bla Bheinn from Loch Slapin Waterfall on the River Rha between Staffin and Uig At 1,656 square kilometres ( 639 sq mi ) , Skye is the second - largest island in Scotland after Lewis and Harris . The coastline of Skye is a series of peninsulas and bays radiating out from a centre dominated by the Cuillin hills ( Gaelic : An Cuiltheann ) . Malcolm Slesser suggested that its shape `` sticks out of the west coast of northern Scotland like a lobster 's claw ready to snap at the fish bone of Harris and Lewis '' and W.H. Murray , commenting on its irregular coastline , stated that `` Skye is sixty miles ( 100 km ) long , but what might be its breadth is beyond the ingenuity of man to state '' . Martin Martin , a native of the island , reported on it at length in a 1703 publication . His geological observations included a note that : There are marcasites black and white , resembling silver ore , near the village Sartle : there are likewise in the same place several stones , which in bigness , shape , &c. , resemble nutmegs , and many rivulets here afford variegated stones of all colours . The Applesglen near Loch - Fallart has agate growing in it of different sizes and colours ; some are green on the outside , some are of a pale sky colour , and they all strike fire as well as flint : I have one of them by me , which for shape and bigness is proper for a sword handle . Stones of a purple colour flow down the rivulets here after great rains . -- Martin Martin , A Description of The Western Islands of Scotland . The vertical west face of the Bastier Tooth ( a top next to Am Basteir ) in the Cuillin , with Sgùrr nan Gillean in the background The Black Cuillin , which are mainly composed of basalt and gabbro , include twelve Munros and provide some of the most dramatic and challenging mountain terrain in Scotland . The ascent of Sgùrr a ' Ghreadaidh is one of the longest rock climbs in Britain and the Inaccessible Pinnacle is the only peak in Scotland that requires technical climbing skills to reach the summit . These hills make demands of the hill walker that exceed any others found in Scotland and a full traverse of the Cuillin ridge may take 15 -- 20 hours . The Red Hills ( Gaelic : Am Binnean Dearg ) to the south are also known as the Red Cuillin . They are mainly composed of granite that has weathered into more rounded hills with many long scree slopes on their flanks . The highest point of these hills is Glamaig , one of only two Corbetts on Skye . The northern peninsula of Trotternish is underlain by basalt , which provides relatively rich soils and a variety of unusual rock features . The Kilt Rock is named after the tartan - like patterns in the 105 metres ( 344 ft ) cliffs . The Quiraing is a spectacular series of rock pinnacles on the eastern side of the main spine of the peninsula and further south is the rock pillar of the Old Man of Storr . Beyond Loch Snizort to the west of Trotternish is the Waternish peninsula , which ends in Ardmore Point 's double rock arch . Duirinish is separated from Waternish by Loch Dunvegan , which contains the island of Isay . The loch is ringed by sea cliffs that reach 295 metres ( 967 ft ) at Waterstein Head . Oolitic loam provides good arable land in the main valley . Lochs Bracadale and Harport and the island of Wiay lie between Duirinish and Minginish , which includes the narrower defiles of Talisker and Glen Brittle and whose beaches are formed from black basaltic sands . Strathaird is a relatively small peninsula close to the Cuillin hills with only a few crofting communities , the island of Soay lies offshore . The bedrock of Sleat in the south is Torridonian sandstone , which produces poor soils and boggy ground , although its lower elevations and relatively sheltered eastern shores enable a lush growth of hedgerows and crops . The islands of Raasay , Rona , Scalpay and Pabay all lie to the north and east between Skye and the mainland . Towns and villages ( edit ) Kilmuir Snizort Duirinish Bracadale Portree Strath Sleat Small Isles Parish Portree , Skye 's largest settlement Portree in the north at the base of Trotternish is the largest settlement ( estimated population 2,264 in 2011 ) and is the main service centre on the island . Broadford , the location of the island 's only airstrip , is on the east side of the island and Dunvegan in the north - west is well known for its castle and the nearby Three Chimneys restaurant . The 18th - century Stein Inn on the Waternish coast is the oldest pub on Skye . Kyleakin is linked to Kyle of Lochalsh on the mainland by the Skye Bridge , which spans the narrows of Loch Alsh . Uig , the port for ferries to the Outer Hebrides , is on the west of the Trotternish peninsula and Edinbane is between Dunvegan and Portree . Much of the rest of the population lives in crofting townships scattered around the coastline . Climate ( edit ) The influence of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream create a mild oceanic climate . Temperatures are generally cool , averaging 6.5 ° C ( 43.7 ° F ) in January and 15.4 ° C ( 59.7 ° F ) in July at Duntulm in Trotternish . Snow seldom lies at sea level and frosts are less frequent than on the mainland . Winds are a limiting factor for vegetation . South - westerlies are the most common and speeds of 128 km / h ( 80 mph ) have been recorded . High winds are especially likely on the exposed coasts of Trotternish and Waternish . In common with most islands of the west coast of Scotland , rainfall is generally high at 1,500 -- 2,000 mm ( 59 -- 79 in ) per annum and the elevated Cuillin are wetter still . Variations can be considerable , with the north tending to be drier than the south . Broadford , for example , averages more than 2,870 mm ( 113 in ) of rain per annum . Trotternish typically has 200 hours of bright sunshine in May , the sunniest month . On 28 December 2015 , the temperature reached 15 ° C , beating the previous December record of 12.9 ° C , set in 2013 . On 9 May 2016 , a temperature of 26.7 ° C ( 80.1 ° F ) was recorded at Lusa in the south - east of the island . hide Climate data for Duntulm , Skye Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 12.5 ( 54.5 ) 16.7 ( 62.1 ) 22.3 ( 72.1 ) 26.7 ( 80.1 ) 24.5 ( 76.1 ) 25.9 ( 78.6 ) 25.6 ( 78.1 ) 22.1 ( 71.8 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 26.7 ( 80.1 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 6.6 ( 43.9 ) 8.1 ( 46.6 ) 9.6 ( 49.3 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 14.3 ( 57.7 ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 14.2 ( 57.6 ) 11.5 ( 52.7 ) 9.1 ( 48.4 ) 7.6 ( 45.7 ) 10.9 ( 51.6 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 2.4 ( 36.3 ) 2.2 ( 36 ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) 4.3 ( 39.7 ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 8.7 ( 47.7 ) 10.4 ( 50.7 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 5.1 ( 41.2 ) 3.6 ( 38.5 ) 6.2 ( 43.2 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 4.0 ( 24.8 ) − 3.5 ( 25.7 ) − 4.1 ( 24.6 ) − 3.4 ( 25.9 ) 0.0 ( 32 ) 4.2 ( 39.6 ) 5.2 ( 41.4 ) 4.7 ( 40.5 ) 2.6 ( 36.7 ) 0.3 ( 32.5 ) − 4.5 ( 23.9 ) − 6.5 ( 20.3 ) − 6.5 ( 20.3 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 148.3 ( 5.84 ) 99.8 ( 3.93 ) 82.3 ( 3.24 ) 86.4 ( 3.40 ) 72.9 ( 2.87 ) 85.1 ( 3.35 ) 97.3 ( 3.83 ) 112 ( 4.41 ) 128.3 ( 5.05 ) 152.4 ( 6.00 ) 143 ( 5.63 ) 141.7 ( 5.58 ) 1,349.5 ( 53.13 ) Source # 1 : Cooper ( 1983 ) Source # 2 : Met office for May and December record high , bing weather History ( edit ) Prehistory ( edit ) A Mesolithic hunter - gatherer site dating to the 7th millennium BC at An Corran in Staffin is one of the oldest archaeological sites in Scotland . Its occupation is probably linked to that of the rock shelter at Sand , Applecross , on the mainland coast of Wester Ross where tools made of a mudstone from An Corran have been found . Surveys of the area between the two shores of the Inner Sound and Sound of Raasay have revealed 33 sites with potentially Mesolithic deposits . Finds of bloodstone microliths on the foreshore at Orbost on the west coast of the island near Dunvegan also suggest Mesolithic occupation . These tools probably originate from the nearby island of Rùm . The `` Viking canal '' at Rubha an Dùnain Rubha an Dùnain , an uninhabited peninsula to the south of the Cuillin , has a variety of archaeological sites dating from the Neolithic onwards . There is a 2nd or 3rd millennium BC chambered cairn , an Iron Age promontory fort and the remains of another prehistoric settlement dating from the Bronze Age nearby . Loch na h - Airde on the peninsula is linked to the sea by an artificial `` Viking '' canal that may date from the later period of Norse settlement . Dun Ringill is a ruined Iron Age hill fort on the Strathaird peninsula , which was further fortified in the Middle Ages and may have become the seat of Clan MacKinnon . Early history ( edit ) The late Iron Age inhabitants of the northern and western Hebrides were probably Pictish , although the historical record is sparse . Three Pictish symbol stones have been found on Skye and a fourth on Raasay . More is known of the kingdom of Dál Riata to the south ; Adomnán 's life of Columba , written shortly before 697 , portrays the saint visiting Skye ( where he baptised a pagan leader using an interpreter ) and Adomnán himself is thought to have been familiar with the island . The Irish annals record a number of events on Skye in the later 7th and early 8th centuries -- mainly concerning the struggles between rival dynasties that formed the background to the Old Irish language romance Scéla Cano meic Gartnáin . The Norse held sway throughout the Hebrides from the 9th century until after the Treaty of Perth in 1266 . However , apart from placenames , little remains of their presence on Skye in the written or archaeological record . Apart from the name `` Skye '' itself , all pre-Norse placenames seem to have been obliterated by the Scandinavian settlers . Viking heritage is claimed by Clan MacLeod and Norse tradition is celebrated in the winter fire festival at Dunvegan , during which a replica Viking long boat is set alight . Clans and Scottish rule ( edit ) The most powerful clans on Skye in the post -- Norse period were Clan MacLeod , originally based in Trotternish , and Clan Macdonald of Sleat . Following the disintegration of the Lordship of the Isles , the Mackinnons also emerged as an independent clan , whose substantial landholdings in Skye were centred on Strathaird . Clan MacNeacail also have a long association with Trotternish , and in the 16th century many of the MacInnes clan moved to Sleat . The MacDonalds of South Uist were bitter rivals of the MacLeods , and an attempt by the former to murder church - goers at Trumpan in retaliation for a previous massacre on Eigg , resulted in the Battle of the Spoiling Dyke of 1578 . Skye as shown on Blaeu 's 1654 Atlas of Scotland After the failure of the Jacobite rebellion of 1745 , Flora MacDonald became famous for rescuing Prince Charles Edward Stuart from the Hanoverian troops . Although she was born on South Uist her story is strongly associated with their escape via Skye and she is buried at Kilmuir in Trotternish . Samuel Johnson and James Boswell 's visit to Skye in 1773 and their meeting with Flora MacDonald in Kilmuir is recorded in Boswell 's The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides . Boswell wrote , `` To see Dr Samuel Johnson , the great champion of the English Tories , salute Miss Flora MacDonald in the isle of Sky , ( sic ) was a striking sight ; for though somewhat congenial in their notions , it was very improbable they should meet here '' . Johnson 's words that Flora MacDonald was `` A name that will be mentioned in history , and if courage and fidelity be virtues , mentioned with honour '' are written on her gravestone . After this rebellion the clan system was broken up and Skye became a series of landed estates . Of the island in general , Johnson observed : Dunvegan Castle , looking towards MacLeod 's Tables I never was in any house of the islands , where I did not find books in more languages than one , if I staid long enough to want them , except one from which the family was removed . Literature is not neglected by the higher rank of the Hebrideans . It need not , I suppose , be mentioned , that in countries so little frequented as the islands , there are no houses where travellers are entertained for money . He that wanders about these wilds , either procures recommendations to those whose habitations lie near his way , or , when night and weariness come upon him , takes the chance of general hospitality . If he finds only a cottage he can expect little more than shelter ; for the cottagers have little more for themselves but if his good fortune brings him to the residence of a gentleman , he will be glad of a storm to prolong his stay . There is , however , one inn by the sea - side at Sconsor , in Sky , where the post-office is kept . -- Samuel Johnson , A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland . Skye has a rich heritage of ancient monuments from this period . Dunvegan Castle has been the seat of Clan MacLeod since the 13th century . It contains the Fairy Flag and is reputed to have been inhabited by a single family for longer than any other house in Scotland . The 18th - century Armadale Castle , once home of Clan Donald of Sleat , was abandoned as a residence in 1925 but now hosts the Clan Donald Centre . Nearby are the ruins of two more MacDonald strongholds , Knock Castle , and Dunscaith Castle ( called `` Fortress of Shadows '' ) , the legendary home of warrior woman , martial arts instructor ( and , according to some sources , Queen ) Scáthach . Caisteal Maol , built in the late 15th century near Kyleakin and once a seat of Clan MacKinnon , is another ruin . Clearances ( edit ) Ruins in the cleared landscape of Tusdale , once so populous it was nicknamed `` the capital of Skye '' In the late 18th century the harvesting of kelp became a significant activity but from 1822 on cheap imports led to a collapse of this industry throughout the Hebrides . During the 19th century , the inhabitants of Skye were also devastated by famine and Clearances . Thirty thousand people were evicted between 1840 and 1880 alone , many of them forced to emigrate to the New World . For example , the settlement of Lorgill on the west coast of Duirinish was cleared on 4 August 1830 . Every crofter under the age of seventy was removed and placed on board the Midlothian on threat of imprisonment , with those over that age being sent to the poorhouse . The `` Battle of the Braes '' involved a demonstration against a lack of access to land and the serving of eviction notices . The incident involved numerous crofters and about 50 police officers . This event was instrumental in the creation of the Napier Commission , which reported in 1884 on the situation in the Highlands . Disturbances continued until the passing of the 1886 Crofters ' Act and on one occasion 400 marines were deployed on Skye to maintain order . The ruins of cleared villages can still be seen at Lorgill , Boreraig and Suisnish in Strath Swordale , and Tusdale on Minginish . Overview of population trends ( edit ) Year 1755 1794 1821 1841 1881 1891 1931 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2011 Population 11,252 14,470 20,827 23,082 16,889 15,705 9,908 8,537 7,479 7,183 7,276 8,847 9,232 10,008 As with many Scottish islands , Skye 's population peaked in the 19th century and then declined under the impact of the Clearances and the military losses in the First World War . From the 19th century until 1975 Skye was part of the county of Inverness - shire but the crofting economy languished and according to Slesser , `` Generations of UK governments have treated the island people contemptuously . '' a charge that has been levelled at both Labour and Conservative administrations ' policies in the Highlands and Islands . By 1971 the population was less than a third of its peak recorded figure in 1841 . However , the number of residents then grew by over 28 per cent in the thirty years to 2001 . The changing relationship between the residents and the land is evidenced by Robert Carruthers 's remark circa 1852 that , `` There is now a village in Portree containing three hundred inhabitants . '' Even if this estimate is inexact the population of the island 's largest settlement has probably increased sixfold or more since then . During the period the total number of island residents has declined by 50 per cent or more . The island - wide population increase of 4 per cent between 1991 and 2001 occurred against the background of an overall reduction in Scottish island populations of 3 per cent for the same period . By 2011 the population had risen a further 8.4 % to 10,008 with Scottish island populations as a whole growing by 4 % to 103,702 . Gaelic ( edit ) show Pronunciation Scots Gaelic : An t - Eilean Sgitheanach Pronunciation : ( əɲ thjelan s̪kjiə. anəx ) ( listen ) Scots Gaelic : Am Binnean Dearg Pronunciation : ( əm ˈpiɲan ˈtjɛɾak ) ( listen ) Scots Gaelic : An Corran Pronunciation : ( əŋ ˈkhɔrɣan ) ( listen ) Scots Gaelic : An Cuan Sgìth Pronunciation : ( ən̪ɣ ˈkhuən s̪kjiː ) ( listen ) Scots Gaelic : An Tìr , an Cànan ' s na Daoine Pronunciation : ( ən̪ɣ ˈtjhiːɾj əŋ ˈkhanan s̪nə ˈtɯːɲə ) ( listen ) Scots Gaelic : Eilean a ' Cheò Pronunciation : ( ˈelan ə ˈçɔː ) ( listen ) Scots Gaelic : Loch na h - Àirde Pronunciation : ( ˈlɣ̪ɔx nə ˈhaːrɣtjə ) ( listen ) Scots Gaelic : Mac na Mara Pronunciation : ( ˈmaxk nə ˈmaɾə ) ( listen ) Scots Gaelic : Poit Dhubh Pronunciation : ( ˈphɔhtj ˈɣu ) ( listen ) Scots Gaelic : Pràban na Linne Pronunciation : ( ˈphɾaːpan nə ˈʎiɲə ) ( listen ) Scots Gaelic : Tè Bheag nan Eilean Pronunciation : ( thjeˈvek nə ˈɲelan ) ( listen ) Scots Gaelic : Sgiathan Pronunciation : ( ˈs̪kjiəhən ) ( listen ) Scots Gaelic : Sgitheanach Pronunciation : ( ˈs̪kji. ənəx ) ( listen ) Historically , Skye was overwhelmingly Gaelic - speaking , but this changed between 1921 and 2001 . In both the 1901 and 1921 censuses , all Skye parishes were more than 75 per cent Gaelic - speaking . By 1971 , only Kilmuir parish had more than three quarters Gaelic speakers while the rest of Skye ranged between 50 and 74 per cent . At that time , Kilmuir was the only area outside the Western Isles that had such a high proportion of Gaelic speakers . In the 2001 census Kilmuir had just under half Gaelic speakers , and overall , Skye had 31 per cent , distributed unevenly . The strongest Gaelic areas were in the north and south - west of the island , including Staffin at 61 per cent . The weakest areas were in the west and east ( e.g. Luib 23 per cent and Kylerhea 19 per cent ) . Other areas on Skye ranged between 48 per cent and 25 per cent . Government and politics ( edit ) Charles Kennedy , Skye 's MP from 1983 to 2015 In terms of local government , from 1975 to 1996 , Skye , along with the neighbouring mainland area of Lochalsh , constituted a local government district within the Highland administrative area . In 1996 the district was included into the unitary Highland Council , ( Comhairle na Gàidhealtachd ) based in Inverness and formed one of the new council 's area committees . Following the 2007 elections , Skye now forms a four - member ward called Eilean a ' Cheò ; it is currently represented by two independents , one Scottish National Party , and one Liberal Democrat councillor . Skye is in the Highlands and Islands electoral region and comprises a part of the Skye , Lochaber and Badenoch constituency of the Scottish Parliament , which elects one member under the first past the post basis to represent it . Kate Forbes is the current MSP for the SNP . In addition , Skye forms part of the wider Ross , Skye and Lochaber constituency , which elects one member to the House of Commons in Westminster . The present MP Member of Parliament is Ian Blackford of the Scottish National Party , who took office after the SNP 's sweep in the General Election of 2015 . Prior to this , Charles Kennedy , a Liberal Democrat , had represented the area since the 1983 general election . Economy ( edit ) Caisteal Maol and fishing boats in Kyleakin harbour The largest employer on the island and its environs is the public sector , which accounts for about a third of the total workforce , principally in administration , education and health . The second largest employer in the area is the distribution , hotels and restaurants sector , highlighting the importance of tourism . Key attractions include Dunvegan Castle , the Clan Donald Visitor Centre , and The Aros Experience arts and exhibition centre in Portree . There are about a dozen large landowners on Skye , the largest being the public sector , with the Scottish Government owning most of the northern part of the island . Glendale is a community - owned estate in Duirinish and the Sleat Community Trust , the local development trust , is active in various regeneration projects . Small firms dominate employment in the private sector . The Talisker Distillery , which produces a single malt whisky , is beside Loch Harport on the west coast of the island . Three other whiskies -- Mac na Mara ( `` son of the sea '' ) , Tè Bheag nan Eilean ( `` wee dram of the isles '' ) and Poit Dhubh ( `` black pot '' ) -- are produced by blender Pràban na Linne ( `` smugglers den by the Sound of Sleat '' ) , based at Eilean Iarmain . These are marketed using predominantly Gaelic - language labels . The blended whisky branded as `` Isle of Skye '' is produced not on the island but by the Glengoyne Distillery at Killearn north of Glasgow , though the website of the owners , Ian Macleod Distillers Ltd. , boasts a `` high proportion of Island malts '' and contains advertisements for tourist businesses in the island . There is also an established software presence on Skye , with Portree - based Sitekit having expanded in recent years . Portree Kyleakin Uig A87 Armadale Sconser Talisker distillery Dunvegan Eilean Iarmain Some of the places important to the economy of Skye Crofting is still important , but although there are about 2,000 crofts on Skye only 100 or so are large enough to enable a crofter to earn a livelihood entirely from the land . Cod and herring stocks have declined but commercial fishing remains important , especially fish farming of salmon and shellfish such as scampi . The west coast of Scotland has a considerable renewable energy potential and the Isle of Skye Renewables Co-op has recently bought a stake in the Ben Aketil wind farm near Dunvegan . There is a thriving arts and crafts sector . The unemployment rate in the area tends to be higher than in the Highlands as a whole , and is seasonal in nature , in part due to the impact of tourism . The population is growing and in common with many other scenic rural areas in Scotland , significant increases are expected in the percentage of the population aged 45 to 64 years . Transport ( edit ) Skye is linked to the mainland by the Skye Bridge , while ferries sail from Armadale on the island to Mallaig , and from Kylerhea to Glenelg . Ferries also run from Uig to Tarbert on Harris and Lochmaddy on North Uist , and from Sconser to Raasay . The Skye Bridge , linking Kyle of Lochalsh to Skye The Skye Bridge opened in 1995 under a private finance initiative and the high tolls charged ( £ 5.70 each way for summer visitors ) met with widespread opposition , spearheaded by the pressure group SKAT ( Skye and Kyle Against Tolls ) . On 21 December 2004 it was announced that the Scottish Executive had purchased the bridge from its owners and the tolls were immediately removed . Bus services run to Inverness and Glasgow , and there are local services on the island , mainly starting from Portree or Broadford . Train services run from Kyle of Lochalsh at the mainland end of the Skye Bridge to Inverness , as well as from Glasgow to Mallaig from where the ferry can be caught to Armadale . The Isle of Skye Airfield at Ashaig , near Broadford , is used by private aircraft and occasionally by NHS Highland and the Scottish Ambulance Service for transferring patients to hospitals on the mainland . The A87 trunk road traverses the island from the Skye Bridge to Uig , linking most of the major settlements . Many of the island 's roads have been widened in the past forty years although there are still substantial sections of single track road . Culture , media and the arts ( edit ) The new college buildings , Sabhal Mòr Ostaig Students of Scottish Gaelic travel from all over the world to attend Sabhal Mòr Ostaig , the Scottish Gaelic college based near Kilmore in Sleat . In addition to members of the Church of Scotland and a smaller number of Roman Catholics many residents of Skye belong to the Free Church of Scotland , known for its strict observance of the Sabbath . Skye has a strong folk music tradition , although in recent years dance and rock music have been growing in popularity on the island . Gaelic folk rock band Runrig started in Skye and former singer Donnie Munro still works on the island . Runrig 's second single and a concert staple is entitled Skye , the lyrics being partly in English and partly in Gaelic and they have released other songs such as `` Nightfall on Marsco '' that were inspired by the island . Celtic fusion band the Peatbog Faeries are based on Skye . Jethro Tull singer Ian Anderson owned an estate at Strathaird on Skye at one time . Several Tull songs are written about Skye , including Dun Ringil , Broadford Bazaar , and Acres Wild ( which contains the lines `` Come with me to the Winged Isle , / Northern father 's western child ... '' in reference to the island itself ) . The Isle of Skye Music Festival featured sets from The Fun Lovin ' Criminals and Sparks , but collapsed in 2007 . Electronic musician Mylo was born on Skye . Loch Coruisk , Isle of Skye painted in 1874 by Sidney Richard Percy The poet Sorley MacLean , a native of the Isle of Raasay , which lies off the island 's east coast , lived much of his life on Skye . The island has been immortalised in the traditional song `` The Skye Boat Song '' and is the notional setting for the novel To the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf , although the Skye of the novel bears little relation to the real island . John Buchan 's descriptions of Skye , as featured in his Richard Hannay novel Mr Standfast , are more true to life . I Diari di Rubha Hunis is a 2004 Italian language work of non-fiction by Davide Sapienza . The international bestseller , The Ice Twins , by SK Tremayne , published around the world in 2015 -- 2016 , is set in southern Skye , especially around the settlement and islands of Isleornsay . Rock pinnacles of The Storr , which feature in some of the opening scenes in the film Prometheus Skye has been used as a location for a number of feature films . The Ashaig aerodrome was used for the opening scenes of the 1980 film Flash Gordon . Stardust , released in 2007 and starring Robert De Niro and Michelle Pfeiffer , featured scenes near Uig , Loch Coruisk and the Quiraing . Another 2007 film , Seachd : The Inaccessible Pinnacle , was shot almost entirely in various locations on the island . Some of the opening scenes in Ridley Scott 's 2012 feature film Prometheus were shot and set at the Old Man of Storr . In 1973 The Highlands and Islands - a Royal Tour , a documentary about Prince Charles 's visit to the Highlands and Islands , directed by Oscar Marzaroli , was shot partly on Skye . The West Highland Free Press is published at Broadford . This weekly newspaper takes as its motto An Tìr , an Cànan ' s na Daoine ( `` The Land , the Language and the People '' ) , which reflects its radical , campaigning priorities . The Free Press was founded in 1972 and circulates in Skye , Wester Ross and the Outer Hebrides . Shinty is a popular sport played throughout the island and Portree - based Skye Camanachd won the Camanachd Cup in 1990 . Wildlife ( edit ) The Hebrides generally lack the biodiversity of mainland Britain , but like most of the larger islands , Skye still has a wide variety of species . Observing the abundance of game birds Martin wrote : There is plenty of land and water fowl in this isle -- as hawks , eagles of two kinds ( the one grey and of a larger size , the other much less and black , but more destructive to young cattle ) , black cock , heath - hen , plovers , pigeons , wild geese , ptarmigan , and cranes . Of this latter sort I have seen sixty on the shore in a flock together . The sea fowls are malls of all kinds -- coulterneb , guillemot , sea cormorant , &c . The natives observe that the latter , if perfectly black , makes no good broth , nor is its flesh worth eating ; but that a cormorant , which hath any white feathers or down , makes good broth , and the flesh of it is good food ; and the broth is usually drunk by nurses to increase their milk . -- Martin Martin , A Description of The Western Islands of Scotland . Similarly , Samuel Johnson noted that : At the tables where a stranger is received , neither plenty nor delicacy is wanting . A tract of land so thinly inhabited , must have much wild - fowl ; and I scarcely remember to have seen a dinner without them . The moor - game is every where to be had . That the sea abounds with fish , needs not be told , for it supplies a great part of Europe . The Isle of Sky has stags and roebucks , but no hares . They sell very numerous droves of oxen yearly to England , and therefore can not be supposed to want beef at home . Sheep and goats are in great numbers , and they have the common domestic fowls . '' -- Samuel Johnson , A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland . The black guillemot or tystie ( Cepphus grylle ) In the modern era avian life includes the corncrake , red - throated diver , kittiwake , tystie , Atlantic puffin , goldeneye and golden eagle . The eggs of the last breeding pair of white - tailed sea eagle in the UK were taken by an egg collector on Skye in 1916 but the species has recently been re-introduced . The chough last bred on the island in 1900 . Mountain hare ( apparently absent in the 18th century ) and rabbit are now abundant and preyed upon by wild cat and pine marten . The rich fresh water streams contain brown trout , Atlantic salmon and water shrew . Offshore the edible crab and edible oyster are also found , the latter especially in the Sound of Scalpay . There are nationally important horse mussel and brittlestar beds in the sea lochs and in 2012 a bed of 100 million flame shells was found during a survey of Loch Alsh . Grey Seals can be seen off the Southern coast . Heather moor containing ling , bell heather , cross-leaved heath , bog myrtle and fescues is everywhere abundant . The high Black Cuillins weather too slowly to produce a soil that sustains a rich plant life , but each of the main peninsulas has an individual flora . The basalt underpinnings of Trotternish produce a diversity of Arctic and alpine plants including alpine pearlwort and mossy cyphal . The low - lying fields of Waternish contain corn marigold and corn spurry . The sea cliffs of Duirinish boast mountain avens and fir clubmoss . Minginish produces fairy flax , cats - ear and black bog rush . There is a fine example of Brachypodium - rich ash woodland at Tokavaig in Sleat incorporating silver birch , hazel , bird cherry , and hawthorn . The local Biodiversity Action Plan recommends land management measures to control the spread of ragwort and bracken and identifies four non-native , invasive species as threatening native biodiversity : Japanese knotweed , rhododendron , New Zealand flatworm and mink . It also identifies problems of over-grazing resulting in the impoverishment of moorland and upland habitats and a loss of native woodland , caused by the large numbers of red deer and sheep . Loch Fada , Trotternish , looking towards The Storr See also ( edit ) Category : Mountains and hills of Skye `` Eilean mo chridhe '' -- Gaelic folk song written about Skye during World War I Timeline of prehistoric Scotland Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The largest of the Inner Hebrides that lie north of Skye are the Isle of Ewe , Tanera Mòr , and Handa , none of which exceed 310 hectares ( 770 acres ) in size . See also List of Inner Hebrides . Jump up ^ English translation from Lowland Scots : `` This isle is called Ellan Skiannach in Gaelic , that is to say in English , The Winged Isle , by reason of its many wings and points that come from it , through dividing of the land by the aforesaid lochs . '' Jump up ^ In April 2007 it was reported in the media that the island 's official name had been changed by the Highland Council to Eilean a ' Cheò . However , the Council clarified that this name referred only to one of its 22 wards in the forthcoming election , and that there were no plans to change signage or discontinue the English language name . Jump up ^ Skye 's irregular shape is created by the 15 major sea lochs that penetrate so far into the mountainous core that no part of the island is more than 8 kilometres ( 5.0 mi ) from the sea . Jump up ^ Figures provided for Staffin , only a few miles to the east , average 4.6 ° C ( 40.3 ° F ) in January and 15.6 ° C ( 60.1 ° F ) in July at noon . Jump up ^ The theme of government neglect has been repeated by commentators spanning more than a century . `` ( The landlords ) persuaded the Government for the second time to put the country to the expense of a naval expedition to Skye to exhibit Highlanders to the world as a race of men who could only be governed at the point of the bayonet , and that simply because the Commissioners had neglected to perform and pay for the duty the law imposed on them . ( Cheers ) . '' Sir Charles Cameron ( 1886 ) . `` Nationalist MPs and crofters , frustrated by the failure of Westminster politicians to bring Scotland into line with England and other European nations by abolishing feudal structures and regulating land use , are drawing up plans to limit foreign land ownership and introduce environmental codes for all estates . They want ministers to compile a full public Land Register . '' John Arlidge ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Carruthers was the editor of the National Illustrated Library 's 1852 edition of Boswell ( 1785 ) who added a footnote to this effect . Jump up ^ The 2001 census statistics used are based on local authority areas and do not specifically identify Free Church adherents . However , the averages for Highland and Eilean Siar , between which the total for Skye is likely to lie are 48 -- 42 per cent Church of Scotland , 7 -- 13 per cent Roman Catholic and 12 -- 28 per cent `` Other Christian '' , of whom the majority will be Free Church members . The total for all other religions combined is 1 per cent for both areas . Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Murray ( 1966 ) p. 146 . ^ Jump up to : Haswell - Smith ( 2004 ) p. 173 . Jump up ^ Haswell - Smith ( 2004 ) pp. 502 -- 03 . Modified to include bridged islands . ^ Jump up to : `` Get - a-map '' . Ordnance Survey . Retrieved 30 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Area and population ranks : there are c. 300 islands over 20 ha in extent and 93 permanently inhabited islands were listed in the 2011 census . ^ Jump up to : National Records of Scotland ( 15 August 2013 ) ( pdf ) Statistical Bulletin : 2011 Census : First Results on Population and Household Estimates for Scotland - Release 1C ( Part Two ) . `` Appendix 2 : Population and households on Scotland 's inhabited islands '' . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Infobox reference is Haswell - Smith ( 2004 ) pp. 173 -- 79 unless otherwise stated . Jump up ^ `` Rick Livingstone 's Tables of the Islands of Scotland '' . ( pdf ) Region 8 . North West , North & East coasts . Argyll Yacht Charters . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Slesser ( 1981 ) p. 19 . Jump up ^ Murray ( 1966 ) pp. 147 -- 48 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scotland 's Island Populations '' . The Scottish Islands Federation . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gaelic Culture '' Archived 22 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine ... VisitScotland . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray ( 1966 ) p. 155 . Jump up ^ `` Group 34 : islands in the Irish Sea and the Western Isles 1 '' . Kmatthews.org.uk . Retrieved 1 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Strang , Alistair ( 1997 ) `` Explaining Ptolemy 's Roman Britain '' . Britannia. 28 pp. 1 -- 30 ^ Jump up to : Haswell - Smith ( 2004 ) pp. 173 -- 79 . ^ Jump up to : Mac an Tàilleir , Iain ( 2003 ) Ainmean - àite / Placenames . ( pdf ) Pàrlamaid na h - Alba . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . p. 105 . Jump up ^ Gammeltoft , Peder ( 2007 ) p. 487 . Jump up ^ Jennings and Kruse ( 2009 ) pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ `` Haakon Haakonsøns Saga '' . Norwegian translation : P.A. Munch . Saganet.is . Retrieved 3 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Magnus Barefoot 's Saga '' . English translation : Wikisource . Retrieved 4 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Munro , D. ( 1818 ) . Description of the Western Isles of Scotland called Hybrides , by Mr. Donald Munro , High Dean of the Isles , who travelled through most of them in the year 1549 . Miscellanea Scotica , 2 . Quoted in Murray ( 1966 ) p. 146 . Jump up ^ `` Skye : A historical perspective '' . Gazetteer for Scotland . Retrieved 1 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Tinning , William ( 1 May 2007 ) `` Council says Isle of Skye will keep English name '' . Glasgow . The Herald . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Martin ( 1703 ) `` A Description of The Isle of Skye '' . p. 65 . Jump up ^ `` Sgurr Dearg and the In Pinn '' . skyewalk.co.uk . Retrieved 2 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Bennet ( 1986 ) p. 222 . Jump up ^ Wells , Colin ( 2007 ) `` Running in Heaven '' . Glasgow . Sunday Herald . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnstone et al. ( 1990 ) pp. 234 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Murray ( 1966 ) p. 149 . Jump up ^ Murray ( 1966 ) pp. 156 -- 61 . Jump up ^ `` The locality '' Elgol & Torrin Historical Society . ( Comunn Eachdraidh Ealaghol agus Na Torran ) . Retrieved 9 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Murray ( 1966 ) pp. 147 , 165 . ^ Jump up to : `` Highland Profile '' Archived 4 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... The Highland Council ( 2011 estimate ) . Retrieved 26 December 2012 Jump up ^ `` Magical places do exist ... '' . Steininn.co.uk . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . Jump up ^ McGoodwin ( 2001 ) p. 250 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper ( 1983 ) pp. 33 -- 35 . Averages for rainfall are for 1916 -- 50 , temperature 1931 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Slesser ( 1981 ) pp. 31 -- 33 . ( 20 - year averages ) . See also `` Weather Data for Staffin Isle of Skye '' . Carbostweather.co.uk . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Murray ( 1966 ) p. 147 . Jump up ^ Slesser ( 1981 ) pp. 27 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Murray ( 1973 ) p. 79 . Jump up ^ http://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?lang=en&ind=03037&ano=2016&mes=5&day=9&hora=18&min=0&ndays=30 Jump up ^ http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/observation/gf5we59j0 Jump up ^ http://www.msn.com/en-gb/weather/records/Isle-of-Skye,Scotland,United-Kingdom/we-island-57.366,-6.228?iso=GB Jump up ^ Saville , Alan ; Hardy , Karen ; Miket , Roger ; Ballin , Torben Bjarke `` An Corran , Staffin , Skye : a Rockshelter with Mesolithic and Later Occupation '' Archived 29 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Scottish Archaeology Internet Reports . Retrieved 15 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Wickham - Jones , C.R. and Hardy , K. `` Scotlands First Settlers '' . History Scotland Magazine / Wayback Machine . Retrieved 15 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Aesthetics , morality and bureaucracy : A case study of land reform and perceptions of landscape change in Northwest Scotland Archived 19 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... ( pdf ) Centre for International Environment and Development Studies . Noragric . Aas . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Skye survey '' Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... University of Edinburgh . Retrieved 15 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Skye , Rubh ' An Dunain , ' Viking Canal ' `` . Canmore . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Coventry ( 2008 ) pp. 381 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Hunter ( 2000 ) pp. 44 , 49 . Jump up ^ Jennings and Kruse ( 2009 ) p. 76 . Jump up ^ Jennings and Kruse ( 2009 ) p. 77 . Jump up ^ Sharpe ( 1995 ) Book I , chapter 26 ; Book II , chapter 33 & note 151 . Jump up ^ Fraser ( 2009 ) pp. 204 -- 06 , 249 & 252 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Jennings and Kruse ( 2009 ) p. 87 . Jump up ^ `` The Norse Connection '' . Celtictraditions.com . Retrieved 15 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Mackinnon , C.R. ( 1958 ) . `` The Clan Mackinnon : a short history '' . Archived from the original on 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Sellar ( 1999 ) pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` About the Clan MacInnes '' . Macinnes.org . Retrieved 8 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Murray ( 1966 ) p. 156 . Jump up ^ `` Flora Macdonald 's Grave , Kilmuir '' . Am Baile . Retrieved 24 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Boswell ( 1785 ) pp. 142 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Murray ( 1966 ) pp. 152 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Hunter ( 2000 ) pp. 249 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson ( 1775 ) pp. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ `` Dunvegan Castle '' Archived 2 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Dunvegancastle.com . Retrieved 2 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Armadale Castle '' . Clan Donald Centre . Retrieved 2 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Barony of MacDonald '' . Baronage.co.uk Retrieved 2 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tusdale , Isle of Skye '' . Wild Country . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Skye , Tusdale '' . Canmore . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Cooper ( 1983 ) p. 77 . Jump up ^ `` The collapse of the kelp industry '' Archived 14 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Education Scotland . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Skye and Raasay Clearances -- 1853 '' . Video from A history of Scotland : This Land is Our Land . BBC . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Haswell - Smith ( 2004 ) p. 176 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of the Braes '' . Highlandclearances.info/Wayback Machine . Retrieved 15 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Suisnish , Skye . Canmore . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Allan , John `` The Skye Guide '' . The Skye Guide . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ General Register Office for Scotland ( 28 November 2003 ) Scotland 's Census 2001 -- Occasional Paper No 10 : Statistics for Inhabited Islands . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Slesser ( 1981 ) p. 26 . Jump up ^ Hunter ( 2000 ) pp. 351 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Cameron , Charles ( 1886 ) . The Skye expedition of 1886 its constitutional and legal aspects . Speech delivered by Charles Cameron at a meeting held in the City Hall , Glasgow , on the 10th November , 1886 . Glasgow . Alex. MacDonald . Jump up ^ Arlidge , John ( 25 February 1996 ) `` Who owns Scotland ? Wealthy foreign owners of Scottish estates are facing a backlash from locals . '' London . The Independent . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ See Boswell ( 1785 ) p. 141 at Internet Archive . ( pdf ) Retrieved 16 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland 's 2011 census : Island living on the rise '' . BBC News . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mac an Tàilleir , Iain ( 2004 ) 1901 -- 2001 Gaelic in the Census . ( PowerPoint ) Linguae Celticae . Retrieved 1 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Member Profile : Charles Kennedy '' Archived 18 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... United Kingdom Parliament . Retrieved 8 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Local Government etc . ( Scotland ) Act 1994 : Chapter 39 '' . Archived 1 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Office of Public Sector Information . Retrieved 8 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Highland Council ( Comhairle na Gaidhealtachd ) '' . The Highland Council . Retrieved 8 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Ross , David ( 7 May 2011 ) . `` No Loyalty to LibDems in Highland Heartland '' . Election 2011 Supplement . Glasgow . The Herald . Jump up ^ `` The Aros Experience '' . Visit Scotland . Retrieved 15 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Andy `` Inverness '' . Who Owns Scotland . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ MacPhail , Issie ( 2002 ) Land , Crofting and The Assynt Crofters Trust : A Post-Colonial Geography ? . University of Wales / Academia.edu . p. 174 . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' page . Sleat Community Trust . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Directory of Members '' Archived 19 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... Development Trusts Association Scotland . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Macpherson , George W. `` Glendale Today '' . Caledonia.org.uk . Retrieved 20 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Talisker Scotch Whisky Distillery '' . Scotchwhisky.net . Retrieved 8 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pràban -- The Home of fine Scottish Whisky '' . Gaelicwhisky.com . Retrieved 8 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sitekit reports a record year of growth '' Archived 30 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... Pressport.co.uk . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Croft House Kitchen '' Archived 9 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Skye Museum of Island Life . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Highland Biodiversity Project ( 2003 ) p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' Archived 31 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Isle of Skye Renewables Cooperative Ltd . Retrieved 31 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Parker , David et al. ( April 2008 ) `` Leading by Example '' . Durham . New Sector . Issue 78 . Jump up ^ `` Arts and Crafts '' Archived 10 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Visit Scotland . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ HIE Skye and Wester Ross ( 2008 ) `` About our area '' . Highlands and Islands Enterprise . Inverness . Statistics are not produced for Skye alone , but for the Skye and Wester Ross area , in which the public sector provides 37.1 per cent of the labour force . Jump up ^ Alan Rehfisch ( 2007 ) . `` Ferry Services in Scotland '' ( pdf ) . SPICe Briefing . Scottish Parliament Information Centre . Retrieved 17 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SKAT : The Drive for Justice '' . Skye and Kyle Against Tolls . Retrieved 24 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Getting Here '' . Isleofskye.net . Retrieved 24 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Potential use of Skye 's Ashaig airstrip re-examined '' . BBC News Online . ( 11 July 2012 ) Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Sabhal Mòr Ostaig '' Archived 12 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... UHI Millennium Institute . Retrieved 8 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Pacione , Michael ( 2005 ) `` The Geography of Religious Affiliation in Scotland '' . The Professional Geographer 57 ( 2 ) pp. 235 -- 255 . Oxford . Blackwell . Jump up ^ `` Donnie Munro : Biography '' Archived 30 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Donniemunro.co.uk . Retrieved 5 April 2007 Jump up ^ `` Skye '' Archived 9 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... Jimwillsher.co.uk . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . The song also appears on the 1988 live Once in a Lifetime album . Jump up ^ `` Nightfall on Marsco '' Archived 11 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... Jimwillsher.co.uk . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Peatbog Faeries are ... '' . Peatbogfaeries.com . Retrieved 29 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Gough , Jim ( 30 May 2004 ) . `` Anderson swaps fish for his flute '' . Glasgow . Sunday Herald / Wayback Machine . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ The Annotated Jethro Tull Lyrics Page . Cupofwonder.com Retrieved 10 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Chiesa , Alison ( 28 April 2008 ) `` Skye music festival pulled as administrators are called in '' . Glasgow . The Herald . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Skye Music Festival 2006 '' . Efestivals.co.uk . Retrieved 8 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mylo -- Biography '' . London . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sorley Maclean 1911 -- 1996 '' . BBC . Retrieved 8 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Westland ( 1997 ) p. 90 . Jump up ^ Mr Standfast Archived 24 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... John Buchan Society . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prometheus Filming Location Round - up '' Archived 14 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Prometheus News . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stardust '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stardust -- The Quiraing '' . Scotland the Movie . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stardust ( 2007 ) '' . Scotland the Movie . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Seachd : The Inaccessible Pinnacle '' . Seachd.com Retrieved 2 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Full record for ' Highlands and Islands -- a Royal Tour ' '' . Scottish Screen Archive . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . Jump up ^ West Highland Free Press . Broadford . Retrieved 2 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Club History '' . Skye Camanachd . Retrieved 25 October 2009 . Jump up ^ For example , there are only half the number of mammalian species that exist on mainland Britain . See Murray ( 1973 ) p. 72 . Jump up ^ Martin , Martin ( 1703 ) . A Description of The Isle of Skye . p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` The Demise of the White - Tailed Eagle in Scotland '' Archived 23 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... White-tailed-sea-eagle.co.uk . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Fraser Darling ( 1969 ) p. 79 . Jump up ^ `` Trotternish Wildlife '' Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Duntulm Castle . Retrieved 25 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Fraser Darling ( 1969 ) pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Fraser Darling ( 1969 ) p. 286 . Jump up ^ `` Trout Fishing in Scotland : Skye '' . Trout-salmon-fishing.com . Retrieved 29 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Fraser Darling ( 1969 ) p. 84 . Jump up ^ `` Native Oysters '' . ( pdf ) ( 2005 ) Scottish Natural Heritage . Retrieved 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Highland Biodiversity Project ( 2003 ) p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Scotland survey uncovers ' huge ' flame shell bed '' . BBC News Online . ( 27 December 2012 ) Retrieved 27 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Slack , Alf `` Flora '' in Slesser ( 1981 ) pp. 45 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Fraser Darling ( 1969 ) p. 156 . Jump up ^ Highland Biodiversity Project ( 2003 ) pp. i , 3 . References ( edit ) Adomnán of Iona ( 1995 ) . Sharpe , Richard , ed . Life of St Columba . London : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044462 - 9 . Bennet , Donald ( ed ) ( 1986 ) . The Munros . Edinburgh : Scottish Mountaineering Trust . ISBN 0 - 907521 - 13 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Boswell , James ( 1852 ) ( 1785 ) . Carruthers , Robert , ed . The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides . London : Office of the National Illustrated Library . Cooper , Derek ( 1983 ) . Skye . Melbourne : Law Book Co of Australasia . ISBN 0 - 7100 - 9565 - 1 . Coventry , Martin ( 2008 ) . Castles of the Clans . Musselburgh : Goblinshead . ISBN 978 - 1 - 899874 - 36 - 1 . Fraser Darling , Frank ; Boyd , J. Morton ( 1969 ) . The Highlands and Islands . The New Naturalist . London : Collins . First published in 1947 under title : Natural history in the Highlands & Islands ; by F. Fraser Darling . Fraser , James E. ( 2009 ) . From Caledonia to Pictland : Scotland to 795 . The New Edinburgh History of Scotland . I. Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 1232 - 1 . Gammeltoft , Peder `` Scandinavian Naming - Systems in the Hebrides -- A Way of Understanding how the Scandinavians were in Contact with Gaels and Picts ? '' in Ballin Smith , Beverley ; Taylor , Simon ; and Williams , Gareth ( eds ) ( 2007 ) . West over Sea : Studies in Scandinavian Sea - Borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300 . Leiden : Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 15893 - 1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Haswell - Smith , Hamish ( 2004 ) . The Scottish Islands . Edinburgh : Canongate . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84195 - 454 - 7 . Highland Biodiversity Project ( 2003 ) . `` Skye & Lochalsh Biodiversity Action Plan '' ( pdf ) . Convention on Biological Diversity . Retrieved 15 December 2012 . Hunter , James ( 2000 ) . Last of the Free : A History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland . Edinburgh : Mainstream . ISBN 1 - 84018 - 376 - 4 . Jennings , Andrew and Kruse , Arne `` One Coast -- Three Peoples : Names and Ethnicity in the Scottish West during the Early Viking period '' in Woolf , Alex ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . Scandinavian Scotland -- Twenty Years After . St Andrews : St Andrews University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9512573 - 7 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Johnson , Samuel ( 1924 ) ( 1775 ) . A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland . London : Chapman & Dod . Johnstone , Scott ; Brown , Hamish & Bennet , Donald ( 1990 ) . The Corbetts and Other Scottish Hills . Edinburgh : Scottish Mountaineering Trust . ISBN 0 - 907521 - 29 - 0 . McGoodwin , James R. ( 2001 ) . Understanding the Cultures of Fishing Communities : A key to fisheries management and food security . Fisheries Technical Paper . 401 . Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization . ISBN 92 - 5 - 104606 - 9 . Martin , Martin ( 1703 ) . `` A Description of The Western Islands of Scotland '' . Appin Regiment / Appin Historical Society . Archived from the original on 13 March 2007 . Retrieved 3 March 2007 . First printed for Andrew Bell and others , London . Murray , W.H. ( 1966 ) . The Hebrides . London : Heinemann . Murray , W.H. ( 1973 ) . The Islands of Western Scotland . London : Eyre Methuen . ISBN 0 - 413 - 30380 - 2 . Sellar , William David Hamilton ; Maclean , Alasdair ( 1999 ) . The Highland clan MacNeacail ( MacNicol ) : A History of the Nicolsons of Scorrybreac . Lochbay , Waternish : Maclean Press . ISBN 1 - 899272 - 02 - X . Slesser , Malcolm ( 1981 ) . The Island of Skye . Edinburgh : Scottish Mountaineering Trust . ISBN 0 - 907521 - 02 - 9 . Westland , Ella ( 1997 ) . Cornwall : the cultural construction of place . Penzance : Patten Press , in association with the Institute of Cornish Studies , University of Exeter . ISBN 1 - 872229 - 27 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Skye . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isle of Skye . The official website for the Isle of Skye , Lochalsh and Raasay in the north west of Scotland An historical perspective of Skye from the Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland : A Survey of Scottish Topography , Statistical , Biographical and Historical , edited by Francis H. Groome . Originally published between 1882 and 1885 and provided on - line by the Gazetteer for Scotland . Skye photos Skye Flora Skye Birding Guide Skye Main settlements Portree Broadford Dunvegan Kyleakin Uig Crofting townships and settlements Achachork Aird of Sleat Ardvasar Armadale Ashaig Bernisdale Bornesketaig Boreraig Borreraig Borrodale Borve Bracadale Breakish Brogaig Bualintur Camastianavaig Camuscross Carbost , Loch Harport Carbost , Portree Claigan Colbost Drumfearn Drynoch Dunan Duntulm Edinbane Elgol Ellishadder Eynort Eyre Fasach Feorlig Ferindonald Fiskavaig Flashader Flodigarry Galltrigill Garafad Geary Gedintailor Gillen Glendale Halistra Harlosh Heaste Isleornsay Kensaleyre Kilbride Kilmaluag Kilmarie Kilmore Kilmuir Kilvaxter Kingsburgh Kylerhea Lealt Lower Breakish Luib Milovaig Mugeary Ollach Ose Peinachorran Portnalong Ramasaig Roag Sconser Skeabost Sligachan Staffin Stein Struan Suladale Talisker Tarskavaig Teangue Torrin Totaig Tote Treaslane Trumpan Uigshader Ullinish Upper Breakish Mountains and hills Am Basteir Beinn na Caillich Blà Bheinn Bruach na Frìthe Clach Glas Glamaig Healabhal Bheag Sgùrr a ' Ghreadaidh Sgùrr a ' Mhadaidh Sgùrr MhicChoinnich Sgùrr na Banachdaich Sgùrr nan Gillean Sgùrr Dearg Sgùrr a ' Mhadaidh Ruaidh Marsco Quiraing / Meall na Suiramach Sgùrr Alasdair The Storr History and prehistory Armadale Castle Battle of the Braes Battle of the Spoiling Dyke Caisteal Maol Cill Chriosd Corriechatachan Dùn Ringill Dunvegan Castle Fairy Flag Flora MacDonald High Pasture Cave Sir Lachlan Mackinnon ( clan chief ) Neil Mackinnon Mugearite Sir Rory Mor 's Horn Rubha an Dùnain Local culture Isle of Skye Music Festival MacCrimmon pipers Sabhal Mòr Ostaig Skye Camanachd Talisker whisky Té Bheag `` The Skye Boat Song '' Peninsulas Duirinish Minginish Sleat Strathaird Trotternish Waternish Surrounding islands Ascrib Islands Crowlin Islands Eilean Bàn Eilean Fladday Eilean Mòr Eilean Tigh Eilean Trodday Fladda - chùain Harlosh Island Isay Lampay Longay Mingay Oronsay Pabay Raasay Scalpay Rona Soay Staffin Island Tarner Island Wiay Other MV Glenachulish Skye Bridge Inhabited islands of the Hebrides Inner Hebrides Canna Coll Colonsay Danna Eigg Eilean dà Mhèinn Eilean Shona Eilean Tioram Erraid Gigha Gometra Iona Islay Isle of Ewe Jura Kerrera Lismore Muck Mull Oronsay Raasay Sanday Scalpay Rona Rùm Skye Slate Islands Soay Summer Isles Tiree Ulva Outer Hebrides Baleshare Barra Benbecula Berneray Eriskay Flodaigh Fraoch - eilean Great Bernera Grimsay ( North ) Grimsay ( South ) Lewis and Harris North Uist Scalpay South Uist Vatersay Islands of Scotland Geography Northern Isles Shetland list Orkney list Hebrides Outer Hebrides list Inner Hebrides list St Kilda Other Islands of the Clyde Islands of the Forth Freshwater Islands Outlying Islands Prehistory Prehistoric Orkney Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site : Maeshowe Ness of Brodgar Ring of Brodgar Skara Brae Standing Stones of Stenness Prehistoric Shetland Crucible of Iron Age Shetland : Broch of Mousa Jarlshof Old Scatness Prehistoric Western Isles Callanish Stones Dun Carloway Rubha an Dùnain Dun Nosebridge History Dál Riata Columba Kingdom of the Isles Scandinavian Scotland Rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles Bishop of the Isles Lordship of the Isles Treaty of Perth Treaty of Ardtornish - Westminster Finlaggan Earldom of Orkney Buckquoy spindle - whorl Udal law 18th and 19th Century Clearances Jacobite risings Flora MacDonald Literature Orkneyinga Saga Description of the Western Isles of Scotland ( Monro ) A Description of the Western Isles of Scotland ( Martin ) A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland ( Johnson ) The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides ( Boswell ) Etymology General Scottish island names Northern Isles Hebrides Ainmean - Àite na h - Alba Specific Arran Gigha Skye St Kilda Economy Towns Kirkwall Lerwick Rothesay Stornoway Stromness Agencies Community Energy Scotland Crofters Commission DTA Scotland Highlands and Islands Enterprise Scottish Islands Federation Oil industry Flotta Sullom Voe Culture Shetland Aly Bain Thomas Fraser Peerie Willie Johnson Shetland Amenity Trust Up Helly Aa Vagaland Orkney George Mackay Brown Peter Maxwell Davies F. Marian McNeill Kirkwall Ba game Orkney Heritage Society St Magnus Festival Outer Hebrides Compton Mackenzie Fèis Bharraigh Free Church of Scotland Iain Crichton Smith Inner Hebrides Islay whisky Runrig Sorley MacLean West Highland Free Press Politics Local authorities Shetland Islands Council Orkney Islands Council Comhairle nan Eilean Siar Highland Council Argyll and Bute North Ayrshire Wildlife Fauna Fair Isle wren Orkney vole Shetland wren St Kilda field mouse St Kilda wren Flora Arran whitebeams Scottish Primrose Shetland Mouse - ear Domesticated animals Cairn Terrier Eriskay Pony Hebridean Blackface Luing cattle North Ronaldsay sheep Scottie Sheltie Shetland cattle Shetland Goose Shetland pony Shetland sheep Soay sheep Westie Geology Shetland Geopark Shetland Geology of Orkney Eday Group Orcadian Basin Yesnaby Sandstone Group Hebrides Colonsay Group Great Estuarine Group Hebridean Terrane Lewisian complex Lorne plateau lavas Moine Supergroup Moine Thrust Belt Rhinns complex Skye Staffa Torridonian Islands of the Clyde Highland Boundary Fault Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skye&oldid=844533676 '' Categories : Skye Cleared places in the Inner Hebrides Islands of Highland ( council area ) Islands of the Inner Hebrides Hidden categories : Articles containing Middle Irish - language text Articles containing Scottish Gaelic - language text Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from December 2012 Articles containing Old Norse - language text Articles with OS grid coordinates Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Scots - language text Articles containing Old Irish - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Italian - language text CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Official website not in Wikidata Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Asturianu Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Zeêuws 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 14 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the main town in the isle of skye	[ "Portree in the north at the base of Trotternish is the largest settlement (estimated population 2,264 in 2011)[34] and is the main service centre on the island. Broadford, the location of the island's only airstrip, is on the east side of the island and Dunvegan in the north-west is well known for its castle and the nearby Three Chimneys restaurant. The 18th-century Stein Inn on the Waternish coast is the oldest pub on Skye.[35] Kyleakin is linked to Kyle of Lochalsh on the mainland by the Skye Bridge, which spans the narrows of Loch Alsh. Uig, the port for ferries to the Outer Hebrides, is on the west of the Trotternish peninsula and Edinbane is between Dunvegan and Portree.[16] Much of the rest of the population lives in crofting townships scattered around the coastline.[36]" ]	[ "Portree" ]
-2503260778837538877	SEAL Team (TV series)	SEAL Team ( TV series ) - wikipedia SEAL Team ( TV series ) SEAL Team Genre Drama Created by Benjamin Cavell Starring David Boreanaz Max Thieriot Jessica Paré Neil Brown Jr . A.J. Buckley Toni Trucks Composer ( s ) W.G. Snuffy Walden A. Patrick Rose Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 22 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Benjamin Cavell Ed Redlich Sarah Timberman Carl Beverly Christopher Chulack Producer ( s ) Todd Lewis Kate DiMento Chris Leanza David Boreanaz Cinematography Gonzalo Amat J. Michael Muro Editor ( s ) Adam Wolfe Mark Manos Camera setup Single - camera Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Chulack Productions East 25 C Timberman / Beverly Productions CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Picture format HDTV 1080i Original release September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) -- present SEAL Team is an American military drama television series created by Benjamin Cavell . The series is produced by CBS Television Studios , and began airing on CBS on September 27 , 2017 . The series follows an elite unit of United States Navy SEALs portrayed by David Boreanaz , Max Thieriot , Jessica Paré , Neil Brown Jr. , A.J. Buckley and Toni Trucks . SEAL Team received a pilot order from CBS in January 2017 , and was ordered to series in May 2017 . The series received a full - season order on October 12 , 2017 , bringing the first season to a total of 22 episodes . On March 27 , 2018 , CBS renewed the series for a second season which is set to premiere on October 3 , 2018 . Contents 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3.2 Season 2 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 5 Reception 5.1 Season ratings 5.2 Episode ratings 5.3 Season 1 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 5.4 Season 2 5.5 Critical response 6 Home media 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Overview ( edit ) The series follows Bravo Team , a sub-unit of the United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group , the most elite unit of Navy SEALs , as they plan and undertake dangerous missions worldwide with little notice , and the burden on them and their families . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) David Boreanaz as Master Chief Special Warfare Operator Jason Hayes , leader of a Navy SEAL team ( Bravo Team ) dealing with the recent loss of one of their own . In the series pilot , Jason is referred to as a Senior Chief , but in `` Collapse '' , he calls himself an `` E-9 '' Master Chief . Max Thieriot as Special Warfare Operator Clay Spenser , a second - generation Navy SEAL in training for Tier One status who is questioned as to his readiness for combat . He becomes a member of Bravo Team at the end of `` The Exchange '' . Jessica Paré as Officer Amanda `` Mandy '' Ellis , Bravo Team 's CIA liaison . Neil Brown Jr. as Senior Chief Special Warfare Operator Raymond `` Ray '' Perry , Jason 's most trusted friend and the longest tenured member of the team . A.J. Buckley as Special Warfare Operator Sonny Quinn , a loyal but sometimes volatile SEAL who is at his best in firefights and prefers them over a leadership position . Toni Trucks as Logistics Specialist First Class Lisa Davis Judd Lormand as Lieutenant Commander Eric Blackburn , the Bravo Team commanding officer . ( Enlisted SEALs have Special Warfare Operator specific ratings . See US Navy SEAL ratings . ) Recurring ( edit ) Tyler Grey as Special Warfare Operator Trent , a member of Bravo Team . Justin Melnick as Special Warfare Operator Brock Reynolds , a member of Bravo Team and handler of the team 's dog , Cerberus . Alona Tal as Stella , Clay 's grad student fiancée . Michaela McManus as Alana Hayes , Jason 's estranged wife . Kerri Medders as Emma Hayes , Jason and Alana 's daughter . Parisa Fakhri as Naima Perry , Ray 's Kurdish wife . Steve Howey as Danny Cooper , a former member of SEAL Team 4 and Sonny 's ex-teammate , medically retired after a bomb - related injury . Michael Irby as Master Chief Special Warfare Operator Adam Siever , the Green Team SEAL trainer . Sharif Atkins as Senior Chief Special Warfare Operator Beau Fuller , the leader of Charlie Team . He and Jason came up the ranks together and have a longtime rivalry . C. Thomas Howell as former Senior Chief Special Warfare Operator Ash Spenser , a writer , retired Navy SEAL , and father of Clay Spenser . Daniel Briggs as Special Warfare Operator Derek Young , a member of Alpha Team . Darren Pettie as Paul Mulwray , a reporter in Afghanistan and son of the Secretary of Defense . Dawn Olivieri as Amy Nelson , a private security specialist working on the Afghanistan base . Jonathan Cake as Alan Cutter , the CEO of Xeon Tactical Security , a private security firm working on the Afghanistan base , former British Special Boat Service officer and Amy Nelson 's boss . David DeSantos as Tim Belding , Mandy 's CIA boss in Afghanistan . Marsha Thomason as Sergeant Vanessa Ryan . Atif Hashwi as Azim Dita the Hair Missile as Cerberus Alexa Mansour as Dorri Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) `` Tip of the Spear '' Christopher Chulack Benjamin Cavell September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) ST101 9.88 Master Chief Jason Hayes is the leader of a Navy SEAL team who is coping with the recent loss of a member of his team . The team is tasked with capturing a high level ISIS leader . `` Other Lives '' Christopher Chulack Benjamin Cavell October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) ST102 8.39 On a mission to destroy chemical weapons , Jason and the team find innocent civilians in need of rescue just as enemy forces close in on them ; the team debates whether to tell Ray that his wife has gone into labor . `` Boarding Party '' Christopher Chulack Spencer Hudnut October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) ST103 8.02 The team must rescue researchers being held hostage on a ship in the South China Sea ; Clay 's low ranking jeopardizes his future as a SEAL ; Jason investigates a woman connected to his dead teammate 's phone . `` Ghosts of Christmas Future '' Larry Teng Benjamin Cavell & Daniele Nathanson October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) ST104 7.11 Jason and the SEAL Team refuse to abort their mission to capture a dangerous war criminal after it goes sideways . Also , Clay 's controversial father , Ash Spenser ( C. Thomas Howell ) , comes to town on his book tour . The mystery about the woman has a new revelation . 5 5 `` Collapse '' Ian Toynton Becky Mode October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) ST105 6.92 Jason and the SEAL team must navigate the contentious evacuation of an embassy in South Sudan when the country becomes increasingly unstable . Meanwhile , Clay and Stella take their relationship to the next level . 6 6 `` The Spinning Wheel '' Melanie Mayron Joseph Sawyer & Julian Silver & Reiss Clausen - Wolf & Beth Schacter November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) ST106 6.22 The team must work with Jason 's longtime rival to plan a raid , all under the watchful eye of top military brass . Meanwhile , Clay tries to deliver solemn news to a teammate 's next of kin . 7 7 `` Borderlines '' Félix Alcalá Corinne Marrinan November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) ST107 7.24 Jason and the SEAL Team must rescue an undercover CIA operative after she is captured by radical terrorists to be used as a bargaining chip . Also , Clay faces the final harrowing exercise impeding his Tier One candidacy . 8 8 `` The Exchange '' John Dahl Sabrina Almeida & Spencer Hudnut November 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) ST108 6.94 Jason and the SEAL Team have mixed feelings when they are tasked with bringing home an American soldier who was captured after deserting , in exchange for detainees in Gitmo . 9 9 `` Rolling Dark '' Michael Watkins Daniele Nathanson & Brian Horiuchi December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) ST109 6.90 Jason and the SEAL team must rescue a Russian scientist and his wife and bring them across the Afghanistan border to safety as Chinese troops and Russian Special Forces close in , intent on stopping them . Also , Clay endures his first day with Jason 's unit . 10 10 `` Pattern of Life '' Christopher Chulack Corinne Marrinan January 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) ST110 5.86 Tensions are high when Jason and the SEAL Team enter a Yemeni house to locate a cell phone linked to a terrorist network , and interrogate the family while the daughter lays in critical condition after being accidentally shot . 11 11 `` Containment '' Andy Wolk Beth Schacter January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) ST111 6.17 Jason and the SEAL team are sent to intercept the sale of nuclear waste intended for the manufacture of a dirty bomb , but the mission goes sideways when instead they find that the `` waste '' is actually nuclear weapons with unstable warheads and they must make the treacherous journey back to base . Also , Ray is sidelined with a shoulder injury , and Jason and Alana are shocked by their kids ' reactions when the topic of their reunion is brought up . 12 12 `` The Upside Down '' J. Michael Muro Spencer Hudnut & John Bellucci January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) ST112 6.67 While on a mission to retrieve a downed USAF drone in the middle of the last Daesh - controlled zone in Iraq , the Team disobey orders so they can save Clay , who is trapped beneath a room full of armed terrorists . Also , Clay and Stella struggle with his imminent deployment , Jason and Alana keep footing around a reconciliation and Lisa navigates her brand - new relationship with Danny Cooper . 13 13 `` Getaway Day '' Christopher Chulack Benjamin Cavell & Ed Redlich & John Bellucci January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) ST113 6.65 After Team Echo is killed in an ambush , Team Bravo 's deployment is moved forward and they must depart in 18 hours . Alana decides she and Jason should divorce , since she ca n't share him with the team anymore , while Clay and Stella decide to forget his rushed marriage proposal and continue like before . Upon deployment in Jalalabad , they struggle to find a lead to avenge their fellow SEALs . 14 14 `` Call Out '' Christopher Chulack Beth Schacter February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) ST114 4.97 Bravo Team goes into a mission in a hostile neighborhood of Jalalabad to capture Tariq 's lover Assim , and narrowly escape an ambush . Afterwards , they are sent to capture the builder of the bomb that killed Team Echo but are forced to shoot him . Mandy finds out Tariq was blackmailed into betraying Echo for his relationship with Assim , who gives them a lead about a man in a red Mercedes , that a journalist on base identifies as an Afghan Police Province Commander , Salim Hakan . Meanwhile , Jason struggles with Alana 's decision to ask for divorce . 15 15 `` No Man 's Land '' Ian Toynton John Bellucci & Corinne Marrinan March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) ST115 6.07 After discovering Team Echo was killed because they burned a heroin farm , Team Bravo pays a visit to the farm and find more than 10 million dollars hidden underground . According to the farmer , some men take money out of it regularly . They capture a 15 years - old boy , who claims he just heard about the money , and wanted some for his family . They follow him , and discover he 's really a girl , Dorri , that works as messenger for the Taliban to be able to care of her younger brother . She helps them set up a trap , but their objective is killed as a traitor . Mandy identifies the men as Al - Quaeda mercenaries , and wonder who 's the farm owner . Dorri offers to keep helping them in exchange for tickets to the USA . Meanwhile , Jason meets Amy , a private security specialist working on the base . 16 16 `` Never Get Out of the Boat '' J. Michael Muro Spencer Hudnut & Mark Semos March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) ST116 6.36 Team Bravo captures a chemist that tells them the farm owner is Ghani , one of the biggest drug traffickers in the world . They send Dorri alongside Clay and Ray for a visual confirmation of Ghani 's bodyguard , and follow him to Ghani , but the CIA puts the brakes on the mission because Ghani is a snitch for the DEA . Mandy uses reporter Paul Mulwray 's contacts to get the mission back on track in exchange for an interview with Jason . They get their objective though Sonny is wounded during the mission . During the celebration , Mandy reveals that Ghani sold the farm after the burning , which makes Jason seek out Amy for comfort . 17 17 `` In Name Only '' John Dahl Brian Horiuchi & Sabrina Almeida March 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) ST117 6.48 Mandy asks her CIA boss permission to pursue Salim Hakan . They learn that the burned farm was bought by KSR holdings , owned by Hakan 's first wife , Permaz Hakan , who 's been missing for years . They locate her father , who tells them that she ran to Masari , an human trafficker , to flee Hakan . They decide to go after Masari to hide the fact they want Permaz . But the United States Department of Defense wants it to be a joint mission with the Afghan Special Forces . They attack Masari 's compound , killing Masari and freeing the women and children . Hakan 's mole on the Afghan team tries to run away with Permaz , but he 's killed . Mandy convinces Permaz to talk to her , but it 's not enough to green light the mission . Jason learns from reporter Paul Mulray that the economic interest in Afghanistan is on mining . Mandy reunites with Salim to get him to talk , making it clear they know he 's playing both sides . Hakan threatens her , but she has Bravo Team backing her up . 18 18 `` Credible Threat '' Ruben Garcia Valerie Armstrong & Josef Sawyer April 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) ST118 6.24 Jason and the SEAL Team are tasked with protecting a delegation of congressmen and Department of Defense officials who come to Jalalabad for a publicity tour even though a credible threat has been made against them . During their protection detail , the SEALs learn that Hakan was the intended target for assassination , and successfully kill the sniper responsible for the shooting . Meanwhile , Jason learns that Xeon Tactical Security CEO Alan Cutter may have an economical motivation for killing Echo Team . 19 19 `` Takedown '' Holly Dale Julian Silver & Reiss Clauson - Wolf & Beth Schacter April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) ST119 6.26 While Mandy and the SEAL team search for leads on the sniper 's employers , Ray has to deal with the fallout of an accidental fragmentation grenade kill that was made when pursuing the sniper . Ray ultimately discloses his shoulder injury to the U.S. Army 's Criminal Investigation Division . Mandy is later contacted by warlord Abad Halani for a face - to - face meeting . 20 20 `` Enemy of My Enemy '' Larry Teng John Bellucci & Corinne Marrinan May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) ST120 5.89 Mandy learns from Abad that his brother , Nouri , ordered the deaths of Echo Team , and gives details of Nouri 's whereabouts in order to facilitate an assassination mission . Shortly after an aborted Predator drone airstrike , the SEALs are forced to commit a raid at dawn , and successfully capture Nouri . However , complications arise during extraction when a transport helicopter carrying Jason , Spenser , and Nouri is shot down by a surface - to - air missile . 21 21 `` The Graveyard of Empires '' David Boreanaz Ed Redlich & Spencer Hudnut May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) ST121 6.15 Jason 's group is forced to take shelter in a farmhouse while waiting for assistance by Ray 's team . During the chaos , Jason suffers from hallucinations caused by a concussion he sustained from the helicopter crash , and comes to the conclusion that Abad was Cutter 's business partner . 22 22 `` The Cost of Doing Business '' Larry Teng Benjamin Cavell May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) ST122 6.14 Jason lies on his medical evaluation in order to pursue Nouri and later hears Ray 's confession about his shoulder . During a night - time raid in the Pakistani mountains , the SEALs attempt to infiltrate a bunker stronghold during the middle of a firefight between Abad and Nouri 's men , and learn that Abad had rigged the bunker to explode upon being breached . The SEALs use Nouri 's men to detonate the trap in the following morning , and unsuccessfully attempt to capture Abad , killing him . Jason safeguards Xeon Security operative Amy Nelson by clearing her out of the base in order to avoid potential retaliation by Cutter . With the aid of Davis and Mandy , Jason finds a buried external harddrive hidden by Echo Team leader Steve Porter containing evidence of Xeon 's mining operations . Shortly after confronting Cutter with his findings , Jason contemplates assassinating him , but Mandy begs him not to do it . Instead , Mandy gives the recovered evidence to Mulray , in exchange for him to drop his story on Ray 's accidental killing . Upon the team 's return trip home , Mulray 's report leads to Cutter being arrested by the FBI ; Spenser reunites with Stella ; Ray is reassigned to teach at the Navy SEAL school in order to medically recover ; Davis visits a hospitalized Danny with Sonny ; and Jason suffers from another hallucination while on a lunch outing with Mandy . Season 2 ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 23 `` Fracture '' Christopher Chulack John Glenn & Spencer Hudnut October 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 03 ) TBA TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On January 27 , 2017 , it was announced that CBS had given the production a pilot order for the Navy SEAL project . The episode was written and author by Benjamin Cavell who were expected to executive produce alongside Ed Redlich , Sarah Timberman , Carl Beverly , Christopher Chulack . Production companies involved with the pilot include Chulack Productions , East 25 C , Timberman / Beverly Productions and CBS Television Studios . On May 12 , 2017 , CBS officially ordered the pilot to series . A few days later , it was announced that the series , now titled SEAL Team , would premiere in the fall of 2017 and air on Wednesdays at 9 : 00 P.M. On May 22 , 2018 , it was reported that both Cavell and Redlich were exiting their roles as executive producer and showrunner , and John Glenn replacing him as showrunner . Casting ( edit ) On March 22 , 2017 , it was announced that David Boreanaz had been cast in the pilot 's lead role of Jason , replacing Jim Caviezel . Reception ( edit ) Season ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 22 September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 9.88 May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) 6.14 2017 -- 18 28 Episode ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Tip of the Spear '' September 27 , 2017 1.5 / 6 9.88 1.0 4.37 2.5 14.25 `` Other Lives '' October 4 , 2017 1.2 / 5 8.39 0.8 3.53 2.0 11.92 `` Boarding Party '' October 11 , 2017 1.2 / 5 8.02 0.8 3.36 2.0 11.38 `` Ghosts of Christmas Future '' October 18 , 2017 1.1 / 4 7.11 0.7 3.50 1.8 10.62 5 `` Collapse '' October 25 , 2017 1.0 / 4 6.92 0.7 3.23 1.7 10.15 6 `` The Spinning Wheel '' November 8 , 2017 0.9 / 3 6.22 0.7 3.24 1.6 9.46 7 `` Borderlines '' November 15 , 2017 1.1 / 4 7.24 0.8 3.32 1.9 10.56 8 `` The Exchange '' November 22 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.94 0.7 3.25 1.8 10.20 9 `` Rolling Dark '' December 6 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.90 0.7 3.05 1.8 9.95 10 `` Pattern of Life '' January 3 , 2018 0.9 / 3 5.86 N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` Containment '' January 10 , 2018 0.9 / 3 6.17 0.9 3.91 1.8 10.08 12 `` The Upside Down '' January 17 , 2018 1.1 / 4 6.67 0.8 3.58 1.9 10.25 13 `` Getaway Day '' January 31 , 2018 1.0 / 4 6.65 0.8 3.41 1.8 10.06 14 `` Call Out '' February 28 , 2018 0.8 / 3 4.97 0.9 4.19 1.7 9.16 15 `` No Man 's Land '' March 7 , 2018 0.9 / 3 6.07 0.8 3.68 1.7 9.77 16 `` Never Get Out of the Boat '' March 21 , 2018 1.0 / 4 6.36 0.8 3.67 1.8 10.03 17 `` In Name Only '' March 28 , 2018 0.9 / 4 6.48 0.8 3.21 1.7 9.61 18 `` Credible Threat '' April 11 , 2018 1.0 / 4 6.24 0.7 3.50 1.7 9.74 19 `` Takedown '' April 25 , 2018 0.8 / 3 6.26 0.7 3.31 1.5 9.57 20 `` Enemy of My Enemy '' May 2 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.89 TBD TBD TBD TBD 21 `` The Graveyard of Empires '' May 9 , 2018 0.9 / 4 6.15 TBD TBD TBD TBD 22 `` The Cost of Doing Business '' May 16 , 2018 0.9 / 4 6.14 TBD TBD TBD TBD Season 2 ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Fracture '' October 3 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 68 % based on 19 reviews , with an average rating of 5.88 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` SEAL Team 's solidly written first season offers compelling characters and hints at broader potential , even if it 's somewhat undermined by an overall sense of predictability . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 57 out of 100 based on 16 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Home media ( edit ) Season No. of episodes DVD Release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 22 August 14 , 2018 See also ( edit ) Television in the United States portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Orders Boreanaz ' SEAL Team , Moore 's S.W.A.T. , Cumming 's Instinct , Piven 's Wisdom , Plus 2 Comedies '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Young Sheldon ' , ' 9 JKL ' & Returning Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` Navy SEALs Drama Lands CBS Pilot Order '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Series Orders : ' 9JKL , ' ' Me , Myself & I , ' ' Instinct , ' ' Wisdom of the Crowd , ' ' Seal Team , ' ' S.W.A.T. ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' SEAL Team ' Gets Full - Season Order From CBS '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` SEAL Team , S.W.A.T. Renewed at CBS '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` CBS Fall 2018 Premiere Dates : ' Big Bang ' & ' Young Sheldon ' To Help Launch ' Magnum PI ' & ' Murphy Brown ' Revival '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Borderlines '' . SEAL Team . Season 1 . Episode 7 . November 15 , 2017 . Event occurs at c. the 32 minute mark ; the speaker is Mandy Ellis . CBS . We have one Dev Group operator in country and en route . Jump up ^ `` The Exchange '' . SEAL Team . Season 1 . Episode 8 . November 22 , 2017 . Event occurs at 3 minute mark ( of 59 minutes ) ; the speaker is Trent . CBS . Whatever teams we go to , we 're Tier One operators now Jump up ^ `` Getaway Day '' . SEAL Team . Season 1 . Episode 8 . January 31 , 2018 . CBS ... The television news broadcast in the background of the wake specifically names the unit as Naval Special Warfare Development Group , commonly known as SEAL Team 6 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` David Boreanaz to Topline CBS ' Navy SEAL Drama Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' SEAL Team , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' SVU , ' CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Wall ' and ' SNL Thanksgiving ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' adjusts up , ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' X-Files ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Amazing Race ' adjusts up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and Riverdale ' adjust up , ' Chicago PD ' and ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Speechless ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' SEAL Team ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs ' adjust up , CW adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts down to series low : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' The Blacklist ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Fracture `` '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` Navy SEALs Drama Lands CBS Pilot Order '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Series Orders : ' 9JKL , ' ' Me , Myself & I , ' ' Instinct , ' ' Wisdom of the Crowd , ' ' Seal Team , ' ' S.W.A.T. ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' SEAL Team ' : John Glenn Joins CBS Series As New Showrunner , Two EPs Depart '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` David Boreanaz To Topline CBS ' Navy SEAL Drama Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The top 50 most - watched shows of the 2017 - 18 season '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 29 , 2018 . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SEAL Team : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SEAL Team - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.dvdsreleasedates.com/movies/8871/seal-team Jump up ^ SEAL Team : Season One DVD Box Set David Boreanaz ( Actor ) , Max Thieriot ( Actor ) Amazon.com External links ( edit ) Official website SEAL Team on IMDb SEAL Team at Rotten Tomatoes CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Celebrity Big Brother ( since 2018 ) Celebrity Undercover Boss ( since 2018 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Instinct ( since 2018 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T. ( since 2017 ) TKO : Total Knock Out ( since 2018 ) Undercover Boss ( since 2010 ) Whistleblower ( since 2018 ) Young Sheldon ( since 2017 ) Daytime The Bold and the Beautiful ( since 1987 ) Let 's Make a Deal ( since 2009 ) The Price Is Right ( since 1972 ) The Talk ( since 2010 ) The Young and the Restless ( since 1973 ) Late night The Late Show with Stephen Colbert ( since 2015 ) The Late Late Show with James Corden ( since 2015 ) News 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) CBSN : On Assignment ( since 2017 ) CBS Evening News ( since 1948 ) CBS Morning News ( since 1982 ) CBS News Sunday Morning ( since 1979 ) CBS Overnight News ( since 2015 ) CBS This Morning ( 1987 -- 1999 ; since 2012 ) Face the Nation ( since 1954 ) Sports CBS Sports Spectacular ( since 1960 ) NCAA Basketball / Road to the Final Four ( since 1981 ) NFL on CBS / The NFL Today ( 1956 -- 1993 ; since 1998 ) PGA Tour on CBS SEC on CBS NCAA March Madness ( co-produced with Turner Sports ) ( since 2011 ) Premier Boxing Champions ( since 2015 ) Saturday morning Dr. Chris : Pet Vet ( since 2013 ) The Inspectors ( since 2015 ) Upcoming FBI ( 2018 ) God Friended Me ( 2018 ) Happy Together ( 2018 ) Magnum P.I. ( 2018 ) Murphy Brown ( 1988 -- 1998 ; 2018 ) The Neighborhood ( 2018 ) Blood & Treasure ( 2019 ) The Code ( 2019 ) Fam ( 2019 ) The Red Line ( 2019 ) Million Dollar Mile ( TBA ) The World 's Best ( TBA ) Love Island USA ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEAL_Team_(TV_series)&oldid=856628174 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2017 American television series debuts American action television series American drama television series CBS network shows English - language television programs Military television series Television series by CBS Television Studios Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 15 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the new show seal team start	[ "The series follows an elite unit of United States Navy SEALs portrayed by David Boreanaz, Max Thieriot, Jessica Paré, Neil Brown Jr., A. J. Buckley and Toni Trucks. SEAL Team received a pilot order from CBS in January 2017,[3] and was ordered to series in May 2017.[4] The series received a full-season order on October 12, 2017, bringing the first season to a total of 22 episodes.[5] On March 27, 2018, CBS renewed the series for a second season[6] which is set to premiere on October 3, 2018.[7]\n" ]	[ "October 3, 2018" ]
-895055507813518523	Settlement of Iceland	Settlement of Iceland - wikipedia Settlement of Iceland Part of a series on the History of Iceland Middle Ages Settlement c. 870 -- 930 Old Commonwealth c. 930 -- 1262 Christianization c. 999 -- 1118 Sturlung era c. 1180 -- 1264 Old Covenant 1262 Norwegian rule 1262 -- 1380 Danish rule 1380 -- 1918 Reformation 1536 -- 1627 Danish Trade Monopoly 1602 -- 1874 Eruption of Laki 1783 -- 1785 Modern era Independence Movement 1809 -- 1847 Home Rule / Independence 1885 -- 1918 Act of Union 1918 Kingdom 1918 -- 1944 World War II 1939 -- 1944 Invasion Invader relationships 1940 1940 -- 1945 Republic 1944 -- present Founding of the Republic 1944 Cold War 1947 -- 1991 Cod Wars 1948 -- 1976 Economic reform 1991 -- 2008 Great Recession 2008 -- 2011 Related topics Nobility in Iceland Timeline Iceland portal Norsemen landing in Iceland , by Oscar Wergeland ( 1877 ) . A page from a skin manuscript of Landnámabók , a primary source on the settlement of Iceland , preserved in the Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies in Reykjavík The settlement of Iceland ( Icelandic : landnámsöld ) is generally believed to have begun in the second half of the ninth century , when Norse settlers migrated across the North Atlantic . The reasons for the migration are uncertain : later in the Middle Ages Icelanders themselves tended to cite civil strife brought about by the ambitions of the Norwegian king Harald I of Norway , but modern historians focus on deeper factors , such as a shortage of arable land in Scandinavia . Unlike Britain and Ireland , Iceland was unsettled land and could be claimed without conflict with existing inhabitants . On the basis of Íslendingabók by Ari Þorgilsson , and Landnámabók , histories dating from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and providing a wealth of detail about the settlement , the years 870 and 874 have traditionally been considered the first years of settlement . However , these sources are largely unreliable in the details they provide about the settlement , and recent research focuses more heavily on archaeological and genetic evidence . Traditionally , the Icelandic Age of Settlement is considered to have lasted from 874 to 930 , at which point most of the island had been claimed and Alþingi ( Althingi ) , the assembly of the Icelandic Commonwealth , was founded at Þingvellir ( Thingvellir ) . Contents 1 History of settlement 1.1 Pre-Norse settlement 1.2 Norse settlement 1.3 Age of settlement ends 2 First Norse explorers and settlers according to the written sources 2.1 Naddoddr and Garðar 2.2 Hrafna - Flóki 2.3 Ingólfur Arnarson 3 Environmental effects of settlement 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading History of settlement ( edit ) Pre-norse settlement ( edit ) Main article : Papar Controversial results of recent carbon dating work , published in the journal Skírnir , suggest that Iceland may have been settled as early as the second half of the seventh century . The Íslendingabók of Ari Thorgilsson claims that the Norse settlers encountered Gaelic monks from a Hiberno - Scottish mission when they arrived in Iceland . There is some archaeological evidence for a monastic settlement from Ireland at Kverkarhellir cave , on the Seljaland farm in southern Iceland . Sediment deposits indicate people lived there around 800 , and crosses consistent with the Hiberno - Scottish style were carved in the wall of a nearby cave . The oldest known source which mentions the name `` Iceland '' is an 11th - century rune carving from Gotland , while the oldest archeological finds indicating settlement date back to the 9th century . There is a possible early mention of Iceland in the book De mensura orbis terrae by the Irish monk Dicuil , dating to 825 . Dicuil claimed to have met some monks who had lived on the island of Thule . They said that darkness reigned during winter but that the summers were bright enough to pick lice from one 's clothing , but the veracity of this source may be questioned . Additionally , Iceland is only about 450 kilometres from the Faroes , which had been visited by Irish monks in the 6th century , and settled by the Norse around 650 . A cabin in Hafnir was abandoned between 770 and 880 , showing that it was built well before the traditional settlement date of 874 . It is thought to have been an outpost only inhabited part of the year , but it is not known whether it was built by people from Scandinavia , Ireland or Scotland . Norse settlement ( edit ) Written sources consider the age of settlement in Iceland to have begun with settlement by Ingólfur Arnason around 874 , for he was the first to sail to Iceland with the purpose of settling the land . Archaeological evidence shows that extensive human settlement of the island indeed began at this time , and `` that the whole country was occupied within a couple of decades towards the end of the 9th century . '' Estimates of the number of people who migrated to the country during the Age of Settlement range between 4,300 and 24,000 , with estimates of the number of initial settlers ranging between 311 and 436 . While the written sources emphasise settlement from Norway , genetic evidence shows that the founder population of Iceland came from Ireland , Scotland , and Scandinavia : studies of mitochondrial DNA and Y - chromosomes indicate that 62 % of Icelanders ' matrilineal ancestry derives from Scotland and Ireland ( with most of the rest being from Scandinavia ) , while 75 % of their patrilineal ancestry derives from Scandinavia ( with most of the rest being from the Irish and British Isles ) . Archaeogenetic evidence suggests that the actual founding population included a higher proportion again of settlers from the Irish and British Isles : one study found that the mean Norse ancestry among Iceland 's settlers was 56 % , whereas in the current population the figure was 70 % . It is thought likely that most of the settlers from Ireland and Scotland came as slaves , and therefore reproduced less successfully than higher - status settlers from Scandinavia , making them ancestors of a smaller proportion of the modern population . A number of reasons have been offered for the settlement of Iceland : Available land would have been attractive to Viking Age Scandinavians , especially given the relatively warm climate in Iceland at the time . The observation of valuable resources , such as walrus ivory , made Iceland attractive to those looking to profit on trade . Greater resistance to Viking incursions in the British isles and continental Europe in the late ninth century pushed Vikings to seek more peaceful opportunities . Medieval written sources emphasize how Harald Finehair 's centralization of Norway and imposition of burdensome taxes on farmers encouraged farmers to migrate to Iceland . The notion that population pressure drove migration to Iceland remains unsupported in the academic literature . Written sources say some settlers took land freely , others bought lands from earlier settlers , some were gifted land by earlier settlers , and that some settlers took lands from others through the use of force or threat of force . Lands were likely not rented during the Age of settlement . Medievalist Hans Kuhn argued that lands were given away or taken freely because earlier settlers had no need for such extensive lands . Historian Gunnar Karlsson notes that it could be rational for earlier settlers to encourage new settlers to settle lands nearby so as to ease maintenance of cattle and slaves , and as insurance in times of crisis . Age of settlement ends ( edit ) 19th - century depiction of a session of Alþingi Ari Thorgilsson claims in Íslendingabók that the country had been `` fully settled '' by 930 . Correspondingly , Landnámabók suggests that within about sixty years , all the usable land had been taken ; it mentions 1,500 farm and place names , and more than 3,500 people , arranged in a geographical fashion . In the periodisation of Icelandic history , therefore , the age of settlement is considered to have ended in the year 930 with the establishment of Alþingi ; at this point the Icelandic Commonwealth period is considered to begin . Archeological evidence shows , however , `` that immigrants continued to arrive in Iceland throughout the 10th century '' . The authors of one study speculate that `` continued immigration may have been needed to sustain the population '' . First Norse explorers and settlers according to the written sources ( edit ) Naddoddr and Garðar ( edit ) Landnámabók claims that the first Norseman to rest his feet on Icelandic soil was a viking by the name of Naddoddr . Naddoddr stayed for only a short period of time , but gave the country a name : Snæland ( Land of Snow ) . He was followed by the Swede Garðar Svavarsson , who was the first to stay over winter . At some time around 860 , a storm pushed his ship far to the north until he reached the eastern coast of Iceland . Garðar approached the island from the east , sailed westward along the coast and then up north , building a house in Húsavík . He completed a full circle , circumnavigating the island and establishing that the landmass in question was indeed an island . He departed the following summer , never to return but not before giving the island a new name -- Garðarshólmur ( literally , Garðar 's Island ) . One of his men , Náttfari , decided to stay behind with two slaves . Náttfari settled in what is now known as Náttfaravík , close to Skjálfandi . Landnámabók maintains that Náttfari was not a permanent settler . Hrafna - Flóki ( edit ) `` There was a man by the name Flóki Vilgerðarson . He was a great Viking . He left to find Garðarshólmur . '' -- Landnámabók The second Norseman to arrive in Iceland was named Flóki Vilgerðarson , but the year of his arrival is not clear . According to the story told in Landnámabók , he took three ravens to help him find his way . Thus , he was nicknamed Raven - Flóki ( Icelandic : Hrafna - Flóki ) . Flóki set his ravens free near the Faroe Islands . The first raven flew back to the Faroes . The second flew up in the air and then returned to the ship . However , the third flew in front of the ship and they followed its direction to Iceland . He landed in Vatnsfjörður in the Westfjords after passing what is now Reykjavík . One of his men , Faxi , remarked that they seemed to have found great land -- the bay facing Reykjavík is therefore known as Faxaflói . A harsh winter caused all of Flóki 's cattle to die -- he cursed this cold country , and when he spotted a drift ice in the fjord he decided to name it `` Ísland '' ( Iceland ) . Despite difficulties in finding food , he and his men stayed another year , this time in Borgarfjörður , but they headed back to Norway the following summer . Flóki would return much later and settle in what is now known as Flókadalur . A map indicating the travels of the first Scandinavians in Iceland during the 9th century Ingólfur Arnarson ( edit ) Ingólfr commands his high - seat pillars to be erected in this painting by Johan Peter Raadsig . `` There was a man of the North ( Norway ) , Ingólfr , who is truly said to be the first to leave it for Iceland , in the time when Haraldr the Fair - Haired was sixteen winters of age ( ... ) , he settled south in Reykjavík . '' -- Íslendingabók Another Norseman , by the name of Ingólfur Arnarson , had instigated a blood feud in his homeland , Norway . He and his foster - brother Hjörleifur went on an exploratory expedition to Iceland , and stayed over winter in what is now Álftafjörður . A few years later they returned to settle the land with their men . When they approached the island , Ingólfur cast his high seat pillars overboard and swore that he would settle where they drifted to shore . He then sent his slaves Vífill and Karli to search for the pillars . They found his foster - brother Hjörleifur murdered , and all his men gone . Ingólfur gave his foster - brother a heathen funeral in the Norse style and slew the murderers , who had fled to the Westman Islands . As winter approached , Ingólfur 's slaves found the pillars by Arnarhvol . When summer came , he built a farmstead in Reykjavík and claimed all the land west of the rivers of Ölfusá , Öxará and Brynjudalsá . His slave Karli did not care for the location , and said to Ingólfur : `` How ill that we should pass good land , to settle in this remote peninsula . '' Environmental effects of settlement ( edit ) Eyjafjallajökull glacier Scholars have argued that the settlers caused soil erosion through extensive deforestation and overgrazing . One study suggests that the primary motive for the deforestation was `` clearance for pastures and home - fields '' , not the `` settlers ' requirements for fuel and building material '' . See also ( edit ) History of Iceland Timeline of Icelandic history Viking expansion References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Karlsson , Gunnar ( 2016 ) . Landnám Íslands . Reykjavík : Háskólaútgáfan . p. 26 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` RAE 2008 : Submissions : RA1 , RA2 and RA5c '' . Rae.ac.uk . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 06 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Herdsmen & hermits : Irish seafarers in the northern seas By Thomas Charles Lethbridge Jump up ^ `` New View on the Origin of First Settlers in Iceland '' . Iceland Review Online . 4 June 2011 . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Vésteinsson , Orri ; Gestsdóttir , Hildur ( 2014 - 11 - 01 ) . `` The Colonization of Iceland in Light of Isotope Analyses '' . Journal of the North Atlantic : 137 -- 145 . doi : 10.3721 / 037.002. sp709 . Jump up ^ Karlsson , Gunnar ( 2016 ) . Landnám Íslands . Háskólaútgáfan . pp. 251 -- 254 . Jump up ^ Karlsson , Gunnar ( 2016 ) . Landnám Íslands . Reykjavík : Háskólaútgáfan . pp. 245 -- 2 . Jump up ^ S. Sunna Ebenesersdóttir and others , ' Ancient Genomes from Iceland Reveal the Making of a Human Population ' , Science 360 ( 6392 ) ( 2018 ) , 1028 -- 32 ( p. 1028 ) doi : 10.1126 / science. aar2625 . Jump up ^ S. Sunna Ebenesersdóttir and others , ' Ancient Genomes from Iceland Reveal the Making of a Human Population ' , Science 360 ( 6392 ) ( 2018 ) , 1028 -- 32 ( p. 1030 ) doi : 10.1126 / science. aar2625 . ^ Jump up to : Zori , Davide Marco ( 2016 - 05 - 02 ) . The Norse in Iceland . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordhb / 9780199935413.013. 7 . Jump up ^ Karlsson , Gunnar ( 2016 ) . Landnám Íslands . Háskólaútgáfan . p. 224 . Jump up ^ S. Sunna Ebenesersdóttir and others , ' Ancient Genomes from Iceland Reveal the Making of a Human Population ' , Science 360 ( 6392 ) ( 2018 ) , 1028 -- 32 ( p. 1028 ) doi : 10.1126 / science. aar2625 . Jump up ^ `` Or : `` There was a Norwegian called Ingólfr , of whom it is said truthfully that he was the first to travel from there to Iceland -- when Haraldr inn hárfagri was sixteen years old , and on another occasion a few years later . '' `` . En.wikisource.org . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Zori , Davide Marco ( 2016 - 05 - 02 ) . `` The Norse in Iceland '' . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordhb / 9780199935413.001. 0001 / oxfordhb - 9780199935413 - e-7 . Jump up ^ `` The Impact of Settlement on Woodland Resources in Viking Age Iceland '' ( PDF ) . Nabohome.org . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Árni Daníel Júlíusson , Jón Ólafur Ísberg , Helgi Skúli Kjartansson Íslenskur sögu atlas : 1 . bindi : Frá öndverðu til 18 . aldar Almenna bókafélagið , Reykjavík 1989 Byock , Jesse ; Medieval Iceland : Society , Sagas and Power . University of California Press ( 1988 ) ISBN 0 - 520 - 06954 - 4 ISBN 0 - 226 - 52680 - 1 Smith , Alfred P. ( 1984 ) . Warlords & Holymen : Scotland AD 80 - 1000 . Edward Arnold . pp. 141 -- 174 . ISBN 0 - 7131 - 6305 - 4 . Iceland articles History By topic Economic Military Nationality Prohibition Rulers Monarchy Timeline Settlement Commonwealth Christianisation Aristocracy Sturlung Era Reformation Danish trade monopoly Independence Movement Kingdom World War II Invasion Cold War Cod Wars Great Recession Geography Cities and towns Climate Earthquakes Extremities Fjords Geology Glaciers Highlands Islands Lakes National parks Regions Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Politics Administrative divisions Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Law Law enforcement LGBT rights Military Parliament Political parties President Prime Minister Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Banking Communications Króna ( currency ) Outvasion Renewable energy Stock Exchange Taxation Tourism Transportation Society Demographics Education Healthcare Icelanders Languages Religion Culture Anthem Architecture Art Chess Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Literature Media Music Names National costume Public holidays Sport Outline Index Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Settlement_of_Iceland&oldid=863186865 '' Categories : Viking Age in Iceland Peopling of Europe Historical migrations Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Català Español Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Magyar Norsk Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2018 , at 06 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the vikings first land in iceland	[ "Landnámabók claims that the first Norseman to rest his feet on Icelandic soil was a viking by the name of Naddoddr. Naddoddr stayed for only a short period of time, but gave the country a name: Snæland (Land of Snow). He was followed by the Swede Garðar Svavarsson, who was the first to stay over winter. At some time around 860, a storm pushed his ship far to the north until he reached the eastern coast of Iceland. Garðar approached the island from the east, sailed westward along the coast and then up north, building a house in Húsavík. He completed a full circle, circumnavigating the island and establishing that the landmass in question was indeed an island. He departed the following summer, never to return but not before giving the island a new name -- Garðarshólmur (literally, Garðar's Island). One of his men, Náttfari, decided to stay behind with two slaves. Náttfari settled in what is now known as Náttfaravík, close to Skjálfandi. Landnámabók maintains that Náttfari was not a permanent settler.\n" ]	[ "the eastern coast" ]
-6701778515981815699	Allen Stone	Allen Stone - wikipedia Allen Stone Allen Stone Allen Stone performing an outdoor concert at the 2013 Chataqua Festival in Chewelah , WA . Background information ( 1987 - 03 - 13 ) March 13 , 1987 ( age 31 ) Chewelah , Washington , United States Genres Soul Blue - eyed soul R&B Occupation ( s ) Musician , songwriter Instruments Vocals , guitar Years active 2010 -- present Labels ATO , MapleMusic Website allenstone.com Allen Stone ( born March 13 , 1987 ) is an American soul and R&B singer and musician . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Influences 3 Career 4 Social commentary in music 5 Discography 5.1 Albums 5.2 Albums as featured artist 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Stone was born on March 13 , 1987 , in Chewelah , Washington , near Spokane. he began his career singing at his father 's church . His father was a preacher and his mother was an OB / GYN nurse . He sang in the church since he was 3 years old . By 14 , Stone was leading worship at his church and playing the guitar . The draw of music for Allen was mainly being able to express himself to a crowd of people . Allen did not discover soul music until he was a teenager , and started collecting classic albums from the 1960s and 1970s . He was 15 when he heard Stevie Wonder 's 1973 album Innervisions . When Stacie Orrico , a close friend of Allen 's as a teen , became successful in music , Stone decided to become serious about his musical career . Orrico released a record and had become successful . `` She was traveling , singing everywhere , and recording , '' Stone related . `` She was just a year older than me and I was like , ' Man that would be so much fun to do , sing and actually have people listen . ' '' When Stone was 18 , he moved to Spokane , where he attended community college for a semester followed by a year at Moody Bible Institute in Spokane . After that year , Stone had a realization . He stated in an interview with SF Gate , `` I learned the history of the church and the conception of the Bible and learned about the religion and really just , like , did n't believe it ... I got to the point where it was like , ' I do n't believe this is the truth . ' '' Not long after , he moved to Seattle to pursue his musical career . Influences ( edit ) Stone has been influenced by Stevie Wonder , Marvin Gaye , The Meters , Aretha Franklin , Gladys Knight , Jamie Lidell and James Morrison . The New York Times compared his socially conscious music to the likes of Donny Hathaway , Bill Withers and two of his musical influences Stevie Wonder and Marvin Gaye . Career ( edit ) He has released three records , Last to Speak ( 2010 , self - released ) , the self - titled Allen Stone ( 2011 , ATO Records ) , and Radius ( 2015 , Capitol Records ) . Radius was also re-released by ATO Records in 2016 as a deluxe edition with seven additional tracks . Stone had been touring cross-country for a few years and sold a self - released album on the Internet . However , it was not until October 2011 , when his second album was released , that his career began to truly kick off . On this album , he was backed by Raphael Saadiq 's rhythm section and Miles Davis ' keyboardist Deron Johnson . A few songs on `` Allen Stone '' were co-written with Andy Grammer . `` Allen Stone '' peaked at the number 2 spot on the R&B / Soul charts on iTunes and hit # 9 and # 35 on the Billboard Heatseekers and R&B / Hip Hop Album charts , respectively . USA Today called Allen Stone a `` pitch - perfect powerhouse '' . On October 26 , 2011 , he performed his song `` Unaware '' on Conan . In 2012 , he was featured on the song `` Neon Cathedral '' by Macklemore & Ryan Lewis off of their album The Heist . Stone was voted one of mtvU 's Freshman 5 in late 2012 and tapped as VH1 's first `` You Oughta Know '' artist of 2013 . Then on January 3 , 2013 , he appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and sang `` Sleep '' . He appeared on Conan on June 17 , 2015 . http://teamcoco.com/schedule/2015-06-15 Radius , his first album for Capitol Records , was released on May 26 , 2015 . It was recorded in collaboration with Magnus Tingsek , and features production from Malay ( record producer ) and Benny Cassette . Allen Stone said of the album title , `` The radius is that line extending from the center of the circle to its exterior , and in a lot of ways this album is about getting out things deep inside -- whether it 's love or insecurity or joy or frustration about things going on today . '' On March 25 , 2016 Radius was released as a deluxe edition by ATO Records with seven additional tracks . On April 13 , 2017 , Stone 's song `` Perfect World '' was featured on the trailer for the upcoming Netflix series Dear White People . Allen also appeared on American Idol 2018 to sing duets with multiple contestants . Social commentary in music ( edit ) On Allen Stone 's self - titled album , a few songs discuss social and political issues , such as `` Unaware '' , `` Contact High '' , and `` What I 've Seen '' . A live music video of `` Unaware -- Allen Stone -- Live From His Mother 's Living Room '' on Stone 's YouTube account has been viewed over 7,000,000 times . Stone wanted to have a different and weird setting for this video , so they recorded it on a set that looked like a living room . Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Last to Speak ( 2010 , self - released ) Allen Stone ( 2011 , self - released -- Released in 2012 by ATO Records ) Radius ( May 26 , 2015 , Capitol ) Radius ( Deluxe Edition ) ( March 25 , 2016 , ATO Records ) Albums as featured artist ( edit ) Run Deep ( March 23 , 2018 , `` Turnt Up '' by Deva Mahal , Motema Records ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Deming , Mark . Allen Stone Biography . Allmusic . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stone , Allen . `` Allen Stone 's twitter account '' . Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` A Brief History ... '' Allen Stone Website . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hilderbrand , Lee ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` Allen Stone lost religion -- found soul '' . SF Gate . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Erica . `` Freshman Haze : Allen Stone '' . The Juice . Billboard . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Allen Stone -- Full Performance ( Live on KEXP ) '' . Youtube . December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Look Said One Thing , The Voice Something Else '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Allen Stone -- Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Fall music preview : Under the radar '' . USA Today . August 25 , 2011 . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Allen Stone 's Soulful Performance on Conan '' . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( cite web url = http://www.allenstone.com/ Jump up ^ `` Allen Stone performs ' Sleep ' '' . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://atorecords.com/releases/allen-stone-radius-deluxe-edition/ Jump up ^ `` Dear White People Official Trailer Netflix '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitmore , Laura B. `` Exclusive Song Premiere : Deva Mahal Tells it Like it is With ' Ca n't Call It Love ' '' . Parade . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Official website BNF : cb15052917k ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0003 7726 7398 LCCN : no2012107844 MusicBrainz : 99d79171 - 66fd - 4626 - 8ba1 - 9d5862a4a9a5 VIAF : 254339311 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allen_Stone&oldid=846344086 '' Categories : American rhythm and blues singer - songwriters American soul musicians American soul singers American male singer - songwriters Singers from Washington ( state ) Songwriters from Washington ( state ) 1987 births Living people Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2015 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 04 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	is allen stone a contestant on american idol	[]	[]
-5494038530558603630	John Robert Seeley	John Robert Seeley - wikipedia John Robert Seeley Jump to : navigation , search For other people with the same name , see John Seeley ( disambiguation ) . John Robert Seeley Seeley ( photograph by Philip Crellin , 1866 ) ( 1834 - 09 - 10 ) 10 September 1834 London , England , United Kingdom 13 January 1895 ( 1895 - 01 - 13 ) ( aged 60 ) Cambridge , England , United Kingdom Residence Cambridge Alma mater Christ 's College , Cambridge Occupation Historian Notable work Expansion of England Spouse ( s ) Mary Agnes Phillot Sir John Robert Seeley , KCMG ( 10 September 1834 in London -- 13 January 1895 in Cambridge ) was an English essayist and historian . He is most known for his book The Expansion of England ( 1883 ) , written from the perspective of a contemporary historian , but influences historical discussions about empire to this day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 2 Works 3 Significance of empire 3.1 Blinkers of English historiography 3.2 Justifications for empire 4 Notable Quotations 5 Works 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External links Life ( edit ) Seeley was born in London , the son of R.B. Seeley , a publisher and the author of several religious books and of The Life and Times of Edward I. After developing a taste for religious and historical subjects at the City of London School , Seeley went up to Christ 's College , Cambridge where he was head of the Classical tripos and senior chancellor 's medallist . He was elected a fellow and became Classical tutor of his college . For a time , he was a master at his old school in London , and in 1863 , he was appointed professor of Latin at University College , London . He was made Regius Professor of Modern History , Cambridge in 1869 . In August 1869 , Seeley married Mary Agnes Phillot , who survived him . He is buried in the Mill Road Cemetery , Cambridge , with his wife . Works ( edit ) Seeley 's essay Ecce Homo ( published anonymously in 1866 and afterwards acknowledged by him ) was widely read and prompted many replies , as it was deemed an attack on Christianity . Dealing only with Christ 's humanity , it dwells on his work as the founder and king of a theocratic state and points out the effect that the society , his church , has had upon the standard and active practice of morality among men . Seeley intended the book as `` a fragment '' and the text did not deny the truth of those doctrines , which it did not address , but many critics still found fault with its treatment of Christ . Many considered the book to be valuable not only in its content but also in its style , as it is characterised by relatively terse and fluid writing . His later essay on Natural Religion , which denied that supernaturalism is essential to religion and maintained that the negations of science tend to purify rather than destroy Christianity , satisfied no one and excited far less interest than his earlier work . In 1869 , he was appointed professor of modern history at the University of Cambridge . He was a popular instructor and prepared his lectures carefully , which were largely attended . In historical work , he is distinguished as a thinker rather than as a scholar . He valued history solely in its relation to politics , as the science of the state . He maintained that history should be studied scientifically and for a practical purpose , the solution of existing political questions . Thus , he naturally devoted himself mainly to recent history , especially to the relations between England and other states . His Life and Times of Stein , a valuable narrative of the anti-Napoleonic revolt , led by Prussia mainly at Heinrich Friedrich Karl von und zum Stein 's instigation , was written under German influence and shows little of the style of his short essays . Its length , its colourlessness , and the space it devotes to subsidiary matters render it unattractive . Far otherwise is it with his The Expansion of England ( 1883 ) . Written in his best manner , that essay answers to his theory that history should be used for a practical purpose ; it points out how and why Britain gained its colonies and India , the character of the British Empire and the light in which it should be regarded . As a historical essay , the book is a fine composition , and its defence of the empire was then very persuasive . His defence consists largely of the claim that British rule was in India 's best interest . Seeley also questioned the usefulness of India to the power and security of Britain and even claimed that there was ' no doubt ' that India vastly increased the responsibilities and dangers to Britain . The book contains this much - quoted statement : `` we seem , as it were , to have conquered half the world in a fit of absence of mind '' . Expansion of England appeared at an opportune time and did much to make Englishmen regard the colonies not as mere appendages but as an expansion of the British state as well as of British nationality and remind them of the value of the empire in the East . The essay was reprinted ten times in the year in which it was published and many more times in later years . Seeley was rewarded for public service by being made a Knight of the Order of St Michael and St George , on the recommendation of Lord Rosebery . Seeley Historical Library , Cambridge His last book , The Growth of British Policy , written as an essay and intended to be an introduction to a full account of the expansion of Britain , was published posthumously . In the spring of 1883 , Seeley started a debate over the Tripos bachelor 's honours exam at Cambridge , wishing it to concentrate on political history , but historians Frederick Maitland , George Walter Prothero , Henry Melvill Gwatkin , and Mandell Creighton argued for a broader more scientific approach , reaching a compromise emphasizing the reading of primary sources , requiring a compulsory paper on `` Political Science '' , with required readings including `` Introduction to Political Science '' ( 1896 ) by Seeley and `` The Elements of Politics '' ( 1891 ) by Sidgwick . Inagaki Manjiro dedicated his Japan and the Pacific and the Japanese View of the Eastern Question ( 1890 ) to Seeley , who had taught him at Caius College . Correspondence to and from Seeley , including that relating to the publication of and reactions to Ecce Homo , is held by the archives in Senate House Library . In 1897 , the history library of the University of Cambridge was named the Seeley Historical Library in his honour . In 1895 a memorial fund was raised to commemorate his services to the British Empire and to the University ; the greater part of this fund was devoted to the endowment of the library . After moving from King 's College and Caius College , in 1912 , the collection relocated to the top floor of the newly reopened Arts School , Bene 't Street , then in 1935 to the Old Schools . In 1968 the Seeley moved to the Sidgwick Site of Cambridge University as part of the new History Faculty building designed by James Stirling . Significance of empire ( edit ) Seeley wrote that the first chapter of the history of British India `` embraces chronologically the first half of George III 's reign , that stormy period of transition in English history when at the same time America was lost and India won ... ( and ) covers the two great careers of Robert Clive and Hastings ... ( T ) he end of the struggle is marked by the reign of Lord Cornwallis , which began in 1785 '' . The trial of Warren Hastings had been the final act in the efforts spanning the eighteenth century to harness imperial power , along with imperial wealth and prestige , securely to Britain , both as a `` nation '' and as a `` state '' . Once Edmund Burke had succeeded in that endeavour , the stain of commercial origins could be removed , with the special mix of economic and political interests realigned as the expression of national interest and the blot of scandal washed out , as the moral mandate for a new kind of imperial project was launched . Blinkers of English historiography ( edit ) Seeley was far more astute than many later imperial historians , as he complained that very transformation had made possible a national amnesia about the significance of empire in the history of England itself . His lectures were filled with a critique of the blinkers of English historiography : `` They ( our historians ) make too much of the parliamentary wrangle and the agitations about liberty , in all which matters the eighteenth century of England was but a pale reflection of the seventeenth . They do not perceive that in that century the history of England is not in England but in Americas and Asia . '' Justifications for empire ( edit ) Seeley 's account of imperial wars and conquest repeats the justifications made first by the conquerors themselves : that the sole objective of trade turned into political conquest by accident , rather than contrivance or calculation . Most historians have argued that the East India Company was drawn reluctantly into political and military conflict in India and took an interest in territorial power and revenue only as a last - ditch effort to protect its trading activities . Among the narratives of imperial historians , Seeley concurred and wrote that India `` lay there waiting to be picked up by somebody '' . He considered that what happened in India in the late 18th century was thus an `` internal revolution '' rather than a `` foreign conquest '' . Notable quotations ( edit ) `` History is the school of statesmanship . '' `` History is past politics , and politics present history . '' `` History without politics descends to mere literature . '' Works ( edit ) Ecce Homo : A Survey of the Life and Work of Jesus Christ . Roberts Brothers . 1866 . Life and Times of Stein ; Or , Germany and Prussia in the Romantic Age ( 3 vols . ) . Roberts Brothers . 1878 . The Expansion of England . Little , Brown . 1922 ( 1883 ) . The Growth of British Policy . Cambridge University Press . 1922 ( 1895 ) . Introduction to Political Science : Two Series of Lectures . Macmillan . 1896 . Elleke Boehmer , ed. ( 1998 ) . `` Expansion of England '' . Empire Writing : An Anthology of Colonial Literature , 1870 -- 1918 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 283265 - 8 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Seeley , John Robert ( SLY852JR ) '' . A Cambridge Alumni Database . University of Cambridge . Jump up ^ Newman , John Henry ; Tolhurst , James ( 2004 ) . Discussions and arguments on various subjects . Gracewing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85244 - 453 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gosse , Edmund ( 1906 ) . English literature : an illustrated record . W Heinemann . Jump up ^ Deborah Wormell ( 1980 ) . Sir John Seeley and the uses of history . CUP Archive . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 22720 - 9 . Jump up ^ www.jstor.org Jump up ^ Senate House Library online catalogue , UK : Lon . Further reading ( edit ) Bell , Duncan SA . `` Unity and difference : John Robert Seeley and the political theology of international relations . '' Review of International Studies 31 # 3 ( 2005 ) : 559 - 579 . Hesketh , Ian . `` Writing History in Macaulay 's Shadow : JR Seeley , EA Freeman , and the Audience for Scientific History in Late Victorian Britain . '' Journal of the Canadian Historical Association / Revue de la Société historique du Canada 22 # 2 ( 2011 ) : 30 - 56 . Kenyon , John Philipps . The history men : the historical profession in England since the Renaissance ( Univ of Pittsburgh Press , 1984 . ) Wormell , Deborah ( 1980 ) . Sir John Seeley and the Uses of History . Cambridge University Press . G.W. Prothero , Memoir prefixed to Growth of British Policy ( London , 1895 ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Seeley , Sir John Robert '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 24 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 580 -- 581 . Cousin , John William ( 1910 ) . `` Seeley , Sir John Robert '' . A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature . London : J.M. Dent & Sons . Wikisource External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original works written by or about : John Robert Seeley Wikiquote has quotations related to : John Robert Seeley `` John Seely '' at Literary Encyclopedia Works by or about John Robert Seeley at Internet Archive The Expansion of England at Internet Archive Dictionary of National Biography , 1885 - 1900 , Volume 51 , Seeley , John Robert by George Walter Prothero VIAF : 66557090 LCCN : n50005391 ISNI : 0000 0001 0910 7478 GND : 118795996 SUDOC : 027546861 BNF : cb12427674f ( data ) NLA : 35487750 NDL : 00526042 NKC : skuk0005187 IATH : w6sf3r9q Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Robert_Seeley&oldid=799055248 '' Categories : 1834 births 1895 deaths Fellows of Gonville and Caius College , Cambridge People educated at the City of London School English historians English religious writers Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George Alumni of Christ 's College , Cambridge Academics of University College London English male writers 19th - century historians 19th - century male writers Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from SBDEL Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Français 日本語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 10 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	we seem as it were to have conquered half the world in a fit of absence of mind	[]	[]
-6400322582873021669	Hey! Baby	Hey ! Baby - wikipedia Hey ! Baby For other uses , see Hey Baby . `` Hey ! Baby '' Single by Bruce Channel from the album Hey ! Baby B - side `` Dream Girl '' Released December 1961 Genre Pop Length 2 : 27 Label LeCam / Smash Songwriter ( s ) Margaret Cobb Bruce Channel Producer ( s ) Bruce Channel Major Bill Smith Bruce Channel singles chronology `` Now or Never '' ( 1960 ) `` Hey ! Baby '' ( 1961 ) `` Run Romance Run '' ( 1962 ) `` Now or Never '' ( 1960 ) `` Hey ! Baby '' ( 1961 ) `` Run Romance Run '' ( 1962 ) `` Hey ! Baby '' is a song written by Margaret Cobb and Bruce Channel , and recorded by Channel in 1961 , first released on LeCam Records , a local Fort Worth , Texas label . After it hit , it was released on Smash Records for national distribution . He co-produced the song with Major Bill Smith ( owner of LeCam ) and released it on Mercury Records ' Smash label . The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks , starting the week ending March 10 , 1962 . The song features a prominent riff from well - known harmonica player Delbert McClinton , and drums played by Ray Torres . Other musicians on the record included Bob Jones and Billy Sanders on Guitar and Jim Rogers on bass . According to a CNN article from 2002 , while touring the UK in 1962 with The Beatles , McClinton met John Lennon and gave him some harmonica tips . Lennon put the lessons to use right away on `` Love Me Do '' and later `` Please Please Me '' . Lennon included the song in his jukebox , and it is also featured on the 2004 related compilation album John Lennon 's Jukebox . The song was used in the 1987 hit film Dirty Dancing in the scene where Johnny and Baby dance on top of a log . Contents 1 Charts 2 Anne Murray version 2.1 Charts 3 DJ Ötzi version 3.1 Music video 3.2 Track listings 3.3 Charts and certifications 3.3. 1 Weekly charts 3.3. 2 Year - end charts 3.3. 3 Certifications 4 Other versions 5 References 6 External links Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1962 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Hot R&B Sides UK Singles Chart Anne Murray version ( edit ) `` Hey ! Baby ! '' Single by Anne Murray from the album The Hottest Night of the Year B - side `` Song for the Mira '' Released May 1982 Genre Country Length 2 : 47 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Margaret Cobb , Bruce Channel Producer ( s ) Jim Ed Norman Anne Murray singles chronology `` Another Sleepless Night '' ( 1982 ) `` Hey ! Baby ! '' ( 1982 ) `` Somebody 's Always Saying Goodbye '' ( 1982 ) `` Another Sleepless Night '' ( 1982 ) `` Hey ! Baby '' ( 1982 ) `` Somebody 's Always Saying Goodbye '' ( 1982 ) Canadian country pop singer Anne Murray covered the song in 1982 , reaching number 7 on the US Country Singles chart and number 26 on the Adult Contemporary chart . Murray also reached number - one on the RPM country and adult contemporary charts in Canada . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position Canadian RPM Country Tracks Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 7 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 26 DJ Ötzi version ( edit ) `` Hey Baby ( Uhh , Ahh ) '' Single by DJ Ötzi from the album Love , Peace & Vollgas Released 31 July 2000 Format CD single Genre Eurodance Length 3 : 37 Label Hit Galaxy , EMI Electrola Songwriter ( s ) Margaret Cobb , Bruce Channel Producer ( s ) Christian Seitz , Claus Marcus , Klaus Biedermann , Mark Duran DJ Ötzi singles chronology `` Gemma Bier trinken '' ( 2000 ) `` Hey Baby ( Uhh , Ahh ) '' ( 2000 ) `` Doh Wah Diddy '' ( 2001 ) `` Gemma Bier trinken '' ( 2000 ) `` Hey Baby ( Uhh , Ahh ) '' ( 2000 ) `` Doh Wah Diddy '' ( 2001 ) Austrian artist DJ Ötzi recorded a cover version titled `` Hey Baby ( Uhh , Ahh ) '' . It was released in July 2000 as the lead single from his debut solo album , Love , Peace & Vollgas . In 2002 , it was re-released when it became the unofficial theme song for the 2002 FIFA World Cup . It reached number - one in the United Kingdom , Ireland , and Australia . Darts player Tony O'Shea uses it as his walk - on song . Music video ( edit ) The official music video features large groups of people singing along to the song in a taxi at different times , interspersed with DJ Ötzi singing on a TV screen . Track listings ( edit ) CD Maxi - single ( Europe , 2000 ) `` Hey Baby '' ( Uhh , Ahh ) ( Radio Mix ) - 3 : 36 `` Hey Baby '' ( Uhh , Ahh ) ( Club Mix ) - 4 : 15 `` Uh ! Ah ! '' - 3 : 38 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 9 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 11 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 56 Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 56 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 Chart ( 2002 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 776,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Other versions ( edit ) Arthur Alexander covered the song on his 1962 album You Better Move On . Johnny Hallyday covered the song arranged in French on his 1962 10 '' record Madison Twist . Paul and Paula covered the song on their 1964 album Paul and Paula Sing For Young Lovers . Jerry Lee Lewis recorded the song in 1967 for his album Soul My Way . NRBQ covered the song on their 1969 self - titled debut album for Columbia Records . Bobby G. Rice released a cover version in 1970 , which reached number 35 on the country music charts . Conway Twitty covered the song on his 1970 album Fifteen Years Ago . Don Partridge covered the song on his 1973 album Don Partridge and Friends . Ringo Starr released the song as a single , backed with `` Lady Gaye '' , from his Ringo 's Rotogravure album , on 22 November 1976 in the US ( reaching number 74 US Pop ) , and on 26 November in the UK . He had also sampled it in his previous chart hit , `` A Dose of Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( reaching number 26 US Pop ) . Juice Newton covered the song on her 1978 album Well Kept Secret . Alabama covered the song on their 1997 album Dancin ' on the Boulevard w / guest vocals by Bruce Channel Cooldown Café , a Dutch band , covered it in 2000 ; it was top - 5 hit in the Netherlands . Crazy Frog covered the song on his hit follow up 2006 album More Crazy Hits . References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ US Atlantic 45 - 3371 Jump up ^ UK Polydor 2001 699 Citations Jump up ^ `` Crazy Frog Presents More Crazy Hits - Crazy Frog - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The man who taught John Lennon harp '' . Articles.cnn.com. 8 October 2002 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Channel Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Anne Murray Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Anne Murray Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` DJ Ötzi - Hey Baby ( The Unofficial World Cup Remix 2002 ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` BDO world title hopeful on way '' . Express & Star . 4 January 2013 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- DJ Ötzi -- Hey Baby ( Uhh , Ahh ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- DJ Ötzi -- Hey Baby ( Uhh , Ahh ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- DJ Ötzi -- Hey Baby ( Uhh , Ahh ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- DJ Ötzi -- Hey Baby ( Uhh , Ahh ) '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- DJ Ötzi -- Hey Baby ( Uhh , Ahh ) '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Hey Baby '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- DJ Ötzi -- Hey Baby ( Uhh , Ahh ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- DJ Ötzi -- Hey Baby ( Uhh , Ahh ) '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- DJ Ötzi -- Hey Baby ( Uhh , Ahh ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` JAHRESHITPARADE 2001 '' ( in German ) . Archived from the original on 21 October 2004 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts 2001 '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar - År 2001 '' ( in Swedish ) . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Official UK Singles Chart 2001 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2002 '' . ARIA . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- DJ Otzi -- Hey ! Baby '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Hey ! Baby in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Miller , Adam ( 3 March 2015 ) . `` 20 of the biggest selling singles of the 2000 's you 've already forgotten '' . Entertainmentwise . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 349 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Don Partridge & Friends '' , Sonogram Records EFG 7344 ( 1973 ) ^ Jump up to : Harry , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia . London : Virgin Books . p. 183 . ISBN 9780753508435 . ^ Jump up to : Harry , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia . London : Virgin Books . p. 182 . ISBN 9780753508435 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Anne Murray Studio albums What About Me This Way Is My Way Honey , Wheat and Laughter Straight , Clean and Simple Talk It Over in the Morning Anne Murray / Glen Campbell Annie Danny 's Song Love Song Highly Prized Possession Keeping In Touch Together There 's a Hippo in My Tub Let 's Keep It That Way New Kind of Feeling I 'll Always Love You Somebody 's Waiting Where Do You Go When You Dream The Hottest Night of the Year A Little Good News Heart over Mind Something to Talk About Harmony As I Am You Will Yes I Do Croonin ' Anne Murray What a Wonderful World Country Croonin ' I 'll Be Seeing You Anne Murray Duets : Friends & Legends Christmas albums Christmas Wishes Anne Murray Christmas The Season Will Never Grow Old Best of the Season My Christmas Favorites What a Wonderful Christmas Anne Murray 's Christmas Album Icon : Christmas Compilations Snowbird Country A Country Collection Anne Murray 's Greatest Hits Country Hits Songs of the Heart Love Songs Greatest Hits Volume II From Springhill to the World The Very Best of Anne Murray 15 of the Best Her Greatest Hits and Finest Performances Now & Forever The Best ... So Far An Intimate Evening with Anne Murray Ultimate Collection All of Me 10 Great Songs : Inspirational Classics Icon No. 1 singles `` Snowbird '' `` Sing High , Sing Low '' `` A Stranger in My Place '' `` It Takes Time '' `` Talk It Over in the Morning '' `` I Say a Little Prayer / By the Time I Get to Phoenix '' `` Cotton Jenny '' `` Danny 's Song '' `` What About Me '' `` A Love Song '' `` He Thinks I Still Care '' `` Son of a Rotten Gambler '' `` You Wo n't See Me '' `` You Needed Me '' `` I Just Fall in Love Again '' `` Shadows in the Moonlight '' `` Broken Hearted Me '' `` Daydream Believer '' `` Lucky Me '' `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` Could I Have This Dance '' `` Blessed Are the Believers '' `` We Do n't Have to Hold Out '' `` It 's All I Can Do '' `` Another Sleepless Night '' `` Hey ! Baby '' `` Somebody 's Always Saying Goodbye '' `` A Little Good News '' `` Just Another Woman in Love '' `` Nobody Loves Me Like You Do '' ( with Dave Loggins ) `` Time Do n't Run Out on Me '' `` Now and Forever ( You and Me ) '' Other songs `` Thirsty Boots '' `` Put Your Hand in the Hand '' `` Night Owl '' `` Robbie 's Song for Jesus '' `` Everything 's Been Changed '' `` Send a Little Love My Way '' `` Just One Look '' `` Day Tripper '' `` Uproar '' `` Sunday Sunrise '' `` The Call '' `` Golden Oldie '' `` Things '' `` Walk Right Back '' `` That 's Not the Way ( It 's S'posed to Be ) '' `` I Do n't Think I 'm Ready for You '' `` Who 's Leaving Who '' `` Are You Still in Love with Me '' `` Anyone Can Do the Heartbreak '' `` Perfect Strangers '' `` If I Ever Fall in Love Again '' ( with Kenny Rogers ) `` Feed This Fire '' `` Bluebird '' `` I Can See Arkansas '' `` Make Love to Me '' `` The Wayward Wind '' `` Born to Be with You '' `` Over You '' `` That 's What My Love Is For '' `` That 's the Way It Goes '' `` What a Wonderful World '' Related articles Discography Capitol Records `` Tears Are Not Enough '' Book : Anne Murray Ringo Starr Studio albums Sentimental Journey Beaucoups of Blues Ringo Goodnight Vienna Ringo 's Rotogravure Ringo the 4th Bad Boy Stop and Smell the Roses Old Wave Time Takes Time Vertical Man I Wanna Be Santa Claus Ringo Rama Choose Love Liverpool 8 Y Not Ringo 2012 Postcards from Paradise Give More Love Live albums Ringo Starr and His All - Starr Band Ringo Starr and His All Starr Band Volume 2 : Live from Montreux 4 - Starr Collection Ringo Starr and His Third All - Starr Band - Volume 1 VH1 Storytellers King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents Ringo & His New All - Starr Band Extended Versions Tour 2003 Ringo Starr and Friends Ringo Starr : Live at Soundstage Ringo Starr & His All Starr Band Live 2006 Live at the Greek Theatre 2008 Compilations Blast from Your Past Starr Struck : Best of Ringo Starr , Vol. 2 The Anthology ... So Far Photograph : The Very Best of Ringo Starr Icon Singles `` Beaucoups of Blues '' `` It Do n't Come Easy '' / `` Early 1970 '' `` Back Off Boogaloo '' `` Photograph '' `` You 're Sixteen '' `` Oh My My '' `` Only You ( And You Alone ) '' `` No No Song '' / `` Snookeroo '' `` ( It 's All Down to ) Goodnight Vienna '' `` Oh My My '' / `` No No Song '' `` A Dose of Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Hey ! Baby '' `` Wings '' `` Lipstick Traces ( On a Cigarette ) '' `` In My Car '' `` I Keep Forgettin ' '' `` Act Naturally '' `` Weight of the World '' `` Never Without You '' `` Liverpool 8 '' `` Walk with You '' Books Postcards From the Boys Octopus 's Garden Photograph Related Articles Discography Song list Filmography The Concert for Bangladesh Ring O ' Records Scouse the Mouse Ringo 's Yellow Submarine Ringo ( 1978 film ) The Hollywood Vampires Bands Rory Storm and the Hurricanes The Beatles Ringo Starr & His All - Starr Band People / Artists Maureen Starkey ( first wife ) Zak Starkey ( son ) Barbara Bach ( second wife ) Francesca Gregorini ( stepdaughter ) George Harrison Mark Hudson Harry Nilsson Vini Poncia Book Juice Newton Studio albums Juice Newton & Silver Spur After the Dust Settles Come to Me Well Kept Secret Take Heart Juice Quiet Lies Dirty Looks Ca n't Wait All Night Old Flame Emotion Ai n't Gonna Cry The Trouble with Angels American Girl The Gift of Christmas Duets : Friends & Memories Live albums Every Road Leads Back to You Compilation albums Greatest Hits Emotions Anthology Country Classics The Ultimate Hits Collection Notable singles `` It 's a Heartache '' `` Hey ! Baby '' `` Sunshine '' `` Angel of the Morning '' `` Queen of Hearts '' `` The Sweetest Thing ( I 've Ever Known ) '' `` Love 's Been a Little Bit Hard on Me '' `` Break It to Me Gently '' `` Tell Her No '' `` You Make Me Want to Make You Mine '' `` Hurt '' `` Old Flame '' `` Both to Each Other ( Friends and Lovers ) '' ( with Eddie Rabbitt ) `` Cheap Love '' `` What Can I Do with My Heart '' `` First Time Caller '' `` Tell Me True '' `` When Love Comes Around the Bend '' `` Funny How Time Slips Away '' ( with Willie Nelson ) Guest appearances `` Ebony Eyes '' ( Bob Welch song ) Have Harmony , Will Travel ( Carla Olson album ) Related topics Discography Otha Young Book : Juice Newton Colorado Rockies Established in 1993 Based in Denver , Colorado Franchise History Expansion Expansion Draft Seasons Records Players First - round draft picks Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Mile High Stadium Coors Field Spring training Hi Corbett Field Salt River Fields at Talking Stick Culture Dinger Blake Street Bombers `` Hey ! Baby '' ( DJ Ötzi song ) `` Rocky Mountain Way '' ( Joe Walsh song ) Continental League Mike Coolbaugh `` The Losing Edge '' ( South Park ) Lore Rocktober 2007 NL Wild Card tie - breaker 2017 NL Wild Card Game Key personnel Owners : Charlie and Dick Monfort President : vacant General Manager : Jeff Bridich Manager : Bud Black National League pennants ( 1 ) 2007 Wild card berths ( 4 ) 1995 2007 2009 2017 Minor league affiliates Albuquerque Isotopes ( AAA ) Hartford Yard Goats ( AA ) Lancaster JetHawks ( A Adv . ) Asheville Tourists ( A ) Boise Hawks ( Short A ) Grand Junction Rockies ( Rookie Adv . ) DSL Colorado ( Rookie ) DSL Rockies ( Rookie ) Broadcasting Television AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain Radio KOA ( AM ) Radio network affiliates Broadcasters Drew Goodman Jeff Huson Ryan Spilborghs Jack Corrigan Jerry Schemmel Seasons ( 26 ) 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1995 2000s 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hey!_Baby&oldid=851670468 '' Categories : 1961 songs 1961 singles 1962 singles 1976 singles 1982 singles 2001 singles Songs written by Bruce Channel Anne Murray songs Ringo Starr songs Bobby G. Rice songs Conway Twitty songs Juice Newton songs DJ Ötzi songs Schlager songs Song recordings produced by Jim Ed Norman Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Scotland Capitol Records singles Smash Records singles Colorado Rockies Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart making named ref Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Norsk nynorsk Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 20 : 40 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	ooh ahh i wanna know will you be my girl	[]	[]
-1232917425946941048	Mickey Mouse	Mickey Mouse - wikipedia Mickey Mouse Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Mickey Mouse ( disambiguation ) . Mickey Mouse First appearance Steamboat Willie November 18 , 1928 Created by Walt Disney Ub Iwerks Voiced by Walt Disney ( 1928 -- 1966 ) Carl W. Stalling ( 1929 ) Clarence Nash ( 1934 ) Jimmy MacDonald ( 1947 -- 1977 ) Wayne Allwine ( 1977 -- 2009 ) Les Perkins ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Bret Iwan ( 2009 -- present ) Chris Diamantopoulos ( 2013 -- present ) ( see voice actors ) Developed by Floyd Gottfredson Les Clark Fred Moore Information Full name Michael Mouse Aliases Bob Cratchit King Mickey Mickey ( Wizards of Mickey ) Species Mouse Gender Male Occupation Detective ( MM Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine ) Family Mickey Mouse family Significant other ( s ) Minnie Mouse Pet dog Pluto Mickey Mouse is a funny animal cartoon character and the mascot of The Walt Disney Company . He was created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks at the Walt Disney Studios in 1928 . An anthropomorphic mouse who typically wears red shorts , large yellow shoes , and white gloves , Mickey is one of the world 's most recognizable characters . Mickey first appeared in the short Plane Crazy , debuting publicly in the short film Steamboat Willie ( 1928 ) , one of the first sound cartoons . He went on to appear in over 130 films , including The Band Concert ( 1935 ) , Brave Little Tailor ( 1938 ) , and Fantasia ( 1940 ) . Mickey appeared primarily in short films , but also occasionally in feature - length films . Ten of Mickey 's cartoons were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film , one of which , Lend a Paw , won the award in 1942 . In 1978 , Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Beginning in 1930 , Mickey has also been featured extensively as a comic strip character . His self - titled newspaper strip , drawn primarily by Floyd Gottfredson , ran for 45 years . Mickey has also appeared in comic books such as Disney Italy 's Topolino , MM Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine , and Wizards of Mickey , and in television series such as The Mickey Mouse Club ( 1955 -- 1996 ) and others . He also appears in other media such as video games as well as merchandising and is a meetable character at the Disney parks . Mickey generally appears alongside his girlfriend Minnie Mouse , his pet dog Pluto , his friends Donald Duck and Goofy , and his nemesis Pete , among others ( see Mickey Mouse universe ) . Though originally characterized as a mischievous antihero , Mickey was rebranded over time as an everyman , usually seen as a flawed , but adventurous hero . In 2009 , Disney began to rebrand the character again by putting less emphasis on his pleasant , cheerful side and reintroducing the more mischievous and adventurous sides of his personality , beginning with the video game Epic Mickey . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Design 3 Animation history 3.1 Debut ( 1928 ) 3.2 Black and white films ( 1929 -- 1935 ) 3.3 Color films ( 1935 -- 1953 ) 3.4 Television and later films 4 Voice actors 5 Mickey in comics 6 Merchandising 7 Mickey at the Disney parks 8 Mickey in video games 9 Awards and honors 10 Social impact 10.1 Use in politics 10.2 Pejorative use of Mickey 's name 10.3 Parodies and criticism 11 Legal issues 11.1 Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates 11.2 Censorship 12 Filmography 12.1 Selected short films 12.2 Full - length films 12.3 Television series 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Bibliography 15 External links Origin Concept art of Mickey from early 1928 ; the sketches are the earliest known drawings of the character , from the collection of The Walt Disney Family Museum . `` I only hope that we never lose sight of one thing -- that it was all started by a mouse . '' -- Walt Disney , Disneyland ; October 27 , 1954 Mickey Mouse was created as a replacement for Oswald the Lucky Rabbit , an earlier cartoon character created by the Disney studio for Charles Mintz , a film producer who distributed product through Universal Studios . In the spring of 1928 , with the series going strong , Disney asked Mintz for an increase in the budget . But Mintz instead demanded that Walt take a 20 percent budget cut , and as leverage , he reminded Disney that Universal owned the character , and revealed that he had already signed most of Disney 's current employees to his new contract . Angrily , Disney refused the deal and returned to produce the final Oswald cartoons he contractually owed Mintz . Disney was dismayed at the betrayal by his staff but determined to restart from scratch . The new Disney Studio initially consisted of animator Ub Iwerks and a loyal apprentice artist , Les Clark , who together with Wilfred Jackson were among the few who remained loyal to Walt . One lesson Disney learned from the experience was to thereafter always make sure that he owned all rights to the characters produced by his company . In the spring of 1928 , Disney asked Ub Iwerks to start drawing up new character ideas . Iwerks tried sketches of various animals , such as dogs and cats , but none of these appealed to Disney . A female cow and male horse were also rejected . They would later turn up as Clarabelle Cow and Horace Horsecollar . A male frog was also rejected . It would later show up in Iwerks ' own Flip the Frog series . Walt Disney got the inspiration for Mickey Mouse from a tame mouse at his desk at Laugh - O - Gram Studio in Kansas City , Missouri . In 1925 , Hugh Harman drew some sketches of mice around a photograph of Walt Disney . These inspired Ub Iwerks to create a new mouse character for Disney . `` Mortimer Mouse '' had been Disney 's original name for the character before his wife , Lillian , convinced him to change it , and ultimately Mickey Mouse came to be . The actor Mickey Rooney claimed that , during his Mickey McGuire days , he met cartoonist Walt Disney at the Warner Brothers studio , and that Disney was inspired to name Mickey Mouse after him . This claim , however , has been debunked by Disney historian Jim Korkis , since at the time of Mickey Mouse 's development , Disney Studios had been located on Hyperion Avenue for several years , and Walt Disney never kept an office or other working space at Warner Brothers , having no professional relationship with Warner Brothers , as the Alice Comedies and Oswald cartoons were distributed by Universal . Design This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The silhouette of Mickey Mouse 's head has become an iconic image Throughout the earlier years , Mickey 's design bore heavy resemblance to Oswald , save for the ears , nose , and tail . Ub Iwerks designed Mickey 's body out of circles in order to make the character simple to animate . Disney employees John Hench and Marc Davis believed that this design was part of Mickey 's success as it made him more dynamic and appealing to audiences . Mickey 's circular design is most noticeable in his ears . In animation in the 1940s , Mickey 's ears were animated in a more realistic perspective . Later , they were drawn to always appear circular no matter which way Mickey was facing . This made Mickey easily recognizable to audiences and made his ears an unofficial personal trademark . The circular rule later created a dilemma for toy creators who had to recreate a three - dimensional Mickey . In 1938 , animator Fred Moore redesigned Mickey 's body away from its circular design to a pear - shaped design . Colleague Ward Kimball praised Moore for being the first animator to break from Mickey 's `` rubber hose , round circle '' design . Although Moore himself was nervous at first about changing Mickey , Walt Disney liked the new design and told Moore `` that 's the way I want Mickey to be drawn from now on . '' Each of Mickey 's hands has only three fingers and a thumb . Disney said that this was both an artistic and financial decision , explaining `` Artistically five digits are too many for a mouse . His hand would look like a bunch of bananas . Financially , not having an extra finger in each of 45,000 drawings that make up a six and one - half minute short has saved the Studio millions . '' In the film The Opry House ( 1929 ) , Mickey was first given white gloves as a way of contrasting his naturally black hands against his black body . The use of white gloves would prove to be an influential design for cartoon characters , particularly with later Disney characters , but also with non-Disney characters such as Bugs Bunny , Woody Woodpecker , Mighty Mouse , and Mario . Mickey 's eyes , as drawn in Plane Crazy and The Gallopin ' Gaucho , were large and white with black outlines . In Steamboat Willie , the bottom portion of the black outlines was removed , although the upper edges still contrasted with his head . Mickey 's eyes were later re-imagined as only consisting of the small black dots which were originally his pupils , while what were the upper edges of his eyes became a hairline . This is evident only when Mickey blinks . Fred Moore later redesigned the eyes to be small white eyes with pupils and gave his face a Caucasian skin tone instead of plain white . This new Mickey first appeared in 1938 on the cover of a party program , and in animation the following year with the release of The Pointer . Mickey is sometimes given eyebrows as seen in The Simple Things ( 1953 ) and in the comic strip , although he does not have eyebrows in his most recent appearances . Some of Mickey 's early appearance , particularly the gloves , and facial characteristics , evolved from blackface caricatures used in minstrel shows . Besides Mickey 's gloves and shoes , he typically wears only a pair of shorts with two large buttons in the front . Before Mickey was seen regularly in color animation , Mickey 's shorts were either red or a dull blue - green . With the advent of Mickey 's color films , the shorts were always red . When Mickey is not wearing his red shorts , he is often still wearing red clothing such as a red bandmaster coat ( The Band Concert , The Mickey Mouse Club ) , red overalls ( Clock Cleaners , Boat Builders ) , a red cloak ( Fantasia , Fun and Fancy Free ) , a red coat ( Squatter 's Rights , Mickey 's Christmas Carol ) , or a red shirt ( Mickey Down Under , The Simple Things ) . Animation History See also : Mickey Mouse film series Debut ( 1928 ) Mickey 's first appearance in Steamboat Willie ( 1928 ) . Disney had Ub Iwerks secretly begin animating a new cartoon while still under contract with Universal . The cartoon was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks . Iwerks was the main animator for the short and reportedly spent six weeks working on it . In fact , Iwerks was the main animator for every Disney short released in 1928 and 1929 . Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising also assisted Disney during those years . They had already signed their contracts with Charles Mintz , but he was still in the process of forming his new studio and so for the time being they were still employed by Disney . This short would be the last they animated under this somewhat awkward situation . Mickey was first seen in a test screening of the cartoon short Plane Crazy , on May 15 , 1928 , but it failed to impress the audience and to add insult to injury , Walt could not find a distributor . Though understandably disappointed , Walt went on to produce a second Mickey short , The Gallopin ' Gaucho , which was also not released for lack of a distributor . Steamboat Willie was first released on November 18 , 1928 , in New York . It was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks . Iwerks again served as the head animator , assisted by Johnny Cannon , Les Clark , Wilfred Jackson and Dick Lundy . This short was intended as a parody of Buster Keaton 's Steamboat Bill , Jr. , first released on May 12 of the same year . Although it was the third Mickey cartoon produced , it was the first to find a distributor , and thus is considered by The Disney Company as Mickey 's debut . Willie featured changes to Mickey 's appearance ( in particular , simplifying his eyes to large dots ) that established his look for later cartoons and in numerous Walt Disney films . The cartoon was not the first cartoon to feature a soundtrack connected to the action . Fleischer Studios , headed by brothers Dave and Max Fleischer , had already released a number of sound cartoons using the DeForest system in the mid-1920s . However , these cartoons did not keep the sound synchronized throughout the film . For Willie , Disney had the sound recorded with a click track that kept the musicians on the beat . This precise timing is apparent during the `` Turkey in the Straw '' sequence when Mickey 's actions exactly match the accompanying instruments . Animation historians have long debated who had served as the composer for the film 's original music . This role has been variously attributed to Wilfred Jackson , Carl Stalling and Bert Lewis , but identification remains uncertain . Walt Disney himself was voice actor for both Mickey and Minnie and would remain the source of Mickey 's voice through 1946 for theatrical cartoons . Jimmy MacDonald took over the role in 1946 , but Walt provided Mickey 's voice again from 1955 to 1959 for The Mickey Mouse Club television series on ABC . Audiences at the time of Steamboat Willie 's release were reportedly impressed by the use of sound for comedic purposes . Sound films or `` talkies '' were still considered innovative . The first feature - length movie with dialogue sequences , The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson , was released on October 6 , 1927 . Within a year of its success , most United States movie theaters had installed sound film equipment . Walt Disney apparently intended to take advantage of this new trend and , arguably , managed to succeed . Most other cartoon studios were still producing silent products and so were unable to effectively act as competition to Disney . As a result , Mickey would soon become the most prominent animated character of the time . Walt Disney soon worked on adding sound to both Plane Crazy and The Gallopin ' Gaucho ( which had originally been silent releases ) and their new release added to Mickey 's success and popularity . A fourth Mickey short , The Barn Dance , was also put into production ; however , Mickey does not actually speak until The Karnival Kid in 1929 when his first spoken words were `` Hot dogs , Hot dogs ! '' After Steamboat Willie was released , Mickey became a close competitor to Felix the Cat , and his popularity would grow as he was continuously featured in sound cartoons . By 1929 , Felix would lose popularity among theater audiences , and Pat Sullivan decided to produce all future Felix cartoons in sound as a result . Unfortunately , audiences did not respond well to Felix 's transition to sound and by 1930 , Felix had faded from the screen . Black and white films ( 1929 -- 1935 ) Mickey with Minnie Mouse in Building a Building ( 1933 ) . In Mickey 's early films he was often characterized not as a hero , but as an ineffective young suitor to Minnie Mouse . The Barn Dance ( March 14 , 1929 ) is the first time in which Mickey is turned down by Minnie in favor of Pete . The Opry House ( March 28 , 1929 ) was the first time in which Mickey wore his white gloves . Mickey wears them in almost all of his subsequent appearances and many other characters followed suit . The three lines on the back of Mickey 's gloves represent darts in the gloves ' fabric extending from between the digits of the hand , typical of glove design of the era . When the Cat 's Away ( April 18 , 1929 ) , essentially a remake of the Alice Comedy , `` Alice Rattled by Rats '' , was an unusual appearance for Mickey . Although Mickey and Minnie still maintained their anthropomorphic characteristics , they were depicted as the size of regular mice and living with a community many other mice as pests in a home . Mickey and Minnie would later appear the size of regular humans in their own setting . In appearances with real humans , Mickey has been shown to be about two to three feet high . The next Mickey short was also unusual . The Barnyard Battle ( April 25 , 1929 ) was the only film to depict Mickey as a soldier and also the first to place him in combat . The Karnival Kid ( 1929 ) was the first time Mickey spoke . Before this he had only whistled , laughed , and grunted . His first words were `` Hot dogs ! Hot dogs ! '' said while trying to sell hot dogs at a carnival . Mickey 's Follies ( 1929 ) introduced the song `` Minnie 's Yoo - Hoo '' which would become the theme song for Mickey Mouse films for the next several years . The `` Minnie 's Yoo - Hoo '' song sequence was also later reused with different background animation as its own special short shown only at the commencement of 1930s theater - based Mickey Mouse Clubs . Mickey 's dog Pluto first appeared as Mickey 's pet in The Moose Hunt ( 1931 ) after previously appearing as Minnie 's dog `` Rover '' in The Picnic ( 1930 ) . The Cactus Kid ( April 11 , 1930 ) was the last film to be animated by Ub Iwerks at Disney . Shortly before the release of the film , Iwerks left to start his own studio , bankrolled by Disney 's then - distributor Pat Powers . Powers and Disney had a falling out over money due Disney from the distribution deal . It was in response to losing the right to distribute Disney 's cartoons that Powers made the deal with Iwerks , who had long harbored a desire to head his own studio . The departure is considered a turning point in Mickey 's career , as well as that of Walt Disney . Walt lost the man who served as his closest colleague and confidant since 1919 . Mickey lost the man responsible for his original design and for the direction or animation of several of the shorts released till this point . Advertising for the early Mickey Mouse cartoons credited them as `` A Walt Disney Comic , drawn by Ub Iwerks '' . Later Disney Company reissues of the early cartoons tend to credit Walt Disney alone . Disney and his remaining staff continued the production of the Mickey series , and he was able to eventually find a number of animators to replace Iwerks . As the Great Depression progressed and Felix the Cat faded from the movie screen , Mickey 's popularity would rise , and by 1932 The Mickey Mouse Club would have one million members . At the 5th Academy Awards in 1932 , Mickey received his first Academy Award nomination , received for Mickey 's Orphans ( 1931 ) . Walt Disney also received an honorary Academy Award for the creation of Mickey Mouse . Despite being eclipsed by the Silly Symphonies short the Three Little Pigs in 1933 , Mickey still maintained great popularity among theater audiences too , until 1935 , when polls showed that Popeye was more popular than Mickey . By 1934 , Mickey merchandise had earned $600,000.00 a year . In 1935 , Disney began to phase out the Mickey Mouse Clubs , due to administration problems . About this time , story artists at Disney were finding it increasingly difficult to write material for Mickey . As he had developed into a role model for children , they were limited in the types of gags they could make . This led to Mickey taking more of a secondary role in some of his next films allowing for more emphasis on other characters . In Orphan 's Benefit ( August 11 , 1934 ) Mickey first appeared with Donald Duck who had been introduced earlier that year in the Silly Symphonies series . The tempestuous duck would provide Disney with seemingly endless story ideas and would remain a recurring character in Mickey 's cartoons . Color films ( 1935 -- 1953 ) Mickey in The Band Concert ( 1935 ) . Mickey first appeared animated in color in Parade of the Award Nominees in 1932 , however , the film strip was created for the 5th Academy Awards ceremony and was not released to the public . Mickey 's official first color film came in 1935 with The Band Concert . The Technicolor film process was used in the film production . Here Mickey conducted the William Tell Overture , but the band is swept up by a tornado . It is said that conductor Arturo Toscanini so loved this short that , upon first seeing it , he asked the projectionist to run it again . In 1994 , The Band Concert was voted the third - greatest cartoon of all time in a poll of animation professionals . By colorizing and partially redesigning Mickey , Walt would put Mickey back on top once again , and Mickey would reach popularity he never reached before as audiences now gave him more appeal . Also in 1935 , Walt would receive a special award from the League of Nations for creating Mickey . However , by 1938 , the more manic Donald Duck would surpass the passive Mickey , resulting in a redesign of the mouse between 1938 and 1940 that put Mickey at the peak of his popularity . The second half of the 1930s saw the character Goofy reintroduced as a series regular . Together , Mickey , Donald Duck , and Goofy would go on several adventures together . Several of the films by the comic trio are some of Mickey 's most critically acclaimed films , including Mickey 's Fire Brigade ( 1935 ) , Moose Hunters ( 1937 ) , Clock Cleaners ( 1937 ) , Lonesome Ghosts ( 1937 ) , Boat Builders ( 1938 ) , and Mickey 's Trailer ( 1938 ) . Also during this era , Mickey would star in Brave Little Tailor ( 1938 ) , an adaptation of The Valiant Little Tailor , which was nominated for an Academy Award . Mickey was redesigned by animator Fred Moore which was first seen in The Pointer ( 1939 ) . Instead of having solid black eyes , Mickey was given white eyes with pupils , a Caucasian skin colored face , and a pear - shaped body . In the 40 's , he changed once more in The Little Whirlwind , where he used his trademark pants for the last time in decades , lost his tail , got more realistic ears that changed with perspective and a different body anatomy . But this change would only last for a short period of time before returning to the one in `` The Pointer '' , with the exception of his pants . In his final theatrical cartoons in the 1950s , he was given eyebrows , which were removed in the more recent cartoons . Mickey in Fantasia ( 1940 ) . In 1940 Mickey appeared in his first feature - length film , Fantasia . His screen role as The Sorcerer 's Apprentice , set to the symphonic poem of the same name by Paul Dukas , is perhaps the most famous segment of the film and one of Mickey 's most iconic roles . The segment features no dialogue at all , only the music . The apprentice ( Mickey ) , not willing to do his chores , puts on the sorcerer 's magic hat after the sorcerer goes to bed and casts a spell on a broom , which causes the broom to come to life and perform the most tiring chore -- filling up a deep well using two buckets of water . When the well eventually overflows , Mickey finds himself unable to control the broom , leading to a near - flood . After the segment ends , Mickey is seen in silhouette shaking hands with Leopold Stokowski , who conducts all the music heard in Fantasia . Mickey has often been pictured in the red robe and blue sorcerer 's hat in merchandising . It was also featured into the climax of Fantasmic ! , an attraction at the Disney theme parks . After 1940 , Mickey 's popularity would decline until his 1955 re-emergence as a daily children 's television personality . Despite this , the character continued to appear regularly in animated shorts until 1943 ( winning his only competitive Academy Award -- with canine companion Pluto -- for a short subject , Lend a Paw ) and again from 1946 to 1952 . The last regular installment of the Mickey Mouse film series came in 1953 with The Simple Things in which Mickey and Pluto go fishing and are pestered by a flock of seagulls . Television and later films In the 1950s , Mickey became more known for his appearances on television , particularly with The Mickey Mouse Club . Many of his theatrical cartoon shorts were rereleased on television series such as Ink & Paint Club , various forms of the Walt Disney anthology television series , and on home video . Mickey returned to theatrical animation in 1983 with Mickey 's Christmas Carol , an adaptation of Charles Dickens ' A Christmas Carol in which Mickey played Bob Cratchit . This was followed up in 1990 with The Prince and the Pauper . Throughout the decades , Mickey Mouse competed with Warner Bros . ' Bugs Bunny for animated popularity . But in 1988 , the two rivals finally shared screen time in the Robert Zemeckis Disney / Amblin film Who Framed Roger Rabbit . Disney and Warner signed an agreement stating that each character had the same amount of screen time in the scene . Similar to his animated inclusion into a live - action film on Roger Rabbit , Mickey made a featured cameo appearance in the 1990 television special The Muppets at Walt Disney World where he met Kermit the Frog . The two are established in the story as having been old friends . The Muppets have otherwise spoofed and referenced Mickey over a dozen times since the 1970s . Eventually , The Muppets were purchased by the Walt Disney Company in 2004 . Mickey in Disney 's House of Mouse ( 2001 -- 2003 ) . His most recent theatrical cartoon short was 2013 's Get a Horse ! which was preceded by 1995 's Runaway Brain , while from 1999 to 2004 , he appeared in direct - to - video features like Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmas , Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers and the computer - animated Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas . Many television series have centered on Mickey , such as the ABC shows Mickey Mouse Works ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Disney 's House of Mouse ( 2001 -- 2003 ) , Disney Channel 's Mickey Mouse Clubhouse ( 2006 -- 2016 ) , and Mickey and the Roadster Racers ( 2017 -- ) . Prior to all these , Mickey was also featured as an unseen character in the Bonkers episode `` You Oughta Be In Toons '' . Mickey has recently been announced to star in two films . One is being based on the Magic Kingdom theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort , while the other is a film idea pitched by Walt Disney Animation Studios veteran Burny Mattinson centering on Mickey , Donald , and Goofy . Since June 28 , 2013 , Disney Channel has been airing new 3 - minute Mickey Mouse shorts , with animator Paul Rudish at the helm , incorporating elements of Mickey 's late twenties - early thirties look with a contemporary twist . The creative team behind the 2017 DuckTales reboot had hoped to have Mickey Mouse in the series , but this idea was rejected by Disney executives . Voice actors Walt Disney ( 1901 -- 1966 ) , the co-creator of Mickey Mouse and founder of The Walt Disney Company , was the original voice of Mickey . A large part of Mickey 's screen persona is his famously shy , falsetto voice . From 1928 onward , Mickey was voiced by Walt Disney himself , a task in which Disney took great personal pride . However , by 1946 , Disney was becoming too busy with running the studio to do regular voice work which meant he could not do Mickey 's voice on a regular basis anymore . It is also speculated that his cigarette habit had damaged his voice over the years . After recording the Mickey and the Beanstalk section of Fun and Fancy Free , Mickey 's voice was handed over to veteran Disney musician and actor Jimmy MacDonald . MacDonald voiced Mickey in the remainder of the theatrical shorts and for various television and publicity projects up until his retirement in 1977 , although Walt would reprise Mickey 's voice occasionally until his passing in 1966 , such as in the introductions to the original 1955 -- 1959 run of The Mickey Mouse Club TV series , the `` Fourth Anniversary Show '' episode of the Disneyland TV series that aired on September 11 , 1958 and the Disneyland USA at Radio City Music Hall show from 1962 . Composer Carl W. Stalling was the very first person to provide lines for Mickey in the 1929 short The Karnival Kid . Clarence Nash voiced Mickey in the 1934 short The Dognapper since Walt was traveling in Europe at the time and was unavailable to record his lines for Mickey for that short . Along with Disney , J. Donald Wilson and Joe Twerp provided the voice in 1938 broadcasts of The Mickey Mouse Theater of the Air . Stan Freberg voiced Mickey in the Freberg - produced record Mickey Mouse 's Birthday Party . Alan Young voiced Mickey in the Disneyland record album An Adaptation of Dickens ' Christmas Carol , Performed by The Walt Disney Players in 1974 , which would be the first and only time that Alan Young voiced him . The 1983 short film Mickey 's Christmas Carol marked the theatrical debut of Wayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse , who was the official voice of Mickey from 1977 until his death in 2009 . Allwine once recounted something MacDonald had told him about voicing Mickey : `` The main piece of advice that Jim gave me about Mickey helped me keep things in perspective . He said , ' Just remember kid , you 're only filling in for the boss . ' And that 's the way he treated doing Mickey for years and years . From Walt , and now from Jimmy . '' In 1991 , Allwine married Russi Taylor , the voice of Minnie Mouse since 1986 . Les Perkins did the voice of Mickey in two TV specials , `` Down and Out with Donald Duck '' and `` DTV Valentine '' , in the mid-1980s . Peter Renaday voiced Mickey in the 1980s Disney albums Yankee Doodle Mickey and Mickey Mouse Splashdance . He also provided his voice for The Talking Mickey Mouse toy in 1986 . Quinton Flynn briefly filled in for Allwine as the voice of Mickey in a few episodes of the first season of Mickey Mouse Works whenever Allwine was unavailable to record . Bret Iwan , a former Hallmark greeting card artist , is the current voice of Mickey . Iwan was originally cast as an understudy for Allwine due to the latter 's declining health ; however , Allwine died before Iwan could meet him and Iwan became the new official voice of the character . Iwan 's early recordings in 2009 included work for the Disney Cruise Line , Mickey toys , the Disney theme parks and the Disney on Ice : Celebrations ! ice show . He directly replaced Allwine as Mickey for the Kingdom Hearts video game series and the TV series Mickey Mouse Clubhouse . His first video game voice - over of Mickey Mouse can be heard in Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep . Iwan also became the first voice actor to portray Mickey during Disney 's rebranding of the character , providing the vocal effects of Mickey in Epic Mickey as well as his voice in Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two and the remake of Castle of Illusion . Despite Iwan being Mickey 's primary voice actor , the character 's voice is provided by Chris Diamantopoulos in the 2013 animated series , as the producers were looking for a voice closer to Walt Disney 's portrayal of the character in order to match the vintage look of that series . Mickey in comics Main article : Mickey Mouse ( comic book ) Mickey and Horace Horsecollar from the Mickey Mouse daily strip ; created by Floyd Gottfredson and published December 1932 . Mickey first appeared in comics after he had appeared in 15 commercially successful animated shorts and was easily recognized by the public . Walt Disney was approached by King Features Syndicate with the offer to license Mickey and his supporting characters for use in a comic strip . Disney accepted and Mickey made his first comic strip appearance on January 13 , 1930 . The comical plot was credited to Disney himself , art to Ub Iwerks and inking to Win Smith . The first week or so of the strip featured a loose adaptation of `` Plane Crazy '' . Minnie soon became the first addition to the cast . The strips first released between January 13 , 1930 , and March 31 , 1930 , has been occasionally reprinted in comic book form under the collective title `` Lost on a Desert Island '' . Animation historian Jim Korkis notes `` After the eighteenth strip , Iwerks left and his inker , Win Smith , continued drawing the gag - a-day format ... '' In early 1930 , after Iwerks ' departure , Disney was at first content to continue scripting the Mickey Mouse comic strip , assigning the art to Win Smith . However , Disney 's focus had always been in animation and Smith was soon assigned with the scripting as well . Smith was apparently discontent at the prospect of having to script , draw , and ink a series by himself as evidenced by his sudden resignation . Disney then searched for a replacement among the remaining staff of the Studio . He selected Floyd Gottfredson , a recently hired employee . At the time Gottfredson was reportedly eager to work in animation and somewhat reluctant to accept his new assignment . Disney had to assure him the assignment was only temporary and that he would eventually return to animation . Gottfredson accepted and ended up holding this `` temporary '' assignment from May 5 , 1930 , to November 15 , 1975 . Walt Disney 's last script for the strip appeared May 17 , 1930 . Gottfredson 's first task was to finish the storyline Disney had started on April 1 , 1930 . The storyline was completed on September 20 , 1930 , and later reprinted in comic book form as Mickey Mouse in Death Valley . This early adventure expanded the cast of the strip which to this point only included Mickey and Minnie . Among the characters who had their first comic strip appearances in this story were Clarabelle Cow , Horace Horsecollar , and Black Pete as well as the debuts of corrupted lawyer Sylvester Shyster and Minnie 's uncle Mortimer Mouse . The Death Valley narrative was followed by Mr. Slicker and the Egg Robbers , first printed between September 22 and December 26 , 1930 , which introduced Marcus Mouse and his wife as Minnie 's parents . Starting with these two early comic strip stories , Mickey 's versions in animation and comics are considered to have diverged from each other . While Disney and his cartoon shorts would continue to focus on comedy , the comic strip effectively combined comedy and adventure . This adventurous version of Mickey would continue to appear in comic strips and later comic books throughout the 20th and into the 21st century . Floyd Gottfredson left his mark with stories such as Mickey Mouse Joins the Foreign Legion ( 1936 ) and The Gleam ( 1942 ) . He also created the Phantom Blot , Eega Beeva , Morty and Ferdie , Captain Churchmouse , and Butch . Besides Gottfredson artists for the strip over the years included Roman Arambula , Rick Hoover , Manuel Gonzales , Carson Van Osten , Jim Engel , Bill Wright , Ted Thwailes and Daan Jippes ; writers included Ted Osborne , Merrill De Maris , Bill Walsh , Dick Shaw , Roy Williams , Del Connell , and Floyd Norman . The next artist to leave his mark on the character was Paul Murry in Dell Comics . His first Mickey tale appeared in 1950 but Mickey did not become a specialty until Murry 's first serial for Walt Disney 's Comics and Stories in 1953 ( `` The Last Resort '' ) . In the same period , Romano Scarpa in Italy for the magazine Topolino began to revitalize Mickey in stories that brought back the Phantom Blot and Eega Beeva along with new creations such as the Atomo Bleep - Bleep . While the stories at Western Publishing during the Silver Age emphasized Mickey as a detective in the style of Sherlock Holmes , in the modern era several editors and creators have consciously undertaken to depict a more vigorous Mickey in the mold of the classic Gottfredson adventures . This renaissance has been spearheaded by Byron Erickson , David Gerstein , Noel Van Horn , Michael T. Gilbert and César Ferioli . In Europe , Mickey Mouse became the main attraction of a number of comics magazines , the most famous being Topolino in Italy from 1932 on , Le Journal de Mickey in France from 1934 on , Don Miki in Spain and the Greek Miky Maous . Mickey was the main character for the series MM Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine , published in Italy from 1999 to 2001 . In 2006 , he appeared in the Italian fantasy comic saga Wizards of Mickey . In 1958 , Mickey Mouse was introduced to the Arab world through another comic book called `` Sameer '' . He became very popular in Egypt and got a comic book with his name . Mickey 's comics in Egypt are licensed by Disney and were published since 1959 by `` Dar Al - Hilal '' and they were success , however Dar Al - Hilal stopped the publication in 2003 because of problems with Disney . The comics were re-released by `` Nahdat Masr '' in 2004 and the first issues were sold out in less than 8 hours . Merchandising A 1933 Ingersoll Mickey Mouse wrist watch . Since his early years , Mickey Mouse has been licensed by Disney to appear on many different kinds of merchandise . Mickey was produced as plush toys and figurines , and Mickey 's image has graced almost everything from T - shirts to lunchboxes . Largely responsible for Disney merchandising in the 1930s was Kay Kamen ( 1892 -- 1949 ) who was called a `` stickler for quality . '' Kamen was recognized by The Walt Disney Company as having a significant part in Mickey 's rise to stardom and was named a Disney Legend in 1998 . At the time of his 80th - anniversary celebration in 2008 , Time declared Mickey Mouse one of the world 's most recognized characters , even when compared against Santa Claus . Disney officials have stated that 98 % of children aged 3 -- 11 around the world are at least aware of the character . Mickey was most famously featured on wrist watches and alarm clocks , typically utilizing his hands as the actual hands on the face of the clock . The first Mickey Mouse watches were manufactured in 1933 by the Ingersoll Watch Company . The seconds were indicated by a turning disk below Mickey . The first Mickey watch was sold at the Century of Progress in Chicago , 1933 for $3.75 . Mickey Mouse watches have been sold by other companies and designers throughout the years , including Timex , Elgin , Helbros , Bradley , Lorus , and Gérald Genta The fictional character Robert Langdon from Dan Brown 's novels was said to wear a Mickey Mouse watch as a reminder `` to stay young at heart . '' In 1989 , Milton Bradley released the electronic talking game titled Mickey Says , with three modes featuring Mickey Mouse as its host . Mickey also appeared in other toys and games , including the Worlds of Wonder released The Talking Mickey Mouse . Fisher - Price has recently produced a line of talking animatronic Mickey dolls including `` Dance Star Mickey '' ( 2010 ) and `` Rock Star Mickey '' ( 2011 ) . In total , approximately 40 % of Disney 's revenues for consumer products are derived from Mickey Mouse merchandise , with revenues peaking in 1997 . Mickey at the Disney parks Minnie and Mickey at Hong Kong Disneyland ( left ) and Mickey 's house at Mickey 's Toontown ( right ) As the official Walt Disney mascot , Mickey has played a central role in the Disney parks since the opening of Disneyland in 1955 . As with other characters , Mickey is often portrayed by a non-speaking costumed actor . In this form , he has participated in ceremonies and countless parades . A popular activity with guests is getting to meet and pose for photographs with the mouse . As of the presidency of Barack Obama ( who jokingly referred to him as `` a world leader who has bigger ears than me '' ) Mickey has met every U.S. President since Harry Truman , with the exception of Lyndon B. Johnson . Mickey also features in several specific attractions at the Disney parks . Mickey 's Toontown ( Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland ) is a themed land which is a recreation of Mickey 's neighborhood . Buildings are built in a cartoon style and guests can visit Mickey or Minnie 's houses , Donald Duck 's boat , or Goofy 's garage . This is a common place to meet the characters . Mickey 's PhilharMagic ( Magic Kingdom , Tokyo Disneyland , Hong Kong Disneyland ) is a 4D film which features Mickey in the familiar role of symphony conductor . At Main Street Cinema several of Mickey 's short films are shown on a rotating basis ; the sixth film is always Steamboat Willie . Mickey plays a central role in Fantasmic ! ( Disneyland Resort , Disney 's Hollywood Studios ) a live nighttime show which famously features Mickey in his role as the Sorcerer 's Apprentice . Mickey was also a central character in the now - defunct Mickey Mouse Revue ( Magic Kingdom , Tokyo Disneyland ) which was an indoor show featuring animatronic characters . Mickey 's face currently graces the Mickey 's Fun Wheel at Disney California Adventure Park , where a figure of him also stands on top of Silly Symphony Swings . In addition to Mickey 's overt presence in the parks , numerous images of him are also subtly included in sometimes unexpected places . This phenomenon is known as `` Hidden Mickey '' , involving hidden images in Disney films , theme parks , and merchandise . Mickey in video games Main article : List of Disney video games ( Mickey Mouse Series ) Like many popular characters , Mickey has starred in many video games , including Mickey Mousecapade on the Nintendo Entertainment System , Mickey Mania : The Timeless Adventures of Mickey Mouse , Mickey 's Ultimate Challenge , and Disney 's Magical Quest on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse on the Mega Drive / Genesis , Mickey Mouse : Magic Wands ! on the Game Boy , and many others . In the 2000s , the Disney 's Magical Quest series were ported to the Game Boy Advance , while Mickey made his sixth generation era debut in Disney 's Magical Mirror Starring Mickey Mouse , a Nintendo GameCube title aimed at younger audiences . Mickey plays a major role in the Kingdom Hearts series , as the king of Disney Castle and aide to the protagonist , Sora . King Mickey wields the Keyblade , a weapon in the form of a key that has the power to open any lock and combat darkness . Epic Mickey , featuring a darker version of the Disney universe , was released in 2010 for the Wii . The game is part of an effort by The Walt Disney Company to re-brand the Mickey Mouse character by moving away from his current squeaky clean image and reintroducing the mischievous side of his personality . Awards and honors Mickey 's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Mickey Mouse has received ten nominations for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film . These are Mickey 's Orphans ( 1931 ) , Building a Building ( 1933 ) , Brave Little Tailor ( 1938 ) , The Pointer ( 1939 ) , Lend a Paw ( 1941 ) , Squatter 's Rights ( 1946 ) , Mickey and the Seal ( 1948 ) , Mickey 's Christmas Carol ( 1983 ) , Runaway Brain ( 1995 ) , and Get a Horse ! ( 2013 ) . Among these , Lend a Paw was the only film to actually win the award . Additionally , in 1932 Walt Disney received an honorary Academy Award in recognition of Mickey 's creation and popularity . In 1994 , four of Mickey 's cartoons were included in the book The 50 Greatest Cartoons which listed the greatest cartoons of all time as voted by members of the animation field . The films were The Band Concert ( # 3 ) , Steamboat Willie ( # 13 ) , Brave Little Tailor ( # 26 ) , and Clock Cleaners ( # 27 ) . On November 18 , 1978 , in honor of his 50th anniversary , Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . The star is located on 6925 Hollywood Blvd . Melbourne ( Australia ) runs the annual Moomba festival street procession and appointed Mickey Mouse as their King of Moomba ( 1977 ) . Although immensely popular with children , there was controversy with the appointment : some Melburnians wanted a ' home - grown ' choice , e.g. Blinky Bill ; when it was revealed that Patricia O'Carroll ( from Disneyland 's Disney on Parade show ) was performing the mouse , Australian newspapers reported `` Mickey Mouse is really a girl ! '' Mickey was the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade on New Year 's Day 2005 . He was the first cartoon character to receive the honor and only the second fictional character after Kermit the Frog in 1996 . Social impact Use in politics In the United States , protest votes are often made in order to indicate dissatisfaction with the slate of candidates presented on a particular ballot or to highlight the inadequacies of a particular voting procedure . Since most states ' electoral systems do not provide for blank balloting or a choice of `` None of the Above '' , most protest votes take the form of a clearly non-serious candidate 's name entered as a write - in vote . Mickey Mouse is often selected for this purpose . As an election supervisor in Georgia observed , `` If ( Mickey Mouse ) does n't get votes in our election , it 's a bad election . '' The earliest known mention of Mickey Mouse as a write - in candidate dates back to the 1932 New York City mayoral elections . Mickey Mouse 's name has also been known to appear fraudulently on voter registration lists , such as in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election . Pejorative use of Mickey 's name `` Mickey Mouse '' is a slang expression meaning small - time , amateurish or trivial . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it also means poor quality or counterfeit . However , in parts of Australia it can mean excellent or very good ( rhyming slang for `` grouse '' ) . Examples of the former two of the three usages include the following : In The Godfather Part II , Fredo 's justification of betraying Michael is that his orders in the family usually were `` Send Fredo off to do this , send Fredo off to do that ! Let Fredo take care of some Mickey Mouse nightclub somewhere ! '' as opposed to more meaningful tasks . In an early episode of the 1978 -- 82 sitcom Mork & Mindy , Mork stated that Pluto was `` a Mickey Mouse planet '' , referring to the future dwarf planet having the same name as Mickey 's pet dog Pluto . Actually , the planet was named shortly before the dog was . In 1984 , just after an ice hockey game in which Wayne Gretzky 's Edmonton Oilers beat the New Jersey Devils 13 -- 4 , Gretzky was quoted as saying to a reporter , `` Well , it 's time they got their act together , they 're ruining the whole league . They had better stop running a Mickey Mouse organization and put somebody on the ice '' . Reacting to Gretzky 's comment , Devils fans wore Mickey Mouse apparel when the Oilers returned to New Jersey . In the 1993 Warner Bros. film Demolition Man , as Sylvester Stallone 's character is fighting the malfunctioning AI of his out - of - control police car , he shouts for the system to `` Brake ! Brake ! Brake now , you Mickey Mouse piece of shit ! '' In the 1996 Warner Bros. film Space Jam , Bugs Bunny derogatorily comments on Daffy Duck 's idea for the name of their basketball team , asking : `` What kind of Mickey Mouse organization would name a team ' The Ducks ? ' '' ( This also referenced the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim , an NHL team that was then owned by Disney , as well as the Disney - made `` The Mighty Ducks '' movie franchise . This was referencing the Disney / Warner Brothers rivalry . ) In the United States armed forces , actions that look good but have little or no practical use ( such as the specific manner of making beds in basic training or the polishing of brass fittings on board ship ) are commonly referred to as `` Mickey Mouse work . '' In schools a `` Mickey Mouse course '' , `` Mickey Mouse major '' , or `` Mickey Mouse degree '' is a class , college major , or degree where very little effort is necessary in order to attain a good grade ( especially an A ) or one where the subject matter of such a class is not of any importance in the labor market . Musicians often refer to a film score that directly follows each action on screen as Mickey Mousing ( also mickey - mousing and mickeymousing ) . Software company Microsoft has been derogatorily called `` Mickeysoft '' . In the beginning of the 1980s , then - British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher once called the European Parliament a `` Mickey Mouse parliament '' , meaning a discussion club without influence . In the British sitcom Red Dwarf , in the episode `` Quarantine '' , after the team 's substandard equipment nearly cost them their lives , Lister pointed out , `` We 're a real Mickey Mouse operation , are n't we ? '' The Cat replied , `` Mickey Mouse ? We ai n't even Betty Boop ! '' The combined road course at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway used for the F1 U.S. Grand Prix has been described by Jacques Villeneuve and other competitors as `` Mickey Mouse '' due to its slow uninteresting corners , and lack of challenging corners . Parodies and criticism Mickey Mouse 's global fame has made him both a symbol of The Walt Disney Company and of the United States itself . For this reason , Mickey has been used frequently in anti-American satire , such as the infamous underground cartoon `` Mickey Mouse in Vietnam '' ( 1969 ) . There have been numerous parodies of Mickey Mouse , such as the 2 - page parody `` Mickey Rodent '' by Will Elder ( published in Mad # 19 , 1955 ) in which the mouse walks around unshaven and jails Donald Duck out of jealousy over the duck 's larger popularity . The grotesque Rat Fink character was created by Ed `` Big Daddy '' Roth over his hatred of Mickey Mouse . In The Simpsons Movie , Bart Simpson puts a black bra on his head to mimic Mickey Mouse and says : `` I 'm the mascot of an evil corporation ! '' On the Comedy Central series South Park , Mickey is depicted as the sadistic , greedy , foul - mouthed boss of The Walt Disney Company , only interested in money . He also appears briefly with Donald Duck in the comic Squeak the Mouse by the Italian cartoonist Massimo Mattioli . In the 1969 parody novel Bored of the Rings , Mickey Mouse is satirized as Dickey Dragon . Legal issues Like all major Disney characters , Mickey Mouse is not only copyrighted but also trademarked , which lasts in perpetuity as long as it continues to be used commercially by its owner . So , whether or not a particular Disney cartoon goes into the public domain , the characters themselves may not be used as trademarks without authorization . Because of the Copyright Term Extension Act of the United States ( sometimes called the ' Mickey Mouse Protection Act ' because of extensive lobbying by the Disney corporation ) and similar legislation within the European Union and other jurisdictions where copyright terms have been extended , works such as the early Mickey Mouse cartoons will remain under copyright until at least 2023 . However , some copyright scholars argue that Disney 's copyright on the earliest version of the character may be invalid due to ambiguity in the copyright notice for Steamboat Willie . The Walt Disney Company has become well known for protecting its trademark on the Mickey Mouse character -- whose likeness is closely associated with the company -- with particular zeal . In 1989 , Disney threatened legal action against three daycare centers in Florida for having Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters painted on their walls . The characters were removed , and rival Universal Studios replaced them with Universal cartoon characters . Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates In 1971 , a group of underground cartoonists calling themselves the Air Pirates , after a group of villains from early Mickey Mouse films , produced a comic called Air Pirates Funnies . In the first issue , cartoonist Dan O'Neill depicted Mickey and Minnie Mouse engaging in explicit sexual behavior and consuming drugs . As O'Neill explained , `` The air pirates were ... some sort of bizarre concept to steal the air , pirate the air , steal the media .... Since we were cartoonists , the logical thing was Disney . '' Rather than change the appearance or name of the character , which O'Neill felt would dilute the parody , the mouse depicted in Air Pirates Funnies looks like and is named `` Mickey Mouse '' . Disney sued for copyright infringement , and after a series of appeals , O'Neill eventually lost and was ordered to pay Disney $1.9 million . The outcome of the case remains controversial among free - speech advocates . New York Law School professor Edward Samuels said , `` ( The Air Pirates ) set parody back twenty years . '' Censorship In 1930 , The German Board of Film Censors prohibited any presentations of the Mickey Mouse cartoon The Barnyard Battle ( 1929 ) . The animated short , which features the mouse as a kepi - wearing soldier fighting cat enemies in German - style helmets , was viewed by censors as a negative portrayal of Germany . It was claimed by the board that the film would `` reawaken the latest anti-German feeling existing abroad since the War '' . The Barnyard Battle incident did not incite wider anti-Mickey sentiment in Germany in 1930 ; however , after Adolf Hitler came to power several years later , the Nazi regime unambiguously propagandized against Disney . A mid-1930s German newspaper article read : `` Mickey Mouse is the most miserable ideal ever revealed ... Healthy emotions tell every independent young man and every honorable youth that the dirty and filth - covered vermin , the greatest bacteria carrier in the animal kingdom , can not be the ideal type of animal ... Away with Jewish brutalization of the people ! Down with Mickey Mouse ! Wear the Swastika Cross ! '' American cartoonist and writer Art Spiegelman would later use this quote on the opening page of the second volume of his graphic novel Maus . In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas , purportedly fearing that children would be `` scared to see a ten - foot mouse in the movie theatre '' . In 1938 , based on the Ministry of Popular Culture 's recommendation that a reform was necessary `` to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution , '' the Italian Government banned foreign children 's literature except Mickey ; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the `` acknowledged artistic merit '' of Disney 's work . Actually , Mussolini 's children were fond of Mickey Mouse , so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible . In 1942 , after Italy declared war on the United States , fascism immediately forced Italian publishers to stop printing any Disney stories . Mickey 's stories were replaced by the adventures of Tuffolino , a new human character created by Federico Pedrocchi ( script ) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita ( art ) . After the downfall of Italy 's fascist government in 1945 , the ban was removed . Filmography Main article : List of Mickey Mouse films and appearances Mickey has been announced to star in two films . One is a live - action / CGI hybrid film based on the Magic Kingdom theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort , while the other is a film idea pitched by Walt Disney Animation Studios veteran Burny Mattinson centering on Mickey , Donald , and Goofy . Selected short films Steamboat Willie ( 1928 ) Plane Crazy ( 1929 ) The Karnival Kid ( 1929 ) Mickey 's Orphans ( 1931 ) Building a Building ( 1933 ) The Mad Doctor ( 1933 ) The Band Concert ( 1935 ) Thru the Mirror ( 1936 ) Moving Day ( 1936 ) Clock Cleaners ( 1937 ) Lonesome Ghosts ( 1937 ) Brave Little Tailor ( 1938 ) The Pointer ( 1939 ) The Nifty Nineties ( 1941 ) Lend a Paw ( 1941 ) Symphony Hour ( 1942 ) Squatter 's Rights ( 1946 ) Mickey and the Seal ( 1948 ) The Simple Things ( 1953 ) Mickey 's Christmas Carol ( 1983 ) Runaway Brain ( 1995 ) Get a Horse ! ( 2013 ) Full - length films Hollywood Party ( cameo , 1934 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( cameo , 1988 ) A Goofy Movie ( cameo , 1995 ) Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmas ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Mickey 's House of Villains ( 2002 ) Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers ( 2004 ) Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas ( 2004 ) Television series The Mickey Mouse Club ( 1955 -- 1959 ; 1977 -- 1979 ; 1989 -- 1994 ) Mickey Mouse Works ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Disney 's House of Mouse ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Mickey Mouse Clubhouse ( 2006 -- 2016 ) Mickey Mouse ( 2013 -- present ) Mickey and the Roadster Racers ( 2017 -- present ) See also Animation portal Cartoon portal Disney portal United States portal The Mickey Mouse Theater of the Air , radio program aired in 1938 Celebration Mickey , a 2 - foot - tall ( 0.61 m ) , 100 lb ( 45 kg ) , 24 - karat gold authentic Mickey Mouse sculpture Mickey Mouse Adventures , a short - lived comic starring Mickey Mouse as the protagonist Mickey Mouse universe , the phenomenon that has spawned from the Mickey Mouse series and other related characters Mouse Museum , a Russian museum featuring artifacts and memorabilia relating to Mickey Mouse Walt Disney ( 2015 PBS film ) Mickey Mouse Protection Act January 1 , 2024 , the very first Mickey Mouse cartoon , Steamboat Willie , will pass into the public domain References Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Archives - D23 '' . Jump up ^ `` Voice of Mickey Mouse dies - ABC News ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation ) '' . Abc.net.au . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Brooks ( November 4 , 2009 ) . `` After Mickey 's Makeover , Less Mr. Nice Guy '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barrier , Michael ( 2008 ) . The Animated Man : A Life of Walt Disney . University of California Press . p. 56 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25619 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Kenworthy , John ( 2001 ) . The Hand Behind the Mouse ( Disney ed . ) . New York . pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney : Conversations ( Conversations With Comic Artists Series ) by Kathy Merlock Jackson with Walt Disney `` ISBN 1 - 57806 - 713 - 8 page 120 Jump up ^ `` Mickey Mouse 's Magic - Tweentimes -- Indiatimes '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Mouse was going to be Mortimer Mo '' . Uselessknowledge.co.za . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Albin , Kira ( 1995 ) . `` Mickey Rooney : Hollywood , Religion and His Latest Show '' . GrandTimes.com . Senior Magazine . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Korkis , Jim ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` The Mickey Rooney - Mickey Mouse Myth '' . Mouse Planet . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Korkis 2012 , pp. 157 -- 161 Jump up ^ Luling , Todd Van ( 10 December 2015 ) . `` Here 's One Thing You Did n't Know About Disney 's Origin Story '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Kindelan , Katie ( 29 November 2011 ) . `` Lost Inspiration for Mickey Mouse Discovered in England Film Archive '' . ABC News . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Suddath , Claire . `` A Brief History of Mickey Mouse . '' Time . November 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Holliss , Richard ; Brian Sibley ( 1986 ) . Walt Disney 's Mickey Mouse : His Life and Times . New York : Harper & Row . pp. 40 -- 45 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015619 - 8 . Jump up ^ Apgar , Garry ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` A Mickey Mouse Reader '' . Univ . Press of Mississippi -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Caswell , Estelle . `` Why cartoon characters wear gloves '' . Jump up ^ `` The Minstrel Show Never Faded Away '' . Jump up ^ Davis , James C. ( January 1 , 2007 ) . `` Commerce in Color : Race , Consumer Culture , and American Literature , 1893 - 1933 '' . University of Michigan Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Sammond , Nicholas ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Birth of an Industry : Blackface Minstrelsy and the Rise of American Animation '' . Duke University Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` 1928 : Plane Crazy '' . Disney Shorts . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1928 : Plane Crazy '' . Disney Shorts . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2011 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney Treasures - Mickey Mouse in Black and White ( 1932 ) at Amazon.com ; the product description of this Disney - produced DVD set describes Steamboat Willie as Mickey 's debut . Jump up ^ Mickey Mouse on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Felix the Cat '' . Toontracker.com . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Ian ( 2002 ) . `` Felix the Cat '' . St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mickey was first pictured with a real human in Fantasia in silhouette . Later a famous statue of Mickey and Walt Disney at Disneyland would maintain Mickey 's size . Jump up ^ `` Disney Shorts : 1930 : Minnie 's Yoo Hoo '' . The Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Polsson , Ken ( June 2 , 2010 ) . Chronology of Walt Disney 's Mickey Mouse ( 1930 -- 1931 ) Ken Polsson personal page . Jump up ^ Polsson , Ken ( June 2 , 2010 ) . Chronology of Walt Disney 's Mickey Mouse ( 1932 -- 1934 ) Ken Polsson personal page . Jump up ^ DeMille , William ( November 1935 ) . `` Mickey vs. Popeye '' . The Forum . Jump up ^ Koszarski , Richard ( 1976 ) . Hollywood directors , 1914 -- 1940 , Volume 1 . Oxford University Press . ( Quotes DeMille. 1935 ) . Jump up ^ Calma , Gordan ( May 17 , 2005 ) . Popeye 's Popularity -- Article from 1935 Archived July 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . GAC Forums . ( Quotes DeMille , 1935 ) . Jump up ^ Solomon , Charles . `` The Golden Age of Mickey Mouse '' . Dinsey.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2007 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Polsson , Ken ( June 2 , 2010 ) . Chronology of the Walt Disney Company ( 1935 -- 1939 ) . Ken Polsson personal page . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Charles . `` The Golden Age of Mickey Mouse '' . Disney.com guest services . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Charles . `` Mickey in the Post-War Era '' . Disney.com guest services . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Connelly , Brendon ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` SCOOP : Mickey Mouse 's First Feature Length Film Being Developed At Disney '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Mouse 's first new short in 50 years ; iconic character gets new retro look for big return to cartoon shorts to be featured on Disney Channel , '' Don Kaplan , New York Daily News , December 3 , 2013 Jump up ^ Mickey Mouse in 2017 's DuckTales Jump up ^ `` Your Host , Walt Disney Review '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Korkis , Jim ( 2014 ) . The Book of Mouse : A Celebration of Mickey Mouse . Theme Park Press . ISBN 0984341501 . Jump up ^ `` DisneylandRecords.com - 3811 An Adaptation Of Dickens ' Christmas Carol '' . Jump up ^ `` Dickens ' Christmas Carol by Disneyland Records - MouseVinyl.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Disney Legends -- Wayne Allwine '' . Legends.disney.go.com . May 18 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Allwine , Voice of Mickey Mouse for 32 Years , Passes Away at Age 62 `` Disney D23 '' . D23.disney.go.com . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Major , B.J. `` A Disney Discography '' . Jump up ^ Character Records by Steve Burns - StartedByAMouse.com Features Section Archived March 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dave ( October 18 , 2008 ) . `` Children 's Records & More : TALKING MICKEY MOUSE READALONG BOOKS AND CASSETTES '' . Jump up ^ `` Talking Mickey Mouse Show , The ( 1986 , Toy ) Voice Cast '' . Jump up ^ Korkis , Jim . `` A New Mouse Voice In Town by Wade Sampson '' . Mouseplanet . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Disney on Ice Celebrations features Princess Tiana and Mickey 's New Voice , Bret Iwan -- The Latest '' . Laughingplace.com . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Blake ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Shorts Debut with New Voice for Mickey Mouse '' . The Rotoscopers . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Dave ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Dave Smith Reveals Where the `` 33 '' in Disneyland 's Exclusive and Famed Club 33 Comes From `` . D23 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2014 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Korkis , Jim ( August 10 , 2003 ) . `` The Uncensored Mouse '' blog ; Jim Hill Media . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Mouse In Egypt ! Comic Book Guide '' . Comicbookguide.wordpress.com . March 12 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kay Kamen at disney.com ^ Jump up to : Claire Suddath ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` A Brief History of Mickey Mouse '' . time.com . Time , Inc . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE SYDNEY TARTS : Gérald Genta '' . Thesydneytarts.blogspot.com . November 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Original Mickey Mouse Watch : 11,000 Sold in One Day & Robert Langdon 's Choice at hodinkee.com Archived October 15 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Dance Star Mickey From Fisher - Price '' . Fisher-price.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Star Mickey From Fisher - Price '' . Fisher-price.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Auletta , Kate ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` Obama Disney World Visit : President Touts Tourism , Mickey 's Big Ears During Speech '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mickey 's House and Meet Mickey at disney.com ^ Jump up to : Craig Bellamy ; Gordon Chisholm ; Hilary Eriksen ( February 17 , 2006 ) . `` Moomba : A festival for the people '' ( PDF ) . City of Melbourne . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Peter ( June 10 , 2008 ) . `` Write in Mickey Mouse for President '' . Whatisfairuse.blogspot.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MM among top write - in candidates in Wichita elections '' . Nbcactionnews.com . Associated Press . January 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rigsby , G.G. ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Elvis , Mickey Mouse and God get write - in votes '' . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Jaime ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` If You Give a Mouse a Vote '' . The American Prospect . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vote drives defended , despite fake names -- St. Petersburg Times '' . Google.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The ACORN investigations '' . The Economist . October 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Miller , John ( 2009 ) . The lingo dictionary : of favourite Australian words and phrases . Wollombi , N.S.W. : Exisle Publishing . p. 180 . ISBN 9781921497049 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan . `` 1983 - 84 : Growing Pains Lead to Promise '' . New Jersey Devils . Retrieved March 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Demolition Man Script - transcript from the screenplay and / or Sandra Bullock , Wesley Snipes , and Sylvester Stallone movie '' . March 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ' Irresponsible ' Hodge under fire '' . BBC News . January 14 , 2003 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Film music '' . BBC . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . When the music is precisely synchronised with events on screen this is known as Mickey - Mousing , eg someone slipping on a banana skin could use a descending scale followed by a cymbal crash . Mickey - Mousing is often found in comedy films . Jump up ^ Forno , Richard ( November 28 , 2001 ) . `` ' Microsoft , ' No . ' Mickeysoft ' , Yes '' . InfoWarrior . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2001 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What does Mickey Mouse Have To Do With The European Parliament ? '' . EU - Oplysnigen ( Denmark ) . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved August 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hinton , Ed ( September 28 , 2001 ) . `` F1 Drivers Knock Indy '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Mickey Rodent ! '' ( Mad # 19 ) `` . Johnglenntaylor.blogspot.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Simpsons Movie ( 2007 ) -- Memorable Quotes . The Internet Movie Database ( IMDb ) Archived June 21 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved on March 20 , 2008 ... Retrieved on March 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Menn , Joseph ( August 22 , 2008 ) . `` Disney 's rights to young Mickey Mouse may be wrong '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Daycare Center Murals . Snopes.com , updated September 17 , 2007 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mann , Ron . Director ( 1989 ) . Comic Book Confidential . Sphinx Productions . Jump up ^ Levin , Bob ( 2003 ) . The Pirates and the Mouse : Disney 's War Against the Counterculture . Fantagraphics Books . ISBN 1 - 56097 - 530 - X . Jump up ^ The full 1929 cartoon The Barnyard Battle ( 7 : 48 ) is available for viewing on YouTube . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Times ( July 14 , 1930 ) . `` Mickey Mouse in Trouble ( German Censorship ) '' , The Times Archive ( archive.timesonline.co.uk ) . Retrieved November 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hungerford , Amy ( January 15 , 2003 ) . The Holocaust of Texts . University Of Chicago Press . p. 206 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 36076 - 8 . Jump up ^ LaCapra , Dominick ( March 1998 ) . History and Memory After Auschwitz . Cornell University Press . p. 214 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8496 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Jack ( August 2 , 1992 ) . `` On language ; Mickey - Mousing '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Conner , Floyd ( 2002 ) . `` Hollywood 's Most Wanted : The Top 10 Book of Lucky Breaks , Prima Donnas , Box Office Bombs , and Other Oddities . illustrated '' . Brassey 's Inc. p. 243 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ The Times ( November 16 , 1938 ) . `` The Banning of a Mouse '' . archive.timesonline.co.uk . London : The Times Archive . p. 15 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Evening Post , Volume CXXVI , Issue 151 , December 23 , 1938 ( November 16 , 1938 ) . `` Mickey Mouse reprieved '' . paperspast . p. 16 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Francesco De Giacomo , Quando il duce salvò Topolino , IF terza serie , n . 4 , 1995 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc . `` Jon Favreau enters Disney 's ' Magic Kingdom ' '' , Variety , November 10 , 2010 . WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Watch : ' Mickey and the Roadster Racers ' to Debut on Disney Junior in 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Bibliography Korkis , Jim ( November 30 , 2012 ) . Who is Afraid of the Song of the South ? . Theme Park Press . ISBN 0984341552 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mickey Mouse . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Mickey Mouse Disney 's Mickey Mouse character page Mickey Mouse at the INDUCKS Mickey Mouse on IMDb Mickey Mouse 's Campaign Website ( as archived on August 3 , 2008 ) Wayne Allwine -- Daily Telegraph obituary Mickey Mouse comic strip reprints at Creators Syndicate Mickey Mouse at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Disney core universe characters Primary Mickey Mouse Minnie Mouse Pluto Goofy Donald Duck Daisy Duck Secondary Pete Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Clarabelle Cow Horace Horsecollar Huey , Dewey , and Louie Duck José Carioca Chip ' n ' Dale Panchito Pistoles Ludwig Von Drake Scrooge McDuck Magica De Spell Darkwing Duck Gladstone Gander Gyro Gearloose Flintheart Glomgold Max Goof Humphrey the Bear Jiminy Cricket Pete Junior The Phantom Blot John D. Rockerduck Julius the Cat Groups The Beagle Boys Mickey Mouse universe characters Donald Duck universe characters Duck family Clan McDuck PKNA DuckTales characters villains Mickey Mouse in animation Short films Steamboat Willie The Barn Dance The Gallopin ' Gaucho Plane Crazy The Opry House When the Cat 's Away The Barnyard Battle The Karnival Kid Mickey 's Choo - Choo Mickey 's Follies The Plow Boy The Jazz Fool Wild Waves Jungle Rhythm The Haunted House The Barnyard Concert Just Mickey The Cactus Kid The Fire Fighters The Shindig The Chain Gang The Gorilla Mystery The Picnic Pioneer Days The Birthday Party Traffic Troubles The Castaway The Moose Hunt The Delivery Boy Mickey Steps Out Blue Rhythm Fishin ' Around The Barnyard Broadcast The Beach Party Mickey Cuts Up Mickey 's Orphans The Duck Hunt The Grocery Boy The Mad Dog The Barnyard Olympics Mickey 's Revue Musical Farmer Mickey in Arabia Mickey 's Nightmare Trader Mickey The Whoopee Party Touchdown Mickey The Klondike Kid The Wayward Canary Mickey 's Good Deed Building a Building The Mad Doctor Mickey 's Pal Pluto Mickey 's Mellerdrammer Ye Olden Days The Mail Pilot Mickey 's Mechanical Man Mickey 's Gala Premier Puppy Love The Steeple Chase The Pet Store Giantland Shanghaied Camping Out Playful Pluto Gulliver Mickey Mickey 's Steam Roller Orphan 's Benefit Mickey Plays Papa The Dognapper Two - Gun Mickey Mickey 's Man Friday The Band Concert Mickey 's Service Station Mickey 's Kangaroo Mickey 's Garden Mickey 's Fire Brigade Pluto 's Judgement Day On Ice Mickey 's Polo Team Orphan 's Picnic Mickey 's Grand Opera Thru the Mirror Mickey 's Rival Moving Day Alpine Climbers Mickey 's Circus Donald and Pluto Mickey 's Elephant The Worm Turns Magician Mickey Moose Hunters Mickey 's Amateurs Hawaiian Holiday Clock Cleaners Lonesome Ghosts Boat Builders Mickey 's Trailer The Whalers Mickey 's Parrot Brave Little Tailor Society Dog Show Mickey 's Surprise Party The Pointer Tugboat Mickey Pluto 's Dream House Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip The Little Whirlwind A Gentleman 's Gentleman Canine Caddy The Nifty Nineties Lend a Paw Mickey 's Birthday Party Symphony Hour Pluto and the Armadillo Squatter 's Rights Mickey 's Delayed Date Mickey Down Under Mickey and the Seal R'coon Dawg Pluto 's Party Pluto 's Christmas Tree The Simple Things Mickey 's Christmas Carol The Prince and the Pauper Runaway Brain Get a Horse ! Feature films Fantasia Fun and Fancy Free Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmas Fantasia 2000 Mickey 's Magical Christmas Mickey 's House of Villains Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas TV series The Mickey Mouse Club The Mouse Factory Good Morning , Mickey ! Mickey 's Mouse Tracks Mickey Mouse and Friends Mickey Mouse Works Disney 's House of Mouse ( episodes ) Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Mickey Mouse Mickey and the Roadster Racers Fantasia Fantasia ( 1940 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Conductors Leopold Stokowski ( Fantasia ) Irwin Kostal ( 1982 digital re-recording ) James Levine ( Fantasia 2000 ) Segments Fantasia Toccata and Fugue in D minor The Nutcracker Suite The Sorcerer 's Apprentice The Rite of Spring Symphony No. 6 Dance of the Hours Night on Bald Mountain / Ave Maria Fantasia 2000 Symphony No. 5 Pines of Rome Rhapsody in Blue Piano Concerto No. 2 The Carnival of the Animals The Sorcerer 's Apprentice Pomp and Circumstance Marches The Firebird Suite Characters Mickey Mouse Donald Duck Daisy Duck Chernabog Yen Sid Video games Fantasia ( 1991 ) Disney Magical World ( 2013 ) Disney Infinity ( 2013 ) Fantasia : Music Evolved ( 2014 ) Related A Corny Concerto ( 1943 film ) Gumbasia ( 1955 film ) Allegro Non Troppo ( 1977 film ) Destino ( 2003 ) Lorenzo ( 2004 ) Fantasia Gardens Fantasmic ! Fantasound The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Sorcerer 's Hat Disney Fantasia : Live in Concert Kingdom Hearts Epic Mickey Once Upon a Time Ten Pieces Deems Taylor See also : Category Epic Mickey Video games Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two Power of Illusion Production Warren Spector Junction Point Studios Universe Mickey Mouse Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Gremlins Phantom Blot Pete The Mad Doctor Ortensia Creators Syndicate Comics Currently syndicated Agnes Andy Capp Archie Ask Shagg Ballard Street B.C. The Barn Boo Crew Cafe Con Leche Chuckle Bros Daddy 's Home Diamond Lil The Dinette Set Donald Duck Doodles Dog Eat Doug The Dogs of C - Kennel Flo & Friends Flare Flight Deck For Heaven 's Sake Free Range Girls & Sports Heathcliff Herb and Jamaal Liberty Meadows Mickey Mouse The Meaning of Lila Momma Nest Heads Natural Selection On a Claire Day One Big Happy The Other Coast The Quigmans Rubes Rugrats Scary Gary Speed Bump State of the Union Strange Brew Thin Lines Wee Pals Winnie the Pooh The Wizard of Id Working It Out Zack Hill BNF : cb120615020 ( data ) GND : 119064839 ISNI : 0000 0003 5932 6542 LCCN : nb2015012767 MusicBrainz : c544ffda - 740f - 47a4 - 942a - 51c797bde8c1 SUDOC : 028868803 VIAF : 217068324 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mickey_Mouse&oldid=840485670 '' Categories : Mickey Mouse Characters in Disney package films Corporate mascots Magazine mascots Disney comics characters Disney core universe characters Male characters in animation Fictional anthropomorphic characters Fictional characters introduced in 1928 Fictional mice and rats Fictional detectives Anthropomorphic mice and rats Fictional characters from Calisota Kingdom Hearts characters Rodent mascots Fictional characters who use magic Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2015 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Akan Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Picard Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Reo tahiti Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Tshivenda Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 132 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 05 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the name of the first ever mickey mouse cartoon	[ "Mickey first appeared in the short Plane Crazy, debuting publicly in the short film Steamboat Willie (1928), one of the first sound cartoons. He went on to appear in over 130 films, including The Band Concert (1935), Brave Little Tailor (1938), and Fantasia (1940). Mickey appeared primarily in short films, but also occasionally in feature-length films. Ten of Mickey's cartoons were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, one of which, Lend a Paw, won the award in 1942. In 1978, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame." ]	[ "Plane Crazy" ]
8895872720011652012	Bidet	Bidet - wikipedia Bidet Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia 's layout guidelines . Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A modern bidet of the traditional type Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Bidet '' dated 2010 - 04 - 18 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles A bidet ( US : / bɪˈdeɪ / ( listen ) or UK : / ˈbiːdeɪ / ) is a plumbing fixture or type of sink intended for washing the genitalia , perineum , inner buttocks , and anus of the human body , and is typically installed in a bathroom . Lower - cost add - ons combining a toilet seat and `` electronic bidet '' are becoming increasingly popular as well . `` Bidet '' is a French loanword . Contents ( hide ) 1 Applications 2 Types 2.1 Bidet shower 2.2 Conventional or standalone bidet 2.3 Add - on bidets 3 Health aspects 4 Environmental aspects 5 Society and culture 5.1 Prevalence 6 Etymology 7 History 8 See also 9 References Applications ( edit ) Bidets are primarily used to wash and clean the genitalia , perineum , inner buttocks , and anus . Traditional designs may also be used to clean any other part of the human body , such as the feet . Despite appearing similar to a toilet , a traditional bidet may be more accurately compared to a sink . There are also bidets that are attachable to ordinary toilet bowls . They have the advantage of being inexpensive and saving space . They are not meant to replace the use of toilet paper but instead to be used with soap in addition to it , after paper has been used , to achieve full cleanliness without immediately having to take a shower . Some bidets have a vertical jet intended to give easy access for washing and rinsing the perineum and anal area achieving a high level of cleanliness . Types ( edit ) Bidet shower ( edit ) Main article : Bidet shower A Finnish bidet shower . A bidet shower ( also known as `` bidet spray '' , `` bidet sprayer '' , or `` health faucet '' ) is a hand - held triggered nozzle , similar to that on a kitchen sink sprayer , that delivers a spray of water to assist in anal cleansing and cleaning the genitals after defecation and urination . In contrast to a bidet that is integrated with the toilet , a bidet shower has to be held by the hands , and cleaning does not take place automatically . Bidet showers are common in countries where water is considered essential for anal cleansing . Drawbacks include the possibility of wetting a user 's clothing if used carelessly . In addition , a user must be reasonably mobile and flexible to use a hand - held bidet shower . Conventional or standalone bidet ( edit ) A 20th century bidet ( foreground ) A bidet is a plumbing fixture that is installed as a separate unit in the bathroom besides toilet , shower and sink , which users have to straddle . Some bidets resemble a large hand basin , with taps and a stopper so they can be filled up ; other designs have a nozzle that squirts a jet of water to aid in cleansing . Add - on bidets ( edit ) Main article : Add - on bidet - Electronic bidet Add - on electronic toilet seat bidet In the past , getting a bidet meant installing a completely new plumbing unit into the bathroom . Newer bidets are often no longer standalone units : A bidet may be a movable or fixed nozzle attached to an existing toilet on back or side toilet rim , or a part of the toilet itself . In these cases , their use is restricted to cleaning the anus and genitals . Some bidets of this type produce a vertical water jet and others a more or less oblique one . Others have one nozzle on the side rim for both anal and genital areas , and other designs have two nozzles on the back rim , the shorter one , called the `` family nozzle '' , is used for washing the area around the anus , and the longer one ( `` bidet nozzle '' ) is designed for women to wash their vulvas . Such attachable bidets ( also called `` combined toilets '' , `` bidet attachments '' , or `` add - on bidets '' ) are controlled either mechanically or electronically . Mechanically controlled bidets tend to be simple mechanisms manually controlled by a valve . Electronic bidets are controlled with waterproof electrical switches rather than with a traditional manual valve . There are models that have a heating element which blows warm air to dry the user after washing , that offer heated seats , wireless remote controls , illumination through built in night lights , or built in deodorizers and activated carbon filters to remove odors . Further refinements include adjustable water pressure , temperature compensation , and directional spray control . Where bathroom appearance is of concern , under - the - seat mounting types have become more popular . An add - on bidet typically connects to the existing water supply of a toilet via the addition of a threaded tee pipe adapter , and requires no soldering or other plumbing work . Electronic add - on bidets also require a GFCI protected grounded electrical outlet . Health aspects ( edit ) Because of the large surface of the sink , disinfection of stand - alone bidets is difficult , so microbial contamination from one user to the next could take place . Bidet attachments are sometimes included on hospital toilets because of their utility in maintaining hygiene . Warm - water bidets may harbor dangerous microbes if not properly disinfected. . Environmental aspects ( edit ) From an environmental standpoint , bidets can reduce the need for toilet paper , saving households money on paper products and allowing users to reduce their carbon footprint by reducing their paper waste over time . Considering that an average person uses only 1 / 8th gallon of water for cleansing using a bidet , much less water is used compared to the amount of water required to make toilet paper . An article in Scientific American concluded that using a bidet is `` much less stressful on the environment than using paper . '' Society and culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Prevalence ( edit ) Bidets are becoming increasingly popular with the ageing community , or for use among people with physical disabilities . These combined units make independent toileting possible for many people , affording greater independence . These are often special units with higher toilet seats allowing easier wheelchair transfer , and with some form of electronic remote control that benefits an individual with limited mobility or requiring assistance . Bidets are common bathroom fixtures in many southern European countries , especially Italy , where they are found in 97 % of households ( the installation of a bidet in a bathroom has been mandatory since 1975 ) , Spain , and Portugal ( installation is mandatory also since 1975 ) . Additionally , they are rather widespread , although not standard , in France , and within Europe are often found in Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Germany , Hungary , Slovenia , Malta , and Greece . Outside of Europe , they are very popular in some South American countries , notably in Argentina and Uruguay . Electronic bidet - integrated toilets , along with functions like toilet seat warmers , are commonly found in Japan . In northern Europe , bidets are rare , although in Finland bidet showers are common . Bidet showers are also common in South - East Asia , South Asia and Middle East . In 1980 , the first `` paperless toilet '' was launched in Japan by manufacturer Toto , a combination of toilet and bidet which also dries the user after washing . These combination toilet - bidets ( washlet ) with seat warmers , or attachable bidets are particularly popular in Japan and South Korea , and are found in approximately 76 % of Japanese households as of 2015 . They are commonly found in hotels and even some public facilities . These bidet - toilets , along with toilet seat and bidet units ( to convert an existing toilet ) are sold in many countries , including the United States . Bidet seat conversions are much easier and lower cost to install than traditional bidets , and have disrupted the market for the older fixtures . Acceptance worldwide is facilitated by cultural preferences for washing , as well as poor quality and availability of toilet paper in many parts of the world . After a slow start in the 1990s , electronic bidets are gaining increasing popularity in the United States . In the UK , toilet - integrated bidets with drying facility are becoming more widespread for use among people with physical disabilities . Etymology ( edit ) Bidet is a French word for `` pony '' , and in Old French , bider meant `` to trot '' . This etymology comes from the notion that one `` rides '' or straddles a bidet much like a pony is ridden . The word `` bidet '' was used in 15th century France to refer to the pet ponies that French royalty kept . History ( edit ) The bidet appears to have been an invention of French furniture makers in the late 17th century , although no exact date or inventor is known . The earliest written reference to the bidet is in 1726 in Italy . Even though there are records of Maria Carolina of Austria , Queen of Naples and Sicily , requesting a bidet for her personal bathroom in the Royal Palace of Caserta in the second half of the 18th century , the bidet did not diffuse in Italy until after WWII . The bidet is possibly associated with the chamber pot and the bourdaloue , the latter being a small , hand - held chamber pot . Historical antecedents and early functions of the bidet are believed to include devices used for contraception . Bidets are considered ineffective by today 's standards of contraception , and their use for this function was quickly abandoned and forgotten with the advent of modern contraceptives such as the pill . By 1900 , due to plumbing improvements , the bidet ( and chamber pot ) moved from the bedroom to the bathroom . This was common in French palaces . In the United States in 1928 John Harvey Kellogg applied for a patent on an `` anal douche '' . In his application , he uses the term to describe a system comparable to what today might be called a bidet nozzle which can be attached to a toilet to perform anal cleansing with water . In 1965 the American Bidet Company featured an adjustable spray nozzle and warm water option seeking to make the bidet a household item . The early 1980s saw the introduction of the electronic bidet from Japan , with names such as Clean Sense , Galaxy , Infinity , Novita and non electric chrome plated brass attachments such as Gobidet . These devices have attachments that connect to existing toilet arrangements , and can be used for bathrooms lacking the space for both a separate bidet and toilet having advantages such as instant heating warm water , night lights and a heated seat . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bidets . Look up bidet in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Toilets in Japan Toilet seat Washlet References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Manjoo , Farhad ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Electronic Bidet Toilet Seat Is the Luxury You Wo n't Want to Live Without '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ J UOEH. 2014 Jun 1 ; 36 ( 2 ) : 135 - 9 . A survey on bacterial contamination of lavage water in electric warm - water lavage toilet seats and of the gluteal cleft after lavage. Katano H1 , Yokoyama K ^ Jump up to : `` Wipe or Wash ? Do Bidets Save Forest and Water Resources ? '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Decreto ministeriale Sanità , 5 July 1975 , art . 7 . Jump up ^ Decreto - Lei n. o 650 / 75 de 18 de Novembro ( in Portuguese ) , 18 November 1975 , art . 84 Jump up ^ `` Bidets in Finland '' Jump up ^ `` In modern world , even toilets are becoming paperless '' . The Augusta Chronicle . March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Toilet Timeline '' . World Toilet Organization . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2009 . Retrieved 20 Dec 2009 . Jump up ^ Diseases of the Colon & Rectum ( Volume 49 , Number 7 ) pp. 1082 - 1083 , doi : 10.1007 / s10350 - 006 - 0553 - y Jump up ^ `` Toilet Timeline '' on the World Toilet Organization website Jump up ^ Storia del bidet , Un grande contenitore ideologico ( History of the bidet ) ( in Italian ) . Castelvecchi. 2003 . ISBN 9788882101114 . Jump up ^ Made in Naples . Come Napoli ha civilizzato l'Europa ( e come continua a farlo ) ( Made in Naples . How Naples civilised Europe ( And still does it ) ) ( in Italian ) . Addictions - Magenes Editoriale. 2013 . ISBN 8866490393 . Jump up ^ Bullough , Verne ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of Birth Control . ABC - CLIO . Jump up ^ Museum of Contraception and Abortion . `` The bidet is for vaginal rinsing '' . Jump up ^ A United States patent US1787481 A , John Harvey Kellogg , `` Anal douche '' , published Jan 6 , 1931 ( hide ) Toilets Equipment Automatic toilet paper dispenser Ballcock Bedpan Bidet Bidet shower Brush Cistern Commode Electronic bidet Flushometer Roll holder Seat Seat cover Self - cleaning toilet bowl Self - cleaning toilet seat Toilet Toilet paper Trap ( U-bend ) Types Aircraft Arborloo Blair Bucket Cathole Chemical Composting Container - based Dry Dual flush Flush Freezing Head ( boat ) Hudo ( Scouting ) Incinerating Latrine Low - flush On - board Passenger train Pay Pit Pig Portable Public Sanisette ( self - cleaning ) Space Squat Treebog Urine - diverting dry Vacuum Washlet ( combined toilet and bidet ) Cultural aspects Accessible Adult diaper Bathroom privileges Feminine hygiene Honeywagon ( vehicle ) Incontinence pad Islamic toilet etiquette Istinja Latrinalia Privatization of public toilets Sex segregation in public restrooms Toilet god Toilet humor Toilet paper orientation Toilet - related injuries and deaths Toilet Twinning Unisex public Vacuum truck Jobs and activities Manual scavenging Slopping out Toileting Toilet training Washroom attendant Urine - related aspects Female urination device Interactive urinal Pissoir Pollee Urination Urinal Urinal ( health care ) Urine collection device Urine diversion Feces - related aspects Anal cleansing Defecation Defecation postures Fecal sludge management Flying toilet Open defecation Scatology Places Outhouse Rest area Shit Museum Sulabh International Museum of Toilets Toilet ( room ) Toilets in Japan Historical terms Aphedron Chamber pot Close stool Garderobe Gong farmer Groom of the stool Night soil Pail closet Privy midden Reredorter See also History of water supply and sanitation Sanitation Sewage treatment World Toilet Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bidet&oldid=843452552 '' Categories : Bathroom equipment Plumbing French inventions Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from January 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( US English ) Articles needing additional references from June 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi Lëtzebuergesch Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 07 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the toilet looking thing in european bathrooms	[]	[]
-1235889994090143912	Laban (Book of Mormon)	Laban ( Book of Mormon ) - wikipedia Laban ( Book of Mormon ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a person in the Book of Mormon . For other uses , see Laban ( disambiguation ) . This article uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them . Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources , with multiple points of view . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Laban ( / ˈleɪ. bən / ) was the name of a person in the first part of the Book of Mormon , a scripture of the Latter Day Saint movement . Although he only makes a brief appearance in the narrative , his brass plates would play an important role amongst the Nephites , who are the book 's main protagonists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Retrieving Laban 's brass record 3 The content of the brass plates 4 Sword of Laban 5 Book of the Law of the Lord 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) In the book of First Nephi , chapters three and four , Laban is described as a notable citizen of Jerusalem who commanded great wealth and many servants . Among his possessions was a set of brass plates containing the genealogy of Lehi , a major character in the early portion of the Book of Mormon . Lehi , having left the city with his family in response to God 's command , enjoined his four sons to return to Jerusalem and retrieve them : `` For behold , Laban hath the record of the Jews and also a genealogy of my forefathers , and they are engraven upon plates of brass . '' Lehi furthermore stated that this injunction did not originate with himself , but with the Lord , who had spoken to him on this matter in a dream . Retrieving Laban 's brass record ( edit ) Lehi 's two older sons , Laman and Lemuel , were reluctant to obey their father 's order at first , fearful of Laban 's power and ruthless reputation . However , Lehi 's fourth son , Nephi , vowed that he would obey God 's command : `` For I know that the Lord giveth no commandments unto the children of men , save he shall prepare a way for them that they may accomplish the thing which he commandeth them . '' Accordingly , the four sons of Lehi set out for Jerusalem . First , Laman went to Laban alone to request the records , but Laban cast Laman out of his house and threatened to kill him . Next , Nephi and his brothers offered all of their valuables to Laban in return for the brass plates . Laban took the family 's goods but then refused to keep his end of the deal , ordering his men to slay Lehi 's sons . After fleeing Jerusalem , the elder brothers Laman and Lemuel were angry with Lehi and their younger , more faithful , brothers Sam and Nephi , so they beat their siblings with rods . Suddenly , an angel appeared , commanding the elder duo to desist and all of them to return forthwith to the city , where Laban would fall into their hands . Laman and Lemuel demurred : `` Behold , he is a mighty man , and he can command fifty , yea , even he can slay fifty ; then why not us ? '' Though Nephi encouraged his brothers by reminding them of God 's might , it was only with great reluctance that they agreed to press on . Undaunted , Nephi slipped back into Jerusalem alone that night , where he soon found Laban lying unconscious in a drunken stupor . The Spirit of God told Nephi to kill Laban with his own sword and seize the records , saying `` It is better that one man should perish than that a nation should dwindle and perish in unbelief . '' After complying , Nephi disguised himself as Laban and entered his house . There he found one of Laban 's servants , Zoram , whom he commanded to retrieve the brass plates and to follow him out of the city . Zoram obeyed , joining Nephi and his family in their journey to the New World . The content of the brass plates ( edit ) Upon returning to his family in the wilderness , Nephi turned over the `` Plates of Laban '' to Lehi , who made a complete inspection of them . Lehi determined that the plates contained : The Five Books of Moses ( the Jewish Torah ) ; A history of the Jewish people , down to the reign of ( then current ) King Zedekiah ; The prophecies of the Israelite prophets down to Jeremiah , seen in the Book of Mormon as a contemporary of Lehi ; and A genealogy of all the tribes of Israel including a genealogy of Lehi 's own ancestors , revealing him to be a descendant of Joseph , son of the patriarch Jacob . After reading the contents of the brass plates , Lehi prophesied that they would `` never be dimmed any more by time , '' and that they would ultimately `` go forth unto all nations , kindreds , tongues , and people who were of his seed . '' Sword of Laban ( edit ) When Nephi encountered the unconscious Laban , he noticed that Laban was wearing a fine sword made of `` precious steel '' with a hilt of `` pure gold . '' After slaying Laban , Nephi took this sword for himself . He would later use it as a model for manufacturing similar weapons for his people 's defense . Apparently Laban 's sword was passed down through the centuries to future prophets , kings , and warriors , as it is mentioned many centuries later in the Book of Mormon . Mormon orthodoxy maintains that the sword exists to the present day , and was hidden away with the Gold Plates found by Joseph Smith . Book of the Law of the Lord ( edit ) James J. Strang , the first of several contenders to succeed Joseph Smith during the 1844 succession crisis , asserted that he had been given the `` Plates of Laban '' in fulfillment of Lehi 's prophecy . His translation of selections from them was published in 1851 as The Book of the Law of the Lord : Being a Translation from the Egyptian of the Law Given to Moses in Sinai . In its preface , Strang clearly identifies the `` Plates of Laban '' as the source for most of his book . Strang 's Book of the Law comprises a constitution for a Mormon monarchy , wherein the Prophet - leader of the Latter Day Saint church equally rules as king over God 's kingdom on earth . His 1856 expanded version also contains other revelations and teachings by Strang to enhance understanding of the work . The Book of the Law was seen by Strang as making up only a portion of the Plates of Laban , rather than the whole , showing that it was a more complete bible that included books now lost . The Book of Mormon also claims this in reference to works by Zenos and Zenock , prophets who lived in Jerusalem , but are now unknown to history . Seven witnesses testified to having seen and handled the plates Strang claimed to possess . They described the plates as being eighteen in number , each measuring approximately seven and three - eighths inches wide , by nine inches long . The plates themselves were `` occasionally embellished with beautiful pictures , '' and all appeared to be of `` beautiful antique workmanship , bearing a striking resemblance to the ancient oriental languages . '' The subsequent history of Strang 's `` Plates of Laban , '' and their current whereabouts , is a mystery . The Book of the Law of the Lord is not viewed as sacred scripture to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( Brighamite ) or Community of Christ ( Josephite ) churches , the two largest factions of the Latter Day Saint movement , although the Community of Christ ( then RLDS ) was formed primarily of Strang 's followers under Joseph Smith III , and held the book as sacred until Strang was official decanonized due to persecution and the scandal surrounding polygamy . See also ( edit ) Latter - day Saints portal Book of Mormon portal The Book of Mormon Movie , Vol. 1 : The Journey Zoram Book of Mormon chronology List of plates ( Latter Day Saint movement ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ LDS.org : `` Book of Mormon Pronunciation Guide '' ( retrieved 2012 - 02 - 25 ) , IPA - ified from `` lā _́ bun '' Jump up ^ 1 Nephi 3 : 3 . Jump up ^ 1 Nephi 3 : 2 . Jump up ^ 1 Nephi 3 : 7 . Jump up ^ 1 Nephi 3 : 13 . Jump up ^ 1 Nephi 3 : 25 . Jump up ^ 1 Nephi 3 : 31 . Jump up ^ 1 Nephi 4 : 4 . Jump up ^ 1 Nephi 4 : 13 . Jump up ^ 1 Nephi 4 : 20 . Jump up ^ 1 Nephi 4 : 24 . Jump up ^ 1 Nephi 5 : 11 . Jump up ^ 1 Nephi 5 : 12 . Zedekiah 's story is found in II Kings 24 : 18 - 25 : 7 and II Chronicles 36 : 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ 1 Nephi 5 : 13 . Jump up ^ 1 Nephi 5 : 14 . Jump up ^ 1 Nephi 5 : 19 . Jump up ^ 1 Nephi 5 : 18 . Jump up ^ 1 Nephi 4 : 9 . Jump up ^ 2 Nephi 5 : 14 . Jump up ^ Mosiah 1 : 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Destiny of the Sword of Laban '' . About.com . Retrieved 2006 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Book of the Law of the Lord , Being a Translation from the Egyptian of the Law Given to Moses in Sinai Archived 2007 - 10 - 13 at the Wayback Machine ... ( The Royal Press , St. James , 1856 ) , pp. 312 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.strangite.org/Law.htm . See under Table of Contents . Jump up ^ `` Testimony , '' from Book of the Law , pg . iv . http://www.mormonbeliefs.com/book_of_the_law_1.htm . Further reading ( edit ) Gorton , H. Clay ( 1994 ) . The Legacy of the Brass Plates of Laban : A Comparison of Biblical & Book of Mormon Isaiah Texts . Cedar Fort . ISBN 0882905112 . John W. Welch , `` Legal Perspectives on the Slaying of Laban '' Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 1 / 1 ( 1992 ) : 119 - 41 . Brett L. Holbrook , `` The Sword of Laban as a Symbol of Divine Authority and Kingship , '' Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 2 / 1 ( 1993 ) Val Larsen , `` Killing Laban : The Birth of Sovereignty in the Nephite Constitutional Order '' Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 16 / 1 ( 2007 ) Millet , Robert L. ( 1989 ) . `` The Influence of the Brass Plates on the Teachings of Nephi '' . In Nyman , Monte S. ; Tate , Charles D. , Jr . Second Nephi , The Doctrinal Structure . Provo , Utah : Religious Studies Center , Brigham Young University . pp. 207 -- 25 . ISBN 0 - 8849 - 4699 - 1 . External links ( edit ) LDS research articles on the Sword of Laban References to Laban in the index to the LDS edition of The Book of Mormon References to brass plates in the index to the LDS edition of The Book of Mormon Book of the Law of the Lord , Being a Translation from the Egyptian of the Law Given to Moses in Sinai . The Royal Press , St. James , 1856 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laban_(Book_of_Mormon)&oldid=807033871 '' Categories : Book of Mormon people Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles lacking reliable references from December 2010 All articles lacking sources Articles needing more viewpoints from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 13 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is laban in the book of mormon	[]	[]
7171283278022348972	Victoria Falls	Victoria falls - wikipedia Victoria falls Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is about the waterfall on the Zambia / Zimbabwe border . For the town in Zimbabwe , see Victoria Falls , Zimbabwe . For the waterfall in Scotland , see Victoria Falls , Wester Ross . Victoria Falls Mosi - oa - Tunya Victoria Falls Location Victoria Falls , Zimbabwe Livingstone , Zambia Coordinates 17 ° 55 ′ 28 '' S 25 ° 51 ′ 24 '' E / 17.92444 ° S 25.85667 ° E / - 17.92444 ; 25.85667 Coordinates : 17 ° 55 ′ 28 '' S 25 ° 51 ′ 24 '' E / 17.92444 ° S 25.85667 ° E / - 17.92444 ; 25.85667 Type Waterfall Total height 108 m ( 355 ft ) ( at center ) Number of drops Watercourse Zambezi River Average flow rate 1088 m / s ( 38,430 cu ft / s ) UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Mosi - oa - Tunya / Victoria Falls Type Natural Criteria vii , viii Designated 1989 ( 13th session ) Reference no . 509 State Party Zambia and Zimbabwe Region Africa Victoria Falls ( Tokaleya Tonga : Mosi - oa - Tunya , `` The Smoke that Thunders '' ) is a waterfall in southern Africa on the Zambezi River at the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe . It has been described by CNN as one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name origins 2 Size 3 Gorges 4 Formation 5 Pre-colonial history 6 History since 1900 6.1 Victoria Falls Bridge initiates tourism 6.2 Zambia 's independence and Rhodesia 's UDI 6.3 Tourism in recent years 7 Natural environment 7.1 National parks 7.2 Vegetation 7.3 Wildlife 7.4 Fish 8 Statistics 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Name origins ( edit ) David Livingstone gazing upon the Falls , in bronze , from the Zambian shore David Livingstone , the Scottish missionary and explorer , is believed to have been the first European to view Victoria Falls on 16 November 1855 , from what is now known as Livingstone Island , one of two land masses in the middle of the river , immediately upstream from the falls near the Zambian shore . Livingstone named his discovery in honour of Queen Victoria of Britain , but the indigenous Tonga name , Mosi - oa - Tunya -- `` The Smoke That Thunders '' -- continues in common usage as well . The World Heritage List officially recognizes both names . The nearby national park in Zambia is named Mosi - oa - Tunya , whereas the national park and town on the Zimbabwean shore are both named Victoria Falls . Size ( edit ) aerial view Play media Victoria Falls seen from Zimbabwe in July . While it is neither the highest nor the widest waterfall in the world , Victoria Falls is classified as the largest , based on its combined width of 1,708 metres ( 5,604 ft ) and height of 108 metres ( 354 ft ) , resulting in the world 's largest sheet of falling water . Victoria Falls is roughly twice the height of North America 's Niagara Falls and well over twice the width of its Horseshoe Falls . In height and width Victoria Falls is rivalled only by Argentina and Brazil 's Iguazu Falls . See table for comparisons . For a considerable distance upstream from the falls , the Zambezi flows over a level sheet of basalt , in a shallow valley , bounded by low and distant sandstone hills . The river 's course is dotted with numerous tree - covered islands , which increase in number as the river approaches the falls . There are no mountains , escarpments , or deep valleys ; only a flat plateau extending hundreds of kilometres in all directions . The falls are formed as the full width of the river plummets in a single vertical drop into a transverse chasm 1708 metres ( 5604 ft ) wide , carved by its waters along a fracture zone in the basalt plateau . The depth of the chasm , called the First Gorge , varies from 80 metres ( 260 ft ) at its western end to 108 metres ( 354 ft ) in the centre . The only outlet to the First Gorge is a 110 - metre ( 360 ft ) wide gap about two - thirds of the way across the width of the falls from the western end . The whole volume of the river pours into the Victoria Falls gorges from this narrow cleft . There are two islands on the crest of the falls that are large enough to divide the curtain of water even at full flood : Boaruka Island ( or Cataract Island ) near the western bank , and Livingstone Island near the middle -- the point from which Livingstone first viewed the falls . At less than full flood , additional islets divide the curtain of water into separate parallel streams . The main streams are named , in order from Zimbabwe ( west ) to Zambia ( east ) : Devil 's Cataract ( called Leaping Water by some ) , Main Falls , Rainbow Falls ( the highest ) and the Eastern Cataract . The Zambezi river , upstream from the falls , experiences a rainy season from late November to early April , and a dry season the rest of the year . The river 's annual flood season is February to May with a peak in April , The spray from the falls typically rises to a height of over 400 metres ( 1,300 ft ) , and sometimes even twice as high , and is visible from up to 48 km ( 30 mi ) away . At full moon , a `` moonbow '' can be seen in the spray instead of the usual daylight rainbow . During the flood season , however , it is impossible to see the foot of the falls and most of its face , and the walks along the cliff opposite it are in a constant shower and shrouded in mist . Close to the edge of the cliff , spray shoots upward like inverted rain , especially at Zambia 's Knife - Edge Bridge . As the dry season takes effect , the islets on the crest become wider and more numerous , and in September to January up to half of the rocky face of the falls may become dry and the bottom of the First Gorge can be seen along most of its length . At this time it becomes possible ( though not necessarily safe ) to walk across some stretches of the river at the crest . It is also possible to walk to the bottom of the First Gorge at the Zimbabwean side . The minimum flow , which occurs in November , is around a tenth of the April figure ; this variation in flow is greater than that of other major falls , and causes Victoria Falls ' annual average flow rate to be lower than might be expected based on the maximum flow . Gorges ( edit ) First Gorge , from Zambian side The entire volume of the Zambezi River pours through the First Gorge 's 110 - metre - wide ( 360 ft ) exit for a distance of about 150 metres ( 500 ft ) , then enters a zigzagging series of gorges designated by the order in which the river reaches them . Water entering the Second Gorge makes a sharp right turn and has carved out a deep pool there called the Boiling Pot . Reached via a steep footpath from the Zambian side , it is about 150 metres ( 500 ft ) across . Its surface is smooth at low water , but at high water is marked by enormous , slow swirls and heavy boiling turbulence . Objects -- and humans -- that are swept over the falls , including the occasional hippopotamus or crocodile , are frequently found swirling about here or washed up at the north - east end of the Second Gorge . This is where the bodies of Mrs Moss and Mr Orchard , mutilated by crocodiles , were found in 1910 after two canoes were capsized by a hippo at Long Island above the falls . The principal gorges are ( see reference for note about these measurements ) : First Gorge : the one the river falls into at Victoria Falls Second Gorge : 250 m south of falls , 2.15 km long ( 270 yd south , 2350 yd long ) , spanned by the Victoria Falls Bridge Third Gorge : 600 m south , 1.95 km long ( 650 yd south , 2100 yd long ) , containing the Victoria Falls Power Station Fourth Gorge : 1.15 km south , 2.25 km long ( 1256 yd south , 2460 yd long ) Fifth Gorge : 2.55 km south , 3.2 km long ( 1.5 mi south , 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) long ) Songwe Gorge : 5.3 km south , 3.3 km long , ( 3.3 mi south , 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) long ) named after the small Songwe River coming from the north - east , and the deepest at 140 m ( 460 ft ) , the level of the river in them varies by up to 20 meters ( 65 ft ) between wet and dry seasons . Formation ( edit ) Satellite image showing the broad Zambezi falling into the narrow cleft and subsequent series of zigzagging gorges ( top of picture is north ) . Falls The recent geological history of Victoria Falls can be seen in the form of the gorges below the falls . The basalt plateau over which the Upper Zambezi flows has many large cracks filled with weaker sandstone . In the area of the current falls the largest cracks run roughly east to west ( some run nearly north - east to south - west ) , with smaller north - south cracks connecting them . Over at least 100,000 years , the falls have been receding upstream through the Batoka Gorges , eroding the sandstone - filled cracks to form the gorges . The river 's course in the current vicinity of the falls is north to south , so it opens up the large east - west cracks across its full width , then it cuts back through a short north - south crack to the next east - west one . The river has fallen in different eras into different chasms which now form a series of sharply zig - zagging gorges downstream from the falls . Apart from some dry sections , the Second to Fifth and the Songwe Gorges each represents a past site of the falls at a time when they fell into one long straight chasm as they do now . Their sizes indicate that we are not living in the age of the widest - ever falls . The falls have already started cutting back the next major gorge , at the dip in one side of the `` Devil 's Cataract '' ( also known as `` Leaping Waters '' ) section of the falls . This is not actually a north - south crack , but a large east - northeast line of weakness across the river , where the next full - width falls will eventually form . Further geological history of the course of the Zambezi River is in the article of that name . Pre-colonial history ( edit ) Archaeological sites around the falls have yielded Homo habilis stone artifacts from 3 million years ago , 50,000 - year - old Middle Stone Age tools and Late Stone Age ( 10,000 and 2,000 years ago ) weapons , adornments and digging tools . Iron - using Khoisan hunter - gatherers displaced these Stone Age people and in turn were displaced by Bantu tribes such as the southern Tonga people known as the Batoka / Tokalea , who called the falls Shungu na mutitima . The Matabele , later arrivals , named them aManz ' aThunqayo , and the Batswana and Makololo ( whose language is used by the Lozi people ) call them Mosi - o - Tunya . All these names mean essentially `` the smoke that thunders '' . A map from c. 1750 drawn by Jacques Nicolas Bellin for Abbé Antoine François Prevost d'Exiles marks the falls as `` cataractes '' and notes a settlement to the north of the Zambezi as being friendly with the Portuguese at the time . Earlier still Nicolas de Fer 's 1715 map of southern Africa has the fall clearly marked in the correct position . It also has dotted lines denoting trade routes that David Livingstone followed 140 years later . The first European to see the falls was David Livingstone on 17 November 1855 , during his 1852 -- 56 journey from the upper Zambezi to the mouth of the river . The falls were well known to local tribes , and Voortrekker hunters may have known of them , as may the Arabs under a name equivalent to `` the end of the world '' . Europeans were sceptical of their reports , perhaps thinking that the lack of mountains and valleys on the plateau made a large falls unlikely . Livingstone had been told about the falls before he reached them from upriver and was paddled across to a small island that now bears the name Livingstone Island in Zambia . Livingstone had previously been impressed by the Ngonye Falls further upstream , but found the new falls much more impressive , and gave them their English name in honour of Queen Victoria . He wrote of the falls , `` No one can imagine the beauty of the view from anything witnessed in England . It had never been seen before by European eyes ; but scenes so lovely must have been gazed upon by angels in their flight . '' In 1860 , Livingstone returned to the area and made a detailed study of the falls with John Kirk . Other early European visitors included Portuguese explorer Serpa Pinto , Czech explorer Emil Holub , who made the first detailed plan of the falls and its surroundings in 1875 ( published in 1880 ) , and British artist Thomas Baines , who executed some of the earliest paintings of the falls . Until the area was opened up by the building of the railway in 1905 , though , the falls were seldom visited by other Europeans . Some writers believe that the Portuguese priest Gonçalo da Silveira was the first European to catch sight of the falls back in the sixteenth century . History since 1900 ( edit ) Victoria Falls ' Second Gorge ( with bridge ) and Third Gorge ( right ) . The peninsular cliffs are in Zambia , the outer cliffs in Zimbabwe . Victoria falls bridge initiates Tourism ( edit ) European settlement of the Victoria Falls area started around 1900 in response to the desire of Cecil Rhodes ' British South Africa Company for mineral rights and imperial rule north of the Zambezi , and the exploitation of other natural resources such as timber forests north - east of the falls , and ivory and animal skins . Before 1905 , the river was crossed above the falls at the Old Drift , by dugout canoe or a barge towed across with a steel cable . Rhodes ' vision of a Cape - Cairo railway drove plans for the first bridge across the Zambezi and he insisted it be built where the spray from the falls would fall on passing trains , so the site at the Second Gorge was chosen . See the main article Victoria Falls Bridge for details . From 1905 the railway offered accessible travel from as far as the Cape in the south and from 1909 , as far as the Belgian Congo in the north . In 1904 the Victoria Falls Hotel was opened to accommodate visitors arriving on the new railway . The falls became an increasingly popular attraction during British colonial rule of Northern Rhodesia ( Zambia ) and Southern Rhodesia ( Zimbabwe ) , with the town of Victoria Falls becoming the main tourist centre . Zambia 's independence and Rhodesia 's udi ( edit ) In 1964 , Northern Rhodesia became the independent state of Zambia . The following year , Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence . This was not recognized by Zambia , the United Kingdom nor the vast majority of states and led to United Nations - mandated sanctions . In response to the emerging crisis , in 1966 Zambia restricted or stopped border crossings ; it did not re-open the border completely until 1980 . Guerilla warfare arose on the southern side of the Zambezi from 1972 : the Rhodesian Bush War . Visitor numbers began to drop , particularly on the Rhodesian side . The war affected Zambia through military incursions , causing the latter to impose security measures including the stationing of soldiers to restrict access to the gorges and some parts of the falls . Zimbabwe 's internationally recognised independence in 1980 brought comparative peace , and the 1980s witnessed renewed levels of tourism and the development of the region as a centre for adventure sports . Activities that gained popularity in the area include whitewater rafting in the gorges , bungee jumping from the bridge , game fishing , horse riding , kayaking , and flights over the falls . Tourism in recent years ( edit ) The naturally formed `` Devil 's Pool '' , where some tourists swim despite a risk of plunging over the edge By the end of the 1990s almost 400,000 people were visiting the falls annually , and this was expected to rise to over a million in the next decade . Unlike the game parks , Victoria Falls has more Zimbabwean and Zambian visitors than international tourists ; the attraction is accessible by bus and train , and is therefore comparatively inexpensive to reach . Both countries permit tourists to make day trips across the border to view the falls from both viewpoints . Visitors with single - entry visas are required to purchase a visa each time they cross the border ; visas can be obtained at both border posts . Costs vary from US $50 -- $80 ( as of January 2017 ) . Visa regulations change frequently ; visitors are advised to check the rules currently in effect in both countries before crossing the border in either direction . Additionally , foreign tourists may purchase a KAZA visa for US $50 that will permit visitors to travel between Zambia and Zimbabwe for up to 30 days as long as they remain within the covered countries . A famous feature is the naturally formed `` Armchair '' ( now sometimes called `` Devil 's Pool '' ) , near the edge of the falls on Livingstone Island on the Zambian side . When the river flow is at a certain level , usually between September and December , a rock barrier forms an eddy with minimal current , allowing adventurous swimmers to splash around in relative safety a few feet from the point where the water cascades over the falls . Occasional deaths have been reported when people have slipped over the rock barrier . The numbers of visitors to the Zimbabwean side of the falls has historically been much higher than the number visiting the Zambia side , due to the greater development of the visitor facilities there . However , the number of tourists visiting Zimbabwe began to decline in the early 2000s as political tensions between supporters and opponents of president Robert Mugabe increased . In 2006 , hotel occupancy on the Zimbabwean side hovered at around 30 % , while the Zambian side was at near - capacity , with rates in top hotels reaching US $ 630 per night . The rapid development has prompted the United Nations to consider revoking the Falls ' status as a World Heritage Site . In addition , problems of waste disposal and a lack of effective management of the falls ' environment are a concern . Natural Environment ( edit ) Two white rhinos at Mosi - oa - Tunya national park in May 2005 . They are not indigenous , but were imported from South Africa . National parks ( edit ) The two national parks at the falls are relatively small -- Mosi - oa - Tunya National Park is 66 square kilometres ( 16,309 acres ) and Victoria Falls National Park is 23 square kilometres ( 5,683 acres ) . However , next to the latter on the southern bank is the Zambezi National Park , extending 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) west along the river . Animals can move between the two Zimbabwean parks and can also reach Matetsi Safari Area , Kazuma Pan National Park and Hwange National Park to the south . On the Zambian side , fences and the outskirts of Livingstone tend to confine most animals to the Mosi - oa - Tunya National Park . In addition fences put up by lodges in response to crime restrict animal movement . In 2004 a separate group of police called the Tourism Police was started . They are commonly seen around the main tourist areas , and can be identified by their uniforms with yellow reflective bibs . Vegetation ( edit ) Mopane woodland savannah predominates in the area , with smaller areas of miombo and Rhodesian teak woodland and scrubland savannah . Riverine forest with palm trees lines the banks and islands above the falls . The most notable aspect of the area 's vegetation though is the rainforest nurtured by the spray from the falls , containing plants rare for the area such as pod mahogany , ebony , ivory palm , wild date palm and a number of creepers and lianas . Vegetation has suffered in recent droughts , and so have the animals that depend on it , particularly antelope . Wildlife ( edit ) The national parks contain abundant wildlife including sizable populations of elephant , buffalo , giraffe , Grant 's zebra , and a variety of antelope . Katanga lions , African leopards and South African cheetahs are only occasionally seen . Vervet monkeys and baboons are common . The river above the falls contains large populations of hippopotamus and crocodile . African bush elephants cross the river in the dry season at particular crossing points . Klipspringers , honey badgers , lizards and clawless otters can be glimpsed in the gorges , but they are mainly known for 35 species of raptors . The Taita falcon , black eagle , peregrine falcon and augur buzzard breed there . Above the falls , herons , fish eagles and numerous kinds of waterfowl are common . Fish ( edit ) The river is home to 39 species of fish below the falls and 89 species above it . This illustrates the effectiveness of the falls as a dividing barrier between the upper and lower Zambezi . Statistics ( edit ) `` The Smoke that Thunders '' , rainy season , 1972 ... and dry season , September 2003 Size and flow rate of Victoria Falls with Niagara and Iguazu for comparison Parameters Victoria Falls Niagara Falls Iguazu Falls Height in meters and feet : 108 m 360 ft 51 m 167 ft 64 -- 82 m 210 -- 269 ft Width in meters and feet : 1,708 m 5,604 ft 1,203 m 3,947 ft 2,700 m 8,858 ft Flow rate units ( vol / s ) : m / s cu ft / s m / s cu ft / s m / s cu ft / s Mean annual flow rate : 1,088 38,430 2,407 85,000 1,746 61,600 Mean monthly flow -- max. : 3,000 105,944 Mean monthly flow -- min. : 300 10,594 Mean monthly flow -- 10 yr . max. : 6,000 211,888 Highest recorded flow : 12,800 452,000 6,800 240,000 45,700 1,614,000 Notes : See references for explanation of measurements . For water , cubic metres per second = tonnes per second . Half the water approaching Niagara is diverted for hydroelectric power . Iguazu has two drops ; height given for biggest drop and total height . 10 falls have greater or equal flow rates , but are not as high as Iguazu and Victoria Falls . See also ( edit ) List of waterfalls by flow rate References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Livingstone Tourism Association , Victoria Falls , Zambia -- Livingstone , Zambia '' . livingstonetourism.com . ^ Jump up to : World Waterfalls Website accessed 1 March 2007 Jump up ^ National Parks and Nature Reserves of Zambia , World Institute for Conservation and Environment . Jump up ^ National Parks and Nature Reserves of Zimbabwe , World Institute for Conservation and Environment . Jump up ^ `` Medium Term Plan ( MTP ) : January 2010 -- December 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Government of Zimbabwe . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Southern Africa Places ( 2009 ) . Victoria Falls . Retrieved on 18 May 2009 from Victoria Falls -- South Africa Places Jump up ^ `` Victoria Falls '' . World Digital Library . 1890 -- 1925 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Scheffel , Richard L. ; Wernet , Susan J. , eds. ( 1980 ) . Natural Wonders of the World . United States of America : Reader 's Digest Association , Inc . pp. 402 -- 403 . ISBN 0 - 89577 - 087 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : World Commission on Dams website : Archived 1 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine . `` Case Study -- Kariba Dam - Zambezi River Basin '' Annex 13 & 14 Victoria Falls Mean Monthly Flows . Website accessed 1 March 2007 . This website gives mean monthly flow rates in cubic metres per second ( i.e. , the total volume of water passing in each calendar month divided by the number of seconds in the month ) , the standard measure used in hydrology to indicate seasonal variation in flow . A figure of around 9,000 m / s ( 318,000 cu ft ) is quoted by many websites for Victoria Falls but this is the mean maximum instantaneous rate , which is only achieved for a few days per year . The figure of 536 million m / minute ( 18.9 billion cu ft / min ) on some websites ( e.g. ZNTB ) is an error for 536 million litres / minute ( equivalent to 9100 m / s or 142 million U.S. gallons / min ) . The ' 10 - year maximum ' is the mean of the maximum monthly rate returned in a ten - year period . ^ Jump up to : compiled and edited by Camerapix ( 1996 ) . Spectrum Guide to Zambia . Nairobi : Camerapix International Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 874041 - 14 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : B.L. Hunt : `` Kalomo to Livingstone in 1907 '' . The Northern Rhodesia Journal , Vol IV No 1 ( 1959 ) p16 . Accessed 28 February 2007 . Mr Moss and Mrs Orchard and the eight Lozi paddlers managed to swim to the island , one of the paddlers saving the Orchards ' year - old baby . Jump up ^ `` Zambia -- Gorges '' on SatelliteViews.net accessed 28 February 2007 ^ Jump up to : United Nations Environment Programme : Protected Areas and World Heritage World Conservation Monitoring Centre . Website accessed 1 March 2007 . Jump up ^ The Northern Rhodesia Journal online : `` Native Name of Victoria Falls '' , Vol I No 6 p. 68 ( 1952 ) . Accessed 28 February 2007 . Jump up ^ The Northern Rhodesia Journal online : `` Native Name of Victoria Falls '' , Vol I No 4 pp. 80 -- 82 ( 1951 ) . Accessed 28 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Agter die Magalies `` : `` Agter Die Magalies '' B.K. de Beer , pp. 43 -- 44 ( 1975 ) Postma Publications . Accessed 1 September 2007 . Jump up ^ The international service of Czech Radio online : `` Statue of explorer Emil Holub unveiled in Livingstone , Zambia '' accessed 28 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Eric Anderson Walker . The Cambridge History of the British Empire , volume 2 . CUP Archive , 1963 . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawrence George Green . There 's a Secret Hid Away . H. Timmins , 1956 ; 244 p . ISBN 9780869782071 . Retrieved 4 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` Is this the ultimate ( and most dangerous ) infinity pool in the world ? '' . The Daily Mail . 23 April 2008 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tour guide in Vic Falls plunge '' . New Zimbabwe. 28 September 2009 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` At African Waterfall , Visitors Confront A Tale of Two Cities . '' Trofimov , Y . The Wall Street Journal . 29 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Victoria Falls Journal ; The Best of Times , and the Worst , for Two Tourist Towns Jump up ^ Victoria Falls ' at risk ' , UN warns The Independent , 7 January 2007 ^ Jump up to : S Hanyona : `` Zambia 's Ecotourism Venture Clouded by Ecotroubles . '' 5 March 2002 . ENS website accessed 9 March 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/victoria-falls-tourism-police-december-2011.html . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Victoria Falls . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Victoria Falls . Africa portal A useful list of further reading is included on the UNEP - WCMC website 's page for Mosi - oa - Tunya . NASA Earth Observatory page Victoria Falls Tourism Entry on UNESCO World Heritage site TIME magazine article about tourism in the area GND : 4119420 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria_Falls&oldid=820122547 '' Categories : Victoria Falls Canyons and gorges of Africa Tourist attractions in Zimbabwe Waterfalls of Zambia Waterfalls of Zimbabwe World Heritage Sites in Zimbabwe World Heritage Sites in Zambia Geography of Southern Province , Zambia Zambezi River Zambia -- Zimbabwe border International waterfalls Block waterfalls Geography of Matabeleland North Province Tourist attractions in Matabeleland North Province Tourist attractions in Southern Province , Zambia Livingstone , Zambia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from November 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 05 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is victoria falls located and what is it special for	[]	[]
-2596130024947676104	Chicago High School for the Arts	Chicago high school for the arts - wikipedia Chicago high school for the arts Jump to : navigation , search Chicago High School of the Arts ( ChiArts ) Address 2714 W. Augusta Blvd Chicago , Illinois 60622 United States Information Type Public , Secondary , Contract Motto `` For the arts + minds of Chicago . '' Established 2009 School district Chicago Public Schools Principal Michael Wang Grades 9 -- 12 Gender Coed Enrollment 572 ( 2015 -- 16 ) Campus Urban Website chiarts.org Chicago High School for the Arts ( ChiArts ) is a public 4 -- year college preparatory visual and performing arts high school located in the Humboldt Park neighborhood in Chicago , Illinois , United States . Operated by the Chicago Public Schools district , The school opened for the 2009 -- 10 school year . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Program 3 Admission 4 History 5 Partnerships 6 Associations 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) ChiArts curriculum is combined with intensive training in the performing and visual arts . A public high school open to all Chicago residents , ChiArts opened in the fall of 2009 with 150 freshmen divided among four arts areas : Dance , Music -- Instrumental and Vocal , Theatre -- divided into Acting and Musical Theatre , and Visual Arts . The program has added a fifth conservatory in 2014 , Creative Writing . ChiArts was previously located at the Douglas school campus for 2009 - 10 and 2010 - 11 school years , where ChiArts shared the campus with John J. Pershing West Middle School . It shared the Doolittle West space at 521 East 35th Street in Bronzeville and the third floor with the James R. Doolittle , Jr . Elementary School next door from 2011 - 2014 . Over the summer of 2014 , it moved to its permanent home located at 2714 W. Augusta Blvd , in the Ukrainian Village and Humboldt Park Community . It was scheduled to be in the former Lafayette School , which CPS closed since the number of students was too low . Program ( edit ) Students participate in a rigorous program of academics and arts education where they are in school from 8 am until 5 with 3 of the last hours dedicated to the Arts each child joined . Admission ( edit ) Entrance into the school is through a competitive audition and application process . Students may audition for dance ( novice and advanced ) , theatre ( acting , musical theatre ) , visual arts , music ( instrumental and voice ) , and Creative Writing . History ( edit ) In 2004 , The Elizabeth Morse Charitable Trust and The Elizabeth Morse Genius Charitable Trust convened a group of approximately ten arts and education organizations to discuss the issue of diversity within mid - to large - sized arts organizations in Chicago and specifically the lack of representation in this landscape by professional artists representing the many ethnic communities who call Chicago home . The Diversity Working Group ( DWG ) surveyed the Chicago landscape to identify existing educational resources for aspiring young artists across a broad age spectrum , keeping in mind the concentrated , focused training required to prepare young artists for professional careers . Incredible richness within the existing resources in Chicago 's many excellent privately funded community music schools , youth orchestras , university music programs and major cultural institutions was clear . What was not found was a public institution that would provide a comprehensive learning environment with superior training at the high school level -- a critical stage in development for the aspiring young artist . This age group stood out as the one area of greatest need and also that with greatest potential for positive impact . Once it was decided to pursue the idea of an arts high school , the group undertook conversations with key senior administrative members from Chicago Public Schools to assess receptivity and possible options for the creation of an exceptional arts - focused educational institution in Chicago . DWG members conducted site visits and / or spoke to officials at several public and private arts high schools in other cities . At this time , Renaissance 2010 became an avenue for establishing new schools and offering students and parents a quality choice in education . Civic leaders were identified by the DWG members to help become the executive committee that would lead the project through the application process . The Chicago Board of Education approved the school on October 24 , 2007 . The executive committee became the founding board of directors of the school . Currently , there are 29 members of the board of directors . In 2008 , after year - long competitive national search , the ChiArts board of directors named Jose Ochoa as the founding Executive and Artistic Director of the school . Instruction began on September 8 , 2009 . Partnerships ( edit ) Numerous community arts programs , professional arts organizations and institutions of higher learning that specialize in the arts have come forward to join with ChiArts in making this type of educational experience available to Chicago residents through the public school system . Arts Partners include : Actors Gymnasium , Albany Park Theatre Project , American Theatre Company , About Face Theatre , Art Institute of Chicago , Art Resources in Teaching , Auditorium Theatre , Black Ensemble Theater , Chicago Arts Partnership in Education ( CAPE ) , Chicago Chamber Musicians , Chicago Children 's Choir , Chicago College of Performing Arts / Roosevelt University , Chicago Multicultural Dance Center , Chicago Sinfonietta , Chicago Shakespeare Theater , Chicago Symphony Orchestra , Chicago Youth Symphony Orchestras , Columbia College Chicago , Congo Square Theatre Company , Dance Works Chicago , DuSable Museum , Ensemble Español Center for Spanish Dance and Music , e Creative Arts Foundation , Goodman Theatre , Harris Theater , The House Theatre of Chicago , Hubbard Street Dance Chicago , Hyde Park Art Center , Hyde Park School of Dance , Hyde Park Suzuki Institute , Joel Hall Dancers & Center , Joffrey Ballet , Lifeline Theatre , Lookingglass Theatre , Lou Conte Dance Studio , Lyric Opera of Chicago , Marwen , Merit School of Music , Midwest Young Artists , Muntu Dance Theatre , Music Institute of Chicago , Music of the Baroque , National Museum of Mexican Art , Natya Dance Theatre , Pegasus Players , People 's Music School , Piven Theatre Workshop , Puerto Rican Arts Alliance , Ravinia Festival , Redmoon Theater , Remy Bumppo Theatre Company , River North Chicago Dance Company , Rock for Kids , Ruth Page Foundation , Sherwood Conservatory , Sones de Mexico Ensemble , Steppenwolf Theatre , The Theatre School at DePaul University , Thelonius Monk Institute , Urban Gateways , UIC - College of Architecture and the Arts , UIC - College of Education , VanderCook College of Music , Victory Gardens Theater Associations ( edit ) ChiArts is a member of the following organizations : National Guild of Community Arts Education , Arts Schools NETWORK , Illinois Arts Alliance References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chicago High School for the Arts CPS profile Jump up ^ `` Shuttered CPS elementary to be home of Chicago High School for the Arts '' . Chicago Sun - Times . 2013 - 11 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Chicago High School for the Arts Chicago Talks Chicago Reader Chicago Tribune Catalyst Chicago Record Star Chicago Public Schools ( CPS ) This template should only include schools controlled by and / or affiliated with CPS . If a charter school is still in operation but no longer affiliated with CPS , list as a former school . K -- 12 schools Ogden International School ( K -- 8 zoned , high school unzoned ) 7 -- 12 schools Harlan ( 9 -- 12 zoned , 7 -- 8 unzoned ) Kelvyn Park ( 7 -- 12 zoned ) Kenwood ( 9 -- 12 zoned , 7 -- 8 unzoned ) Lane Tech ( alternative ) Lindblom Math & Science ( alternative ) Morgan Park ( 9 -- 12 zoned , 7 -- 8 unzoned ) Attendance area high schools Amundsen Austin Bogan Bowen Chicago Vocational ( 9 -- 11 zoned ) Clemente Corliss Curie ( 9 -- 10 zoned ) Dyett Farragut Fenger Foreman Gage Park Hancock ( attendance zone phasing out ) Harper Hirsch Hope Hubbard Hyde Park Juarez Julian Kelly Kennedy Lake View Lincoln Park Manley Marshall Mather Orr Phillips Richards Robeson Roosevelt Schurz Senn Steinmetz Sullivan Taft Tilden Washington Wells Alternative and magnet high schools Alcott College Prep Brooks College Prep Chicago Academy Chicago Military Academy Clark Magnet Crane Medical Prep Dunbar Vocational King College Prep Northside College Prep Payton College Prep Prosser Career Academy Raby School for Community and Environment Simeon Career Academy South Shore Int'l College Preparatory Uplift Community High School Westinghouse College Prep Young Magnet Contract high schools Chicago Excel Academy Chicago High School for the Arts Chicago Technology Academy Charter high schools affiliated with CPS CICS Northtown Academy Noble Network Perspectives Youth Connection West Town Academy Young Women 's Leadership Attendance area K -- 8 / PK -- 8 schools Bell Clinton Jenner Nettelhorst Peterson Pritzker Alternative and magnet K -- 8 / PK -- 8 schools Inter-American Magnet School Lenart Regional Gifted Center Former high schools DuSable Chicago Talent Cooley Flower Vocational Las Casas Occupational Near North Former 7 -- 9 middle schools Moses Montefiore Academy Literature Organizing Schools for Improvement : Lessons from Chicago Teachers and Reform : Chicago Public Education , 1929 -- 1970 Performing , creative , fine , and visual arts high schools in the United States California Charter High School of the Arts ( Los Angeles ) Ramon C. Cortines School of Visual and Performing Arts ( Los Angeles ) Los Angeles County High School for the Arts ( Los Angeles ) Oakland School for the Arts Orange County School of the Arts ( Santa Ana ) San Diego School of Creative and Performing Arts Ruth Asawa San Francisco School of the Arts Florida New World School of the Arts ( Miami ) Illinois Chicago High School for the Arts Chicago Academy for the Arts Indiana Wirt - Emerson Visual and Performing Arts High Ability Academy ( Gary ) Maryland Baltimore School for the Arts Massachusetts Boston Arts Academy Michigan Detroit School of Arts New York Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School ( New York City ) High School of Art and Design ( New York City ) Ohio Cleveland School of the Arts Pennsylvania Philadelphia High School for the Creative and Performing Arts The Arts Academy at Benjamin Rush ( Philadelphia ) Pittsburgh Creative and Performing Arts School Rhode Island Beacon Charter High School for the Arts ( Woonsocket ) Texas Austin School for the Performing and Visual Arts Fort Worth Academy of Fine Arts Fine Arts Academy at McCallum High School ( Austin ) High School for the Performing and Visual Arts ( Houston ) Booker T. Washington High School for the Performing and Visual Arts ( Dallas ) Vidal M. Trevino School of Communications and Fine Arts ( Laredo ) Former schools Wilmer - Hutchins Performing Arts High School ( Dallas ) The High School of Music & Art ( New York City ) Coordinates : 41 ° 53 ′ 58 '' N 87 ° 41 ′ 41 '' W / 41.899339 ° N 87.694810 ° W / 41.899339 ; - 87.694810 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_High_School_for_the_Arts&oldid=795606516 '' Categories : Art schools in Illinois Magnet schools in Illinois Chicago Public Schools Schools of the performing arts in the United States Educational institutions established in 2008 Public high schools in Chicago Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 09 : 27 . About Wikipedia	the chicago high school for the arts chicago il	[]	[]
461150382564921248	Gun laws in the United States by state	Gun laws in the United states by state - wikipedia Gun laws in the United states by state This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 5 December 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search For federal gun laws , see Gun law in the United States . Firearm legal topics of the United States of America Amendment II Assault weapon Assault weapons legislation Bump stocks Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act Campus carry in the U.S. Concealed carry in the U.S. Connecticut Children 's Safety Act Constitutional carry Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban Federal Assault Weapons Ban Federal Firearms Act of 1938 Federal Firearms License Firearm case law Firearm Owners Protection Act Gun Control Act of 1968 Gun - Free School Zones Act ( GFSZA ) Gun law in the U.S. Gun laws in the U.S. by state Gun politics in the U.S. High - capacity magazine ban International treaties for arms control National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) National Firearms Act ( NFA ) NY SAFE Act Open carry in the U.S. Right to keep and bear arms in the U.S. Sullivan Act ( New York ) Suppressor Tiahrt Amendment Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act United States portal Gun laws in the United States regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition . State laws ( and the laws of Washington , D.C. and the U.S. territories ) vary considerably , and are independent of existing federal firearms laws , although they are sometimes broader or more limited in scope than the federal laws . State level laws vary significantly in their form , content , and level of restriction . Forty - four states have a provision in their state constitutions similar to the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution , which protects the right to keep and bear arms . The exceptions are California , Iowa , Maryland , Minnesota , New Jersey , and New York . In New York , however , the statutory civil rights laws contain a provision virtually identical to the Second Amendment . Additionally , the U.S. Supreme Court held in McDonald v. Chicago that the protections of the Second Amendment to keep and bear arms for self - defense in one 's home apply against state governments and their political subdivisions . Firearm owners are subject to the firearm laws of the state they are in , and not exclusively their state of residence . Reciprocity between states exists in certain situations , such as with regard to concealed carry permits . These are recognized on a state - by - state basis . For example , Idaho recognizes an Oregon permit , but Oregon does not recognize an Idaho permit . Florida issues a license to carry both concealed weapons and firearms , but others license only the concealed carry of firearms . Some states do not recognize out - of - state permits to carry a firearm at all , so it is important to understand the laws of each state when traveling with a handgun . In many cases , state firearms laws can be considerably less restrictive than federal firearms laws . This does not confer any de jure immunity against prosecution for violations of the federal laws . However , state and local police departments are not legally obligated to enforce federal gun law as per the U.S. Supreme Court 's ruling in Printz v. United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Common subjects of state laws 2 Alabama 3 Alaska 4 Arizona 5 Arkansas 6 California 7 Colorado 8 Connecticut 9 Delaware 10 Purchasing a Firearm 10.1 Firearm definition 10.1. 1 Handguns 10.1. 2 Long barrel guns 11 Restrictions and Requirements 11.1 Background Checks 12 Concealed Carry 12.1 Restricted areas 13 District of Columbia 14 Florida 15 Georgia 16 Hawaii 17 Idaho 18 Illinois 19 Indiana 20 Iowa 21 Kansas 22 Kentucky 23 Louisiana 24 Maine 25 Maryland 26 Massachusetts 27 Michigan 28 Minnesota 29 Mississippi 30 Missouri 31 Montana 32 Nebraska 33 Nevada 34 New Hampshire 35 New Jersey 36 New Mexico 37 New York 38 North Carolina 39 North Dakota 40 Ohio 41 Oklahoma 42 Oregon 43 Pennsylvania 44 Rhode Island 45 South Carolina 46 South Dakota 47 Tennessee 48 Texas 49 Utah 50 Vermont 51 Virginia 52 Washington 53 West Virginia 54 Wisconsin 55 Wyoming 56 US Territories 56.1 American Samoa 56.2 Guam 56.3 Northern Mariana Islands 56.4 Puerto Rico 56.5 U.S. Virgin Islands 57 See also 58 References 59 External links Common subjects of state laws ( edit ) Firearm related matters that are often regulated by state or local laws include the following : Some states and localities require that a person obtain a license or permit in order to purchase or possess firearms . Some states and localities require that individual firearms be registered with the police or with another law enforcement agency . All states allow some form of concealed carry , the carrying of a concealed firearm in public . Many states allow some form of open carry , the carrying of an unconcealed firearm in public on one 's person or in a vehicle . Some states have state preemption for some or all gun laws , which means that only the state can legally regulate firearms . In other states , local governments can pass their own gun laws more restrictive than those of the state . Some states and localities place additional restrictions on certain semi-automatic firearms that they have defined as assault weapons , or on magazines that can hold more than a certain number of rounds of ammunition . NFA weapons are weapons that are heavily restricted at a federal level by the National Firearms Act of 1934 and the Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986 . These include automatic firearms ( such as machine guns ) , short - barreled shotguns , and short - barreled rifles . Some states and localities place additional restrictions on such weapons . Some states have enacted castle doctrine or stand - your - ground laws , which provide a legal basis for individuals to use deadly force in self - defense in certain situations , without a duty to flee or retreat if possible . In some states , peaceable journey laws give additional leeway for the possession of firearms by travelers who are passing through to another destination . Some states require a background check of the buyer when a firearm is sold by a private party . ( Federal law requires background checks for sales by licensed gun dealers , and for any interstate sales . ) Alabama ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Alabama Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No Yes Alabama is a shall - issue state for concealed carry . However , the issuing county sheriff can suspend or even revoke concealed carry privileges for wanton disregard of the law . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry is generally permitted , but handgun must be securely contained in a holster ( belt , inside - the - waist , ankle , or shoulder ) . However , open carry in a vehicle without a concealed carry license is prohibited . As of August 1 , 2013 , the law states that : `` It shall be a rebuttable presumption that the mere carrying of a visible pistol , holstered or secured , in public place , in and of itself , is not disorderly conduct . '' State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes `` ... the Legislature hereby occupies and preempts the entire field of regulation in this state touching in any way upon firearms , ammunition , and firearm accessories ... '' Assault weapon law ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No Any Other Weapons ( AOWs ) disguised as walking canes are the only illegal firearms in Alabama . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Alaska ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Alaska Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State Permit to Purchase ? No No None No Firearm registration ? No No None No Assault weapon law ? No No None No Owner license required ? No No None No Carry permits required ? No No AS 18.65. 700 through 18.65. 778 May carry concealed without permit , though permits can be issued for those who wish to have them . Open Carry ? Yes Yes May carry openly without permit / license . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes AS 29.35. 145 Municipalities may enact and enforce local regulations only if they are identical to , and provide the same penalty as , State law . NFA weapons restricted ? No No None No Shall Certify ? Yes Yes AS 18.65. 810 Shall certify within 30 days . Peaceable Journey laws ? No No None Federal rules observed . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Arizona ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Arizona Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit required to purchase ? No No Firearm registration required ? No No ARS 13 - 3101 ( B ) State law requires compliance with the National Firearms Act , but the state maintains no registry and imposes no additional requirements . Assault weapon prohibition or restrictions ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No Concealed Carry Weapon ( CCW ) permits required ? No No SB 1108 In Arizona , a person over age 21 may legally carry a concealed firearm or deadly weapon without a permit within the state , except for certain prohibited locations , and must disclose the fact to a law enforcement officer if questioned . Although no longer required , a shall - issue CCW permit is still available and has certain advantages , including reciprocity with many other states having CCW laws . Open carry allowed ? Yes Yes May carry openly without permit / license . State preemption of local restrictions ? Partial Partial ARS 13 - 3108 Explained below NFA weapons restricted ? No No ARS 13 - 3101 Law makes possession and use illegal but then exempts said weapons and devices if they 're registered in compliance with federal law . Shall certify ? Yes Yes ARS 13 - 3121 Shall certify within 60 days . Peaceable journey laws ? No No Federal rules observed . Background checks required for private sales ? No No On May 1 , 2017 , Governor Ducey signed a bill that would prevent localities from requiring background checks for private sales . Arkansas ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Arkansas Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State Permit to Purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No No * 5 - 73 - 301 - 5 - 73 - 320 Shall - Issue . The Arkansas State Police issue and recognize the Arkansas Concealed Handgun Carry License , as do states that have existing reciprocity with Arkansas . * Act 746 allows for concealed carry without permit when upon a journey ( outside of one 's county of residence ) . Enhanced concealed carry permits allow for carrying in some forbidden areas such as carrying at public colleges , most public buildings , non-secure locations in an airport , churches , and more . Open Carry ? Yes Yes 5 - 73 - 120 May open carry without license . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes 5 - 73 - 120 NFA weapons restricted ? No No 5 - 73 - 205 All NFA items allowed if in compliance with Federal law . Machine guns may not have ammunition . 30 in . or 7.63 mm or bigger unless the gun is registered to an ammunition corporation . Shall Certify ? Yes Yes 5 - 73 - 112 Shall certify within 15 days . With the enactment of 41F / P on July 13 , 2016 the need for `` Shall Certify '' legislation has essentially been negated . Peaceable Journey laws ? Yes Yes 5 - 73 - 120 ( c ) ( 4 ) Weapons are allowed if the person is carrying a weapon when upon a journey , unless the journey is through a commercial airport when presenting at the security checkpoint in the airport or is in the person 's checked baggage and is not a lawfully declared weapon . `` Journey '' is defined as `` travel beyond the county in which a person lives . '' ( 5 - 73 - 120 ( B ) ( 3 ) ) Background checks required for private sales ? No No California ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in California Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? Yes Yes § 26500 ( 1 ) All firearm sales must be completed through a dealer . Firearm purchases require a Firearm Safety Certificate and proof of residency unless the individual purchasing the firearm is active duty military or a peace officer under Penal Code Section 830 . Military reservists must provide proof of residency in order to purchase a firearm . Firearm registration ? Yes Yes § 28150 The California Department of Justice ( `` DOJ '' ) retains information about the purchaser and seller of all in - state firearm sales and transfers , and requires that any firearms imported into the state be reported to the DOJ . Furthermore , the Attorney General is required by law to maintain a registry containing the fingerprints and identifying information of the transferee , and the unique identifying information of every firearm transferred in the state , pursuant to § 11106 . All handgun serial numbers and sales are recorded by the state in the Department of Justice 's Automated Firearms System , along with those of many long guns . While there is no requirement for California residents to register handguns owned prior to 1991 with law enforcement , § 12025 and § 12031 enhance several misdemeanor offenses to felonies if the handgun is not on file in the Department of Justice 's Automated Firearms System . New residents must register handguns ( purchased outside of California ) with DOJ within 60 days . As of January 1 , 2014 , long gun serial numbers are also recorded , where as previously only the sale was recorded . However , it is not required that owners of long guns purchased prior to 2014 register their firearms and it is not a crime to be in possession of an un-registered firearm . Owner license required ? No No None Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes § 30500 , § 30515 Illegal to possess , import , or purchase assault weapons and . 50 BMG rifles , unless such weapons were acquired by the owner prior to June 1 , 1989 . While California 's Assault Weapons Ban does allow individuals to obtain , transport or possess banned weapons with permission from the DOJ , the DOJ generally does not grant such permission to ordinary citizens . Legally defined assault weapons and . 50 BMG rifles listed by make and model by the DOJ must be registered . Their sale and transfer is prohibited . Military look - alike rifles that are not chambered for . 50 BMG and are not on the DOJ roster are legal to purchase or possess , with some restrictions in configuration -- known as `` banned features '' . Active - duty military members residing out of state and assigned to duty in California may bring personally - owned assault weapons into the state . The military member 's residence must be in a state that permits private citizens to own and possess assault weapons , and the firearms must be registered with the California Department of Justice prior to the servicemember 's arrival in California by submitting the registration form with a copy of the member 's Permanent Change of Station ( PCS ) orders and an authorization letter from the installation commander . With the passage of Senate Bill 880 and Assembly Bill 1135 in June 2016 , the state 's assault weapon ban has been expanded to include all semi-automatic center - fire rifles and shotguns that have a `` bullet button '' detachable magazine ; effectively repealing a prior law that made `` bullet button '' magazines required on all newly manufactured weapons with detachable magazines . The sale or transfer of such weapons will be prohibited , effective January 1 , 2017 . Those purchased prior to January 1 , 2017 must be registered with the DOJ by the start of 2018 . The definition of types of weapons that are banned has been expanded , the exact definitions should be reviewed at the California DOJ website . Magazine capacity restriction ? Yes Yes § 32310 Section 32310 of the Penal Code states : `` commencing January 1 , 2000 , any person in this state who manufactures or causes to be manufactured , imports into the state , keeps for sale , or offers or exposes for sale , or who gives , lends , buys , or receives any large - capacity magazine is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year or imprisonment '' . Thus , the offenses listed can be charged as a felony or a misdemeanor at the discretion of the prosecutor . The section continues further by explaining that : `` ' manufacturing ' includes both fabricating a magazine and assembling a magazine from a combination of parts , including , but not limited to , the body , spring , follower , and floor plate or end plate , to be a fully functioning large - capacity magazine '' . Until January 1 , 2014 , it was only a crime to `` manufacture , import , keep for sale , offer or expose for sale , or give or lend any large - capacity magazine '' . Assembly Bill 48 was signed by Governor Jerry Brown on October 11 , 2013 and expanded previous prohibitions by making it illegal to buy or receive a large - capacity magazine or magazine rebuild kit . Peace officers ( under Penal Code Section 830 ) and `` person licensed pursuant to ( CA Penal Code ) Sections 26700 to 26915 '' are exempt this prohibition on the purchase and sale of large - capacity magazines for personal use . However , federal law enforcement officers are not exempt and must obtain large - capacity magazines through their agency . In November 2016 California voters approved Proposition 63 . The referendum outlaws the possession of magazines that can hold more than ten rounds of ammunition , requires background checks for all ammunition sales , and mandates the reporting of lost or stolen firearms . On June 30 , 2017 , a federal judge blocked the enforcement of Proposition 63 's ban on the possession of magazines capable of holding more than 10 rounds of ammunition , pending the outcome of litigation concerning the ban . Magazines that would have been subject to the Proposition 63 ban are legal for private citizens to keep until the injunction is either lifted and / or the ban is upheld by the courts . Carry permits required ? Yes Yes § 26150 `` May issue , '' depending on jurisdiction . County sheriff 's or local Police Chief 's discretion , many counties are de facto `` no - issue '' , while others are `` shall - issue '' in practice . CCW permits valid statewide . Out - of - state permits not valid in California . California 's may - issue law has been held constitutional by an en banc panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . The Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal of this holding . Open carry ? Partial Partial § 26350 Long guns and handguns may be openly carried in unincorporated rural areas where firearm discharge is not prohibited by local ordinance . In a county with a population of less than 200,000 residents , a permit to carry a handgun `` loaded and exposed '' may be issued by the county sheriff , valid only in the issuing county . A person may also open carry if he or she `` reasonably believes that any person or the property of any person is in immediate , grave danger and that the carrying of the weapon is necessary for the preservation of that person or property . '' State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes § 53701 GC Most but not all local restrictions preempted . Castle doctrine law ? Yes Yes California never requires a duty to retreat whether in your own home or not . The state acknowledges a legal presumption that an intruder poses a deadly threat if in your own home or property that is owned and controlled by yourself . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes § 12220 , § 12020 , § 12020 Possession of automatic weapons or short - barreled shotguns or rifles prohibited without DOJ `` Dangerous Weapons Permit '' ; permission rarely granted outside of film industry . Suppressors ( aka silencers ) prohibited . Destructive devices are prohibited unless are designated as curios & relics , in which case a collectors permit can be obtained . The only AOWs that are permitted are smoothbore pistols and firearms with a combination of a smoothbore and rifle barrel . Peaceable journey laws ? No No California courts have ruled that large capacity magazines ( LCM ) that are disassembled or LCM parts are legal to possess . Otherwise federal rules are observed . Waiting period ? Yes Yes § 26815 ( a ) ( 2 ) , § 26950 - 27140 ( 3 ) , § 27540 ( a ) ( 4 ) , § 27600 - 27750 ( 5 ) California has a ten ( 10 ) day waiting period for all firearm purchases , transfers , and private sales which must be conducted through a federal and state firearm license holder . That is , upon purchase , the purchaser must wait 10 days after the purchase before the firearm is released to the owner . On August 25 , 2014 , the California 's 10 - day waiting period for gun purchases was ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California which found that `` the 10 - day waiting periods of Penal Code ( sections 26815 ( a ) and 27540 ( a ) ) violate the Second Amendment '' as applied to members of certain classifications ( notably holders of concealed carry permits ) and `` burdens the Second Amendment rights of the Plaintiffs '' . On December 14 , 2016 this ruling was overturned by a three - judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals . The plaintiffs ' petition for an en banc rehearing was denied April 4 , 2017 ; a Supreme Court certiorari petition is pending . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes Cal. § 27545 Private party transfers of firearms must be conducted through a licensed dealer , who is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale . Colorado ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Colorado Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State Permit to Purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No DRMC § 38 - 130 Denver ordinance bans assault weapons . Magazine Capacity Restriction ? Yes Yes CRS § § 18 - 12 - 302 , 18 - 12 - 303 After July 1 , 2013 , magazines holding more than 15 rounds may not be sold , transferred , or possessed unless they were lawfully owned prior to July 1 , 2013 . Firearms with a tubular magazine which are either chambered in . 22 rimfire or operated by lever action are exempt from this regulation , as are magazines `` permanently altered '' to limit the capacity to 15 or less . Owner license required ? No No Concealed Carry permits required ? No Yes CRS § 18 - 12 - 203 Colorado is a shall issue state for concealed carry . Permits are issued by local sheriff offices to county residents . Open carry ? Yes * Yes * CRS § 18 - 12 ; DRMC § § 38 - 117 ( b ) , 38 - 118 * Legal without permit requirements except in Denver and other posted areas . Concealed within a vehicle ? Yes Yes CRS § § 18 - 12 - 105 ( 2b ) , 33 - 6 - 125 ; DRMC § § 38 - 117 ( f ) , 38 - 118 , 14 - 92 No permit is required . Pistols may be carried with chamber and magazine loaded . Rifles and shotguns must be carried with an empty chamber , but the magazine may be loaded . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes CRS § 29 - 11.7 - 103 Local ordinances are preempted by state law , but Denver bans assault weapons and open carry . NFA weapons restricted ? No No CRS § 18 - 12 - 102 NFA items are defined as a `` dangerous weapon '' . Subsection 5 : `` It shall be an affirmative defense to the charge of possessing a dangerous weapon ... that said person has a valid permit and license for possession of such weapon . '' Peaceable Journey laws ? Yes Yes CRS § 18 - 12 - 105.6 ; DRMC § § 38 - 117 ( f ) , 38 - 118 Denver 's restrictions on transport / possession of firearms in vehicles do not apply to persons traveling to or from other jurisdictions ; see Trinen v. City & County of Denver , 53 P. 3d 754 Castle Doctrine ? Yes Yes CRS § 18 - 1 - 704.5 A legal resident of a property has the right to use deadly force to defend themselves , other occupants , and property from armed or unarmed intruders . Known colloquially as the `` Make My Day Law '' , in reference to a line spoken by `` Dirty Harry '' Callahan in the film Sudden Impact . Stand Your Ground Law ? No No Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes CRS § 18 - 12 - 112 For private party transfers of firearms , the seller must request that a licensed dealer perform a background check of the buyer , and must get approval of the transfer from the Colorado Bureau of Investigation . Transfers of antique firearms , bona - fide gifts or loans from immediate family members , and transfers to estate executors or trustees are exempt . Temporary transfers are strictly regulated . Connecticut ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Connecticut Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? Yes Yes CGS 29 - 33 ( b ) , CGS 29 -- 36 ( f ) , CGS 29 - 38m ( c ) Certificate of Eligibility for Pistol and Revolvers or Long Guns or Ammunition required to purchase handguns , long guns or ammunition , respectively or a State Permit to Carry Pistols and Revolvers to purchase any of the above . Applicants must complete an approved safety course , and pass a National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) background check and mental health records check prior to issuance of certificate . Certificates of Eligibility are granted on a Shall - Issue basis to qualified applicants , and are valid for five years . There is a 14 - day waiting period for the purchase of long guns , with exceptions for peace officers , Active - Duty military members , and holders of carry permits . With the passing of Public Act 13 - 3 , hunting licenses ( which take approximately 12 hours to complete versus the eight hours the NRA Basic Pistol Course takes ) may no longer be used to purchase ammunition or long rifles . Long guns and ammunition purchased outside of Connecticut are not subject to the long gun and ammunition eligibility requirements ( even if one is a CT resident ) other than the two - week waiting period must be observed for long gun transfers out of state , unless one has a valid hunting license or carry permit . Firearm registration ? Partial Partial CGS 53 -- 202 Registration required for assault weapons purchased between September 13 , 1994 and April 1 , 2014 and for machine guns obtained before January 1 , 2014 . There is a de facto registry of the sale ( including the serial numbers ) of handguns and long guns purchased in state that is maintained by the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection ( DESPP ) . Any transfer , be it from a dealer or private party , must be accompanied by an authorization number issued by the DESPP and a form containing personal and weapon identification ( DPS - 3 - C ) must be submitted to DESPP and local police . This form is collected and maintained on all guns purchased from FFL dealers as well . The DPS - 3 - C form is not required for long gun transfers made out of state , and there is no legal requirement / penalty to register firearms purchased out of state or lawfully obtained before April 1 , 2014 . Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes CGS 53 -- 202 Partial ban . Selective fire weapons , some . 50 BMG variants , and semiautomatic center - fire firearms with one defined feature ; banned weapons lawfully possessed prior to this date must be registered with DESPP . Registered weapons may only be sold or transferred to a licensed gun dealer , to the State Police or local police department or transferred to a recipient outside of Connecticut . Assault weapons manufactured and lawfully obtained prior to September 13 , 1994 no longer require registration with DESPP and may be sold or transferred to non-prohibited persons . Exceptions exist for active and retired law enforcement and military members . Magazine capacity restriction ? Yes Yes 53 - 202w As of April 4 , 2013 , magazines holding more than 10 rounds are considered Large Capacity Magazines ( LCM ) , and such magazines manufactured after that date may not be sold or transferred within the state . Existing owners of LCMs may possess such magazines if they declare and register them with the DESPP before January 1 , 2014 ; Owners of registered LCMs may not load such magazines with more than 10 rounds except when inside the owner 's home or on the premises of a licensed shooting range . Even if an individual has a permit to carry a pistol or revolver , they can never carry , other than at a shooting range , a pistol that has an LCM loaded with more than 10 bullets . Possessing an unregistered Large Capacity Magazine obtained prior to the ban 's effective date is an infraction with a $90 fine for the first offense , and a Class D felony ( punishable by up to 5 years in prison and / or $5,000 fine ) for subsequent offenses . Unlawfully possessing a LCM obtained after the effective date of the ban is a Class D felony . Owner license required ? No No CGS 23 - 37a ( b ) No license / permit is required to own any firearm / ammunition in Connecticut , except for grandfathered assault weapons manufactured and obtained between September 13 , 1994 and April 4 , 2013 . Carry permits required ? Yes Yes CGS 29 -- 28 Shall - Issue , with Limited Discretion . Connecticut 's pistol permit law specifies that issuing authorities May - Issue pistol permits to qualified applicants , but the state 's courts have generally ruled that permits must be granted on a Shall - Issue basis to applicant 's meeting the state 's qualifications for a pistol permit , as Connecticut does not require an applicant to `` show good cause '' for needing a permit . Issuing local authorities have limited discretion to deny a permit when he or she has personal knowledge of the applicant 's character that would not otherwise be reflected on a background check . A denial on this basis would have to be justified with supporting evidence showing that the applicant is not of `` suitable '' character to be granted a pistol permit , but virtually all cases are thrown out if the applicant is not otherwise barred from owning firearms . Connecticut has a two - step permitting process : a 60 - day Temporary permit issued by local authorities and a 5 - year Regular permit issued by the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection ( DESPP ) . Issuance of a Temporary permit is technically not a prerequisite to apply for a Regular permit , but in practice an applicant must await a decision from local authorities on the temporary permit application before applying to DESPP for the Regular permit . If the local permit is denied for any reason , instead one files an appeal to DESPP to have the state board re-examine the application . If the state board denies the permit ( rare occurrence ) , a court appeal is possible . Permit needed to carry open or concealed . Exceptions for peace officers and Active - Duty military members . Out of state permits not valid in Connecticut , but non-residents may apply for a Connecticut non-resident carry permit through the mail . Non-residents must have a carry permit issued by a United States jurisdiction to apply . Open carry ? Partial Yes Connecticut is a Licensed Open Carry state . A Connecticut Permit to Carry Pistols or Revolvers allows the carry of handguns openly or concealed any place in the state that is not considered `` off - limits '' under state law . Despite this , local law enforcement have been known to detain carriers . There have been very few actual arrests and no convictions in recent history as a result of carrying unconcealed however . State law is silent on the open carry of long guns in public either with or without a permit , although some municipalities have enacted ordinances restricting or banning the practice . Various towns and the state police as well have articulated through training memos that open carry is legal and to not harass people who carry openly without some other cause . Vehicle carry permitted ? No Yes A valid Connecticut pistol permit is required to carry a loaded weapon in a vehicle . Otherwise , the weapon must be unloaded and the firearm its ammunition must be stored in separate locked containers during transport . Duty to inform ? No No Connecticut is not a duty to inform state . Those who are carrying a pistol or revolver must carry their permit with them . Castle Doctrine ? Yes Yes No duty to retreat if you are in your home or on property owned by yourself . There is no `` stand your ground law '' but , courts have granted civil immunity to those with carry permits and used `` reasonable force '' in the past . State preemption of local restrictions ? Partial Yes CGS 29 -- 28 State pre-emption of local ordinances not explicitly specified in state law , but established by court precedence . Most municipalities have ordinances restricting or banning the discharge of firearms outside of firing ranges or designated hunting areas during hunting seasons . Some municipalities have restrictions or bans on carrying long guns in public places . The City of New London and the City of New Britain previously had ordinances that forbade open carry of hanguns , which have since been repealed in both cities . NFA weapons restricted ? No No CGS 53 -- 202 ( c ) SBR , SBS , DD , suppressors are legal , provided they also comply with the assault weapons provisions , unless purchased before October 1 , 1993 . Machine guns are legal if purchased and registered with the state before January 1 , 2014 . Non-selective fire machine guns may be transferred to another resident within Connecticut . Peaceable Journey laws ? No No CGS 29 -- 38 Federal rules observed . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes Private party firearm transfers require that a background check of the buyer be performed by a federally licensed dealer . Delaware ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Delaware Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? Yes Yes 11 Del. C. § 1441 Delaware is a officially `` may issue '' state for concealed carry , but mostly shall - issue in practice . Permits are generally issued to all applicants not barred from owning a firearm . Open Carry ? Yes Yes Open carry without permit is generally permitted . A 2014 State Supreme Court ruling recognized that Open Carry was a long standing fundamental right , barring local prohibitions in effect prior to July 4 , 1985 . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes * Yes * Complete preemption , except for town Ordinance No. 146 ( enacted 6 - 26 - 1980 ) , which bans the carry of firearms , openly or concealed in Elsmere 's town parks . Also the city of Dover did require a permit from the police chief or a state concealed permit to open carry but this was repealed in October of 2015 in keeping with the 2014 State Supreme Court ruling . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes SBRs and AOWs are legal . The city of Wilmington prohibits possession of SBRs within city limits . Machine guns , suppressors , Destructive Devices and SBS are prohibited for the average citizen . Peaceable Journey laws ? No No Federal rules observed . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes 147th General Assembly : Chapter 20 Private party transfers of firearms to persons other than family members must be conducted though a licensed dealer , who is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale . A transfer to a person who possesses a valid License to Carry a Concealed Deadly Weapon is exempt from this requirement . Purchasing a firearm ( edit ) Delaware gun laws do not restrict purchasing of firearms , this includes rifles , shotguns , and handguns . You must be at least 18 to be able to purchase rifles and shotguns ; 21 for handguns . Delaware was voted the 5th easiest state to purchase a gun . There are about 5.6 registered gun owners per 1000 people in the state of Delaware , and over 1000 firearms dealers within the state . There are also gun shows that make allow you to buy antique guns , and guns that are not currently being made or are rare . Firearm definition ( edit ) Delaware law classifies a `` firearm '' as any weapon from which a shot , projectile or other object may be discharged by force of combustion , explosive , gas and / or mechanical means , whether operable or inoperable , loaded or unloaded . It does not include BB guns . Handguns ( edit ) The basic requirements to purchase a handgun are as follows : You must be 21 or older , you must have a state - registered ID , and pass a Federal background check . Long barrel guns ( edit ) The basic requirements to purchase a long barrel gun are almost identical to handgun laws . You must be 18 years or older , you must also have a state - registered ID , and pass a Federal background check . Restrictions and requirements ( edit ) Individuals that are barred from possessing firearms are those who have felony convictions . This also extends to misdemeanor violent offenses , along with all convictions that include narcotics and controlled substances . Another restriction that prevents people from obtaining firearms is if you have a mental instability of a mental illness . If you are younger than 16 , unless you have supervision of an adult you may not purchase a firearm . The only place where you are allowed to purchase a firearm without background check would be a gun show and you would n't need an background check to buy antique guns . Background checks ( edit ) In the state of Delaware a buyer of a firearm is subject to a mandatory background criminal background check . An adult - record check is also required . In 2016 the Delaware General Assembly passed a bill in its legislator that required all gun purchasers have a federal background check , however if the government takes more than 3 days for the check the seller of the firearm is allowed to go forward with the sale . In the state of Delaware you are permitted to buy a shotgun with a background check being sent to the firearm dealer . The average cost of a state background check in Delaware is $52 . Concealed carry ( edit ) To be able to carry a concealed weapon you must first have a CDW permit . In order to get this permit you must first post your application published at least once , at least 10 days before filing . You must then obtain and attach and affidavit which shows that the publication was met . After that you must also submit a 5 reference questionnaires completed by citizens of the county in which you reside . Lastly you must have the application notarized . If denied for your application you are allowed to appeal . If accepted you will have 90 days to complete the approved gun course , only then will you allowed to carry a concealed weapon . After your first three years you will need to re apply for your permit . If you are granted another permit this one will now last you five years not three . Restricted areas ( edit ) Legal gun owners can bring their firearms almost anywhere in the state of Delaware . Gun owners are legally allowed to openly carry handguns in the state . The only places where firearms are prohibited by law are courthouses , police stations , and a few additional areas . Public parks were prohibited area until the state Supreme Court found their inclusion unconstitutional and prohibited enforcement of a carry ban on state park lands . Additionally if you own a CCW permit for a concealed carry you are also allowed to bring your firearm to almost half of the states . ( 46 % ) District of columbia ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in the District of Columbia Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes Permit to purchase ? Yes Yes The firearm registration process also serves as a permitting process . Firearm registration ? Yes Yes All firearms must be registered with the Metropolitan Police Department . A background check and online training are required . Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes Assault weapons and . 50 BMG rifles prohibited . Magazine capacity restriction ? Yes Yes Illegal to possess or acquire magazines of more than 10 round capacity . Owner license required ? Yes Yes The firearm registration process also serves as a licensing process . Carry permits required ? N / A Yes As of October 2017 , D.C. is a `` shall issue '' jurisdiction . See history section below . Open Carry ? No No Open carry is currently prohibited . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes Automatic firearms , short barreled rifles , short barreled shotguns , and silencers prohibited . Peaceable journey laws ? No No Federal law ( FOPA ) applies . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes DC Code § 7 -- 2505.02 Private party firearm transfers must be conducted through a licensed dealer , who is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale . This only applies to sales made within the District of Columbia . Sales made by DC firearms owners outside of the District of Columbia must only conform to that state 's transfer laws Florida ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Florida Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State license to Purchase ? No No None Firearm registration ? No No Chapter 790.335 It is a felony under Florida law to create , maintain or publish any list , record or registry of legally owned firearms or law - abiding firearm owners . Owner license required ? No No None Assault weapon law ? No No None Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No None Concealed Carry license required ? N / A Yes Chapter 790.06 Allows concealed possession of handguns , electronic weapons or devices , tear gas guns , knives , or billies , but not long guns or machine guns per Chapter 790.06 ( 1 ) . Concealed carry only ; no open carry of firearms allowed , even with license , except when hunting , fishing , camping , or while practice shooting and while traveling to and from those activities . Open Carry ? No No Chapter 790.053 , Open carry of firearms is generally banned except open or concealed carry is allowed for without a license under 790.25 for certain protected places and activities . Exceptions include in the home , place of work , hunting , fishing , camping , or while practice shooting and while traveling to and from those activities . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Chapter 790.33 NFA weapons restricted ? No No Chapter 790.161 Making , possessing , throwing , projecting , or discharging any destructive device , or any attempt to do so is a felony in Florida . Peaceable Journey laws ? No No None Federal rules observed . Duty to inform ? No No None Florida law does not require one to disclose one 's possession of a firearm on contact with Law Enforcement . Background checks required for private sales ? No No None Georgia ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Georgia Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State Permit to Purchase ? No No None Firearm registration ? No No None Assault weapon law ? No No None Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No None Owner license required ? No No None Carry permits required ? No Yes O.C.G.A § 16 - 11 - 129 Concealed or open carry allowed with permit . See also O.C.G.A § 43 -- 38 -- 10 which is a special permit for armed security guards . Open Carry ? Yes Yes O.C.G.A § 16 - 11 - 126 Open carry of handguns allowed with a license issued under O.C.G.A § 16 - 11 - 129 . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes O.C.G.A § 16 - 11 - 173 Despite state preemption , several localities continue to have local gun restrictions . Recent court rulings have resulted in many of these ordinances being withdrawn . NFA weapons restricted ? No No None Peaceable Journey laws ? No No None Federal rules observed . Background checks required for private sales ? No No None Hawaii ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Hawaii Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? Yes Yes Firearm registration ? Yes Yes HRS 0134 - 0002 , HRS 0134 - 0003 Must be registered with county police chief within 5 days of purchase or arrival to Hawaii . Registration not required for black powder and pre-1899 firearms . Assault weapon law ? No Yes Law bans assault pistols with two or more banned features . Does not apply to rifles or shotguns with a barrel length greater than 16 inches Magazine capacity restriction ? No Yes HRS134 - 8 ( c ) HRS134 - 11 ( 3 ) Any magazine with a capacity of more than 10 rounds that can be inserted into a pistol is prohibited . Members of organizations are exempt from the pistol magazine limit at places of target shooting . Owner license required ? No No No license required to own any firearms in Hawaii , but all firearms , including those brought into the state by new residents , must be registered . Carry permits required ? No Yes HRS 0134 - 0009 May - Issue by statute , but No - Issue in practice . The chief of police may grant a permit `` in an exceptional case , when an applicant shows reason to fear injury to the applicant 's person or property . '' In practice , Hawaii is `` No - Issue , '' as issuing authorities rarely or never approve applications for permits . In March 2014 , the 9th Circuit US Court of Appeals has ruled Hawaii 's restrictive concealed carry policy unconstitutional , but the court has allowed the law to remain in effect while the State of Hawaii appeals the ruling . Open carry ? Yes Yes By law , Hawaii is a Licensed Open Carry State , but since licenses are rarely issued , the state is Non-Permissive for open carry in practice . The chief of police may grant a permit `` Where the urgency or the need has been sufficiently indicated '' provided that the person `` is engaged in the protection of life and property . '' In practice , Hawaii is `` No - Issue , '' as issuing authorities rarely or never approve applications for permits . No laws against open carrying long guns . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Municipalities may enact and enforce local regulations only if they are identical to , and provide the same penalty as , state law . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes Machine guns , short barreled rifles , short barreled shotguns , and silencers / suppressors are prohibited from the average citizen . Certain Destructive Devices and AOWs are allowed with proper tax stamp and NFA paperwork from the ATF . Peaceable journey laws ? No No None Federal laws observed . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes HRS § 134 - 2 A person who wants to purchase a handgun or long gun must obtain a permit to acquire the ownership of a firearm , which requires a background check of the applicant . Idaho ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Idaho Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes State Permit to Purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No Concealed Carry permits required ? No No Idaho 18 - 3302 May carry concealed when outside the confines of a city or city limits , and inside a vehicle while engaged in a lawful outdoor activity . As of July 1 , 2016 , permitless concealed carry within cities is also legal for Idaho residents 21 years and older and active military ( as of April 4 , 2017 ) . Nonresidents still need a permit to carry concealed within city limits . Open Carry ? Yes Yes May carry openly without a permit in a vehicle or on foot . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Cities May regulate the discharge of firearms within their confines or limits . NFA weapons restricted ? No No Permitted as long as such possession is in compliance with all federal regulations Peaceable Journey laws ? No No Federal rules observed . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Illinois ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Illinois Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? Yes Yes 430 ILCS 65 FOID required . Owner permit required ? Yes Yes 430 ILCS 65 FOID required . Firearm registration ? No No License required for concealed carry ? n / a Yes Public Act 098 - 0063 : Firearm Concealed Carry Act Shall - issue with limited discretion . Concealed carry licenses are issued by the state police . Licenses issued by other states are not recognized , but nonresidents from states with `` substantially similar '' licensing requirements can apply for an Illinois nonresident license . Open carry ? No No Vehicle carry ? No Yes An Illinois concealed carry license is required for Illinois residents . Non-residents may carry in a vehicle if they are eligible to carry in their home state . State preemption of local restrictions ? Partial Partial Public Act 098 - 0063 : Firearm Concealed Carry Act Preemption for the regulation of handguns and handgun ammunition , and for the transportation of all firearms . Preemption for laws regulating assault weapons , unless enacted before July 20 , 2013 . Assault weapon law ? No No Cook Co . Code of Ord. § 54 - 211 Chi . Mun . Code § 8 - 20 - 170 Cook County and the city of Chicago have separately banned the possession of assault weapons , as have several Chicago suburbs , prior to the preemption deadline of July 20 , 2013 . Magazine capacity restriction ? No No No state - level restrictions . Some local jurisdictions have enacted various magazine capacity restrictions . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes 720 ILCS 5 / 24 720 ILCS 5 / 24 - 2 Automatic firearms , short - barreled shotguns , and suppressors prohibited . Short - barreled rifles allowed only for Curios and Relics license holders or members of a bona fide military reenactment group . AOW ( Any Other Weapon ) and large - bore DD ( Destructive Device ) allowed with proper approval and tax stamp from ATF . Castle doctrine / stand your ground laws ? Partial Partial 720 ILCS 5 Illinois has no stand - your - ground law , however there is also no duty to retreat . The use of force is justified when a person reasonably believes that it is necessary `` to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to himself or another , or the commission of a forcible felony . '' There are some additional protections for defense against unlawful entry into a dwelling . Peaceable journey laws ? Partial Yes Public Act 098 - 0063 : Firearm Concealed Carry Act Illinois has state preemption for the transportation of handguns and handgun ammunition . Non-Illinois residents are granted a limited exception to lawfully carry a concealed firearm within a vehicle if they are eligible to carry a firearm in public under the laws of their own state . Non-residents who are permitted to possess a firearm in their own state are not required to have a FOID card . Some localities have banned the possession of assault weapons . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes 430 ILCS 65 The seller must verify the buyer 's FOID card with the Illinois State Police , and must keep a record of the sale for at least ten years . Indiana ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Indiana Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase ? No No None Firearm registration ? No No None Assault weapon law ? No No None Magazine capacity restriction ? No No None Owner license required ? No No None Carry license required ? No Yes IC 35 - 47 - 2 - 3 Shall - Issue . Officially `` License to Carry Handgun '' , which covers concealed and open carry . As of July 1 , 2017 , persons who a ) are at least 18 years old , b ) are protected by a protection order , c ) have applied for a license , and d ) are not prohibited from possessing a handgun may carry a handgun without a license for 60 days from the date of the protection order being issued . Open carry ? Yes Yes IC 35 - 47 - 2 - 3 May carry openly with license . According to the state 's official website , `` carrying an exposed firearm in public may be alarming to some people and create unnecessary and unwanted attention to yourself . '' On May 9 , 2017 , the Indiana Supreme Court ruled that detaining an individual based solely upon their possession of a handgun ( in order to verify that they are licensed ) violates the Fourth Amendment absent any other reasonable articulable suspicion of a crime being committed . Vehicle carry ? Yes Yes IC 35 - 47 - 2 - 3 May carry in a vehicle with license . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes IC 35 - 47 - 11.1 - 2 Enacted in 2011 NFA weapons restricted ? No No IC 35 - 47 - 5 - 10 Federal laws observed . Shall certify ? Yes Yes Shall certify within 15 days . Peaceable journey laws ? No No None Federal rules observed . Castle Doctrine law ? Yes Yes IC 35 - 41 - 3 - 2 No duty to retreat from dwelling , curtilage , or occupied motor vehicle . Duty to inform ? No No IC 35 - 47 - 2 - 24 Indiana law does not require one to disclose possession of a firearm on contact with Law Enforcement . Background checks required for private sales ? No No None Iowa ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Iowa Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes 724.28 A political subdivision of the state shall not enact an ordinance regulating the ownership , possession , legal transfer , lawful transportation , registration , or licensing of firearms when the ownership , possession , transfer , or transportation is otherwise lawful under the laws of this state Permit to Purchase ? No Yes 724.15 Permit To Carry may be used in lieu of Permit to Acquire when purchasing a handgun Concealed carry permit required ? N / A Yes 724.4 Iowa is a `` shall issue '' state . An Iowa carry permit is technically a `` Permit To Carry Weapons '' , and is not limited to firearms . It allows people in Iowa to open or conceal carry any kind of weapon , so long as that weapon is not otherwise illegal to own in Iowa . However , based on the current wording of the statute , state preemption only applies to firearms . As such , residents are advised to be aware of local ordinances that might restrict the possession of knives , swords , or other types of weapons that are not firearms . Open Carry ? Yes Yes 724.7 Iowa issues a `` Permit to Carry Weapons '' that is necessary to carry a firearm . Firearms may be carried open or concealed . Concealed carry is more typical in Iowa , but open carry is not uncommon . Castle Doctrine Yes 704 707.6 Civil immunity for use of `` reasonable force '' in self defense Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes 724.1 Machine guns , destructive devices , etc. illegal . Suppressors legal as of March 31 , 2016 . Short barreled rifle / shotgun legal as of April 13 , 2017 . Background checks required for private sales ? No Yes 724.15 A person acquiring a handgun must have an annual Permit To Acquire pistols or revolvers or a current Permit To Carry . Kansas ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Kansas Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No No Kansas Chapter 75 Article 7c As of July 1 , 2013 , you may conceal carry in any public area of state and municipal buildings . This encompasses carrying at public universities ( schools were allowed to opt out until 2017 ; post-2017 , only buildings with `` adequate security measures '' may remain gun - free ) . May carry concealed without permit as of July 1 , 2015 , however permits can be issued for those who wish to have them . Open Carry ? Yes Yes May carry openly without permit / license . NFA weapons restricted ? No No The second amendment protection act Short barreled shotguns , and machine guns must be registered under the National Firearms Act . However a personal firearm , a firearm accessory or ammunition that is owned or manufactured commercially or privately in Kansas and that remains within the borders of Kansas is not subject to any federal law , suppressor that is manufactured in Kansas and remains within the borders of Kansas are not subject to any federal law , including the NFA . A firearm manufactured in Kansas must have the words `` Made in Kansas '' clearly stamped on a central metallic part , such as the receiver or frame . Shall Certify ? Yes Yes 48 - 1906 Shall certify within 15 days . Peaceable journey laws ? No No Federal rules observed . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Kentucky ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Kentucky Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No Concealed carry permits required ? No Yes KRS § 237.110 Kentucky issues permits to carry concealed deadly weapons which allows for the concealed carry of both handguns and long guns . Open carry ? Yes Yes May carry openly without permit / license . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes KRS § 65.870 Exception : KRS § 237.115 allows the following entities to restrict concealed carry : Postsecondary educational institutions Any unit of government within the state in buildings that it owns , leases , or occupies -- however , concealed carry is allowed in highway rest areas , public housing , and private dwellings NFA weapons restricted ? No No Shall certify ? Yes Yes 237.075 Shall certify within 15 days . Peaceable journey laws ? No No Federal rules observed . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Louisiana ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Louisiana Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No Yes LRS 40 : 1379.3 Louisiana is a `` shall issue '' state for concealed carry . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry is generally permitted without a license , but may be restricted by local governments with laws in place before July 15 , 1985 . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Local restrictions in place before July 15 , 1985 are grandfathered in . Parishes may regulate hunting and the shooting of firearms . Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No Federal rules observed . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Maine ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Maine Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No No 25 MRS § 2003 Maine is a `` shall issue '' state for concealed carry . Constitutional / permitless carry legislation took effect on October 15 , 2015 . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry is permitted . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Local governments may restrict the discharge of firearms . Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No * No 12 MRS § 11214 NFA weapons restricted ? No No Shall certify ? Yes Yes 25 MRSA § 2013 ( 3 ) Shall certify within 15 days . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Maryland ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Maryland Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No Yes Md Public Safety Article Section 5 - 117.1 A Handgun Qualification License is required , unless exempted ( Active Duty / Retired Military with identification cards , Active / Retired Law Enforcement with department credentials , Federal Firearms Licensees ) ; training is required , unless exempted ; fingerprints are required ; background checks are required ; does not invalidate the requirement to perform a comprehensive background check for every handgun purchase transaction . Firearm registration ? No Yes The state police maintain a permanent record of all handgun transfers . Automatic weapons must be registered with the state police . Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No Yes Maryland is a `` may issue '' state for concealed carry . Applicants must demonstrate a `` good and substantial reason '' to carry a handgun . Permits are normally very difficult ( but not impossible ) for ordinary citizens to obtain . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry is permitted with a carry license , but is not generally practiced except by uniformed private security officers . Long guns and antique handguns may be carried openly without a license . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Maryland has state preemption for most but not all firearm laws . `` Assault weapon '' law ? Yes Yes Md Criminal Law Article Section 4 - 303 Firearms Safety Act of 2013 Certain models of firearms are banned as assault pistols and assault long guns . It is illegal to possess an assault weapon or a copycat weapon with two or more specified features ( folding stock , grenade / flare launcher , flash suppressor ) unless owned before 10 / 1 / 2013 , or received through inheritance from a lawful possessor and not otherwise forbidden to possess . Magazine capacity restriction ? Yes Yes Illegal to purchase , sell or manufacture magazines with a capacity of greater than 10 rounds within Maryland . However , possession of magazines greater than 10 rounds is legal if purchased out of state . These may not , however , be transferred to a subsequent owner unless done so outside the state of Maryland . NFA weapons restricted ? No No Automatic firearms , SBSs , and SBRs must be owned in compliance with federal law . Law is silent in regards to DDs , silencers , and AOWs . Background checks required for private sales ? No Yes GAM Public Safety , § 5 - 124 All private transfers of regulated firearms ( handguns or assault weapons ) must be processed through a licensed dealer or designated law enforcement agency which must conduct a background check on the buyer . Massachusetts ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Massachusetts Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? Yes Yes MA Ch. 140 Sec . 129C Firearm Identification ( FID ) or license to carry required . Firearm registration ? No No Although registration is not specifically required by law , transfers of firearm ownership are required to be recorded with the Massachusetts Executive Office of Public Safety and Security ( EOPSS ) : by the seller if in state , or by the buyer if out of state . The Massachusetts EOPSS also provides the option to register a firearm , although , other than obtaining a firearm from out of state ( a transfer of ownership ) , this is not required by law . Owner license required ? Yes Yes MA Ch. 140 Sec . 129C Firearm Identification ( FID ) or license to carry required . Carry permits required ? No Yes MA Ch. 140 Sec. 131 Massachusetts is a `` may issue '' state for carry ; the issuing authority must provide written explanation for the denial of any application , which is subject to appeal . The issuing authority is the local police chief for most jurisdictions , who has discretion in issuing carry licenses based on an applicant 's suitability and stated need . In most jurisdictions , applicants who pass a background check and complete required training are issued licenses , but the issuing authority may impose varying degrees of restriction on the license ( e.g. , hunting , carry to / from a range , firearms dealer , or gunsmith , only while on - duty ( for security professionals ) , etc . ) . Towns closer to large cities ( like Boston ) are de facto restricted , whereas more rural ( and some suburban ) towns are more inclined to issue unrestricted licenses . Permits are valid statewide , provided the license - holder complies with restrictions ( if any ) imposed by the issuing authority . Open carry permitted ? No Yes An individual with a Class A unrestricted license to carry firearms ( LTC - A ) does not have to conceal a handgun in public . Moreover , in 2013 , the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled that the holder of a LTC - A license is not responsible for alarm caused by licensed carry of a handgun , and that a permit can not be revoked for suitability purposes under these circumstances . If police demand to see the permit , it must be produced , per G.L. c. 140 , § 129 ( c ) . Failure to produce a LTC upon demand by law enforcement is probable cause for arrest . Open carry of long guns is prohibited , except while hunting . State preemption of local restrictions ? No No There is limited preemption for some laws . Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes A two point `` banned features '' system is what defines an assault weapon . These assault weapons are prohibited unless lawfully owned on or prior to September 13 , 1994 . Firearms that do not have two or more `` banned features '' are legal to purchase with an LTC or in some cases a standard FID so long as magazine restrictions are followed to what your license allows . Magazine Capacity Restriction ? Yes Yes MA Ch. 140 Sec. 121 Illegal to possess magazines of over 10 rounds capacity . Pre-ban magazines manufactured before September 13 , 1994 are exempt from this restriction . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes MA Ch. 140 Sec. 131 Suppressors are restricted only for law enforcement or licensed manufacturers . Some destructive devices are banned at the state level , while others are banned at a local level . DD 's can be completely illegal or legal depending on what town you live in . SBR 's , SBS 's , and AOW 's are allowed with proper approval from the ATF . A machine gun license is required to possess a machine gun . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes MA Ch. 140 Sec . 128A The seller must verify the buyer 's Firearm Identification Card with the Department of Criminal Justice Information Services . Michigan ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Michigan Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No Not from FFL Permit required for purchase from an individual if purchaser does not have a CPL or an FFL and the transaction is not processed through an FFL dealer . Firearm registration ? No Yes Handgun sales are required to be registered to local law enforcement . Owner license required ? No No Carry permit required ? No Yes MCL 28.452 b Michigan is a `` shall issue '' state for concealed carry . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry is generally permitted . Carry in a vehicle requires a license . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes MCL 123.1102 City or Charter Township may restrict the discharge of firearms ( see MCL 123.1104 ) . Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No Short barreled shotguns , short barreled rifles , automatic weapons , AOW 's , and silencers / suppressors are allowed if in compliance with federal law . Background checks required for private sales ? No Yes MCL 28.422 a A person acquiring a handgun must have either a handgun purchase license or a license to carry a concealed handgun . A background check is required to obtain either of these licenses . Minnesota ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Minnesota Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State Permit to Purchase ? No * * * * Yes § 624.7131 Permit to purchase required to transfer / purchase long guns with a pistol grip and handguns through FFL dealers . A permit to carry also acts as a permit to purchase for Minnesota residents . Traditional rifles and shotguns may be purchased without a permit . There are private seller regulations in Minnesota . Please read here : https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=624.7132#stat.624.7132 . A private seller is guilty of a gross misdemeanor if a private transfer is made to a prohibited person who then uses or possesses the firearm during the commission of a felony crime of violence within one year of the transfer . Minn . Stat . https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=624.7132#stat.624.7132 § § 609.66 , subd . 1f ( https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=609.66#stat.609.66.1f ) and 624.7132 , subd. 12 ( 1 ) ( https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=624.7132#stat.624.7132.12 ) . Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No * No * § 624.7131 Persons 18 and older may purchase assault weapons with a permit to purchase ( or permit to carry for persons 21 and older ) . Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? Yes Yes § 624.714 Shall Issue . Minnesota Permit to Carry a Pistol required to carry handguns . Concealment is permitted but not required . Open Carry ? Yes Yes § 624.7181 Whoever carries a BB gun , rifle , or shotgun on or about the person in a public place is guilty of a gross misdemeanor . A person under the age of 21 who carries a semiautomatic military - style assault weapon on or about their person in public place is guilty of a felony . However , you may carry a pistol or a long gun openly with permit to carry a pistol because , the law states that the prohibition on carrying does not include the carrying of a BB gun , rifle , or shotgun by a person who has a permit under section 624.714 . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes § 471.633 Municipalities may regulate the discharge of firearms within their borders . NFA weapons restricted ? Partial Partial § 609.67 Machine guns and short - barreled shotguns , unless designated Curios & Relics , are prohibited in most cases . Some destructive devices are prohibited in most cases . Sound suppressors and short barreled rifles are legal . Peaceable Journey laws ? Yes Yes § 97B. 045 § 624.714 , Subd. 9 Any legally possessed gun may be transported in a motor vehicle , provided it is unloaded and cased . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Mississippi ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Mississippi Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes State Permit to Purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No No Code Sections 95 - 3 - 1 , 45 - 9 - 101 , 97 - 37 - 7 , House Bill 506 of the 2011 Mississippi Legislature As of July 1 , 2015 the concealed carry law was amended to say `` no license shall be required under this section for a loaded or unloaded pistol or revolver carried in a purse , handbag , satchel , other similar bag or briefcase or fully enclosed case . '' On April 15 , 2016 , the law was further expanded to include belt and shoulder holsters and sheaths . This effectively allows for constitutional carry in Mississippi . However , some forms of concealed carrying would still require a permit ( e.g. Mexican carry or concealed in an ankle holster ) . Licenses still available on a shall - issue basis , issued within 45 days . The license is valid for five years . An enhanced license allows for carrying at public universities and other places . Concealed carry is not allowed in a regular public 1 -- 12 school , courthouse , police station , detention facility , government meeting place , polling place , establishment primarily devoted to dispensing alcoholic beverages , athletic event , parade or demonstration for which a permit is required , passenger terminal of an airport , `` place of nuisance '' as defined in Mississippi Code section 95 -- 3 -- 1 , or a location where a sign is posted and clearly visible from at least ten feet away saying that the `` carrying of a pistol or revolver is prohibited '' . With an enhanced carry permit per Mississippi Code section 97 - 37 - 7 ( 2 ) as amended by House Bill 506 of the 2011 Regular Session , the prohibited locations to carry concealed are as follows : any police , sheriff or state highway patrol station ; any detention facility , prison or jail ; courtrooms during a judicial proceeding ; any `` place of nuisance '' ; and ( not listed in the Mississippi statutes , but still relevant ) any place where the carrying of firearms is prohibited by federal law . A license to carry a pistol or revolver is not required for open carry . A license is not required for transporting a concealed or visible firearm in a vehicle . Open Carry ? Yes Yes House Bill 2 of the 2013 Mississippi Legislature The `` HB2 '' Unlicensed Open Carry Law went into effect July 1 , 2013 . An injunction , declaring the definition of `` concealed handgun '' unconstitutionally vague , was initially put in place by a Circuit Court Judge in Jackson , MS . The injunction was vacated August 29th , 2013 by the Mississippi Supreme Court . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes No county or municipality may adopt any ordinance that restricts or requires the possession , transportation , sale , transfer or ownership of firearms or ammunition or their components . However , local governments may regulate the discharge of firearms , the carrying of firearms at a public park or public meeting , or the use of firearms in cases of insurrection , riots and natural disasters . NFA weapons restricted ? No No Permitted as long such possession is in compliance with all federal regulations Peaceable Journey laws ? Yes Yes Background checks required for private sales ? No No Missouri ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Missouri Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No No Missouri is a `` shall issue '' state for concealed carry . Permitless carry took effect on January 1 , 2017 . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry is permitted . As of October 11 , 2014 , a valid CCW overrides local laws against Open Carry , state wide . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Local governments are allowed to regulate open carry and the discharge of firearms ( except in self defense ) ; however , ccw permit holders are exempt from ordinances banning open carry . Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No Peaceable journey law ? Yes Yes Background checks required for private sales ? No No Montana ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Montana Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes State Permit to Purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No Concealed Carry permits required ? No Yes / No Montana 45 - 8 - 321 Montana is a `` shall issue '' state for citizens and permanent lawful residents who are 18 years old . The law was challenged for previously denying non-citizens permits . The lawsuit was put on hold to give the legislature to opportunity to pass a bill to include permanent lawful residents . Such bill was signed by the governor on April 7 , 2017 . Concealed carry without a permit is generally allowed outside city , town , or logging camp limits . Open Carry ? Yes Yes May carry openly without permit / license . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes M.C.A 45 - 8 - 351 Complete state preemption of firearms laws except localities may regulate the carrying of concealed or openly carried firearms to a public assembly , a publicly owned building , a park under its jurisdiction or a school . Localities may also regulate the possession of firearms by felons , minors , illegal aliens , or the mentally incompetent . NFA weapons restricted ? No No Permitted as long such possession is in compliance with all federal regulations . Peaceable Journey laws ? Yes Yes Background checks required for private sales ? No No Missoula enacted a universal background check ordinance in 2016 , however Attorney General Tim Fox has opined that the ordinance is unlawful . Nebraska ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Nebraska Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No Yes Neb. Rev. Stat. § 69 - 2403 A handgun certificate or a concealed carry permit is required for the purchase of a handgun . Firearm registration ? No No Omaha , Neb. , Code § 20 - 251 et seq. ; Lincoln , Neb. , Muni . Code § 9.36. 030 The City of Omaha requires the registration of all handguns . The City of Lincoln requires reporting of firearms sales other than long guns commonly used for sporting purposes . Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No Yes Nebraska is a `` shall issue '' state for concealed carry . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry is generally permitted , but may be restricted by local governments . For open carry in a vehicle , the firearm must be clearly visible . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes * Yes * Nebraska has partial state preemption for most but not all firearms laws . Other than discharge ordinances , local firearms ordinances are preempted for individuals who hold a valid Concealed Handgun Permit ( CHP ) . These local ordinances are still enforceable against non-permitholders . Assault weapon law ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No Background checks required for private sales ? No Yes Neb. Rev. Stat. § 69 - 2403 A person acquiring a handgun must have either a handgun certificate or a concealed handgun permit and has therefore been subject to a background check . Nevada ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Nevada Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No No Firearm registration ? No No As of June 2015 , Clark County no longer requires the registration of handguns . There is now state preemption for firearm registration . Owner license required ? No No Concealed carry permits required ? No Yes NRS 202 § 3657 - Application and Permitting NRS 202 § 360 - Prohibited Persons Nevada is a `` shall issue '' state for concealed carry . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes NV Constitution Article 1 Section 11 NRS 503 § 165 - Carrying loaded rifle or shotgun in or on vehicle on or along public way unlawful ; exceptions . Open carry is generally permitted throughout the state . For open carry in a vehicle , the firearm may be anywhere except concealed upon the person without a concealed firearm permit . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes NRS 244 § 364 - County of 700,000 or more NRS 268 § 418 - City of 700,000 or more NRS 269 § 222 - Town of 700,000 or more Local authorities may regulate the discharge of firearms . Handgun registration in Clark County was grandfathered in , until SB175 ( signed into law June 2nd , 2015 ) removed the authority of the county to register handguns in Nevada . Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No NRS 202 § 275 Possession , manufacture or disposition of short - barreled rifle or short - barreled shotgun NRS 202 § 350 Manufacture , importation , possession or use of dangerous weapon or silencer 18 USC § 922 ( b ) 4 - Unlawful Transfer 27 CFR § 478.98 - Sales or deliveries of destructive devices and certain firearms . Possession and ownership of an SBR , SBS , machine gun ( selective - fire weapon ) , or silencer , all NFA items , are subject to federal purview and regulation . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes * Yes * In November 2016 , Nevada voters approved referendum Question 1 , changing the law to require background checks for private sales . * Nevada Attorney General Adam Laxalt opined that the law is unenforceable . New Hampshire ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in New Hampshire Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No NHRS XII § 159 : 14 Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry license required ? No No NHRS XII § 159 : 6 Constitutional carry legal as of February 22 , 2017 . Licenses remain available on a Shall - Issue basis for reciprocity purposes . Open carry ? Yes Yes NHRS XII § 159 : 6 NHRS XVIII § 207 : 7 Handgun open carry without license . Loaded long guns prohibited from motor vehicles . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes NHRS XII § 159 : 26 Includes knives . NFA weapons restricted ? No No Peaceable Journey laws ? No No Background checks required for private sales ? No No New Jersey ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in New Jersey Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? Yes Yes A lifetime purchaser identification card is required for purchase of rifles and shotguns , as well as for purchases of handgun ammunition . A permit to purchase a handgun , valid for 90 days is required for each handgun purchase . Only one handgun can be purchased within a 30 - day period . According to state law , purchase permits / identification cards are supposed to be granted on a Shall - Issue basis , but in practice many issuing authorities require the applicant to justify the need for a firearm before granting approval for the permit / ID card . Some issuing authorities have been known to arbitrarily deny purchase permits and ID cards . Firearm registration ? No Yes * The NJ State Police Firearms Investigation Unit ( NJSP FIU ) maintains a record of all handgun transfers , except for inherited firearms willed to the transferee , or firearms brought to the state by new residents moving to the state . Firearm registration is voluntary , but since handgun purchase permits are also a form of register , there is de facto mandatory handgun registration for handguns purchased in - state . Purchases by NJ residents must either be from a licensed dealer in NJ or a private individual who is a resident of NJ . In both dealer purchases and private sales , a copy of the purchase permit is sent to the NJSP FIU . A NICS background check at the point of sale is only required for purchases from dealers . Owner license required ? No No No license is required to own any firearm in New Jersey , except an assault firearm or machine gun . Carry permits required ? Yes Yes N.J. Admin . Code § 13 : 54 No - Issue for ordinary citizens . New Jersey calls its permit a `` permit to carry a handgun '' and is a `` may - issue '' by law for firearm carry , either openly or concealed , but permits are rarely or never granted to the general populace . Permit applicants must `` specify in detail the urgent necessity for self - protection , as evidenced by specific threats or previous attacks which demonstrate a special danger to the applicant 's life that can not be avoided by means other than by issuance of a permit to carry a handgun . '' Then it must be approved by both the township 's police chief and a NJ judge , whereas the applicant will not know who denied the $200 application to carry . As a result of this tough standard , New Jersey is effectively a `` no issue '' state unless one is a retired law enforcement officer or an individual with political connections . Armed security officers and armored car drivers typically get restricted permits limited to carry while on duty only . A letter of need from the security company is required . Open carry ? Yes Yes Open carry is allowed only with a permit to carry a handgun and is generally not practiced except by security officers and others who carry firearms on duty . While technically legal to carry long guns with a Firearm Purchaser ID card , it is generally frowned upon by law enforcement , except when hunting . Long guns can be carried unloaded with a valid firearms purchaser ID card , but one can expect to be detained and questioned by law enforcement officials in most places if carrying in this manner . State preemption of local restrictions ? No No There is limited state preemption for some firearm laws . Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes N.J.S.A 2C : 39 - 1 New Jersey prohibits the possession of certain named firearms or `` substantially identical '' firearms deemed to be assault firearms , including possession of parts from which an assault firearm may be readily assembled . Firearms classed as assault firearms but acquired before May 1 , 1990 and registered with the state are legal to possess . Police officers may possess assault weapons for duty purposes and may possess personal assault weapons with recommendation by their agency . Magazine capacity restriction ? Yes Yes N.J.S.A 2C : 39 - 1 ( y ) Magazines are limited to 15 rounds for semi-automatic firearms and 6 rounds for semi-automatic shotguns . Police officers may possess `` standard capacity magazines '' for duty purposes and may possess personal `` standard capacity magazines '' with recommendation by their agency . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes N.J.S.A 2C : 39 - 3 ( a-c ) ; N.J.S.A 2C : 58 - 5 Possession of short barreled rifles , short barreled shotguns , destructive devices , and suppressors are prohibited to the average citizen . Law is silent on AOWs . Possession of a machine gun requires a state license , which is granted on a may issue basis by a county superior court judge . Machine gun licenses are extremely difficult to obtain . Background checks required for private sales ? No Yes N.J.S.A 2C : 58 - 3 A person acquiring a handgun must have a permit to purchase a handgun . A person acquiring a long gun must have a firearms purchaser identification card . Private sale of a long gun does not require a background check . New Mexico ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in New Mexico Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No New Mexico does not require any permit to purchase a long gun or handgun . Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No There are no assault weapon laws . Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No There is no magazine capacity restriction . Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No Yes NMSA 29 -- 19 -- 4 Shall - issue to full - time and part - time residents ( who hold a valid New Mexico ID / Driver 's License ) , with passage of a criminal history check and mental health records check , and completion of 15 - hour handgun safety course that includes live - fire instruction . Active military and law enforcement members and veterans honorably discharged within 20 years of permit application are exempt from training requirement . Permit required to carry concealed loaded firearm on foot . No permit needed for open carry , concealed carry of an unloaded firearm , or transport of a loaded firearm either concealed or openly in a vehicle . Unlawfully carrying a concealed firearm is a petty misdemeanor that is punishable by up to 6 months in a county jail and / or a fine of up to $500 . Except for active - duty military members and dependents permanently stationed in the state , New Mexico does not issue CHLs to non-residents . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes It is legal to open carry a loaded rifle and / or handgun in New Mexico without a permit . Vehicle carry permitted ? Yes Yes A loaded firearm may be carried / transported either openly or concealed in a vehicle without a permit . Out - of - state permits recognized ? N / A Partial New Mexico recognizes permits from states with reciprocity agreements ( currently 24 states ) . Duty to Inform ? No * No * * Although not mandated by state law , it is customary in New Mexico to inform law enforcement officials when transporting firearms . Those who are carrying a loaded pistol or revolver concealed while on foot must carry their CHL with them and present it upon demand by law enforcement . Concealed Carry on College Campuses ? No No NMSA 29 - 19 - 8 NMSA 30 - 7 - 2.4 Firearms and ammunition may be stored in a locked vehicle while parked on campus , and may be carried while driving in a vehicle on campus , but may not be carried on foot while on campus property . Exceptions exist for university - sponsored shooting events and ROTC programs . NFA weapons restricted ? No No State pre-emption of local ordinances ? Yes * Yes * NMSA 29 - 19 - 10 * As stated in Article 2 , Section 6 of the New Mexico Constitution . * Tribal laws on Native American reservations not pre-empted . Some tribes recognize New Mexico firearms laws , while others do not and have far more restrictive firearms policies . Additionally , some local jurisdictions have enacted ordinances restricting or banning the discharge of firearms within their boundaries . Castle Doctrine law ? No * No * NMSA 30 - 2 - 7 New Mexico 's self - defense statute ( NMSA 30 - 2 - 7 ) is vaguely worded and does not specifically address Castle Doctrine or Stand Your Ground situations . However , Castle Doctrine has been established on a limited basis by a 1946 New Mexico Supreme Court ruling , which states that when a person reasonably feels `` threatened with an attack need not retreat . In the exercise of his right of self defense , he may stand his ground and defend himself . '' Currently , the courts have limited the scope of Castle Doctrine / Stand Your Ground to self - defense situations occurring inside the defender 's home , and neither law nor court precedence provides the defender immunity from lawsuits by the aggressor arising from the use of lethal force in self - defense . Additionally , judicial precedence in New Mexico has established that the use of lethal force is not justifiable in defense of one 's property alone . Duty to Retreat ? No No Opt - Out statute ? Yes Yes NMSA 29 -- 19 -- 12 ; NMSA 30 -- 14 -- 6 ; NMAC 10.8. 2.27 Property owners may prohibit the carrying of firearms onto property they lawfully possess by posting signage or verbally notifying persons upon entering the property . Violating these `` gun - free '' establishments is a full misdemeanor punishable by less than one year in the county jail and / or a fine of up to $1,000 ( Criminal Trespass - NMSA 30 - 14 - 1 ) . Peaceable journey laws ? No No One may travel through or within New Mexico with a loaded weapon in a vehicle . Federal law pre-empts Native American reservation laws . FOPA is observed . Background checks required for private sales ? No No New York ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in New York Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No Yes S 265.20 , S 265.01 No NYS permit is required for long guns . Handguns require a permit . Permits are issued by County or State Supreme Court judges / justices outside of New York City , Nassau and Suffolk Counties , with a background check . Permits for those wanting to carry concealed are issued on a `` may issue '' basis , whereas permits to merely purchase and possess handguns in the home are issued on a `` shall issue '' basis . There is an application fee for each permit , as well as an amendment fee for each handgun added to the permit . NOTE : Different laws apply for NYC Firearm registration ? No Yes S 700.00 , S 265.01 No registration for long guns . All handguns must be registered under a license . There is a $3 registration fee . Handguns are registered with purchase permit . The serial number and sale is noted down . It is illegal to possess any un-registered firearm . Antique weapons are exempted from this . All handguns must travel in the manner one 's license is issued . No record is needed of previously owned handguns with law enforcement . * All rifles classified as assault weapons must be registered with the state by January 15 , 2014 . NOTE : Different laws apply for NYC Owner license required ? No Yes S 265.20 , S 265.01 No license is required for long guns ; however , New York State requires a license for handgun ownership . Handgun licenses are normally restricted to three types : residence or business premises permit ( must issue generally ) , Target & Hunting , and Unrestricted Carry . Target and hunting allows carry while engaged in those activities . Unrestricted allows carry at any time . All permits issued outside of New York City are not valid in New York City EXCEPT for retired police and federal law enforcement officers with that status marked on their permit and for armored car guards on duty . The minimum age to be issued a handgun license is 21 unless you are a former or current member of the armed forces or law enforcement . NOTE : Different laws apply for NYC Carry permits required ? No Yes S 400.00 New York counties , and some police departments , issue pistol licenses on a `` may issue '' basis . Discretionary issuance policies vary widely across the state . Generally , it is harder to obtain a license in counties closer to large New York cities . Most counties that are n't a part of downstate New York have shall / reasonable issuance policies , but may administratively restrict time or place of carry ( such as only for target shooting or hunting ) . It is not a crime to carry a weapon under a Target or Hunting permit for other purposes , but if caught or reported the permit will likely be revoked . Concealed carry without any kind of permit must be charged as a felony unless the weapon is unloaded and no ammunition for it is in possession of the person carrying . All permits are valid throughout the state , except in the City of New York , unless validated by the police commissioner of that city , NY Penal Law 400 ( 6 ) . While New York law does not allow issuance of pistol licenses to non-residents , 2013 federal appeals court and State appeals court rulings clarified the residency requirement . This clarification allowed those domiciled outside of the state with a part - time residence in New York to be issued a permit at the discretion of the licensing officer . Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes S 265.00 , S 265.02 Possession of assault weapons is prohibited , except for those legally possessed on January 15 , 2013 and registered with the state by January 15 , 2014 or classified as an antique assault weapon . New York City , Buffalo , Albany , and Rochester have enacted their own assault weapon bans . Law enforcement and retired law enforcement are exempt from the assault weapons ban . Magazine capacity restriction ? Yes Yes § 265.02 Magazine size limited to 10 rounds . Law enforcement and retired law enforcement are exempt from the 10 round limit . Also exempt are antique high - quality magazines if registered to an associated antique assault weapon . Under the NY SAFE Act ( signed on the 15th of January , 2013 by Gov. Andrew Cuomo ) the magazine law was changed . A legal provision that mandated no more than 7 rounds that may be loaded into the magazine was struck down by a federal judge on December 31 , 2013 . Title II ( National Firearms Act ) weapons restricted ? Yes Yes S 265.02 , S 265.02 Ownership of machine guns , suppressors , short - barreled rifles , and short - barreled shotguns are prohibited to the average citizen . Destructive devices are permitted except for rockets with greater than 3 ounces of propellant , which are prohibited . AOW 's are legal to own but are still required to be on a pistol permit . AOW 's disguised as non-firearms are illegal . Open carry ? Yes No S 265.35 , S 265.01 The law is extremely vague on open carry . Open carry in public is not legal in most instances . While no law specifically bans open carry , a license to carry is issued to carry concealed as per penal law 400 . Therefore , pistol permit holders must carry concealed . Open carry permitted while hunting and possibly on one 's own property . Open carry of unloaded long guns is not explicitly prohibited by any law , but is generally not practiced . Castle Doctrine Law ? Yes * Yes * § 35.20 * New York has a castle doctrine law . It allows for the `` use of ( non-lethal ) physical force in defense of premises and in defense of a person in the course of burglary . '' Lethal force is governed under § 35.15 . State preemption of local restrictions ? No No None New York preempts only handgun licensing . Places such as Buffalo , Rochester , Albany , and most notably New York City have put in more restrictive gun laws , such as licensing of long guns and 5 - round magazine limits . Peaceable journey laws ? Yes Yes S 265.10 With certain restrictions ( see below ) , most notably magazines are not exempt . Some law enforcement agencies ( notably the New York State Police ) do not recognize the federal Firearm Owners Protection Act , and may detain or arrest non-residents transporting firearms through New York in accordance with FOPA . Individuals in such situations would then have to use FOPA as an affirmative defense to firearms - related charges in court . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes NY Gen Bus L § 898 ( 2012 ) For firearm transfers between private parties , a licensed dealer must conduct a background check , provide documentation of the check to the New York State Police , and keep a record of the transaction . North Carolina ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in North Carolina Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No Yes For handguns , a Pistol Purchase Permit ( issued by the sheriff in the county of one 's residence ) or a North Carolina issued Concealed Handgun Permit is required . Presenting either of these exempts the buyer from the on - the - spot NICS background check . Firearm registration ? No No Durham County formerly required registration of handguns . This was repealed on June 18 , 2014 . State law now makes it unlawful for any government entity within the state to maintain a firearms registry . Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No Yes North Carolina is a `` shall issue '' state for Concealed Handgun Permits . N.B. The individual must inform a Law Enforcement officer when addressed he / she is carrying a concealed handgun n . ( Gen Stat. § 14 - 415.12 A ) Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry is not specifically limited by State law , but some local governments may have ordinances against openly carried weapons . See state pre-emption section below State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes North Carolina has state preemption for most firearm laws . Assault weapon law ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No All NFA weapons ( Title II weapons ) and silencers / suppressors are allowed , as long as federal rules are followed Shall Certify ? Yes Yes Section 13 ( § 14 - 409.41 ) Shall certify within 15 days . Background checks required for private sales ? No Yes Article 52A , § 14 - 402 A person acquiring a handgun must have either a permit to purchase a handgun or a concealed handgun permit . A background check is required to obtain either of these permits . North Dakota ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in North Dakota Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No No North Dakota is a `` shall issue '' state for concealed carry . Permitless concealed carry ( for residents only ) effective August 1 , 2017 . Class 1 & 2 permits will still be available . Permit still required to carry openly . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry of long guns is generally permitted . Open carry of a loaded handgun is permitted only by individuals with a valid concealed weapons license . Non permit holders may carry one hour before sunrise until one hour after sunset provided the firearm is unloaded and in plain sight . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No NFA - compliant automatic firearms must be registered with the county sheriff and the state Bureau of Criminal Investigation . Shall Certify ? Yes Yes 62.1 - 05 Shall certify within 30 days . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Ohio ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Ohio Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No None Firearm registration ? No No None Assault weapon law ? No No O.R.C. 2923.11 Owner license required ? No No None Carry permits required ? No Yes O.R.C 2923.125 Shall Issue -- 8 hours of training required , 2 hours of which must include range time . Active duty members of the Armed Forces are exempt from the carry permit requirement . Open carry ? Yes Yes O.R.C. 2923.16 O.R.C. 2923.121 May open carry without a permit if 18 years or older . Restrictions in motor vehicle and licensed liquor establishments . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes O.R.C. 9.68 Full preemption , affirmed by City of Cleveland v. State of Ohio NFA weapons restricted ? No No O.R.C. 2923.17 NFA items are legal if registered in accordance with the NFA . Shall certify ? Yes Yes O.R.C. 311.43 Shall certify within 45 days . Peaceable journey laws ? No No None Federal rules observed . Duty to inform ? No Yes O.R.C. 2923.126 Any concealed handgun licensee must inform a law enforcement officer immediately upon contact if they are in possession of a loaded handgun . If the licensee is an occupant of a vehicle and there is a loaded handgun in the car , the licensee must also inform the law enforcement officer . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Oklahoma ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Oklahoma Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State Permit to Purchase ? No No - Private sales legal , no waiting period . Firearm registration ? No No -- None Assault weapon law ? No No -- None Owner license required ? No No § 21 - 1273 , § 21 - 1276 , § 21 - 1283 , None Carry permits required ? No Yes § 21 - 1277 , § 21 - 1272 , § 21 - 1278 , § 21 - 1290.5 Concealed carry of loaded handguns permitted ; open carry became lawful with permit as of November 1st , 2012 . Unlicensed public carry of unloaded handguns and long arms by persons eligible to possess firearms is allowed under some circumstances . Open carry permitted ? No Yes § 21 - 1290 Open carry is permitted with a handgun carry license . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes § 21 - 1289.24 -- NFA weapons restricted ? No No § 21 - 1289.18 Short barreled rifles and shotguns are illegal to possess under state law unless registered under the NFA , ownership and possession of automatic firearms is legal under state law . Shall Certify ? Yes Yes § 21 - 1289.30 Shall certify within 15 days . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Oregon ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Oregon Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No * No * * The Oregon State Police will maintain a record of firearms sales from FFL holders for a period of 5 years , after such period these records are destroyed . Assault weapon law ? No No No state laws define or regulate assault weapons . Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? Yes Yes ORS 166.291 Oregon is a `` shall - issue '' state for residents . Technically sheriffs `` may issue '' licenses to non-residents of contiguous states ; however , in practice most county sheriffs either adopt very restrictive criteria for issuance to non-residents or simply refuse to issue licenses . Carrying of a concealed firearm is prohibited by ORS 166.250 , however holders of a valid Concealed Handgun License are exempt from this law . ( see ORS 166.260 ) . In 2011 , the Oregon Court of Appeals ruled that public universities no longer have the authority to prohibit firearms on their grounds , however may still prohibit them inside buildings . This effectively legalized campus carry on grounds . Open carry ? Yes Yes Open carry of firearms is legal statewide in accordance with the Oregon Constitution viewable as the `` Oregon Blue Book '' . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Article 1 Subsection 27 . ORS 166.170 Except as expressly authorized by state statute , the authority to regulate in any manner whatsoever the sale , acquisition , transfer , ownership , possession , storage , transportation or use of firearms or any element relating to firearms and components thereof , including ammunition , is vested solely in the State Legislative Assembly . ( See ORS 166.170 ) NFA weapons restricted ? No No Possession of NFA restricted firearms and non firearm items is legal but owners must comply with the NFA Regulations Peaceable journey laws ? Yes Yes The State of Oregon recognizes federal law Title 18 U.S. Code § 926A Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes SB941 ( 2015 ) Private party firearm transfers must be conducted through a licensed firearm dealer while both parties are present . The dealer is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale . Pennsylvania ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Pennsylvania Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No * ( 18 Pa. C.S. § 6111.4 ) All handgun buyers in the state must undergo a PICS check at the point of sale , a record of which is maintained by the state police in a `` sales database '' . The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has ruled that this is legal under 18 Pa. C.S. § 6111.4 , as it is not a comprehensive record of all handgun ownership within the state , as gun owners moving into the state are not required to register their firearms . Assault weapon law ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? Yes * No * 18 Pa. C.S. § 6109 License to Carry Firearms issued on a `` shall - issue '' basis . * A LTCF is required to carry a firearm within a City of the First Class ( Philadelphia ) , in a vehicle , concealed on one 's person , or during a declared state of emergency . Open carry ? Yes Yes Unlicensed open - carry everywhere except Philadelphia or in / on a vehicle . Castle Law / Stand Your Ground ? Yes Yes ( 6 ) Castle Law . No duty to retreat inside castle . No duty to retreat outside castle if confronted with a deadly weapon or an object that appears to be one in a place where the person has a right to be . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes 18 Pa. C.S. § 6120 NFA weapons restricted ? No No Peaceable Journey laws ? Yes Yes ( 7 ) Non-residents may carry in a vehicle if in possession of a valid carry permit from any state . Otherwise , federal rules observed . Background checks required for private sales ? No Yes All private party transfers of handguns must be processed through a licensed dealer , or at a county sheriff 's office . In either case a background check is required . STATE CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION - Article 1 , Section 21 . `` The right of the citizens to bear arms in defense of themselves and the State shall not be questioned . '' Rhode Island ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Rhode Island Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No Yes RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 47 -- 35 All purchasers of handguns must complete and pass a safety exam managed by the RI Department of Environmental Management , at which time they will receive a DEM issued `` blue card '' allowing purchase . Exempt are active duty military members , active and retired law enforcement officers , correctional officers , and persons licensed to carry a concealed firearm by RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 47 -- 11 . Firearm registration ? No No RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 47 -- 41 Assault weapon law ? No No None Owner license required ? No No None Carry permits required ? No Yes RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 47 -- 11 RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 47 -- 18 Rhode Island is a hybrid `` shall issue '' and `` may issue '' state for carry . Licenses may be granted either by local authorities or by the state 's attorney general 's office . Licenses granted by local authorities are `` shall issue '' while those issued by the attorney general 's officer are `` may issue '' under state law . Until recently , most local authorities had been deferring to the attorney general which effectively blocks most issuance , unless one is a retired LEO . The practice of not issuing permits on a true ' shall issue ' basis has been the subject of recent litigation . In April 2015 , the Rhode Island Supreme Court has ruled that a police chief must accept and review carry permit applications and must render a decision and the reasons for that decision . More significantly , the court ruled that the issuing authority must `` show cause '' for denying an applicant a carry license . Permits issued by local authorities and the Attorney General 's office are valid for concealed carry statewide . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 47 -- 18 Open carry of handguns is permitted for only those with a carry permit issued by the attorney general . Open carry not permitted for those whose handgun carry permits were issued by local authorities . Long gun open carry with or without a permit is not prohibited by law . Vehicle carry ? No Yes RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 47 -- 8 Permitted with a valid Rhode Island Handgun Carry Permit . Non-residents may carry in a vehicle with a valid concealed carry permit issued by another state while traveling through Rhode Island without any intent to stop while in the state . Out - of - state permits recognized ? No Vehicle carry only None State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 47 -- 58 Castle Doctrine Law ? Yes Yes ( 8 ) No duty to retreat if you are in your home NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 47 -- 8 RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 47 -- 20 It is a violation of state law to possess any NFA weapon or silencers with the exception of Class III FFLs . Peaceable Journey laws ? No Yes RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 47 -- 8 One may possess a loaded handgun in a motor vehicle without a RI permit as long as one possesses a carry permit from another state and is merely transiting through Rhode Island without any unnecessary stops . Long guns must be unloaded in a vehicle . FOPA is observed . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes For all firearm transfers , the buyer must pass a background check . South Carolina ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in South Carolina Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No Yes SC Code 23 - 31 - 210 South Carolina is a `` shall issue '' state for concealed carry . Open carry permitted ? Yes No State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No SC Code 16 - 23 - 210 through 16 - 23 - 250 Permitted if registered in accordance with federal laws . State law makes possession , storage , and transfer illegal but then grants an exception for `` any person authorized to possess these weapons by the United States Department of the Treasury ; the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , and Firearms ; or any other federal agency empowered to grant this authorization '' . Peaceable journey laws ? No No None Federal rules observed . Background checks required for private sales ? No No South Dakota ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in South Dakota Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No Yes SD 23 - 7 - 7 South Dakota is a `` shall issue '' state for concealed carry . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry is generally permitted . For open carry in a vehicle , the firearm must be clearly visible . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No Background checks required for private sales ? No No Tennessee ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Tennessee Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No None No Firearm registration ? No No None No Assault weapon law ? No No None No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No None No Carry permits required ? No * Yes T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1351 Permits are `` shall - issue '' . Concealed or open carry of a handgun is allowed with permit . As of July 1 , 2014 , due to the enhanced Castle Doctrine law , a person may keep a loaded handgun or long gun in their private vehicle without a permit . As of July 1 , 2017 , persons who can legally possess / purchase a firearm and are protected by a protection order may carry a handgun without a license for 60 days from the date of the protection order being issued . * Loaded long gun carry in public is generally illegal , with exceptions for activities such as hunting in approved areas . Unloaded long gun carry is not prohibited . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1307 T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1308 Open carry of loaded handguns is permitted for those who have been issued a license to carry . Long guns may only be carried unloaded . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1314 State preemption per T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1314 ( a ) . Local governments may post signs per T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1359 to prohibit carry on government property . Local government may not , however , prohibit firearms in locally owned / operated parks and other recreational areas . NFA weapons restricted ? No No None On July 1 , 2003 public chapter 275 is in effect . Shall Certify ? Yes Yes T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1361 Shall certify within 15 days . Peaceable journey laws ? No No None Federal rules observed . Self - defense law Yes Yes T.C.A. § 39 - 11 - 611 There is no duty to retreat before using deadly force , as long as you are acting lawfully and are in a place you have a right to be in . It is presumed you had a reasonable fear of imminent death or serious bodily injury if someone unlawfully and forcibly enters a residence , business , dwelling or vehicle . Background checks required for private sales ? No No None Texas ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Texas Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Carry license required ? No Yes GC Ch . 411.172 Licensed carry of a handgun requires a `` shall - issue '' license , and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed . People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21 , felons , fugitives , people who are `` chemically dependent '' or `` incapable of exercising sound judgment '' , and those in arrears for taxes or child support . Open carry ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 Long gun and black powder weapon ( including handgun ) open carry is not forbidden by law , unless in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm . '' Effective January 1 , 2016 , individuals with a handgun carry license are permitted to carry openly , per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session . Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas are also allowed to open carry under the new law . Concealed carry on college campus ? No Yes May carry in parking lots , parking garages , outdoor walkways on campus . Public four - year universities ( as of August 1 , 2016 ) and public two - year colleges ( as of August 1 , 2017 ) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well . Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as `` gun free zones '' ; these will be subject to legislative analysis . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes LGC § 229.001 . State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership , transfer , storage , or licensing of firearms , ammunition , or accessories . Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms ( such as for noise , nuisance or public safety ) , but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm . NFA weapons restricted ? No No PC 46.01 , PC 46.05 Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that `` explosive weapons '' , `` machine guns '' , `` short - barrel firearms '' , and `` firearm silencers '' , as defined in Section 46.01 , be `` registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice '' . Prior to May 22nd 2015 , Section 46.05 called `` registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act '' a `` defense to prosecution '' . Peaceable journey laws ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 , PC 46.15 A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control . The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft , and 46.02 , which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft , is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling , pursuant to said activities . 46.15 ( b ) ( 2 ) . Castle doctrine / stand your ground law ? Yes Yes PC 9.32 A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful , forceful intrusion into their dwelling , or to prevent an unlawful , forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling , or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson . There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Utah ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Utah Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Assault Weapons law ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? Yes Yes UT 53 - 05 - 704 Carry of a loaded firearm or concealed firearm allowed with permit . May open carry unloaded firearm without permit . May carry loaded handgun in vehicle without permit ; loaded long guns in vehicles prohibited . As of 2004 , may carry at public universities . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry of firearm without a permit is allowed as long as the gun is at least 2 actions from being fired , e.g. , 1 ) rack the slide to chamber , and 2 ) pull the trigger Open carry of a loaded firearm ( e.g. , a live round of ammunition in the firing chamber ) is allowed with a permit State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Municipalities may regulate the discharge of firearms . NFA weapons restricted ? No No Possession of NFA firearms in violation of federal law is a third degree felony under state law . However , possession and ownership of NFA firearms and items is legal under state law if federal requirements and laws are followed . Shall certify ? Yes Yes 53 - 5a - 104 Shall certify within 15 days . Peaceable Journey law ? Yes Yes 76 - 10 - 523 Persons exempt from weapons laws . `` ( g ) a nonresident traveling in or through the state , provided that any firearm is : ( i ) unloaded ; and ( ii ) securely encased as defined in Section 76 - 10 - 501 . '' Handguns may be loaded in any vehicle under the person 's control . Castle Doctrine law ? Yes Yes 76 - 2 - 405 Force in defense of habitation . `` ( 1 ) A person is justified in using force against another when and to the extent that he reasonably believes that the force is necessary to prevent or terminate the other 's unlawful entry into or attack upon his habitation ; however , he is justified in the use of force which is intended or likely to cause death or serious bodily injury only if : ( a ) the entry is made or attempted in a violent and tumultuous manner , surreptitiously , or by stealth , and he reasonably believes that the entry is attempted or made for the purpose of assaulting or offering personal violence to any person , dwelling , or being in the habitation and he reasonably believes that the force is necessary to prevent the assault or offer of personal violence ; or ( b ) he reasonably believes that the entry is made or attempted for the purpose of committing a felony in the habitation and that the force is necessary to prevent the commission of the felony . ( 2 ) The person using force or deadly force in defense of habitation is presumed for the purpose of both civil and criminal cases to have acted reasonably and had a reasonable fear of imminent peril of death or serious bodily injury if the entry or attempted entry is unlawful and is made or attempted by use of force , or in a violent and tumultuous manner , or surreptitiously or by stealth , or for the purpose of committing a felony . '' Stand Your Ground law ? Yes Yes 76 - 2 - 402 Force in defense of person -- Forcible felony defined . `` ( 1 ) ( a ) A person is justified in threatening or using force against another when and to the extent that the person reasonably believes that force or a threat of force is necessary to defend the person or a third person against another person 's imminent use of unlawful force . ( b ) A person is justified in using force intended or likely to cause death or serious bodily injury only if the person reasonably believes that force is necessary to prevent death or serious bodily injury to the person or a third person as a result of another person 's imminent use of unlawful force , or to prevent the commission of a forcible felony . '' Background checks required for private sales ? No No Vermont ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Vermont Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No No Vermont Firearm Laws May carry open or concealed without permit as long as you are a citizen of the U.S. or a lawfully admitted alien , and not otherwise prohibited from possessing firearms under state or federal law . Open carry ? Yes Yes State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes NFA weapons restricted ? No No Vermont legalized suppressors on June 17th , 2015 . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Virginia ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Virginia Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No No Firearm registration ? No No § 18.2 - 295 Fully - automatic firearms ( machine guns ) are required to be registered with the state police . Owner license required ? No No Proof of age and citizenship required for the purchase of `` assault weapons '' . Carry permits required ? No Yes § 18.2 - 308 Virginia is a `` shall issue '' state for concealed carry . Permits are issued to non-residents and training is permitted online or in person . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes § 15.2 - 915.2 § 18.2 - 287.4 § 18.2 - 282 Open carry is generally allowed without a permit for people 18 years of age and older . The following cities and counties have exceptions that disallow the open carry of `` assault weapons '' ( any firearm that is equipped with a magazine that will hold more than 20 rounds of ammunition or is designed by the manufacturer to accommodate a silencer or equipped with a folding stock ) or shotguns equipped with a magazine that holds more than 7 rounds : the Cities of Alexandria , Chesapeake , Fairfax , Falls Church , Newport News , Norfolk , Richmond , and Virginia Beach and in the Counties of Arlington , Fairfax , Henrico , Loudoun , and Prince William . These restrictions do not apply to valid concealed carry permit holders . Stated differently , you may open carry an assault weapon / shotgun with more than 7 rounds with a permit in the aforementioned locations , but do not need a permit to do so in any other locality in Virginia . For open carry in a vehicle , the firearm must be `` properly secured in a container or compartment within the vehicle '' ( ie glove box , center console , trunk , etc ) . The container / compartment does not have to be locked , the firearm may be within the reach of the driver or a passenger , and the firearm may be loaded . This does not preempt an employer from prohibiting firearms `` at a place of employment if there is a company policy or signage prohibiting firearms on the premises . '' Furthermore , a `` county or city may by ordinance make it unlawful for any person to transport , possess or carry a loaded shotgun or loaded rifle in any vehicle on any public street , road , or highway within such locality . '' However , this does not `` apply to duly authorized law - enforcement officers or military personnel in the performance of their lawful duties , nor to any person who reasonably believes that a loaded rifle or shotgun is necessary for his personal safety in the course of his employment or business . '' In addition , a firearm may be considered `` open carry '' in a vehicle if the firearm is openly visible , though this is not as well established as the `` secured in a container / compartment '' rule . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes § 15.2 - 915 Virginia has state preemption for most but not all firearm laws . Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes § 18.2 - 308.2 : 2 § 18.2 - 308.2 : 01 § 18.2 - 308.7 Proof of age ( 18 + for long arms , 21 + for pistols ) and proof of citizenship ( or permanent residence license ) are required for the purchase of `` assault weapons '' . `` Assault weapons '' are defined as a semi-automatic , centerfire , firearm equipped with a folding / adjustable stock , or equipped at the time with a magazine capable of holding more than 20 rounds , or capable of accommodating a silencer / suppressor . Magazine restriction ? No No § 18.2 - 287.4 § 18.2 - 282 . Magazines capable of holding more than 20 rounds are legal but , they make the firearm an `` assault weapon '' , subject to law accordingly . NFA weapons restricted ? No No § 18.2 - 308.8 § 18.2 - 308.5 § 18.2 - 295 Fully - automatic firearms ( machine guns ) must be registered with the state police . Plastic firearms and some destructive devices ( such as the striker 12 shotgun ) are prohibited outside law enforcement . SBS , SBR , AOWs , and suppressors are legal with NFA paperwork . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Washington ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Washington Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Revised Code of Washington Notes State Permit to Purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No Partial RCW 09.41. 110 ( 9 ) ( a ) and ( b ) Retail dealers must record and report all retail pistol sales to local police / sheriff and to state department of licensing . Owner license required ? No No Constitutional Right to Bear Arms ? Yes Yes WA Constitution art . 1 sec. 24 Carry permits required ? No Yes RCW 09.41. 050 CCW Reciprocity Washington is a `` shall - issue '' state and will grant concealed carry permits to all applicants who meet the criteria . There are no training requirements . Open carry ? Yes Yes RCW 09.41. 050 ( in vehicle ) Open carry is lawful in Washington without any permit . Open carry of a loaded handgun in a vehicle is legal only with a concealed pistol license . Open carry of a loaded long gun in a vehicle is illegal , regardless of CPL possession . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes RCW 09.41. 290 RCW 09.41. 300 State Law does not allow more restrictive local laws . Assault weapons ban ? No No Magazine capacity rectrictions ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? Partial Partial RCW 09.41. 190 RCW 09.41. 220 RCW 09.41. 225 RCW 09.41. 250 ( 1 ) ( c ) Machine guns and short - barreled shotguns -- unless purchased before July 1 , 1994 -- are illegal for non-law - enforcement possession . Suppressors , destructive devices and any other weapons are lawful to possess and use if registered properly with ATF . Short barreled rifles are lawful to possess and use if registered properly with the ATF , as of June 12 , 2014 . Peaceable Journey laws ? No No RCW 09.41. 050 RCW 09.41. 060 18 USC § 926A CCW Reciprocity Federal travel - with - a-firearm laws apply . Some out - of - state CCW licenses valid , otherwise carry must be open or , in a vehicle , unloaded . Castle Doctrine / Stand your ground law ? Not defined - de facto RCW 9A. 16.050 , RCW 9A. 16.110 The Washington State Supreme Court ruled `` that there is no duty to retreat when a person is assaulted in a place where he or she has a right to be . '' Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes Initiative 594 ( 2014 ) Private party firearm transfers must be conducted through a licensed dealer , who is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale . West Virginia ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in West Virginia Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No No § 61 - 7 - 4 § 61 - 7 - 7 As of May 24 , 2016 , West Virginia became a constitutional carry state . Any person 21 years or older who is legally able to own a handgun may carry the weapon concealed without the need of obtaining a permit . A permit is required for individuals 18 - 20 years old who wish to carry a handgun concealed . Carry permits are still issued on a `` shall issue '' basis to anyone who would like one for reciprocity purposes . As of October 2016 , there are 37 states that recognize WV permits for those 21 years or older , and of those 35 states , 16 recognize WV permits issued to persons 18 years or older . Note : 2 of the 37 states do n't officially recognize the WV permit , but are constitutional carry states , so no permit is required . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry is generally allowed without a permit . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes § 8 - 12 - 5a Pursuant to The Enrolled Public Act of Senate Bill 317 by The West Virginia Legislature , as Signed into Law by Governor Tomblin , The Amended Provisions of West Virginia Code Section 8 - 12 - 5a ( a ) Preempt and Preclude Municipalities from Regulating : ' ... The Carry ( ing ) of any Revolver , Pistol , Rifle , or Shotgun ' . As a Result , a Municipality may no longer Prohibit Open Carry of a Firearm within its Jurisdictional Limits . Assault weapon law ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No Shall Certify ? Yes Yes § 61 - 7 - 16 Shall certify within 30 days . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Wisconsin ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Wisconsin Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Constitutional right to bear arms Yes 1 : 25 `` The people have the right to keep and bear arms for security , defense , hunting , recreation or any other lawful purpose . '' State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes 66.0409 State permit to purchase ? No No 175.35 Concealed carry license required ? No Yes 175.60 Permit is given on a shall - issue basis . Concealed carry of knives ( not intended for use as weapons ) is legal without a permit . Campus carry is allowed , but buildings may be exempted if signs forbidding firearms are posted . Owner license required ? No No 941.29 Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes 947.01 66.0409 Open carry of loaded handguns and long guns and knives is permitted without a license . Castle Doctrine / Self Defense Statutes Yes 895.62 Immunity from prosecution and civil damages in the home , with conditions and exceptions 939.48 No duty to retreat in the `` dwelling '' or owned / operated place of business . No deadly force solely to protect property . 3rd party protection . If attack is provoked , self defense may only be used if reasonable belief of imminent death or great bodily harm . If attack is provoked deadly force only allowed if all other reasonable means of avoidance exhausted . 940.01 `` the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the facts constituting the defense did not exist in order to sustain a finding of guilt '' Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restrictions ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No 941.298 941.26 Machine guns allowed , but may not shoot pistol cartridges and may not be possessed aggressively or offensively . Suppressors , SBR , and SBS are allowed if NFA rules followed , otherwise felony . Background checks required for private sales ? No Wyoming ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Wyoming Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State Permit to Purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No No Residents may carry open or concealed without a permit however , permits are issued on a shall - issue basis to those who wish to have them . Non-residents are required to have a CCW permit from a state Wyoming recognizes if they wish to carry concealed . Open carry ? Yes Yes No permit required for both residents and non-residents . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes NFA weapons restricted ? No No Background checks required for private sales ? No No U.S. territories ( edit ) American Samoa ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in American Samoa Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes Permit to purchase ? Yes N / A A license is required to purchase long guns or ammunition . Handguns are prohibited for civilian possession despite D.C. v Heller and McDonald v Chicago . Firearm registration ? Yes Yes All firearms must be registered with the American Samoa Public Safety Department . Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes Assault weapons and . 50 BMG rifles prohibited . Magazine capacity restriction ? Yes Yes Carry permits issued ? No No The territory does not issue concealed carry permits . Open carry ? No No Open carry is prohibited . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes Explosive weapons , machine guns , gas guns , short barreled rifles , short barreled shotguns , and silencers are prohibited . Peaceable journey laws ? No No Federal law ( FOPA ) applies . Guam ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Guam Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase Yes Yes 60103 , 60106 FOID required . Owner License Required Yes Yes 60106 FOID required Firearm registration ? Yes Yes 60110 Open Carry Yes Yes FOID required . Concealed carry license required ? No Yes 60109 Shall Issue . Bill 296 - 32 passed by legislature for shall issue , signed by Governor . Assault weapon law No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes SBR , SBS , Machine guns , and silencers are prohibited . Destructive devices and AOW 's are legal with NFA tax stamp . Castle law Yes Northern Mariana Islands ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in the Northern Mariana Islands Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes Permit to purchase ? Yes Yes A license is required to purchase guns or ammunition . Firearm registration ? No No Registration of firearms has been ruled unconstitutional . Assault weapon law ? No No Ban on assault weapons was ruled unconstitutional . Magazine capacity restriction ? Yes Yes No magazines over 10 rounds . Carry permits issued ? No No Concealed carry remains illegal . Open carry ? No Yes The general ban on carrying operable firearms in public was ruled unconstitutional . Lawful gun owners may carry loaded handguns openly as long as other laws are not violated , such as gun - free zones . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes Short barreled shotguns , short barreled rifles , machine guns , suppressors , and grenade launchers are prohibited . Peaceable journey laws ? No No Federal law ( FOPA ) applies . Puerto Rico ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Puerto Rico Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes Permit to purchase ? No No Firearms purchases are subject to the requirements of US federal law Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No Yes May - Issue according to law , but permits are rarely granted to ordinary citizens . Unrestricted concealed carry was technically allowed from June 20 , 2015 to October 31 , 2016 following a lawsuit challenging Puerto Rico 's restrictive gun laws . The lower court ruling striking down many of the territory 's laws was appealed by the government to the Appeals Court , which reversed the lower court 's decision . The Puerto Rico Supreme Court declined to hear the appeal of the Appeals Court ruling from the plaintiffs in the case , effectively restoring Puerto Rico 's restrictive permitting policy for concealed carry . Open carry ? No No Permitless open carry was technically allowed from June 20 , 2015 to November 16 , 2016 following a lawsuit challenging Puerto Rico 's restrictive gun laws . The lower court ruling striking down many of the territory 's laws was appealed by the government to the Appeals Court , which reversed the lower court 's decision on November 16 , 2016 . The Puerto Rico Supreme Court has declined to hear the appeal of the Appeals Court ruling from the plaintiffs in the case , effectively restoring Puerto Rico 's ban on open carry . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes Automatic firearms , short barreled shotguns , and silencers are prohibited . Peaceable journey laws ? No No Federal law ( FOPA ) applies . U.S. Virgin Islands ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in the United States Virgin Islands Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes Permit to purchase ? Yes Yes A license is required to purchase any firearm or ammunition . Firearm registration ? Yes Yes All firearms must be registered with the Virgin Islands Police Department . Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes Assault weapons and . 50 BMG rifles prohibited . Magazine capacity restriction ? Yes Yes Carry permits required ? No Yes The territory currently has a `` may issue '' policy for concealed carry permits . To obtain one , the applicant must meet a stringent set of requirements , so few people receive permits . Open carry ? No No Open carry is prohibited . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes Automatic firearms and short barreled shotguns are prohibited . Peaceable journey laws ? No No Federal law ( FOPA ) applies . See also ( edit ) Note : Please see many links in the box at the top of the page called `` Firearm legal topics of the United States of America '' . Index of gun politics articles Right to keep and bear arms in the United States Second Amendment to the United States Constitution References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene ( 2006 ) . `` State Constitutional Right to Keep and Bear Arms Provisions '' . UCLA School of Law . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Civil Rights -- Article 2 -- § 4 Right to Keep and Bear Arms '' . Law and Legal Research . March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Justices Extend Firearm Rights in 5 - to - 4 Ruling '' , New York Times . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Concealed Carry Reciprocity Map on '' . Usacarry.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Printz v. United States , 521 U.S. 898 ( 1997 ) '' . FindLaw . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Printz v. United States '' . Stephen P. Halbrook . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Congress may not require the States to administer a federal regulatory program Jump up ^ Kirby , Brendan ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Alabama Has One Concealed - Carry Permit Law , 67 Ways to Apply It '' , AL.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Concealed Weapons Permitting in Arizona '' . Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Arizona : Governor Ducey Signs Legislation Protecting the Transfer of Private Property '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Public Act 746 '' , Arkansas General Assembly 2013 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Governor Signs NRA - Backed Personal Protection Bill in Arkansas '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2017/2017R/Bills/SB724.pdf Jump up ^ `` Retention of Sales & Background Check Records in California '' , Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence , October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . `` California law requires most firearm transfers to be processed through a licensed firearms dealer ... Firearms dealers are required to report all Dealer Record of Sale ( '' DROS `` ) transactions to the California Department of Justice ( '' DOJ `` ) electronically . '' Jump up ^ `` California Penal Code Section 11106 '' , Onecle . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . `` ( 2 ) The registry shall consist of all of the following ... ( A ) The name , address , identification of , place of birth ( state or country ) , complete telephone number , occupation , sex , description , and all legal names and aliases ever used by the owner or person being loaned the particular firearm as listed on the information provided to the department on the Dealers Record of Sale ... ( B ) The name and address of , and other information about , any person ( whether a dealer or a private party ) from whom the owner acquired or the person being loaned the particular firearm and when the firearm was acquired or loaned as listed on the information provided to the department on the Dealers Record of Sale ... ( D ) The manufacturer 's name if stamped on the firearm , model name or number if stamped on the firearm , and , if applicable , the serial number , other number ( if more than one serial number is stamped on the firearm ) , caliber , type of firearm , if the firearm is new or used , barrel length , and color of the firearm , or , if the firearm is not a handgun and does not have a serial number or any identification number or mark assigned to it , that shall be noted . '' Jump up ^ `` New Firearms Legislation '' . State of California - Department of Justice - Office of the Attorney General . 2016 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ California Penal Code section 32310 - 32390 , Official California Legislative Information . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ AB - 48 Firearms : large - capacity magazines. ( 2013 - 2014 ) , California Legislative Information . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Penal Code Part 6 , Title 4 , Division 10 , Chapter 5 , Article 2 Exceptions Relating Specifically to Large - Capacity Magazines ( 32400 - 32450 ) , California Legislative Information . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McGreevy , Patrick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` California Voters Approve Gun Control Measure Proposition 63 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Federal judge blocks California ban on `` large - capacity '' gun magazines , Reuters , June 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Supreme Court Turns Down Case on Carrying Guns in Public '' `` . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ruling on Peruta v. San Diego , 9th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals , June 9 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Silvester v. Harris , CASE NO . 1 : 11 - CV - 2137 AWI SAB '' ( PDF ) . US District Court , Eastern District of California . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Court OKs application of California gun waiting period '' `` . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Silvester v. Attorney General Xavier Becerra ( 10 - day waiting period lawsuit ) '' `` . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Commissioner of Public Safety Letter to David A Cough , September 12 , 2013 Jump up ^ Connecticut Carry 's Article on open carry citing state and town evidence Jump up ^ `` Delaware '' , Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Delaware Supreme Court strikes down broad restrictions on gun possession in state parks and forests '' , Washington Post , Volokh Conspiracy . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Concealed Weapons Permitting Policy Summary '' , Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence , August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Indiana : 2017 Legislative Session Adjourns '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Does Indiana law require me to carry my handgun on my person in a concealed or exposed manner ? '' , Frequently Asked Questions , IN.gov . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gun Guy : Police May Not Detain Armed Hoosiers to Check for Handgun License 93.1 WIBC '' . 93.1 WIBC . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Does Indiana law require me to carry my handgun on my person in a concealed or exposed manner ? '' , Frequently Asked Questions , IN.gov . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Indiana : Governor Pence Signs Pro-Gun Bill '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Iowa : Governor Branstad Signs the Hearing Protection Act '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Iowa : Governor Branstad Expands the Second Amendment Rights of Gun Owners Across Iowa '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Senate Bill 281 : Firearm Safety Act of 2013 , Maryland Legislature 2013 Regular Session . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Firearms Records Bureau v. Simkin , 466 Mass . 168 ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Michigan Open Carry - FAQ '' . Michigan Open Carry , Inc . Jump up ^ `` MCL 750.227 '' . Michigan Legislature . Jump up ^ `` Senate Bill 2394 ( As Sent to Governor ) '' , Mississippi Legislature , 2015 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Mississippi : Gov. Phil Bryant Signs NRA - Backed Permitless Carry Bill & Other Pro-Second Amendment Measures into Law ! '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Staff , WLOX . `` Gov. Bryant signs Church Protection Act '' . www.wdam.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` House Bill 506 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mississippi Supreme Court decision : Mississippi v. Smith Archived 2013 - 09 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , State of Mississippi Judiciary . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Missourians Celebrate a Win for Self - Defense Rights on Wednesday '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://moga.mo.gov/mostatutes/stathtml/02100007501.html , Missouri Revised Statutes , 21.750 Firearms legislation preemption by general assembly , exceptions -- limitation on civil recovery against firearms or ammunitions manufacturers , when , exception . Jump up ^ `` SAF Sues Montana over Law Barring CCW Permits for Legal Resident Aliens '' . Second Amendment Foundation . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LAWS Detailed Bill Information Page '' . laws.leg.mt.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Montana : Attorney General 's Opinion States Missoula Background Check Ordinance is Illegal '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Lochhead , Colton ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` What Happens to Firearm ' Blue Cards ' Now that State Controls Registration ? '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Las Vegas Municipal Ord. 9 § 32.080 - Deadly weapon prohibited in vehicle -- Exceptions '' . Municode.com . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` North Las Vegas Municipal Ord. 9 § 32.040 - Dangerous or Deadly Weapon defined '' . Municode.com . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SB175 '' . Leg.state.nv.us . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 18 USC § 922 ( b ) 4 - Unlawful Transfer '' . GPO.gov. April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 27 CFR § 478.98 - Sales or deliveries of destructive devices and certain firearms '' . GPO.gov. April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Ric ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Ballot Question Closing Background Check Loophole Passes in Nevada '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . The measure makes private transactions subject to the same legal requirement as purchases involving licensed dealers , for which federal background checks are necessary . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Nevada Attorney General Says Question One Background Check Law ' Unenforceable ' '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` AG Opinion '' ( PDF ) . Ag.nv.gov . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA New Hampshire : Governor Sununu Signs Constitutional / Permitless Carry Bill Into Law ! '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ New Jersey General Assembly . `` N.J.S.A. 2C : 39 - 1 '' . Statutes of New Jersey . New Jersey . Jump up ^ New Jersey General Assembly . `` N.J.S.A. 2C : 39 - 1 ( y ) '' . Statutes of New Jersey . New Jersey . Jump up ^ `` Title 13 . Law and Public Safety -- Chapter 54 . Firearms and Weapons '' , New Jersey State Police . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ New Jersey General Assembly . `` N.J.S.A. 2C : 39 - 3 ( a-c ) '' . Statutes of New Jersey . New Jersey . Jump up ^ New Jersey General Assembly . `` N.J.S.A. 2C : 58 - 5 '' . Statutes of New Jersey . New Jersey . Jump up ^ New Jersey General Assembly . `` N.J.S.A. 2C : 58 - 3 '' . Statutes of New Jersey . New Jersey . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA New Mexico Gun Laws '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Large Capacity Ammunition Magazines in New Mexico Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence '' . lawcenter.giffords.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Military CCW Applicants , New Mexico Department of Public Safety , Retrieved Mar 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` New Mexico '' . OpenCarry.org. 2012 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Reciprocity Agreements , New Mexico Department of Safety . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 2011 New Mexico Statutes Chapter 30 : Criminal Offenses Article 7 : Weapons and Explosives , 30 - 7 - 1 through 30 - 7 - 22 Section 30 - 7 - 2.4 : Unlawful carrying of a firearm on university premises ; notice ; penalty . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 2011 New Mexico Statutes Chapter 30 : Criminal Offenses Article 2 : Homicide , 30 - 2 - 1 through 30 - 2 - 9 Section 30 - 2 - 7 : Justifiable homicide by citizen . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ New Mexico Has Stand Your Ground for Certain Juries , Albuquerque Journal , July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Osterweil v. Bartlett . 999 N.E. 2d 516 '' . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Kopel , David ( December 31 , 2010 ) . `` Victory for Firearms Preemption in New York '' , The Volokh Conspiracy . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City of Buffalo , NY Firearms , Arrows and Other Weapons '' . ecode360.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` City of Rochester , NY Dangerous Articles '' . ecode360.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` City of Albany , NY Firearms and Ammunition '' . ecode360.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 New York Consolidated Laws : Article 39 - DDD -- ( 898 ) Private Sale or Disposal of Firearms , Rifles and Shotguns '' . Justia Law . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina Firearms Laws '' , North Carolina Department of Justice , December 2015 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_14/GS_14-415.23.html Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER 62.1 - 03 HANDGUNS '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Ohio : Kasich Signs Critical Self - Defense Bill Into Law ! '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Senate Bill 1733 , Oklahoma Secretary of State . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 47 -- 35.1 Jump up ^ `` Gadomski v. Tavares '' , FindLaw . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lexis Nexis Tennessee Code Annotated ( http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/tncode/ ) Jump up ^ `` New Tennessee law allows gun owners to keep loaded firearms in vehicle '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Tennessee : Governor Signs Multiple Pro-Gun Bills into Law '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` SENATE BILL 983 / HOUSE BILL 752 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ HB0955 ( April 24 , 2015 ) amends TCA Title 39 , Chapter 17 , Part 13 `` HB0995 Bill Information '' . Jump up ^ `` Texas Government Code - Section 411.172 '' . Texas Constitution and Statutes . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NFA Weapons Now Legal In Texas '' . ammoland.com. 2015 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` H. 5 ( Act 61 ) : An act relating to hunting , fishing , and trapping '' . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attorney General Opinion '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Salerno , Christina ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Legislature OKs Short - Barreled Rifles '' , TVW . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 137 Wn. 2d 533 State of Washington v. Studd ; Decided 1999 / 04 / 01 . Jump up ^ 150 Wn. 2d 489 State of Washington v. Reynaldo Redmond ; Decided 2003 / 12 / 06 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA West Virginia : Permitless Carry Went Into Effect on May 24 ! '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` States Recognizing West Virginia Concealed Handgun Licenses '' . www.ago.wv.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA West Virginia : Attorney General Morrisey Announces Expanded Concealed Handgun Recognition '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` State Laws and Published Ordinances -- Firearms ( 31st Edition : 2010 -- 2011 ) '' . Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guam '' . handgunlaw.us . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Senators make more changes to concealed carry bill Pacific Daily News guampdn.com '' . guampdn.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Governor signs 12 bills , vetoes 2 '' . www.kuam.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Doctrine bill passed , allowing residents to protect thems - KUAM. com - KUAM News : On Air . Online . On Demand '' . kuam.com. 2014 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Bagnol , Raquel C. ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` US court : $1,000 tax on handguns unconstitutional '' . Marianas Variety . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Murphy v. Guerrero '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Northern Mariana Islands '' ( PDF ) . Handgunlaw.us . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tribunal Supremo reitera constitucionalidad de la Ley de Armas '' ( `` Supreme Court reaffirms constitutionality of the Firearms Law '' ) , Noticel . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) U.S. Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms & Explosives -- State Laws and Published Ordinances -- Firearms ( 32nd Edition ) National Rifle Association -- State Firearms Laws Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence -- Gun Laws by State ( hide ) Gun laws in the United States by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming District of Columbia American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Household Per capita Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Flat rate None Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Forest Geographic centers Government Attorneys general Capitals Historical Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_the_United_States_by_state&oldid=813833596 '' Categories : United States gun laws by state United States firearms law United States law - related lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 13 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where are automatic weapons legal in the united states	[]	[]
843879184444467997	Chicago Cubs	Chicago Cubs - wikipedia Chicago Cubs Jump to : navigation , search `` Cubbies '' redirects here . For the minor league baseball team formerly known as the Rockford Cubbies , see Dayton Dragons . Chicago Cubs 2017 Chicago Cubs season Established in 1876 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations National League ( 1876 -- present ) Central Division ( 1994 -- present ) East Division ( 1969 -- 1993 ) Current uniform Retired numbers 10 14 23 26 31 31 42 Colors Blue , red , white Name Chicago Cubs ( 1903 -- present ) Chicago White Stockings ( NL ) ( 1876 -- 1889 ) Chicago Colts ( 1890 -- 1897 ) Chicago Orphans ( 1898 -- 1902 ) Other nicknames The Cubbies , the North Siders , the North Side Nine , the Boys in Blue , the Lovable Losers , the Little Bears , the Blue Bears , the Baby Bears Ballpark Wrigley Field ( 1916 -- present ) a.k.a. Weeghman Park ( 1914 -- 1920 ) a.k.a. Cubs Park ( 1920 -- 1926 ) 23rd Street Grounds ( 1876 -- 1877 ) Lakefront Park ( I ) ( 1878 -- 1882 ) Lakefront Park ( II ) ( 1883 -- 1884 ) West Side Park ( I ) ( 1885 -- 1891 ) South Side Park ( 1891 -- 1893 ) West Side Park ( II ) ( 1893 -- 1915 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 3 ) 1907 1908 2016 National League Pennants ( 17 ) 1876 1880 1881 1882 1885 1886 1906 1907 1908 1910 1918 1929 1932 1935 1938 1945 2016 Central Division titles ( 4 ) 2003 2007 2008 2016 East Division titles ( 2 ) 1984 1989 Wild card berths ( 2 ) 1998 2015 Front office Owner ( s ) Thomas S. Ricketts , Laura Ricketts , Pete Ricketts , Todd Ricketts , Joe Ricketts Manager Joe Maddon General Manager Jed Hoyer President of Baseball Operations Theo Epstein The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . The team plays its home games at Wrigley Field , located on the city 's North Side . The Cubs are one of two major league teams in Chicago ; the other , the Chicago White Sox , is a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The Cubs , first known as the White Stockings , was a founding member of the NL in 1876 , becoming the Chicago Cubs in 1903 . The Cubs have appeared in a total of eleven World Series . The 1906 Cubs won 116 games , finishing 116 -- 36 and posting a modern - era record winning percentage of . 763 , before losing the World Series to the Chicago White Sox ( `` The Hitless Wonders '' ) by four games to two . The Cubs won back - to - back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908 , becoming the first major league team to play in three consecutive World Series , and the first to win it twice . Most recently , the Cubs won the 2016 National League Championship Series and 2016 World Series , which ended a 71 - year National League pennant drought and a 108 - year World Series championship drought , both of which are record droughts in Major League Baseball . The 108 - year drought was also the longest such occurrence in all major North American sports . Since the start of divisional play in 1969 , the Cubs have appeared in the postseason eight times through the 2016 season . The Cubs are known as `` the North Siders '' , a reference to the location of Wrigley Field within the city of Chicago , and in contrast to the White Sox , whose home field ( Guaranteed Rate Field ) is located on the South Side . The Cubs have multiple rivalries . There is a divisional rivalry with the St. Louis Cardinals and also a newer rivalry with the Milwaukee Brewers . There is also an interleague rivalry with the White Sox . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early club history 1.1. 1 1876 -- 1902 : A National League 1.1. 2 1902 -- 1920 : A Cubs dynasty 1.2 The Wrigley years ( 1921 -- 1981 ) 1.2. 1 1929 -- 1938 : Every three years 1.2. 2 1945 : Curse of the Billy Goat 1.2. 3 1969 : Fall of ' 69 1.2. 4 1977 -- 1979 : June Swoon 1.3 Tribune Company years ( 1981 -- 2008 ) 1.3. 1 1984 : Heartbreak 1.3. 2 1989 : NL East division championship 1.3. 3 1998 : Wild card race and home run chase 1.3. 4 2001 : Playoff push 1.3. 5 2003 : Five more outs 1.3. 6 2004 -- 2006 1.3. 7 2007 -- 2008 : Back to back division titles 1.4 The Ricketts era ( 2009 -- present ) 1.4. 1 2010 - 2014 : The decline and rebuild 1.4. 2 2015 : The arrival of Joe Maddon 1.4. 3 2016 : World Series Champions 2 Ballpark 2.1 Wrigley Field and Wrigleyville 2.2 Bleacher Bums 3 Culture 3.1 Cubs Win Flag 3.2 Mascots 3.3 Music 3.4 Popular culture 3.5 Tinker to Evers to Chance 4 Playoffs / Championships 5 Distinctions 5.1 Forbes ' value rankings 6 Team 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Retired numbers 6.3 Hall of Famers 6.4 Minor league affiliations 6.5 Spring training history 7 Media 7.1 Radio 7.2 Print 7.3 Television 7.4 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History Main article : History of the Chicago Cubs Early club history 1876 -- 1902 : a National League The 1876 White Stockings won the N.L. championship The Cubs began play in 1876 as the Chicago White Stockings , joining the National League ( NL ) as a charter member . Owner William Hulbert signed multiple star players , such as pitcher Albert Spalding and infielders Ross Barnes , Deacon White , and Adrian `` Cap '' Anson , to join the team prior to the N.L. 's first season . The White Stockings played their home games at West Side Grounds and quickly established themselves as one of the new league 's top teams . Spalding won forty - seven games and Barnes led the league in hitting at . 429 as Chicago won the first ever National League pennant , which at the time was the game 's top prize . After back - to - back pennants in 1880 and 1881 , Hulbert died , and Spalding , who had retired to start Spalding sporting goods , assumed ownership of the club . The White Stockings , with Anson acting as player - manager , captured their third consecutive pennant in 1882 , and Anson established himself as the game 's first true superstar . In 1885 and ' 86 , after winning N.L. pennants , the White Stockings met the champions of the short - lived American Association in that era 's version of a World Series . Both seasons resulted in match ups with the St. Louis Brown Stockings , with the clubs tying in 1885 and with St. Louis winning in 1886 . This was the genesis of what would eventually become one of the greatest rivalries in sports . In all , the Anson - led Chicago Base Ball Club won six National League pennants between 1876 and 1886 . As a result , Chicago 's club nickname transitioned , and by 1890 they had become known as the Chicago Colts , or sometimes `` Anson 's Colts '' , referring to Cap 's influence within the club . Anson was the first player in history credited with collecting 3,000 career hits . After a disappointing record of 59 -- 73 and a ninth - place finish in 1897 , Anson was released by the Cubs as both a player and manager . Due to Anson 's absence from the club after 22 years , local newspaper reporters started to refer to the Cubs as the `` Orphans '' . After the 1900 season , the American Base - Ball League formed as a rival professional league , and incidentally the club 's old White Stockings nickname ( eventually shortened to White Sox ) would be adopted by a new American League neighbor to the south . 1902 -- 1920 : a Cubs dynasty The 1906 Cubs won a record 116 of 154 games . They then won back - to - back World Series titles in 1907 -- 08 In 1902 , Spalding , who by this time had revamped the roster to boast what would soon be one of the best teams of the early century , sold the club to Jim Hart . The franchise was nicknamed the Cubs by the Chicago Daily News in 1902 , although not officially becoming the Chicago Cubs until the 1907 season . During this period , which has become known as baseball 's dead - ball era , Cub infielders Joe Tinker , Johnny Evers , and Frank Chance were made famous as a double - play combination by Franklin P. Adams ' poem Baseball 's Sad Lexicon . The poem first appeared in the July 18 , 1910 edition of the New York Evening Mail . Mordecai `` Three - Finger '' Brown , Jack Taylor , Ed Reulbach , Jack Pfiester , and Orval Overall were several key pitchers for the Cubs during this time period . With Chance acting as player - manager from 1905 to 1912 , the Cubs won four pennants and two World Series titles over a five - year span . Although they fell to the `` Hitless Wonders '' White Sox in the 1906 World Series , the Cubs recorded a record 116 victories and the best winning percentage (. 763 ) in Major League history . With mostly the same roster , Chicago won back - to - back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908 , becoming the first Major League club to play three times in the Fall Classic and the first to win it twice . However , the Cubs would not win another World Series until 2016 ; this remains the longest championship drought in North American professional sports . 1913 Chicago Cubs The next season , veteran catcher Johnny Kling left the team to become a professional pocket billiards player . Some historians think Kling 's absence was significant enough to prevent the Cubs from also winning a third straight title in 1909 , as they finished 6 games out of first place . When Kling returned the next year , the Cubs won the pennant again , but lost to the Philadelphia Athletics in the 1910 World Series . In 1914 , advertising executive Albert Lasker obtained a large block of the club 's shares and before the 1916 season assumed majority ownership of the franchise . Lasker brought in a wealthy partner , Charles Weeghman , the proprietor of a popular chain of lunch counters who had previously owned the Chicago Whales of the short - lived Federal League . As principal owners , the pair moved the club from the West Side Grounds to the much newer Weeghman Park , which had been constructed for the Whales only two years earlier , where they remain to this day . The Cubs responded by winning a pennant in the war - shortened season of 1918 , where they played a part in another team 's curse : the Boston Red Sox defeated Grover Cleveland Alexander 's Cubs four games to two in the 1918 World Series , Boston 's last Series championship until 2004 . Beginning in 1916 , Bill Wrigley of chewing - gum fame acquired an increasing quantity of stock in the Cubs . By 1921 he was the majority owner , maintaining that status into the 1930s . Meanwhile , the year 1919 saw the start of the tenure of Bill Veeck , Sr. as team president . Veeck would hold that post throughout the 1920s and into the 30s . The management team of Wrigley and Veeck came to be known as the `` double - Bills . '' The Wrigley years ( 1921 -- 1981 ) 1929 -- 1938 : every three years Club logo 1927 -- 1936 Near the end of the first decade of the double - Bills ' guidance , the Cubs won the NL pennant in 1929 and then achieved the unusual feat of winning a pennant every three years , following up the 1929 flag with league titles in 1932 , 1935 , and 1938 . Unfortunately , their success did not extend to the Fall Classic , as they fell to their AL rivals each time . The ' 32 series against the Yankees featured Babe Ruth 's `` called shot '' at Wrigley Field in game three . There were some historic moments for the Cubs as well ; In 1930 , Hack Wilson , one of the top home run hitters in the game , had one of the most impressive seasons in MLB history , hitting 56 home runs and establishing the current runs - batted - in record of 191 . That 1930 club , which boasted six eventual hall of fame members ( Wilson , Gabby Hartnett , Rogers Hornsby , George `` High Pockets '' Kelly , Kiki Cuyler and manager Joe McCarthy ) established the current team batting average record of . 309 . In 1935 the Cubs claimed the pennant in thrilling fashion , winning a record 21 games in a row in September . The ' 38 club saw Dizzy Dean lead the team 's pitching staff and provided a historic moment when they won a crucial late - season game at Wrigley Field over the Pittsburgh Pirates with a walk - off home run by Gabby Hartnett , which became known in baseball lore as `` The Homer in the Gloamin ' '' . After the `` double - Bills '' ( Wrigley and Veeck ) died in 1932 and 1933 respectively , P.K. Wrigley , son of Bill Wrigley , took over as majority owner . He was unable to extend his father 's baseball success beyond 1938 , and the Cubs slipped into years of mediocrity , although the Wrigley family would retain control of the team until 1981 . 1945 : curse of the Billy goat Main article : Curse of the Billy Goat The Cubs enjoyed one more pennant at the close of World War II , finishing 98 -- 56 . Due to the wartime travel restrictions , the first three games of the 1945 World Series were played in Detroit , where the Cubs won two games , including a one - hitter by Claude Passeau , and the final four were played at Wrigley . In game four of the series , the Curse of the Billy Goat was allegedly laid upon the Cubs when Wrigley ejected Billy Sianis , who had come to game four with two box seat tickets , one for him and one for his goat . They paraded around for a few innings , but Wrigley demanded the goat leave the park due to its unpleasant odor . Upon his ejection , Sianis uttered , `` The Cubs , they ai n't gon na win no more . '' The Cubs lost game four , lost the series , and did not return until the 2016 World Series . It has also been said by many that Sianis put a curse on the Cubs , apparently preventing the team from playing in the World Series . After losing the 1945 World Series to the Detroit Tigers , the Cubs finished with a respectable 82 - 71 record in the following year , but this was only good enough for third place . In the following two decades after Sianis ' ill will , the Cubs played mostly forgettable baseball , finishing among the worst teams in the National League on an almost annual basis . From 1947 to 1966 , they only notched one winning season . Longtime infielder - manager Phil Cavarretta , who had been a key player during the 1945 season , was fired during spring training in 1954 after admitting the team was unlikely to finish above fifth place . Although shortstop Ernie Banks would become one of the star players in the league during the next decade , finding help for him proved a difficult task , as quality players such as Hank Sauer were few and far between . This , combined with poor ownership decisions such as the College of Coaches , and the ill - fated trade of future Hall of Fame member Lou Brock to the Cardinals for pitcher Ernie Broglio ( who won only seven games over the next three seasons ) , hampered on - field performance . 1969 : Fall of ' 69 Main article : 1969 Chicago Cubs season The late - 1960s brought hope of a renaissance , with third baseman Ron Santo , pitcher Ferguson Jenkins , and outfielder Billy Williams joining Banks . After losing a dismal 103 games in 1966 , the Cubs brought home consecutive winning records in ' 67 and ' 68 , marking the first time a Cub team had accomplished that feat in over two decades . In 1969 the Cubs , managed by Leo Durocher , built a substantial lead in the newly created National League Eastern Division by mid-August . Ken Holtzman pitched a no - hitter on August 19 , and the division lead grew to 8 ⁄ games over the St. Louis Cardinals and by 9 ⁄ games over the New York Mets . After the game of September 2 , the Cubs record was 84 - 52 with the Mets in second place at 77 - 55 . But then a losing streak began just as a Mets winning streak was beginning . The Cubs lost the final game of a series at Cincinnati , then came home to play the resurgent Pittsburgh Pirates ( who would finish in third place ) . After losing the first two games by scores of 9 - 2 and 13 - 4 , the Cubs led going into the ninth inning . A win would be a positive springboard since the Cubs were to play a crucial series with the Mets the next day . But Willie Stargell drilled a two - out , two - strike pitch from the Cubs ' ace reliever , Phil Regan , onto Sheffield Avenue to tie the score in the top of the ninth . The Cubs would lose 7 - 5 in extra innings. ( 6 ) Burdened by a four - game losing streak , the Cubs traveled to Shea Stadium for a short two - game set . The Mets won both games , and the Cubs left New York with a record of 84 - 58 just 1 ⁄ 2 game in front . More of the same followed in Philadelphia , as a 99 loss Phillies team nonetheless defeated the Cubs twice , to extend Chicago 's losing streak to eight games . In a key play in the second game , on September 11 , Cubs starter Dick Selma threw a surprise pickoff attempt to third baseman Ron Santo , who was nowhere near the bag or the ball . Selma 's throwing error opened the gates to a Phillies rally . After that second Philly loss , the Cubs were 84 - 60 and the Mets had pulled ahead at 85 - 57 . The Mets would not look back . The Cubs ' eight - game losing streak finally ended the next day in St. Louis , but the Mets were in the midst of a ten - game winning streak , and the Cubs , wilting from team fatigue , generally deteriorated in all phases of the game. ( 1 ) The Mets ( who had lost a record 120 games 7 years earlier ) , would go on to win the World Series . The Cubs , despite a respectable 92 - 70 record , would be remembered for having lost a remarkable 171⁄2 games in the standings to the Mets in the last quarter of the season . 1977 -- 1979 : June Swoon Main article : 1977 Chicago Cubs season Following the 1969 season , the club posted winning records for the next few seasons , but no playoff action . After the core players of those teams started to move on , the 70s got worse for the team , and they became known as `` the Loveable Losers . '' In 1977 , the team found some life , but ultimately experienced one of its biggest collapses . The Cubs hit a high - water mark on June 28 at 47 -- 22 , boasting an 8 ⁄ game NL East lead , as they were led by Bobby Murcer ( 27 HR / 89 RBI ) , and Rick Reuschel ( 20 -- 10 ) . However , the Philadelphia Phillies cut the lead to two by the All - star break , as the Cubs sat 19 games over . 500 , but they swooned late in the season , going 20 -- 40 after July 31 . The Cubs finished in fourth place at 81 -- 81 , while Philadelphia surged , finishing with 101 wins . The following two seasons also saw the Cubs get off to a fast start , as the team rallied to over 10 games above . 500 well into both seasons , only to again wear down and play poorly later on , and ultimately settling back to mediocrity . This trait became known as the `` June Swoon '' . Again , the Cubs ' unusually high number of day games is often pointed to as one reason for the team 's inconsistent late season play . Wrigley died in 1977 . The Wrigley family sold the team to the Chicago Tribune in 1981 , ending a 65 - year family relationship with the Cubs . Tribune company years ( 1981 -- 2008 ) 1984 : heartbreak Main article : 1984 Chicago Cubs season Ryne Sandberg set numerous league and club records in his career and was elected to the Hall of Fame in 2005 . After over a dozen more subpar seasons , in 1981 the Cubs hired GM Dallas Green from Philadelphia to turn around the franchise . Green had managed the 1980 Phillies to the World Series title . One of his early GM moves brought in a young Phillies minor - league 3rd baseman named Ryne Sandberg , along with Larry Bowa for Iván DeJesús . The 1983 Cubs had finished 71 -- 91 under Lee Elia , who was fired before the season ended by Green . Green continued the culture of change and overhauled the Cubs roster , front - office and coaching staff prior to 1984 . Jim Frey was hired to manage the 1984 Cubs , with Don Zimmer coaching 3rd base and Billy Connors serving as pitching coach . Green shored up the 1984 roster with a series of transactions . In December , 1983 Scott Sanderson was acquired from Montreal in a three - team deal with San Diego for Carmelo Martínez . Pinch hitter Richie Hebner (. 333 BA in 1984 ) was signed as a free - agent . In spring training , moves continued : LF Gary Matthews and CF Bobby Dernier came from Philadelphia on March 26 , for Bill Campbell and a minor leaguer . Reliever Tim Stoddard ( 10 -- 6 3.82 , 7 saves ) was acquired the same day for a minor leaguer ; veteran pitcher Ferguson Jenkins was released . The team 's commitment to contend was complete when Green made a midseason deal on June 15 to shore up the starting rotation due to injuries to Rick Reuschel ( 5 -- 5 ) and Sanderson . The deal brought 1979 NL Rookie of the Year pitcher Rick Sutcliffe from the Cleveland Indians . Joe Carter ( who was with the Triple - A Iowa Cubs at the time ) and right fielder Mel Hall were sent to Cleveland for Sutcliffe and back - up catcher Ron Hassey (. 333 with Cubs in 1984 ) . Sutcliffe ( 5 -- 5 with the Indians ) immediately joined Sanderson ( 8 -- 5 3.14 ) , Eckersley ( 10 -- 8 3.03 ) , Steve Trout ( 13 -- 7 3.41 ) and Dick Ruthven ( 6 -- 10 5.04 ) in the starting rotation . Sutcliffe proceeded to go 16 -- 1 for Cubs and capture the Cy Young Award . The Cubs 1984 starting lineup was very strong . It consisted of LF Matthews (. 291 14 -- 82 101 runs 17 SB ) , C Jody Davis (. 256 19 -- 94 ) , RF Keith Moreland (. 279 16 -- 80 ) , SS Larry Bowa (. 223 10 SB ) , 1B Leon `` Bull '' Durham (. 279 23 -- 96 16SB ) , CF Dernier (. 278 45 SB ) , 3B Ron Cey (. 240 25 -- 97 ) , Closer Lee Smith ( 9 -- 7 3.65 33 saves ) and 1984 NL MVP Ryne Sandberg (. 314 19 -- 84 114 runs , 19 triples , 32 SB ) . Reserve players Hebner , Thad Bosley , Henry Cotto , Hassey and Dave Owen produced exciting moments . The bullpen depth of Rich Bordi , George Frazier , Warren Brusstar and Dickie Noles did their job in getting the game to Smith or Stoddard . At the top of the order , Dernier and Sandberg were exciting , aptly coined `` the Daily Double '' by Harry Caray . With strong defense -- Dernier CF and Sandberg 2B , won the NL Gold Glove - solid pitching and clutch hitting , the Cubs were a well balanced team . Following the `` Daily Double '' , Matthews , Durham , Cey , Moreland and Davis gave the Cubs an order with no gaps to pitch around . Sutcliffe anchored a strong top to bottom rotation and Smith was one of the top closers in the game . The shift in the Cubs ' fortunes was characterized June 23 on the `` NBC Saturday Game of the Week '' contest against the St. Louis Cardinals ; it has since been dubbed simply `` The Sandberg Game . '' With the nation watching and Wrigley Field packed , Sandberg emerged as a superstar with not one , but two game - tying home runs against Cardinals closer Bruce Sutter . With his shots in the 9th and 10th innings Wrigley Field erupted and Sandberg set the stage for a comeback win that cemented the Cubs as the team to beat in the East . No one would catch them , except the Padres in the playoffs . In early August the Cubs swept the Mets in a 4 - game home series that further distanced them from the pack . An infamous Keith Moreland - Ed Lynch fight erupted after Lynch hit Moreland with a pitch , perhaps forgetting Moreland was once a linebacker at the University of Texas . It was the second game of a double header and the Cubs had won the first game in part due to a three run home run by Moreland . After the bench - clearing fight the Cubs won the second game , and the sweep put the Cubs at 68 -- 45 . In 1984 , each league had two divisions , East and West . The divisional winners met in a best - of - 5 series to advance to the World Series , in a `` 2 -- 3 '' format , first two games were played at the home of the team who did not have home field advantage . Then the last three games were played at the home of the team , with home field advantage . Thus the first two games were played at Wrigley Field and the next three at the home of their opponents , San Diego . A common and unfounded myth is that since Wrigley Field did not have lights at that time the National League decided to give the home field advantage to the winner of the NL West . In fact , home field advantage had rotated between the winners of the East and West since 1969 when the league expanded . In even numbered years , the NL West had home field advantage . In odd numbered years , the NL East had home field advantage . Since the NL East winners had had home field advantage in 1983 , the NL West winners were entitled to it . The confusion may stem from the fact that Major League Baseball did decide that , should the Cubs make it to the World Series , the American League winner would have home field advantage unless the Cubs hosted home games at an alternate site since the Cubs home field of Wrigley Field did not yet have lights . Rumor was the Cubs could hold home games across town at Comiskey Park , home of the American League 's Chicago White Sox . Rather than hold any games in the cross town rival Sox Park , the Cubs made arrangements with the August A. Busch , owner of the St. Louis Cardinals , to use Busch Stadium in St. Louis as the Cubs `` home field '' for the World Series . This was approved by Major League Baseball and would have enabled the Cubs to host games 1 and 2 , along with games 6 and 7 if necessary . At the time home field advantage was rotated between each league . Odd numbered years the AL had home field advantage . Even numbered years the NL had home field advantage . In the 1982 World Series the St. Louis Cardinals of the NL had home field advantage . In the 1983 World Series the Baltimore Orioles of the AL had home field advantage . In the NLCS , the Cubs easily won the first two games at Wrigley Field against the San Diego Padres . The Padres were the winners of the Western Division with Steve Garvey , Tony Gwynn , Eric Show , Goose Gossage and Alan Wiggins . With wins of 13 -- 0 and 4 -- 2 , the Cubs needed to win only one game of the next three in San Diego to make it to the World Series . After being beaten in Game 3 7 -- 1 , the Cubs lost Game 4 when Smith , with the game tied 5 -- 5 , allowed a game - winning home run to Garvey in the bottom of the ninth inning . In Game 5 the Cubs took a 3 -- 0 lead into the 6th inning , and a 3 -- 2 lead into the seventh with Sutcliffe ( who won the Cy Young Award that year ) still on the mound . Then , Leon Durham had a sharp grounder go under his glove . This critical error helped the Padres win the game 6 -- 3 , with a 4 - run 7th inning and keep Chicago out of the 1984 World Series against the Detroit Tigers . The loss ended a spectacular season for the Cubs , one that brought alive a slumbering franchise and made the Cubs relevant for a whole new generation of Cubs fans . The Padres would be defeated in 5 games by Sparky Anderson 's Tigers in the World Series . Baseball experts felt the Cubs would have better represented the National League and would have won at least two World Series games . Shawon Dunston was the Cubs shortstop for 10 years . The 1985 season brought high hopes . The club started out well , going 35 -- 19 through mid-June , but injuries to Sutcliffe and others in the pitching staff contributed to a 13 - game losing streak that pushed the Cubs out of contention . 1989 : NL East division championship Main article : 1989 Chicago Cubs season In 1989 , the first full season with night baseball at Wrigley Field , Don Zimmer 's Cubs were led by a core group of veterans in Ryne Sandberg , Rick Sutcliffe and Andre Dawson , who were boosted by a crop of youngsters such as Mark Grace , Shawon Dunston , Greg Maddux , Rookie of the Year Jerome Walton , and Rookie of the Year Runner - Up Dwight Smith . The Cubs won the NL East once again that season winning 93 games . This time the Cubs met the San Francisco Giants in the NLCS . After splitting the first two games at home , the Cubs headed to the Bay Area , where despite holding a lead at some point in each of the next three games , bullpen meltdowns and managerial blunders ultimately led to three straight losses . The Cubs could n't overcome the efforts of Will Clark , whose home run off Maddux , just after a managerial visit to the mound , led Maddux to think Clark knew what pitch was coming . Afterward , Maddux would speak into his glove during any mound conversation , beginning what is a norm today . Mark Grace was 11 -- 17 in the series with 8 RBI . Eventually , the Giants lost to the `` Bash Brothers '' and the Oakland A 's in the famous `` Earthquake Series . '' 1998 : Wild Card race and home run chase Sammy Sosa was the captain of the Chicago Cubs during his tenure with the team . Main articles : 1998 Chicago Cubs season and 1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase The 1998 season would begin on a somber note with the death of legendary broadcaster Harry Caray . After the retirement of Sandberg and the trade of Dunston , the Cubs had holes to fill , and the signing of Henry Rodríguez to bat cleanup provided protection for Sammy Sosa in the lineup , as Rodriguez slugged 31 round - trippers in his first season in Chicago . Kevin Tapani led the club with a career high 19 wins while Rod Beck anchored a strong bullpen and Mark Grace turned in one of his best seasons . The Cubs were swamped by media attention in 1998 , and the team 's two biggest headliners were Sosa and rookie flamethrower Kerry Wood . Wood 's signature performance was one - hitting the Houston Astros , a game in which he tied the major league record of 20 strikeouts in nine innings . His torrid strikeout numbers earned Wood the nickname `` Kid K , '' and ultimately earned him the 1998 NL Rookie of the Year award . Sosa caught fire in June , hitting a major league record 20 home runs in the month , and his home run race with Cardinals slugger Mark McGwire transformed the pair into international superstars in a matter of weeks . McGwire finished the season with a new major league record of 70 home runs , but Sosa 's . 308 average and 66 homers earned him the National League MVP Award . After a down - to - the - wire Wild Card chase with the San Francisco Giants , Chicago and San Francisco ended the regular season tied , and thus squared off in a one - game playoff at Wrigley Field . Third baseman Gary Gaetti hit the eventual game winning homer in the playoff game . The win propelled the Cubs into the postseason for the first time since 1989 with a 90 -- 73 regular season record . Unfortunately , the bats went cold in October , as manager Jim Riggleman 's club batted . 183 and scored only four runs en route to being swept by Atlanta in the National League Division Series . The home run chase between Sosa , McGwire and Ken Griffey , Jr. helped professional baseball to bring in a new crop of fans as well as bringing back some fans who had been disillusioned by the 1994 strike . The Cubs retained many players who experienced career years in 1998 , but , after a fast start in 1999 , they collapsed again ( starting with being swept at the hands of the cross-town White Sox in mid-June ) and finished in the bottom of the division for the next two seasons . 2001 : playoff push Main article : 2001 Chicago Cubs season Despite losing fan favorite Grace to free agency and the lack of production from newcomer Todd Hundley , skipper Don Baylor 's Cubs put together a good season in 2001 . The season started with Mack Newton being brought in to preach `` positive thinking . '' One of the biggest stories of the season transpired as the club made a midseason deal for Fred McGriff , which was drawn out for nearly a month as McGriff debated waiving his no - trade clause . The Cubs led the wild card race by 2.5 games in early September , but crumbled when Preston Wilson hit a three run walk off homer off of closer Tom `` Flash '' Gordon , which halted the team 's momentum . The team was unable to make another serious charge , and finished at 88 -- 74 , five games behind both Houston and St. Louis , who tied for first . Sosa had perhaps his finest season and Jon Lieber led the staff with a 20 - win season . 2003 : five more outs Main articles : 2003 Chicago Cubs season and Steve Bartman incident The Cubs had high expectations in 2002 , but the squad played poorly . On July 5 , 2002 , the Cubs promoted assistant general manager and player personnel director Jim Hendry to the General Manager position . The club responded by hiring Dusty Baker and by making some major moves in 2003 . Most notably , they traded with the Pittsburgh Pirates for outfielder Kenny Lofton and third baseman Aramis Ramírez , and rode dominant pitching , led by Kerry Wood and Mark Prior , as the Cubs led the division down the stretch . Mark Prior , along with Kerry Wood , led the Cubs ' rotation in 2003 . Chicago halted St. Louis ' run to the playoffs by taking four of five games from the Cardinals at Wrigley Field in early September , after which they won their first division title in 14 years . They then went on to defeat the Atlanta Braves in a dramatic five - game Division Series , the franchise 's first postseason series win since beating the Detroit Tigers in the 1908 World Series . After losing an extra-inning game in Game 1 , the Cubs rallied and took a three - games - to - one lead over the Wild Card Florida Marlins in the National League Championship Series . Florida shut the Cubs out in Game 5 , but the Cubs returned home to Wrigley Field with young pitcher Mark Prior to lead the Cubs in Game 6 as they took a 3 -- 0 lead into the 8th inning . It was at this point when a now - infamous incident took place . Several spectators attempted to catch a foul ball off the bat of Luis Castillo . A Chicago Cubs fan by the name of Steve Bartman , of Northbrook , Illinois , reached for the ball and deflected it away from the glove of Moisés Alou for the second out of the eighth inning . Alou reacted angrily toward the stands and after the game stated that he would have caught the ball . Alou at one point recanted , saying he would not have been able to make the play , but later said this was just an attempt to make Bartman feel better and believing the whole incident should be forgotten . Interference was not called on the play , as the ball was ruled to be on the spectator side of the wall . Castillo was eventually walked by Prior . Two batters later , and to the chagrin of the packed stadium , Cubs shortstop Alex Gonzalez misplayed an inning - ending double play , loading the bases . The error would lead to eight Florida runs and a Marlin victory . Despite sending Kerry Wood to the mound and holding a lead twice , the Cubs ultimately dropped Game 7 , and failed to reach the World Series . The `` Steve Bartman incident '' was seen as the `` first domino '' in the turning point of the era , and the Cubs did not win a playoff game for the next eleven seasons . 2004 -- 2006 Main articles : 2004 Chicago Cubs season , 2005 Chicago Cubs season , and 2006 Chicago Cubs season In 2004 , the Cubs were a consensus pick by most media outlets to win the World Series . The offseason acquisition of Derek Lee ( who was acquired in a trade with Florida for Hee - seop Choi ) and the return of Greg Maddux only bolstered these expectations . Despite a mid-season deal for Nomar Garciaparra , misfortune struck the Cubs again . They led the Wild Card by 1.5 games over San Francisco and Houston on September 25 . On that day , both teams lost , giving the Cubs a chance at increasing the lead to 2.5 games with only eight games remaining in the season , but reliever LaTroy Hawkins blew a save to the Mets , and the Cubs lost the game in extra innings . The defeat seemingly deflated the team , as they proceeded to drop six of their last eight games as the Astros won the Wild Card . Dempster emerged in 2004 and became the Cubs ' regular closer . Despite the fact that the Cubs had won 89 games , this fallout was decidedly unlovable , as the Cubs traded superstar Sammy Sosa after he had left the season 's final game early and then lied about it publicly . Already a controversial figure in the clubhouse after his corked - bat incident , Sammy 's actions alienated much of his once strong fan base as well as the few teammates still on good terms with him , ( many teammates grew tired of Sosa playing loud salsa music in the locker room ) and possibly tarnished his place in Cubs ' lore for years to come . The disappointing season also saw fans start to become frustrated with the constant injuries to ace pitchers Mark Prior and Kerry Wood . Additionally , the 2004 season led to the departure of popular commentator Steve Stone , who had become increasingly critical of management during broadcasts and was verbally attacked by reliever Kent Mercker . Things were no better in 2005 , despite a career year from first baseman Derrek Lee and the emergence of closer Ryan Dempster . The club struggled and suffered more key injuries , only managing to win 79 games after being picked by many to be a serious contender for the N.L. pennant . In 2006 , bottom fell out as the Cubs finished 66 -- 96 , last in the NL Central . 2007 -- 2008 : back to back division titles Alfonso Soriano signed with the club in 2007 Main articles : 2007 Chicago Cubs season and 2008 Chicago Cubs season After finishing last in the NL Central with 66 wins in 2006 , the Cubs re-tooled and went from `` worst to first '' in 2007 . In the offseason they signed Alfonso Soriano to a contract at eight years for $136 million , and replaced manager Dusty Baker with fiery veteran manager Lou Piniella . After a rough start , which included a brawl between Michael Barrett and Carlos Zambrano , the Cubs overcame the Milwaukee Brewers , who had led the division for most of the season . The Cubs traded Barrett to the Padres , and later acquired catcher Jason Kendall from Oakland . Kendall was highly successful with his management of the pitching rotation and helped at the plate as well . By September , Geovany Soto became the full - time starter behind the plate , replacing the veteran Kendall . Winning streaks in June and July , coupled with a pair of dramatic , late - inning wins against the Reds , led to the Cubs ultimately clinching the NL Central with a record of 85 -- 77 . They met Arizona in the NLDS , but controversy followed as Piniella , in a move that has since come under scrutiny , pulled Carlos Zambrano after the sixth inning of a pitcher 's duel with D - Backs ace Brandon Webb , to `` ... save Zambrano for ( a potential ) Game 4 . '' The Cubs , however , were unable to come through , losing the first game and eventually stranding over 30 baserunners in a three - game Arizona sweep . Carlos Zambrano warming up before a game . The Tribune company , in financial distress , was acquired by real - estate mogul Sam Zell in December 2007 . This acquisition included the Cubs . However , Zell did not take an active part in running the baseball franchise , instead concentrating on putting together a deal to sell it . The Cubs successfully defended their National League Central title in 2008 , going to the postseason in consecutive years for the first time since 1906 -- 08 . The offseason was dominated by three months of unsuccessful trade talks with the Orioles involving 2B Brian Roberts , as well as the signing of Chunichi Dragons star Kosuke Fukudome . The team recorded their 10,000 th win in April , while establishing an early division lead . Reed Johnson and Jim Edmonds were added early on and Rich Harden was acquired from the Oakland Athletics in early July . The Cubs headed into the All - Star break with the N.L. 's best record , and tied the league record with eight representatives to the All - Star game , including catcher Geovany Soto , who was named Rookie of the Year . The Cubs took control of the division by sweeping a four - game series in Milwaukee . On September 14 , in a game moved to Miller Park due to Hurricane Ike , Zambrano pitched a no - hitter against the Astros , and six days later the team clinched by beating St. Louis at Wrigley . The club ended the season with a 97 -- 64 record and met Los Angeles in the NLDS . The heavily favored Cubs took an early lead in Game 1 , but James Loney 's grand slam off Ryan Dempster changed the series ' momentum . Chicago committed numerous critical errors and were outscored 20 -- 6 in a Dodger sweep , which provided yet another sudden ending . The Ricketts era ( 2009 -- present ) The Ricketts family acquired a majority interest in the Cubs in 2009 , ending the Tribune years . Apparently handcuffed by the Tribune 's bankruptcy and the sale of the club to the Ricketts siblings , led by chairman Thomas S. Ricketts , the Cubs ' quest for a NL Central three - peat started with notice that there would be less invested into contracts than in previous years . Chicago engaged St. Louis in a see - saw battle for first place into August 2009 , but the Cardinals played to a torrid 20 -- 6 pace that month , designating their rivals to battle in the Wild Card race , from which they were eliminated in the season 's final week . The Cubs were plagued by injuries in 2009 , and were only able to field their Opening Day starting lineup three times the entire season . Third baseman Aramis Ramírez injured his throwing shoulder in an early May game against the Milwaukee Brewers , sidelining him until early July and forcing journeyman players like Mike Fontenot and Aaron Miles into more prominent roles . Additionally , key players like Derrek Lee ( who still managed to hit . 306 with 35 HR and 111 RBI that season ) , Alfonso Soriano , and Geovany Soto also nursed nagging injuries . The Cubs posted a winning record ( 83 -- 78 ) for the third consecutive season , the first time the club had done so since 1972 , and a new era of ownership under the Ricketts family was approved by MLB owners in early October . 2010 - 2014 : the decline and rebuild Main articles : 2010 Chicago Cubs season , 2011 Chicago Cubs season , 2012 Chicago Cubs season , 2013 Chicago Cubs season , and 2014 Chicago Cubs season Starlin Castro during his 2010 rookie season . Rookie Starlin Castro debuted in early May ( 2010 ) as the starting shortstop . However , the club played poorly in the early season , finding themselves 10 games under . 500 at the end of June . In addition , long - time ace Carlos Zambrano was pulled from a game against the White Sox on June 25 after a tirade and shoving match with Derrek Lee , and was suspended indefinitely by Jim Hendry , who called the conduct `` unacceptable . '' On August 22 , Lou Piniella , who had already announced his retirement at the end of the season , announced that he would leave the Cubs prematurely to take care of his sick mother . Mike Quade took over as the interim manager for the final 37 games of the year . Despite being well out of playoff contention the Cubs went 24 -- 13 under Quade , the best record in baseball during that 37 game stretch , earning Quade the manager position going forward on October 19 . On December 3 , 2010 , Cubs broadcaster and former third baseman , Ron Santo , died due to complications from bladder cancer and diabetes . He spent 13 seasons as a player with the Cubs , and at the time of his death was regarded as one of the greatest players not in the Hall of Fame . He was posthumously elected to the Major League Baseball Hall of Fame in 2012 . Despite trading for pitcher Matt Garza and signing free - agent slugger Carlos Peña , the Cubs finished the 2011 season 20 games under . 500 with a record of 71 -- 91 . Weeks after the season came to an end , the club was rejuvenated in the form of a new philosophy , as new owner Tom Ricketts signed Theo Epstein away from the Boston Red Sox , naming him club President and giving him a five - year contract worth over $18 million , and subsequently discharged manager Mike Quade . Epstein , a proponent of sabremetrics and one of the architects of the 2004 and 2007 World Series championships in Boston , brought along Jed Hoyer from the Padres to fill the role of GM and hired Dale Sveum as manager . Although the team had a dismal 2012 season , losing 101 games ( the worst record since 1966 ) , it was largely expected . The youth movement ushered in by Epstein and Hoyer began as longtime fan favorite Kerry Wood retired in May , followed by Ryan Dempster and Geovany Soto being traded to Texas at the All - Star break for a group of minor league prospects headlined by Christian Villanueva , but also included little thought of Kyle Hendricks . The development of Castro , Anthony Rizzo , Darwin Barney , Brett Jackson and pitcher Jeff Samardzija , as well as the replenishing of the minor - league system with prospects such as Javier Baez , Albert Almora , and Jorge Soler became the primary focus of the season , a philosophy which the new management said would carry over at least through the 2013 season . One of two Cubs building blocks , Anthony Rizzo , swinging in the box . The 2013 season resulted in much as the same the year before . Shortly before the trade deadline , the Cubs traded Matt Garza to the Texas Rangers for Mike Olt , Carl Edwards Jr , Neil Ramirez , and Justin Grimm . Three days later , the Cubs sent Alfonso Soriano to the New York Yankees for minor leaguer Corey Black . The mid season fire sale led to another last place finish in the NL Central , finishing with a record of 66 - 96 . Although there was a five - game improvement in the record from the year before , Anthony Rizzo and Starlin Castro seemed to take steps backward in their development . On September 30 , 2013 , Theo Epstein made the decision to fire manager Dale Sveum after just two seasons at the helm of the Cubs . The regression of several young players was thought to be the main focus point , as the front office said Sveum would not be judged based on wins and losses . In two seasons as skipper , Sveum finished with a record of 127 -- 197 . The 2013 season was also notable as the Cubs drafted future Rookie of the Year and MVP Kris Bryant with the second overall selection . On November 7 , 2013 , the Cubs hired San Diego Padres bench coach Rick Renteria to be the 53rd manager in team history . The Cubs finished the 2014 season in last place with a 73 - 89 record in Rentería 's first and only season as manager . Despite the poor record , the Cubs improved in many areas during 2014 , including rebound years by Anthony Rizzo and Starlin Castro , ending the season with a winning record at home for the first time since 2009 , and compiling a 33 -- 34 record after the All - Star Break . However , following unexpected availability of Joe Maddon , the Cubs relieved Rentería of his managerial duties on October 31 , 2014 . During the season , the Cubs drafted Kyle Schwarber with the fourth overall selection . Hall of Famer Ernie Banks died of a heart attack on January 23 , 2015 , shortly before his 84th birthday . The 2015 uniform carried a commemorative # 14 patch on both its home and away jerseys in his honor . 2015 : the arrival of Joe Maddon Main article : 2015 Chicago Cubs season On November 2 , 2014 , the Cubs announced that Joe Maddon had signed a five - year contract to be the 54th manager in team history . On December 10 , 2014 , Maddon announced that the team had signed free agent Jon Lester to a six - year , $155 million contract . Many other trades and acquisitions occurred during the off season . The opening day lineup for the Cubs contained five new players including center fielder Dexter Fowler . Rookies Kris Bryant and Addison Russell were in the starting lineup by mid-April , and rookie Kyle Schwarber was added in mid-June . On August 30 , Jake Arrieta threw a no hitter against the Los Angeles Dodgers . The Cubs finished the 2015 season in third place in the NL Central , with a record of 97 -- 65 , the third best record in the majors and earned a wild card berth . On October 7 , in the 2015 National League Wild Card Game , Arrieta pitched a complete game shutout and the Cubs defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates 4 -- 0 . The Cubs defeated the Cardinals in the NLDS three - games - to - one , qualifying for a return to the NLCS for the first time in 12 years , where they faced the New York Mets . This was the first time in franchise history that the Cubs had clinched a playoff series at Wrigley Field . However , they were swept in four games by the Mets and were unable to make it to their first World Series since 1945 . 2016 : World Series champions Main article : 2016 Chicago Cubs season The Cubs celebrate after winning the 2016 World Series Before the season , in an effort to shore up their lineup , free agents Ben Zobrist , Jason Heyward and John Lackey were signed . To make room for the Zobrist signing , Starlin Castro was traded to the Yankees for Adam Warren and Brendan Ryan , the latter of whom was released a week later . 2016 Champions visit the White House in June 2017 In a season that included a no - hitter on April 21 by Jake Arrieta , the Cubs finished with the best record in Major League Baseball and won their first National League Central title since the 2008 season , winning by 17.5 games . The team also reached the 100 - win mark for the first time since 1935 and won 103 total games , the most wins for the franchise since 1910 . The Cubs defeated the San Francisco Giants in the National League Division Series and returned to the National League Championship Series for the second year in a row , where they defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games . This was their first NLCS win since the series was created in 1969 . The win earned the Cubs their first World Series appearance since 1945 and a chance for their first World Series win since 1908 . Coming back from a three - games - to - one deficit , the Cubs defeated the Cleveland Indians in seven games in the 2016 World Series , They were the first team to come back from a three - games - to - one deficit since the Kansas City Royals in 1985 . On November 4 , the city of Chicago held a victory parade and rally for the Cubs that began at Wrigley Field , headed down Lake Shore Drive , and ended in Grant Park . The city estimated that over five million people attended the parade and rally , which made it one of the largest recorded gatherings in history . Ballpark Wrigley Field and Wrigleyville Wrigley Field ( exterior ) -- Game 3 of the 2016 World Series Wrigley Field ( interior ) -- Game 3 of the 2016 World Series Further information : Wrigley Rooftops and Wrigley Field renovations The Cubs have played their home games at Wrigley Field , also known as `` The Friendly Confines '' since 1916 . It was built in 1914 as Weeghman Park for the Chicago Whales , a Federal League baseball team . The Cubs also shared the park with the Chicago Bears of the NFL for 50 years . The ballpark includes a manual scoreboard , ivy - covered brick walls , and relatively small dimensions . Located in Chicago 's Lake View neighborhood , Wrigley Field sits on an irregular block bounded by Clark and Addison Streets and Waveland and Sheffield Avenues . The area surrounding the ballpark is typically referred to as Wrigleyville . There is a dense collection of sports bars and restaurants in the area , most with baseball inspired themes , including Sluggers , Murphy 's Bleachers and The Cubby Bear . Many of the apartment buildings surrounding Wrigley Field on Waveland and Sheffield Avenues have built bleachers on their rooftops for fans to view games and other sell space for advertisement . One building on Sheffield Avenue has a sign atop its roof which says `` Eamus Catuli ! '' which is Latin for `` Let 's Go Cubs ! '' and another chronicles the time since the last Division title , pennant , and World Series championship . The 00 denotes the 2016 NL Central title , NL pennant , and the World Series championship . On game days , many residents rent out their yards and driveways to people looking for parking spots . The uniqueness of the neighborhood itself has ingrained itself into the culture of the Chicago Cubs as well as the Wrigleyville neighborhood , and has led to being used for concerts and other sporting events , such as the 2010 NHL Winter Classic between the Chicago Blackhawks and Detroit Red Wings , as well as a 2010 NCAA men 's football game between the Northwestern Wildcats and Illinois Fighting Illini . In 2013 , Tom Ricketts and team president Crane Kenney unveiled plans for a five - year , $575 million privately funded renovation of Wrigley Field . Called the 1060 Project , the proposed plans included vast improvements to the stadium 's facade , infrastructure , restrooms , concourses , suites , press box , bullpens , and clubhouses , as well as a 6,000 - square - foot ( 560 m ) t jumbotron to be added in the left field bleachers , batting tunnels , a 3,000 - square - foot ( 280 m ) video board in right field , and , eventually , an adjacent hotel , plaza , and office - retail complex . In previously years mostly all efforts to conduct any large - scale renovations to the field had been opposed by the city , former mayor Richard M. Daley ( a staunch White Sox fan ) , and especially the rooftop owners . Months of negotiations between the team , a group of rooftop properties investors , local Alderman Tom Tunney , and Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel followed with the eventual endorsements of the city 's Landmarks Commission , the Plan Commission and final approval by the Chicago City Council in July 2013 . The project began at the conclusion of the 2014 season . Bleacher bums The `` Bleacher Bums '' is a name given to fans , many of whom spend much of the day heckling , who sit in the bleacher section at Wrigley Field . Initially , the group was called `` bums '' because it referred to a group of fans who were at most games , and since those games were all day games , it was assumed they did not work . Many of those fans were , and are still , students at Chicago area colleges , such as DePaul University , Loyola , Northwestern University , and Illinois - Chicago . A Broadway play , starring Joe Mantegna , Dennis Farina , Dennis Franz , and James Belushi ran for years and was based on a group of Cub fans who frequented the club 's games . The group was started in 1967 by dedicated fans Ron Grousl , Tom Nall and `` mad bugler '' Mike Murphy , who was a sports radio host during mid days on Chicago - based WSCR AM 670 `` The Score '' . Murphy alleges that Grousl started the Wrigley tradition of throwing back opposing teams ' home run balls . The current group is headed by Derek Schaul ( Derek the Five Dollar Kid ) . Prior to the 2006 season , they were updated , with new shops and private bar ( The Batter 's Eye ) being added , and Bud Light bought naming rights to the bleacher section , dubbing them the Bud Light Bleachers . Bleachers at Wrigley are general admission , except during the playoffs . The bleachers have been referred to as the `` World 's Largest Beer Garden . '' A popular T - shirt ( sold inside the park and licensed by the club ) which says `` Wrigley Bleachers '' on the front and the phrase `` Shut Up and Drink Your Beer '' on the reverse fuels this stereotype . Culture Cubs win flag Cubs Win Flag Cubs Lose Flag Main article : Cubs Win Flag Beginning in the days of P.K. Wrigley and the 1937 bleacher / scoreboard reconstruction , and prior to modern media saturation , a flag with either a `` W '' or an `` L '' has flown from atop the scoreboard masthead , indicating the day 's result ( s ) when baseball was played at Wrigley . In case of a split doubleheader , both the `` W '' and `` L '' flags are flown . Past Cubs media guides show that originally the flags were blue with a white `` W '' and white with a blue `` L '' . In 1978 , consistent with the dominant colors of the flags , blue and white lights were mounted atop the scoreboard , denoting `` win '' and `` loss '' respectively for the benefit of nighttime passers - by . The flags were replaced by 1990 , the first year in which the Cubs media guide reports the switch to the now familiar colors of the flags : White with blue `` W '' and blue with white `` L '' . In addition to needing to replace the worn - out flags , by then the retired numbers of Banks and Williams were flying on the foul poles , as white with blue numbers ; so the `` good '' flag was switched to match that scheme . This long - established tradition has evolved to fans carrying the white - with - blue - W flags to both home and away games , and displaying them after a Cub win . The flags have become more and more popular each season since 1998 , and are now even sold as T - shirts with the same layout . In 2009 , the tradition spilled over to the NHL as Chicago Blackhawks fans adopted a red and black `` W '' flag of their own . During the early and mid-2000s , Chip Caray usually declared that a Cubs win at home meant it was `` White flag time at Wrigley ! '' More recently , the Cubs have promoted the phrase `` Fly the W ! '' among fans and on social media . Mascots Clark ( left ) with the Oriole Bird See also : Clark ( mascot ) The official Cubs team mascot is a young bear cub , named Clark , described by the team 's press release as a young and friendly Cub . Clark made his debut at Advocate Health Care on January 13 , 2014 , the same day as the press release announcing his installation as the club 's first ever official physical mascot . The bear cub itself was used in the clubs since the early 1900s and was the inspiration of the Chicago Staleys changing their team 's name to the Chicago Bears , because the Cubs allowed the football team to play at Wrigley Field in the 1930s . The Cubs had no official physical mascot prior to Clark , though a man in a ' polar bear ' looking outfit , called `` The Bear - man '' ( or Beeman ) , which was mildly popular with the fans , paraded the stands briefly in the early 1990s . There is no record of whether or not he was just a fan in a costume or employed by the club . Through the 2013 season , there were `` Cubbie - bear '' mascots outside of Wrigley on game day , but none were employed by the team . They pose for pictures with fans for tips . The most notable of these was `` Billy Cub '' who worked outside of the stadium for over six years until July 2013 , when the club asked him to stop . Billy Cub , who is played by fan John Paul Weier , had unsuccessfully petitioned the team to become the official mascot . Another unofficial but much more well - known mascot is Ronnie `` Woo Woo '' Wickers who is a longtime fan and local celebrity in the Chicago area . He is known to Wrigley Field visitors for his idiosyncratic cheers at baseball games , generally punctuated with an exclamatory `` Woo ! '' ( e.g. , `` Cubs , woo ! Cubs , woo ! Big - Z , woo ! Zambrano , woo ! Cubs , woo ! '' ) Longtime Cubs announcer Harry Caray dubbed Wickers `` Leather Lungs '' for his ability to shout for hours at a time . He is not employed by the team , although the club has on two separate occasions allowed him into the broadcast booth and allow him some degree of freedom once he purchases or is given a ticket by fans to get into the games . He is largely allowed to roam the park and interact with fans by Wrigley Field security . Music During the summer of 1969 , a Chicago studio group produced a single record called `` Hey Hey ! Holy Mackerel ! ( The Cubs Song ) '' whose title and lyrics incorporated the catch - phrases of the respective TV and radio announcers for the Cubs , Jack Brickhouse and Vince Lloyd . Several members of the Cubs recorded an album called Cub Power which contained a cover of the song . The song received a good deal of local airplay that summer , associating it very strongly with that bittersweet season . It was played much less frequently thereafter , although it remained an unofficial Cubs theme song for some years after . For many years , Cubs radio broadcasts started with `` It 's a Beautiful Day for a Ball Game '' by the Harry Simeone Chorale . In 1979 , Roger Bain released a 45 rpm record of his song `` Thanks Mr. Banks '' , to honor `` Mr. Cub '' Ernie Banks . The song `` Go , Cubs , Go ! '' by Steve Goodman was recorded early in the 1984 season , and was heard frequently during that season . Goodman died in September of that year , four days before the Cubs clinched the National League Eastern Division title , their first title in 39 years . Since 1984 , the song started being played from time to time at Wrigley Field ; since 2007 , the song has been played over the loudspeakers following each Cubs home victory . The Mountain Goats recorded a song entitled `` Cubs in Five '' on its 1995 EP Nine Black Poppies which refers to the seeming impossibility of the Cubs winning a World Series in both its title and Chorus . In 2007 , Pearl Jam frontman Eddie Vedder composed a song dedicated to the team called `` All the Way '' . Vedder , a Chicago native , and lifelong Cubs fan , composed the song at the request of Ernie Banks . Pearl Jam has played this song live multiple times several of which occurring at Wrigley Field . Eddie Vedder has played this song live twice , at his solo shows at the Chicago Auditorium on August 21 and 22 , 2008 . An album entitled Take Me Out to a Cubs Game was released in 2008 . It is a collection of 17 songs and other recordings related to the team , including Harry Caray 's final performance of `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' on September 21 , 1997 , the Steve Goodman song mentioned above , and a newly recorded rendition of `` Talkin ' Baseball '' ( subtitled `` Baseball and the Cubs '' ) by Terry Cashman . The album was produced in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Cubs ' 1908 World Series victory and contains sounds and songs of the Cubs and Wrigley Field . Popular culture The 1989 film Back to the Future Part II depicts the Chicago Cubs defeating a baseball team from Miami in the 2015 World Series , ending the longest championship drought in all four of the major North American professional sports leagues . In 2015 , the Miami Marlins failed to make the playoffs but the Cubs were able to make it to the 2015 National League Wild Card round and move on to the 2015 National League Championship Series by October 21 , 2015 , the date where protagonist Marty McFly traveled to the future in the film . However , it was on October 21 that the Cubs were swept by the New York Mets in the NLCS . The 1993 film Rookie of the Year , directed by Daniel Stern , centers on the Cubs as a team going nowhere into August when the team chances upon 12 - year - old Cubs fan Henry Rowengartner ( Thomas Ian Nicholas ) , whose right ( throwing ) arm tendons have healed tightly after a broken arm and granted him the ability to regularly pitch at speeds in excess of 100 mph . Following the Cubs ' win over the Indians in Game 7 of the 2016 World Series , Nicholas , in celebration , tweeted the final shot from the movie : Henry holding his fist up to the camera to show a Cubs World Series ring . Tinker to Evers to Chance `` Baseball 's Sad Lexicon , '' also known as `` Tinker to Evers to Chance '' after its refrain , is a 1910 baseball poem by Franklin Pierce Adams . The poem is presented as a single , rueful stanza from the point of view of a New York Giants fan seeing the talented Chicago Cubs infield of shortstop Joe Tinker , second baseman Johnny Evers , and first baseman Frank Chance complete a double play . The trio began playing together with the Cubs in 1902 , and formed a double play combination that lasted through April 1912 . The Cubs won the pennant four times between 1906 and 1910 , often defeating the Giants en route to the World Series . Joe Tinker , Johnny Evers , and Frank Chance are the three Cubs described in the poem . These are the saddest of possible words : `` Tinker to Evers to Chance . '' Trio of bear cubs , and fleeter than birds , Tinker and Evers and Chance . Ruthlessly pricking our gonfalon bubble , Making a Giant hit into a double -- Words that are heavy with nothing but trouble : `` Tinker to Evers to Chance . '' The poem was first published in the New York Evening Mail on July 12 , 1912 . Popular among sportswriters , numerous additional verses were written . The poem gave Tinker , Evers , and Chance increased popularity and has been credited with their elections to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946 . Playoffs / championships See also : National League Division Series , Major League Baseball division winners , List of National League pennant winners , and List of World Series champions Season Manager Record Wild Card / Division National League Division Series National League Championship Series World Series Runners - up GA Opponent Series Opponent Series Opponent Series 1876 Albert Spalding 52 -- 14 Nonexistent Nonexistent Clinched pennant No series 1880 Cap Anson 67 -- 17 1881 56 -- 28 1882 55 -- 29 Cincinnati Red Stockings 1 -- 1 1885 87 -- 25 St. Louis Browns 3 -- 3 1886 90 -- 34 St. Louis Browns 2 -- 4 1906 Frank Chance 116 -- 36 Chicago White Sox 2 -- 4 1907 107 -- 45 Detroit Tigers 4 -- 0 1908 99 -- 55 Detroit Tigers 4 -- 1 1910 104 -- 50 Philadelphia Athletics 1 -- 4 1918 Fred Mitchell 84 -- 45 Boston Red Sox 2 -- 4 1929 Joe McCarthy 98 -- 54 Philadelphia Athletics 1 -- 4 1932 Rogers Hornsby Charlie Grimm 90 -- 64 New York Yankees 0 -- 4 1935 Charlie Grimm 100 -- 54 Detroit Tigers 2 -- 4 1938 Charlie Grimm Gabby Hartnett 89 -- 63 New York Yankees 0 -- 4 1945 Charlie Grimm 98 -- 56 Detroit Tigers 3 -- 4 1984 Jim Frey 96 -- 65 New York Mets 61⁄2 San Diego Padres 2 -- 3 Eliminated 1989 Don Zimmer 93 -- 69 New York Mets 6 San Francisco Giants 1 -- 4 1998 Jim Riggleman 90 -- 73 Wild Card N / A Atlanta Braves 0 -- 3 Eliminated 2003 Dusty Baker 88 -- 74 Houston Astros Atlanta Braves 3 -- 2 Florida Marlins 3 -- 4 2007 Lou Piniella 85 -- 77 Milwaukee Brewers Arizona Diamondbacks 0 -- 3 Eliminated 2008 97 -- 64 Milwaukee Brewers 71⁄2 Los Angeles Dodgers 0 -- 3 2015 Joe Maddon 97 -- 65 Wild Card Pittsburgh Pirates 4 -- 0 St. Louis Cardinals 3 -- 1 New York Mets 0 -- 4 2016 103 -- 58 St. Louis Cardinals 171⁄2 San Francisco Giants 3 -- 1 Los Angeles Dodgers 4 -- 2 Cleveland Indians 4 -- 3 Total Wild Cards Division titles 6 Division Series titles NL pennants 17 World Series titles Prior to 1969 , divisions did not exist in MLB . The Chicago Cubs played in the National League East between 1969 -- 1993 before moving to the newly created National League Central in 1994 . Prior to 1995 , only two divisions existed in each league . With the realignment into three divisions and the institution of the wild card in 1995 , the Division Series was added . Division Series . Prior to 1969 , the National League champion was determined by the best win -- loss record at the end of the regular season . See League Championship Series . None of the World Series contested before 1903 are recognized by MLB . See List of pre-World Series baseball champions . Distinctions See also : List of Chicago Cubs seasons , Chicago Cubs award winners and league leaders , Chicago Cubs team records , and List of Chicago Cubs no - hitters Throughout the history of the Chicago Cubs ' franchise , fifteen different Cubs pitchers have pitched no - hitters ; however , no Cubs pitcher has thrown a perfect game . Forbes ' value rankings See also : Forbes ' list of the most valuable sports teams As of 2017 , the Chicago Cubs are ranked as the 18th most valuable sports team in the world , 14th in the United States , fourth in MLB behind the New York Yankees , Los Angeles Dodgers , and Boston Red Sox , and second in the city of Chicago behind the Bears . Year World US MLB CHI Value Ref . 46 37 5 $726,000,000 2011 42 34 $773,000,000 2012 36 29 $879,000,000 2013 31 25 $1,000,000,000 2014 21 16 $1,200,000,000 2015 17 13 $1,800,000,000 2016 21 17 5 $2,200,000,000 2017 18 14 $2,680,000,000 Team Further information : Chicago Cubs all - time roster , List of Chicago Cubs first - round draft picks , List of Chicago Cubs managers , and List of Chicago Cubs owners and executives Current roster Chicago Cubs roster Active roster Inactive roster Coaches / Other Pitchers Starting rotation 49 Jake Arrieta 28 Kyle Hendricks 41 John Lackey 34 Jon Lester 38 Mike Montgomery 62 José Quintana 39 Jen - Ho Tseng Bullpen 32 Brian Duensing 6 Carl Edwards Jr . 52 Justin Grimm 36 Dillon Maples 60 Félix Peña 56 Héctor Rondón 46 Pedro Strop 19 Koji Uehara 37 Justin Wilson 29 Rob Zastryzny Closer 71 Wade Davis Catchers 13 Alex Avila 20 Víctor Caratini 40 Willson Contreras 43 Taylor Davis 7 René Rivera Infielders 9 Javier Báez 17 Kris Bryant 15 Mike Freeman 8 Ian Happ 2 Tommy La Stella 44 Anthony Rizzo 27 Addison Russell 18 Ben Zobrist Outfielders 5 Albert Almora 22 Jason Heyward 30 Jon Jay 24 Leonys Martín 12 Kyle Schwarber Pitchers 33 Eddie Butler 24 Alec Mills 74 Duane Underwood Outfielders 21 Mark Zagunis Manager 70 Joe Maddon Coaches 64 Henry Blanco ( quality assurance ) 58 Mike Borzello ( catching ) 25 Chris Bosio ( pitching ) -- Doug Dascenzo ( outfield ) 77 Eric Hinske ( assistant hitting ) 16 Brandon Hyde ( first base ) 1 Gary Jones ( third base ) 11 John Mallee ( hitting ) 4 Dave Martinez ( bench ) 95 Chad Noble ( bullpen catcher ) 35 Lester Strode ( bullpen ) 31 active , 9 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated September 18 , 2017 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters Retired numbers See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers The Chicago Cubs retired numbers are commemorated on pinstriped flags flying from the foul poles at Wrigley Field , with the exception of Jackie Robinson , the Brooklyn Dodgers player whose number 42 was retired for all clubs . The first retired number flag , Ernie Banks ' number 14 , was raised on the left field pole , and they have alternated since then . 14 , 10 and 31 ( Jenkins ) fly on the left field pole ; and 26 , 23 and 31 ( Maddux ) fly on the right field pole . Ron Santo 3B Retired September 28 , 2003 Ernie Banks SS , 1B Retired August 22 , 1982 Ryne Sandberg 2B Retired August 28 , 2005 Billy Williams LF Retired August 13 , 1987 Ferguson Jenkins Retired May 3 , 2009 Greg Maddux Retired May 3 , 2009 Jackie Robinson * 2B Honored April 15 , 1997 There is also a movement to retire numbers for other players , most notably the uniform shirt of Gabby Hartnett . The Cubs first wore numbers on their shirts in 1932 , and Hartnett wore # 7 initially but switched to # 9 for the next four seasons . From 1937 to 1940 he wore # 2 , which is the number considered for retirement . Petitions have been sent in to the team for Cap Anson ( shirt ) , Hack Wilson ( shirt ) , Phil Cavarretta ( 3 ) , Andre Dawson ( 8 ) and , as well as more recent departures Kerry Wood ( 34 ) , Sammy Sosa ( 21 ) , and Mark Grace ( 17 ) . * Robinson 's number was retired by all MLB clubs . Hall of famers See also : Chicago Cubs award winners and league leaders Chicago Cubs Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Chicago Cubs / White Stockings Grover Cleveland Alexander Cap Anson * Richie Ashburn Ernie Banks Lou Boudreau Roger Bresnahan Lou Brock Mordecai Brown * Frank Chance John Clarkson Kiki Cuyler Andre Dawson Hugh Duffy Leo Durocher Dennis Eckersley Johnny Evers * Jimmie Foxx Frankie Frisch Goose Gossage Clark Griffith Burleigh Grimes Gabby Hartnett Billy Herman Rogers Hornsby Monte Irvin Ferguson Jenkins George Kelly King Kelly * Ralph Kiner Chuck Klein Tony La Russa Tony Lazzeri Freddie Lindstrom Rabbit Maranville Greg Maddux Joe McCarthy Hank O'Day Robin Roberts Ryne Sandberg Ron Santo Frank Selee Albert Spalding Bruce Sutter * * Joe Tinker * Rube Waddell Deacon White Hoyt Wilhelm Billy Williams Hack Wilson Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Cubs , Orphans , Colts , or White Stockings cap insignia . * -- depicted on Hall of Fame plaque with no cap or cap insignia , or with cap insignia area obscured ; Hall of Fame recognizes Cubs / Orphans / Colts / White Stockings as `` Primary Team '' * * -- depicted on Hall of Fame plaque with different team 's cap or cap insignia , but Hall of Fame recognizes Cubs / Orphans / Colts / White Stockings as `` Primary Team '' -- inducted as an Executive / Pioneer due in part to his contributions to baseball as an executive with the Cubs ; depicted on Hall of Fame plaque without a cap -- inducted as player ; managed Cubs / White Stockings / Colts or was player - manager -- inducted as manager or executive ; played for Cubs or was player - manager Minor League affiliations Main article : List of Chicago Cubs minor league affiliates See also : Chicago Cubs minor league players Level Team League Location AAA Iowa Cubs Pacific Coast League Des Moines , Iowa AA Tennessee Smokies Southern League Sevierville , Tennessee Advanced A Myrtle Beach Pelicans Carolina League Myrtle Beach , South Carolina South Bend Cubs Midwest League South Bend , Indiana Short Season A Eugene Emeralds Northwest League Eugene , Oregon Rookie AZL Cubs Arizona League Mesa , Arizona DSL Cubs 1 Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Dominican Republic DSL Cubs 2 Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Dominican Republic Before signing a developmental agreement with the Kane County Cougars in 2012 , the Cubs had a Class A minor league affiliation on two occasions with the Peoria Chiefs ( 1985 -- 1995 and 2004 -- 2012 ) . Ryne Sandberg managed the Chiefs from 2006 to 2010 . In the period between those associations with the Chiefs the club had affiliations with the Dayton Dragons and Lansing Lugnuts . The Lugnuts were often affectionately referred to by Chip Caray as `` Steve Stone 's favorite team . '' The 2007 developmental contract with the Tennessee Smokies was preceded by Double A affiliations with the Orlando Cubs and West Tenn Diamond Jaxx . On September 16 , 2014 the Cubs announced a move of their top Class A affiliate from Daytona in the Florida State League to Myrtle Beach in the Carolina League for the 2015 season . Two days later , the Cubs signed a four - year player development contract with the South Bend Silver Hawks of the Midwest League , ending their brief relationship with the Kane County Cougars and shortly thereafter renaming the Silver Hawks the South Bend Cubs . Spring training history The Chicago White Stockings , ( today 's Chicago Cubs ) , began spring training in Hot Springs , Arkansas in 1886 . President Albert Spalding ( founder of Spalding Sporting Goods ) and player / manager Cap Anson brought their players to Hot Springs and played at the Hot Springs Baseball Grounds . The concept was for the players to have training and fitness before the start of the regular season , utilizing the bath houses of Hot Springs after practices . After the White Stockings had a successful season in 1886 , winning the National League Pennant , other teams began bringing their players to Hot Springs for `` spring training '' . The Chicago Cubs , St. Louis Browns , New York Yankees , St. Louis Cardinals , Cleveland Spiders , Detroit Tigers , Pittsburgh Pirates , Cincinnati Reds , New York Highlanders , Brooklyn Dodgers and Boston Red Sox were among the early squads to arrive . Whittington Park ( 1894 ) and later Majestic Park ( 1909 ) and Fogel Field ( 1912 ) were all built in Hot Springs specifically to host Major League teams . The Cubs ' current spring training facility is located in Sloan Park in Mesa , Arizona , where they play in the Cactus League . The park seats 15,000 , making it Major League baseball 's largest spring training facility by capacity . The Cubs annually sell out most of their games both at home and on the road . Before Sloan Park opened in 2014 , the team played games at HoHoKam Park -- Dwight Patterson Field from 1979 . `` HoHoKam '' is literally translated from Native American as `` those who vanished . '' The North Siders have called Mesa their spring home for most seasons since 1952 . In addition to Mesa , the club has held spring training in Hot Springs , Arkansas ( 1886 , 1896 -- 1900 ) , ( 1909 -- 1910 ) New Orleans ( 1870 , 1907 , 1911 -- 1912 ) ; Champaign , Illinois ( 1901 -- 02 , 1906 ) ; Los Angeles ( 1903 -- 04 , 1948 -- 1949 ) , Santa Monica , California ( 1905 ) ; French Lick , Indiana ( 1908 , 1943 -- 1945 ) ; Tampa , Florida ( 1913 -- 1916 ) ; Pasadena , California ( 1917 -- 1921 ) ; Santa Catalina Island , California ( 1922 -- 1942 , 1946 -- 1947 , 1950 -- 1951 ) ; Rendezvous Park in Mesa ( 1952 -- 1965 ) ; Blair Field in Long Beach , California ( 1966 ) ; and Scottsdale , Arizona ( 1967 -- 1978 ) . The curious location on Catalina Island stemmed from Cubs owner William Wrigley Jr. 's then - majority interest in the island in 1919 . Wrigley constructed a ballpark on the island to house the Cubs in spring training : it was built to the same dimensions as Wrigley Field . The ballpark was called Wrigley Field of Avalon . ( The ballpark is long gone , but a clubhouse built by Wrigley to house the Cubs exists as the Catalina County Club . ) However , by 1951 the team chose to leave Catalina Island and spring training was shifted to Mesa , Arizona . The Cubs ' 30 - year association with Catalina is chronicled in the book , The Cubs on Catalina , by Jim Vitti , which was named International ' Book of the Year ' by The Sporting News . The Cubs left Catalina after some bad weather in 1951 , choosing to move to Mesa , a city where the Wrigleys also had interests . Today , there is an exhibit at the Catalina Museum dedicated to the Cubs ' spring training on the island . The former location in Mesa is actually the second HoHoKam Park ; the first was built in 1976 as the spring - training home of the Oakland Athletics who left the park in 1979 . Apart from HoHoKam Park and Sloan Park the Cubs also have another Mesa training facility called Fitch Park , this complex provides 25,000 square feet ( 2,300 m ) of team facilities , including major league clubhouse , four practice fields , one practice infield , enclosed batting tunnels , batting cages , a maintenance facility , and administrative offices for the Cubs . Media Radio Cubs radio rights are held by CBS Radio ; its acquisition of the radio rights effective 2015 ended the team 's 90 - year association with 720 WGN . During the first season of the contract , Cubs games aired on WBBM , taking over as flagship of the Chicago Cubs Radio Network . On November 11 , 2015 , CBS announced that the Cubs would move to WBBM 's all - sports sister station , WSCR , beginning in the 2016 season . The move was enabled by WSCR 's end of their rights agreement for the White Sox , who moved to WLS . The play - by - play voice of the Cubs is Pat Hughes , who has held the position since 1996 , joined by Ron Coomer . Former Cubs third baseman and fan favorite Ron Santo had been Hughes ' long - time partner until his death in 2010 . Keith Moreland replaced Hall of Fame inductee Santo for three seasons , followed by Coomer for the 2014 season . Print The club also produces its own print media ; the Cubs ' official magazine Vineline , which has 12 annual issues , is in its third decade , and spotlights players and events involving the club . The club also publishes a traditional media guide . Television Main article : List of Chicago Cubs broadcasters As of September 1 , 2016 , Cubs games air locally on the following outlets : Comcast SportsNet Chicago , a cable network owned in part by NBCUniversal and the Ricketts family . It broadcasts all Cubs games not broadcast over-the - air , or nationally by Major League Baseball 's television partners . WGN - TV ( channel 9.1 ) , a Tribune Media - owned over-the - air station that has aired Cubs telecasts since its inception in 1948 ; WGN - TV 's Cubs telecasts are produced by the station 's sports department , WGN Sports . In November 2013 , the team exercised an option to terminate its existing deal with WGN - TV after the 2014 season , requesting a higher - valued contract lasting through the 2019 season ( which would be aligned with the end of its contract with CSN Chicago ) . WGN - TV announced on January 7 , 2015 that it would maintain broadcast rights to 45 Cubs games through the 2019 season within the Chicago market only . WLS - TV ( channel 7.1 ) , an ABC owned - and - operated station . It was announced on December 12 , 2014 that the station would acquire rights to 25 games per season through 2019 . Prior to September 1 , 2016 , when WGN - TV ended their CW affiliation to return to being an independent station , several games in the WGN package since 2015 were sub-licensed to Fox Television Stations - owned MyNetworkTV station WPWR - TV ( channel 50.1 ) , due to CW pre-emption limits which precluded airing on WGN - TV . These games returned full - time to WGN - TV upon that date , when WPWR assumed the market 's CW affiliation and WGN was no longer limited by a network . In previous years , the sublicensed games were carried by WCIU - TV ( channel 26.1 ) under the branding of `` CubsNet '' . WGN 's Cubs games formerly aired nationally on WGN America ; however , prior to the 2015 season , the Cubs , as well as all other Chicago sports programming , was dropped from the channel as part of its re-positioning as a general entertainment cable channel . To compensate , all games carried by over-the - air channels are syndicated to a network of other television stations within the Cubs ' region , which includes Illinois and parts of Indiana and Iowa . All of the team 's current television contracts end after the 2019 season . The Chicago Tribune reported that following the end of these contracts , the team may consider launching its own regional sports network . These goals were confirmed by president of business operations Crane Kenney on November 16 , 2015 in an interview with WSCR radio . Len Kasper has been the Cubs ' television play - by - play announcer since 2005 and was joined by Jim Deshaies in 2013 . Bob Brenly ( analyst , 2005 -- 12 ) , Chip Caray ( play - by - play , 1998 -- 2004 ) , Steve Stone ( analyst , 1983 -- 2000 , 2003 -- 04 ) , Joe Carter ( analyst for WGN - TV games , 2001 -- 02 ) and Dave Otto ( analyst for FSN Chicago games , 2001 -- 02 ) also have spent time broadcasting from the Cubs booth since the death of Harry Caray in 1998 . Ford C frick Award recipients Chicago Cubs Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Bob Elson Jack Brickhouse Harry Caray Milo Hamilton Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Cubs . See also Baseball portal Chicago portal Brewers -- Cubs rivalry Cardinals -- Cubs rivalry Cubs -- White Sox rivalry Curse of the Billy Goat Grant DePorter Lee Elia List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts Major League Baseball uniforms Major professional sports teams of the United States and Canada Old Style Beer The Bleacher Preacher West Side Park References Jump up ^ http://www.foxsports.com/mlb/story/chicago-cubs-world-series-parade-boston-red-sox-fans-will-miss-lovable-losers-110416 Jump up ^ Thorn , John ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Why Is the National Association Not a Major League ... and Other Records Issues '' . OurGame.MLBlogs.com . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . The National Association , 1871 -- 1875 , shall not be considered as a ' major league ' due to its erratic schedule and procedures , but it will continue to be recognized as the first professional baseball league . ^ Jump up to : `` Dodgers vs. Cubs - 10 / 22 / 16 '' . Jump up ^ Helyar , John ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Lovable losers ? Not at this sale price '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nadel , John ( October 5 , 2008 ) . `` Wait ' til next year , again : Cubs eliminated by LA '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved October 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bastian , Jordan ; Muskat , Carrie ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs are heavy wait champions ! '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1890 Chicago Colts '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : 365 Oddball Days in Chicago Cubs History . Clerisys Press . 2010 . ISBN 9781578603435 . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1898 Chicago Orphans '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1903 Chicago Cubs '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Cindy ; Brown , Scott . Three Finger . University of Nebraska Press . pp. 88 -- 89 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 4448 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs Logos '' . Jump up ^ Zarefsky , Marc ( August 8 , 2007 ) . `` ' Homer in the Gloamin ' most memorable '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Amdur , Neil ( 1981 - 06 - 17 ) . `` CHICAGO CUBS ARE SOLD BY WRIGLEY TO TRIBUNE CO . FOR $20.5 MILLION '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1984 Chicago Cubs Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 marked banner year for Cubs '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Sosa discusses future , McGwire 's Hall chances '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 4 , 2006 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs still waiting for McGriff 's OK '' . ESPN . Associated Press . July 14 , 2001 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Chicago Cubs Statistics and Roster '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report : Alou initially said he would have caught the Bartman ball '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 2004 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball fan feels Chicago 's fury '' . bbcnews.com . BBC News . October 17 , 2003 . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stark , Jayson ( 2004 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Sosa 's legacy could be broken beyond repair '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie ( 2004 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Cubs , Sosa at odds '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs shocked by Stone 's comments '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 2004 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Muscat , Carrie ( November 20 , 2006 ) . `` Cubs complete blockbuster with Soriano '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Piniella Bio '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sheinin , David ( October 4 , 2007 ) . `` Cleveland ... And Lou Piniella 's bold / idiotic move '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Diamondbacks Sweep Chicago Cubs in 3 - Game Series '' . Fox News . Associated Press . October 6 , 2007 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Lucy ( December 12 , 2007 ) . `` Cubs Sign Fukudome '' . Chicagoist.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs trade four players to A 's for pitchers Harden , Gaudin '' . ESPN . July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Mike ( September 22 , 2008 ) . `` Marquis ' slam leads Cubs over stumbling Mets '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved September 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie ( October 5 , 2008 ) . `` Cubs ' season ends with Game 3 in LA '' . MLB.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sports.espn.go.com '' . Sports.espn.go.com . October 20 , 2010 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Paul . `` Done deal : Cubs land Epstein from Red Sox '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers trade for Matt Garza of Chicago Cubs '' . ESPN . July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt EhaltESPN New York contributorArchive ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` Alfonso Soriano traded to New York Yankees from Chicago Cubs '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs fire manager Dale Sveum after two years '' . ESPN . October 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs name Rick Renteria manager '' . Major League Baseball . November 7 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Jesse . `` Cubs fire manager Rick Renteria after one season '' . ESPN Chicago . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs Notes : Arrieta Does It All Against Cards , Cubs End Year With Winning Record at Wrigley '' . cubsinsider.com. 2014 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Mark ; Ziezulewicz , Geoff ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Cubs legend Ernie Banks died of heart attack '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs bring in Maddon , let Rentería go '' . MLB.com . November 2 , 2014 . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs ' Jake Arrieta throws no - hitter vs. Dodgers '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chc vs Pit 10 / 07 / 2015 Boxscore '' . mlb.mlb.com . MLB.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seligman , Andrew ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Cubs win NL Division Series , beat Cardinals 6 - 4 in Game 4 '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Met - Amorphosis complete early : NY wins NL '' . MLB.com . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kruth , Cash . `` J - Hey officially joins Cubs ' young core '' . MLB . MLB.com . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan . `` Yankees solidify second base with Cubs ' Castro '' . MLB . MLB.com . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arrieta claims second no - no in 16 - 0 rout of Reds '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flosi , Nic . `` Cubs World Series celebration ranks as 7th largest gathering in human history '' . fox32chicago.com . Fox32 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Photos Of Planned Wrigley Renovation Revealed '' . CBS Chicago . Chicago : WBBM - TV . May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Ben ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Cubs Hint at Paying for Renovations '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Paul ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Selling of Wrigley Field Renovation Plan Begins '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spielman , Fran . `` City Plan Commission approves Wrigley Field revamp '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mooney , Patrick . `` The 1060 Project : World Series Dreaming '' . Chicago Now . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Santo '' . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from Miracle Collapse : The 1969 Chicago Cubs '' . Chitownradio.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Jim ( April 13 , 2008 ) . `` Chicago Cubs fan tradition a throwback to 1969 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 -- via Chitownradio.com . Jump up ^ Curtis , Charles ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) . `` Mets ' Noah Syndergaard mocks Cubs ' ' Fly the W ' on Twitter after NLCS win '' . The Star - Ledger . Jump up ^ Snyder , Matt . `` Cubs announce new mascot , Clark , a ' young , friendly cub ' '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs tell unofficial ' Billy Cub ' mascot to stop abc7chicago.com '' . Abclocal.go.com. 2013 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hageman , William ( February 27 , 2004 ) . `` A Fan in Winter '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Kelly , Maura ( May 28 , 2001 ) . `` ' Leather Lungs ' a hit at Wrigley , wooing fans with schtick and song '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` RogerBaindemo.com '' . rogerbaindemo.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All The Way '' . Pearl Jam . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2009 . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All the Way by Eddie Vedder Song Statistics setlist.fm '' . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me Out to a Cubs Game Chicago cubs music CD '' . Takemeouttoacubsgame.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2008 . Retrieved November 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Take Me Out To A Cubs Game ' Music CD '' . Amazon.com , Inc. 2008 . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me Out To A Cubs Game CD '' . CubHub.net. 2008 . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Oz , Mike ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Reminder : The Cubs won the 2015 World Series in ' Back to the Future 2 ' '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nicholas , Thomas Ian ( @ TinBAND ) ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Amazing ! @ Cubs win the # WorldSeries 2016 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Miller , Doug ; Simon , Andrew ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Arrieta is 3rd Cubs pitcher to throw multiple no - nos '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No - hitters by club '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . April 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full List : The World 's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams 2017 '' . Forbes . July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 46 . Chicago Cubs '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 42 . Chicago Cubs '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 36 . Chicago Cubs '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 31 . Chicago Cubs '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 21 . Chicago Cubs '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 17 . Chicago Cubs '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 21 . Chicago Cubs '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs moving Class A affiliate to Myrtle Beach '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leventhal , Josh . `` Tracking the Affiliation Shuffle '' . Baseball America . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` School Days in Arkansas '' . Jump up ^ `` arlington hotel , oaklawn , gangster museum , hot springs baseball trail , historical landmarks - Hot Springs , Arkansas '' . ^ Jump up to : http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=6221 Jump up ^ `` 1886 Chicago White Stockings Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Ban Johnson Park - Whittington Park / Majestic Park / Fogel Field -- Hot Springs Arkansas -- Major League Spring Training grounds '' . Jump up ^ `` Avalon 's Wrigley Field - Catalina Island California - Former Spring Home of the Chicago Cubs '' . Jump up ^ ' + relative_time ( twitters ( i ). created_at ) + ' . `` Spring Training Online History '' . Springtrainingonline.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spring Training History Articles '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Catalina Island Museum '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs make their radio move to WSCR official '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WBBM to be Cubs ' new radio home '' . Chicago Tribune . June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WSCR - AM 670 The Score Named The Cubs ' New Flagship Station '' . CBS Chicago . Chicago : WBBM - TV . November 11 , 2015 . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coomer scores Cubs radio job '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Cubs reach deal with WGN - TV for remaining 45 broadcasts '' . Chicago Business Journal . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Channick , Robert ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Cubs exercise option to end WGN - TV contract after next season '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Channick , Robert ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` It 's official : WLS - Ch. 7 to air 25 Cubs games '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cubs TV affiliates for 24 games on ABC7 in 2015 '' . ABC7Chicago.com . Chicago : WLS - TV . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` White Sox add WPWR - Ch. 50 to station rotation '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marek , Lynne ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` WGN America to drop Chicago sports '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elbert , David ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` WHO - TV to air select White Sox , Cubs games at Channel 13.3 '' . The Des Moines Register . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WQAD picking up 45 Cubs , 55 Sox games '' . Quad - City Times . March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WISH - WNDY To Carry Cubs , White Sox '' . TVNewsCheck . NewsCheck Media . March 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WISH - TV and MyINDY - TV the new home of Chicago Blackhawks hockey '' . WISH - TV . October 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs aim to launch own TV network by 2020 '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcasters '' . Chicago Cubs . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Further reading Murphy , Cait ( 2007 ) . Crazy ' 08 : How a Cast of Cranks , Rogues , Boneheads , and Magnates Created the Greatest Year in Baseball History . New York : Smithsonian Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 088937 - 1 . Wright , Marshall ( 2000 ) . The National Association of Base Ball Players , 1857 -- 1870 . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0779 - 4 . Lund , John ( 2008 ) . 1908 : A Look at the World Champion 1908 Chicago Cubs . Scotts Valley , CA . ISBN 1 - 4382 - 5018 - 5 . Stone , Steve ; Rozner , Barry ( 1999 ) . Where 's Harry ? . Taylor Publishing . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 233 - 2 . Stout , Glenn ; Johnson , Richard ( 2007 ) . The Cubs . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 59500 - 6 . Vitti , Jim ( 2010 ) . Chicago Cubs : Baseball on Catalina Island . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 7795 - 2 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicago Cubs . Chicago Cubs official website Chicago Cubs at Chicago Tribune Chicago Cubs Formerly the Chicago White Stockings , Chicago Colts and the Chicago Orphans Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise History Seasons Awards Records No - hitters Players Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers First - round draft picks Ballparks 23rd Street Grounds Lakefront Park West Side Park I South Side Park West Side Park II Wrigley Field ( renovations ) Spring training : Whittington Park Plant Field Rendezvous Park Blair Field HoHoKam Park Sloan Park Lore Curse of the Billy Goat Babe Ruth 's called shot Steve Bartman incident Gatorade Glove Play Homer in the Gloamin ' The Sandberg Game Fall of ' 69 1998 home run chase Brock for Broglio Merkle 's Boner Worst to First Monday saves the American flag College of Coaches Ex-Cubs Factor Ken Hubbs Billy Jurges incident Game 163 Culture Tinker to Evers to Chance Bleacher Bums Wrigley Rooftops Wrigleyville Wayne Messmer Ronnie Woo Woo Yosh Kawano Mike Royko Harry Caray Holy Cow ! Grant DePorter Wrigley Company Wrigley Field ivy Hey Hey Holy Mackerel Bill Holden The Heckler Arne Harris `` Go , Cubs , Go '' `` Sweet Home Chicago '' `` All the Way '' `` Sirius '' Cubs Win Flag Eamus Catuli Addison Red Line Station Sheridan Red Line Station Clark Street Addison Street Rookie of the Year This Old Cub The Natural ( 1984 film ) Taking Care of Business ( 1990 film ) A League of Their Own Take Me Out to the Ball Game The Cubs Fan 's Guide To Happiness Pat Pieper The Cubby Bear Harry Caray 's Italian Steakhouse Bohemian National Cemetery Columbarium Clark Back to the Future Part II Rivalries St. Louis Cardinals Milwaukee Brewers Chicago White Sox Key personnel Owner : Family of Joe Ricketts ; operated by Tom Ricketts President of Baseball Operations : Theo Epstein General Manager : Jed Hoyer Manager : Joe Maddon World Series championships ( 3 ) 1907 1908 2016 National League championships ( 17 ) 1876 1880 1881 1882 1885 1886 1906 1907 1908 1910 1918 1929 1932 1935 1938 1945 2016 Division championships East 1984 1989 Central 2003 2007 2008 2016 Wild Card 1998 2015 Minor league affiliates Iowa Cubs ( AAA ) Tennessee Smokies ( AA ) Myrtle Beach Pelicans ( A Adv . ) South Bend Cubs ( A ) Eugene Emeralds ( Short - A ) Arizona League Cubs ( Rookie ) DSL Cubs 1 ( Rookie ) DSL Cubs 2 ( Rookie ) Radio Cubs Radio Network WSCR WJMK - HD2 Personnel : Pat Hughes ( play - by - play ) Ron Coomer ( color / analysis ) Television Comcast SportsNet Chicago WGN Sports ( WGN - TV ) WLS - TV Personnel : Len Kasper ( play - by - play ) Jim Deshaies ( color / analysis ) Seasons ( 146 ) 1870s 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990s 1993 1994 1995 1998 1999 2000s 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Links to related articles ( show ) Achievements Preceded by Chicago White Sox 1906 World Series Champions Chicago Cubs 1907 and 1908 Succeeded by Pittsburgh Pirates 1909 Preceded by Kansas City Royals 2015 World Series Champions Chicago Cubs 2016 Succeeded by Incumbent ( show ) Achievements Preceded by None National League Champions Chicago White Stockings 1876 Succeeded by Boston Red Caps 1877 Preceded by Providence Grays 1879 National League Champions Chicago White Stockings 1880 -- 1882 Succeeded by Boston Beaneaters 1883 Preceded by Providence Grays 1884 National League Champions Chicago Colts 1885 -- 1886 Succeeded by Detroit Wolverines 1887 Preceded by New York Giants 1905 National League Champions Chicago Cubs 1906 , 1907 , and 1908 Succeeded by Pittsburgh Pirates 1909 Preceded by Pittsburgh Pirates 1909 National League Champions Chicago Cubs 1910 Succeeded by New York Giants 1911 and 1912 Preceded by New York Giants 1917 National League Champions Chicago Cubs 1918 Succeeded by Cincinnati Reds 1919 Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals 1928 National League Champions Chicago Cubs 1929 Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 1930 and 1931 Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals 1930 and 1931 National League Champions Chicago Cubs 1932 Succeeded by New York Giants 1933 Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals 1934 National League Champions Chicago Cubs 1935 Succeeded by New York Giants 1936 and 1937 Preceded by New York Giants 1936 and 1937 National League Champions Chicago Cubs 1938 Succeeded by Cincinnati Reds 1939 and 1940 Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals 1942 , 1943 , and 1944 National League Champions Chicago Cubs 1945 Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 1946 Preceded by New York Mets 2015 National League Champions Chicago Cubs 2016 Succeeded by Incumbent Chicago Cubs managers Albert Spalding ( 1876 -- 1877 ) Bob Ferguson ( 1878 ) Cap Anson ( 1879 ) Silver Flint ( 1879 ) Cap Anson ( 1880 -- 1897 ) Tom Burns ( 1898 -- 1899 ) Tom Loftus ( 1900 -- 1901 ) Frank Selee ( 1902 -- 1905 ) Frank Chance ( 1905 -- 1912 ) Johnny Evers ( 1913 ) Hank O'Day ( 1914 ) Roger Bresnahan ( 1915 ) Joe Tinker ( 1916 ) Fred Mitchell ( 1917 -- 1920 ) Johnny Evers ( 1921 ) Bill Killefer ( 1921 -- 1925 ) Rabbit Maranville ( 1925 ) George Gibson ( 1925 ) Joe McCarthy ( 1926 -- 1930 ) Rogers Hornsby ( 1930 -- 1932 ) Charlie Grimm ( 1932 -- 1938 ) Gabby Hartnett ( 1938 -- 1940 ) Jimmy Wilson ( 1941 -- 1944 ) Roy Johnson ( 1944 ) Charlie Grimm ( 1944 -- 1949 ) Frankie Frisch ( 1949 -- 1951 ) Phil Cavarretta ( 1951 -- 1953 ) Stan Hack ( 1954 -- 1956 ) Bob Scheffing ( 1957 -- 1959 ) Charlie Grimm ( 1960 ) Lou Boudreau ( 1960 ) College of Coaches : Vedie Himsl ( 1961 ) , Harry Craft ( 1961 ) , El Tappe ( 1961 -- 1962 ) , Lou Klein ( 1961 -- 1962 , 1965 ) , Charlie Metro ( 1962 ) , Bob Kennedy ( 1963 -- 1965 ) Leo Durocher ( 1966 -- 1972 ) Whitey Lockman ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Jim Marshall ( 1974 -- 1976 ) Herman Franks ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Joey Amalfitano ( 1979 ) Preston Gómez ( 1980 ) Joey Amalfitano ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Lee Elia ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Charlie Fox ( 1983 ) Jim Frey ( 1984 -- 1986 ) John Vukovich ( 1986 ) Gene Michael ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Frank Lucchesi ( 1987 ) Don Zimmer ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Joe Altobelli ( 1991 ) Jim Essian ( 1991 ) Jim Lefebvre ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Tom Trebelhorn ( 1994 ) Jim Riggleman ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Don Baylor ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Rene Lachemann ( 2002 ) Bruce Kimm ( 2002 ) Dusty Baker ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Lou Piniella ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Mike Quade ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dale Sveum ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Rick Renteria ( 2014 ) Joe Maddon ( 2015 -- ) Championship Navigation Boxes Chicago White Stockings 1876 National League Champions Bob Addy Cap Anson Ross Barnes Oscar Bielaski John Glenn Paul Hines Cal McVey John Peters Albert Spalding Deacon White Manager : Albert Spalding Chicago White Stockings 1880 National League Champions Cap Anson Tommy Beals Tom Burns Larry Corcoran Abner Dalrymple Silver Flint Fred Goldsmith George Gore King Kelly Joe Quest Ned Williamson Manager Cap Anson Chicago White Stockings 1881 National League Champions Cap Anson Tom Burns Larry Corcoran Abner Dalrymple Silver Flint Fred Goldsmith George Gore King Kelly Hugh Nicol Joe Quest Ned Williamson Manager Cap Anson Chicago White Stockings 1882 National League Champions Cap Anson Tom Burns Larry Corcoran Abner Dalrymple Silver Flint Fred Goldsmith George Gore King Kelly Hugh Nicol Joe Quest Ned Williamson Manager : Cap Anson Chicago White Stockings 1885 National League Champions Cap Anson Tom Burns John Clarkson Larry Corcoran Abner Dalrymple Silver Flint George Gore King Kelly Ted Kennedy Jim McCormick Fred Pfeffer Billy Sunday Ned Williamson Manager : Cap Anson Chicago White Stockings 1886 National League Champions Cap Anson Tom Burns John Clarkson Abner Dalrymple Silver Flint Jocko Flynn George Gore King Kelly Jim McCormick Fred Pfeffer Jimmy Ryan Billy Sunday Ned Williamson Manager : Cap Anson Chicago Cubs 1907 World Series champions Mordecai Brown Frank Chance Johnny Evers Del Howard Johnny Kling Carl Lundgren Pat Moran Orval Overall Jack Pfiester Ed Reulbach Frank Schulte Jimmy Sheckard Jimmy Slagle Harry Steinfeldt Joe Tinker Heinie Zimmerman Manager Frank Chance Regular season Chicago Cubs 1908 World Series champions Mordecai Brown Frank Chance Johnny Evers Chick Fraser Solly Hofman Del Howard Johnny Kling Carl Lundgren Orval Overall Jack Pfiester Ed Reulbach Frank Schulte Jimmy Sheckard Harry Steinfeldt Joe Tinker Heinie Zimmerman Manager Frank Chance Regular season Chicago Cubs 2016 World Series champions 3 David Ross 5 Albert Almora 6 Carl Edwards Jr . 8 Chris Coghlan 9 Javier Báez ( NLCS MVP ) 12 Kyle Schwarber 17 Kris Bryant ( NL MVP ) 18 Ben Zobrist ( World Series MVP ) 22 Jason Heyward 24 Dexter Fowler 27 Addison Russell 28 Kyle Hendricks 34 Jon Lester ( NLCS MVP ) 37 Travis Wood 38 Mike Montgomery 40 Willson Contreras 41 John Lackey 44 Anthony Rizzo 46 Pedro Strop 47 Miguel Montero 49 Jake Arrieta 52 Justin Grimm 54 Aroldis Chapman 56 Héctor Rondón 68 Jorge Soler Manager 70 Joe Maddon Bench Coach 4 Dave Martinez First Base Coach 16 Brandon Hyde Third Base Coach 1 Gary Jones Pitching Coach 25 Chris Bosio Hitting Coach 11 John Mallee Assistant Hitting Coach 77 Eric Hinske Bullpen Coach 35 Lester Strode Bullpen Catcher 95 Chad Noble Catching Coach 58 Mike Borzello Quality Control Coach 64 Henry Blanco Regular season National League Division Series National League Championship Series Chicago Cubs retired numbers 10 Ron Santo 14 Ernie Banks 23 Ryne Sandberg 26 Billy Williams 31 Ferguson Jenkins & Greg Maddux Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS NLWC AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS ALWC Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training ( Cactus League , Grapefruit League ) Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL National League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : American League Honorary president : Bill Giles Current teams East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Former , relocated , and disestablished teams 19th - century National League teams Boston Beaneaters / Braves ( 1883 -- 1952 ) Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 1965 ) Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1883 -- 1957 ) New York Giants ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Houston Colt . 45s / Astros ( 1962 -- 2012 ) Montreal Expos ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Professional baseball Tribune Media Corporate directors Bruce Karsh ( Chairman ) Peter Liguori ( President and CEO ) Chandler Bigelow ( CFO ) Tribune Broadcasting ( TV stations by primary affiliations ) TV networks Broadcast Antenna TV This TV Cable CLTV Food Network ( 30 % ) WGN America CBS KFSM WHNT WREG WTKR WTTV / WTTK WTVR The CW KDAF KIAH KPLR KRCW KTLA KWGN WCCT WDCW WGNT WNOL WPIX WSFL Fox KCPQ KDVR / KFCT KSTU KSWB KTVI KTXL WDAF WGHP WITI WJW WPMT WTIC WXIN WXMI Other ABC WGNO WNEP WQAD MyNet KXNW KZJO WPHL NBC KFOR WHO Ind . WGN - TV KAUT TV programs $100,000 Fortune Hunt Adventure Inc . American Idol Rewind Andromeda Animal Rescue Around the World for Free The Arsenio Hall Show At the Movies The Bill Cunningham Show BeastMaster Beyond with James Van Praagh The Bob & Tom Show Bozo , Gar and Ray : WGN TV Classics The Bozo Show The Bozo Super Sunday Show Bzzz ! The Charles Perez Show City Guys The Dennis Miller Show Dog Tales Earth : Final Conflict Family Feud Final Shot : The Hank Gathers Story Flipper Geraldo Ghostbusters Hollywood Christmas Parade Illinois Instant Riches Independent Network News Inside the Vault The Joan Rivers Show EyeOpener KTLA Morning News Malibu , CA Manhattan Missing Monsters Movie Underground Mutant X The Mystery of Al Capone 's Vaults NewsFix Night Man On the Spot Outsiders Salem Scalped Soul Train Soul Train Music Awards To Live and Die in L.A. Tales from the Darkside Tribune Studios U.S. Farm Report Underground What a Country ! WWE Superstars WGN Morning News WGN Sports Yule Log Radio WGN WMIL - HD3 TV prodution Tribune Studios Acquisitions Local TV LLC Renaissance Broadcasting Tribune Digital Ventures Screener TV by the Numbers Related articles The WB ( 25 % , 1995 -- 2006 ) Tribune Publishing ( 1847 -- 2014 ) Tribune Media Services ( 1933 -- 2014 ) Chicago Cubs Radio Network ( 1925 to 2014 ) Gracenote ( sold 2017 ) A joint venture between Tribune and Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . Owned by Dreamcatcher Broadcasting , LLC , Tribune operates these stations through an SSA . Owned by iHeartMedia , and operated by Tribune . Sports teams based in the Chicago metropolitan area Baseball MLB Chicago Cubs Chicago White Sox MWL Kane County Cougars AA Gary SouthShore RailCats FL Joliet Slammers Schaumburg Boomers Windy City ThunderBolts MCL DuPage County Hounds Joliet Admirals NWI Oilmen Southland Vikings PL DuPage Drones Basketball NBA Chicago Bulls WNBA Chicago Sky G League Windy City Bulls ABA Chicago Fury Chicago Steam Libertyville VIpers Football NFL Chicago Bears WFA Chicago Force LFL Chicago Bliss Hockey NHL Chicago Blackhawks AHL Chicago Wolves USHL Chicago Steel Lacrosse CILL Chicago Outlaws MCLC Chicago Lacrosse Club Chitown Lacrosse Club Lincoln Park Lacrosse Club Windy City Lacrosse Club Roller derby USARS Chicago Red Hots WFTDA Chicago Outfit Roller Derby Windy City Rollers Rugby RSL Chicago Griffins RFC Chicago Lions RFC Soccer MLS Chicago Fire NWSL Chicago Red Stars PDL Chicago Fire Premier Indoor soccer MASL Chicago Mustangs Softball NPF Chicago Bandits Australian rules football USAFL Chicago Swans College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Chicago State Cougars DePaul Blue Demons Loyola Ramblers Northern Illinois Huskies Northwestern Wildcats UIC Flames Valparaiso Crusaders College athletics ( NCAA Division II ) Lewis Flyers Sports teams based in Illinois Baseball MLB Chicago Cubs Chicago White Sox MWL Kane County Cougars Peoria Chiefs FL Gateway Grizzlies Joliet Slammers Normal CornBelters Schaumburg Boomers Southern Illinois Miners Windy City ThunderBolts NWL Rockford Rivets PL Danville Dans Quincy Gems Springfield Sliders Basketball NBA Chicago Bulls WNBA Chicago Sky G League Windy City Bulls ABA Chicago Fury Chicago Steam Libertyville Vipers Windy City Groove IBA Kankakee County Soldiers Rockford Riverdawgs Windy City Blazers MPBA Champaign Swarm Chicago Force Pontiac 66ers Windy City Groove Football NFL Chicago Bears CIF Quad City Steamwheelers IFL Bloomington Edge LFL Chicago Bliss Hockey NHL Chicago Blackhawks AHL Chicago Wolves Rockford IceHogs ECHL Quad City Mallards SPHL Peoria Rivermen FHL Danville Dashers USHL Central Illinois Flying Aces Chicago Steel NAHL Springfield Jr . Blues Inline hockey MLRH Chicago Carnage Roller derby USARS Chicago Red Hots WFTDA Chicago Outfit Roller Derby McLean County MissFits Rockford Rage Southern Illinois Roller Girls Twin City Derby Girls Windy City Rollers Rugby RSL Chicago Griffins RFC Chicago Lions RFC MRFU Rowdies Rugby Football Club Springfield Celts Rugby Club Soccer MLS Chicago Fire PDL Chicago Fire U-23 NPSL Quad City Eagles PLA Aurora Borealis SC RWB Adria NWSL Chicago Red Stars WPSL Chicago Red Stars Reserves Indoor soccer MASL Chicago Mustangs Softball NPF Chicago Bandits Ultimate AUDL Chicago Wildfire College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Bradley Braves Chicago State Cougars DePaul Blue Demons Eastern Illinois Panthers Illinois Fighting Illini Illinois State Redbirds Loyola Ramblers Northern Illinois Huskies Northwestern Wildcats SIU Edwardsville Cougars Southern Illinois Salukis UIC Flames Western Illinois Leathernecks College athletics ( NCAA Division II ) Lewis Flyers McKendree Bearcats Quincy Hawks UIS Prairie Stars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Cubs&oldid=801162322 '' Categories : Chicago Cubs 1876 establishments in Illinois Baseball teams in Chicago Cactus League Companies that have filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy Major League Baseball teams Professional baseball teams in Illinois Baseball teams established in 1876 Tribune Media subsidiaries Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 01 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how long did it take the cubs to win a world series	[ "The Cubs have appeared in a total of eleven World Series. The 1906 Cubs won 116 games, finishing 116–36 and posting a modern-era record winning percentage of .763, before losing the World Series to the Chicago White Sox (\"The Hitless Wonders\") by four games to two. The Cubs won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908, becoming the first major league team to play in three consecutive World Series, and the first to win it twice. Most recently, the Cubs won the 2016 National League Championship Series and 2016 World Series, which ended a 71-year National League pennant drought and a 108-year World Series championship drought,[3] both of which are record droughts in Major League Baseball.[4][5] The 108-year drought was also the longest such occurrence in all major North American sports. Since the start of divisional play in 1969, the Cubs have appeared in the postseason eight times through the 2016 season.[3][6]" ]	[ "108-year" ]
-4946922762024676602	The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)	The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) - wikipedia The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) Jump to : navigation , search Tracy McConnell How I Met Your Mother character The Mother appearing in `` The Locket '' First appearance `` Lucky Penny ( unseen ) '' `` Something New '' ( seen ) Last appearance `` Last Forever '' Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Portrayed by Cristin Milioti Information Aliases The Mother Gender Female Spouse ( s ) Ted Mosby Significant other ( s ) Max ( deceased former boyfriend ) Louis ( ex-boyfriend ) Children Penny Mosby ( daughter , born in 2015 , played by Lyndsy Fonseca ) Luke Mosby ( son , born in 2017 , played by David Henrie ) Nationality American Tracy McConnell ( colloquial : `` The Mother '' ) is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The show , narrated by Future Ted , tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother . Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9 . The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti . The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series ; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series , including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment . Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson and Robin Scherbatsky 's wedding ; this scene is shown in `` Last Forever '' , the series finale . The Mother 's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024 , also revealed in the series finale , received a mixed reaction from fans . An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD . In the alternate ending , Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . In the video , future Ted is heard saying , `` ... When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning , I ca n't help but be amazed how easy it all really was ... '' , indirectly stating that The Mother is alive . The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling , implying that Ted never went back to Robin as he lived a successful married life with Tracy Mosby . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Character history 2.1 Name 3 Death 4 Notes 5 References Casting ( edit ) During its first eight seasons , the successful sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother . Well - known actresses often made guest appearances on the show . Many fans expected that another would play one of the most - wanted roles in Hollywood , but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown . Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples , Thomas said that `` We did n't want it to be a big famous star because we did n't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be ... The whole idea is that Ted 's never seen this woman before , so it better feel that way to the audience '' , similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had `` kept the show alive '' when it began . Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call . They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once ; her musical ability was also helpful , as The Mother had been described as a band member . After competing for the role against at least two others , Milioti filmed her first scene -- for the last episode of season 8 -- having never watched How I Met Your Mother ; she recalled , `` I had ignorance on my side . So I did n't know what it meant . '' Milioti learned of the character 's importance only after binge watching the show during the summer . Character history ( edit ) The Mother was born on September 19 , 1984 . The Mother , joined by her roommate Kelly awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max only to receive a call informing her of his death . After the funeral service , she returns to the apartment to open Max 's last gift to her -- a ukulele . The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love . In `` Wait for It '' , it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella . In `` No Tomorrow '' , Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party which she also attended , as it had been two and a half years since the death of Max , her late boyfriend . She is still grieving , but her roommate Kelly encourages her to go out and date again , bringing her to the same bar where Ted and Barney are celebrating . The two women run into Mitch , her old orchestra instructor ; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment . After they start talking , Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams . The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college . On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby , as seen in the season 4 finale `` The Leap '' , he is seen in front of the classroom of students , one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother . But in the first episode of season 5 , `` Definitions '' , it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom -- Economics instead of Architecture . At the same time in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) , whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate . They see Ted enter the room , but when he announces the subject , The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off . She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom . Later , in `` Girls Versus Suits '' , Ted dates Cindy , not knowing that her roommate is his future wife . Throughout the episode , Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate . When in Cindy and the mother 's apartment he picks up many of The Mother 's belongings , attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are ( thinking the items are Cindy 's ) and glimpses the mother 's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower . Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band . Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions , `` this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back . '' In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is revealed that , after Ted left the apartment , the Mother had discovered the umbrella and , upon going to question Cindy , finds her in a state . As she tried to console her , Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted , and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive , before spontaneously kissing her , revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush . While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian , it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating , as the kiss was her first in a long time . Some time after this , a man named Darren approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics . Darren gradually takes over the band . In the season 6 opener `` Big Days '' it is revealed Ted meets his future wife `` the day of '' the wedding at which he is the best man . In the episode `` False Positive '' Robin asks Ted to be her future best man , should she ever get married . In the episode `` Challenge Accepted '' , it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney 's wedding . In the last episode of season 7 , `` The Magician 's Code '' it is shown that Barney will marry Robin , and Ted will meet the mother `` the day of '' their wedding . On the premiere of season 8 , Ted 's wife appears after Barney and Robin 's wedding , outside at the `` Farhampton '' station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar . In the season 8 episode `` Band or DJ ? , '' Ted runs into Cindy on the subway and tells her that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute . The end result of the encounter is that Cindy 's ( now ex - ) roommate 's band plays at Barney and Robin 's wedding . The Mother is first shown meeting Louis in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now - lead band member Darren talks to his fans . Later at MacLaren 's Pub , she tells him she 's not yet ready to date . Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind and they begin dating not long after . The Mother meets all of Ted 's best friends ( Barney , Lily , Marshall and Robin ) before she meets him . The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin , as revealed through a flashback in `` Platonish '' . In `` The Locket '' , Tracy meets Lily on a train journey . In `` Bass Player Wanted '' , the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall , carrying his son Marvin , on her way to Farhampton Inn . On their way , it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band , that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception . But the band 's leader , Darren , forced her to quit . The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band . She ends up alone at the bar , and while practicing a speech to give Darren , Darren walks up to her furious the groom 's best man punched him for `` no reason . '' Amused by this , the Mother laughs , and Darren quits the band in anger . In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is shown that after this incident , the Mother returns to Louis ' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend . As she walks in the door , Louis proposes to her , but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes . She declines Louis ' proposal and leaves his cottage , going to check in at Farhampton Inn . On her room 's balcony , she plays the ukulele and sings `` La Vie en Rose '' . Ted hears her singing from his room next door . In `` Gary Blauman '' , Ted and the Mother are on their first date . Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish - Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner . On the way there , Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run - in with Louis . She says that she is in the `` weirdest place on earth '' right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating . Ted walks her back to her apartment . They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away . The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her . When the story is over , they say goodnight again . The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time , before deciding to carry on their date . In a flashforward in `` The Lighthouse '' , Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn . She immediately accepts . In another flashfoward in `` Unpause '' , the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child , Luke , in the year 2017 . She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton . Name ( edit ) The Mother 's real name is not revealed until the series finale , `` Last Forever '' . When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station , she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell . In the season 1 episode `` Belly Full of Turkey '' , Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says `` ... that , kids , is the true story of how I met your mother '' . The children react in surprise and appear to believe Ted before he admits he is joking , which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother 's name is Tracy . Death ( edit ) See also : Last Forever In the series finale , it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children , Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness . In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead . Ted says that she `` became sick '' and his children saying that she has been `` gone '' for six years . Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother 's death . Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die , but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning . Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was `` an amazing character '' and that `` over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy . Kuchman said that `` asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request '' , that the finale `` advanced too quickly '' and that `` HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue '' . A petition was started , aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale . The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage . On April 5 , 2014 , Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD . No new material was shot for this scene . In the alternate ending , the mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that `` Pilot '' is set . The pilot is set on September 19 , 2005 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( 7 September 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother alternative finale leaks online ahead of DVD release '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Rachel ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` 8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should 've used its alternative ending '' . Metro UK . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Burning questions about the mother '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Fallon , Kevin ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Mother Revealed : Meet Cristin Milioti '' . The Daily Beast . Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) . `` How Cristin Milioti Met ' Fargo ' -- And Left ' How I Met Your Mother ' Behind '' . The Daily Beast . ^ Jump up to : `` How Your Mother Met Me '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 16 . January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 19 , 2005 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : Kuchman , Bill ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' ' Last Forever ' Recap : A Divisive Finale and What It Means for ' HIMYM ' '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rullo , Samantha ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` What is The Mother 's Name on ' How I Met Your Mother ' ? Episode Title Might Hold the Secret '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/cristin-milioti-sobbed-found-characters-fate-met-mother/story?id=25947923 Jump up ^ Kuchman , Bill ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' Finale Instant Reaction '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guerrero , Danger ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Now There 's A Petition To ' Rewrite And Reshoot ' The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Ending '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Update for those who 've been asking : Alt # himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set . https://twitter.com/CarterBays/status/452299544995184640 Jump up ^ James , Lauren ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' May Get Alternate Ending After Petition , Says Carter Bays '' . Contact Music . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky Tracy McConnell Soundtracks How I Met Your Music Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mother_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=815747465 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother characters Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional female musicians Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Magyar Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 21 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in what episode does ted meet their mother	[ "The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series, including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment. Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson and Robin Scherbatsky's wedding; this scene is shown in \"Last Forever\", the series finale. The Mother's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024, also revealed in the series finale, received a mixed reaction from fans." ]	[ "Last Forever" ]
9181873088787791869	Timeline of the name "Palestine"	Timeline of the name `` Palestine '' - wikipedia Timeline of the name `` Palestine '' Further information : Time periods in the Palestine region and Names of the Levant § Philistia and Palestine Adriaan Reland 's 1712 Palaestina ex Monumentis Veteribus Illustrata ( Palestine 's Ancient Monuments Illustrated ) contains an early description and timeline of the historical references to the name `` Palestine '' . This article presents a list of notable historical references to the name Palestine as a place name in the Middle East throughout the history of the region , including its cognates such as `` Filastin '' and `` Palaestina '' . The term `` Peleset '' ( transliterated from hieroglyphs as P-r-s-t ) is found in five inscriptions referring to a neighboring people or land starting from circa 1150 BC during the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt . The first known mention is at the temple at Medinet Habu which refers to the Peleset among those who fought with Egypt in Ramesses III 's reign , and the last known is 300 years later on Padiiset 's Statue . The Assyrians called the same region `` Palashtu / Palastu '' or `` Pilistu '' , beginning with Adad - nirari III in the Nimrud Slab in c. 800 BC through to an Esarhaddon treaty more than a century later . Neither the Egyptian nor the Assyrian sources provided clear regional boundaries for the term . The first appearance of the term `` Palestine '' was in 5th century BC Ancient Greece when Herodotus wrote of a `` district of Syria , called Palaistinê '' between Phoenicia and Egypt in The Histories . Herodotus was describing the coastal region , but is also considered to have applied the term to the inland region such as the Judean mountains and the Jordan Rift Valley . Later Greek writers such as Aristotle , Polemon and Pausanias also used the word , which was followed by Roman writers such as Ovid , Tibullus , Pomponius Mela , Pliny the Elder , Dio Chrysostom , Statius , Plutarch as well as Roman Judean writers Philo of Alexandria and Josephus . The word was never used in an official context during the Hellenistic period , and is not found on any Hellenistic coin or inscription , first coming into official use in the early second century AD . It has been contended that in the first century authors still associated the term with the southern coastal region . In 135 AD , the Greek `` Syria Palaestina '' was used in naming a new Roman province from the merger of Roman Syria and Roman Judaea after the Roman authorities crushed the Bar Kokhba Revolt . There is no evidence as to who was responsible for the name change , but circumstantial evidence links Hadrian to it , and the precise date is not certain . The common view that the name change was intended `` sever the connection of the Jews to their historical homeland '' is disputed . During the Byzantine period c. 390 , the imperial province of Syria Palaestina was reorganized into : Palaestina Prima , Palaestina Secunda , and Palaestina Salutaris . Following the Muslim conquest , place names that were in use by the Byzantine administration generally continued to be used in Arabic . The use of the name `` Palestine '' became common in Early Modern English , was used in English and Arabic during the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem . In the 20th century the name was used by the British to refer to `` Mandatory Palestine '' , a mandate from the former Ottoman Empire which had been divided in the Sykes -- Picot Agreement . The term was later used in the eponymous `` State of Palestine '' . Both incorporated geographic regions from the land commonly known as Palestine , into a new state whose territory was named Palestine . Contents 1 Historical references 1.1 Ancient period 1.1. 1 Egyptian period 1.1. 2 Assyrian period 1.2 Classical antiquity 1.2. 1 Persian ( Achaemenid ) Empire period 1.2. 2 Hellenic kingdoms ( Ptolemaic / Seleucid / Hasmonean ) period 1.2. 3 Roman Jerusalem period 1.2. 4 Roman Aelia Capitolina period 1.3 Late Antiquity period 1.3. 1 Late Roman Empire ( Byzantine ) period 1.4 Middle Ages 1.4. 1 Rashidun , Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates period 1.4. 2 Fatimid Caliphate period 1.4. 3 Crusaders period 1.4. 4 Ayyubid and Mamluk periods 1.5 Early modern period 1.5. 1 Early Ottoman period 1.6 Modern period 1.6. 1 Late Ottoman period 1.6. 2 Formation of the British Mandate 2 Biblical references 3 Etymological considerations 4 See also 5 Bibliography 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Historical references Ancient period Egyptian period A people called the P-r-s-t ( conventionally Peleset ) . From a graphic wall relief on the Second Pylon at Medinet Habu , c. 1150 BC , during the reign of Ramesses III . Padiiset 's Statue `` the impartial envoy / commissioner / messenger of / for Canaan of / for Peleset '' c. 1150 BC : Medinet Habu ( temple ) : records a people called the P-r-s-t ( conventionally Peleset ) among those who fought with Egypt in Ramesses III 's reign . c. 1150 BC : Papyrus Harris I : `` I extended all the boundaries of Egypt ; I overthrew those who invaded them from their lands . I slew the Denyen in their isles , the Thekel and the Peleset ( Pw - r-s - ty ) were made ashes '' c. 1150 BC : Rhetorical Stela to Ramesses III , Chapel C , Deir el - Medina c. 1000 BC : Onomasticon of Amenope : `` Sherden , Tjekker , Peleset , Khurma '' c. 900 BC : Padiiset 's Statue , inscription : `` envoy - Canaan - Peleset '' Assyrian period c. 800 BC : Adad - nirari III , Nimrud Slab c. 800 BC : Adad - nirari III , Saba'a Stele : `` In the fifth year ( of my official rule ) I sat down solemnly on my royal throne and called up the country ( for war ) . I ordered the numerous army of Assyria to march against Palestine ( Pa - la - áš - tu ) ... I received all the tributes ( ... ) which they brought to Assyria . I ( then ) ordered ( to march ) against the country Damascus ( Ša - imērišu ) . '' c. 735 BC : Qurdi - Ashur - lamur to Tiglath - Pileser III , Nimrud Letter ND 2715 : `` Bring down lumber , do your work on it , ( but ) do not deliver it to the Egyptians ( mu - sur - a-a ) or Palestinians ( pa - la - as - ta - a-a ) , or I shall not let you go up to the mountains . '' c. 717 BC : Sargon II 's Prism A : records the region as Palashtu or Pilistu c. 700 BC : Azekah Inscription records the region as Pi - lis - ta - a-a c. 694 BC : Sennacherib `` Palace Without a Rival : A Very Full Record of Improvements in and about the Capital ( E1 ) '' : ( the people of ) Kue and Hilakku , Pilisti and Surri ( `` Ku - e u Hi - lak - ku Pi - lis - tu u Sur - ri '' ) c. 675 BC : Esarhaddon 's Treaty with Ba'al of Tyre : Refers to the entire district of Pilistu ( KUR. pi - lis - te ) Classical antiquity Persian ( Achaemenid ) Empire period Palestine in c. 450 BC according to Herodotus ( map as reconstructed by J. Murray , 1897 ) c. 450 BC : Herodotus , The Histories , First historical reference clearly denoting a wider region than biblical Philistia , referring to a `` district of Syria , called Palaistinê '' ( Book 3 ) : `` The country reaching from the city of Posideium to the borders of Egypt ... paid a tribute of three hundred and fifty talents . All Phoenicia , Palestine Syria , and Cyprus , were herein contained . This was the fifth satrapy . '' ; ( Book 4 ) : `` the region I am describing skirts our sea , stretching from Phoenicia along the coast of Palestine - Syria till it comes to Egypt , where it terminates '' ; ( Book 7 ) : `` ( The Phoenicians and the Syrians of Palestine ) , according to their own account , dwelt anciently upon the Erythraean Sea , but crossing thence , fixed themselves on the seacoast of Syria , where they still inhabit . This part of Syria , and all the region extending from hence to Egypt , is known by the name of Palestine . '' One important reference refers to the practice of male circumcision associated with the Hebrew people : `` the Colchians , the Egyptians , and the Ethiopians , are the only nations who have practised circumcision from the earliest times . The Phoenicians and the Syrians of Palestine themselves confess that they learnt the custom of the Egyptians ... Now these are the only nations who use circumcision '' c. 340 BC : Aristotle , Meteorology , `` Again if , as is fabled , there is a lake in Palestine , such that if you bind a man or beast and throw it in it floats and does not sink , this would bear out what we have said . They say that this lake is so bitter and salt that no fish live in it and that if you soak clothes in it and shake them it cleans them . '' This is understood by scholars to be a reference to the Dead Sea Hellenic kingdoms ( ptolemaic / seleucid / hasmonean ) period c. 150 BC : Polemon of Athens , Greek Histories , quoted by Eusebius of Caesarea in Praeparatio Evangelica : `` In the time ( reign ) of Apis son of Phoroneus a part of the Egyptian army was expelled from Egypt , who took up their abode not far from Arabia in the part of Syria called Palestine '' c. 130 BC : Agatharchides ( 5.87 , quoted in Diodorus Siculus 's Bibliotheca historica ; Strabo 's Geographica , and Photios ' Bibliotheca ) : `` Near ( Tiran ) island is a promontory , which stretches towards the Rock of the Nabataeans and Palestine '' . Roman Jerusalem period Palestine in c. 43 AD according to Pomponius Mela ( map as reconstructed by K. Miller , 1898 ) c. 30 BC : Tibullus , Tibullus and Sulpicia : The Poems : `` Why tell how the white dove sacred to the Syrians flies unharmed through the crowded cities of Palestine ? '' c. 2 AD : Ovid , Ars Amatoria : `` the seventh - day feast that the Syrian of Palestine observes '' c. 8 AD : Ovid , Metamorphoses : ( 1 ) `` ... Dercetis of Babylon , who , as the Palestinians believe , changed to a fish , all covered with scales , and swims in a pool '' and ( 2 ) `` There fell also Mendesian Celadon ; Astreus , too , whose mother was a Palestinian , and his father unknown '' c. 17 AD : Ovid , Fasti ( poem ) : `` When Jupiter took up arms to defend the heavens , came to Euphrates with the little Cupid , and sat by the brink of the waters of Palestine . '' c. 40 AD : Philo of Alexandria , ( 1 ) Every Good Man is Free : `` Moreover Palestine and Syria too are not barren of exemplary wisdom and virtue , which countries no slight portion of that most populous nation of the Jews inhabits . There is a portion of those people called Essenes . '' ; ( 2 ) On the Life of Moses : `` ( Moses ) conducted his people as a colony into Phoenicia , and into the Coele - Syria , and Palestine , which was at that time called the land of the Canaanites , the borders of which country were three days ' journey distant from Egypt . '' ; ( 3 ) On Abraham : `` The country of the Sodomites was a district of the land of Canaan , which the Syrians afterwards called Palestine '' c. 43 AD : Pomponius Mela , De situ orbis ( Description of the World ) : Syria holds a broad expanse of the littoral , as well as lands that extend rather broadly into the interior , and it is designated by different names in different places . For example , it is called Coele , Mesopotamia , Judaea , Commagene , and Sophene . It is Palestine at the point where Syria abuts the Arabs , then Phoenicia , and then -- where it reaches Cilicia -- Antiochia . ( ... ) In Palestine , however , is Gaza , a mighty and well fortified city . c. 78 : Pliny the Elder , Natural History , Volume 1 , Book V : Chapter 13 : `` Next to these countries Syria occupies the coast , once the greatest of lands , and distinguished by many names ; for the part which joins up to Arabia was formerly called Palaestina , Judaea , Coele , and Phoenice . The country in the interior was called Damascena , and that further on and more to the south , Babylonia . '' ; Chapter 14 : `` After this , at the point where the Serbonian Bog becomes visible , Idumea and Palaestina begin . This lake , which some writers have made to be 150 miles in circumference , Herodotus has placed at the foot of Mount Casius ; it is now an inconsiderable fen . The towns are Rhinocorura and , in the interior , Rafah , Gaza , and , still more inland , Anthedon : there is also Mount Argaris '' ; Book XII , Chapter 40 : `` For these branches of commerce , they have opened the city of Carræ , which serves as an entrepot , and from which place they were formerly in the habit of proceeding to Gabba , at a distance of twenty days ' journey , and thence to Palæstina , in Syria '' c. 80 : Marcus Valerius Probus , Commentary on Georgics : `` Edomite palms from Idumea , that is Judea , which is in the region of Syria Palestine '' . c. 85 : Silius Italicus , Punica : `` While yet a youth , he ( Titus ) shall put an end to war with the fierce people of Palestine . '' c. 90 : Dio Chrysostom , quoted by Synesius , refers to the Dead Sea as being in the interior of Palestine , in the very vicinity of `` Sodoma '' c. 97 : Josephus , Against Apion : `` Nor , indeed , was Herodotus of Halicarnassus unacquainted with our nation , but mentions it after a way of his own ... This , therefore , is what Herodotus says , that `` the Syrians that are in Palestine are circumcised '' . But there are no inhabitants of Palestine that are circumcised excepting the Jews ; and , therefore , it must be his knowledge of them that enabled him to speak so much concerning them . '' c. 94 : Josephus , Antiquities of the Jews : `` ... these Antiquities contain what hath been delivered down to us from the original creation of man , until the twelfth year of the reign of Nero , as to what hath befallen us Jews , as well is Egypt as in Syria , and in Palestine '' c. 100 : Statius , Silvae , refers to `` liquores Palestini '' and `` Isis , ... gently with thine own hand lead the peerless youth , on whom the Latian prince hath bestowed the standards of the East and the bridling of the cohorts of Palestine , ( i.e. , a command on the Syrian front ) through festal gate and sacred haven and the cities of thy land . '' c. 100 : Plutarch , Parallel Lives : `` Armenia , where Tigranes reigns , king of kings , and holds in his hands a power that has enabled him to keep the Parthians in narrow bounds , to remove Greek cities bodily into Media , to conquer Syria and Palestine , to put to death the kings of the royal line of Seleucus , and carry away their wives and daughters by violence . '' and `` The triumph ( of Pompey ) was so great , that though it was divided into two days , the time was far from being sufficient for displaying what was prepared to be carried in procession ; there remained still enough to adorn another triumph . At the head of the show appeared the titles of the conquered nations ; Pontus Armenia , Cappadocia , Paphlagonia , Media , Colchis , the Iberians , the Albanians , Syria , Cilicia , Mesopotamia , Phoenicia , Palestine , Judea , Arabia , the pirates subdued both by sea and land . '' c. 100 : Achilles Tatius , Leucippe and Cleitophon and other love stories in eight books : `` Your father did not return from his absence in Palestine until two days later ; and he then found a letter had arrived from Leucippe 's father -- it had come the very day after our flight -- betrothing his daughter to you . '' Roman Aelia Capitolina period Palestine in c. 150 AD according to Ptolemy ( map by Claude Reignier Conder of the Palestine Exploration Fund ) `` Syria Palaestin ( a ) '' mentioned in a 139 AD Roman military diploma c. 129 or 135 : Syria Palæstina was a Roman province between 135 and about 390 . It was established by the merge of Roman Syria and Roman Judaea , shortly before or after the Bar Kokhba Revolt . There is only circumstantial evidence linking Hadrian with the name change and the precise date is not certain . The common view that the name change was intended `` sever the connection of the Jews to their historical homeland '' is disputed . Zachary Foster in his Princeton doctoral dissertation wrote that `` Most scholars believe the Roman Emperor Hadrian changed the provincial administrative name of Judaea to Palestine to erase the Jewish presence in the land '' , opining that `` it 's equally likely the name change had little to do with Jew hatred and more to do with Hadrian 's romance with ancient Greece . '' He adds , there is a `` paucity of direct evidence around who made the change , when and under what circumstances '' , and that it may be that Hadrian did not `` rename '' the country but simply `` called the place what it was called '' . Louis Feldman argues prior to change of province name the term was used to refer to the coastal region associated with the Philistines and that first century authors differentiated Judea from Palestine . 139 : A Roman military diploma from Afiq names military units `` in Syria Palaestin ( a ) '' . c. 130 : Pausanias ( geographer ) , Description of Greece : ( 1 ) `` Hard by is a sanctuary of the Heavenly Aphrodite ; the first men to establish her cult were the Assyrians , after the Assyrians the Paphians of Cyprus and the Phoenicians who live at Ascalon in Palestine ; the Phoenicians taught her worship to the people of Cythera . '' ; ( 2 ) `` In front of the sanctuary grow palm - trees , the fruit of which , though not wholly edible like the dates of Palestine , yet are riper than those of Ionia . '' ; and ( 3 ) `` ( a Hebrew Sibyl ) brought up in Palestine named Sabbe , whose father was Berosus and her mother Erymanthe . Some say she was a Babylonian , while others call her an Egyptian Sibyl . '' c. 150 : Aelius Aristides , To Plato : In Defense of the Four : ( 671 ) These men alone should be classed neither among flatterers nor free men . For they deceive like flatterers , but they are insolent as if they were of higher rank , since they are involved in the two most extreme and opposite evils , baseness and willfulness , behaving like those impious men of Palestine . For the proof of the impiety of those people is that they do not believe in the higher powers . And these men in a certain fashion have defected from the Greek race , or rather from all that is higher . c. 150 : Appian , Roman History : `` Intending to write the history of the Romans , I have deemed it necessary to begin with the boundaries of the nations under their sway ... Here turning our course and passing round , we take in Palestine - Syria , and beyond it a part of Arabia . The Phoenicians hold the country next to Palestine on the sea , and beyond the Phoenician territory are Coele - Syria , and the parts stretching from the sea as far inland as the river Euphrates , namely Palmyra and the sandy country round about , extending even to the Euphrates itself '' c. 150 : Lucian of Samosata , Passing of Peregrinus : 11 . `` It was then that he learned the wondrous lore of the Christians , by associating with their priests and scribes in Palestine . And -- how else could it be ? -- in a trice he made them all look like children , for he was prophet , cult - leader , head of the synagogue , and everything , all by himself . He interpreted and explained some of their books and even composed many , and they revered him as a god , made use of him as a lawgiver , and set him down as a protector , next after that other , to be sure , whom they still worship , the man who was crucified in Palestine because he introduced this new cult into the world . c. 150 : Arrian , Anabasis Alexandri : `` Tyre then was captured , in the archonship at Athens of Anicetus in the month I lecatombacun ... Alexander now determined to make his expedition to Egypt . The rest of Syrian Palestine ( as it is called ) had already come over to him , but a certain eunuch , Batis , who was master of Gaza , did not join Alexander '' c. 150 : Ptolemy , Geography ( Ptolemy ) , including map 155 : First Apology of Justin Martyr , refers to `` Flavia Neapolis in Palestine '' in the introductory paragraph 159 : Coins from the Neapolis mint from the time of Antoninus Pius : Flavia Neapolis ( ? ) , in Syria , in Palestine , year 88 ( in Greek ) . c. 200 : Ulpian , On Taxes : Book I. It should be remembered that there are certain coloniae subject to the Italian Law ... The colony of Ptolemais , which is situated between Phoenicia and Palestine , has nothing but the name of a colony ... In Palestine there are two colonies , those of Caesarea and Aelia Capitolina ; but neither of these enjoy Italian privileges . c. 200 : Tertullian , The Works of Tertullian : Palestine had not yet received from Egypt its Jewish swarm ( of emigrants ) , nor had the race from which Christians sprung yet settled down there , when its neighbors Sodom and Gomorrah were consumed by fire from heaven . c. 200 : Sextus Julius Africanus , Epistle to Aristides : Some Idumean robbers attacking Ascalon , a city of Palestine , besides other spoils which they took from a temple of Apollo , which was built near the walls , carried off captive one Antipater , son of a certain Herod , a servant of the temple . And as the priest was not able to pay the ransom for his son , Antipater was brought up in the customs of the Idumeans , and afterwards enjoyed the friendship of Hyrcanus , the high priest of Judea . And being sent on an embassy to Pompey on behalf of Hyrcanus , and having restored to him the kingdom which was being wasted by Aristobulus his brother , he was so fortunate as to obtain the title of procurator of Palestine . c. 225 : Cassius Dio , Historia Romana : The Eastern Wars c. 70 BC -- `` This was the course of events at that time in Palestine ; for this is the name that has been given from of old to the whole country extending from Phoenicia to Egypt along the inner sea . They have also another name that they have acquired : the country has been named Judaea , and the people themselves Jews . '' ( ... ) The Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus in 70 AD -- `` Such was the course of these events ; and following them Vespasian was declared emperor by the senate also , and Titus and Domitian were given the title of Caesars . The consular office was assumed by Vespasian and Titus while the former was in Egypt and the latter in Palestine . '' c. 300 : Flavius Vopiscus , Augustan History : On the lives of Firmus , Saturninus , Proculus and Bonosus : `` So then , holding such an opinion about the Egyptians Aurelian forbade Saturninus to visit Egypt , showing a wisdom that was truly divine . For as soon as the Egyptians saw that one of high rank had arrived among them , they straightway shouted aloud , `` Saturninus Augustus , may the gods keep you ! '' But he , like a prudent man , as one can not deny , fled at once from the city of Alexandria and returned to Palestine . '' On the Life of Septimius Severus : `` And not long afterwards he ( Severus ) met with Niger near Cyzicus , slew him , and paraded his head on a pike ... The citizens of Neapolis in Palestine , because they had long been in arms on Niger 's side , he deprived of all their civic rights , and to many individuals , other than members of the senatorial order , who had followed Niger he meted out cruel punishments . '' On the life of Aurelian : `` Aurelian , now ruler over the entire world , having subdued both the East and the Gauls , and victor in all lands , turned his march toward Rome , that he might present to the gaze of the Romans a triumph ... There were three royal chariots , ... twenty elephants , and two hundred tamed beasts of diverse kinds from Libya and Palestine . '' c. 300 : Antonine Itinerary 311 : Bishop Eusebius of Caesarea , History of the Martyrs in Palestine . As the `` Father of Church History '' , Eusebius ' use of the name Palestine influenced later generations of Christian writers Late antiquity period Late Roman Empire ( Byzantine ) period Palestine in c. 350 AD according to Eusbius and Jerome ( map as reconstructed by George Adam Smith , 1915 ) Tabula Peutingeriana of c. 400 AD showing a section of Palestine ( Copy by Conradi Milleri 1888 ) Notitia Dignitatum of c. 410 AD showing Dux Palestinae Madaba map extract showing `` οροι Αιγυπτου και Παλαιστινης '' ( the `` border of Egypt and Palestine ) Undated Classical inscription from Constantinople , published by George Dousa in 1599 , mentioning `` Syriae Palaisteinae '' c. 362 : Julian , Against the Galilaeans : `` Why were you so ungrateful to our gods as to desert them for the Jews ? '' Was it because the gods granted the sovereign power to Rome , permitting the Jews to be free for a short time only , and then forever to be enslaved and aliens ? Look at Abraham : was he not an alien in a strange land ? And Jacob : was he not a slave , first in Syria , then after that in Palestine , and in his old age in Egypt ? Does not Moses say that he led them forth from the house of bondage out of Egypt `` with a stretched out arm '' ? And after their sojourn in Palestine did they not change their fortunes more frequently than observers say the chameleon changes its colour , now subject to the judges , now enslaved to foreign races ? c. 365 : Aurelius Victor , Epitome de Caesaribus : Vespasian ruled ten years . ( ... ) Volgeses , King of Parthia , was compelled to peace . The Syria for which Palestina is the name , and Cilicia , and Trachia and Commagene , which today we call Augustophratensis , were added to the provinces . Judaea , too , was added . c. 370 : Eutropius , Breviarium historiae Romanae : `` Vespasian , who had been chosen emperor in Palestine , a prince indeed of obscure birth , but worthy to be compared with the best emperors . '' and `` Under him Judæa was added to the Roman Empire ; and Jerusalem , which was a very famous city of Palestine . '' c. 380 : Ammianus Marcellinus , `` Book XIV '' , The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus : Book XIV , 8 , 11 . `` The last province of the Syrias is Palestine , a district of great extent , abounding in well - cultivated and beautiful land , and having several magnificent cities , all of equal importance , and rivalling one another as it were , in parallel lines . For instance , Caesarea , which Herod built in honour of the Prince Octavianus , and Eleutheropolis , and Neapolis , and also Ascalon , and Gaza , cities built in bygone ages . '' c. 384 : Saint Jerome , Epistle 33 : `` He ( Origen ) stands condemned by his bishop , Demetrius , only the bishops of Palestine , Arabia , Phenicia , and Achaia dissenting '' c. 385 : Egeria , Itinerary : `` The greatest part of Palestine , the land of promise , was in sight , together with the whole land of Jordan , as far as it could be seen with our eyes . '' 390 : Auxentius of Durostorum ( else Maximinus the Arian ) , Commenttarium on Iob : `` In regione Arabiae et Palaestinorum asini , qui veloces sunt similiter ut equi . '' c. 390 : John Chrysostom , On Wealth and Poverty : `` `` What about Abraham ? '' someone says . Who has suffered as many misfortunes as he ? Was he not exiled from his country ? Was he not separated from all his household ? Did he not endure hunger in a foreign land ? Did he not , like a wanderer , move continually , from Babylon to Mesopotamia , from there to Palestine , and from there to Egypt ? '' and Adversus Judaeos : `` VI ... ( 7 ) Do you not see that their Passover is the type , while our Pasch is the truth ? Look at the tremendous difference between them . The Passover prevented bodily death : whereas the Pasch quelled God 's anger against the whole world ; the Passover of old freed the Jews from Egypt , while the Pasch has set us free from idolatry ; the Passover drowned the Pharaoh , but the Pasch drowned the devil ; after the Passover came Palestine , but after the Pasch will come heaven . '' c. 390 : Palaestina was organised into three administrative units : Palaestina Prima , Secunda , and Tertia ( First , Second , and Third Palestine ) , part of the Diocese of the East . Palaestina Prima consisted of Judea , Samaria , the Paralia , and Peraea with the governor residing in Caesarea . Palaestina Secunda consisted of the Galilee , the lower Jezreel Valley , the regions east of Galilee , and the western part of the former Decapolis with the seat of government at Scythopolis . Palaestina Tertia included the Negev , southern Jordan -- once part of Arabia -- and most of Sinai with Petra as the usual residence of the governor . Palestina Tertia was also known as Palaestina Salutaris . Recorded in the : Synecdemus of Hierocles ( c. 530 ) Descriptio Orbis Romani of George of Cyprus ( c. 600 ) 392 : Epiphanius of Salamis , On Weights and Measures : `` So ( Hadrian ) passed through the city of Antioch and passed through ( Coele - Syria ) and Phoenicia and came to Palestine -- which is also called Judea -- forty - seven years after the destruction of Jerusalem . '' c. 400 : Genesis Rabba ( 90.6 ) , Jewish midrash , proposes that the word `` land '' in Genesis 41 : 54 refers to three lands in the region - Phoenicia , Arabia and Palestine. ( ויהי רעב בכל הארצות : בשלש ארצות בפנקיא ובערביא ובפלסטיני ) c. 400 : Lamentations Rabbah ( 1.5 ) , Jewish midrash , proposes that the dukes of Arabia , Africa , Alexandria , and Palestine , had joined forces with Roman Emperor Vespasian . ( שלש שנים ומחצה הקיף אספסיאנוס את ירושלם והיו עמו ארבעה דוכסין , דוכס דערביא , דוכס דאפריקא , דוכוס דאלכסנדריא , דוכוס דפלסטיני ) c. 400 : Leviticus Rabbah ( parasha 5 , verse 3 ) proposes Gath of the Philistines is the same as the `` ( hills or forts ) of Palestine '' ( תלוליא דפלסטיני ) . c. 400 : Cursus publicus , Tabula Peutingeriana : map : Roman road network , map index . c. 411 : Jerome , Hieronymus on Ezekiel : iuda et terra Israel ipsi institores tui in frumento primo ; balsamum et mel et oleum et resinam proposuerunt in nundinis tuis . ( lxx : iudas et filii Israel isti negotiatores tui in frumenti commercio et unguentis ; primum mel et oleum et resinam dederunt in nundinis tuis ) . uerbum hebraicum ' phanag ' aquila , symmachus et theodotio ita ut apud hebraeos positum est transtulerunt , pro quo septuaginta ' unguenta ' , nos ' balsamum ' uertimus . dicitur autem quibus terra iudaea , quae nunc appellatur palaestina , abundet copiis frumento , balsamo , melle et oleo et resina , quae an iuda et Israel ad tyri nundinas deferuntur . c. 414 : Jerome , Letter 129 : Ad Dardanum de Terra promissionis : You may delineate the Promised Land of Moses from the Book of Numbers ( ch. 34 ) : as bounded on the south by the desert tract called Sina , between the Dead Sea and the city of Kadesh - barnea , ( which is located with the Arabah to the east ) and continues to the west , as far as the river of Egypt , that discharges into the open sea near the city of Rhinocolara ; as bounded on the west by the sea along the coasts of Palestine , Phoenicia , Coele ‐ Syria , and Cilicia ; as bounded on the north by the circle formed by the Taurus Mountains and Zephyrium and extending to Hamath , called Epiphany ‐ Syria ; as bounded on the east by the city of Antioch Hippos and Lake Kinneret , now called Tiberias , and then the Jordan River which discharges into the salt sea , now called the Dead Sea . c. 430 : Theodoret , Interpretatio in Psalmos ( Theodoretus in notāre ad Psalmos ) : PSALMS . CXXXIII . A Song of the Ascents , by David . Lo , how good and how pleasant The dwelling of brethren -- even together ! As the good oil on the head , Coming down on the beard , the beard of Aaron , That cometh down on the skirt of his robes , As dew of Hermon -- That cometh down on hills of Zion , For there Jehovah commanded the blessing -- Life unto the age ! ( Per Psalm 133 ( 132 ) , Theodoretus Cyrrhi Episcopus wrote the following commentary ; ) Like dew of Hermon falling on Mount Sion ( v. 3 ) . Again he changed to another image , teaching the advantage of harmony ; he said it is like the dew carried down from Hermon to Sion . There is so much of it that the jars release drops . Hermon is a mountain -- in Palestine , in fact -- and some distance from the land of Israel . c. 450 : Theodoret , Ecclesiastical History : `` The see of Caesarea , the capital of Palestine , was now held by Acacius , who had succeeded Eusebius . '' c. 450 : Proclus of Constantinople : `` Iosuae Palaestinae exploratori cohibendi solis lunaeque cursum potestatem adtribuit '' c. 500 : Tabula Peutingeriana ( map ) c. 500 : Zosimus , New History : `` Finding the Palmyrene army drawn up before Emisa , amounting to seventy thousand men , consisting of Palmyrenes and their allies , ( Emperor Aurelian ) opposed to them the Dalmatian cavalry , the Moesians and Pannonians , and the Celtic legions of Noricum and Rhaetia , and besides these the choicest of the imperial regiment selected man by man , the Mauritanian horse , the Tyaneans , the Mesopotamians , the Syrians , the Phoenicians , and the Palestinians , all men of acknowledged valour ; the Palestinians besides other arms wielding clubs and staves . '' c. 550 : Madaba map , `` οροι Αιγυπτου και Παλαιστινης '' ( the `` border of Egypt and Palestine ) c. 550 : Christian Topography 555 : Cyril of Scythopolis , The Life of St. Saba c. 555 : Procopius , Of the Buildings of Justinian : ( 7 ) In Palestine there is a city named Neapolis , above which rises a high mountain , called Garizin . This mountain the Samaritans originally held ; and they had been wont to go up to the summit of the mountain to pray on all occasions , not because they had ever built any temple there , but because they worshipped the summit itself with the greatest reverence . c. 560 : Procopius , The Wars of Justinian : `` The boundaries of Palestine extend toward the east to the sea which is called the Red Sea . '' Procopius also wrote that `` Chosroes , king of Persia , had a great desire to make himself master of Palestine , on account of its extraordinary fertility , its opulence , and the great number of its inhabitants '' Middle ages Rashidun , umayyad and abbasid caliphates period Reconstruction of the c. 700 Ravenna Cosmography showing `` Palaestina '' 629 : Heraclius , In 629 Heraclius restored the True Cross to Jerusalem in a majestic ceremony : I.e. the so - called Fast of Heraclius , which immediately preceding Lent , forms the first week of the Great Fast . The origin of this fast is said to be as follows : that the emperor Heraclius , on his way to Jerusalem , promised his protection to the Jews of Palestine , but that on his arrival in the holy city , the schismatical patriarch and the Christians generally prayed him to put all the Jews to the sword , because they had joined the Persians shortly before in their sack of the city and cruelties towards the Christians . ( Abu Salih the Armenian , Abu al - Makarim , ed . Evetts 1895 , p. 39 , Part 7 of Anecdota Oxoniensia : Semitic series Anecdota oxoniensia . Semitic series -- pt . VII ) , at Google Books ) c. 670 : Adomnán , De Locis Sanctis , or the Travels of Arculf : `` Que utique Hebron , ut fertur , ante omnes , non solum Palestíne , civitates condita fuerat , sed etiam universas Egyptiacas urbes in sua precessit conditione , que nunc misere monstratur destructa . '' translated : `` This Hebron , it is said , was founded before all the cities , not only of Palestine , but also preceded in its foundation all the cities of Egypt , although it has now been so miserably destroyed . '' c. 700 : Ravenna Cosmography c. 770 : Thawr ibn Yazid , hadith , as quoted in Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ahmad al - Wasiti 's Fada'il Bayt al - Muqaddas ( c. 1019 ) : `` The most holy spot ( al - quds ) on earth is Syria ; the most holy spot in Syria is Palestine ; the most holy spot in Palestine is Jerusalem ( Bayt al - maqdis ) ; the most holy spot in Jerusalem is the Mountain ; the most holy spot in Jerusalem is the place of worship ( al - masjid ) , and the most holy spot in the place of worship is the Dome . '' c. 770 : Hygeburg , The Life of Willibald : `` Then , having visited the church of St. George at Diospolis ( he passed ) through Joppe , a coast town of Palestine , where Peter raised to life the widow Dorcas , and went along the shore of the Adriatic Sea , and adored the footsteps of our Lord at Tyre and Sidon . And then , crossing Mount Libanus , and passing through the coast town of Tripoli , he visited Damascus again , and came to Emmaus , a village of Palestine , which the Romans after the destruction of Jerusalem called , after the event of the victory , Nicopolis . '' 810 -- 815 : Theophanes the Confessor , Chronicles : Since Muhammad was a helpless orphan , he thought it good to go to a rich woman named Khadija ... to manage her camels and conduct her business in Egypt and Palestine ... When he ( Muhammad ) went to Palestine he lived with both Jews and Christians , and hunted for certain writings among them . ( Theophanes 1982 , p. 35 , The Chronicle of Theophanes ) c. 870 : Ibn Khordadbeh , Book of Roads and Kingdoms : `` Filastin Province 500,000 dinars of taxes '' ( c. 864 ) c. 870 : al - Baladhuri , Conquests of the Lands Wrote that the main towns of the district , following its conquest by the Rashidun Caliphate , were Gaza , Sebastia ( Sebastiya ) , Nablus , Caesarea , Ludd , Yibna , Imwas , Jaffa , Rafah , and Bayt Jibrin . c. 880 : Qudamah ibn Ja'far , Kitab Al Kharaj ( The Book of the Land Tax ) : Filastin Province , 195,000 dinars ( c. 820 ) 891 : Ya'qubi , Book of Lands : `` Of the Jund Filastin , the ancient capital was Lydda . The Caliph Sulayman subsequently founded the city of Ramla , which he made the capital ... The population of Palestine consists of Arabs of the tribes of Lakhm , Judham , Amilah , Kindah , Kais and Kinanah '' c. 900 : Limits of the Five Patriarchates : `` The first See and the first patriarchate is of Jerusalem , James , the brother of God and apostle and eyewitness , and minister of the word and secrets of secrets and hidden mysteries , contains the whole Palestine a country until Arabia . '' ( Πρῶτος θρόνος καὶ πρώτη πατριαρχία Ἱεροσολύμων , Ἱακώβου τοῦ ἀδελφοθέου καὶ ἀποστόλου , αὐτόπτου καί ὑπηρέτου τοῦ λόγου γενομένου καὶ μύστου τῶν ἀπορρήτων καὶ ἀθεάτων αὐτοῦ μυστηρίων θεαμάτων , περιέχων πᾶσαν τὴν Παλαιστίνων χώραν ἄχρι Ἀραβίας ) 903 : Ibn al - Faqih , Concise Book of Lands c. 913 : Ibn Abd Rabbih c. 930 : Patriarch Eutychius of Alexandria , Eutychii Annales : CHAPTER II : ADVERSITIES OF THE CHURCH. : 1 Persecutions of the Christians. : ... The Christians suffered less in this than in the preceding centuries ... In the East especially in Syria and Palestine the Jews sometimes rose upon the Christians with great violence ( Eutyrhius , Annales tom ii. , p. 236 , &c . Jo . Henr . Hottinger , Historia Orientalis , lib . i. , c. id. , p. 129 , &c . ) yet so unsuccessfully as to suffer severely for their temerity . ( Mosheim 1847 , p. 426 , at Google Books ) before 942 : Saadia Gaon ( 892 - 942 ) , the great Jewish rabbi and exegete , makes the classic Jewish Arabic translation of the Torah , translating the Hebrew פלשת Pleshet Philistia as פלסטין ( using Judeo - Arabic ) Filasṭīn , e.g. Exodus 15 : 14 סכאן פלסטין the inhabitants of Palestine 943 : Al - Masudi , The Meadows of Gold c. 950 : Alchabitius , Introduction to the Art of Judgments of the Stars Fatimid Caliphate period World map c. 1050 by Beatus of Liébana 951 -- 978 : Estakhri , Traditions of Countries and Ibn Hawqal , The Face of the Earth : `` The provinces of Syria are Jund Filstin , and Jund al Urdunn , Jund Dimaskh , Jund Hims , and Jund Kinnasrin ... Filastin is the westernmost of the provinces of Syria ... its greatest length from Rafah to the boundary of Lajjun ... its breadth from Jaffa to Jericho ... Filastin is the most fertile of the Syrian provinces ... Its trees and its ploughed lands do not need artificial irrigation ... In the province of Filastin , despite its small extent , there are about 20 mosques ... Its capital and largest town in Ramla , but the Holy City ( of Jerusalem ) comes very near this last in size '' 985 : Al - Muqaddasi , Description of Syria , Including Palestine : `` And further , know that within the province of Palestine may be found gathered together 36 products that are not found thus united in any other land ... From Palestine comes olives , dried figs , raisins , the carob - fruit , stuffs of mixed silk and cotton , soap and kercheifs '' c. 1000 : Suda encyclopedic lexicon : `` Παλαιστίνη : ὄνομα χώρας . καὶ Παλαιστι̂νος , ὁ ἀπὸ Παλαιστίνης . '' / `` Palestine : Name of a territory . Also ( sc . attested is ) Palestinian , a man from Palestine . 1029 : Rabbi Solomon ben Judah of Jerusalem , a letter in the Cairo Geniza , refers to the province of Filastin 1047 : Nasir Khusraw , Safarnama / Diary of a Journey through Syria and Palestine : `` This city of Ramlah , throughout Syria and the West , is known under the name of Filastin . '' c. 1050 : Beatus of Liébana , Beatus map , Illustrates the primitive Diaspora of the Apostles and is one of the most significant cartographic works of the European High Middle Ages . 1051 : Ibn Butlan Crusaders period Tabula Rogeriana , showing `` Filistin '' in Arabic in the middle of the right hand page 1101 : Nathan ben Jehiel , Arukh : The Lexico Aruch is a talmudical lexicon authored by Rabbi Nathan ben Jehiel , of Rome . The occurrence of פלסטיני Παλαιστίνη ( Palestine ) in the Genesis Rabbah is noted . 1100 -- 27 : Fulcher of Chartres , Historia Hierosolymitana ( 1095 -- 1127 ) : `` For we who were Occidentals have now become Orientals . He who was a Roman or a Frank has in this land been made into a Galilean or a Palestinian . '' c. 1130 , Fetellus , `` The city of Jerusalem is situated in the hill - country of Judea , in the province of Palestine '' 1154 : Muhammad al - Idrisi , Tabula Rogeriana or The Book of Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands 1173 : Ali of Herat , Book of Indications to Make Known the Places of Visitations 1177 : A Brief Description , by Joannes Phocas , of the Castles and Cities , from the City of Antioch even unto Jerusalem ; also of Syria and Phoenicia , and of the Holy Places in Palestine c. 1180 : William of Tyre , Historia Hierosolymitana 1185 : Ibn Jubayr , The Travels of Ibn Jubayr Ayyubid and mamluk periods Palestina on the Fra Mauro map , 1459 Map of Palestine published in 1467 version of Claudius Ptolemy 's Cosmographia by Nicolaus Germanus . Map of Palestine published in 1482 version of Claudius Ptolemy 's Cosmographia by Nicolaus Germanus . Map of Palestine published in Florence 1482 and included in the Francesco Berlinghieri expanded edition of Ptolemy 's Geographia ( Geography ) 1220 : Jacques de Vitry , History of Jerusalem : `` And there are three Palestines , which are parts of Greater Syria . The first is that whose capital is Jerusalem , and this part is specially named Judaea . The second is that whose capital is Caesarea Philippi , which includes all the country of the Philistines . The third is that whose capital is Scythopolis , which at this day is called Bethshan . Moreover , both the Arabias are parts of Syria : the first is that whose capital is Bostrum ; the second is that whose capital is Petra in the Wilderness . '' 1225 : Yaqut al - Hamawi , Dictionary of Geographies `` Filastin is the last of the provinces of Syria towards Egypt . Its capital is Jerusalem . Of the principal towns are Ashkelon , Ramle , Gaza , Arsuf , Caesarea , Nablus , Jericho , Amman , Jaffa and Beit Jibrin '' c. 1266 Abu al - Makarim , `` The Churches and Monasteries of Egypt '' , Part 7 of Anecdota Oxoniensia : Semitic series Anecdota oxoniensia : At the beginning of the caliphate ( of Umar ) George was appointed patriarch of Alexandria . He remained four years in possession of the see . Then when he heard that the Muslims had conquered the Romans , and had vanquished Palestine , and were advancing upon Egypt , he took ship and fled from Alexandria to Constantinople ; and after his time the see of Alexandria remained without a Melkite patriarch for ninety seven years . ( Abu al - Makarim c. 1895 , p. 73 , at Google Books ) 1321 : Abu'l - Fida , A Sketch of the Countries : `` The Nahr Abi Futrus is the river that runs near Ramla in Filastin '' 1322 : Ishtori Haparchi , Sefer Kaftor Vaferach , mentions twice that Ramla is also known as Filastin 1327 : Al - Dimashqi 1338 Robert Mannyng The Chronicle c. 1350 : Guidebook to Palestine ( a manuscript primarily based on the 1285 -- 1291 account of Christian pilgrim Philippus Brusserius Savonensis ) : `` It ( Jerusalem ) is built on a high mountain , with hills on every side , in that part of Syria which is called Judaea and Palestine , flowing with milk and honey , abounding in corn , wine , and oil , and all temporal goods '' 1351 : Jamal ad Din Ahmad , Muthir al Ghiram ( The Exciter of Desire ) for Visitation of the Holy City and Syria : `` Syria is divided into five districts , namely : i . Filastin , whose capital is Aelia ( Jerusalem ) , eighteen miles from Ramla , which is the Holy City , the metropolis of David and Solomon . Of its towns are Ashkelon , Hebron , Sebastia , and Nablus . '' 1355 : Ibn Battuta , Rihla Ibn Battuta wrote that Ramla was also known as Filastin 1355 : Jacopo da Verona : Liber Peregrinationis : `` Primo igitur sciendum est . quod in tota Asyria et Palestina et Egipto et Terra Sancta sunt multi cristiani sub potentia soldani subjugati solventes annuale tributum soldano multa et multa milia . '' 1377 : Ibn Khaldun , Muqaddimah : `` Filastin Province taxes - 310,000 dinars plus 300,000 ratls of olive oil '' c. 1421 : John Poloner `` The land which we call the Holy Land came to be divided by lot among the twelve tribes of Israel , and with regard to one part was called the kingdom of Judaea ... with regard to the other part it was called the kingdom of Samaria ... Both these kingdoms , together with the land of Philistim , were called Palestine , which was but a part thereof , even as Saxony and Lorraine are parts of Germany , and Lombardy and Tuscany are parts of Italy . And note that there are three Palestines . In the first , the capital city is Jerusalem , with all its hill country even to the Dead Sea and the wilderness of Kadesh Barnea . The second , whose capital city is Caesarea by the sea , with all the land of Philistim ' beginning at Petra Incisa , and reaching as far as Gaza , was the Holy Land toward the south . The third is the capital city of Bethsan , at the foot of Mount Gilboa . This was once called Scythopolis , and is the place where the corpses of Saul 's soldiers were hung up . This Palestine is properly called Galilee '' 1430 : Abu - l Fida Ishak , Muthir al Ghiram ( The Exciter of Desire ) 1459 : Fra Mauro map 1470 : Al - Suyuti 1480 : Felix Fabri `` Joppa is the oldest port , and the most ancient city of the province of Palestine '' 1482 : Francesco di Niccolò Berlinghieri , Geographia , a treatise based upon Ptolemy 's Geographica : map : Present - Day Palestine and the Holy Land 1492 : Martin Behaim 's `` Erdapfel '' globe 1496 : Mujir al - Din al - ' Ulaymi , The Glorious History of Jerusalem and Hebron : According to Haim Gerber : `` Among other things Mujir al - Din 's book is notable for its extensive use of the term `` Palestine . '' The simple fact is that Mujir al - Din calls the country he lives in Palestine ( Filastin ) , a term he repeats 22 times . One other name he uses for the country is the Holy Land , used as frequently as Palestine . No other names , such as Southern Syria , are ever mentioned ... What area did he have in mind when speaking about Palestine ? It stretched from Anaj , a point near al - Arish , to Lajjun , south of the Esdraelon valley . It was thus clearly equivalent to the Jund Filastin of classical Islam . '' Early modern period Early Ottoman period 1570 map in Theatrum Orbis Terrarum , captioned `` Palaestinae Sive Totius Terrae Promissionis Nova Descriptio '' ( `` Palestine , the whole of the Promised Land , a new description '' ) . Ortelius 's depiction of a biblical Palestine in his otherwise contemporary atlas has been criticized ; Matari described it as an act `` loaded with theological , eschatological , and , ultimately , para-colonial Restorationism '' . Ottoman geographer Kâtip Çelebi 's 1648 -- 1657 map showing the term ارض فلاستان ( `` Land of Palestine '' ) 1536 : Jacob Ziegler , Terrae sanctae , quam palestinam nominant , Syriae , Arabiae , Aegypti & Schondiae doctissima descriptio 1540 Guillaume Postel : Syriae Descriptio 1553 : Pierre Belon , Observations , `` De Plusieurs Arbes , Oiseaux , et autres choses singulieres , produictes en la terre de Palestine '' c. 1560 : Ebussuud Efendi : Ebu Suud is asked in a fatwa , `` What is the meaning of the term the Holy Land , arazi - i mukaddese ? '' His answer is that various definitions of the term exist , among them the whole of Syria , to Aleppo and Ariha in the north . Others equate it with the area of Jerusalem ( al - Quds ) ; still others equate it with the term `` Palestine . '' c. 1561 : Anthony Jenkinson , published by Richard Hakluyt , The Principall Navigations , Voiages , and Discoveries of the English Nation : `` I William Harborne , her Majesties Ambassadour , Ligier with the Grand Signior , for the affaires of the Levant Company in her Majesties name confirme and appoint Richard Forster Gentleman , my Deputie and Consull in the parts of Alepo , Damasco , Aman , Tripolis , Jerusalem , and all other ports whatsoever in the provinces of Syria , Palestina , and Jurie , to execute the office of Consull over all our Nation her Majesties subjects '' 1563 : Josse van Lom , physician of Philip II of Spain : A treatise of continual fevers : `` Therefore the Scots , English , Livonians , Danes , Poles , Dutch and Germans , ought to take less blood away in winter than in summer ; on the contrary , the Portuguese , Moors , Egyptians , Palestinians , Arabians , and Persians , more in the winter than in summer '' 1563 : John Foxe , Foxe 's Book of Martyrs : `` Romanus , a native of Palestine , was deacon of the church of Casearea at the time of the commencement of Diocletian 's persecution '' . c. 1565 : Tilemann Stella , map : The Holy Land , the land of promise , which is a part of Syria , the parts that are called Palestina at The Library of Congress 1565 : Ignazio Danti , map : Anatolian peninsula and Middle East in the Palazzo Vecchio ( Florence town hall ) 1570 : Abraham Ortelius , Theatrum Orbis Terrarum ( Theatre of the World ) , map : Palestinæ 1570 : Theatrum Orbis Terrarum , folio 51 1577 : Holinshed 's Chronicles : `` The principal and chief cause I suppose and think to be , because that whereas the patriarch of Jerusalem named Heraclius came in an ambassage unto him , in the name and behalf of all the whole land of Palestine called the Holy Land , requesting that he would take upon him to be their help , and defending the same against the Saladin then king of Egypt and of Damascus '' 1583 : Leonhard Rauwolf , Leonis Flaminii Itinerarium per Palaestinam Das ist , Eine mit vielen schönen Curiositaeten angefüllte Reiß - Beschreibung 1591 : Johannes Löwenklau : Historiae Musulmanae Turcorum Latin : `` Cuzzimu barec ea ciuitas est Palæstinæ , quam veteres Hierosolyma dixerunt , Hebræi Ierusalem . Nomen hodiernum significa locum benedictum vel inclytum '' , translates as `` Quds Barış is the city of the Palestinians , also known as Hierosolyma , in Hebrew , Jerusalem . The name means the holy one or the glorious one '' 1591 : Giovanni Botero 1594 : Uri ben Shimon and Jakob Christmann ( ed . ) : Calendarium Palaestinorum Et Universorum Iudaeorum ... `` Auctore Rabbi Ori filio Simeonis , Iudeo Palaestino '' ( Author Rabbi Uri son of Simeon , Palestinian Jew ) '' 1596 : Giovanni Antonio Magini , Geographia , Cosmographia , or Universal Geography : An atlas of Claudius Ptolemy 's world of the 2nd century , with maps by Giovanni Antonio Magini of Padua , map : Palaestina , vel Terra Sancta , at Google Books c. 1600 : Shakespeare : The Life and Death of King John : Scene II. 1 `` Richard , that robb 'd the lion of his heart , and fought the holy wars in Palestine '' / Othello Scene IV. 3 : `` I know a lady in Venice would have walked barefoot to Palestine for a touch of his ( Lodovico 's ) nether lip . '' 1607 : Hans Jacob Breuning von Buchenbach , Enchiridion Orientalischer Reiß Hanns Jacob Breunings , von vnnd zu Buchenbach , so er in Türckey , benandtlichen in Griechenlandt , Egypten , Arabien , Palestinam , vnd in Syrien , vor dieser zeit verrichtet ( etc . ) 1610 : Douay - Rheims Bible , uses the name Palestine ( e.g. Jer 47 : 1 ; Ez 16 : `` 1 And the word of the Lord came to me , saying : 2 Son of man , make known to Jerusalem her abominations. 3 And thou shalt say : Thus saith the Lord God to Jerusalem : ... 56 as it is at this time , making thee a reproach of the daughters of Syria , and of all the daughters of Palestine round about thee , that encompass thee on all sides . '' ) 1611 : King James Version , translates the Hebrew פלשת Pleshet Philistia as `` Palestina '' ( e.g. Ex. 15 : 14 ; Isa. 14 : 29 , 31 ) and `` Palestine '' ( e.g. Jl 3 : 4 ) 1613 : Salomon Schweigger , Ein newe Reyßbeschreibung auß Teutschland nach Constantinopel und Jerusalem 1616 : Pietro Della Valle : Viaggi di Pietro della Valle il Pellegrino 1624 : Francis Bacon , New Atlantis , `` The Phoenicians , and especially the Tyrians , had great fleets ; so had the Carthaginians their colony , which is yet farther west . Toward the east the shipping of Egypt , and of Palestine , was likewise great . '' 1625 : Samuel Purchas , Hakluytus Posthumus , `` And lastly , in the more Eastward , and South parts , as in that part of Cilicia , that is beyond the River Piramus , in Syria , Palestine , AEgypt and Lybia , the Arabian Tongue hath abolished it '' 1637 : Philipp Cluverius , Introductionis in universam Geographiam ( Introduction to World Geography ) , map : Palaestina et Phienice cum parte Coele Syria 1639 : Thomas Fuller , The Historie of the Holy Warre also A Pisgah sight of Palestine 1642 : Vincenzo Berdini , Historia dell'antica , e moderna Palestina , descritta in tre parti . 1647 : Sadiq Isfahani , The Geographical Works of Sadik Isfahani : `` Filistin , a region of Syria , Damascus , and Egypt , comprising Ramla , Ashkelon , Beit al Mukuddes ( Jerusalem ) , Kanaan , Bilka , Masisah , and other cities ; and from this province is denominated the `` Biaban - i Filistin '' ( or Desert of Palestine ) , which is also called the `` Tiah Beni - Israil '' '' 1648 -- 57 : Kâtip Çelebi , Tuhfat al Kibar fi Asfar al Bihar ( printed by Ibrahim Muteferrika in 1729 ) ; the first detailed Ottoman mapping of its Syrian provinces . Describes Palestine as the `` noblest of the administrative divisions of Syria '' , comprising the two sanjaqs of Gaza and Jerusalem : `` In the southwest the border goes from the Mediterranean and al Arish to the Wilderness of the Israelites ( Sinai ) . In the southeast it is the Dead Sea ( Bahar Lut ) and the Jordan River . In the north it goes from the Jordan River to the borders of Urdun as far as Caesarea . '' c. 1649 : Evliya Çelebi , Travels in Palestine : `` All chronicles call this country the Land of Palestine '' 1649 : Johann Heinrich Alsted , Scientiarum Omnium Encyclopaedia : XI . Palestina lacus tres sunt , è quibus duo posteriores natissimi sum historia sacra ( 11 . Palestine has three lakes , the later two of these I relate to Biblical history ) ( Alsted 1649 , p. 560 at Google Books ) ⟨ 1650 ⟩ Map of Syrie Moderne ( 1683 ) from Description De l'Universe by Alain Manesson Mallet 1655 : Christoph Heidmann , Palaestina : CAPUT V. - De Urbibus Maritimis Philistaeorum , et aliis ad limitem usq AEgypti . Palaestina propriè dicta est ea terrae sanctae pars , quae ad mare Mediterraneum sita urbes aliquot illustres , & reges potentes olim habuit : quod antè etiam indicatum . Populus Philistini sive Philistaei , aut Philistiim appellati , corruptè Palaestini , Graecis , ut & Sulpicio Severo , ? ? ? , id est peregrini Ita gentes vocabant à religione & ritibus Iudaeorum aver fas. 2 . Hieronymus Philistiim prius Chasloím appellatos ait , posteros Cham , quos nos inquit , corrupté Palaestinos dicimus 3 . Fines ejus â Castro peregrinorum seu Dor , aut Caesarea Palaestinae , vel turre Stratonis , usque Gazam , aut torrentem AEgypti , extendir Adrichomius , aitque Enakim inter cos , id est gigantes fuisse robustissimos . 1664 : Jean de Thévenot , Relation d'un voyage fait au Levan : Acre est une ville de Palestine située au bord de la mer , elle s'appelloit anciennement Acco . c. 1670 : Khayr al - Din al - Ramli , al - Fatawa al - Khayriyah : According to Haim Gerber `` on several occasions Khayr al - Din al - Ramli calls the country he was living in Palestine , and unquestionably assumes that his readers do likewise . What is even more remarkable is his use of the term `` the country '' and even `` our country '' ( biladuna ) , possibly meaning that he had in mind some sort of a loose community focused around that term . '' Gerber describes this as `` embryonic territorial awareness , though the reference is to social awareness rather than to a political one . '' c. 1670 : Salih b . Ahmad al - Timurtashi , The Complete Knowledge of the Limits of the Holy Land and Palestine and Syria ( Sham ) . 1677 : Olfert Dapper , Precise Description of whole Syria , and Palestine or Holy Land , ' Naukeurige Beschrijving van Gantsch Syrie en Palestijn of Heilige Lant ' 1681 : Olfert Dapper , Asia , oder genaue und gründliche Beschreibung des ganzen Syrien und Palestins , oder Gelobten Landes ( Asia , or accurate and thorough description of all Syria and Palestine , or the promised land . ( German text ; Amsterdam 1681 & Nürnberg 1688 ) ) : Gewisse und Gründliche Beschreibung des Gelobten Landes / sonsten Palestina geheissen ( Certain and thorough description of the Promised Land / otherwise called Palestine ) c. 1682 : Zucker Holy Land Travel Manuscript : Antiochia die vornehmste und hauptstadt des ganzen Syrien ( und auch Palestinia ) ( Antioch the capital and chief of the whole Syria ( and Palestine ) ) . ( p. 67 Calesyria ) 1683 : Alain Manesson Mallet , Description De l'Univers : map : Syrie Moderne at Archive.org . 1688 : John Milner , A Collection of the Church - history of Palestine : Hitherto of Places , now follows an account of the Persons concerned in the Church - History of Palestine . ( Milner 1688 , p. 19 , at Google Books ) 1688 : Edmund Bohun , A Geographical Dictionary , Representing the Present and Ancient Names of All the Countries : Jerusalem , Hierosolyma , the Capital City of Palestine , and for a long time of the whole Earth ; taken notice of by Pliny , Strabo , and many of the Ancients . ( Bohun 1688 , p. 353 , at Google Books ) 1693 : Patrick Gordon ( Ma FRS ) , Geography Anatomiz 'd : Palestine , or Judea , Name . ) This Country ... is term 'd by the Italians and Spaniards , Palestina ; by the French , Palestine ; by the Germans Palestinen , or das Gelobte Land ; by the English , Palestine , or the Holy Land . ( Gordon 1704 , p. 290 , at Google Books ) 1696 : Matthaeus Hiller , Philistaeus exul , s. de origine , diis et terra Palaestinorum diss . 1703 : Henry Maundrell , A journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem at Easter , A.D. 1697 : For the husbanding of these mountains , their manner was to gather up the stones , and place them in several lines , along the sides of the hills , in form of a wall . By such borders , they supported the mould from tumbling , or being washed down ; and formed many beds of excellent soil , rising gradually one above another , from the bottom to the top of the mountains . Of this form of culture you see evident footsteps , wherever you go in all the mountains of Palestine . Thus the very rocks were made fruitful And perhaps there is no spot of ground in this whole land , that was not formerly improved , to the production of something or other , ministering to the sustenance of human life . 1704 : Martin Baumgarten , Travels through Egypt , Arabia , Palestine , and Syria , ' A Collection of Voyages and Travels : Some Now First Printed from Original Manuscripts ' : Gaza , or Gazera , was once a great and strong City , and one of the five principal ones in Palestine , and was call 'd so by the Persians . 1709 : Matthäus Seutter , map : Deserta Aegypti , Thebaidis , Arabiae , Syriae etc . ubi accurata notata sunt loca inhabitata per Sanctos Patres Anachoretas at The Library of Congress 1714 : Johann Ludwig Hannemann , Nebo Chemicus Ceu Viatorium Ostendens Viam In Palestinam Auriferam 1714 : Adriaan Reland , Hadriani Relandi Palaestina ex monumentis veteribus illustrata : CAPUT VII . DE NOMINE PALAESTINAE . ( i . ) Regio omnis quam Judaei incoluerunt nomen Palaestinae habuit . ( ii . ) Hebraeorum scriptores , Philo , Josephus , & alii hoc nomine usi . ( iii . ) פלסטיני in antiquissimis Judaeorum scriptis . ( Chapter 7 . Palestine . ( i . ) The country that the Jews inhabited was called Palestine . ( ii . ) The Hebrew Scriptures , Philo , Josephus , et al. who have used this name . ( iii . ) פלסטיני ( Palestinian ) in ancient Jewish writings . ) ( ... ) Chapter 8 . Syria - Palaestina , Syria , and Coelesyria . Herodotus described Syria - Palaestina . The Palestinian southern boundary is lake Serbonian . Jenysus & Jerusalem are cities of Palestine , as is Ashdod and Ashkelon . Palestine is different from Phoenice . map : Palaestina prima , on Google Books 1717 : Laurent d'Arvieux , Voyage dans la Palestine 1718 : Isaac de Beausobre , David Lenfant , Le Nouveau Testament de notre seigneur Jesus - Christ : On a déja eu occasion de parler des divers noms , que portoit autrefois la Terre d Israël , Ici nous désignerons sous le nom de Palestine qui est le plus commun . ( We previously spoke of the various names for the Land of Israel , ... Now we will refer to the Land of Israel by the name of Palestine which is the most common ) 1718 : John Toland , Nazarenus : or Jewish , Gentile and Mahometan Christianity : NOW if you 'll suppose with me ( till my proofs appear ) this pre-eminence and immortality of the Mosaic Republic in its original purity , it will follow ; that , as the Jews known at this day , and who are dispers 'd over Europe , Asia , and Africa , with some few in America , are found by good calculation to be more numerous than either the Spaniards ( for example ) or the French : so if they ever happen to be resettl 'd in Palestine upon their original foundation , which is not at all impossible ; they will then , by reason of their excellent constitution , be much more populous , rich , and powerful than any other nation now in the world . I Wou 'd have you consider , whether it be not both the interest and duty of Christians to assist them in regaining their country . But more of this when we meet . I am with as much respect as friendship ( dear Sir ) ever yours , ( signed ) J.T. ( at ) Hague 1719 ( Toland 1718 , p. 8 at Google Books ) . 1720 : Richard Cumberland , Sanchoniatho 's Phoenician History : That the Philistines who were of Mizraim 's family , were the first planters of Crete ... I observe that in the Scripture language the Philistines are call 'd Cerethites , Sam . xxx. 14 , 16 . Ezek . xxv. 16 . Zeph . ii. 5 . And in the two last of these places the Septuagint translates that word Cretes . The name signifies archers , men that in war were noted for skill in using bows and arrows ... ( I ) believe that both the people and the religion , ( which commonly go together ) settled in Crete , came from these Philistines who are originally of Ægyptian race . 1730 : Joshua Ottens , map : Persia ( Iran , Iraq , Turkey ) 1736 : Herman Moll , map : Turkey in Asia 1737 : Isaac Newton , Interpretation of Daniel 's Prophecies 1738 : D. Midwinter , A New Geographical Dictionary ... to which is now added the latitude and longitude of the most considerable cities and towns , &c. , of the world : Jerusalem , Palestine , Asia - ( Latitude 32 44 N ) - ( Longitude 35 15 E ) 1741 : William Cave , Scriptorum eccleriasticorum historia literaria 1741 : Jonas Korten , Jonas Kortens Reise nach dem weiland Gelobten nun aber seit 1700 Jahren unter dem Fluche ligenden Lande , wie auch nach Egypten , dem Berg Libanon , Syrien und Mesopotamien . 1743 : Richard Pococke : Description of the East 1744 : Charles Thompson ( fict . name . ) , The travels of the late Charles Thompson esq. : I shall henceforwards , without Regard to geographical Niceties and Criticisms , consider myself as in the Holy Land , Palestine or Judea ; which Names I find used indifferently , though perhaps with some Impropriety , to signify the same Country . 1744 : Johann Christoph Harenberg , La Palestine ou la Terre Sainte : Map : Palaestina seu Terra olim tum duodecim tribubus distributa , tum a Davide et Salomone , et Terra Gosen at the National Library of Israel . 1746 : Modern History Or the Present State of All Nations : `` Palestine , or the Holy Land , sometimes also called Judea , is bound by Mount Libanus on the north ; by Arabia Deserta on the east ; by Arabia Petrea on the south ; and by the Mediterranean Sea on the west '' 1747 : The modern Gazetteer : `` Palestine , a part of Asiatic Turkey , is situated between 36 and 38 degrees of E longitude and between 31 and 34 degress of N latitude , bounded by the Mount Libanus , which divides it from Syria , on the North , by Mount Hermon , which separates it from Arabia Deserta , on the East , by the mountains of Seir , and the deserts of Arabia Petraea , on the South , and by the Mediterranean Sea on the West , so that it seems to have been extremely well secured against foreign invasions . '' ⟨ 1750 ⟩ Published 1720 Published 1736 Published 1794 18th century maps of Ottoman Syria identifying the region of Palestine 1801 map of Turkey in Asia by English Cartographer John Cary . With Syria and Palestine Ottoman Syria in the 1803 Cedid Atlas , showing the term `` ارض فلاستان '' ( `` Land of Palestine '' ) in large script on the bottom left 1750 : Vincenzo Ludovico Gotti , Veritas religionis christianae contra atheos , polytheos , idololatras , mahometanos , ( et ) judaeos ... 1751 : The London Magazine 1759 : Johannes Aegidius van Egmont , John Heyman ( of Leydon ) , Travels Through Part of Europe , Asia Minor , the Islands of the Archipelago , Syria , Palestine , Egypt , Mount Sinai , &c . &c. : The Jews of Jerusalem are divided into three sects , the Karaites , who adhere to the letter of the Scripture , without admitting any comments , or glosses ; the Rabbinists , who receive for indubitable truths , all the comments and traditions so well known in the world , and are hence much more superstitious than the former ; the third are the Askenites , who come from Germany , and are known among their brethren by the name of new converts ; not being descended from the twelve tribes . ( ... ) Besides these three sects , there is in the country of Palestine a fourth sort of Jews , but sworn enemies to the others , I mean the Samaritans ; these have frequently endeavoured by the arts of bribery to obtain the privilege of living in Jerusalem , and in order to accomplish this design , have lavished away above five hundred purses . ( Aegidius and Heyman 1759 , p. 389 & p. 390 at Google Books ) 1763 : Voltaire , The Works of M. de Voltaire : Additions to the essay on general history : The same may be said of the prohibition of eating pork , blood , or the flesh of beasts dying of any disease ; these are precepts of health . The flesh of swine in particular is a very unwholesome food in those hot countries , as well as in the Palestine , that lies in their neighbourhood . When the Mahometan religion spread itself into colder climates , this abstinence ceased to be reasonable ; but nevertheless did not cease to be in force . ( Voltaire , ed . Smollett and Francklin 1763 , p. 42 at Google Books ) 1765 : Christoph Schrader , Gebhardt Theodor Meier , Tabulae chronologicae a prima rerum origine et inde ad nostra tempora : 225 CE . Jews were allowed to live in Palestine . 1778 : Denis Diderot , Encyclopédie , `` Palestine '' . 1779 : George Sale , Ancient Part of Universal History : `` How Judæa came to be called also Phœnice , or Phœnicia , we have already shewn in the history of that nation . At present , the name of Palestine is that which has most prevailed among the Christian doctors , Mahommedan and other writers . ( See Reland Palestin . illustrat . ) '' 1782 : Johann Georg Meusel , Bibliotheca historica : Sectio I. Scriptores de Palaestina I. Scriptores universales A. Itineraria et Topographiae a testibus oculatis conditae. 70 B. Geographi Palaestinae recentiores , qui non ipsi terram istam perlustrarunt , sed ex itinerariis modo recensitis aliisque fontibus sua depromserunt. 94 II . Scriptores de Palaestina Speciales A. Scriptores de aere folo et fetilitate Palaestinae. 110 ( ... ) E. Scriptores de variis argumentis aliis hue pertinentibus. 117 1788 : Constantine de Volney , Travels through Syria and Egypt , in the years 1783 , 1784 , and 1785 : Palestine abounds in sesamum from which oil is procured and doura as good as that of Egypt ... Indigo grows without cultivating on the banks of the Jordan , in the country of Bisan ... As for trees , the olive - tree of Provence grows at Antioch and Ramla , to the height of the beech ... there were in the gardens of Yaffa , two plants of the Indian cotton - tree which grow rapidly , nor has this town lost its lemons , its enormous citrons , or its water melons ... Gaza produces dates like Mecca , and pomegranates like Algiers . 1791 : Giovanni Mariti , Travels Through Cyprus , Syria , and Palestine ; with a General History of the Levant . Translated from the Italian : OF THE HEBREWS . TWO kinds of Jews are found in Syria and Palestine ; one of which are originally from these countries , and the other foreigners . A diversity of religious systems divides them , as well as all the other nations on the earth , who give too much importance to the spirit of theological dispute . They are distinguished into Talmudists , and Caraites , or enemies of the Talmud : and such is the inveterate hatred of the latter against the rest of their brethren , that they will not suffer them to be interred in the same burying - grounds , where all mankind in the like manner must moulder in - to dust . 1794 : Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville , map : A New Map of Turkey in Asia 1799 : Pierre Jacotin , Napoleon 's director of surveyancing , begins work on the `` Jacotin Map '' : The region is labelled `` Palestine '' in French and فلسطين أو أرض قدس ( `` Palestine or Holy Land '' ) in Arabic 1801 : Thomas Roberts ( toxophilite ) , The English Bowman , Or Tracts on Archery : `` The Philistines , indeed , are frequently noticed in sacred history , as men very skilful in the use of the bow . And to this ancient people , who appear to have been a very warlike nation , the invention of the bow and arrow has been ascribed . Universal Hist . ( anc . part ) vol. 2 . p. 220 . '' 1803 : Cedid Atlas , showing the term ارض فلاستان ( `` Land of Palestine '' ) Modern period Late Ottoman period Turkey in Asia . ( By Frances Bowen. 1810 ) Published 1839 Published 1862 Published 1895 19th century maps of Ottoman Syria identifying the region of Palestine Lord Shaftesbury 's `` Memorandum to Protestant Monarchs of Europe for the restoration of the Jews to Palestine '' , published in the Colonial Times , in 1841 Palestine , by Salomon Munk , 1913 ( First published 1845 in French ) 1805 : Palestine Association founded 1806 : Lant Carpenter , An Introduction to the Geography of the New Testament : He brought out in 1806 a popular manual of New Testament geography . ( Levant map , p . PA4 , at Google Books ) 1809 : Reginald Heber , Palestine : a Poem 1811 : François - René de Chateaubriand , Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem ( Travels in Greece , Palestine , Egypt , and Barbary , during the years 1806 and 1807 ( trans . 1812 ) ) : As to travellers of very recent date such as Muller , Vanzow , Korte , Bescheider , Mariti , Volney , Niebuhr , and Brown , they are almost totally silent respecting the holy places . The narrative of Deshayes ( 1621 ) , who was sent to Palestine by Louis XIII , appears therefore to me the fittest to be followed . 1812 : William Crotch , Palestine ( an oratorio ) 1819 : George Paxton ( Rev ) , Illustrations of the Holy Scriptures : in three Parts . 1 . From the Geography of the East . 2 . From the Natural History of the East . 3 . From the Customs of Ancient and Modern Nations . Females of distinction in Palestine , and even in Mesopotamia , are not only beautiful and well - shaped , but , in consequence of being always kept from the rays of the sun , are very fair . 1819 : Abraham Rees , Palestine & Syria , The Cyclopædia : Or , Universal Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , and Literature : Palestine , says Volney , is a district independent of every Pachalic . Sometimes it has governors of its own , who reside at Gaza under the title of Pachas ; but it is usually , as at present , divided into three appanages , or Melkana , viz . Yafa , Loudd , and Gaza . The former belongs to the Walda or sultana mother . The captain Pacha has received the two others as a recompence for his services , and a reward for the head of Daher . He farms them to an aga , who resides at Ramla , and pays him two hundred and fifteen purses for them , viz . one hundred and eighty for Gaza and Ramla , and thirty - five for Loudd . ( ... ) The ground is tilled by asses or cows , rarely by oxen . In districts like Palestine , exposed to the Arabs , the countryman must sow with a musket in his hand . The corn before it changes colour , is reaped , but concealed in subterraneous caverns . The whole industry of the peasant is limited to a supply of his immediate wants ; and to procure a little bread , a few onions , a wretched blue shirt , and a bit of woollen , much labour is not necessary . 1822 : Conrad Malte - Brun , Universal Geography , Or , a Description of All the Parts of the World , on a New Plan : BOOK XXVII . TURKEY IN ASIA . PART II . Including Armenia Mesopotamia and Irac Arabi . The eastern provinces of the Turkish empire in Asia form three natural divisions : the region of Orontes and Libanus , or Syria and Palestine ; that of the sources of the Euphrates and of the Tigris , or Armenia with Koordistan ; finally , the region of Lower Euphrates , or Al - Djesira with Irac - Arabi , otherwise Mesopotamia , and Babylonia . We shall here connect the two divisions on the Euphrates , without confounding them . Syria will be described in a separate book . ( ... ) Population . It would be vain to expect a near approximation to the truth in any conjectures which we might indulge respecting the population of a state in which registers and a regular census are unknown . Some writers estimate that of European Turkey at twenty - two , while others have reduced it to eight millions ( Bruns . Magas . Géograph . I. cah. 1 . p. 68 -- 74 . compared with Ludeck 's Authentic Account of the Ottoman Empire . Etton 's View and de Tott 's Memoirs . ) , and both assign equally plausible grounds for their opinions . Respecting Asiatic Turkey , the uncertainty , if not still greater , is at least more generally acknowledged . Supposing the houses to be as thinly scattered as in the less populous parts of Spain , the population of all Turkey , in Europe , Asia , and Africa , may amount to 25 or 30 millions , of which one half belongs to Asia . Under the want of any thing like positive evidence , we shall not deviate far from probability in allowing to Anatolia , five millions ; to Armenia , two ; to Koordistan , one ; to the pashâlics of Bagdat , Mosul , and Diarbekir , one and a half ; and to Syria 1,800,000 , or at most two millions . 1822 : James Silk Buckingham , Travels in Palestine , through the countries of Bashan and Gilead , east of the river Jordan : incl . a visit to the cities of Geraza and Gamala , in the Decapolis : St. Jerome conceived it ( Ramla ) to be the Arimathea of the Scriptures ; and Adrichomius , who entertained a similar opinion , traces its various names through all their changes , from Ramathaim and Ramah , as it is called in the Old Testament , to Ramatha or Armatha the seat of Samuel , as Josephus has it , and to the Arimathea of the New Testament , and the Ramla of the present day . The oriental geographers speak of this as the metropolis of Palestine , and every appearance of its ruins even now confirm the opinion of its having been once a considerable city . Its situation , as lying immediately in the high road from Jaffa to Jerusalem , made it necessarily a place of great resort ; and from the fruitfulness of the country around it , it must have been equally important as a military station or a depôt for supplies , and as a magazine for the collection of such articles of commerce as were exported from the coast . ( Buckingham 1822 , p. 261 at Google Books ) 1822 : Robert Richardson , Travels Along the Mediterranean and Parts Adjacent : In Company with the Earl of Belmore , During the Years 1816 - 17 - 18 : The white Veil covering the head and face , and falling over the shoulders , is worn by all the females in Syria and Palestine , except the Jewesses . ( ... ) I never saw any of them with veils ; and was informed that it is the general practice of the Jewesses in Jerusalem to go with their faces uncovered ; they are the only females there who do so . Generally speaking , I think they are disposed to be rather of a plethoric habit ; and the admirers of size and softness in the fair sex , will find as regularly well - built fatties , with double mouldings in the neck and chin , among the fair daughters of Jerusalem , as among the fairer daughters of England . 1823 : Charles Leonard Irby , James Mangles , Travels in Egypt and Nubia , Syria , and Asia Minor ; During the Years 1817 and 1818 : Our attention was the more attracted by this ( Necropolis of Petra ) monument , as it presents , perhaps , the only existing example of pyramids so applied , though we read of them as placed in a similar manner on the summit of the tomb of the Maccabees , and of the Queen of Adiabaene , both in the neighbouring province of Palestine . 1823 : Ernst Friedrich Karl Rosenmüller , `` Geographie von Palästina '' . Handbuch der biblischen Altertumskunde : Biblische Geographie 1824 : Robert Watt , Syria , Bibliotheca Britannica ; Or , A General Index to British and Foreign Literature : SYRIA ( S . ) , a province of Turkey , in Asia . -- -- HISTORY . -- DESCRIPTIONS. -- 1677 . S. and Palestine. 284 z. -- 1783 . The History of the Revolt of Ali Bey against the Ottoman Porte , including an Account of the Form of Government of Egypt ; together with a Description of Grand Cairo , and of several celebrated places in Egypt , Palestine , and S. 623 v . -- GEOGRAPHY. -- 1532 . S. æ , Palestinæ , Arabiæ , Ægypti , Schondiæ , Tabulæ Geographicæ. 992 x . -- TRAVELS. -- 1594 . Peregrinatio in Egyptum , Arabiam , Palestinam , et S.m. 312 i . -- 1653 . De Locis Antiochiam inter et Hierosolymam , necnon S. æ. , et Phœniciæ , et Palestinæ , Gr . Lat . inter Leouis Allatii ? ? ? . 755 j. -- 1693 . Journey through S. , Mesopotamia , Palestine , and Egypt ; in German . 792 e. -- 1704 . Travels through Egypt , Arabia , Palestine , and S. 815 l . -- 1791 . Travels through Cyprus , S. , and Palestine. 644 g . 1827 : Brockhaus Enzyklopädie , Allgemeine deutsche Real - Encyklopädie für die gebildeten Stände : Palästina ( Falesthin ) , wegen der , den Nachkommen Abraham 's gegebenen Verheißung , das gelobte Land genannt , nimmt die syrische Küste am mittel länd , Meere vom Libanon südwärts bis an die Grenzen Ägyptens . ( Palestine ( DIN 31635 : Falasṭīn ) , called the `` Promised Land '' from the promise given to the descendants of Abraham , extends from the midlands to the coast , from Syria and Lebanon southward to the borders of Egypt . ) 1827 : Philippe Vandermaelen , Atlas universel de geographie physique : map : Syrie et Palestine ( Asie 63 ) , at Princeton gisserver 1830 : Josiah Conder , `` Palestine '' . The Modern Traveller 1833 : Heinrich Friedrich Pfannkuche : `` In the writings of the Greeks and Romans , we need not look for indications of a very familiar acquaintance with the history and language of the Palestinian Jews , since they did not even vouchsafe their attention to the language and national writings of the more civilized nations of antiquity , such as the Carthaginians , Phoenicians , and Strabo , from whom we have quoted above the passages bearing upon our subject , is perhaps the only one who imparts this general information of the Syrians , ( to whom the Palestinians also belonged , ) that they and their neighbours spoke a cognate language , but he enters on no farther explanation as to the difference between their dialects '' c. 1834 : Neophytos , monk of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre : `` The conquest of Ptolemais was celebrated in Jerusalem with illuminations , dancing and music , in every street and place in the city ... The Moslems alone could not hide their sorrow and sullenness ( although they danced with the rest ) , because they had a presentment that Egypt would use its power against them . They felt they could not continue to act as they wished , and that hereafter Jerusalem and all of Palestine would be reformed . '' 1835 : Karl Georg von Raumer , Palästina 1835 : Heinrich Berghaus , Asia , Sammlung von Denkschriften in Beziehung auf die Geo - und Hydrographie dieses Erdtheils ; zur Erklärung und Erläuterung seines Karten - Atlas zusammengetragen : Map of Syria ( No. 5 of Berghaus ' Atlas of Asia ) : Karte von Syrien , den Manen Jacotin 's und Burckhardt 's gewidmet at the National Library of Israel . 1837 : Lord Lindsay , Letters on Egypt , Edom and the Holy Land : `` ... we bade adieu to Jerusalem ... It was our intention , after exploring Palestine ( properly so called ) , to cross the Jordan , and visit Jerash '' 1838 : Humphry Davy , The collected works of Sir Humphry Davy : Palestine , a name supposed to be derived from the ancient Philistine coast , has been applied , from the earliest of modern ages , to the territory anciently assigned as the portion of the twelve tribes . The dimensions of this country do not correspond to its fame : it may be 150 miles in length north and south , and nearly as much in extreme breadth . It is bounded on the west by the Mediterranean ; on the north it ranges along the southern skirts of Libanus ; while on the east and south it passes into the Arabian desert , amid long ranges of rocky hills . Judea is a high country , rising by successive terraces from a shore that is , in many places bold and lofty . Its principal eminences , Carmel , Bashan , Tabor , do not ascend into bleak and rugged heights : they are covered with villages , rich pastures , and luxuriant woods ; on their slopes are copious vineyards , and in the clefts of the rocks numerous bees , feeding on their aromatic plants , deposit their honey . Traces are even found of a cultivation , by artificial terraces , equal to that which prevails in the most improved parts of the East . 1838 : Charles G. Addison , Damascus and Palmyra : a journey to the East : In the commencement of 1834 , insurrections broke out in the mountains of Nablous , on Djebel Khalil , and in various parts of Palestine . Some of them , it is admitted , were promoted by the lawless and the disaffected to all settled government ; others were fostered by the Sheikhs , who were discontented at their exactions from Christian pilgrims being put an end to , and many by the Bedouin Arabs and the mountaineers of Lebanon , who were discontented that the contributions they had been in the habit of imposing upon villages had been stopped . 1840 : Ferdinand de Géramb , A pilgrimage to Palestine , Egypt and Syria : And , once more , that which most contributes to render Palestine a desert is the despotic government under which it groans , and the motto of which is destruction . It can not be too often repeated -- the Porte daily puts up this wretched country to auction : the pacha who offers most becomes its tyrant . Master of the life of the Arab as well as of his camel , of his horse as well as of his tent , he marks his passage by exactions alone . At sight of his satellites coming to levy the tribute , the population of whole villages abandon their ruined dwellings ; and the poor oppressed inhabitants choose rather to die of want , in caverns of the rocks , than to expire under the bastinado of the soldier , who on his part , enraged at seeing his prey escape , revenges himself by cutting down the olive - tree of the fugitive whom he could not overtake . 1840 : George Long , Palestine & Syria , The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge : The modern history of Palestine is more conveniently included under SYRIA . The only portions of it which demand a separate notice have been treated of under Crusades . At present the country forms a part of Syria being included under the pashaliks of Damascus Akka and Tripoli and forming part of the viceroyalty of the pasha of Egypt . ( ... ) In the most usual application of the word , Syria was the district bounded by the range of Amanus on the north , by the Mediterranean on the west , by the Euphrates and the Arabian Desert on the east and south , and by the ' river of Egypt ' probably the river ( El - Arish ) on the south - west . In a still narrower sense it sometimes denoted the same district , with the exception of Phoenicia and Palestine , ( Ptol. , v. 16 . ) Herodotus , in speaking of Palestine , includes it in Syria , as a subordinate division : he calls it ' the Palestine Syria ' ( ? ? ? , ii. 106 ) . 1840 : John Kitto , The Pictorial History of Palestine and The Holy Land including a Complete History Of The Jews , Vol . I. Biblical History . Vol. II . Biblical History , Continued . Natural History And Geography . 1841 : John Kitto , Palestine : the Physical Geography and Natural History of the Holy Land , Illustrated with Woodcuts . 1841 : Edward Robinson , Biblical Researches in Palestine , mount Sinai and Arabia Petrea : The great body of Christians in Palestine are of the Greek church ; but they are all native Arabs , and employ only the Arabic language in their worship . 1841 : Charles Henry Churchill in correspondence with Sir Moses Montefiore : `` Were the resources which you all possess steadily directed towards the regeneration of Syria and Palestine , there can not be a doubt but that , under the blessing of the Most High , ( the European Powers ) would amply repay the undertaking , and that you would end by obtaining the sovereignty of at least Palestine . '' 1842 : Adriano Balbi , System of universal geography , founded on the works of Malte - Burn and Balbi : Cities , Towns , &c. , in Syria and Palestine . Santa Saba , 8 or 9 miles S.E. of Jerusalem , a monastery remarkable for its situation on a height , which rises precipitously several hundred feet from the deep valley of the brook Kedron . Beside it are numerous grottoes , which are said to have been inhabited by more than 10,000 monks at the epoch when St. Saba introduced the monastic life into Palestine . In continual danger from the wild Arabs , the convent appears like a fortress , with immensely strong and lofty towers . 1843 : Alexander Keith , The Land of Israel , According to the Covenant with Abraham , with Isaac , and with Jacob : Palestine abounding in cultivated and flourishing regions , has several great cities which rival each other in their excellence , viz . Caesarea , Eleutheropolis , Neapolis , Askelon , and Gaza . The region beyond the Jordan , donominated Arabia , is rich in the variety of the merchandise of which it is full ; it has besides other large towns the cities of Bostra , Gerasa , and Philadelphia , which the solidity of their walls renders most secure ( Ammianus Marcellinus , lib . xiv . cap . viii . ) . ( ... ) In Palestine , sesamum abounds , from which they procure oil , and dourra ( a kind of pulse ) as good as that of Egypt . Maize thrives in the light soil of Baalbec ; and even rice is cultivated with success on the borders of the marshy countries of Havula . They have lately begun to cultivate sugar - canes in the gardens of Saide and of Beyrout , equal to those of the Delta . Indigo grows without cultivation on the banks of the Jordan , in the country of Bisan , and needs but care to improve the quality . Tobacco is now cultivated throughout all the mountains . As for trees , the olive of Provence grows at Antioch , and at Ramla , to the height of the beech . In the white mulberry - tree consists the wealth of the whole country of the Druses , by the beautiful silk which it produces ; while the vine , supported by poles , or winding about the oaks , supplies grapes , which afford red and white wines equal to those of Bourdeaux . The water - melons of Jaffa are preferred before the very fine water melons of Broulas . Gaza produces dates like Mecca , and pomegranates like Algiers . Tripoli affords oranges like Malta . Beyrout , figs like Marseilles , and bananas like St Domingo . Aleppo has the ( not ) exclusive advantage of producing pistachios . And Damascus justly boasts of possessing all the fruits known in the provinces : its stony soil suits equally the apples of Normandy , the plums of Touraine , and the peaches of Paris . Twenty sorts of apricots aro enumerated there , the stone of one of which contains a kernel highly valued throughout Turkey . The cochineal plant , which grows on all that coast contains , perhaps , that precious insect in as high perfection as it is found in Mexico and St Domingo ; and if we consider that the mountains of Yemen , which produce such excellent coffee are only a continuation of those of Syria , and that their soil and climate are almost the same , we shall be induced to believe that in Judea particularly , might be easily cultivated this valuable production of Arabia . `` With these advantages of climate and soil , it is not surprising that Syria should always have been reckoned a most delicious country and that the Greeks and Romans esteemed it among the most beautiful of their provinces and equal even to Egypt '' ( Volney 's Trav . vol . i . pp. 316 -- 321 . English translation ) . 1843 : Origen Bacheler , Restoration and Conversion of the Jews : But ever since 1832 , when Mehemet Ali took possession of Syria , there has been a remarkable flocking of the Jews to Palestine . The precise number of them at present in the Holy Land is estimated to amount to about 40,000 . 1843 : Stephen Olin , Travels in Egypt , Arabia Petræa , and the Holy land : European merchants could not live in the East , except under the protection of their own consuls . They never become subjects to the native rulers . If some civilized , Christian power would rescue Palestine , by treaty or force , from Mohammedan rule , and establish an enlightened , equitable , and stable government , then might it become a desirable residence for civilized men ; but on no other condition could a residence there be endured by any but barbarians , content to be poor and tolerant from long habit of oppression and injustice . It fills me with surprise to see some of the best men of England labouring to promote the colonization of Jews in Palestine , and that under existing governments . The Jews are precisely the last people on earth fitted for such an enterprise , as they are a nation of traffickers , and know nothing of agriculture . Besides , the Jews of Europe and America are civilized and wealthy , and would not relish oppression and robbery , even in Palestine . 1843 : Johann Friedrich Röhr , Röhr 's Historico - geographical account of Palestine : Researches in Palestine : Napoleon Bonaparte , in 1799 , gave new importance to Palestine . It was connected with his conquest of Egypt , and was undertaken nominally to repulse the Turkish army under Djezzar ( Or the Butcher , so called by his subjects from his incredible cruelties . He died in 1808 , apparently with a quiet conscience ) , the Pacha of St Jean d'Acre , by which he was threatened , and prevent it obstructing his intentions as to Egypt , but actually to get possession of the vast wealth of this Pacha , treasured up in Acre , and make this the foundation of other extensive projects as to the east . 1844 : J.T. Bannister , A Survey of the Holy Land ... : `` Tacitus compares both the climate and the soil to those of Italy , and particularly specifies the palm and balsam - trees as productions which gave the country an advantage over his own . Justin confirms the account of Tacitus , respecting the exuberant produce of Palestine , its beautiful climate , its palm and fragrant balsam - trees . '' 1845 : Encyclopædia Metropolitana , `` Syria '' . 1845 : Salomon Munk , Palestine , Description Géographique , Historique et Archéologique , '' in `` L'Univers Pittoresque : Under the name Palestine , we comprehend the small country formerly inhabited by the Israelites , and which is today part of Acre and Damascus pachalics . It stretched between 31 and 33 ° N. latitude and between 32 and 35 ° degrees E. longitude , an area of about 1300 lieues carrées ( League ( unit ) # France ) . Some zealous writers , to give the land of the Hebrews some political importance , have exaggerated the extent of Palestine ; but we have an authority for us that one can not reject . St. Jerome , who had long traveled in this country , said in his letter to Dardanus ( ep. 129 ) that the northern boundary to that of the southern , was a distance of 160 Roman miles , which is about 55 lieues ( League ( unit ) # France ) . He paid homage to the truth despite his fears , as he said himself , of availing the Promised Land to pagan mockery , `` Pudet dicere latitudinem terrae repromissionis , ne ethnicis occasionem blasphemandi dedisse uideamur '' . 1847 : Walter McLeod , The geography of Palestine : MODERN DIVISIONS. 8 . Palestine is now divided into pashalicks , the most important of which are Akka and Damascus . The country is under the dominion of the Turks , and is governed by Mehemet Pasha , who has been recently appointed the governor - general of Palestine . 1848 : Thomas Wright ( biographer ) , Early travels in Palestine : comprising the narratives of Arculf , Willibald , ( and others ) : Arculf , Willibald , Bernard , Saewulf , Sigurd , Benjamin of Tudela , Sir John Mandeville , De la Brocquiere , and Maundrell . 1848 : Carl Ritter , The Comparative Geography of Palestine and the Sinaitic Peninsula : CHAPTER II . REVIEW OF THE AUTHORITIES ON THE GEOGRAPHY OF PALESTINE ... the lists of authorities given by Reland , Pococke , Meusel , Bellermann , Rosenmüller , Berghaus , Hammer - Purgstall , and more especially by von Raumer and Robinson ... Others which we have from the English and the French ... John Kitto , Munk . 1849 : William F. Lynch , Narrative of the United States ' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea : To the east of Bethlehem is the hill where the shepherds heard the annunciation of the birth of the Messiah ; and in the plain below , the field where Ruth gleaned after the reapers . The country around was luxuriant with vegetation , and the yellow grain , even as we looked , was falling beneath the sickle . Variegated flint , chalk and limestone , without fossils , cropped out occasionally on the hill sides ; but along the lower slopes , and in the bottom of the valley , were continuous groves , with a verdant carpet beneath them . It was the most rural and the loveliest spot we had seen in Palestine . From among many flowers we gathered a beautiful white one , free from all earthly taint , fit emblem of the purity of the infant Godhead . ⟨ 1850 ⟩ Map of Modern Palestine in 1851 with administrative subdivisions Map showing the `` Quds Al - Sharif Mutasarrifate '' , from an atlas dated 1907 . The map shows the 1860 borders between Ottoman Syria and the Khedivate of Egypt , although the border was moved to the current Israel - Egypt border in 1906 . The area north of the Negev Desert is labelled `` Filastin '' ( Palestine ) . 1850 : Yehoseph Schwarz , A Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine : In the year 5592 ( 1832 ) , Mahmud Ali , pacha of Alexandria in Egypt , declared himself independent of the Sultan of Constantinople . His son , Abraim Pacha , moved suddenly with a large force towards Palestine , and took without almost any resistance on the part of the adherents of the Sultan , Jaffa , Jerusalem , Nablus , and Chaifa , and placed Egyptian soldiers as garrisons in the same , and appeared next before Akko , which was occupied by Abd Alla Pacha , and besieged it a long time , and took it finally by storm , carrying away the Pacha as prisoner to Egypt . He gradually now occupied all Palestine , Syria , Arabia , and Nubia . 1856 : James Redhouse , An English and Turkish dictionary : Regarded as the original and authoritative Ottoman - English dictionary , translates Holy Land as dari - filastin ( House of Palestine ) 1858 : Josias Leslie Porter , A handbook for travellers in Syria and Palestine : The modern inhabitants of Southern Palestine may be divided into two classes -- the Bedawin , or wandering tribes who dwell in tents , and the Fellahin , who reside in villages . ( ... ) The plain of Akka is one of the richest in Palestine -- producing alike the most luxuriant crops and the rankest weeds in the country . It is more moist than any of the other plains ; and large sections of it become marshy during winter . 1859 : Samuel Augustus Mitchell , map : Turkey in Asia and Geographicus - Arabia 1859 : David Kay ( FRGS ) , ed . Thomas Stewart Traill , Palestine , Encyclopædia Britannica : ( Palestine ) ... was finally subdued in 1517 by Selim I. , the sultan of the Turks , under whom it has continued for more than 300 years ... until the memorable invasion of Egypt by the French army in 1798 . Bonaparte being apprised that preparations were making in the pashalic of Acre for attacking him in Egypt , resolved , according to his usual tactics , to anticipate the movements of his enemies . He accordingly marched across the desert which divides Egypt from Palestine , and invaded the country at the head of 10,000 troops . After taking several towns , and among the rest Jaffa , where he stained his character by the atrocious massacre of 4000 prisoners . ( Kay 1859 , p. 198 , XVII at Google Books ) 1859 : Henry Stafford Osborn , Palestine , past and present : with biblical , literary , and scientific notices : The medals stamped with the impress of grapes , as we have shown upon the coin of Herod , ( page 486 , ) the figure of the palm - tree so frequently seen on other medals stamped by Vespasian and Titus , and the medal of young Agrippa holding fruits , all indicate the excellence of the country . Notwithstanding all this , Mr. Gibbon remarks , speaking of Phoenicia and Palestine ( Chap . i.p. 21 ) , `` The former of these was a narrow and rocky coast ; the latter was a territory scarcely superior to Wales either in fertility or extent ... M. Guizot supposes he based his remark upon a passage in Strabo ( Bk . xvi. 1104 ) , who speaks only of the country around Jerusalem which he says was unfruitful and arid for sixty stadia ( probably five or six miles ;) in other places giving excellent testimony to the fertility of Palestine . He says , `` About Jericho is a forest of palm - trees , and the country for a hundred stadia is full of springs and well peopled . '' 1860 : Josias Leslie Porter , ed . Thomas Stewart Traill , Syria , Encyclopædia Britannica : The modern inhabitants of Syria and Palestine are a mixed race , made up of the descendants of the ancient Syrians who occupied the country in the early days of Christianity and of the Arabians who came in with the armies of the khalifs and settled in the cities and villages . The number of the latter being comparatively small , the mixture of blood did not visibly change the type of the ancient people . This may be seen by comparing the Christians with the Muslems . The former are undoubtedly of pure Syrian descent , while the latter are more or less mixed , and yet there is no visible distinction between the two save what dress makes . ( Porter 1860 , p. 907 , XX at Google Books ) 1860 : 36th United States Congress , The Massacres in Syria : a Faithful Account of the Cruelties and Outrages Suffered by the Christians of Mount Lebanon , During the Late Persecutions in Syria : With a Succinct History of Mahometanism and the Rise of the Maronites , Druses ... and Other Oriental Sects ... : EARLY CHRISTIANITY IN SYRIA . I. -- Hermits and Pilgrims . ( ... ) II. -- Origin of Monks . The hermits and anchorets , as they were called , were held in high esteem , and thousands of pilgrims , from all parts , sought their cells to obtain the benefit of their prayers . In the fourth century , the ancient lands of Syria and Palestine were full of such `` holy men , '' and soon after they began to form societies and live together , as brethren , under oaths and regulations . This was the origin of religious houses or convents of monks ; and the beginning of that monastic system which afterward extended throughout all Christendom . ( 36th U.S. Congress 1860 , p. 11 at Google Books ) 1865 : William ' Corky ' Norton , How I Got My Cork Legs , The St. James 's Magazine : I was then at Malta , serving on board the ( HMS ) Powerful , 80 - gun ship , Captain Charles Napier ; ... This was in 1840 ... England , inspired by Lord Palmerston , had determined , in defiance of France , to put down the Pacha of Egypt , Mohammed Ali , and his equally miscreant son ... I was consequently present at the bombardment of Beirût -- Queen City of Palestine -- at the landing , witnessed the panic - flight of the much - boasted Egyptians at the bare sight of our fellows , and was present at the fall of Acre . I never estimated very highly the glory of that Syrian campaign . What real resistance could a multitude of Egyptian soldiers offer to a well - organized British force ? It signifies little to the wolves how numerous the sheep may be . 1865 : William McClure Thomson , The land of promise : travels in modern Palestine ( from The land and the Book ). : From Samaria to Nablûs is two hours ' easy riding ; first south , over the shoulder of the mountain , and then east ward , up the lovely vale of Nablûs . Nothing in Palestine surpasses it in fertility and natural beauty , and this is mainly due to the fine mill - stream which flows through it . The whole country is thickly studded with villages ; the plains clothed with grass or grain ; and the rounded hills with orchards of olive , fig , pomegranate , and other trees . 1867 : Titus Tobler , Bibliographica Geographica Palaestinae . 1871 : John Tillotson , Palestine Its Holy Sites and Sacred Story 1872 - 1917 : The Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem was commonly referred to at the time as `` Palestine '' . In the 1880s the Ottoman government briefly considered to officially rename it . 1873 : William Smith , Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography : 2 : Iabadius - Zymethus : PALAESTINA ( Παλαιστίνη : Eth . ( Παλαιστίνόs ) , the most commonly received and classical name for the country , otherwise called the Land of Canaan , Judaea , the Holy Land , &c . This name has the authority of the prophet lsaiah , among the sacred writers : and was received by the earliest secular historians . Herodotus calls the Hebrews Syrians of Palestine ; and states that the sea - border of Syria , inhabited , according to him by Phoenicians from the Red Sea , was called Palaestina as far as Egypt ( vii. 89 ) . He elsewhere places Syria Palaestina between Phoenice and Egypt ; Tyre and Sidon in Phoenice : Ascalon , Cadytis Ienysus in Palaestina Syriae ; elsewhere he places Cadytis and Azotus simply in Syria ( iv. 39 , iii. 5 , ii. 116 , 157 , i . 105 , iii. 5 ) . ( ... ) The most valuable contributions to the ancient geography of Palestine are those of Eusebius and his commentator S. Jerome in the Onomasticon , composed by the former , and translated , with important additions and corrections , by the latter who has also interspersed in his commentaries and letters numerous geographical notices of extreme value . They are not , however , of such a character as to be available under this general article , but are fully cited under the names of the towns , &c . ( See Reland , Palaest . lib . ii . cap . 12 , pp. 479 , &c . ) 1875 : Karl Baedeker , Palaestina und Syrien : Handbuch für Reisende : VI . Die Araber nennen Syrien , worunter sie auch Palästina ( Filistin ) begreifen , `` esch - Schäm . '' Dieser Name bezeichnet eigentlich das ' links ' gelegene Land , im Gegensatz zu el - Yemen , das ' rechts ' gelegene Land , ( Südarabien ) . Bei den Türken hört man den Namen Süristän . Die Türken theilten Syrien in fünf Gouvernements ( Paschaliks ) : Aleppo , Tripolis , Damascus , Saida ( später Akka ) und Palästina . Diese Eintheilung hat aber im Laufe der Jahrhunderte viele Veränderungen erlitten . Bis vor Kurzem war Syrien nur in zwei Grossgouvernements ( wiläyet ) mit den Hauptstädten Damascus und Aleppo getheilt . In neuester Zeit ist Jerusalem ebenfalls Sitz eines von der Pforte direct abhängigen Centrai - Gouverneurs ( wäli ) geworden und zwar in Folge des Versuches , die turbulenten Stämme jenseit des Jordan auf die Dauer zu pacificiren . 1875 : Isabel Burton , The Inner Life of Syria , Palestine , and the Holy Land : From My Private Journal : We rode to Dayr el Kamar , a large village in the territory of El Manásíf . Then we went to B'teddin , now the palace of Franco Pasha , Governor of the Lebanon ... he meets every case with liberality and civilization ; he was a religious man , and Allah and the Sultan were his only thoughts . Everything he did for the natives ' good , he told them that it came from his Master and theirs , so that `` May Allah prolong the days of our Sultan '' was ever in the people 's mouth . It would have been happy if a few more Franco Pashas were distributed about Syria and Palestine . Khalil Beidas 's 1898 use of the word `` Palestinians '' in the preface to his translation of Akim Olesnitsky 's A Description of the Holy Land 1876 : Thomas Cook , Cook 's Tourists ' Handbook for Palestine and Syria : Sir Moses Montefiore 's mission has been to assist the Jews , not by indiscriminate charity , but by giving them means and scope for labour . In January 1875 , being in the 91st year of his age , he resigned his position as President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews , and a testimonial to him having been resolved upon , he requested it might take the form of a scheme for improving the condition of the Jews in Palestine generally , and Jerusalem particularly . About £ 11,000 only has been as yet contributed to the fund , although the amount anticipated was £ 200,000 . The reason of the smallness of the contributions was that a rumour went abroad that the scheme was only to continue idle Jews in idleness . 1879 : Nu'man ibn ' Abdu al - Qasatli : al - Rawda al - Numaniyya in the travelogue to Palestine and some Syrian Towns 1880s : The Ottoman government issues a number of decrees to foreign governments , intended to limit Zionist immigration , land purchases and settlement . The decrees refer to `` Palestine '' , but the term is not defined . 1889 : Albrecht Socin ( University of Tubingen ) , `` Palestine '' . The Encyclopædia Britannica : `` Lists based on information collected by the Turkish Government ... for the sanjak of Jerusalem ( with the districts Jerusalem , Yáfá , Hebron ) , 276 places with about 24,000 houses ( families ) ; for the sanjak Belká ( with the districts of Nábulus Jennin Ajlun and Es - Salt ) , 317 places and 18,984 houses ; for the sanjak Akka ( Acre ) ( with the districts Akka , Haifa , and Safed ) , 160 places with 11,023 houses , -- making a total of 753 places with 54,237 houses . Reckoning five persons per house , this gives a population of 271,185 , exclusive of the small number of Bedouins . Detailed statistics there are none as regards the relative strength of the Bedouin element and the peasantry , the numerical representation of the different religions , or any matter of this sort . '' 1890 : Reinhold Röhricht , Bibliotheca Geographica Palestine , from the year A.D. 333 to A.D. 1878 : among the books on Palestine . Bibliotheca Geographica Palestinae , ( Berlin , 1890 ) . Bibliotheca Geographica Palestine . Chronologisches Verzeichniss der auf die Geographic des heiligen Landes beziiglichen Literatur von 333 bis 1878 und Versuch einer Cartographic . Herausgegeben von Reinhold Rohricht . ( Berlin : H. Reuther 's Verlagsbuchhandlung , 1890 . ) The book professes to give a list of all the books relating to the geography of Palestine from the year 333 to 1878 and also a chronological list of maps relating to Palestine . ( The Church Quarterly Review 1891 , p. 259 , at Google Books ) ( Bibliotheca Geographica Palestinae , ( Berlin , 1890 ) , at openlibrary.org ) `` Palestina '' in the first line of the `` Basel Program '' written at the 1897 First Zionist Congress 1897 : First Zionist Congress : the Basel program sets out the goals of the Zionist movement : `` Zionism aims at establishing for the Jewish people a publicly and legally assured home in Palestine '' 1898 : Khalil Beidas , his preface to his translation of Akim Olesnitsky 's A Description of the Holy Land : `` the people of Palestine were in need of a geography book about their country ... the Palestinian peasant waits impatiently for winter to come , for the season 's rain to moisten his fossilized fields '' . It has been proposed that this represents the first instance in modern history where the term ' Palestinian ' or ' Filastini ' appears in Arabic . ⟨ 1900 ⟩ Manual of Palestinean Arabic , for self - instruction 1909 c. 1900 -- 10 : Ottoman Governors : According to Haim Gerber `` The remnants of the correspondence of the Ottoman governors with their superiors in the first decade of the twentieth century quite often relate to the Zionist question and the resistance to it among local inhabitants . The country is referred to throughout as Palestine . '' 1900 : J.M. Robertson , Christianity and Mythology : Long before Biblical Judaism was known , the people of Palestine shared in the universal rituals of the primeval cults of sun and moon , Nature and symbol ; and the successive waves of conquest , physical and mystical , have only transformed the primordial hallucination . 1902 : Salim Qub'ayn , `` A Palestinian describes Palestinian towns '' . 1902 : The Anglo - Palestine bank : A subsidiary of the Bank Leumi , the financial instrument of the Zionist Organization 1913 Ottoman textbook showing the name `` Filastin '' within the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem ( green contour ) . The word stretches from Quds to Al - Arish 1911 : Falastin newspaper was founded in Jaffa by Palestinian Christians . 1911 : David George Hogarth , `` Syria '' . Encyclopædia Britannica : `` Population. -- The actual population of Syria is over 3,000,000 spread over a superficial area of about 600,000 sq. m. , i.e. about 5 ⁄ persons to the square mile . But this poor average is largely accounted for by the inclusion of the almost uninhabited northern steppe land and those parts of Syria , which are settled show a much higher rate . Phoenicia and the Lebanon have the densest population , over 70 to the square mile , while Palestine , the north part of the western plateau east of Jordan , the oases of Damascus and Aleppo , the Orontes valley , and parts of Commagene , are well peopled . '' 1913 : Al - Karmil ( newspaper ) : `` We hoped that they ( the Ottoman Party for Administrative Decentralization ) would rid us of Zionist threats and dangers . We comprised a group of people who had hoped the best for their leaders . This team possessed tremendous power ; not to ignore that Palestine , their country , was part of the Ottoman Empire . '' c. 1913 : Ruhi Khalidi , Zionism or the Zionist Question , according to Haim Gerber `` It is noteworthy that whenever the name of the country appears , it is always Palestine , never southern Syria or anything else . '' 1914 : Four days after Britain 's declaration of war on the Ottoman Empire at a British Cabinet meeting on 9 November 1914 , David Lloyd George , Chancellor of the Exchequer , `` referred to the ultimate destiny of Palestine . '' 1915 : VIII Corps ( Ottoman Empire ) , Filastin Risalesi ( `` Palestine Document '' ) , an Ottoman army country survey which formally identified Palestine as including the sanjaqs of Akka ( the Galilee ) , the Sanjaq of Nablus , and the Sanjaq of Jerusalem ( Kudus Sherif ) . Formation of the British Mandate Further information : History of Zionism and History of Israel Passport , coin and stamp from Mandatory Palestine . When written in English all show `` Palestine '' , with the latter two also showing Arabic : فلسطين ‎ Filasţīn and Hebrew : פָּלֶשְׂתִּינָה ( א `` י ) ‬ Palestína ( EY ) 1918 : House of Commons of the United Kingdom : Minutes : `` Major Earl Winterton asked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs what facilities have been given to the Palestinian and Syrian political leaders now in Egypt to visit Palestine ? '' An early use of the word Palestinian in British politics , which was used often in following years in the British government 1919 : Zionist Organization , Statement on Palestine at the Paris Peace Conference : `` The boundaries of Palestine shall follow the general lines set out below : Starting on the North at a point on the Mediterranean Sea in the vicinity south of Sidon and following the watersheds of the foothills of the Lebanon as far as Jisr El - Karaon thence to El - Bire , following the dividing line between the two basins of the Wadi El - Korn and the Wadi Et - Teim , thence in a southerly direction following the dividing line between the Eastern and Western slopes of the Hermon , to the vicinity west of Beit Jenn , then eastward following the northern watersheds of the Nahr Mughaniye close to and west of the Hedjaz Railway . In the east a line close to and west of the Hedjaz Railway terminating in the Gulf of Akaba . In the south a frontier to be agreed upon with the Egyptian Government . In the west the Mediterranean Sea . '' 1919 : Syrian National Congress : `` We ask that there be no separation of the southern part of Syria , known as Palestine , nor of the littoral western zone , which includes Lebanon , from the Syrian country . '' 1920 : Franco - British boundary agreement - the framework agreement in which the borders of the Mandate of Palestine were established , being finally approved on 7 March 1923 1920 : Herbert Samuel during an Advisory Council meeting : `` After some further discussion on the part of several members , ( Samuel ) said that when he had to decide the wording for the stamps , he was aware that there was no other name in the Hebrew language for this land except ' Eretz - Israel ' . At the same time he thought that if ' Eretz - Israel ' only were used , it might not be regarded by the outside world as a correct rendering of the word ' Palestine ' , and in the case of passports or certificates of nationality , it might perhaps give rise to difficulties , so it was decided to print ' Palestine ' in Hebrew letters and to add after it the letters ' Aleph ' ' Yod ' , which constitute a recognised abbreviation of the Hebrew name . ( Samuel ) still thought that this was a good compromise . Dr. Salem wanted to omit ' Aleph ' ' Yod ' and Mr. Yellin wanted to omit ' Palestine ' . The right solution would be to retain both . '' 1921 : Syrian - Palestinian Congress 1923 : British Mandate for Palestine is ratified 1926 : Permanent Mandates Commission : `` M. Palacios ( Spanish representative ) , returning to the concrete questions of a general character of which the Arabs complained , recalled those concerning the national title , the national hymn and the flag ... As regards the first point , the Arabs claimed that it was not in conformity with Article 22 of the Mandate to print the initials and even the words `` Eretz Israel '' after the name `` Palestine '' while refusing the Arabs the title `` Surial Janonbiah '' ( `` Southern Syria '' ) . The British Government had not accepted the use of this Arab title , but gave the place of honour to the Hebrew word used for 2,000 years and decided that the official name in Hebrew was `` Palestina '' followed by the initials signifying `` Aleph Jod '' , the regular Hebrew name . Was the question still under discussion and could the accredited representative give the Commission any further information ? Colonel Symes explained that the country was described as `` Palestine '' by Europeans and as `` Falestin '' by the Arabs . The Hebrew name for the country was the designation `` Land of Israel '' , and the Government , to meet Jewish wishes , had agreed that the word `` Palestine '' in Hebrew characters should be followed in all official documents by the initials which stood for that designation . As a set - off to this , certain of the Arab politicians suggested that the country should be called `` Southern Syria '' in order to emphasise its close relation with another Arab State . '' 1936 : Peel Commission Report : `` ( Jewish nationalism ) claims , for example , that , though Palestine is not an Arab word and might therefore fairly serve for Jews as well as Arabs , Eretz Israel ( Land of Israel ) should be also accepted as the official translation of `` Palestine '' , and protests that the printing of the Hebrew initials `` E.I. '' after `` Palestine '' on every stamp and coin is not enough . '' Biblical references Map showing the locations of the cities of the `` Five Lords of the Philistines '' Palaistinê ( whence Palaestina , from which Palestine is derived ) is generally accepted to have a correspondence within the Sacred texts of Judaism such that Palaistinê is a translation of the name Peleshet ( פלשת Pəlésheth , usually transliterated as Philistia ) . Peleshet and its derivates are used more than 250 times in Masoretic - derived versions of the Hebrew Bible , of which 10 uses are in the Torah , with undefined boundaries , and almost 200 of the remaining references are in the Book of Judges and the Books of Samuel . The term is rarely used in the Septuagint , who used a transliteration Land of Phylistieim ( Γη των Φυλιστιειμ ) different from the contemporary Greek place name Palaistínē ( Παλαιστίνη ) . The Septuagint instead used the term `` allophuloi '' ( Αλλόφυλοι , `` other nations '' ) throughout the Books of Judges and Samuel , such that the term `` Philistines '' has been interpreted to mean `` non-Israelites of the Promised Land '' when used in the context of Samson , Saul and David , and Rabbinic sources explain that these peoples were different from the Philistines of the Book of Genesis . The Philistines and Philistia are mentioned more than 250 times in the Hebrew Bible . The Hebrew word Peleshet ( פלשת Pəlésheth ) -- usually translated as Philistia in English -- is used in the Bible to denote the southern coastal region that was inhabited by the Philistines ( `` Plištim '' ( פְּלִשְׁתִּים Pəlištîm ) The Philistines first appear in a listing of the Hamitic branch of Noah 's descendants . The word Philistia is generally accepted to be a cognate of the word Palestine . However , the terms for biblical Philistia and geographical Palestine have been different since at least the second century BC . As early as the LXX , thought to have been completed in 132 BC , the biblical term for Philistines in Greek ( Philistieim ) was different from the contemporary Greek name for the region ( Palaistine ) The five books of the Pentateuch / Torah include a total of 10 references , including : Genesis 10 : 14 : ( first reference ) `` And Pathrusim , and Casluhim , ( out of whom came Philistim , ) and Caphtorim . '' Genesis 21 : 32 - 34 : `` Thus they made a covenant at Beersheba : then Abimelech rose up , and Phichol the chief captain of his host , and they returned into the land of the Philistines . And Abraham planted a grove in Beersheba , and called there on the name of the LORD , the everlasting God . And Abraham sojourned in the Philistines ' land many days . '' Exodus 13 : 17 : `` And it came to pass , when Pharaoh had let the people go , that God led them not through the way of the land of the Philistines , although that was near ; for God said , Lest peradventure the people repent when they see war , and they return to Egypt '' Exodus 23 : 31 : `` And I will set thy bounds from the Red sea even unto the sea of the Philistines , and from the desert unto the river : for I will deliver the inhabitants of the land into your hand ; and thou shalt drive them out before thee . '' The Historical books ( see Deuteronomistic history ) include over 250 references , almost 200 of which are in the Book of Judges and the Books of Samuel , including : Joshua 13 : 1 - 3 : `` Now Joshua was old and stricken in years ; and the LORD said unto him , Thou art old and stricken in years , and there remaineth yet very much land to be possessed . This is the land that yet remaineth : all the borders of the Philistines , and all Geshuri , from Sihor , which is before Egypt , even unto the borders of Ekron northward , which is counted to the Canaanite : five lords of the Philistines ; the Gazathites , and the Ashdothites , the Eshkalonites , the Gittites , and the Ekronites ; also the Avites '' 1Kings 4 : 21 : `` And Solomon reigned over all kingdoms from the river unto the land of the Philistines , and unto the border of Egypt : they brought presents , and served Solomon all the days of his life . '' Wisdom books include only 6 references , all in the Psalms , including : Psalm 87 : 4 : `` I will make mention of Rahab and Babylon to them that know me : behold Philistia , and Tyre , with Ethiopia ; this man was born there . '' Books of the Major prophets and Minor prophets include around 20 references , including : Zephaniah 2 : 5 : `` Woe unto the inhabitants of the sea coast , the nation of the Cherethites ! the word of the LORD is against you ; O Canaan , the land of the Philistines , I will even destroy thee , that there shall be no inhabitant . '' Amos 9 : 7 : `` Are ye not as children of the Ethiopians unto me , O children of Israel ? saith the LORD . Have not I brought up Israel out of the land of Egypt ? and the Philistines from Caphtor , and the Syrians from Kir ? '' Etymological considerations Per Martin Noth , the name likely comes from the Aramaic word for Philistine . Noth also described a strong similarity between the word Palestine and the Greek word `` palaistês '' ( wrestler / rival / adversary ) , which has the same meaning as the word `` Israel '' . This was expanded by David Jacobson to theorize the name being a portmanteau of the word for Philistines with a direct translation of the word Israel into Greek ( in concordance with the Greek penchant for punning on place names . See also Names of Jerusalem Place names of Palestine Roman Empire Judea ( Roman province ) Geography and cartography in medieval Islam Bibliography Doumani , Beshara ( 1992 ) , `` Rediscovering Ottoman Palestine : Writing Palestinians into History . '' Journal of Palestine Studies 21 ( 2 ) : 5 - 28 Doumani , Beshara ( 1995 ) , Rediscovering Palestine : Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus , 1700 - 1900 ( Berkeley : University of California Press ) Ehrlich , Carl S. ( 1996 ) . The Philistines in Transition : A History from ca . 1000 - 730 BC . Leiden , The Netherlands : E.J. Brill . ISBN 90 - 04 - 10426 - 7 . Feldman , Louis ( 1996 ) . `` Studies in Hellenistic Judaism '' . BRILL : 553 -- 576 . ISBN 9789004104181 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . chapter = ignored ( help ) Feldman , Louis H. ( 1990 ) . `` Some Observations on the Name of Palestine '' . Hebrew Union College Annual . Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion . 61 : 1 -- 23 . JSTOR 23508170 . Khalidi , Rashid ( 1997 ) , Palestinian Identity : The Construction of Modern National Consciousness , Columbia University Press Drews , Robert ( 1998 ) , `` Canaanites and Philistines '' , Journal for the Study of the Old Testament , 81 : 39 -- 61 Foster , Zachary ( November 2017 ) . The Invention of Palestine ( thesis ) . Princeton University . p. 278 . ISBN 9780355480238 . Docket 10634618 . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Grief , Howard ( 2008 ) , `` The Name Palestine and the Meaning of Palestinian Nationality during the Mandate Period '' , The Legal Foundation and Borders of Israel Under International Law : A Treatise on Jewish Sovereignty Over the Land of Israel , Mazo Publishers , pp. 470 -- 482 , ISBN 9789657344521 Gerber , Haim ( 2008 ) . `` The term `` Palestine '' `` . Remembering and Imagining Palestine : Identity and Nationalism from the Crusades to the Present . pp. 48 -- 53 . ISBN 0 - 230 - 53701 - 4 . Gerber , Haim ( 1998 ) , `` ' Palestine ' and Other Territorial Concepts in the 17th Century '' , International Journal of Middle East Studies , 30 : 563 -- 572 , doi : 10.1017 / s0020743800052569 , JSTOR 164341 Hallo , William ; Younger , Lawson ( 1997 ) , The Context of Scripture , Brill Jacobson , David ( 1999 ) . `` Palestine and Israel '' . Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research : 65 -- 74 . JSTOR 1357617 . Jacobson , David ( 2001 ) , `` When Palestine Meant Israel '' , Biblical Archeology Review , 27 ( 3 ) , archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 25 Killebrew , Ann ( 2005 ) , Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity : An Archaeological Study of Egyptians , Canaanites , Philistines , and Early Israel , 1300 -- 1100 B.C.E. , Society of Biblical Lit , ISBN 9781589830974 Lewis , Bernard ( 1980 ) , `` Palestine : On the History and Geography of a Name '' , International History Review , 2 : 1 -- 12 , doi : 10.1080 / 07075332.1980. 9640202 , JSTOR 40105058 Le Strange , Guy ( 1890 ) . Palestine Under the Moslems from AD 650 to 1500 , Translated from the Works of the Medieval Arab Geographers . Palestine Exploration Fund . Masalha , Nur ( 15 August 2018 ) . Palestine : A Four Thousand Year History . Zed Books , Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78699 - 273 - 4 . Matar , Nabil . I. ( 2011 ) . `` Protestant restorationism and the Ortelian mapping of Palestine ( with an afterword on Islam ) '' . In Mark Vessey . The Calling of the Nations : Exegesis , Ethnography , and Empire in a Biblical - historic Present . University of Toronto Press . pp. 59 -- 82 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9241 - 0 . Porath , Yehoshua ( 1986 ) , `` The Political Awakening of the Palestinian Arabs and their Leadership Towards the End of the Ottoman Period , '' in Studies on Palestine During the Ottoman Period , Moshe Ma'oz ( ed . ) ( Jerusalem : The Magness , Press ) , 351 - 381 Noth , Martin ( 1939 ) , `` Zur Geschichte des Namens Palästina '' , Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina - Vereins , Deutscher Verein zur Erforschung Palästinas , 62 : 125 -- 144 , JSTOR 27930226 Pritchard , James ( 1969 ) , Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament ( ANET ) , Princeton Univ . Press Rainey , Anson , Herodotus ' Description of the East Mediterranean Coast Anson F. Rainey Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , No. 321 ( Feb. , 2001 ) , pp. 57 -- 63 Reland , Adrien ( 1714 ) , `` Caput VII : De Nomine Palaestinae , and Caput VIII : De Nomine Syriae Palaestinae , Syriae et Coelesyriae '' , Palaestina ex monumentis veteribus illustrata , 1 , pp. 37 -- 48 Röhricht , Reinhold ( 1890 ) , Bibliotheca Geographica Palaestinae : Chronologisches Verzeichniss der auf die Geographie des Heiligen Landes ( Translated : `` Chronological directory of the geography of the Holy Land '' ) , H. Reuther , p. 786 Schmidt , Francis ( 2001 ) , `` Palestine , Judaea or Israel '' , How the Temple Thinks : identity and social cohesion in ancient Judaism , A&C Black , p. 28 -- 31 , ISBN 9781841272085 Stern , Menaḥem ( 1974 ) . Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism , vol. 1 , From Herodotus to Plutarch . Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities . Tamari , Salim ( 2011a ) . `` Shifting Ottoman Conceptions of Palestine : Part 1 : Filistin Risalesi and the two Jamals '' . Jerusalem Quarterly ( 47 ) : 28 -- 38 . Tamari , Salim ( 2011w ) . `` Shifting Ottoman Conceptions of Palestine : Part 2 : Ethnography and Cartography '' ( PDF ) . Jerusalem Quarterly ( 48 ) : 6 -- 16 . Notes ^ Jump up to : † Syria Palaestina ^ Jump up to : † Achaemenid Empire Jump up ^ † Coele - Syria a . † Coele - Syria During the Roman period `` Palestine '' was not the only geographical term for the region . For example , Strabo , in his description of Jerusalem and Judea , uses the term `` Coele - Syria '' ( `` all Syria '' ) , and Pliny ( as above ) uses both terms . Pliny ( Naturalis Historia 5.74 , 77 ) and Strabo ( 16.2. 16.754 ) do draw a distinction between the Decapolis and Coele - Syria . Josephus ( Antiquities 13.355 - 356 , 392 ; 14.79 , 16.275 ; and War 1.103 - 104 , 155 ) , Philo and Ptolemy tend to use Coele - Syria for the Decapolis . Nomenclatures of Syria given by Strabo Primary Cœlê - Syria & Seleucis - Syria & Phœnicia &c . &c . Cœlê - Syria ≠ Cœlo - Syrians Alternate Cœlo - Syrians & Syrians & Phœnicians Similar to nomenclature given by Herodotus Greek writers of classical antiquity used the term Palestine to refer to the region of Coele - Syria , such as Polemon of Athens and Pausanias . b . † Syria Palaestina Coinciding with either the precursors ( 129 -- 130 ) or the end ( 135 -- 136 ) of the Bar Kochba revolt , the name Syria Palestina was used officially for the entire region that had formerly included Iudaea Province . The precise date is not certain . The assertion of some scholars that the name change was intended `` to suppress Jewish national feelings '' , `` to complete the dissociation with Judaea '' , or `` may also reflect Hadrian 's decided opinions about Jews , '' is disputed . c . † Achaemenid Empire Catalogues of Satrapies of the Achaemenid empire . Darius ' Behistun inscription Histories of the Greek researcher Herodotus the tribute list the list of Persian armed forces the inscription on Darius ' tomb at Naqš - i Rustam the Daiva inscription of Xerxes . There are many satrapies mentioned in a book about Alexander the Great , the Anabasis by Arrian of Nicomedia . Darius , Behistun ( 521 BC ) Herodotus , Histories 3.90 - 94 ( Tribute list ) Darius , Naqš - i Rustam ( 492 BC ? ) Herodotus , Histories 7.61 - 96 ( Army list ) ( 480 / 481 BC ) Xerxes , XPh ( daiva inscription ) Arrian , Anabasis ( on history of the 4th century BC ) Cappadocia district III / c : Syrians , Phrygians Cappadocia Syrians ( = Cappadocians ) Cappadocia Cappadocia district IV : Cilicians Cilicia Cilicia Beyond the river district V : Phoenicia ; Palestina ; Cyprus Phoenicia ; Palestina ; Cyprus Syria ; Palestina Egypt district VI / a : Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt References Jump up ^ Reland , pages 37 - 42 , Volume I ^ Jump up to : Fahlbusch et al. , 2005 , p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : Ancient Records of Egypt : The first through the seventeenth dynasties , James Henry Breasted , page 24 ^ Jump up to : Sharon , 1988 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Carl S. Ehrlich `` Philistines '' The Oxford Guide to People and Places of the Bible . Ed . Bruce M. Metzger and Michael D. Coogan . Oxford University Press , 2001 . Jump up ^ Eberhard Schrader wrote in his seminal `` Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung '' ( `` KGF '' , in English `` Cuneiform inscriptions and Historical Research '' ) that the Assyrian term `` Pilistu '' referred to `` the East '' in general . See KGF p123 - 124 and Tiglath Pileser III by Abraham Samuel Anspacher , p48 Jump up ^ Herodotus ' Description of the East Mediterranean Coast Anson F. Rainey Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , No. 321 ( Feb. , 2001 ) , pp. 57 -- 63 Jump up ^ Jacobson 2001 : `` As early as the Histories of Herodotus , written in the second half of the fifth century B.C.E. , the term Palaistinê is used to describe not just the geographical area where the Philistines lived , but the entire area between Phoenicia and Egypt -- in other words , the Land of Israel . Herodotus , who had traveled through the area , would have had firsthand knowledge of the land and its people . Yet he used Palaistinê to refer not to the Land of the Philistines , but to the Land of Israel ^ Jump up to : Jacobson 1999 . Jump up ^ Martin Sicker ( 1999 ) . Reshaping Palestine : From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate , 1831 - 1922 . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96639 - 3 . : `` The name later appears in the Persian Wars of the Greek historian Herodotus in the form of an adjective describing `` the Philistine Syria , '' which presumably was intended to include all of Cis - Jordan . '' James Rennell ( 1800 ) . The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained : By a Comparison with Those of Other Ancient Authors , and with Modern Geography ... W. Bulmer . pp. 245 -- . : `` Herodotus , as we have said , had visited Palestine , if not Phoenicia also . The city of Jerusalem he names Cadytis , doubtless meant for the Arabian name Al Kads , the holy : in effect , a translation of the other . He says , Thalia , 5 , '' that it is a city belonging to the Syrians of Palestine ; and in his opinion , equal to Sardis. `` '' Gösta Werner Ahlström ; Gary Orin Rollefson ; Diana Vikander Edelman ( 1993 ) . The History of Ancient Palestine from the Palaeolithic Period to Alexander 's Conquest . Sheffield Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85075 - 367 - 4 . : `` The Greek historian Herodotus ( 1.105 , 3.5 ) called Cisjordan the Palestinian Syria or sometimes only Palaestina . Thus , there is a tradition from at least the fifth century BCE for the use of this name '' Isidore Singer ; Cyrus Adler ( 1925 ) . The Jewish encyclopedia : a descriptive record of the history , religion , literature , and customs of the Jewish people from the earliest times to the present day . Funk and Wagnalls https://books.google.com/books?id=2PYNAQAAMAAJ url = missing title ( help ) . : `` As early as Herodotus , who is followed by other classical writers , as Ptolemy and Pliny , the phrase Συρίε ἡ Παλαιστίνη ( Syrian Palestine , Palestine of Syria ) denotes both the littoral and the neighboring inland region ( Judea and Palestine ) , as well as the entire interior as far as the Arabian desert '' Nur Masalha , The Concept of Palestine : The Conception Of Palestine from the Late Bronze Age to the Modern Period , Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies , Volume 15 Issue 2 , Page 143 - 202 : `` Herodotus uses the name accordingly and Aristotle , for example , used the term in a way that includes the regions of Transjordan , or ' Eastern Palestine ' , beyond the Jordan Rift Valley . Herodotus ' conception of Palaistine included the Galilee and applied to Palestine in the wider sense . '' Jump up ^ Jacobson 1999 : `` The earliest occurrence of this name in a Greek text is in the mid-fifth century b.c. , Histories of Herodotus , where it is applied to the area of the Levant between Phoenicia and Egypt . '' ... `` The first known occurrence of the Greek word Palaistine is in the Histories of Herodotus , written near the mid-fifth century B.C. Palaistine Syria , or simply Palaistine , is applied to what may be identified as the southern part of Syria , comprising the region between Phoenicia and Egypt . Although some of Herodotus ' references to Palestine are compatible with a narrow definition of the coastal strip of the Land of Israel , it is clear that Herodotus does call the `` whole land by the name of the coastal strip . '' ... `` It is believed that Herodotus visited Palestine in the fifth decade of the fifth century B.C. '' ... `` In the earliest Classical literature references to Palestine generally applied to the Land of Israel in the wider sense . '' Jump up ^ FELDMAN , LOUIS H. ( 1990 ) . `` Some Observations on the Name of Palestine '' . Hebrew Union College Annual . 61 : 1 -- 23 . JSTOR 23508170 . Hence , when Herodotus ( 3.91 ) , the first classical writer to mention Palestine , speaks of the fifth province of the Persians as including Phoenicia and the part of Syria called Palestine and Cyprus ; the part of Syria called Palestine either refers only to the coastal area , so called because it had been inhabited by the Philistines , or he is speaking loosely , since the only part of the area that he had visited was apparently along the coast . Hence he called the whole land by the name of the coastal strip . That Herodotus has in mind the coastal strip may be inferred from the fact that he mentions ( 4.39 ) the peninsula running from Phoenicia beside the sea by the way of Syrian Palestine ( literally Palestinian , that is Philistine , Syria ) . He likewise mentions ( 7.89 ) the Syrians of Palestine ( again , presumably , he is thinking of the people along the coast ) in juxtaposition with the famous seafarers , the Phoenicians , as furnishing no fewer than three hundred ships to the Persians during the second expedition against Greece . If we hear ( 1.105 ) 1 ^ at the Scythians were met in Palestinian Syria by Psammetichus , the Egyptian king , it seems likely that the reference is to the coastal area formerly inhabited by the Philistines , inasmuch as we read immediately thereafter that they withdrew by way of the coastal city of Ascalon , which Herodotus locates in Syria . When Herodotus ( 3.5 ) tells us of a road which runs from Phoenicia as far as the borders of the city of Cadytis ( probably Gaza ) , `` which belongs to the so - called Syrians of Palestine , '' he again seems to be referring to the coastal area of the Philistines . A problem arises in the passage where Herodotus ( 2.104. 3 ) asserts that the Phoenicians and the Syrians of Palestine acknowledge of themselves that they learnt the custom of circumcision from the Egyptians . The reference here can not be to the Philistines , inasmuch as they were uncircumcised ( Judges 14.3 , etc . ) . While it is true that Josephus , half a millennium later ( Antiquities 8.262 and Against Apion 1.168 ff . ) , was convinced that the reference was to Jews on the grounds that they alone of the inhabitants of Syria practiced circumcision , other peoples in the region were likewise circumcised , as Jerome ( Commentary on Jeremiah 9.25 - 26 ) notes ; or , more likely , Herodotus ' information is derived from second - hand sources ( travel inland from the coast was particularly difficult and dangerous in those days ) 6 which confused the Philistines with the Jewish inhabitants of the region . Indeed , the fact that he couples the Syrians of Palestine with the Phoenicians may be a clue to the fact that he is thinking of the peoples who live , as the Phoenicians did , along the coast . ^ Jump up to : The Southern and Eastern Borders of Abar - Nahara Steven S. Tuell Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , No. 284 ( Nov. , 1991 ) , pp. 51 -- 57 , `` '' Palestinian Syria '' as a Coastal Region in Herodotus '' : `` Herodotus considered Abar - Nahara ( his `` fifth province '' ) a maritime province . That this would be true of Cyprus and Phoenicia is self - evident . However , Herodotus claims the same distinction for Syri he Palaistine kaleomenj ( `` the part of Syria called Palestine , '' or `` Palestinian Syria '' ) . Hence , in both 3.5 and 3.91 , as we have seen , he describes Palestine as a coastal strip . The argument frequently raised , that Herodotus was merely mapping out the Mediterranean coastline , is true so far as it goes . However , Herodotus claims to have been in the country he calls Palestine ( 2.106 ) ; hence , if it had extended inland to any appreciable degree , he would have known and presumably made some comment pertaining to the province 's inland reaches . But in 4.39 , as part of his grand map of the world , Herodotus describes Palestinian Syria and Phoenicia as comprising the coast of his `` second peninsula '' as it passes along the Mediterranean . Finally , in 7.89 , as part of his description of Xerxes ' invasion fleet , Herodotus notes , `` The Phoenicians and Palestinian Syrians furnished 300 ( triremes ) . '' Thus , Herodotus understands Phoenicia and Palestine to be partners , specifically in maritime enterprise . Most compelling for our purposes , however , is 7 : 89 : `` The Phoenicians lived of old , so they say , about the Red Sea , but they came out of there and settled in that part of Syria that is next to the sea . That piece of Syria , and all as far as Egypt , is called Palestine . '' It is intriguing that here Herodotus seems to use Palestine in a sense inclusive of all the coastland from Egypt north through Phoenicia . Elsewhere ( Herodotus 1.105 ; 2.104 ; 3.5 ; 3.91 ; 4.39 ) , he considers Phoenicia and Palestinian Syria as separate provinces . Particularly to be noted , however , is that the piece of Syria in which the Phoenicians are said to have settled , called here Palestine , is also explicitly said to be para thalas san ( `` next to , alongside of , the sea '' ) . Herodotus apparently considered Palestine a coastal region . Hence , his description of the satrapy of Abar Nahara , which consisted largely of Phoenicia and Palestinian Syria , as a strip of coastland is consistent with his view concerning the nature of Palestine expressed elsewhere . '' ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Edward , Physical geography of the Holy Land , Crocker & Brewster , Boston , 1865 , p. 15 . Robinson , writing in 1865 when travel by Europeans to the Ottoman Empire became common asserts that , `` Palestine , or Palestina , now the most common name for the Holy Land , occurs three times in the English version of the Old Testament ; and is there put for the Hebrew name פלשת , elsewhere rendered Philistia . As thus used , it refers strictly and only to the country of the Philistines , in the southwest corner of the land . So , too , in the Greek form , Παλαςτίνη ) , it is used by Josephus . But both Josephus and Philo apply the name to the whole land of the Hebrews ; and Greek and Roman writers employed it in the like extent . '' Jump up ^ Cohen , Getzel M. , ed. ( 2006 ) . The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria , the Red Sea Basin , and North Africa ( 1 ed . ) . University of California Press . pp. 21 -- 70 . doi : 10.1525 / j. ctt1pnd22. 5 . ISBN 9780520241480 . JSTOR 10.1525 / j. ctt1pnd22. 5 . Nevertheless , it is important to note that despite its appearance in various literary texts of and pertaining to the Hellenistic period , the term `` Palestine '' is not found on any extant Hellenistic coin or inscription . In other words , there is no attestation for its use in an official context in the Hellenistic period . Even in the early Roman period its use was not especially widespread . For example , Philo and Josephus generally used `` Judaea '' rather than `` Palestine '' to refer to the area. 48 Furthermore , `` Palestine '' is nowhere attested in the New Testament . `` Palestine '' did not come into official use until the early second century a.d. , when the emperor Hadrian decided to rename the province of Judaea ; for its new name he chose `` Syria Palaestina . '' 49 The new name took hold . It is found thereafter in inscriptions , on coins , and in numerous literary texts. 50 Thus Arrian ( 7.9. 8 , Indica 43.1 ) and Appian ( Syr. 50 ) , who lived in the second century a.d. , and Cassius Dio ( e.g. , 38.38. 4 , 39.56. 6 ) , who lived in the third , referred to the region as `` Palestine . '' And in the rabbinic literature `` Palestine '' was used as the name of the Roman province adjacent to Phoenicia and Arabia ( e.g. , Bereshith Rabbah 90.6 ) Jump up ^ Rosenfeld , Ben - Zion ( 2000 ) . `` Flavius Josephus and His Portrayal of the Coast ( Paralia ) of Contemporary Roman Palestine : Geography and Ideology '' . The Jewish Quarterly Review . 91 ( 1 / 2 ) : 143 -- 183 . doi : 10.2307 / 1454789 . JSTOR 1454789 . Josephus frequently uses the name Judaea . This name sometimes has a political significance in his writings , referring to Provincia Iudaea , created and named by the Roman administration . At other times Judaea signifies those areas of Palestine whose inhabitants are Jews , and it may also signify the area which was the biblical inheritance of Judah . Yet it seems that Josephus also uses the term to signify `` the land of the Jews , '' indicating the territorial area of the country which , according to Josephus ' ideology , belongs to the Jewish state . This sometimes conforms with the biblical utopian vision en compassing all the territory allocated to the Jews - Eretz Israel - and sometimes refers only to a part . I shall use `` Judaea '' to refer to this last option , unless otherwise stated . `` Palestine '' will be used to signify the whole region connected with the land of Israel in Josephus ' time , including the coastal region , although at that time the term was restricted to the southern part of the coastal region . Jump up ^ FELDMAN , LOUIS H. ( 1990 ) . `` Some Observations on the Name of Palestine '' . Hebrew Union College Annual . 61 : 1 -- 23 . JSTOR 23508170 . Jewish writers , notably Philo and Josephus , with few exceptions refer to the land as Judaea , reserving the name Palestine for the coastal area occupied by the Philistines ... Josephus also ( Antiquities 1.136 ) refers to Palestine , but this , too , is in connection with the land of the Philistines , the immediate context being his statement that Phylistinus is the only one of the sons of Mersaeus ( i.e. , Mizraim ) whose country has preserved the name of its founder , that is , Palaistine . ^ Jump up to : Feldman 1990 , p. 19 : `` While it is true that there is no evidence as to precisely who changed the name of Judaea to Palestine and precisely when this was done , circumstantial evidence would seem to point to Hadrian himself , since he is , it would seem , responsible for a number of decrees that sought to crush the national and religious spirit of thejews , whether these decrees were responsible for the uprising or were the result of it . In the first place , he refounded Jerusalem as a Graeco - Roman city under the name of Aelia Capitolina . He also erected on the site of the Temple another temple to Zeus . '' ^ Jump up to : Jacobson 2001 , p. 44 - 45 : `` Hadrian officially renamed Judea Syria Palaestina after his Roman armies suppressed the Bar - Kokhba Revolt ( the Second Jewish Revolt ) in 135 C.E. ; this is commonly viewed as a move intended to sever the connection of the Jews to their historical homeland . However , that Jewish writers such as Philo , in particular , and Josephus , who flourished while Judea was still formally in existence , used the name Palestine for the Land of Israel in their Greek works , suggests that this interpretation of history is mistaken . Hadrian 's choice of Syria Palaestina may be more correctly seen as a rationalization of the name of the new province , in accordance with its area being far larger than geographical Judea . Indeed , Syria Palaestina had an ancient pedigree that was intimately linked with the area of greater Israel . '' ^ Jump up to : Kaegi , 1995 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Marshall Cavendish , 2007 , p. 559 . Jump up ^ Gudrun Krämer ( 2008 ) A History of Palestine : From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel Translated by Gudrun Krämer and Graham Harman Princeton University Press , ISBN 0 - 691 - 11897 - 3 p. 16 Jump up ^ `` The British Mandate over Palestine '' . Cotf.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ ' State Of Palestine ' Name Change Ordered By Palestinian Authority President Abbas Archived 2015 - 03 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Killebrew 2005 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ `` Text of the Papyrus Harris '' . Specialtyinterests.net . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Killebrew 2005 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Bernard Bruyère , Mert Seger à Deir el Médineh , 1929 , page 32 - 37 Jump up ^ Alan Gardiner , Ancient Egyptian Onomastica , Volume 1 , Oxford , 1947 , no . 270 , pages 200 - 205 Jump up ^ Ehrlich 1996 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich 1996 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich 1996 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ ND 2715 ( = XII ; IM 64130 ; Plate 31 ) , Re-edited in TCAE , pp. 390 - 3 and Fales , CLNA , pp. 90 - 95 , 128 - 132 , 11.2 Translation in `` The Nimrud Letters '' , 1952 , H.W.F. Saggs , Volume : VI , 2001 , page 156 - 157 Jump up ^ Ehrlich 1996 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ COS , p. 2.118 i and ANET , p. 287 Jump up ^ COS , p . 2.119 D Jump up ^ Nadav Na'aman , Sennacherib 's `` Letter to God '' on His Campaign to Judah , Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , No. 214 ( Apr. , 1974 ) , pp. 25 -- 39 . Also at JSTOR Jump up ^ Daniel David Luckenbill , The Annals of Sennacherib , Oriental Institute Publications 2 , University of Chicago Press , 1924 , p104 Jump up ^ COS , p. 2.120 and ANET , p. 533 Jump up ^ Rabinowitz , Nick . `` Herodotus Timemap '' . Timemap. js - Open Source Javascript library . nickrabinowitz.com . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Book 1 , Ch. 105 : From there they marched against Egypt : and when they were in the part of Syria called Palestine , Psammetichus king of Egypt met them and persuaded them with gifts and prayers to come no further . So they turned back , and when they came on their way to the city of Ascalon in Syria , most of the Scythians passed by and did no harm , but a few remained behind and plundered the temple of Heavenly Aphrodite . ἐνθευ̂τεν δὲ ἤισαν ἐπ _̓ Αἴγυπτον . καὶ ἐπείτε ἐγένοντο ἐν τῃ̂ Παλαιστίνῃ Συρίῃ , Ψαμμήτιχος σφέας Αἰγύπτου βασιλεὺς ἀντιάσας δώροισί τε καὶ λιτῃ̂σι ἀποτράπει τὸ προσωτέρω μὴ πορεύεσθαι. οἳ δὲ ἐπείτε ἀναχωρέοντες ὀπίσω ἐγένοντο τη̂ς Συρίης ἐν Ἀσκάλωνι πόλι , τω̂ν πλεόνων Σκυθέων παρεξελθόντων ἀσινέων , ὀλίγοι τινὲς αὐτω̂ν ὑπολειφθέντες ἐσύλησαν τη̂ς οὐρανίης Ἀφροδίτης ^ Jump up to : Jacobson 1999 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Herodotus ' Description of the East Mediterranean Coast , Anson F. Rainey , Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , No. 321 ( Feb. , 2001 ) , pp. 57 -- 63 Jump up ^ Rabinowitz , Nick . `` Herodotus Timemap '' . Timemap. js - Open Source Javascript library . nickrabinowitz.com . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Book 3 , Ch. 5 : Now the only apparent way of entry into Egypt is this . The road runs from Phoenicia as far as the borders of the city of Cadytis , which belongs to the so - called Syrians of Palestine . From Cadytis ( which , as I judge , is a city not much smaller than Sardis ) to the city of Ienysus the seaports belong to the Arabians ; then they are Syrian again from Ienysus as far as the Serbonian marsh , beside which the Casian promontory stretches seawards ; from this Serbonian marsh , where Typho is supposed to have been hidden , the country is Egypt . Now between Ienysus and the Casian mountain and the Serbonian marsh there lies a wide territory for as much as three days journey , terribly arid . μούνῃ δὲ ταύτῃ εἰσὶ φανεραὶ ἐσβολαὶ ἐς Αἴγυπτον . ἀπὸ γὰρ Φοινίκης μέχρι οὔρων τω̂ν Καδύτιος πόλιος ἐστὶ Σύρων τω̂ν Παλαιστίνων καλεομένων ἀπὸ δὲ Καδύτιος ἐούσης πόλιος , ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκέει , Σαρδίων οὐ πολλῳ̂ ἐλάσσονος , ἀπὸ ταύτης τὰ ἐμπόρια τὰ ἐπὶ θαλάσσης μέχρι Ἰηνύσου πόλιος ἐστὶ του̂ Ἀραβίου , ἀπὸ δὲ Ἰηνύσου αὐ̂τις Σύρων μέχρι Σερβωνίδος λίμνης , παρ _̓ ἣν δὴ τὸ Κάσιον ὄρος τείνει ἐς θάλασσαν ἀπὸ δὲ Σερβωνίδος λίμνης , ἐν τῃ̂ δὴ λόγος τὸν Τυφω̂ κεκρύφθαι , ἀπὸ ταύτης ἤδη Αἴγυπτος . τὸ δὴ μεταξὺ Ἰηνύσου πόλιος καὶ Κασίου τε ὄρεος καὶ τη̂ς Σερβωνίδος λίμνης , ἐὸν του̂το οὐκ ὀλίγον χωρίον ἀλλὰ ὅσον τε ἐπὶ τρει̂ς ἡμέρας ὁδόν , ἄνυδρον ἐστὶ δεινω̂ς . Jump up ^ Rabinowitz , Nick . `` Herodotus Timemap '' . Timemap. js - Open Source Javascript library . nickrabinowitz.com . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Book 7 , Ch. 89 : The number of the triremes was twelve hundred and seven , and they were furnished by the following : the Phoenicians with the Syrians of Palestine furnished three hundred ; for their equipment , they had on their heads helmets very close to the Greek in style ; they wore linen breastplates , and carried shields without rims , and javelins. These Phoenicians formerly dwelt , as they themselves say , by the Red Sea ; they crossed from there and now inhabit the seacoast of Syria . This part of Syria as far as Egypt is all called Palestine . τω̂ν δὲ τριηρέων ἀριθμὸς μὲν ἐγένετο ἑπτὰ καὶ διηκόσιαι καὶ χίλιαι , παρείχοντο δὲ αὐτὰς οἵδε , Φοίνικες μὲν σὺν Σύροισι τοι̂σι ἐν τῃ̂ Παλαιστίνῃ τριηκοσίας , ὡ̂δε ἐσκευασμένοι περὶ μὲν τῃ̂σι κεφαλῃ̂σι κυνέας εἰ̂χον ἀγχοτάτω πεποιημένας τρόπον τὸν Ἑλληνικόν , ἐνδεδυκότες δὲ θώρηκας λινέους , ἀσπίδας δὲ ἴτυς οὐκ ἐχούσας εἰ̂χον καὶ ἀκόντια. οὑ̂τοι δὲ οἱ Φοίνικες τὸ παλαιὸν οἴκεον , ὡς αὐτοὶ λέγουσι , ἐπὶ τῃ̂ Ἐρυθρῃ̂ θαλάσσῃ , ἐνθευ̂τεν δὲ ὑπερβάντες τη̂ς Συρίης οἰκέουσι τὸ παρὰ θάλασσαν τη̂ς δὲ Συρίης του̂το τὸ χωρίον καὶ τὸ μέχρι Αἰγύπτου πα̂ν Παλαιστίνη καλέεται . Jump up ^ wikisource : History of Herodotus and `` The History of Herodotus '' . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Herodotus , The Histories ( English ) - Hdt. 4.38. 2 '' . perseus.uchicago.edu . Perseus Under Philologic . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . On the second peninsula enumerated per the parts of Asia west of the Persians . ( 4.39. 1 ) ... the second ( peninsula ) , beginning with Persia , stretches to the Red Sea , and is Persian land ; and next , the neighboring land of Assyria ; and after Assyria , Arabia ; this peninsula ends ( not truly but only by common consent ) at the Arabian Gulf , to which Darius brought a canal from the Nile. ( 4.39. 2 ) Now from the Persian country to Phoenicia there is a wide and vast tract of land ; and from Phoenicia this peninsula runs beside our sea by way of the Syrian Palestine and Egypt , which is at the end of it ; in this peninsula there are just three nations . ( 4.39. 1 ) αὕτη μέν νυν ἡ ἑτέρη τῶν ἀκτέων , ἡ δὲ δὴ ἑτέρη ἀπὸ Περσέων ἀρξαμένη παρατέταται ἐς τὴν Ἐρυθρὴν θάλασσαν , ἥ τε Περσικὴ καὶ ἀπὸ ταύτης ἐκδεκομένη ἡ Ἀσσυρίη καὶ ἀπὸ Ἀσσυρίης ἡ Ἀραβίη λήγει δὲ αὕτη , οὐ λήγουσα εἰ μὴ νόμῳ , ἐς τὸν κόλπον τὸν Ἀράβιον , ἐς τὸν Δαρεῖος ἐκ τοῦ Νείλου διώρυχα ἐσήγαγε. ( 4.39. 2 ) μέχρι μέν νυν Φοινίκης ἀπὸ Περσέων χῶρος πλατὺς καὶ πολλός ἐστι τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ Φοινίκης παρήκει διὰ τῆσδε τῆς θαλάσσης ἡ ἀκτὴ αὕτη παρά τε Συρίην τὴν Παλαιστίνην καὶ Αἴγυπτον , ἐς τὴν τελευτᾷ ἐν τῇ ἔθνεα ἐστὶ τρία μοῦνα . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt 2001 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` Meteorology By Aristotle '' . Classics.mit.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Aristotle ( 1 January 2004 ) . E.W. Webster , ed . Meteorology . Digireads.com Publishing . pp. 38 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4209 - 0042 - 2 . etvHt - bBafMC . Again if , as is fabled , there is a lake in Palestine , such that if you bind a man or beast and throw it in it floats and does not sink ( Aristotle , Webster ed. 2004 , p. 38 ) Jump up ^ Aristotle , Meteorology 1.8 , trans . E.W. Webster , rev. J. Barnes . Jump up ^ Studies in Josephus and the varieties of ancient Judaism : Louis H. Feldman . BRILL . p. 113 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Feldman 1996 , p. 558 . Jump up ^ Grotius , Hugo ; John CLARKE ( Dean of Salisbury . ) ( 1809 ) . The Truth of the Christian Religion ... Corrected and illustrated with notes by Mr. Le Clerc . To which is added , a seventh book , concerning this question , What Christian church we ought to join ourselves to ? By the said Mr. Le Clerc . The ninth edition , with additions . Particularly one whole book of Mr. Le Clerc 's against indifference of what religion a man is of . Done into English by John Clarke . p. 64 . Polemon , &c . ) He seems to have lived in the Time of Ptolemy Epiphanes ; concerning which , see that very useful Book of the famous Gerrard Vossius , of the Greek Historians . Africanus says , the Greek Histories were wrote by him ; which is the same Book Athenæus calls , ? ? ? . His Words are these : `` In the Reign of Apis the Son of Phoroneus , Part of the Egyptian Army went out of Egypt , and dwelt in Syria called Palestine , not far from Arabia . '' As Africanus preserved the Place of Polemon , so Eusebius in his Chronology preserved that of Africanus . ( p. 64 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ `` The Arabs in Antiquity : Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads , Jan Retso , Routledge , 4 Jul 2013 '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Men on the Rocks : The Formation of Nabataean Petra , Michel Mouton , Stephan G. Schmid , Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH , 2013 '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Diodorus of Sicily , with an English translation by C.H. Oldfather '' . Archive.org. 2010 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Noth 1939 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Diodorus ( Siculus . ) ( 1814 ) . The Historical Library of Diodorus the Sicilian : In Fifteen Books . To which are Added the Fragments of Diodorus , and Those Published by H. Valesius , I. Rhodomannus , and F. Ursinus . W. MʻDowall . pp. 183 -- . `` The mariner passing by this country of palms , arrives at an island near to a promontory of the continent , which is called the Island of Sea - calves , from the great multitudes of those creatures that frequent this place . The sea here so abounds with them that it is to the admiration of the beholders . The promontory that shoots out towards this island lies over against Petra in Arabia and Palestine . It is said that the Gerrheans and Mineans bring out of the higher Arabia frankincense and other oderiferous gums into this island ( Tiran Island ) . '' p. 183 at Google Books Jump up ^ Strabo ( 1889 ) . The Geography of Strabo . H.G. Bohn . p. 204 . Next is the island of Phocae ( Seals ) , ( Sheduan . The `` Saspirene insula '' of Ptolemy ) which has its name from those animals , which abound there . Near it is a promontory which extends towards Petra , of the Arabians called Nabataei , and to the country of Palestine , ( The meaning of Strabo seems to be , that this cape is in a direction due south of Petra and Palestine ) to this ( island ) the Minaei , Gerrhaei , and all the neighbouring nations repair with loads of aromatics . ( p. 204 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ `` Tibullus and Sulpicia : The Poems , Translated by A.S. Kline '' . Poetryintranslation.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Feldman 1996 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ `` Latin quote : Quaque die redeunt , rebus minus apta gerendis , culta Palaestino septima festa Syro '' . Thelatinlibrary.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Feldman 1996 , p. 565 . Jump up ^ Book IV , 45 - 46 `` ... Babylonia , narret , Derceti , quam versa squamis velantibus artus stagna Palaestini credunt motasse figura an magis , ut sumptis illius filia pennis extremes albis in turribus egerit annos , nais an ut cantu nimiumque potentibus herbis verteritin tacitos iuvenalia corpora pisces '' Jump up ^ Book V , 144 - 145 `` occidit et Celadon Mendesius , occidit Astreus matre Palaestina dubio genitore creatus '' Jump up ^ `` Ovid : Fasti , Book Two '' . Poetryintranslation.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Philo : Every Good Man is Free '' . Earlychristianwritings.com. 2006 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Philo : On the Life of Moses , Book I '' . Earlychristianwritings.com. 2006 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Philo ( of Alexandria ) ( 1855 ) . `` On the Life of Moses '' . The works of Philo Judaeus , the contemporary of Josephus . H.G. Bohn . p. 37 . When then ( Moses ) he received the supreme authority , with the good will of all his subjects , God himself being the regulator and approver of all his actions , he conducted his people as a colony into Phoenicia , and into the hollow Syria ( Coele - syria ) , and Palestine , which was at that time called the land of the Canaanites , the borders of which country were three days ' journey distant from Egypt . ( p. 37 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ `` Philo : On Abraham '' . Earlychristianwritings.com. 2006 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Pomponius Mela ( 1998 ) . Frank E. Romer , ed . Pomponius Mela 's Description of the World . University of Michigan Press . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08452 - 6 . 62 . Syria holds a broad expanse of the littoral , as well as lands that extend rather broadly into the interior , and it is designated by different names in different places . For example , it is called Coele , Mesopotamia , Judaea , Commagene , and Sophene. 63 . It is Palestine at the point where Syria abuts the Arabs , then Phoenicia , and then -- where it reaches Cilicia -- Antiochia . ( ... ) 64 . In Palestine , however , is Gaza , a mighty and well fortified city . Jump up ^ `` Pomponius Mela , De Chorographia Liber Primus '' . Thelatinlibrary.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Syria late litora tenet , terrasque etiam latius introrsus , aliis aliisque nuncupata nominibus : nam et Coele dicitur et Mesopotamia et Damascene et Adiabene et Babylonia et Iudaea et Commagene et Sophene . Hic Palaestine est qua tangit Arabas , tum Phoenice ; et ubi se Ciliciae committit Antiochia , olim ac diu potens , sed cum eam regno Semiramis tenuit longe potentissima . Operibus certe eius insignia multa sunt ; duo maxime excellunt ; constituta urbs mirae magnitudinis Babylon , ac siccis olim regionibus Euphrates et Tigris immissi . Jump up ^ Pliny 's Natural History . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Pliny , Book 12 , Chapter 40 '' . Perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Idumaeas autem palmas ab Idumaeorum gente , id est ludaeorum , quae regio est in Syria Palaestina '' In Vergilii Bucolica et Georgica commentarius , accedunt scholiorum Veronensium et aspri quaestionum Vergilianarum fragmenta , editor : Henricus Keil ( 1848 ) Jump up ^ `` Punica , Volume III , 605 - 607 '' . Archive.org. 2010 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Reland 1714 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Feldman 1996 , p. 567 . Jump up ^ s : Against Apion / Book I Jump up ^ s : The Antiquities of the Jews / Book XX ^ Jump up to : Feldman 1996 Jump up ^ Publius Papinius Statius ; Gustave Queck ( 1854 ) . `` Silvae '' . Publius Papinius Statius . B.G. Teubneri . p. 58 . Isis , ... gently with thine own hand lead the peerless youth , on whom the Latian prince hath bestowed the standards of the East and the bridling of the cohorts of Palestine , ( i.e. , a command on the Syrian front ) through festal gate and sacred haven and the cities of thy land . ( p. 58 at Google Books & p. 163 at archive.org ) Jump up ^ ( Statius . Silvae . Ed . J.H. Mozley . London , New York : William Heinemann Ltd. , G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1928 . ) p. 163 at archive.org Jump up ^ `` Lucullus , By Plutarch '' . Classics.mit.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Plutarch ; John Langhorne ; William Langhorne ( 1866 ) . Plutarch 's Lives . Applegate and Company . pp. 332 , 419 . Images of p. 332 & p. 419 at Google Books Jump up ^ The Works of Achilles Tatius p. 256 at Archive.org ^ Jump up to : Lehmann , Clayton Miles ( Summer 1998 ) . `` Palestine : History : 135 -- 337 : Syria Palaestina and the Tetrarchy '' . The On - line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces . University of South Dakota . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Foster , Zachary ( November 2017 ) . `` Southern Syria '' . The Invention of Palestine ( thesis ) . Princeton University . pp. 95 -- 110 . ISBN 9780355480238 . Docket 10634618 . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Some of this history is not without controversy . The most infamous incident was the alleged name change from Judaea to Palestine in 135 CE . Most scholars believe the Roman Emperor Hadrian changed the provincial administrative name of Judaea to Palestine to erase the Jewish presence in the land , a point often seized by Israel apologists because it squares nicely with the theory that Jews have faced millennia of uninterrupted persecution . What Israel apologists do n't know is that it 's equally likely the name change had little to do with Jew hatred and more to do with Hadrian 's romance with ancient Greece . It 's also possible Judaea gradually fell from use out of derelict rather than spite . These theories are little known even among scholars because they serve no political agenda . Regrettably , it seems too many historians of Hadrian and the Jews of the Roman Empire have fallen victim to the propaganda ... The Roman Emperor Hadrian is claimed to have replaced the district of Judaea with Palestine to erase the land 's Jewish identity after crushing the Bar - Kokhba revolt in 135 AD , what we might call the erasure hypothesis ... Historians do not believe that Hadrian preserved the administrative boundaries of Judaea and simply rename the province Palestine . Instead , the consensus is that the district was abolished altogether and replaced not with Palaestina , but with Syria - Palaestina . Palaestina , to repeat , was not the name of a Roman administrative province beginning in 135 . Now let 's discuss the evidence in support of the erasure hypothess . Recall that the Romans banned circumcision , hellenized Jerusalem and levied a half - shekel tax on the Jews to pay for it . This inspired rebellion . The leader of the rebellion , Bar Kokhba , took complete control of Judaea ( although not Jerusalem ) in 132 , annihilating Roman troops stationed in Judaea and even a unit sent from Egypt . Bar Kokhba ruled Judaea for more than two years . He inaugurated a new calendar , `` the First Year of the Redemption of Israel '' and issued leases of parcels of land . He probably inspired Jewish insurrection elsewhere in the Empire too . In response , Emperor Hadrian summoned his best generals to quell the revolt . This included Julius Severus from Britain and other units from Syria and the Danube . In total , some 12 or 13 legions participated , an enormous troop deployment for a territory the size of Judaea . Hadrian even made two visits to the front lines himself . His units incurred heavy losses , but managed to crush the rebellion , obliterating 50 major outposts , 1,000 villages and killing tens if not hundreds of thousands of Jews . The Romans dispossessed Jews of their land in Jerusalem after their re-conquest in 135 AD . They destroyed a Samaritan ( Hebrew offshoot ) sanctuary at Mount Gerizim ( near Nablus ) and sold Jewish slaves in Gaza and Hebron for the price of a horse . The Romans outlawed anyone from practicing Mosaic law or owning scrolls . Pagan shrines were built over Jewish ones . The rabbis were traumatized by the gruesome violence , even claiming that `` the gentiles fertilized their vineyards for seven years with the blood of Israel without using manure . '' Hadrian had ample reason to change the name and `` to stamp out the embers '' of `` Jewish nationhood and statehood , '' as Bernard Lewis put it . But there are also some major problems with the erasure hypothesis . It assumes that Palestine was not already the name of a region that included Judaea . If it was , then how could Hadrian have changed the name to Palestine ? ... But Palestine did not emerge forth from Judaea , it had coexisted with it long before it was putatively changed to it . Herodotus ( d. 425 BC ) was the first on record in the Greek world to use the term Palestine . The prevailing theory is that he adopted the term from Aramaic -- both because Aramaic was the closest thing the Near East had at that time to a lingua franca and because Middle Aramaic , a Semitic language related to Hebrew , had a form of that word -- Pi - li - s - ta'in -- closest to Herodotus 's Greek usage ... Others writers ... used the term before 135 CE , and they included Judaea in it . So , Palestine included Judaea a long time before Hadrian said it included Judaea . We have a plausible motive for the change without knowing anything else about Hadrian : he called the place what it was called . Interestingly , Hadrian ... admired Greek aesthetics , art and philosophy and even changed provincial names to Greek ones elsewhere in the Empire as symbolic acts of restoration . This included the city of Antigonea , called that by the Macedonian king Antigonus Doson , which he changed to Mantinea -- its Greek name during the time of Sparta 's prominence ; the city of Sepphoris , which was renamed Diocaesarea in Hadrian 's honor in 130 ; he renamed Jerusalem Aelia Capitolina -- to remind Christian Roman dissenters that it was Aelius Hadrianus -- i.e. himself -- who held power in Jerusalem . It 's plausible he renamed Judaea not because he wanted to give BDS a head start , as Malcolm Hoenlein believed , but rather because he loved the Greeks -- and he thought the Greeks called the place Palestine ... The decision to change the name to Palestine may have been a banal bureaucratic choice . The whole affair might have passed without anyone thinking there was anything vengeful about the change . This seems plausible , especially given the paucity of direct evidence around who made the change , when and under what circumstances . If the administrative reorganization was indeed banal , then we might have expected both names to have persisted after the change , which is exactly what happened . An inscription in modern Austria from after the reported change described someone as the procurator of Judaea ; another from Ephesus , Turkey , identified Sextus Erucius Clarus as governor of Judaea -- and those were official inscriptions . Other Greek and Roman unofficial sources , including Galen , Celsus , Dio Cassius , Festus , Eutropius , Martianus Capella , Orosius and the anonymous author of Epitome de Caesaribus used the term Judaea , often side by side Palestine , as if they were synonyms -- centuries after it had putatively been erased . The 4th century writer Epiphanius , for instance , explicitly claimed `` Palaestina '' is `` Judaea . '' Could all those writers have been so blasphemous against Rome -- reviving the name that Hadrian vengefully erased ? 135 AD might not have been as important a moment as everyone seems to think . Jump up ^ Louis H. Feldman ( 1996 ) . Studies in Hellenistic Judaism . BRILL . p. 553 . Jump up ^ Published in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum , XVI , no . 87 : scan Jump up ^ Valerie A. Maxfield ( 1 January 1981 ) . The Military Decorations of the Roman Army . University of California Press . p. 291 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04499 - 9 . Jump up ^ Antoine Héron de Villefosse ( 2010 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Diplôme militaire de l'annee 139 , découvert en Syrie . Note de M. Héron de Villefosse , membre de l'Académie '' . Persee.fr . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` In the Louvre '' . Louvre.fr . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Schürer , Emil ( 2014 ) . `` The Sibylline Oracles '' . The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ : Volume 3 . A&C Black . p. 620 . ISBN 9780567604521 . Unique and noteworthy is also the discussion in Pausanias , who mentions four : ( 1 ) the Libyan Sibyl , ( 2 ) the Herophile of Marpessos or Erythrae , i.e. from Asia Minor , who also prophesied in Delphi , ( 3 ) the Demo in Cumae and ( 4 ) the Sabbe of the Hebrews in Palestine , who was also called the Babylonian or Egyptian , i.e. the Oriental . It seems that Pausanias has noted that the traditions relating to the Sibyls suggest four different categories of prophecy , and that he has simply assigned a geographical location to each . ; Buitenwerf , Rieuwerd ( 2010 ) . `` The identity of the prophetess Sibyl in `` Sibylline Oracles '' III. `` . Prophets and Prophecy in Jewish and Early Christian Literature . Coronet Books Incorporated . p. 44 . ISBN 9783161503382 . Pausanias ( X 12.9 ) mentions the tradition of a Hebrew Sibyl in Palestine called Sabbe , daughter of Berossus and Erymanthe . ; Martin Goodman ( 1998 ) . Jews in a Graeco - Roman World . Oxford University Press . p. 35 . ISBN 9780191518362 . By the second century CE Pausanias could make specific reference to a Sibyl of the Hebrews in Palestine alongside the Erythraean , Libyan , and Cumaean Sibyls . ; Collins , John Joseph ( 2001 ) . Seers , Sibyls , and Sages in Hellenistic - Roman Judaism . BRILL . p. 185 . ISBN 9780391041103 . Pausanias concludes his list of sibyls with reference to a prophetess who was : `` brought up in Palestine named Sabbe , whose father was Berosus and her mother Erymanthe . Some say she was a Babylonian , while others call her an Egyptian Sibyl . Jump up ^ `` Book 1 Chapter 14 '' . Perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pausanias , Description of Greece , 9 . 1 - 22 '' . Theoi.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Parke , Herbert William . Sibyls and sibylline prophecy in classical antiquity . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Publius Aelius Aristides ( 1986 ) . `` III . To Plato : In Defense of the Four '' . The complete works : Orationes I - XVI , with an appendix containing the fragments and inscriptions. 1 . Charles A. Behr , trans . Leiden : Brill Archive . p. 275 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 07844 - 4 . Jump up ^ Appian of Alexandria . `` Preface of the Roman History '' . Livius.org . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Lucian ( of Samosata . ) ( 1888 ) . Howard Williams , ed . Lucian 's Dialogues : Namely , The Dialogues of the Gods , of the Sea - gods , & of the Dead ; Zeus the Tragedian , the Ferry - boat , Etc . George Bell & Sons . pp. 18 -- . MTYOLns5pAcC . Lucian , WILLIAMS ed. 1888 , p. 18 at Google Books Jump up ^ Pearse , Roger . `` Lucian of Samosata : THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS '' . The Tertullian Project . tertullian.org . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anabasis Alexandri '' . Archive.org . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Karl Friedrich August Nobbe , Geography , Book 5 , Chapter 15 Jump up ^ `` 16 . The New Jewish World - Digitaler Ausstellungskatalog '' . Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Ulpian on Tyre 's Juridical Status '' . www.livius.org . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Tertullian . The Selected Works of Tertullian ( Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus ) . Library of Alexandria . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4655 - 8843 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Epistle to Aristides '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cassius Dio Cocceianus ( 1914 ) . `` Book XXXVII '' . Dio 's Roman History . 3 . W. Heinemann . p. 127 . ( 5 ) This was the course of events at that time in Palestine ; for this is the name that has been given from of old to the whole country extending from Phoenicia to Egypt along the inner sea . They have also another name that they have acquired : the country has been named Judaea , and the people themselves Jews . ( 17 ) ( 1 ) I do not know how this title came to be given to them , but it applies also to all the rest of mankind , although of alien race , who affect their customs . This class exists even among the Romans , and though often repressed has increased to a very great extent and has won its way to the right of freedom in its observances . ( Image of p. 127 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ `` Historia Romana , The Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus in 70CE '' . Homepages.luc.edu . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Quadrigae Tyrannorum ( The Four tyrants : The Lives of Firmus , Saturninus , Proculus and Bonosus ) The Life of Septimius Severus Divus Aurelianus ( Life of Aurelian ) Jump up ^ Lendering , Jona . `` Historia Augusta '' . www.livius.org . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Historia Augusta Lives of Firmus , Saturninus , Proculus and Bonosus '' . penelope.uchicago.edu . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Historia Augusta Life of Septimius Severus '' . penelope.uchicago.edu . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Historia Augusta Life of Aurelian ( Part 2 of 3 ) '' . penelope.uchicago.edu . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Itinerarium Antonini Avgvsti et Hierosolymitanvm : ex libris manvscriptis , By Gustav Parthey , p276 '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Röhricht 1890 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Roger Pearse ( 2002 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Eusebius ' History of the Martyrs in Palestine , translated by William Cureton '' . Ccel.org . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Professor Robert Louis Wilken ( 2009 ) . The Land Called Holy : Palestine in Christian History and Thought . ISBN 0 - 300 - 06083 - 1 . Jump up ^ Röhricht 1890 , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Reland 1714 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Exodus 6 . 6 . Jump up ^ Judges 2 . 16 . Jump up ^ `` Book I : 209 '' . Against the Galileans . Translated by Wilmer Cave Wright , 1923 , at Wikisource Jump up ^ Sextus Aurelius Victor ; Banchich , Thomas Michael ( 2000 ) . A Booklet about the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores : Abbreviated from the Books of Sextus Aurelius Victor . Buffalo , NY : Canisius College . p. 10 . Vespasian ruled ten years . ( ... ) Volgeses , King of Parthia , was compelled to peace . 13 . The Syria for which Palestina is the name , ( 143 ) and Cilicia , and Trachia and Commagene , which today we call Augustophratensis , were added to the provinces . Judaea , too , was added . Jump up ^ Marcus Junianus Justinus ; Cornelius Nepos ; Eutropius ( 1853 ) . Justin , Cornelius Nepos , and Eutropius : literally translated , with notes and a general index . H.G. Bohn . p. 504 . XIX ... Vespasian , who had been chosen emperor in Palestine , a prince indeed of obscure birth , but worthy to be compared with the best emperors . ( Image of p. 504 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Eutropius ; John Clarke ( 1793 ) . Eutropii Historiæ romanæ breviarium : cum versione anglica , in qua verbum de verbo exprimitur ; notis quoque & indice . J.F. and C. Rivington and T. Evans . p. 109 . Sub hoc Judæa Romano accessit Imperio , & Hierosolyma , quæ fuit urbs clarissima Palestinæ . ( Under him Judæa was added to the Roman Empire ; and Jerusalem , which was a very famous city of Palestine . ) ( Image of p. 109 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Ammianus Marcellinus . `` Ammianus Marcellinus , Book XIV , 8 , 11 '' . Tertullian.org . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Ammianus Marcellinus ( 1894 ) . The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus : During the Reigns of the Emperors Constantius , Julian , Jovianus , Valentinian , and Valens . G. Bell . p. 29 . 11 . The last province of the Syrias is Palestine , a district of great extent , abounding in well - cultivated and beautiful land , and having several magnificent cities , all of equal importance , and rivalling one another as it were in parallel lines . For instance , Caesarea , which Herod built in honour of the Prince Octavianus , and Eleutheropolis , and Neapolis , and also Ascalon , and Gaza , cities built in bygone ages . ( p. 29 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ `` Letters of St. Jerome , Letter 33 '' . Newadvent.org . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ M.L. McClure ; C.L. Feltoe ( 1919 ) . The Pilgrimage of Etheria . Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge . html main text archive.org Jump up ^ Vicchio , Stephen J. ( 4 October 2006 ) . Job in the Medieval World . Wipf and Stock Publishers . p. 23 n . 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59752 - 533 - 6 . Origen produced a full - length exposition of the book of Job , as did his student , Avagrius . Fragments of Origen 's commentary survive in Migne 's Patrologia Graeca , under the titles , `` Selecta of Job '' and `` Enarrationes in Job . '' Another Job commentary attributed to Origen and extant in a Latin translation in three books is not genuine . Early twentieth - century scholars conclusively have attributed the work , Commenttarium on Iob , to Maximinus , a fourth century Arian writer . Jump up ^ Scheck , Thomas P. ; Erasmus , Desiderius ( 1 February 2016 ) . Erasmus 's Life of Origen . CUA Press . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8132 - 2801 - 3 . Jump up ^ Steinhauser , Kenneth B. ; Müller , Hildegund ; Weber , Dorothea ( 2006 ) . Anonymi in Iob commentarius . Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften . Steinhauser asserts that the author is Auxentius of Durostorum Jump up ^ Anonymi ( not Origen ) ( 1844 ) . Carl Heinrich Eduard Lommatzsch , ed . Origenis Opera omnia quae graece vel latine tantum exstant et ejus nomine circumferuntur . XVI . Anonymi in Job commentarius . Adamantii de recta in Deum fide . Sumtibus Haude et Spener . p. 24 . Images of p 24 & Title page i . & Title page ii . at Google Books Jump up ^ Saint John Chrysostom ; Roth , Catharine P. ( 1984 ) . On Wealth and Poverty . St Vladimir 's Seminary Press . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88141 - 039 - 6 . Jump up ^ John Chrysostom ( 2011 ) . `` HOMILY III - Against those who keep the first Paschal Fast '' . Eight Homilies Against the Jews . Lulu.com . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 257 - 83078 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jacques - Paul Migne ( 1859 ) . `` IN EOS QUI PASCHA JEJUNANT - Adversus Judaeos III '' . Patrologiae cursus completus : seu bibliotheca universalis , integra , uniformis , commoda , oeconomica , omnium SS . Patrum , doctorum scriptorumque ecclesiasticorum , sive latinorum , sive graecorum , qui ab aevo apostolico ad tempora Innocentii III ( anno 1216 ) pro latinis et ad concilii Florentini tempora ( ann. 1439 ) pro graecis floruerunt . Series graeca , in quo prodeunt patres , doctores scriptoresque ecclesiae graecae a S. Barnaba ad Bessarionem. 48 . p. 870 . Vide namque quantum sit discrimen . Illud corporalem mortem prohibebat , hoc iram sedavit , quae adversum universum terrarum orbem serebatur : illud ab AEgypto vindicavit , hoc ab idololatria liberavit : illud Pharaonem , hoc diabolum suffocavit : post illud Palastina , post hoc caelum . ( Image of p. 870 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Thomas A. Idniopulos ( 1998 ) . `` Weathered by Miracles : A History of Palestine From Bonaparte and Muhammad Ali to Ben - Gurion and the Mufti '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Le Strange 1890 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ `` Roman Arabia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Synecdemus , E. Weber , 1840 , page 398 Jump up ^ Georgii Cyprii descripto orbis Romani , edidit praefatus est commentario instruxit Henricus Gelzer , 1890 , page XLVI Jump up ^ Epiphanius ' Treatise on Weights and Measures : The Syriac Version , Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization ( SAOC ) , page 30 , line 54c Jump up ^ Sir William Smith ( 1880 ) . A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology : Earinus - Nyx. J. Murray . pp. 465 -- . 7 . Commenturii in Ezechielem , in fourteen books , written at intervals during the years A.D. 411 - 414 , the task having been begun immediately after the commentaries upon Isaiah , but repeatedly broken off . See Prolegg. and Ep. 126 ad Marcellin. et Anapsych . ( Ed . Bened . vol . iii . p. 698 . ) ( p. 465 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ `` St. Jerome on Ezekiel Pt. 1 - Latin '' . Aquinas Study Bible - Ezekiel . Google Sites . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . iuda et terra israel ipsi institores tui in frumento primo ; balsamum et mel et oleum et resinam proposuerunt in nundinis tuis . ( lxx : iudas et filii israel isti negotiatores tui in frumenti commercio et unguentis ; primum mel et oleum et resinam dederunt in nundinis tuis ) . uerbum hebraicum ' phanag ' aquila , symmachus et theodotio ita ut apud hebraeos positum est transtulerunt , pro quo septuaginta ' unguenta ' , nos ' balsamum ' uertimus . dicitur autem quibus terra iudaea , quae nunc appellatur palaestina , abundet copiis frumento , balsamo , melle et oleo et resina , quae a iuda et israel ad tyri nundinas deferuntur . Jump up ^ Sainte Bible expliquée et commentée , contenant le texte de la Vulgate . Bibl . Ecclésiastique. 1837 . p. 41 . Quod si objeceris terram repromissionis dici , quae in Numerorum volumine continetur ( Cap . 34 ) , a meridie maris Salinarum per Sina et Cades - Barne , usque ad torrentem Aegypti , qui juxta Rhinocoruram mari magno influit ; et ab occidente ipsum mare , quod Palaestinae , Phoenici , Syriae Coeles , Ciliciaeque pertenditur ; ab aquilone Taurum montem et Zephyrium usque Emath , quae appellatur Epiphania Syriae ; ad orientem vero per Antiochiam et lacum Cenereth , quae nunc Tiberias appellatur , et Jordanem , qui mari influit Salinarum , quod nunc Mortuum dicitur ; ( Image of p. 41 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Hieronymus ( 1910 ) . `` Epistola CXXIX Ad Dardanum de Terra promissionis ( al. 129 ; scripta circa annum 414ce ) '' . Epistularum Pars III -- Eusebius Hieronymus epistulae 121 - 154 , p. 171 ( The fifty - sixth volume of Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum also known as the Vienna Corpus : Letters Part 3 , Containing letters 121 - 154 of St. Jerome . ) Image of p. 171 at Archive.org Jump up ^ Migne , Jacques - Paul ( 1864 ) . Patrologiæ cursus completus : seu , Bibliotheca universalis , integra , uniformis , commoda , oeconomica omnium SS . patrum , doctorum , scriptorumque ecclesiasticorum . Series græca. 80 . J. - P. Migne . pp. 1911 -- 1912 . INTERPR . PSALMI CXXXII . Vers. 3 . Sicut rus Hermonis . qui descendit in montem Sion . Rurus ad aliam similitudinem transit , concordiae utilitatem docens : et hane dixit similem es e rori , qui ab Hermon in Sionem defertur . Tantus autem hic est , ut tegulae stillas emittant . Hermon autem mons est Palaestinae , e terra : Israelis tantum non contiguus . Quoniam illic mandavit Dominus benedictionem et vitam usque in saeculum . Non in Hermone , sed in Sione . In qua vitalis ros sancti Spiritus in sacros apostolos missus fuit , per quem fideles omnes sempiternam gratiam percipiunt . ΕΡΜΗΝ . ΤΟΥ ΡΛΒʹ ΨΑΛΜΟΥ . γʹ . Ὡς δρόσος Ἀερμὼν ἡ καταβαίνουσα ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη Σιών . Πάλιν εἰς ἑτέραν εἰκόνα μετέβη , τῆς συμφωνίας διδάσκων τὸ χρήσιμον καὶ ταύτην ἔφη σεν ἐοικέναι τῇ δρόσῳ , τῇ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀερμὼν τῇ Σιὼν ἐπιφερομένῃ . Τοσαύτη δὲ αὕτη , ὡς καὶ στα γόνας τοὺς κεράμους ἐκπέμπειν . Τὸ δὲ Ἀερμὼν ὄρος ἐστὶ , καὶ αὐτὸ τῆς Παλαιστίνης , τῇ γῇ διαφέ ρων τοῦ Ἰσραήλ . Ὅτι ἐκεῖ ἐνετείλατο Κύριος τὴν εὐλογίαν , ζωὴν ἕως τοῦ αἰῶνος . Οὐκ ἐν Ἀερμὼν , ἀλλ ' ἐν τῇ Σιὼν , ἐν ᾗ καὶ τοῦ παναγίου Πνεύματος ἐπὶ τοὺς ἱεροὺς ἀποστόλους ἡ ζωοποιὸς κατεπέμφθη δρόσος , δι ' ἧς ἅπαντες οἱ πιστεύοντες τὴν αἰώνιον εὐλογίαν καρποῦνται . ( Image of p. 1911 & p. 1912 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Young 's Literal Translation ( 1863 ) . The holy Bible , tr. by R. Young . p. 394 . PSALMS . CXXXIII . A Song of the Ascents , by David . v. 1 Lo , how good and how pleasant The dwelling of brethren -- even together ! v. 2 As the good oil on the head , Coming down on the beard , the beard of Aaron , That cometh down on the skirt of his robes , v. 3 As dew of Hermon -- That cometh down on hills of Zion , For there Jehovah commanded the blessing -- Life unto the age ! ( Image of p. 394 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Theodoret of Cyrus ; Hill , Robert C. ( 1 February 2001 ) . Theodoret of Cyrus : Commentary on the Psalms , 73 - 150 . CUA Press . p. 312 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8132 - 0102 - 3 . note 2 . Geography is one area where Theodoret feels he has some competence . as we have seen . Perhaps he could have adverted to passages like Deut 4.48 that put Mount Hermon on Israel 's northern border . An observation on geography is felt pertinent by him -- but nothing of a general nature on the value of harmony in the Christian community from the psalm , which has much to offer on the theme . Jump up ^ `` Theodoret , Ecclesiastical History '' . Newadvent.org . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Spicilegium Romanum , LXXXVIII , Angelo Mai Jump up ^ Zosimus New History , Book I Jump up ^ `` Extract from the Life of St Saba '' . Archive.org. 2010 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Caesarea . ) , Procopius ( da ; Wilson , C.W. ; Lewis , Hayter ( 1 January 1999 ) . Of the Buildings of Justinian : Translated by Aubrey Stewart ... and Annotated by Col. Sir C.W. Wilson ... and Professor Hayter Lewis . Adegi Graphics LLC . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4212 - 6393 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bill , Thayer . `` The Buildings of Procopius Book V '' . LacusCurtius : . Loeb Classical Library . Jump up ^ `` History of the Wars , Books I and II ( of 8 ) , by Procopius '' . Gutenberg.org. 2005 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The History of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon . Book , page 89 / 1165 '' . Knowledgerush.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Röhricht 1890 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Antiochus Strategos , monk of Mar Saba c. 650 ( 1991 ) . Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium , ed . Antiochus Strategos of Mar Saba. , Capture of Jerusalem - Orientalia Christiana Periodica. 57 . Pont . institutum orientalium studiorum . p. 77 . xxvZAAAAMAAJ . Palestinian monk Antiochus Strategos of Mar Saba. in his Capture of Jerusalem , the Georgian text of which fills 66 large octavo pages of 33 lines each . Strategos devoted particular attention to the massacre perpetrated by the Jews in `` the reservoir of Mamel '' ( Abrahamson et al. , p. 55 , The Persian conquest of Jerusalem in 614 compared with Islamic conquest of 638 ) Jump up ^ Abu Salih the Armenian ; Abu al - Makarim ( 1895 ) . Basil Thomas Alfred Evetts , ed . `` History of Churches and Monasteries '' , Abu Salih the Armenian c. 1266 - Part 7 of Anecdota Oxoniensia : Semitic series Anecdota oxoniensia . ( Semitic series -- pt . VII ) . Clarendon Press . pp. 39 --. the emperor Heraclius , on his way to Jerusalem , promised his protection to the Jews of Palestine . ( Abu Salih the Armenian , Abu al - Makarim , ed . Evetts 1895 , p. 39 , Part 7 of Anecdota Oxoniensia : Semitic series Anecdota oxoniensia . Semitic series -- pt . VII ) ( Abu Salih the Armenian was just the Book 's owner , the author is actually Abu al - Makarim . ) Jump up ^ Arculfi relatio de locis sanctis scripta ab Adamnano , p. 30 , Latin Jump up ^ The pilgrimage of Arculfus , Palestine Pilgrims ' Text Society ( 1897 ) , page 66 Jump up ^ Röhricht 1890 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Jerusalem for the Three Monotheistic Religions . A Theological Synthesis , Alviero Niccacci '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ The Ḥaram of Jerusalem , 324 - 1099 : temple , Friday Mosque , area of spiritual power , by Andreas Kaplony . Books.google.co.uk. 2002 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Palestine Pilgrims ' Text Society ( 1891 ) : The hodæporicon of Saint Willibald , page 48 Jump up ^ Röhricht 1890 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicle of Theophanes : An English Translation , Harry Turtledove '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Theophanes ( the Confessor ) ( 1 September 1982 ) . Harry Turtledove , ed . The Chronicle of Theophanes : Anni Mundi 6095 - 6305 ( A.D. 602 - 813 ) . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 35 -- . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1128 - 6 . lK5wIPb4Vi4C . Since Muhammad was a helpless orphan , he thought it good to go to a rich woman named Khadija ... to manage her camels and conduct her business in Egypt and Palestine ... When he ( Muhammad ) went to Palestine he lived with both Jews and Christians , and hunted for certain writings among them . ( Theophanes 1982 , p. 35 , The Chronicle of Theophanes ) ^ Jump up to : Le Strange 1890 ^ Jump up to : Röhricht 1890 , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Röhricht 1890 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Eutychii Annales '' . Archive.org. 2010 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Eutychius ( Patriarch of Alexandria ) ( 1863 ) . J.P. Migne , ed . Epistolai , Volume 111 of Patrologiæ cursus completus : Series Græca. 111 . PmJ7zGaz9D4C . ( Pocoke , Annals ) from this ( Migne 1863 , Patrlogie , Series Graeca iii . ) Jump up ^ Mosheim , Johann Lorenz ( 1847 ) . Institutes of Ecclesiastical History , Ancient and Modern : In Four Books , Much Corrected , Enlarged , and Improved from the Primary Authorities . Harper & Brothers . pp. 426 --. pg0QAAAAYAAJ . CHAPTER II : ADVERSITIES OF THE CHURCH. : 1 Persecutions of the Christians. : ... The Christians suffered less in this than in the preceding centuries ... In the East especially in Syria and Palestine the Jews sometimes rose upon the Christians with great violence ( Eutyrhius , Annales tom ii. , p. 236 , &c . Jo . Henr . Hottinger , Historia Orientalis , lib . i. , c. id. , p. 129 , &c . ) yet so unsuccessfully as to suffer severely for their temerity . ( Mosheim 1847 , p. 426 ) Jump up ^ `` Œvres complètes de R. Saadia Ben Ioseph al - Fayyoûmî '' volume 1 ed . J. Derenbourg p. 103 . Jump up ^ judyjordan . `` '' Meadows of gold and mines of gems '' ( translation as of 1841 ) `` . Archive.org . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ ʻAbd al - ʻAzīz Ibn ʻUthmān ; Charles S.F. Burnett ; Keiji Yamamoto ( 2004 ) . Al - Qabīṣī ( Alcabitius ) : The introduction to astrology : editions of the Arabic and Latin texts and an English translation . Warburg Institute . Jump up ^ Le Strange 1890 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Suda on line '' . Stoa.org . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Moseh Gill , `` The Political History of Jerusalem During the Early Muslim Period '' , in Joshua Prawer and Haggai Ben - Shammai ( eds ) , The History of Jerusalem , the Early Muslim Period , 638 - 1099 , New York University Press and Yad Izhak Ben - Zvi , 1996 Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Journey through Syria and Palestine '' . Archive.org. 2010 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Röhricht 1890 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Reland , Adrien ( 1714 ) . Hadriani Relandi Palaestina ex monumentis veteribus illustrata : tomus I ( - II ) . ex libraria Guilielmi Broedelet . p. 39 . R. Nathan in Lexico Aruch dicto ad vocem פלסטיני ‎ Παλαιστίνη ( Palestine ) notat in Bereschit Raba , antiquissimo in Genesin commentario , eam inveniri . ( Image of p. 39 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ `` The Oxford History of the Crusades , Jonathan Simon Christopher Riley - Smith '' . Books.google.com. 2002 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ p. 1 Jump up ^ Röhricht 1890 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ ( archive.org/stream/cu31924028534331 # page / n12 / mode / 1up / A Brief Description , by Joannes Phocas , of the Castles and Cities , from the City of Antioch even unto Jerusalem ; also of Syria and Phoenicia , and of the Holy Places in Palestine ) Palestine Pilgrims ' Text Society Jump up ^ Röhricht 1890 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Histoire de la guerre saincte , dite proprement la Franciade orientale , 1573 . Books.google.co.uk. 2011 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ History of Jerusalem Palestine Pilgrims ' Text Society Jump up ^ Abu al - Makarim ( 1895 ) . B.T.A. Evetts , ed . Ta'rīḫ Aš - šaiḫ Abī - Ṣaliḥ Al - Armanī Tuḏkaru Fīhi Aḫbār Min Nawāḥi Miṣr Wa - iqṭaihā . ( Semitic series -- pt . VII ) . Johann Michael Vansleb . Clarendon Press . pp. 73 -- . RCJiAAAAMAAJ . At the beginning of the caliphate ( of Umar ) George was appointed patriarch of Alexandria . He remained four years in possession of the see . Then when he heard that the Muslims had conquered the Romans , and had vanquished Palestine , and were advancing upon Egypt , he took ship and fled from Alexandria to Constantinople ; and after his time the see of Alexandria remained without a Melkite patriarch for - ninety seven years . ( Abu al - Makarim 1895 , p. 73 ) Jump up ^ Röhricht 1890 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` Palestine Pilgrims Text Society , Guidebook to Palestine '' . faculty.csupueblo.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ The Travels of Ibn Battuta , ed . H.A.R. Gibb ( Cambridge University Press , 1954 ) , 1 : 71 - 82 Jump up ^ Liber Peregrinationis , Chapter V , p. 59 Jump up ^ `` Georgia in the reign of Giorgi the Brilliant : 1314 - 1346 '' . Archive.org. 2010 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ John Poloner Palestine Pilgrims ' Text Society Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Palestine Pilgrims ' Text Society Jump up ^ Gerber 2008 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Matar 2011 . Jump up ^ Ziegler , Jacob ( 1536 ) . Terrae sanctae , quam palestinam nominant , Syriae , Arabiae , Aegypti & Schondiae doctissima descriptio . Wendelin Rihel . Jump up ^ Syriae Descriptio , numerous references on pages 2 - 10 Jump up ^ Les observations de plusieurs singularitez et choses mémorables , trouvées en Grèce , Asie , Judée , Egypte , Arabie et autres pays estranges , Ch LXXVIII , Gallica ^ Jump up to : Gerber 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Hakluyt , The Principal Navigations , Voyages , Traffiques , and Discoveries of the English Nation '' . Perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ A treatise of continual fevers : in four parts by Jodocus Lommius , English translation of 1732 . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Foxe 's Book of Martyrs . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Terræ Sanctæ , qua Promissionis terra , est Syriæ pars ea , quæ Palæstina uocatur Jump up ^ Ortelius , Abraham ; Hogenberg ( 1570 ) . Theatrum orbis terrarum ( Ded . Philippo II . Carmen A. Mekerchi . De Mona druidum insula per H. Lhuyd ) . Auctoris aere et cura impressum absolutumque apud Aegid . Coppenium Diesth . pp. 3 -- . L0mV9Lv4oX8C . p. 3 : Title image at Google Books Jump up ^ `` Theatrum Orbis Terrarum '' . Archive.org . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Holinshed 's Chronicles page 224 and Holinshed 's Chronicles at Perseus Jump up ^ Rauwolf , Leonhard ( 1681 ) . Leonis Flaminii Itinerarium per Palaestinam Das ist , Eine mit vielen schönen Curiositaeten angefüllte Reiß - Beschreibung . Millenau . Jump up ^ Historiae Musulmanae Turcorum , de monumentis ipsorum exscriptae , libri XVIII . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Le relationi vniversali '' . Archive.org. 2010 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Calendarium Palaestinorum Et Universorum Iudaeorum Jump up ^ Claudius Ptolemy ( 1598 ) . Giovanni Antonio Magini of Padua , ed . Geographia , Cosmographia , or Universal Geography : An atlas of Claudius Ptolemy 's world of the 2nd century , with maps by Giovanni Antonio Magini of Padua . appresso Gio . Battista ( et ) Giorgio Galignani fratelli . p. 5 . ZtoGFFPn3VwC . Google Books Cover Image Jump up ^ `` Palaestina , vel Terra Sancta '' by Magini , From the `` Geography '' of Claudius Ptolemy , edited by Magini , first printed in Padua in 1596 Jump up ^ `` King John : Entire Play '' . Shakespeare.mit.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` shakespeare.mit.edu '' . shakespeare.mit.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Buchenbach , Hans Jacob Breuning von ( 1607 ) . Enchiridion Orientalischer Reiß Hanns Jacob Breunings , von vnnd zu Buchenbach , so er in Türckey , benandtlichen in Griechenlandt , Egypten , Arabien , Palestinam , vnd in Syrien , vor dieser zeit verrichtet ( etc . ) . Gruppenbach , Philipp . Jump up ^ Schweigger , Salomon ( 1613 ) . Ein newe Reyßbeschreibung auß Teutschland nach Constantinopel und Jerusalem . Lantzenberger . Jump up ^ `` Petri della Valle , eines vornehmen Römischen patritii , Reiss - Beschreibung in unterschiedliche Theile der Welt : nemlich in Türckey , Egypten , Palestina , Persien , Ost - Indien , und andere weit entlegene Landschafften , samt einer aussführlichen Erzehlung aller Denck - und Merckwürdigster Sachen , so darinnen zu finden und anzutreffen '' . Archive.org . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ s : New Atlantis Jump up ^ Hakluytus Posthumus , volume 1 , p. 262 Jump up ^ File : Frontispiece of `` Introductio in Universam Geographiam '' by Philipp Clüver , 1686. jpg Jump up ^ File : Philip Clüver00. jpg Jump up ^ Cluverius , Philippus ( 1672 ) . Introductionis in universam geographiam tam vetiram quam novam , Libri VI : tabulis aeneis illustrati . Ex officina Elzeviriana . pp. 5 --. 5ee9nDT4Pq0C . p. 5 : Title image at Google Books Jump up ^ Fuller , Thomas ( 1639 ) . The Historie of the Holy Warre . Buck . Jump up ^ Fuller , Thomas ( 1869 ) . A Pisgah sight of Palestine . pp. 17 -- . Jump up ^ Fuller , Thomas ( 1840 ) . The history of the worthies of England . pp. 13 -- . p. 13 : He spent that and the following year betwixt London and Waltham employing some engravers to adorn his copious prospect or view of the Holy Land as from Mount Pisgah therefore called his Pisgah sight of Palestine and the confines thereof with the history of the Old and New Testament acted thereon which he published in 1650 It is a handsome folio embellished with a frontispiece and many other copper plates and divided into five books . Jump up ^ `` Pisgah sight of Palestine '' . Archive.org . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Vincenzo Berdini ( 1642 ) . Historia dell'antica , e moderna Palestina , descritta in tre parti . Dal R.P.F. Vincenzo Berdini min . oss . mentre era commissario generale di Terra Santa . Nella quale si ha particolare descrittione de ' luoghi più singolari del sito , qualità di essi , ... & altri successi notabili . Opera vtile , e necessaria non solo à professori di antichità , ... ma anco alli predicatori . Con due tauole vna de ' capitoli , e l'altra delle cose più notabili ... : \ 1 ! . 1 . Jump up ^ The Geographical Works of Sadik Isfahani , 1832 translation . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Tamari 2011w , p. 7 . Jump up ^ trans . St. H. Stephan ( Ariel Publishing , 1980 ) , p63 ) . Jump up ^ Alsted , Johann Heinrich ( 1649 ) . Scientiarum Omnium Encyclopaedia . J.A. Huguetan filii et M.A. Ravaud . pp. 560 -- . KQ9TAAAAcAAJ . XI . Palestina lacus tres sunt , è quibus duo posteriores natissimi sum historia sacra ( 11 . Palestine has three lakes , the later two of these I relate to Biblical history ) ( Alsted 1649 , p. 560 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Heidmann , Christoph ( 1655 ) . Palaestina . pp. 77 -- 78 . Image of p. 77 & p. 78 at Google books Jump up ^ Thévenot , Jean ; Croix , Pétis de La ( 1664 ) . Relation d'un voyage fait au Levant : dans laquelle il est curieusement traité des estats sujets au Grand Seigneur ... et des singularitez particulières de l'Archipel , Constantinople , Terre - Sainte , Égypte , pyramides , mumies ( `` sic '' ) , déserts d'Arabie , la Meque , et de plusieurs autres lieux de l . Joly . p. 422 . Acre est une ville de Palestine située au bord de la mer , elle s'appelloit anciennement Acco . ( Image of p. 422 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Gerber 2008 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Gerber 2008 , p. 51 : `` Another Palestinian writer of the seventeenth century who used Filastin to name his country was Salih b . Ahmad al - Timurtashi , who wrote a fadail ( Merits ) book titled `` The Complete Knowledge of the Limits of the Holy Land and Palestine and Syria ( Sham ) . '' ( Footnote ) : Ghalib Anabsi , From the `` Merits of the Holy Land '' Literature , MA thesis , Tel Aviv University , 1992 . '' Jump up ^ Dapper , Olfert ( 1677 ) . Naukeurige Beschrijving van Gantsch Syrie en Palestijn of Heilige Lant . pp. 11 -- . p. 11 at Google Books Jump up ^ Olfert Dapper ; Jacob van Meurs ( 1689 ) . Asia , Oder Genaue und Gründliche Beschreibung des gantzen Syrien und Palestins , oder Gelobten Landes : Worinnen Die Landschafften Phoenicien , Celesyrien , Commagene , Pierien , Cyrestica , Seleucis , Cassiotis , Chalibonitis , Chalcis , Abilene , Apamene , Laodicis , Palmyrene , etc . : Neben denen Ländern Perea oder Ober - Jordan , Galiläa , das absonderliche Palestina , Judäa und Idumea , begriffen sind . Genaue und gründliche Beschreibung des gantzen Palestins , Oder Gelobten Landes. 2 . Hofmann . pp. 1 -- . p. 1 at Google Books Jump up ^ `` Zucker Holy Land Travel Manuscript '' . Schoenberg Institute for Manuscript Studies . University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Mallet , Alain Manesson ( 1683 ) . `` De l'Asie '' . Description De l'Univers ( in French ) . 2 . Paris : Denys Thierry . p. 245 . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Milner , John ( 1688 ) . A Collection of the Church - history of Palestine : From Birth of Christ ... Dring . pp. 19 --. bjQBAAAAcAAJ . Hitherto of Places , now follows an account of the Persons concerned in the Church - History of Palestine . ( Milner 1688 , p. 19 ) Jump up ^ Bohun , Edmund ( 1688 ) . A Geographical Dictionary , Representing the Present and Ancient Names of All the Countries , Provinces , Remarkable Cities ... : And Rivers of the Whole World : Their Distances , Longitudes and Latitudes. C. Brome . pp. 353 -- . U3lMAAAAMAAJ . Jerusalem , Hierosolyma , the Capital City of Palestine , and for a long time of the whole Earth ; taken notice of by Pliny , Strabo , and many of the Ancients . ( Bohun 1688 , p. 353 ) Jump up ^ Gordon , Patrick ( 1704 ) ( 1702 ) . Geography anatomiz 'd : or , the geographical grammar . Being a short and exact analysis of the whole body of modern geography after a new and curious method . comprehending , I. A general view of the terraqueous globe . Being a compendious system of the true fundamentals of geography ; digested into various definitions , problems , theorems , and paradoxes : with a transient survey of the surface of the earthly ball , as it consists of land and water . II . A particular view of the terraqueous globe . Being a clear and pleasant prospect of all remarkable countries upon the face of the whole earth ; shewing their situation , extent , division , subdivision , cities , chief towns , name , air , soil , commodities , rarities , archbishopricks , bishopricks , universities , manners , languages , government , arms , religion . collected from the best authors , and illustrated with divers maps . The fourth edition corrected , and somewhat enlarg 'd. by Pat . Gordon , M.A. , F.R.S. ( 4 ed . ) . S. and J. Sprint , John Nicholson , Sam Burrows in Little Britain , and Andrew Bell and R. Smith in Cornhill . pp. 1 vol. , xxvi + 431pp . OMEwAAAAYAAJ . This Country ... is term 'd by the Italians and Spaniards , Palestina ; by the French , Palestine ; by the Germans Palestinen , or das Gelobte Land ; by the English , Palestine , or the Holy Land . ( Gordon 1704 , p. 290 ) Jump up ^ Life of James Ferguson , F.R.S. : In a Brief Autobiographical Account , and Further Extended Memoir . A. Fullarton. 1867 . pp. 20 --. hItnAAAAMAAJ . Geography Anatomiz d or the Geographical Grammar by Patrick Gordon MA FRS ... In some old catalogues of books in our possession we observe that editions of it were issued in 1693 and in 1722 ( p. 20 , at Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=hItnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA20&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U2EDy7lgav9J5b5uMApPtsA1KhX0Q&ci=154%2C1248%2C721%2C183&edge=0 ) Jump up ^ Matthaeus Hiller ; Burckhard Jacob Deimling ( 1696 ) . Philistaeus exul , s. de origine , diis et terra Palaestinorum diss . Jump up ^ Maundrell , Henry ( 1817 ) . A journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem at Easter , A.D. 1697 : Also , a journal from Grand Cairo to Mount Sinai , and back again by Robert Clayton : To which is added , a faithful account of the religion and manners of the Mahometans by Joseph Pitts . Edwards . pp. 87 -- 88 . Image of p. 87 & p. 88 at Google Books Jump up ^ Baumgarten , Martin ( 1704 ) . A Collection of Voyages and Travels : Some Now First Printed from Original Manuscripts. 1 . Awnsham and John Churchill . pp. 458 -- . p. 425 & p. 458 at Google Books Jump up ^ Hannemann , Johann Ludwig ( 1714 ) . Nebo Chemicus Ceu Viatorium Ostendens Viam In Palestinam Auriferam . Reutherus . Jump up ^ Reland , Adrien ( 1714 ) . `` CAPUT VII . DE NOMINE PALAESTINAE '' . Hadriani Relandi Palaestina ex monumentis veteribus illustrata : tomus I ( - II ) ( in Latin ) . 1 . ex libraria Guilielmi Broedelet . pp. 37 , 42 . CAPUT VII . DE NOMINE PALAESTINAE . ( i . ) Regio omnis quam Judaei incoluerunt nomen Palaestinae habuit . ( ii . ) Hebraeorum scriptores , Philo , Josephus , & alii hoc nomine usi . ( iii . ) פלסטיני ‎ in antiquissimis Judaeorum scriptis . ( Chapter 7 . Palestine . ( i . ) The country that the Jews inhabited was called Palestine . ( ii . ) The Hebrew Scriptures , Philo , Josephus , and the others who have used this name . ( iii . ) פלסטיני ‎ ( Palestinian ) in ancient Jewish writings . ) ( ... ) Chapter 8 . Syria - Palaestina , Syria , and Coelesyria . Herodotus described Syria - Palaestina . The Palestinian southern boundary is lake Serbonian . Jenysus & Jerusalem are cities of Palestine , as is Ashdod and Ashkelon . Palestine is different from Phoenice . ( p. 37 & p. 42 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Beausobre , Isaac de ; Lenfant , David ( 1718 ) . Le Nouveau Testament de notre seigneur Jesus - Christ . Humbert . pp. 169 --. rmRAAAAAcAAJ . p : 169 On a déja eu occasion de parler des divers noms , que portoit autrefois la Terre d Israël , , , , Ici nous désignerons sous le nom de Palestine qui est le plus commun . ( We previously spoke of the various names for the Land of Israel , ... Now we will refer to the Land of Israel by the name of Palestine which is the most common ) Jump up ^ Beausobre , Isaac de ; Lenfant , Jacques ( 1806 ) . An Introduction to the Reading of the Holy Scriptures : Intended Chiefly for Young Students in Divinity ; Written Originally in French . J. and E. Hudson . pp. 252 -- . Jump up ^ Toland , John ( 1718 ) . Nazarenus : Or Jewish , Gentile , and Mahometan Christianity . pp. 8 -- . XA5PAAAAcAAJ . ( Toland 1718 , p. 8 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Sanchuniathon ; Cumberland , Richard ; Payne , Squier ; Eratosthenes ( 1720 ) . Sanchoniatho 's Phoenician History : Translated from the First Book of Eusebius De Praeparatione Evangelica : with a Continuation of Sanchoniatho 's History by Eratosthenes Cyrenaeus 's Canon , which Dicaearchus Connects with the First Olympiad ... W.B. pp. 482 -- 483 . That the Philistines who were of Mizraim 's family , were the first planters of Crete ... I observe that in the Scripture language the Philistines are call 'd Cerethites , Sam . xxx. 14 , 16 . Ezek . xxv. 16 . Zeph . ii. 5 . And in the two last of these places the Septuagint translates that word Cretes . The name signifies archers , men that in war were noted for skill in using bows and arrows ... ( I ) believe that both the people and the religion , ( which commonly go together ) settled in Crete , came from these Philistines who are originally of Ægyptian race . ( Image of p. 482 & p. 483 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ or Regnum Persicum Imperium Turcicum in Asia Russorum Provinciae and Mare Caspium Jump up ^ or Turkey in Asia Minor Jump up ^ Newton , Isaac ; Wilhelm sec. 18 Suderman ( 1737 ) . Isaaci Newtoni , Eq . Aur . Ad Danielis profetae vaticinia , nec non sancti Joannis apocalypsin , observationes . Opus postumum . Ex Anglica lingua in Latinam convertit , et annotationibus quibusdam et indicibus auxit , Guilielmus Suderman . Apud Martinum Schagen . p. 125 . Image of p. 125 at Google Books Jump up ^ D. Midwinter ( 1738 ) . A New Geographical Dictionary ... to which is now added the latitude and longitude of the most considerable cities and towns , &c. , of the world , omitted in the first publication , etc . p. 14 . Jerusalem , Palestine , Asia - Latitude 32 44 N - Longitude 35 15 E ( Image of p. 14 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Cave , William ( 1741 ) . `` JUVENALIS '' . Guilielmi Cave ... Scriptorum eccleriasticorum historia literaria : a Christo nato usque ad saecunlum XIV ... digesta ... : accedunt scriptores gentiles , christianae religionis oppugnatores ... apud Joh . Rudolph Im - Hoff . p. 419 . Jump up ^ Korten , Jonas ( 1741 ) . Jonas Kortens Reise nach dem weiland Gelobten nun aber seit 1700 Jahren unter dem Fluche ligenden Lande , wie auch nach Egypten , dem Berg Libanon , Syrien und Mesopotamien , von ihm selbst aufrichtig beschrieben und durchgehends mit Anmerckungen begleitet . Jump up ^ Charles Thompson ( fict . name . ) ( 1744 ) . The travels of the late Charles Thompson esq ; 3 vols. 3 . p. 99 . I shall henceforwards , without Regard to geographical Niceties and Criticisms , consider myself as in the Holy Land , Palestine or Judea ; which Names I find used indifferently , though perhaps with some Impropriety , to signify the same Country . ( Image of Title page & p. 99 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ HARENBERG , Johann Christoph ( 1744 ) . La Palestine ou la Terre Sainte . Palaestina seu Terra olim sancta ... dessinée par J.C. Harenberg . Jump up ^ Salmon , Thomas ( 1744 ) . Modern History Or the Present State of All Nations . Jump up ^ The modern Gazetteer or , a short view of the several nations of the world , Thomas Salmon Jump up ^ Vincenzo Lodovico Gotti ( Cardenal ) ; Typographia Balleoniana ( Venecia ) ( 1750 ) . Veritas religionis christianae contra atheos , polytheos , idololatras , mahometanos , ( et ) judaeos ... ex Typographia Balleoniana . Jump up ^ The London Magazine , and Monthly Chronologer. 1741 . Jump up ^ Johannes Aegidius van Egmont ; Heyman , John ( 1759 ) . Travels Through Part of Europe , Asia Minor , the Islands of the Archipelago , Syria , Palestine , Egypt , Mount Sinai , &c : Giving a Particular Account of the Most Remarkable Places . 2 . L. Davis and C. Reymers . pp. 389 --. zMkGAAAAQAAJ . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . p. 389 The Jews of Jerusalem are divided into three sects , the Karaites , who adhere to the letter of the Scripture , without admitting any comments , or glosses ; the Rabbinists , who receive for indubitable truths , all the comments and traditions so well known in the world , and are hence much more superstitious than the former ; the third are the Askenites , who come from Germany , and are known among their brethren by the name of new converts ; not being descended from the twelve tribes . ( ... ) p. 390 Besides these three sects , there is in the country of Palestine a fourth sort of Jews , but sworn enemies to the others , I mean the Samaritans ; these have frequently endeavoured by the arts of bribery to obtain the privilege of living in Jerusalem , and in order to accomplish this design , have lavished away above five hundred purses . Jump up ^ Voltaire ; Smollett , Tobias George ; Francklin , Thomas ( 1763 ) . The Works of M. de Voltaire : Additions to the essay on general history . v. 32 - 33 . Miscellaneous poems . J. Newbery , R. Baldwin , W. Johnston , S. Crowder , T. Davies , J. Coote , G. Kearsley , and B. Collins , at Salisbury . pp. 42 -- . KDcLAAAAQAAJ . ( Voltaire , ed . Smollett and Francklin 1763 , p. 42 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Schrader , Christophorus ; Meierus , Gebh . Theodorus ; Harenberg , Johann Christoph ( 1765 ) . Tabulae chronologicae a prima rerum origine et inde ad nostra tempora . Haered . L. Schröderi . p. 33 . 225 A.C. Judæis in Palæstina degere permissum . ( Image of p. 33 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Diderot , Denis ; Vaugondy ( 1778 ) . `` Palestine '' . Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences , des arts et des métiers ... par une Société de gens de lettres ... mis en ordre et publié par M. Diderot ; et quant à la partie mathématique par M. d ' Alembert. 25 . chez Pellet imprimeur - libraire . p. 315 . Image of p. 315 at Google Books Jump up ^ Ancient Part of Universal History . C. Bathurst , J.F. and C. Rivington , A. Hamilton , T. Payne , T. Longman , S. Crowder , B. Lawe , T. Becket , J. Robson , F. Newbery , G. Robinson , T. Cadell , J. and T. Bowles , S. Bladon , J. Murray , and W. Fox . 1779 . p. 51 . How Judæa came to be called also Phœnice , or Phœnicia , we have already shewn in the history of that nation . At present , the name of Palestine is that which has most prevailed among the Christian doctors , Mahommedan and other writers . ( See Reland Palestin . illustrat . ) ( Image of p. 51 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Struve , Burkhard Gotthelf ; Buder , Christian Gottlieb ; Meusel , Johann Georg ( 1782 ) . `` CAPUT IV . Scriptores de rebus Hebraeorum et Iudaeorum '' . Bibliotheca historica . Voluminis I Pars II . apud heredes Weidmanni et Reichium . p. 390 . Image of p. 390 at Google Books Jump up ^ Volney , Constantin - François ( 1788 ) . Travels through Syria and Egypt , in the years 1783 , 1784 , and 1785 : Containing the present natural and political state of those countries , their productions , arts , manufactures , and commerce ; with observations on the manners , customs , and government of the Turks and Arabs . Illustrated with copper plates . 1 . printed for G.G.J. and J. Robinson . Jump up ^ Volney , Constantin - François ( 1788 ) . Travels Through Syria and Egypt , in the Years 1783 , 1784 , and 1785 : Containing the Present Natural and Political State of Those Countries , Their Productions , Arts , Manufactures , and Commerce ; with Observations on the Manners , customs , and Government of the Turks and Arabs . Illustrated with Copper Plates. 2 . G.G.J. and J. Robinson . Jump up ^ Volney , Constantin - François ( 1805 ) . Travels Through Syria and Egypt , in the Years 1783 , 1784 , and 1785 : Containing the Present Natural and Political State of Those Countries , Their Productions , Arts , Manufactures , and Commerce : with Observations on the Manners , Customs , and Government of the Turks and Arabs . 1 . G. Robinson . pp. 294 -- . Image of p. 295 & p. 296 at Google Books Jump up ^ `` Travels Through Cyprus , Syria , and Palestine ; with a General History of the Levant '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mariti , Giovanni ( 1792 ) . Travels Through Cyprus , Syria , and Palestine ; with a General History of the Levant . Translated from the Italian . P. Byrne . pp. 287 -- . p. 287 at Google Books Jump up ^ or Geographicus - Turkey in Asia Jump up ^ `` David Rumsey map collection '' . Lunacommons.org . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Thomas ROBERTS ( toxophilite . ) ( 1801 ) . The English Bowman , Or Tracts on Archery : to which is Added the Second Part of the Bowman 's Glory ( by W.M. , I.e. William Wood ) . Egerton . pp. 130 , note 4 . The Philistines , indeed , are frequently noticed in sacred history , as men very skilful in the use of the bow . And to this ancient people , who appear to have been a very warlike nation , the invention of the bow and arrow has been ascribed . Universal Hist . ( anc . part ) vol. 2 . p. 220 . Jump up ^ Lant Carpenter ( 1811 ) . An Introduction to the Geography of the New Testament , Comprising a Summary Chronological and Geographical View of the Events Recorded Respecting the Ministry of Our Saviour : Accompanied with Maps , Questions for Examination , and an Accented Index : Principally Designed for the Use of Young Persons , and for the Sunday - employment of Schools . William Hilliard . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Lant ( 1807 ) . An Introduction to the Geography of the New Testament , Comprising a Summary Chronological and Geographical View of the Events Recorded Respecting the Ministry of Our Saviour : Accompanied with Maps , with Questions for Examination , and an Accented Index : Principally Designed for the Use of Young Persons , and for the Sunday - employment of Schools . Longman , Hurst , Rees , and Orme , Pater - noster - Row . Jump up ^ `` Carpenter , Lant ( DNB00 ) '' . Wikisource . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Chateaubriand , François - René vicomte de ( 1812 ) . Travels in Greece , Palestine , Egypt , and Barbary During the Years 1806 and 1807 / c by F.A. de Chateaubriand ; Translated from the French by Frederic Shoberl . H. Colburn . pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ `` Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem ( 1884 edition ) '' . Archive.org . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Horne , Thomas Hartwell ( 1839 ) . A Manual of Biblical Bibliography : Comprising a Catalogue Methodically Arranged of the Principal Editions and Versions of the Holy Scriptures ; Together with Notices of the Principal Philologers , Critics , and Interpreters of the Bible . T. Cadell . pp. 391 -- . Jump up ^ Paxton , George ( 1842 ) . Illustrations of Scripture ( 3 ed . ) . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Paxton , George ( 1822 ) . Chase , Ira , ed . Volume 1 of Illustrations of the Holy Scriptures : In Three Parts , Rev. Ira Chase . J.E. Moore ; J. Harding , printer . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Paxton , George ( 1822 ) . Chase , Irah , ed . Illustrations of the Holy Scriptures : In Three Parts . Volume 2 . J.E. Moore ; J. Harding , printer . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Paxton , George ( 1822 ) . `` Part 3 , Chap. 1 '' . Illustrations of the Holy Scriptures : In Three Parts ... 2 . J.E. Moore ; J. Harding , printer . pp. 158 --. qY9HAAAAYAAJ . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Females of distinction in Palestine , and even in Mesopotamia , are not only beautiful and well - shaped , but , in consequence of being always kept from the rays of the sun , are very fair . Jump up ^ Rees , Abraham ( 1819 ) . The Cyclopædia : Or , Universal Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , and Literature . Longman , Hurst , Rees , Orme & Brown ( etc . ) . pp. 84 -- . p. 84 at Google Books Jump up ^ Rees , Abraham ( 1819 ) . Syria , The Cyclopædia : Or , Universal Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , and Literature . Longman , Hurst , Rees , Orme & Brown ( etc . ) . pp. 708 -- . p. 708 at Google Books Jump up ^ Malte - Brun , Conrad ( 1822 ) . Universal Geography , Or , a Description of All the Parts of the World , on a New Plan : According to the Great Natural Divisions of the Globe ; Accompanied with Analytical , Synoptical , and Elementary Tables . A. Black . p. 98 . Image of p. 98 & p. 166 & p. 167 at Google Books Jump up ^ ( Malte - Brun 1822 , pp. 166 -- 167 ) Jump up ^ Buckingham , James Silk ( 1822 ) . Travels in Palestine , through the countries of Bashan and Gilead , east of the river Jordan : incl . a visit to the cities of Geraza and Gamala , in the Decapolis . Longman . pp. 261 --. yX9CAAAAcAAJ . ( Buckingham 1822 , p. 261 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Richardson , Robert ( 1822 ) . Travels Along the Mediterranean and Parts Adjacent : In Company with the Earl of Belmore , During the Years 1816 - 17 - 18 : Extending as Far as the Second Cataract of the Nile , Jerusalem , Damascus , Balbec , &c ... T. Cadell . pp. 201 , 266 . p. 201 & p. 266 at Google Books Jump up ^ Irby , Charles Leonard ; Mangles , James ( 1823 ) . Travels in Egypt and Nubia , Syria , and Asia Minor ; During the Years 1817 and 1818 . pp. 406 -- . p. 406 and p. 407 at Google Books Jump up ^ Rosenmüller , Ernst Friedrich Karl ( 1823 ) . `` Geographie von Palästina '' . Handbuch der biblischen Altertumskunde : Biblische Geographie. 2 . Baumgärtner . Jump up ^ Rosenmüller , Ernst Friedrich Karl ( 1827 ) . `` Vierzehntes Hauptstück ( Fourteenth main point ) : Palästina oder das Land der Hebräer ( Palestine or the land of the Hebrews ) '' . Handbuch der biblischen Alterthumskunde . Baumgartner . p. 7 . Image of p. 7 at Google Books Jump up ^ `` Bibliotheca Britannica ; or , A general index to ... v. 4 . Watt , Robert , 1774 - 1819 . '' HathiTrust 's digital library . HathiTrust . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Watt , Robert ( 1824 ) . Bibliotheca Britannica ; Or , A General Index to British and Foreign Literature. 4 . Constable . pp. 794 -- . Image of p. 794 at Google Books Jump up ^ Brockhaus ' Konversations - Lexikon ( 1827 ) . Allgemeine deutsche Real - Encyklopädie für die gebildeten Stände : Conversations - Lexikon . F.A. Brockhaus . pp. 204 -- . p. 204 at Google Books Jump up ^ Conder , Josiah ( 1830 ) . `` Palestine '' . The Modern Traveller. 1 . J. Duncan . Jump up ^ THE LANGUAGE OF PALESTINE IN THE AGE OF CHRIST AND THE APOSTLES . By De Rossi and Heinrich Friedrich Pfannkuche , translated and printed in Philological Tracts , London 1833 . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Annals of Palestine , 1821 - 1841 , S.N. Spyridon , in : Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society , Volume 18 , 1938 Jump up ^ Raumer , Karl Georg ( 1867 ) . Palestina . Kemink . p. 17 . Image of p. 17 at Google Books Jump up ^ Carl von RAUMER ( Professor at the University of Erlangen . ) ( 1835 ) . Palästina ... Mit einem Plan von Jerusalem , etc . Jump up ^ Berghaus , Heinrich ( 1832 ) . Asia , Sammlung von Denkschriften in Beziehung auf die Geo - und Hydrographie dieses Erdtheils ; zur Erklärung und Erläuterung seines Karten - Atlas zusammengetragen . No. 5 Syrien . Geographisches Memoir zur Erklärung und Erläuterung der Karte von Syrien . ( No. 5 von Berghaus ' Atlas von Asia . ) . Gotha : Justus Perthes . p. 17 . † Berghaus , Map = Heinrich Berghaus , Karte von Syrien , den Manen Jacotin 's und Burckhardt 's gewidmet ( Berghaus ' Atlas von Asien , 5 ) , Gotha : Justus Perthes , 1835 . -- ‡ Berghaus , Memoir = Heinrich Berghaus , Geographisches Memoir zur Erklärung und Erläuterung der Karte von Syrien ( No. 5 . von Berghaus ' Atlas von Asia ) , Gotha : Justus Perthes , 1835 . ( Image of p. 17 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ `` Letters on Egypt , Edom and the Holy Land '' . Archive.org. 2001 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Hugh Murray ; Sir Humphry Davy ; William Wallace ( 1838 ) . The collected works of Sir Humphry Davy ... : Discourses delivered before the Royal society . Elements of agricultural chemistry , pt . I. Smith , Elder and Company . p. 249 . Image of p. 249 at Google Books Jump up ^ Addison , Charles Greenstreet ( 1838 ) . Damascus and Palmyra : a journey to the East . E.L. Carey & A. Hart . p. 252 . p. 252 at Google Books Jump up ^ Ferdinand de Géramb ( 1840 ) . A pilgrimage to Palestine , Egypt and Syria . p. 152 . Image of p. 152 at Google Books Jump up ^ George Long ( scholar ) , ed. ( 1840 ) . Palestine , The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge . Charles Knight . pp. 163 -- . p. 163 at Google Books Jump up ^ George Long ( scholar ) , ed. ( 1842 ) . Syria , The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge . Charles Knight . pp. 475 -- . p. 475 & p. 476 at Google Books Jump up ^ Kitto , John ( 1844 ) . The Pictorial History of Palestine and the Holy Land , Including a Complete History of the Jews , Volume 1 . C. Knight . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Kitto , John ( 1844 ) . The Pictorial History of Palestine and the Holy Land , Including a Complete History of the Jews , Volume 2 . C. Knight . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Kitto , John ( 1841 ) . Palestine : the Physical Geography and Natural History of the Holy Land , Illustrated with Woodcuts . - London , Knight 1841 . CHARLES KNIGHT AND CO. , LUDGATE STREET . Jump up ^ Palestine : the Bible history of the ... - John Kitto - Google Books . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ ROBINSON , Edward ( 1841 ) . Biblical researches in Palestine , mount Sinai and Arabia Petrea. J. Murray . pp. 332 , note 2 . Image of p. 332 at Google Books Jump up ^ Balbi , Adriano ( 1842 ) . System of universal geography , founded on the works of Malte - Burn and Balbi : embracing a historical sketch of the progress of geographical discovery , the principles of mathematical and physical geography , and a complete description from the most recent sources , of the political and social condition of the world ... Adam and Charles Black . pp. 651 -- 654 . Jump up ^ Keith , Alexander ( 1843 ) . The Land of Israel , According to the Covenant with Abraham , with Isaac , and with Jacob . William Whyte . pp. 186 -- . p. 186 at Google Books Jump up ^ Keith , Alexander ( 1843 ) . The Land of Israel , According to the Covenant with Abraham , with Isaac , and with Jacob . William Whyte . pp. 467 -- . p. 467 & p. 468 at Google Books Jump up ^ Bacheler , Origen ( 1843 ) . Restoration and Conversion of the Jews . Potter . p. 117 . But ever since 1832 , when Mehemet Ali took possession of Syria , there has been a remarkable flocking of the Jews to Palestine . The precise number of them at present in the Holy Land is estimated to amount to about 40,000 . ( Image of p. 117 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Olin , Stephen ( 1843 ) . Travels in Egypt , Arabia Petræa , and the Holy land . Harper & brothers . pp. 434 -- . p. 434 at Google Books Jump up ^ Röhr , Johann Friedrich ; Eli , Smith ; Wolcott , Samuel ( 1843 ) . Röhr 's Historico - geographical account of Palestine : Researches in Palestine . T. Clark . p. 185 . p. 185 at Google Books Jump up ^ J.T. Bannister ( 1844 ) . A Survey of the Holy Land ... Binns and Goodwin . pp. 148 -- 149 . Images of p. 148 & p. 149 at Google Books Jump up ^ Smedley , Edw ( 1845 ) . `` Syria '' . Encyclopaedia Metropolitana ; or , universal dictionary of knowledge , on an original plan : comprising the twofold advantage of a philosophical and an alphabetical arrangement , with appropriate engravings : Edited by Edw . Smedley , Hugh Jam . Rose , and H. John Rose . ( Text : voll . XXVI . Plates : voll . III . Index . 25 . B. Fellowes , Rivington , Ducan , Malcolm , Suttaby , Hodgson . p. 383 . Image of p. 383 at Google Books Jump up ^ Munk , Salomon ( 1845 ) . Palestine : Description géographique , historique et archéologique ( in French ) . F. Didot . pp. 2 -- 3 . Sous le nom de Palestine , nous comprenons le petit pays habité autrefois par les Israélites , et qui aujourd'hui fait partie des pachalics d'Acre et de Damas . Il s'étendait entre le 31 et 33 ° degré latitude N. et entre le 32 et 35 ° degré longitude E. , sur une superficie d'environ 1300 lieues carrées . Quelques écrivains jaloux de donner au pays des Hébreux une certaine importance politique , ont exagéré l'étendue de la Palestine ; mais nous avons pour nous une autorité que l'on ne saurait récuser . Saint Jérôme , qui avait longtemps voyagé dans cette contrée , dit dans sa lettre à Dardanus ( ep. 129 ) que de la limite du nord jusqu'à celle du midi il n'y avait qu'une distance de 160 milles romains , ce qui fait environ 55 lieues . Il rend cet hommage à la vérité bien qu'il craigne , comme il le dit lui - même de livrer par la terre promise aux sarcasmes païens . ( Pudet dicere latitudinem terrae repromissionis , ne ethnicis occasionem blasphemandi dedisse uideamur ) Jump up ^ Munk , Salomon ; Levy , Moritz A. ( 1871 ) . Palästina : geographische , historische und archäologische Beschreibung dieses Landes und kurze Geschichte seiner hebräischen und jüdischen Bewohner ( in German ) . Leiner . p. 1 . Image of p. 1 at Google Books Jump up ^ McLeod , Walter ( 1847 ) . The geography of Palestine . pp. 51 -- 52 . MODERN DIVISIONS. 8 . Palestine is now divided into pashalicks , the most important of which are Akka and Damascus . The country is under the dominion of the Turks , and is governed by Mehemet Pasha , who has been recently appointed the governor - general of Palestine . Jump up ^ Arculf ; Willibald ( 1848 ) . THOMAS WRIGHT , ed . Early travels in Palestine : comprising the narratives of Arculf , Willibald , ( and others ) . Henry G. Bohn . p. 1 . Image of p. 1 at Google Books Jump up ^ RITTER , Carl ( 1866 ) . The comparative geographie of Palestine and the Sinaitic Peninsula . T. & T. Clark . p. 22 . CHAPTER II . REVIEW OF THE AUTHORITIES ON THE GEOGRAPHY OF PALESTINE ... the lists of authorities given by Reland , Pococke , Meusel , Bellermann , Rosenmüller , Berghaus , Hammer - Purgstall , and more especially by von Raumer and Robinson ... Others which we have from the English and the French ... John Kitto , Munk . ( Image of p. 22 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Ritter , Carl ( 1848 ) . Vergleichende Erdkunde der Sinai - Halbinsel , von Palaestina und Syrien . G. Reiner . Jump up ^ Lynch , William Francis ( 1849 ) . Narrative of the United States ' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea . Lea and Blanchard . pp. 425 -- . p. 425 at Google Books Jump up ^ Schwarz , Yehoseph ( 1850 ) . A Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine . A. Hart . p. 378 . p. 378 at Google Books Jump up ^ James Redhouse ( 1856 ) . An English and Turkish dictionary . Jump up ^ Porter , Josias Leslie ( 1868 ) . John Murray ( Firm ) , ed . A Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine ... 1 . J. Murray . pp. 177 -- . p. 177 at Google Books Jump up ^ Porter , Josias Leslie ( 1858 ) . A handbook for travellers in Syria and Palestine. 2 . Murray . pp. 374 -- . p. 374 at Google Books Jump up ^ Traill , Thomas Stewart ( 1860 ) . The Encyclopædia Britannica : Or , Dictionary of Arts , Sciences and General Literature . A. and C. Black . pp. 36 -- . David Kay published articles on various subjects and was one of the sub-editors on the eighth edition of Encyclopædia Britannica . Geographical Articles from the Encyclopædia Britannica 4to David Kay Esq frgs Jump up ^ Traill , Thomas Stewart ( 1859 ) . ' Palestine ' , The Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 ( 8 ed . ) . A. and C. Black . pp. 198 -- . Djk6AQAAMAAJ . ( Palestine ) ... was finally subdued in 1517 by Selim I. , the sultan of the Turks , under whom it has continued for more than 300 years ... until the memorable invasion of Egypt by the French army in 1798 . Bonaparte being apprised that preparations were making in the pashalic of Acre for attacking him in Egypt , resolved , according to his usual tactics , to anticipate the movements of his enemies . He accordingly marched across the desert which divides Egypt from Palestine , and invaded the country at the head of 10,000 troops . After taking several towns , and among the rest Jaffa , where he stained his character by the atrocious massacre of 4000 prisoners . ( Traill 1859 , p. 198 , ' Palestine ' , The Encyclopædia Britannica , 17 ) Jump up ^ Osborn , Henry Stafford ( 1859 ) . Palestine , past and present : with biblical , literary , and scientific notices . James Challen . pp. 507 -- 508 . Image of p. 507 & p. 508 at Google Books Jump up ^ Traill , Thomas Stewart ( 1860 ) . The Encyclopædia Britannica : Or , Dictionary of Arts , Sciences and General Literature . A. and C. Black . pp. 38 -- . J.L.P. -- Porter , Rev. J.L. , Author of the `` Handbook to Syria and Palestine '' . ( p. 38 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ ' Syria ' , Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 ( 8 ed . ) . Little , Brown , & Company . 1860 . pp. 907 --. 1TI7AQAAMAAJ . The modern inhabitants of Syria and Palestine are a mixed race , made up of the descendants of the ancient Syrians who occupied the country in the early days of Christianity and of the Arabians who came in with the armies of the khalifs and settled in the cities and villages . The number of the latter being comparatively small , the mixture of blood did not visibly change the type of the ancient people . This may be seen by comparing the Christians with the Muslems . The former are undoubtedly of pure Syrian descent , while the latter are more or less mixed , and yet there is no visible distinction between the two save what dress makes . ( 1860 , p. 907 , ' Syria ' , The Encyclopædia Britannica , 20 ) Jump up ^ 36th United States Congress ( 1860 ) . The Massacres in Syria : a Faithful Account of the Cruelties and Outrages Suffered by the Christians of Mount Lebanon , During the Late Persecutions in Syria : With a Succinct History of Mahometanism and the Rise of the Maronites , Druses ... and Other Oriental Sects ... R.M. De Witt . pp. 11 --. - mKObB86PUMC . ( 36th U.S. Congress 1860 , p. 11 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Norton , William ( 1865 ) . S.C. Hall , ed . How I Got My Cork Legs , The St. James 's Magazine . W. Kent . p. 225 . p. 225 at Google Books Jump up ^ Thomson , William McClure ( 1865 ) . The land of promise : travels in modern Palestine ( from The land and the Book ) . p. 46 . From Samaria to Nablûs is two hours ' easy riding ; first south , over the shoulder of the mountain , and then east ward , up the lovely vale of Nablûs . Nothing in Palestine surpasses it in fertility and natural beauty , and this is mainly due to the fine mill - stream which flows through it . The whole country is thickly studded with villages ; the plains clothed with grass or grain ; and the rounded hills with orchards of olive , fig , pomegranate , and other trees . ( Image of p. 46 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Tobler , Titus ( 1867 ) . Bibliographica Geographica Palaestinae . Leipzig : Verlag Von S. Hirzel . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Cover image at Archive.org Jump up ^ John Tillotson ( 1871 ) . Palestine Its Holy Sites and Sacred Story . Ward , lock and Tyler . p. 94 . Map : Canaan or Palestine Jump up ^ Hamidian Palestine : Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872 - 1908 , By Johann Büssow , p5 Jump up ^ Khalidi 1997 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Zachary Foster ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) . `` The Origins of Modern Palestine in Ottoman Documents '' . Palestine Square . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ William Smith , ed. ( 1873 ) . Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography : 2 : Iabadius - Zymethus. 2 . John Murray . pp. 516 , 533 . ( Image of p. 516 & p. 533 at Google Books Jump up ^ Baedeker , Karl ( 1875 ) . Palaestina und Syrien : Handbuch für Reisende . Karl Baedeker . p. 60 . Image of p. 60 at Google books Jump up ^ Burton , Lady Isabel ( 1875 ) . The Inner Life of Syria , Palestine , and the Holy Land : From My Private Journal . H.S. King and Company . pp. 349 -- . p. 349 ay Google Books ^ Jump up to : Zachary Foster ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Who Was the First Palestinian in Modern History ? '' . Palestine Square . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cook Thomas and son , ltd ( 1876 ) . Cook 's Tourists ' Handbook for Palestine and Syria . T. Cook & Son . p. 118 . Image of p. 118 at Google Books Jump up ^ Gerber 2008 , p. 51 : `` Abdul Karim Rafeq , who wrote an extensive study on Ottoman Palestine , came across the term a number of times ( Footnote ) : Abdul - Karim Rafeq , `` Filastin fi Ahd al - Uthmaniyin '' , al - Mawsua al - Filistiniyya , Part 2 , Special Studies , Vol. 2 , Historical Studies , Beirut : Hay'at al - Mawsua al - Filistiniyya , 1990 , pp. 695 -- 990 . '' `` Among his sources for the late - nineteenth century was a travelogue of a Damascene traveler , Nu ` man al - Qasatli . This book , still in manuscript , is called `` al - Rawda al - Numaniyya in the travelogue to Palestine and some Syrian Towns . '' '' ( see also ) : Nu ` man ibn ` Abdu al - Qasatli , The Forgotten Surveyor of Western Palestine , Journal of Palestinian Archaeology 1 ( 2000 ) : 28 - 29 Jump up ^ `` The Boundaries of Modern Palestine , 1840 - 1947 , Gideon Biger , p15 '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Albrecht Socin ( University of Tubingen ) ( 1895 ) . `` Palestine '' . The Encyclopædia Britannica : A Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , and General Literature , with New Maps and Original American Articles by Eminent Writers . 18 ( 9 ed . ) . Werner . p. 181 . Image of p. 181 at Google Books Jump up ^ Röhricht , Reinhold ( 1890 ) . Reinhold Röhricht , Bibliotheca Geographica Palestine , from the year A.D. 333 to A.D. 1878 . H. Reuther . pp. 1 -- . YY_bk3Jf - 9QC . Google Books title image @ https://books.google.com/books?id=YY_bk3Jf-9QC&pg=PR1&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U21AQl8wuT1bmaYDcYjnpmrNG_zEQ&ci=73%2C174%2C793%2C1213&edge=0 Jump up ^ The Church Quarterly Review . S.P.C.K. 1891 . pp. 259 -- . VJE3AAAAMAAJ . Bibliotheca Geographica Palestine . Chronologisches Verzeichniss der auf die Geographic des heiligen Landes beziiglichen Literatur von 333 bis 1878 und Versuch einer Cartographic . Herausgegeben von Reinhold Rohricht . ( Berlin : H. Reuther 's Verlagsbuchhandlung , 1890 . ) The title indicates clearly enough the general character of this book . It professes to give a list of all the books relating to the geography of Palestine from the year A.D. 333 to A.D. 1878 and also a chronological list of maps relating to Palestine . ( The Church Quarterly Review 1891 , p. 259 ) Jump up ^ A History of Civilization in Palestine . CUP Archive . pp. 130 -- . GGKEY : 5CEENZCZEW9 . p. 130 : Bibliography : Only a small selection can be mentioned from among the books on Palestine . Bibliotheca Geographica Palestinae , ( Berlin , 1890 ) , enumerates 3515 books , issued between 333 A.D. and 1878 A.D. Jump up ^ Gerber 2008 , p. 51 : `` Perhaps the clearest indication that it was not the British who invented the term Palestine is its usage by the Ottoman authorities . The remnants of the correspondence of the Ottoman governors with their superiors in the first decade of the twentieth century quite often relate to the Zionist question and the resistance to it among local inhabitants . The country is referred to throughout as Palestine . '' Jump up ^ Robertson , John Mackinnon ( 1900 ) . Christianity and Mythology . Watts & Company . p. 422 . Long before Biblical Judaism was known , the people of Palestine shared in the universal rituals of the primeval cults of sun and moon , Nature and symbol ; and the successive waves of conquest , physical and mystical , have only transformed the primordial hallucination . ( Image of p. 422 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Gerber 2008 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Hogarth , David George ( 1911 ) . `` Syria '' . Encyclopædia Britannica : Or , A Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , and Miscellaneous Literature , Enlarged and Improved. 26 ( 11 ed . ) . A. Constable . p. 307 . Population. -- The actual population of Syria is over 3,000,000 spread over a superficial area of about 600,000 sq. m. , i.e. about 5 ⁄ persons to the square mile . But this poor average is largely accounted for by the inclusion of the almost uninhabited northern steppe land and those parts of Syria , which are settled show a much higher rate . Phoenicia and the Lebanon have the densest population , over 70 to the square mile , while Palestine , the north part of the western plateau east of Jordan , the oases of Damascus and Aleppo , the Orontes valley , and parts of Commagene , are well peopled . ( Image of p. 307 at Google Books ) Jump up ^ `` Arab nationalism and the Palestinians , 1850 - 1939 , ʻAbd al - ʻAzīz ʻAyyād '' . Passia.org . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gerber 2008 , p. 51 : `` An important source shedding light on the question is Ruhi al - Khalidi 's book on the history of Zionism , written in the first decade of the twentieth century . It is noteworthy that whenever the name of the country appears , it is always Palestine , never southern Syria or anything else . Al - Khalidi does not seem to be inventing it , otherwise it would be difficult to see why he does not try to explain what he is doing , or where he found this `` bizarre '' name . He is simply using what his language and his knowledge have imparted to him . ( Footnote : Walid Khalidi , `` Kitab al - Sionism , aw al - Mas'ala al - Sahyiuniyya li - Muhammad Ruhi al - Khalidi al - mutwaffa sanat 1913 , '' in Hisham Nashshabe , ed. , Dirasat Filastiniyya , Beirut : Muassasat al - Dirasat al - Filistiniyya , 1988 , pp. 37 -- 82 . ) '' Jump up ^ Grooves Of Change : A Book Of Memoirs , Herbert Samuel Jump up ^ `` Britain 's Moment in the Middle East , 1914 - 1956 , Elizabeth Monroe , p26 '' . Books.google.com. 1963 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Tamari 2011a . Jump up ^ Tamari 2011w . ^ Jump up to : Grief 2008 , p. 473 . Jump up ^ `` Hansard ARAB POLITICAL REPRESENTATIVES ( VISIT TO PALESTINE ) . HC Deb 25 June 1918 vol 107 c903W '' . Hansard.millbanksystems.com. 1918 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Hansard search `` Palestinian '' `` . Hansard.millbanksystems.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Zionist Organization Statement on Palestine , Paris Peace Conference , February 3 , 1919 '' . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Paris Peace Conference Zionist Organisation - proposed map of Palestine '' . Mideastweb.org . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Pipes , Daniel ( 1992 ) . Greater Syria : The History of an Ambition . Oxford University Press US . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 506022 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Franco - British Convention on Certain Points Connected with the Mandates for Syria and the Lebanon , Palestine and Mesopotamia '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Lewis 1980 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Meeting on November 9 , 1920 , quoted in : Memorandum No. 33 , `` Use of the Name Eretz - Israel ' , '' in the Report by the Palestine Royal Commission , 1937 , Memoranda Prepared by the Government of Palestine , C.O. No. 133 . Jump up ^ `` Permanent Mandates Commission , 22nd meeting , minutes of the ninth session , Geneva , June 1926 '' . Domino.un.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Palestine : Report of the Royal Commission , 1936 , CAB 24 / 270 / 8 / Former Reference : CP 163 ( 37 ) , 22 June 1937 Jump up ^ `` Palestine and Israel '' , David M. Jacobson , Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , No. 313 ( February 1999 ) , pp. 65 -- 74 ; `` The Southern and Eastern Borders of Abar - Nahara , '' Steven S. Tuell , Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , No. 284 ( November 1991 ) , pp. 51 -- 57 ; `` Herodotus ' Description of the East Mediterranean Coast '' , Anson F. Rainey , Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , No. 321 ( February 2001 ) , pp. 57 -- 63 ; Herodotus , Histories Jump up ^ Killebrew 2005 , p. 205 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis 1980 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Jobling , David ; Rose , Catherine ( 1996 ) , `` Reading as a Philistine '' , in Mark G. Brett , Ethnicity and the Bible , BRILL , p. 404 , ISBN 9780391041264 , Rabbinic sources insist that the Philistines of Judges and Samuel were different people altogether from the Philistines of Genesis . ( Midrash Tehillim on Psalm 60 ( Braude : vol. 1 , 513 ) ; the issue here is precisely whether Israel should have been obliged , later , to keep the Genesis treaty . ) This parallels a shift in the Septuagint 's translation of Hebrew pelistim . Before Judges , it uses the neutral transliteration phulistiim , but beginning with Judges it switches to the pejorative allophuloi . ( To be precise , Codex Alexandrinus starts using the new translation at the beginning of Judges and uses it invariably thereafter , Vaticanus likewise switches at the beginning of Judges , but reverts to phulistiim on six occasions later in Judges , the last of which is 14 : 2 . ) Jump up ^ Drews 1998 , p. 49 : `` Our names ' Philistia ' and ' Philistines ' are unfortunate obfuscations , first introduced by the translators of the LXX and made definitive by Jerome 's Vg . When turning a Hebrew text into Greek , the translators of the LXX might simply -- as Josephus was later to do -- have Hellenized the Hebrew פְּלִשְׁתִּים as Παλαιστίνοι , and the toponym פְּלִשְׁתִּ as Παλαιστίνη . Instead , they avoided the toponym altogether , turning it into an ethnonym . As for the ethnonym , they chose sometimes to transliterate it ( incorrectly aspirating the initial letter , perhaps to compensate for their inability to aspirate the sigma ) as φυλιστιιμ , a word that looked exotic rather than familiar , and more often to translate it as άλλόφυλοι . Jerome followed the LXX 's lead in eradicating the names , ' Palestine ' and ' Palestinians ' , from his Old Testament , a practice adopted in most modern translations of the Bible . '' Jump up ^ Drews 1998 , p. 51 : `` The LXX 's regular translation of פְּלִשְׁתִּים into άλλόφυλοι is significant here . Not a proper name at all , allophyloi is a generic term , meaning something like ' people of other stock ' . If we assume , as I think we must , that with their word allophyloi the translators of the LXX tried to convey in Greek what p'lištîm had conveyed in Hebrew , we must conclude that for the worshippers of Yahweh p'lištîm and b'nê yiśrā'ēl were mutually exclusive terms , p'lištîm ( or allophyloi ) being tantamount to ' non-Judaeans of the Promised Land ' when used in a context of the third century BCE , and to ' non-Israelites of the Promised Land ' when used in a context of Samson , Saul and David . Unlike an ethnonym , the noun פְּלִשְׁתִּים normally appeared without a definite article . '' ^ Jump up to : Richard Abbott . `` The Philistines '' . Oldtestamentstudies.net . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` All references to words beginning Philis * '' . Bible Gateway . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Smith , 1863 , p. 1546 . Jump up ^ Noth , M. ( 1939 ) . `` Zur Geschichte des Namens Palästina '' . Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina - Vereins ( 1878 - 1945 ) . 62 ( 1 / 2 ) : 125 -- 144 . JSTOR 27930226 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , David M. ( 1999 ) . `` Palestine and Israel '' . Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research ( 313 ) : 65 -- 74 . doi : 10.2307 / 1357617 . JSTOR 1357617 . In the earliest Classical literature references to Palestine generally applied to the Land of Israel in the wider sense . A reappraisal of this question has given rise to the proposition that the name Palestine , in its Greek form Palaistine , was both a transliteration of a word used to describe the land of the Philistines and , at the same time , a literal translation of the name Israel . This dual interpretation reconciles apparent contradictions in early definitions of the name Palaistine and is compatible with the Greeks ' penchant for punning , especially on place names . Jump up ^ Beloe , W. , Rev. , Herodotus , ( tr. from Greek ) , with notes , Vol. II , London , 1821 , p. 269 `` It should be remembered that Syria is always regarded by Herodotus as synonymous with Assyria . What the Greeks called Palestine the Arabs call Falastin , which is the Philistines of Scripture . '' https://books.google.com/books?id=SyYIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA269 Jump up ^ The Hellenistic settlements in Syria , the Red Sea Basin , and North Africa , 2006 , Getzel M. Cohen , p36 - 37 , `` ... it is important to note that despite its appearance in various literary texts of and pertaining to the Hellenistic period , the term `` Palestine '' is not found on any extant Hellenistic coin or inscription . In other words , there is no attestation for its use in an official context in the Hellenistic period . '' Jump up ^ A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period Page 174 Lester L. Grabbe - 2008 `` The place of Judah in Coele - Syria was readily known in geographical writings . According to Strabo , Syria includes the following areas : We set down as parts of Syria , beginning at Cilicia and Mt . Amanus , both Commagene and the Seleucis ... Jump up ^ Strabo 16.2 , Geographica Jump up ^ Studies in Josephus and the varieties of ancient Judaism : Louis H. Feldman . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ The Bar - Kokhba Revolt ( 132 - 135 C.E. ) by Shira Schoenberg , The Jewish Virtual Library Jump up ^ The Hellenistic settlements in Syria , the Red Sea Basin , and North Africa , 2006 , Getzel M. Cohen , p36 - 37 , `` `` Palestine '' did not come into official use until the early second century AD , when the emperor Hadrian decided to rename the province of Judaea ; for its new name he chose `` Syria Palaestina . '' 49 . On the date of the name change -- before rather than after the Bar - Kochva revolt -- see − R. Syme , JRS 52 ( 1962 ) 90 ; and A. Kindler , INJ 14 ( 2000 -- 2002 ) 176 -- 79 ... `` . Syme is at Syme , Ronald ( 1962 ) . `` The Wrong Marcius Turbo '' . The Journal of Roman Studies . 52 : 87 -- 96 . ISSN 0075 - 4358 . JSTOR 297879 . Jump up ^ Lehmann , Clayton Miles ( Summer 1998 ) . `` Palestine : History : 135 -- 337 : Syria Palaestina and the Tetrarchy '' . The On - line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces . University of South Dakota . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sharon , 1998 , p. 4 . According to Moshe Sharon : `` Eager to obliterate the name of the rebellious Judaea '' , the Roman authorities ( General Hadrian ) renamed it Palaestina or Syria Palaestina . Jump up ^ `` Hadrian was in those parts in 129 and 130 . He abolished the name of Jerusalem , refounding the place as a colony , Aelia Capitolina . That helped to provoke the rebellion . The supersession of the ethnical term by the geographical may also reflect Hadrian 's decided opinions about Jews . '' Syme , Ronald ( 1962 ) . `` The Wrong Marcius Turbo '' . The Journal of Roman Studies . 52 : 87 -- 96 . ISSN 0075 - 4358 . JSTOR 297879 . ( page 90 ) Jump up ^ Lendering , Jona . `` Satraps and satrapies '' . Livius.org . Livius . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Palestine region articles History History of Palestine Timeline periods name Jewish Christian Muslim Geographic definition Demographics Abrahamic holy places Cave of the Patriarchs Joseph 's Tomb Rachel 's Tomb Lot 's Tomb Judaism Four Holy Cities Western Wall Christianity Church of the Holy Sepulchre Church of the Nativity Basilica of the Annunciation Islam Dome of the Rock Al - Aqsa Mosque Great Mosque of Gaza Regimes Canaanite tribes New Kingdom of Egypt Ancient Israel and Judah / Phoenicia / Philistia Neo-Assyrian Empire / Neo-Babylonian Empire Persian Empire Yehud Medinata Hellenistic Greece / Hasmonean dynasty Roman Empire Herodian dynasty Kingdom Tetrarchy Roman Judea Syria Palaestina Byzantine Empire Palaestina Prima / Palaestina Secunda Caliphates Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid / Fatimid Crusaders / Seljuk Empire / Ayyubids The Mamluk Ottoman Empire British Empire Modern state of Israel Egyptian rule of Gaza / Jordanian rule of West Bank Palestinian territories / Palestinian National Authority / Gaza Strip / State of Palestine / Israeli - occupied territories Zionism and the Land of Israel Historic region of Israel Independent Israel Modern Israel History Prehistory / History of the Levant History of ancient Israel and Judah Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism The Jewish people Timeline of Jewish history History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel ( leaders ) Modern Jewish settlement in the Land of Israel History of Israel Israeli Jews Culture of Israel Law of Return History to 1948 Zionism ( history timeline ) Aliyah Balfour Declaration Mandate document Mandatory Palestine History UN Partition Plan Declaration of Independence Politics Arab -- Israeli conflict Israeli -- Palestinian conflict ( Peace process Disengagement from Gaza Society and economy Kibbutzim and Moshavim Exodus from Arab countries Development towns Austerity Agriculture technology Green Line Israeli settlements Timeline International law West Bank Judea and Samaria Area Gaza Strip Geography Hof Aza Regional Council East Jerusalem Positions on Jerusalem Palestinian nationalism and the region of Palestine Palestine ( British Mandate borders ) State of Palestine Palestinian National Authority Name Timeline of the name `` Palestine '' History Time periods Demographics Israeli -- Palestinian conflict Palestinians Culture Refugees Diaspora Right of return Political status History Palestine Liberation Organization Green Line Palestinian territories West Bank History Geography Gaza Strip History Geography East Jerusalem Positions on Jerusalem Jerusalem Governorate Oslo Accords Interim Agreement ( `` Oslo 2 '' ) Politics Cities ( PNA -- administered ) Electoral districts Foreign relations Governorates Law Legislative Council Political parties Fatah Hamas External links Maps of the Holy Land from the Eran Laor Collection , 1462 - 1650 Early Church History 101 - The First Century Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_name_%22Palestine%22&oldid=854109667 '' Categories : Country name etymology Etymologies of geographic names Names of places in Asia History of Palestine ( region ) Hidden categories : Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2014 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Pages with numeric Bible version references CS1 errors : chapter ignored All articles with broken links to citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 01 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was palestine first mentioned in the bible	[ "Genesis 10:14: (first reference) \"And Pathrusim, and Casluhim, (out of whom came Philistim,) and Caphtorim.\"\nGenesis 21:32-34: \"Thus they made a covenant at Beersheba: then Abimelech rose up, and Phichol the chief captain of his host, and they returned into the land of the Philistines. And Abraham planted a grove in Beersheba, and called there on the name of the LORD, the everlasting God. And Abraham sojourned in the Philistines' land many days.\"\nExodus 13:17: \"And it came to pass, when Pharaoh had let the people go, that God led them not through the way of the land of the Philistines, although that was near; for God said, Lest peradventure the people repent when they see war, and they return to Egypt\"\nExodus 23:31: \"And I will set thy bounds from the Red sea even unto the sea of the Philistines, and from the desert unto the river: for I will deliver the inhabitants of the land into your hand; and thou shalt drive them out before thee.\"" ]	[ "Genesis 10:14" ]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.