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It's Raining, It's Pouring
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It 's raining , it 's pouring - wikipedia It 's raining , it 's pouring Jump to : navigation , search `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' Nursery rhyme Recorded 1939 Songwriter ( s ) Unknown Children 's literature portal `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' is an English language nursery rhyme and children 's song . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 16814 . Lyrics ( edit ) Common , modern versions include : It 's raining ; it 's pouring . The old man is snoring . He went to bed and bumped his head , And he did n't get up til the morning . It 's raining ; it 's pouring . The old woman is snoring . She went to bed and bumped her head , And she could n't get up in the morning . It 's raining ; it 's pouring . The children are snoring . They went to bed and bumped their heads , And they could n't get up in the morning . Origins and interpretation ( edit ) The first two lines of this rhyme can be found in The Little Mother Goose , published in the US in 1912 . The melody most often associated with it is the same as `` A Tisket , A Tasket '' , which is in the public domain . The earliest known audio recording of the song was made in 1939 in New York by anthropologist and folklorist Herbert Halpert and is held in the Library of Congress . It was noted in 1939 in New York by Charles Ives ( 1874 -- 1954 ) and a version of it was copyrighted in 1944 by Freda Selicoff . It has been suggested that the verse is a `` classic description '' of a head injury ( `` bumped his head '' ) , followed by a lucid interval and an inability to resume normal activity ( `` could n't get up in the morning '' ) . However , it has also been suggested that , in regards to the first verse at least , that the rhyme is an interpretation of an accidental death ( `` did n't get up in the morning ; indicating that no attempt or ability to get up made ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ C.W. Henderson , The Charles Ives Tunebook ( Indiana University Press , 2008 ) , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Anon , The Little Mother Goose ( 1912 , Dodd , Mead & Company , 3rd edn. , 1918 ) , p. 169 . Jump up ^ `` Audio Recordings It 's raining , it 's pouring '' , Library of Congress , retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ C.W. Henderson , The Charles Ives Tunebook ( Indiana University Press , 2008 ) , p. 141 ; Library of Congress Copyright Office , Catalog of copyright entries ( Library of Congress , Copyright Office , 1944 ) , p. 1362 . Jump up ^ A.H. Kaye , `` Essential Neurosurgery '' 3rd Ed. , ( Blackwell Publishing , 2004 ) , p. 57 Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Jack Horner '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Five Little Speckled Frogs '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and round the garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_Raining,_It%27s_Pouring&oldid=812517328 '' Categories : American nursery rhymes Year of song unknown Songwriter unknown Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 07 : 46 . About Wikipedia
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words to nursery rhyme it's raining it pouring
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Shameless (season 8)
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Shameless ( season 8 ) - wikipedia Shameless ( season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search Shameless ( season 8 ) DVD Cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 Release Original network Showtime Original release November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) -- January 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) episodes The eighth season of Shameless , an American comedy - drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott , was announced on December 19 , 2016 , a day after the seventh season finale . The season , which premiered on November 5 , 2017 , consisted of a total of 12 episodes . This is also the last season to feature Isidora Goreshter as series regular , as she announced her departure from the series following the season finale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Special Guest 1.3 Recurring 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) characters Main ( edit ) William H. Macy as Frank Gallagher Emmy Rossum as Fiona Gallagher Jeremy Allen White as Philip `` Lip '' Gallagher Ethan Cutkosky as Carl Gallagher Shanola Hampton as Veronica Fisher Steve Howey as Kevin Ball Emma Kenney as Deborah `` Debbie '' Gallagher Cameron Monaghan as Ian Gallagher Isidora Goreshter as Svetlana Yevgenivna Fisher Special Guest ( edit ) Dermot Mulroney as Sean Pierce Richard Flood as Ford Recurring ( edit ) Christian Isaiah as Liam Gallagher Jim Hoffmaster as Kermit Michael Patrick McGill as Tommy Alan Rosenberg as Professor Youens Ruby Modine as Sierra Morton Zack Pearlman as Neil Elliot Fletcher as Trevor Juliette Angelo as Geneva Alicia Coppola as Sue Scott Michael Campbell as Brad Levy Tran as Eddie Jessica Szohr as Nessa Chabon Perry Mattfeld as Mel David Brackett as Duran Sharon Lawrence as Margo Mierzejewski Faran Tahir as Adeeb Raffi Barsoumian as Bahir Sammi Hanratty as Kassidi Gallagher Chet Hanks as Charlie Tina Ivlev as Freelania Alexeyevich Scarlet Spencer as Xan Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 85 `` We Become What We ... Frank ! '' Iain B. MacDonald John Wells November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 1.86 Fiona begins renovating and selling apartments in her new building . Frank returns from the monastery and begins to apologize to everyone he has wronged in the past . Lip tries to get his drinking problem under control while also trying to win back Sierra . Debbie gets a new job and begins night school where she 's learning to become a welder . Ian tries to win back the heart of Trevor by helping teens at the youth center . Carl begins selling the meth that Monica left him and his siblings before she passed away while also staying in shape for military school over the summer break . Liam is used by the faculty of his new school to show off the school 's diversity for prospective parents . Kevin learns some disturbing news about his health and Veronica tries to take back the Alibi from Svetlana . 86 `` Where 's My Meth ? '' Anthony Hemingway Nancy M. Pimental November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 1.37 Fiona grapples with evicting someone from the apartment building . Frank finds a job for the first time and tries to be a respectable citizen . Lip tries to sabotage Sierra 's relationship . Ian goes with Trevor to a chub bar in an effort to fix their relationship . Carl tries to sell Ian 's portion of Monica 's meth but makes a troubling discovery about her . Liam visits a rich friend 's house and is astonished by the luxury that others have . Kevin is sent off to a cancer support group and finds people he can relate to , trying to be ready for the operation that is coming . 87 `` God Bless Her Rotting Soul '' Michael Morris Krista Vernoff November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 1.34 While Kevin 's tumour is benign , he becomes obsessed with being healthy and , upon researching his genetics , discovers that he comes from an inbred community in Kentucky . Fiona 's evicted tenant destroys her room so Fiona attempts to find a new renter but comes into conflict with Nessa 's girlfriend , Mel . Neil breaks up with Debbie . Ian continues to struggle with Monica 's death . Lip tries to help Professor Yeouens deal with his alcoholism . Frank , now going by Francis , remains committed to becoming a better person . Svetlana tries to sell the Alibi , forcing Veronica to visit her in prison and make a deal , resulting in her release and partial - ownership of the bar . Monica 's partner threatens the Gallaghers and they dig up her body in order to retrieve the meth . 88 `` Fuck Paying It Forward '' Regina King Dominique Morisseau November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 1.59 Frank is helping as much as he can at Liam 's school , and meets a potential love interest amongst the mothers . Fiona is furious when Sean , now clean and married , returns to try and make amends . Lip is sex - crazed , and ends up sleeping with his co-worker , Eddie ( Levy Tran ) . Ian lets a shelter girl of Trevor 's sleep over to help her out of a bad spot , and gets chewed out by Trevor for it , but later they make amends , and Ian promises to try and find a living situation for some of the shelter kids . Debbie has moved back in , and is sad to be missing Frannie 's growing up because of work . Carl attempts to catch a junkie breaking into houses on the block . Another black child join Liam 's school . Kevin and Veronica meet Kevin 's family ; Kev is overwrought with emotion , whereas Veronica fears his family is racist . 89 5 `` The ( Mis ) Education of Liam Fergus Beircheart Gallagher '' Iain B. MacDonald Sheila Callaghan December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 1.51 Fiona tries to raise the profile of the neighborhood ; Ian helps Trevor raise money for a youth shelter ; Carl loses his scholarship ; Lip stands up to a friend ; Frank teaches parents about the working class . 90 6 `` Icarus Fell And Rusty Ate Him '' Zetna Fuentes Mark Steilen December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 1.52 After she discovers one of her tenants dead , Fiona is forced to reflect on her own life , as the rift between her and Ian grows deeper . Meanwhile , Lip enlists Carl 's help to search for his AA sponsor , Brad , after he started drinking again . After having sex with Duran , Debbie has a pregnancy scare and tries to get a morning - after pill . Frank enjoys having his first - ever credit card , while Kev and V are making discoveries about their sexualities . 91 7 `` Occupy Fiona '' Iain B. MacDonald Molly Smith Metzler December 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) 1.58 Ian keeps testing Fiona 's patience , and starts a `` Occupy Fiona '' movement next to her building . With the support of Brad , Lip tries to help Youens for his DUI trial , after the latter 's fifth drunk driving conviction . Meanwhile , an unemployed Frank goes on a job hunt , while Debbie is facing a rude doctor at her own work . Carl gets close to Kassidi , one of his rehab clients , who comes up with a plan to get him easy money . An unsure Kev is learning how to sexually dominate V . 92 8 `` Frank 's Northern Southern Express '' Emmy Rossum Nancy M. Pimental December 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 31 ) 0.81 Fiona considers moving into one of her apartments , while she tries to get closer to Ford . Frank starts a business , by smuggling Muslims and drugs through the US - Canada border . Meanwhile , Lip interviews new AA sponsors , and discovers something about Charlie , Sierra 's boyfriend . Ian confronts a pastor preaching gay conversion , as Carl tries to reconcile his job with Kassidi , his new mercurial girlfriend . As she tries to find a new job and some money , Debbie thinks she may be pregnant again . Kev starts showing his dominating tricks against Svetlana at work , to the pleasure of V . 93 9 `` The Fugees '' Jeffrey Reiner Dominique Morisseau January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) 1.65 Frank 's business takes a turn for the worse , as it sends him on the run through the Great White North . Ian 's run - in with a minister brings about some unexpected and new allies . Meanwhile , Fiona tries and fails to fit in with Ford 's group of friends , while Carl 's new girlfriend Kassidi suffers separation anxiety . As he gets closer to Eddie , Lip must decide whether to tell Sierra about Charlie 's secret baby or not . Debbie finds a new money opportunity thanks to the dog she is watching . After a visit from a former employee , Svetlana reveals to Kevin and V how bad she feels about her current miserable life . 94 10 `` Church of Gay Jesus '' Anna Mastro Sheila Callaghan January 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) 1.52 Ian tries to get a handle on his newfound fame and attention from his `` followers '' , as Frank finds a way to cash in . Meanwhile , Fiona struggles with her conscience as she decides to help the worker who fell off her roof . Lip deals with the sudden death of someone important to him , while Debbie starts doing some dangerous welding gigs . As Carl finds himself forced to marry Kassidi , Kev and V decide to help Svetlana to find a sugar daddy . 95 11 `` A Gallagher Pedicure '' Iain B. MacDonald Mark Steilen January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) 1.52 Fiona 's homeless tenants sue her , while barricading themselves inside her apartment . Frank considers his retirement , while Lip decides to help a terrified Sierra against her newly released father . Despite warnings , Ian wants to provide sanctuary to a runaway teen , as Carl is showing Kassidi his life before dating her . After her injury , Debbie decides to sacrifice her toe surgery over her school , as she ca n't pay for both . As Kev and V are unable to get her a sugar daddy , Svetlana finds an unconventional solution to her problem . 96 12 `` Sleepwalking '' John Wells John Wells January 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 1.73 With the help of Ford , Fiona decides to `` go Gallagher '' to get rid of her homeless tenants and their lawsuit . Frank enrolls Liam in planning a burglary at his rich friend 's house , but Liam is having second thoughts . After things got out of hand , Ian is forced to hide from the authorities . Debbie considers joint custody of Franny with Derek , in exchange for child support . As Lip makes a decision regarding his life and his relationship with Sierra , Carl tries to find a way to go back to military school behind Kassidi 's back . Meanwhile , Kev and V help Svetlana to go through with her scheme . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` We Become What We ... Frank ! '' November 5 , 2017 0.7 1.86 0.5 1.16 1.2 3.02 `` Where 's My Meth ? '' November 12 , 2017 0.5 1.37 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` God Bless Her Rotting Soul '' November 19 , 2017 0.5 1.34 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Fuck Paying It Forward '' November 26 , 2017 0.6 1.59 0.6 1.26 1.2 2.86 5 `` The ( Mis ) Education of Liam Fergus Beircheart Gallagher '' December 3 , 2017 0.6 1.51 0.5 1.42 1.1 2.93 6 `` Icarus Fell And Rusty Ate Him '' December 10 , 2017 0.5 1.52 0.6 1.40 1.1 2.92 7 `` Occupy Fiona '' December 17 , 2017 0.5 1.58 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Frank 's Northern Southern Express '' December 31 , 2017 0.2 0.81 N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 `` The Fugees '' January 7 , 2018 0.7 1.65 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Church of Gay Jesus '' January 14 , 2018 0.6 1.52 0.5 1.37 1.1 2.90 11 `` A Gallagher Pedicure '' January 21 , 2018 0.5 1.52 0.6 1.38 1.1 2.89 12 `` Sleepwalking '' January 28 , 2018 0.6 1.73 0.5 1.27 1.1 3.00 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shameless ' Renewed For Season 8 By Showtime '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jade , Saura ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` TVLine Items : Shameless Return Date , DC 's Legends Hails Caesar and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Showtime ( R ) Picks Up Eighth Season of Its Hit Series `` Shameless '' `` . The Futon Critic . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goreshter , Isidora ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` All good things must come to an end '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shameless ' : Emmy Rossum Resolves Salary Standoff , Paving Way for Season 8 '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Callaghan , Shelia ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` we 're back , babies ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hampton , Shanola ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` When you get an email with your first table read of SEASON 8 on a show you 've been on since the pilot , you ca n't help but give God praise ! ! ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paolo , Lyn ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` @ cameronmonaghan See you soon ... '' Twitter . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shameless ' Casts Richard Flood ; Merit Leighton Joins ' Alexa & Katie ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/tv/trailers/891863-shameless-season-8-trailer-and-poster#/slide/1 Jump up ^ Modine , Ruby ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` First table read '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kenney , Emma ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` GIRL VS VEGGIE BURGER . a truthful & telling series by @ zackpearlman . friday night shoot vibezzz '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Shameless enlists Jessica Szohr for Season 8 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/tv/trailers/891863-shameless-season-8-trailer-and-poster#/slide/1 ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.5. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.12. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.19. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.7. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.14. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.21. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.28. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Cult ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 30 - Nov. 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' laps the field in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' outpaces everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 27 - Dec. 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Top Chef ' premiere more than doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for Dec. 4 - 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Nashville ' grows by 400 percent in cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 8 - 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Assassination of Gianni Versace ' posts solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 15 - 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Waco ' premiere doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 22 - 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Shameless episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Shameless Original version Episodes Characters Frank Gallagher Carl Gallagher Ian Gallagher Jamie Maguire Karen Maguire Mimi Maguire Shane Maguire Mickey Maguire U.S. adaptation Episodes 5 6 7 8 Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shameless_(season_8)&oldid=831666569 '' Categories : Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 17 : 50 . About Wikipedia
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when did season 8 of shameless come out
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"The eighth season of Shameless, an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, was announced on December 19, 2016, a day after the seventh season finale.[1] The season, which premiered on November 5, 2017,[2] consisted of a total of 12 episodes.[3]"
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"November 5, 2017"
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I Can't Live Without You
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I Ca n't Live Without You - wikipedia I Ca n't Live Without You Jump to : navigation , search `` I Ca n't Live Without You '' Single by Al Walser Format Digital download Recorded September 21 , 2012 Genre Eurodance Length 4 : 21 Label Cut the Bull Entertainment Songwriter ( s ) Al Walser , Paul Sissons Producer ( s ) Al Walser `` I Ca n't Live Without You '' is a song by Liechtenstein producer Al Walser . The song was nominated for Best Dance Recording at the 2013 Grammy Awards . It lost to `` Bangarang '' by Skrillex & Sirah . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reception 2 Track listing 3 References 4 External links Reception ( edit ) The song 's nomination for a Grammy Award caused controversy . Philip Sherburne of Spin noted a lack of notability of Walser compared to Avicii , Calvin Harris , Skrillex , and Swedish House Mafia , as they were also nominated for the same award , writing that the song 's `` clunky rock / trance fusion and low - budget video make Rebecca Black 's ' Friday ' sound and look cutting - edge in comparison '' . Bill Freimuth , the vice president of the Recording Academy -- which is responsible for the Grammy Awards -- told MTV Walser `` was a very active marketer of his work , and got his music out to lots and lots of our voting membership , and they chose to vote for it . '' He noted that ballot is audited by Deloitte and said `` they found nothing really anomalous or wrong with the votes surrounding this nomination . '' Speculation surrounding the nomination includes Walser 's membership to the Recording Academy . Walser stated his position as a voter `` was only helpful to the extent that I had access to the other voters , and they could see what I was doing on a regular basis '' . Billboard compared the incident to Linda Chorney , who gained a Grammy Award nomination the previous year through a similar tactic . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` I Ca n't Live Without You '' ( Maui & Chris Mix ) -- 3 : 19 `` I Ca n't Live Without You '' ( Malibu Mix ) -- 3 : 15 `` I Ca n't Live Without You '' ( Turnyboy Mix ) -- 3 : 29 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sherburne , Philip ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` Who the Hell Is Al Walser and How Did He Get an EDM Grammy Nomination ? '' . Spin . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( December 10 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Al Walser Wo n't Be Stripped Of His Grammy Nom '' . MTV . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carreon , Mary ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Al Walser : Our Interview With a Beguiling Grammy Nominee '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How Did Al Walser Score a Grammy Nomination ? '' . Billboard . December 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` I Ca n't Live Without You - Single by Al Walser '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` I Ca n't Live With You '' official music video on YouTube Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can%27t_Live_Without_You&oldid=678183150 '' Categories : 2012 singles 2012 songs Eurodance songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 August 2015 , at 21 : 18 . About Wikipedia
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who sang the original i can't live without you
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"\"I Can't Live Without You\" is a song by Liechtenstein producer Al Walser."
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"Liechtenstein producer Al Walser"
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Loretta Lynn
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Loretta Lynn - wikipedia Loretta Lynn Not to be confused with Loretta Lynch . Loretta Lynn Lynn in 2005 Background information Birth name Loretta Webb Also known as The Coal Miner 's Daughter The Queen of Country Music The Honky Tonk Girl The Decca Doll The Blue Kentucky Girl The Hillbilly Feminist ( 1932 - 04 - 14 ) April 14 , 1932 ( age 86 ) Butcher Hollow , Kentucky , U.S. Genres Country honky - tonk Americana gospel Occupation ( s ) Singer - songwriter author commercial spokesperson actress Instruments Vocals guitar Years active 1960 -- present Labels Zero Decca MCA Columbia Audium Interscope Legacy Associated acts Patsy Cline Crystal Gayle The Lynns Willie Nelson Dolly Parton Peggy Sue Ernest Tubb Conway Twitty Jack White The Wilburn Brothers Tammy Wynette Tayla Lynn Website www.lorettalynn.com Loretta Lynn ( née Webb ; born April 14 , 1932 ) is an American country music singer - songwriter with multiple gold albums in a career spanning almost 60 years . She is famous for hits such as `` You Ai n't Woman Enough ( To Take My Man ) '' , `` Do n't Come Home A ' Drinkin ' ( With Lovin ' on Your Mind ) '' , `` One 's on the Way '' , `` Fist City '' , and `` Coal Miner 's Daughter '' along with the 1980 biographical film of the same name . Lynn has received numerous awards and other accolades for her groundbreaking role in country music , including awards from both the Country Music Association and Academy of Country Music as a duet partner and an individual artist . She is the most awarded female country recording artist and the only female ACM Artist of the Decade ( 1970s ) . Lynn , has sold more than 45 million albums worldwide , scored 24 number one hit singles , and 11 number one albums . Lynn continues to tour , appear at the Grand Old Opry and release new albums . She is recognized by the strength and quality of her voice still today , as well as her down to earth , quick wit and humor . Contents 1 Early years 2 Path to stardom 3 Personal life 3.1 Birth , parents and siblings , and famous relatives 3.2 Early adulthood 3.3 Children and grandchildren 3.4 Marital problems 3.5 Homes 3.6 Health issues 4 Music career 4.1 1960 -- 1966 : Early country success 4.2 1967 -- 1980 : Breakthrough success 4.2. 1 Professional partnership with Conway Twitty 4.2. 2 Tribute album for Patsy Cline 4.3 1980 -- 1989 : Continued success 4.4 1990 -- 2004 : Return to country : Honky Tonk Angels , Still Country and second autobiography 4.5 2004 -- present : Late career resurgence 5 Honors and awards 6 Politics 7 Discography 7.1 Studio albums 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Early years ( edit ) Lynn was born Loretta Webb on April 14 , 1932 in Butcher Hollow , Kentucky . She is the eldest daughter and second child born to Clara Marie `` Clary '' ( née Ramey ; 1912 -- 1981 ) and Melvin Theodore `` Ted '' Webb ( 1906 -- 1959 ) . Ted was a coal miner and subsistence farmer . The other Webb children : Melvin Webb , Jr . ( Junior ) ( December 4 , 1929 -- July 1 , 1993 ) Herman Webb ( September 3 , 1934 -- July 28 , 2018 ) Willie `` Jay '' Lee Webb ( February 12 , 1937 -- July 31 , 1996 ) Donald Ray Webb ( April 2 , 1941 -- October 13 , 2017 ) Peggy Sue Wright ( née Webb ; born March 25 , 1943 ) Betty Ruth Hopkins ( Webb ) ( born 1946 ) Crystal Gayle ( born Brenda Gail Webb ; January 9 , 1951 ) Loretta 's father died at age of 52 of black lung disease a few years after he relocated to Wabash , Indiana with wife Clary and his younger children . Path to stardom ( edit ) On January 10 , 1948 , 15 - year - old Loretta Webb married Oliver `` Doolittle '' a.k.a. `` Mooney '' Lynn ( August 27 , 1926 -- August 22 , 1996 ) , and the two shortly after relocated to northern Washington state where the happiness and heartache of their early marriage inspired her music . In 1953 , Doolittle bought her a $17 Harmony guitar . She taught herself to play the instrument , and over the following three years , she worked to improve her guitar playing . With Doolittle 's encouragement , she started her own band , Loretta and the Trailblazers , with her brother Jay Lee playing lead guitar . She often appeared at Bill 's Tavern in Blaine , Washington , and the Delta Grange Hall in Custer , Washington , with the Pen Brothers ' band and the Westerneers . She cut her first record , `` I 'm a Honky Tonk Girl '' , in February 1960 . She became a part of the country music scene in Nashville in the 1960s . In 1967 she had the first of 16 number - one hits ( out of 70 charted songs as a solo artist and a duet partner ) . Her later hits include `` Do n't Come Home A ' Drinkin ' ( With Lovin ' on Your Mind ) '' , `` You Ai n't Woman Enough '' , `` Fist City '' , and `` Coal Miner 's Daughter '' . Lynn focused on blue - collar women 's issues with themes about philandering husbands and persistent mistresses ; her music was inspired by issues that she faced in her marriage . She pushed boundaries in the conservative genre of country music by singing about birth control ( `` The Pill '' ) , repeated childbirth ( `` One 's on the Way '' ) , double standards for men and women ( `` Rated ' X ' '' ) , and being widowed by the draft during the Vietnam War ( `` Dear Uncle Sam '' ) . Country music radio stations often refused to play her music , banning nine of her songs , but Lynn pushed on to become one of country music 's legendary artists . She and contemporaries like Tammy Wynette provided a template for female artists in country music to follow . Her best - selling 1976 autobiography , Coal Miner 's Daughter , was made into an Academy Award -- winning film of the same title in 1980 , starring Sissy Spacek and Tommy Lee Jones , with Spacek winning the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role as Lynn . Her album Van Lear Rose , released in 2004 , was produced by the alternative rock musician Jack White ; Lynn and White were nominated for five Grammys and won two . Lynn has received numerous awards in country and American music . She was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1983 , the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1988 , and the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2008 , and she was honored in 2010 at the Country Music Awards . She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama in 2013 ( it was also presented to Bill Clinton , Oprah Winfrey , and Bob Dylan ) . Lynn has been a member of the Grand Ole Opry since joining on September 25 , 1962 ; her debut appearance on the Grand Ole Opry was on October 15 , 1960 . Lynn has recorded 70 albums , including 54 studio albums , 15 compilation albums , and one tribute album , and over 48 million of her albums have been sold worldwide in her career . Personal life ( edit ) Birth , parents and siblings , and famous relatives ( edit ) Lynn 's childhood home in Butcher Hollow , Kentucky Lynn was born in 1932 and raised in the mining community of Butcher Hollow , Van Lear , Kentucky . Loretta was the second of eight children . She was named after the film star Loretta Young . Ted Webb never got to see his daughter become famous , because he died in 1959 of black lung disease before Loretta 's first single , `` I 'm A Honky Tonk Girl '' , was released the following year . In addition to her famous siblings and children who perform , Lynn is cousins with country singer Patty Loveless ( born Patricia Ramey ) thru her mother 's side . She is also related , on her mother 's side , to Venus Ramey , Miss America of 1944 . Early adulthood ( edit ) Webb was 15 when she married 21 - year - old Oliver Lynn , known variously as `` Doolittle '' , `` Doo '' , or `` Mooney '' , on January 10 , 1948 ; the couple had met only a month earlier . A year later , they left Kentucky and moved to the logging community of Custer , Washington , when Loretta was seven months pregnant with the first of their six children . Children and grandchildren ( edit ) The Lynns had six children together : Betty Sue Lynn ( November 26 , 1948 -- July 29 , 2013 ) Jack Benny Lynn , ( December 7 , 1949 -- July 24 , 1984 ) Clara Marie `` Cissie '' Lynn ( born 1952 ) Ernest Ray `` Ernie '' Lynn ( born 1954 ) Peggy Jean and Patsy Eileen Lynn ( born 1964 ; twin daughters named for Lynn 's sister Peggy Sue Wright and her close friend Patsy Cline ) Lynn has outlived two of her six children . Her second child and eldest son , Jack Benny , died at age 34 on July 22 , 1984 , while trying to ford the Duck River at the family 's ranch in Hurricane Mills , Tennessee . Loretta 's eldest child , daughter Betty Sue , died at age 64 from emphysema in 2013 , near Loretta 's ranch in Hurricane Mills . Lynn became a grandmother at age 34 in 1966 , two years after her twins were born . She has 27 grandchildren and 16 great - grandchildren as of August 2017 . Before her marriage , she regularly sang at churches and in local concerts in Butcher Hollow and sang continually to her younger siblings . After marrying , she temporarily stopped singing in public and focused on family life . She passed her love of music on to her children , often singing to them around the house , singing the hymns her mother taught her such as `` The Great Titanic '' and `` In The Pines '' . Marital problems ( edit ) The Lynns were married for almost 50 years until Doolittle died at age 69 in 1996 . The couple had six children , and the marriage was reportedly rocky . In her 2002 autobiography Still Woman Enough and in an interview with CBS News the same year , she recounted how her husband cheated on her regularly and once left her while she was giving birth . She and her husband fought frequently , but she said that `` he never hit me one time that I did n't hit him back twice '' . Loretta has said that her marriage was `` one of the hardest love stories '' . In one of her autobiographies , she recalled : I married Doo when I was n't but a child , and he was my life from that day on . But as important as my youth and upbringing was , there 's something else that made me stick to Doo . He thought I was something special , more special than anyone else in the world , and never let me forget it . That belief would be hard to shove out the door . Doo was my security , my safety net . And just remember , I 'm explainin ' , not excusin ' ... Doo was a good man and a hard worker . But he was an alcoholic , and it affected our marriage all the way through . Homes ( edit ) Lynn owns a ranch in Hurricane Mills , Tennessee , billed as `` the 7th Largest Attraction in Tennessee '' , featuring a recording studio , museums , lodging , restaurants , western stores , and other attractions . She normally holds three holiday concerts annually at her ranch : Memorial Day Weekend , Fourth of July Weekend , and Labor Day Weekend . The ranch where Lynn and her husband raised their children is open for tourists to visit . Since 1982 , the ranch has hosted Loretta Lynn 's Amateur Motocross National Championship , the world 's largest amateur motocross race , in addition to GNCC Racing events . The centerpiece of the ranch is her large plantation home ; it also features a replica of her parents ' cabin in Butcher Hollow . She no longer lives in the plantation home , but lives nearby in a purpose built house behind the plantation Home . Lynn regularly greets fans who are touring the plantation house . The ranch also hosts the annual Loretta Lynn 's Amateur Championship motocross race . In the 1970s , Lynn purchased a home in Mexico . When she was not touring , she spent time there with her twin daughters , Patsy and Peggy , and her husband . Lynn and her husband also bought a cabin up in Canada and spent a lot of time there during the 1980s after buying the property in the early 1970s as a hunting lodge for Mooney ( Lynn 's husband . ) Health issues ( edit ) In May of 2017 , Lynn had a stroke at her home in Hurricane Mills , Tennessee . She was taken to a Nashville hospital and was forced to cancel all of her upcoming tour dates . Lynn also delayed the release of her new album Would n't It Be Great until 2018 when she would be well enough to promote it . According to her website , she is expected to make a full recovery . On January 1 , 2018 , Loretta fell and broke her hip . Music career ( edit ) 1960 -- 1966 : early Country success ( edit ) Lynn began singing in local clubs in the late 1950s with the help , insistence , and support of her husband . She later formed her own band , the Trailblazers , which included her brother Jay Lee Webb . Lynn won a televised talent contest in Tacoma , Washington , hosted by Buck Owens , for which the prize was a wristwatch that broke 24 hours later . ( Lynn later laughed about it with Owens . ) Lynn 's performance was seen by Canadian Norm Burley of Zero Records , who co-founded the record company after hearing Loretta sing . Zero Records president , Canadian Don Grashey , arranged a recording session in Hollywood , where four of Lynn 's own compositions were recorded : `` I 'm A Honky Tonk Girl '' , `` Whispering Sea '' , `` Heartache Meet Mister Blues '' , and `` New Rainbow '' . Her first release featured `` Whispering Sea '' and `` I 'm a Honky Tonk Girl '' . She signed her first contract on February 2 , 1960 , with Zero ; the material was recorded at United Western Recorders in Hollywood , engineered by Don Blake and produced by Grashey . Musicians backing on the songs were `` the great '' steel guitar player Speedy West , Harold Hensely on fiddle , Roy Lanham on guitar , Al Williams on bass , and Muddy Berry on drums . She commented on the different sound of her first record : `` Well , there is a West Coast sound that is definitely not the same as the Nashville sound ... It was a shuffle with a West Coast beat '' . The Lynns then toured the country to promote the release to country stations , while Grashey and Del Roy took the music to KFOX in Long Beach , California . When the Lynns reached Nashville , the song was a hit , climbing to No. 14 on Billboard 's C & W Chart , and Lynn began cutting demo records for the Wilburn Brothers Publishing Company . Through the Wilburns , she secured a contract with Decca Records . From the onset of her career , fans took notice and rallied behind her all the way , with the first Loretta Lynn Fan Club formed in November 1960 . By the end of the year , Billboard magazine listed Lynn as the No. 4 Most Promising Country Female Artist . Lynn 's relationship with the Wilburn Brothers and her appearances on the Grand Ole Opry , beginning in 1960 , helped Lynn become the number one female recording artist in country music . Her contract with the Wilburn Brothers gave them the publishing rights to her material . She was still fighting to regain these rights 30 years after ending her business relationship with them but was ultimately denied the publishing rights . Lynn stopped writing music in the 1970s because of these contracts . Although Kitty Wells had become the first major female country vocalist during the 1950s , by the time Lynn recorded her first record , only three other women -- Patsy Cline , Skeeter Davis , and Jean Shepard -- had become top stars . Lynn joined The Grand Ole Opry on September 25 , 1962 . By the end of 1962 it was clear that she was on her way to becoming the fourth star . Lynn has credited Cline as her mentor and best friend during those early years . In 2010 , when interviewed for Jimmy Mcdonough 's biography of Tammy Wynette , Tammy Wynette : Tragic Country Queen , Loretta mentioned having best friends in Patsy and Tammy during different times : `` Best friends are like husbands . You only need one at a time . '' Lynn released her first Decca single , `` Success , '' in 1962 , and it went straight to # 6 , beginning a string of Top 10 singles that would run through the rest of the decade and throughout the next . She was a hard honky - tonk singer for the first half of the 1960s and rarely strayed from the genre . During this time , Lynn soon began to regularly hit the Top 10 after 1964 with songs such as `` Before I 'm Over You '' , which peaked at No. 4 , followed by `` Wine , Women and Song , '' which peaked at No. 3 . In late 1964 , she recorded a duet album with Ernest Tubb . Their lead single , `` Mr. and Mrs. Used to Be '' , peaked within the Top 15 . Together , the pair recorded two more albums , `` Singin ' Again '' ( 1967 ) and `` If we Put Our Heads Together '' ( 1969 ) . In 1965 , her solo career continued with three major hits , `` Happy Birthday '' , `` Blue Kentucky Girl '' ( later recorded and made a Top 10 hit in the 1970s by Emmylou Harris ) , and `` The Home You 're Tearing Down '' . Lynn 's label issued two albums that year , `` Songs from My Heart '' and `` Blue Kentucky Girl '' . While most were Top 10 Country hits , none reached # 1 . Lynn 's first self - penned song to crack the Top Ten , 1966 's `` Dear Uncle Sam '' , was among the very first recordings to recount the human costs of the Vietnam War . In the latter half of the decade , although she still worked within the confines of honky tonk , her sound became more personal , varied , and ambitious , particularly lyrically . Beginning with 1966 's Number 1 hit in Cash Box , `` You Ai n't Woman Enough ( To Take My Man ) '' , Lynn began writing songs with a feminist viewpoint , which was unheard of in country music . This song made Lynn the first country female recording artist to pen a No. 1 hit . 1967 -- 1980 : breakthrough success ( edit ) In 1967 Lynn reached No. 1 with `` Do n't Come Home A-Drinkin ' ( With Lovin ' on Your Mind ) '' . `` Do n't Come Home A-Drinkin '' went to No. 1 and became one of the first albums by a female country artist to reach sales of 500,000 copies . Lynn 's next album , Fist City , was released in 1968 . The title track became Lynn 's second No. 1 hit , as a single earlier that year , and the other single from the album , `` What Kind of a Girl ( Do You Think I Am ) '' , peaked within the Top 10 . In 1968 , her next studio album , Your Squaw Is on the Warpath , spawned two Top 5 Country hits : the title track and `` You 've Just Stepped In ( From Stepping Out on Me ) '' . In 1969 , her next single , `` Woman of the World ( Leave My World Alone ) '' , was Lynn 's third chart - topper , followed by a subsequent Top 10 , `` To Make a Man ( Feel Like a Man ) '' . She was reportedly once inspired to write a song about a real woman she suspected was flirting with her husband . The song , `` You Ai n't Woman Enough ( To Take My Man ) '' , was an instant hit and became one of Lynn 's all - time most popular . Her career continued to be successful into the 1970s , especially following the success of her hit `` Coal Miner 's Daughter '' , which peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Country Chart in 1970 , and the album has sold over 5 million copies worldwide . `` Coal Miner 's Daughter '' tells the story of Lynn 's life growing up in rural Butcher Hollow , Kentucky . The song became her first single to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at No. 83 . She had a series of singles that charted low on the Hot 100 between 1970 and 1975 . The song `` Coal Miner 's Daughter '' later served as the impetus for the best - selling autobiography ( 1976 ) and the Oscar - winning biopic , both of which share the song 's title . In 1973 Rated `` X '' peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Country Chart and was considered one of Lynn 's most controversial hits . The following year , her next single , `` Love Is the Foundation '' , also became a No. 1 country hit from her album of the same name . The second and last single from that album , `` Hey Loretta '' , became a Top 5 hit . Lynn continued to reach the Top 10 until the end of the decade , including 1975 's `` The Pill '' , considered to be the first song to discuss birth control , other than the 1967 French - language song in French , Pilule d'Or , sung by Luc Dominique . As a songwriter , Lynn felt no topic was off limits , as long as it spoke to other women , and many of her songs were autobiographical . In 1976 , she released her autobiography , Coal Miner 's Daughter , with the help of writer George Vecsey . It became a # 1 bestseller , making Lynn the first country music artist to make The New York Times Best Seller list . This opened a flood gate of country artists who followed with books . By the early 1980s Lynn became the first American female recording artist to chart over fifty top ten hits . Professional partnership with Conway Twitty ( edit ) In 1971 Lynn began a professional partnership with Conway Twitty . As a duo , Lynn and Twitty had five consecutive Number 1 hits between 1971 and 1975 : their first release `` After the Fire Is Gone '' ( 1971 ) , which won them a Grammy award ; `` Lead Me On '' ( 1971 ) ; `` Louisiana Woman , Mississippi Man '' ( 1973 ) ; `` As Soon as I Hang Up the Phone '' ( 1974 ) ; and `` Feelins ' '' ( 1974 ) . The hit - streak kick - started what became one of the most successful duos of country history . For four consecutive years ( 1972 -- 1975 ) , Lynn and Twitty were named the `` Vocal Duo of the Year '' by the Country Music Association . The Academy of Country Music named them the `` Best Vocal Duet '' in 1971 , 1974 , 1975 , and 1976 . The American Music awards selected them as the `` Favorite Country Duo '' in 1975 , 1976 and 1977 . The fan - voted Music City News readers voted them the No. 1 duet every year between 1971 and 1981 , inclusive . In addition to their five Number 1 singles , they had seven other Top 10 hits between 1976 and 1981 . Loretta Lynn and Conway Twitty are the most successful and most awarded male / female duet teams in country music history . Conway and Loretta , their duo name , released an album in 1977 titled `` Dynamic Duo '' , and they were considered that by their many fans . Loretta Lynn touring in 1975 As a solo artist , Lynn continued to be very successful into 1971 , achieving her fifth No. 1 solo hit , `` One 's on the Way '' , written by poet and songwriter Shel Silverstein . The songs that did n't reach the top spot peaked within the Top 10 during this time : `` I Wanna Be Free '' , `` You 're Lookin ' at Country '' , and 1972 's `` Here I Am Again '' , all released on separate albums . The next year , she became the first country star on the cover of Newsweek . In 1972 , Lynn was the first woman nominated and the first woman to win the prestigious Entertainer Of The Year award at The CMA awards . She won the Female Vocalist Of The Year and Duo Of The Year with Conway Twitty , beating out George Jones and Tammy Wynette and Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton . Tribute album for Patsy Cline ( edit ) In 1977 Lynn recorded I Remember Patsy , an album dedicated to her friend and country pop singer Patsy Cline , who had died in a plane crash in 1963 . The album covered some of Cline 's biggest hits . The two singles Lynn released from the album , `` She 's Got You '' and `` Why Ca n't He Be You '' , became major hits . `` She 's Got You '' , which went to # 1 by Cline in 1962 , went to # 1 again that year by Lynn . `` Why Ca n't He Be You '' peaked at # 7 shortly afterward . Lynn enjoyed enormous success on country radio until the early 1980s , when a more pop - flavored type of country music began to dominate the market . She stayed within the country Top 10 until the mid 1980s ; however , most of her music by the late 1970s had a slick pop sound to it . Lynn had her last No. 1 hit in 1978 with `` Out of My Head and Back in My Bed '' . In 1979 she had two Top 5 hits , `` I Ca n't Feel You Anymore '' and `` I 've Got a Picture of Us on My Mind '' , from separate albums . Lynn would often sit for an hour or more onstage signing autographs to her fans after a performance . Once in Salisbury , Maryland , the town 's newspaper editor interviewed her while she was signing autographs . Editor Mel Toadvine asked her why she took so much time to sign autographs while more than 100 people stood in line all the way to the front of the Wicomico Youth and Civic Center . `` These people are my fans ... I 'll stay here until the very last one wants my autograph . Without these people , I am nobody . I love these people '' , she told Toadvine . In 1979 , she became the spokesperson for Procter & Gamble 's Crisco oil and did TV commercials and print ads for them for a decade , ending in 1989 . Because of her dominant hold on the 1970s , Lynn was named the `` Artist of the Decade '' by the Academy of Country Music . She is the only woman to win this honor . 1980 -- 1989 : continued success ( edit ) On March 5 , 1980 , the film Coal Miner 's Daughter debuted in Nashville and soon became the No. 1 box office hit in the United States . Lynn crossed over from country music superstar to American legend . The film starred Sissy Spacek as Loretta and Tommy Lee Jones as Mooney Lynn . The film received seven Academy Award nominations , winning the Best Actress Oscar for Spacek and a slew of other top honors , including a gold album for the soundtrack album , a Grammy nomination for Spacek 's singing as Lynn , Country Music Association and Academy of Country Music awards , plus several Golden Globe awards . The 1980s featured more hits : ( `` Pregnant Again '' , `` Naked in the Rain '' , and `` Somebody Led Me Away '' ) . Her 1980 and 1981 albums Loretta and Lookin ' Good spawned these hits . Lynn was the first woman in country music to have 50 Top 10 hits . Her last Top 10 record as a soloist was `` I Lie '' in 1982 , but her releases continued to chart until the end of the decade . Lynn continued to have Top 20 hits throughout the 1980s . One of her last solo releases was `` Heart Do n't Do This to Me '' ( 1985 ) , which reached No. 19 -- her last Top 20 hit . In 1993 , Lynn stopped releasing singles and focused more on touring than promoting . As a concert artist , she remained a top draw throughout her career , but by the early 1990s she drastically cut down the number of personal appearances owing to the fragile health of her husband , who died in 1996 . Her 1985 album Just a Woman spawned a Top 40 hit . In 1987 , Lynn lent her voice to a song on k.d. lang 's album Shadowland with country stars Kitty Wells and Brenda Lee , `` Honky Tonk Angels Medley '' . They released a video for this medley ; the album went gold and was Grammy nominated for the four women . Lynn 's 1988 album Who Was That Stranger would be her last solo album for a major record company as a solo artist . She was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1988 . 1990 -- 2004 : return to Country : Honky Tonk Angels , Still Country and second autobiography ( edit ) Lynn returned to the public eye in 1993 with a hit CD , the trio album Honky Tonk Angels , recorded with Dolly Parton and Tammy Wynette . The CD peaked at # 6 on the Billboard Country charts and # 42 on the Billboard Pop charts and charted a single with `` Silver Threads and Golden Needles '' . They released a popular video of this song . The album sold over 800,000 copies and was certified gold in the United States and Canada . The trio was nominated for Grammy and Country Music Association awards . Lynn 's former singing partner , Conway Twitty , died in 1993 . Tammy Wynette died five years later on April 6 , 1998 . She released a three - CD boxed set chronicling her career on MCA Records . In 1995 she taped a seven - week series on the Nashville Network ( TNN ) , Loretta Lynn & Friends , and performed some 50 dates that year . In 1995 Loretta was presented with the Pioneer Award at the 30th Academy of Country Music Awards . She only did a few performances that year because of her husband 's failing health . In 1996 she became widowed , Lynn 's husband Oliver Vanetta `` Doolittle '' Lynn died five days short of his 70th birthday . In 2000 she released her first album in several years , Still Country , in which she included `` I Ca n't Hear the Music '' , a tribute song to her late husband . She released her first new single in over 10 years from the album , `` Country in My Genes '' , when the single charted on the Billboard Country singles chart it made Lynn the first woman in Country Music to chart singles in five decades . While the album gained positive critical notices , sales were low in comparison with her previous releases . In 2002 Lynn published her second autobiography , Still Woman Enough , and became her second New York Times Best Seller peaking in the top ten . In 2004 she published a cookbook , You 're Cookin ' It Country . 2004 -- present : late career resurgence ( edit ) In 2004 , Lynn made a comeback with the highly successful album Van Lear Rose , the second album on which Lynn either wrote or co-wrote every song . The album was produced by her `` friend forever '' Jack White of The White Stripes , and featured guitar work and backup vocals by White . Her collaboration with White allowed Lynn to reach new audiences and generations , even garnering high praise in magazines that specialize in mainstream and alternative rock music , such as Spin and Blender . Rolling Stone voted the album the second best of 2004 . It won the Grammy Award for Best Country Album of the Year . Late in 2010 , Sony Music released a new album , titled Coal Miner 's Daughter : A Tribute to Loretta Lynn , featuring stars like Reba McEntire , Faith Hill , Paramore , and Carrie Underwood performing Loretta 's classic hits over the past 50 years . The CD produced a Top 10 music video hit on GAC with the lead single , `` Coal Miner 's Daughter '' , that Lynn recorded with Miranda Lambert and Sheryl Crow . The single cracked the Billboard singles chart making Lynn the only female Country artist to chart in six decades . In May 2010 Lynn performed at the Nelsonville Music Festival in Nelsonville , Ohio . In 2012 Lynn published her third autobiography , Honky Tonk Girl : My Life in Lyrics . She contributed her take on the Civil War era song `` Take Your Gun and Go , John '' to Divided & United : Songs of the Civil War , which was released on November 5 , 2013 . In November 2015 , Lynn announced a March 2016 release : Full Circle , featuring Willie Nelson and Elvis Costello . The recording became Lynn 's 40th album to make the top ten on Billboard 's best selling Country LPS list and her album career peak on the pop Billboard Hot 200 , debuting at # 19 . The recording is combination of new songs and re-recorded old classics and includes duets with Elvis Costello and Willie Nelson . In September 2016 , Lynn announced that she would be releasing her first Christmas album in 50 years . White Christmas Blue was released on October 7 , 2016 . In December of the same year , Full Circle was nominated for `` Country Album of the Year '' for the 59th Annual Grammy Awards held on February 12 , 2017 . On April 13 , 2017 , Lynn announced she would release a new album entitled Would n't It Be Great , which will be the third album of her five - album deal with Legacy Recordings . It was set to be released Friday , August 18 , 2017 , but was delayed until sometime in 2018 due to current health issues , as well as canceling all 2017 scheduled tour dates . Honors and Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards received by Loretta Lynn Lynn has written over 160 songs and released 60 albums , and has sold 45 million records worldwide . She has had ten Number 1 albums and sixteen Number 1 singles on the country charts . Lynn has won dozens of awards from many different institutions , including three Grammy Awards , seven American Music Awards , eight Broadcast Music Incorporated awards , thirteen Academy of Country Music , eight Country Music Association , and twenty - six fan - voted Music City News awards . Lynn remains the most awarded woman in country music . She was the first woman in country music to receive a certified gold album for 1967 's `` Do n't Come Home A ' Drinkin ' ( With Lovin ' on Your Mind ) '' . In 1972 , Lynn was the first woman named `` Entertainer of the Year '' by the Country Music Association , and is one of six women to have received CMA 's highest award . In 1980 , she was the only woman to be named `` Artist of the Decade '' for the 1970s by the Academy of Country Music . Lynn was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1988 and the Country Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1999 . She was also the recipient of Kennedy Center Honors an award given by the President in 2003 . Lynn is also ranked 65th on VH1 's 100 Greatest Women of Rock & Roll and was the first female country artist to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1977 . In 1994 , she received the country music pioneer award by the Academy of Country Music . In 2001 , `` Coal Miner 's Daughter '' was named among NPR 's `` 100 Most Significant Songs of the 20th Century '' . In 2002 , Lynn had the highest ranking ( No. 3 ) for any living female CMT television 's special of the 40 Greatest Women of Country Music . On November 4 , 2004 , Lynn , who has been a BMI affiliate for over 45 years , was honored as a BMI Icon at the BMI Country Awards . In March 2007 , Loretta Lynn was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music during her performance at the Grand Ole Opry . In 2008 , Loretta Lynn was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in New York City . To date Lynn had been inducted into more music Halls Of Fame than any other female recording artist . In 2010 , Lynn received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award for her 50 years in country music . Loretta Lynn appeared at the 44th Annual Country Music Awards on November 10 , 2010 and was honored for fifty years in country music . That same year , Lynn was presented with a rose named in her honor . In November 2010 , Sony Music released a tribute CD to Loretta Lynn titled Coal Miner 's Daughter : A Tribute to Loretta Lynn . The CD featured Kid Rock , Reba McEntire , Sheryl Crow , Miranda Lambert , Alan Jackson , Gretchen Wilson , The White Stripes , Martina McBride , Paramore , Steve Earle and Faith Hill . In 2011 , Lynn was nominated for an Academy of Country Music , CMT Video and Country Music Association award for `` Vocal Event of the Year '' with Miranda Lambert and Sheryl Crow for `` Coal Miner 's Daughter '' released as a video and single off the CD . On September 25 , 2012 , Loretta Lynn marked her 50th anniversary as a Grand Ole Opry member . The only other women to reach this milestone have been Jean Shepard , Minnie Pearl and Wilma Lee Cooper . Lynn was honored with a tribute show that was broadcast on GAC - TV . On August 8 , 2013 , President Barack Obama announced that Loretta Lynn would be awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom . The press release read as follows : `` Loretta Lynn is a country music legend . Raised in rural Kentucky , she emerged as one of the first successful female country music vocalists in the early 1960s , courageously breaking barriers in an industry long dominated by men . Ms. Lynn 's numerous accolades include the Kennedy Center Honors in 2003 and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2010 . '' Lynn received two additional career - acknowledging awards in 2015 . Miranda Lambert presented the Crystal Milestone Award to her from the Academy of Country Music . She also received the 2015 Billboard Legacy Award for Women in Music . Politics ( edit ) At the height of her popularity , some of Lynn 's songs were banned from radio airplay , including Rated ' X ' , '' about the double standards divorced women face ; `` Wings Upon Your Horns '' , about the loss of teenage virginity ; and `` The Pill '' , with lyrics by T.D. Bayless , about a wife and mother becoming liberated by the birth - control pill . Her song `` Dear Uncle Sam '' , released in 1966 , during the Vietnam War , describes a wife 's anguish at the loss of a husband to war . It was included in live performances during the Iraq War . In 1971 Lynn was the first solo female country artist to perform at the White House , at the invitation of President Richard Nixon . She returned there to perform during the administrations of Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan , George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush . Lynn stated early in 2016 that she supported Donald Trump in his run for the presidency . Though Lynn has been outspoken about her views on often controversial social and political subjects , she stated , `` I do n't like to talk about things where you 're going to get one side or the other unhappy . My music has no politics . '' She has visited the White House six times since 1976 , under both Republican and Democratic presidents , and in her autobiography , she said her father was a Republican and her mother a Democrat . When asked about same - sex marriage by USA Today in November 2010 , she replied , `` I 'm still an old Bible girl . God said you need to be a woman and man , but everybody to their own . '' She endorsed and , along with Peggy Sue and Crystal Gayle , campaigned for George H.W. Bush in the presidential election in 1988 . In 2002 's Still Woman Enough , she discusses her longtime friendship and support for Jimmy Carter , yet during the same time period she made her only recorded political donations ( $4,300 ) to Republican candidates and Republican - aligned PACs . In 2013 , she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Barack Obama . At other times , she has questioned both political parties : `` Dear Uncle Sam '' was written in 1966 during the Lyndon B. Johnson administration to `` recount the human costs of the Vietnam War '' , and she made a return to her live sets during the Iraq War under George W. Bush 's presidency . While a recognized `` advocate for ordinary women '' , Lynn has often criticized upper - middle - class feminism for ignoring the needs and concerns of working - class women . She once stated , `` I 'm not a big fan of Women 's Liberation , but maybe it will help women stand up for the respect they 're due '' . Along these lines , her music has ranged from `` The Pill '' and `` Rated X '' to more culturally conservative gospel albums . She allowed PETA to use her song `` I Wanna Be Free '' in a public service campaign to discourage the chaining of dogs outside . Discography ( edit ) For a complete listing of albums by Loretta Lynn , see Loretta Lynn albums discography . See also : Loretta Lynn singles discography For a complete listing of albums and singles by Loretta Lynn and Conway Twitty , see Loretta Lynn and Conway Twitty discography . Studio albums ( edit ) Loretta Lynn Sings ( 1963 ) Before I 'm Over You ( 1964 ) Songs from My Heart ... ( 1965 ) Blue Kentucky Girl ( 1965 ) Hymns ( 1965 ) I Like ' Em Country ( 1966 ) You Ai n't Woman Enough ( 1966 ) Country Christmas ( 1966 ) Do n't Come Home a Drinkin ' ( With Lovin ' on Your Mind ) ( 1967 ) Singin ' with Feelin ' ( 1967 ) Who Says God Is Dead ! ( 1968 ) Fist City ( 1968 ) Your Squaw Is on the Warpath ( 1969 ) Woman of the World / To Make a Man ( 1969 ) Wings Upon Your Horns ( 1970 ) Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1970 ) I Wanna Be Free ( 1971 ) You 're Lookin ' at Country ( 1971 ) One 's on the Way ( 1972 ) God Bless America Again ( 1972 ) Here I Am Again ( 1972 ) Entertainer of the Year ( 1973 ) Love Is the Foundation ( 1973 ) They Do n't Make ' Em Like My Daddy ( 1974 ) Back to the Country ( 1975 ) Home ( 1975 ) When the Tingle Becomes a Chill ( 1976 ) Somebody Somewhere ( 1976 ) I Remember Patsy ( 1977 ) Out of My Head and Back in My Bed ( 1978 ) We 've Come a Long Way , Baby ( 1979 ) Loretta ( 1980 ) Lookin ' Good ( 1980 ) I Lie ( 1981 ) Making Love from Memory ( 1982 ) Lyin ' , Cheatin ' , Woman Chasin ' , Honky Tonkin ' , Whiskey Drinkin ' You ( 1983 ) Just a Woman ( 1985 ) Who Was That Stranger ( 1988 ) Still Country ( 2000 ) Van Lear Rose ( 2004 ) Full Circle ( 2016 ) Would n't It Be Great ( 2018 ) See also ( edit ) Book : Loretta Lynn List of country musicians References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Loretta Lynn Married at 15 , Not 13 ; 80 - Years - Old Not 77 '' . Associated Press . May 18 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Official Loretta Lynn website . Accessed May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AP : Country singer Loretta Lynn married at 15 , not 13 '' . Jump up ^ Profile , lubbockonline.com ; accessed July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Don ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` Lynn 's road to stardom started with $17 guitar '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Loretta Lynn -- Biography '' . Billboard . December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Loretta Lynn at CMT.com . ^ Jump up to : Coal Miner 's Daughter . p. 73 . Jump up ^ Thanki , Juli. `` 20 Most Controversial Songs by Women '' . Engine 145 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy.com '' . The Recording Academy . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Branigin , William ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) . `` Presidential Medal of Freedom honors diverse group of Americans '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Discography '' . LorettaLynn.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Loretta Lynn - Releases - MusicBrainz '' . musicbrainz.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` About the Artist : Biography of Loretta Lynn '' Archived December 8 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... Kennedy Center . Accessed February 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Notice of death of Betty Sue Lynn , musicrow.com , July 2013 ; accessed May 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Betty Sue Lynn Dead : Loretta Lynn 's Oldest Daughter Dies In Tennessee '' . The Huffington Post . July 30 , 2013 . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Stricken Coal Miner 's Daughter Mourns the Drowning of Her Favorite Son '' . People . 22 ( 7 ) . August 13 , 1984 . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Loretta Lynn . Country Music Hall of Fame ; accessed February 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Legends : Loretta Lynn Tells All '' . CBS News . December 27 , 2002 . Retrieved February 4 , 2007 . Her autobiography recounts how once , in a drunken rage , he smashed many jars full of vegetables she had painstakingly canned . Jump up ^ Lynn 2002 . Jump up ^ Lynn 2002 , p. xiii . ^ Jump up to : `` Loretta Lynn official website '' . LorettaLynn.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tuttle , Andrew ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` A Bit of Loretta Lynn 's Motocross History '' . MotoSports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Thanki , Juli ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` Loretta Lynn hospitalized after stroke '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Loretta Lynn In ' Great Spirits ' After Breaking Hip in Fall at Home '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Van Lear Rose '' ; accessed February 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Koch Entertainment Loretta Lynn Biography . ^ Jump up to : `` Honky Tonk Make Believe '' , Don Grashy - Co . Joseph Mauro , `` MY RAMBLING HEART '' ( Washington . DC : 1995 ) , p. 45 . ^ Jump up to : Honky Tonk Girl : My Life in Lyrics ( 2012 ) . pp. 10 - 11 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 59489 - 1 Jump up ^ PragueFrank 's Country Music Discographies , countrydiscography.blogspot.com ; May 2011 Jump up ^ `` Most Promising Female Artists of C&W Jockeys '' . Billboard. 31 October 1960 . p. 26 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ Loretta Lynn Profile , Country Music Television website ; accessed May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wolff , Kurt ( 2000 ) . In Country Music : The Rough Guide . Orla Duane ( ed . ) , London : Rough Guides Ltd. p. 311 . Jump up ^ Loretta Lynn profile , MusicianGuide.com ; retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Will the Circle Be Unbroken : Country Music In America . Paul Kingsbury & Alanna Nash ( eds . ) London : Rough Guides Ltd. , 2006 , p. 251 ^ Jump up to : Loretta Lynn biography , Countrypolitan.com ; retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Archived February 6 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` CMA Awards : Archive : 1972 '' . Country Music Association Awards . October 9 , 2008 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Loretta Lynn added to ACM 's Girls ' Night Out '' . LorettaLynn.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Loretta Lynn profile , rollingstone.com ; accessed April 18 , 2008 . Archived December 26 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Loretta Lynn profile , musicianguide.com ; accessed April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` You 're Cookin ' it Country '' . Barnes and Noble . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jancee Dunn of Rolling Stone Magazine ( 2004 ) . The CD sold 400,000 US copies and received two Grammy Awards including Country Album of the Year. `` Honky - tonk Woman '' Rolling Stone ; accessed June 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Loretta Lynn Recovering From Surgery '' . CBS News , June 8 , 2006 ; accessed February 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Winners : 47th Annual Grammy Awards ( 2004 ) '' . Grammy Awards . Recording Academy . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Past Shows '' Stuart 's Opera House : Nelsonville , Ohio . Stuart 's Opera House : Nelsonville , Ohio , n.d. Web . October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lynn , Loretta ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Honky Tonk Girl : My Life in Lyrics '' . Nyjournalofbooks.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : Loretta Lynn Earns Her Highest Charting Album Ever With ' Full Circle ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Loretta Lynn on New Album Full Circle : ' We Do n't Have Real Country Music Anymore ' '' . Time . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Betts , Stephen L. ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Loretta Lynn Plans Holiday Album ' White Christmas Blue ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here Is the Complete List of Nominees for the 2017 Grammys '' . Billboard . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tingle , Lauren ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Loretta Lynn 's Would n't It Be Great Arrives Aug. 18 '' . CMT News . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Loretta Lynn : ' Willie Ai n't Dead Yet and Neither Am I ' '' . Jump up ^ `` About Loretta Lynn : Still a Mountain Girl '' . American Masters . PBS . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Steve ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Steve Smith : Is Rush done after Peart 's retirement ; Ringo 's memorabilia fetches record prices '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Johanna 's Vision '' . WordPress . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ County Gospel Music Hall of Fame Archived July 8 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ 100 Greatest Women of Rock & Roll . VH1.com ; accessed February 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Walk of Fame directory '' . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce ; accessed February 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 40 Greatest Women of Country Music '' . Twin Music . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shania Twain , Toby Keith , Casey Beathard Lead Winners at 2004 BMI Country Awards '' . bmi.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Honorary doctorate for Loretta Lynn '' . USA Today . February 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lifetime Achievement Award '' . Recording Association online . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Country Music Awards '' . TVGuide.com . November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lynn , Loretta . `` New Rose Named for Loretta Lynn '' . Article . Sony Music Nashville . Retrieved July 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` President Obama Names Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients '' . Office of the Press Secretary , The White House . August 8 , 2013 . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Academy of Country Music Special Awards '' . Academy of Country Music Special Awards . Academy of Country Music . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Women in Music 2015 : Lady Gaga , Selena Gomez , Missy Elliott & More Are Celebrated '' . Billboard Magazine . Billboard Music . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Flitter , Emily ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Country Musician Loretta Lynn to Trump : Call Me '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Loretta Lynn Quotes '' . BrainyQuote . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Nichole ( June 13 , 2009 ) . `` Loretta Lynn profile '' . Uncommonmusic.org . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nash , Alanna ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` The Once and Future Queen of Country '' . USA Weekend . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seifert , Erica J. ( 2012 ) . The Politics of Authenticity in Presidential Campaigns , 1976 -- 2008 . McFarland . pp. 108 -- 109 . ISBN 9780786491094 . Jump up ^ Kilian , Pamela ( 2003 ) . Barbara Bush : Matriarch of a Dynasty . Macmillan . p. 111 . ISBN 9780312319700 . Jump up ^ Weinraub , Bernard ( September 29 , 1988 ) . `` Campaign Trail ; Country Singers Stand by Their Man '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loretta Lynn , Still Woman Enough : A Memoir ( New York : Hyperion , 2002 ) Jump up ^ Lynn awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom , whitehouse.gov ; accessed May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Loretta Lynn Quotes '' . BrainyQuote. April 14 , 1935 . p. 2 . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Loretta Helps Furry Friends '' . LorettaLynn.com . October 24 , 2005 . Bibliography ( edit ) Lynn , Loretta ; et al. ( 2002 ) ( 1993 ) , Still Woman Enough : A Memoir , Hyperion , ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6650 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) In The Country of Country : A Journey to the Roots of American Music , Nicholas Dawidoff , Vintage Books , 1998 ; ISBN 0 - 375 - 70082 - X Are You Ready for the Country : Elvis , Dylan , Parsons and the Roots of Country Rock , Peter Dogget , Penguin Books , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 14 - 026108 - 7 Dreaming Out Loud : Garth Brooks , Wynonna Judd , Wade Hayes and the changing face of Nashville , Bruce Feiler , Avon Books , 1998 ; ISBN 0 - 380 - 97578 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Loretta Lynn . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Loretta Lynn Official website Loretta Lynn 's Radio appearance on `` The Motley Fool '' 60 Minutes II interview with Loretta Lynn and Jack White Coal `` Minors '' Daughter ? New Data Offers Light and Controversy on Loretta Lynn Loretta Lynn discography at Discogs Awards Preceded by Johnny Cash AMA Album of the Year ( artist ) Succeeded by Buddy Miller Preceded by Johnny Cash AMA Artist of the Year Succeeded by John Prine Loretta Lynn Studio albums Loretta Lynn Sings ( 1963 ) Before I 'm Over You ( 1964 ) Songs from My Heart ... ( 1965 ) Blue Kentucky Girl ( 1965 ) Hymns ( 1965 ) I Like ' Em Country ( 1966 ) You Ai n't Woman Enough ( 1966 ) Do n't Come Home a Drinkin ' ( With Lovin ' on Your Mind ) ( 1967 ) Singin ' with Feelin ' ( 1967 ) Who Says God Is Dead ! ( 1968 ) Fist City ( 1968 ) Your Squaw Is on the Warpath ( 1969 ) Woman of the World / To Make a Man ( 1969 ) Wings Upon Your Horns ( 1970 ) Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1970 ) I Wanna Be Free ( 1971 ) You 're Lookin ' at Country ( 1971 ) One 's on the Way ( 1972 ) God Bless America Again ( 1972 ) Here I Am Again ( 1972 ) Entertainer of the Year ( 1973 ) Love Is the Foundation ( 1973 ) They Do n't Make ' Em Like My Daddy ( 1974 ) Back to the Country ( 1975 ) Home ( 1975 ) When the Tingle Becomes a Chill ( 1976 ) Somebody Somewhere ( 1976 ) I Remember Patsy ( 1977 ) Out of My Head and Back in My Bed ( 1978 ) We 've Come a Long Way , Baby ( 1979 ) Loretta ( 1980 ) Lookin ' Good ( 1980 ) I Lie ( 1981 ) Making Love from Memory ( 1982 ) Lyin ' , Cheatin ' , Woman Chasin ' , Honky Tonkin ' , Whiskey Drinkin ' You ( 1983 ) Just a Woman ( 1985 ) Who Was That Stranger ( 1988 ) Still Country ( 2000 ) Van Lear Rose ( 2004 ) Full Circle ( 2016 ) Would n't It Be Great ( 2018 ) Christmas albums Country Christmas ( 1966 ) White Christmas Blue ( 2016 ) Collaboration albums Mr. and Mrs. Used to Be ( 1965 ) Singin ' Again ( 1967 ) If We Put Our Heads Together ( 1969 ) Honky Tonk Angels ( 1993 ) Compilation albums Here 's Loretta Lynn ( 1968 ) Loretta Lynn 's Greatest Hits ( 1968 ) Loretta Lynn Writes ' Em and Sings ' Em ( 1970 ) Loretta Lynn 's Greatest Hits Vol. II ( 1974 ) Honky Tonk Girl : The Loretta Lynn Collection ( 1991 ) All - Time Greatest Hits ( 2002 ) Independent albums Making More Memories ( 1994 ) All Time Gospel Favorites ( 1997 ) Related topics Albums discography Singles discography Discography with Conway Twitty Awards and Nominations Butcher Hollow , Kentucky Coal Miner 's Daughter Still Woman Enough Loretta Lynn Loretta Lynn singles Albums Singles Discography with Conway Twitty 1960s 1960 `` I 'm a Honky Tonk Girl '' 1962 `` Success '' 1963 `` The Other Woman '' `` Before I 'm Over You '' 1964 `` Wine , Women and Song '' `` Mr. and Mrs. Used to Be '' ( with Ernest Tubb ) `` Happy Birthday '' 1965 `` Blue Kentucky Girl '' `` The Home You 're Tearing Down '' 1966 `` Dear Uncle Sam '' `` You Ai n't Woman Enough ( To Take My Man ) '' `` Do n't Come Home A'Drinkin ' ( With Lovin ' on Your Mind ) ) '' 1967 `` If You 're Not Gone Too Long '' `` What Kind of a Girl ( Do You Think I Am ) '' 1968 `` Fist City '' `` You 've Just Stepped In ( From Stepping Out on Me ) '' `` Your Squaw Is on the Warpath '' 1969 `` Woman of the World ( Leave My World Alone ) '' `` Who 's Gonna Take the Garbage Out '' ( with Ernest Tubb ) `` To Make a Man ( Feel Like a Man ) '' `` Wings Upon Your Horns '' 1970s 1970 `` I Know How '' `` You Wanna Give Me a Lift '' `` Coal Miner 's Daughter '' 1971 `` I Wanna Be Free '' `` You 're Lookin ' at Country '' `` One 's on the Way '' 1972 `` Here I Am Again '' `` Rated `` X '' '' 1973 `` Love Is the Foundation '' `` Hey Loretta '' `` They Do n't Make ' em Like My Daddy '' `` Trouble in Paradise '' `` The Pill '' `` Home '' `` When the Tingle Becomes a Chill '' 1976 `` Red , White and Blue '' `` Somebody Somewhere ( Do n't Know What He 's Missin ' Tonight ) '' 1977 `` She 's Got You '' `` Why Ca n't He Be You '' `` Out of My Head and Back in My Bed '' 1978 `` Spring Fever '' `` We 've Come a Long Way Baby '' 1979 `` I Ca n't Feel You Anymore '' `` I 've Got a Picture of Us on My Mind '' 1980s 1980 `` Pregnant Again '' `` Naked in the Rain '' `` Cheatin ' on a Cheater '' 1981 `` Somebody Led Me Away '' 1982 `` I Lie '' `` Making Love from Memory '' 1985 `` Heart Do n't Do This to Me '' 1990s `` Silver Threads and Golden Needles '' ( with Dolly Parton and Tammy Wynette ) Conway Twitty & Loretta Lynn Discography Studio albums We Only Make Believe ( 1971 ) Lead Me On ( 1972 ) Louisiana Woman , Mississippi Man ( 1973 ) Country Partners ( 1974 ) Feelins ' ( 1975 ) United Talent ( 1976 ) Dynamic Duo ( 1977 ) Honky Tonk Heroes ( 1978 ) Diamond Duet ( 1979 ) Two 's a Party ( 1981 ) Compilation albums Making Believe ( 1988 ) Singles `` After the Fire Is Gone '' `` Lead Me On '' `` Louisiana Woman , Mississippi Man '' `` As Soon as I Hang Up the Phone '' `` Feelins ' '' `` The Letter '' `` I Ca n't Love You Enough '' `` Making Believe '' Loretta Lynn albums Loretta Lynn singles Conway Twitty albums and singles CMA Entertainer of the Year 1960s Jack Greene ( 1967 ) Glen Campbell ( 1968 ) Johnny Cash ( 1969 ) 1970s Merle Haggard ( 1970 ) Charley Pride ( 1971 ) Loretta Lynn ( 1972 ) Roy Clark ( 1973 ) Charlie Rich ( 1974 ) John Denver ( 1975 ) Mel Tillis ( 1976 ) Ronnie Milsap ( 1977 ) Dolly Parton ( 1978 ) Willie Nelson ( 1979 ) 1980s Barbara Mandrell ( 1980 ) Barbara Mandrell ( 1981 ) Alabama ( 1982 ) Alabama ( 1983 ) Alabama ( 1984 ) Ricky Skaggs ( 1985 ) Reba McEntire ( 1986 ) Hank Williams Jr. ( 1987 ) Hank Williams Jr. ( 1988 ) George Strait ( 1989 ) 1990s George Strait ( 1990 ) Garth Brooks ( 1991 ) Garth Brooks ( 1992 ) Vince Gill ( 1993 ) Vince Gill ( 1994 ) Alan Jackson ( 1995 ) Brooks & Dunn ( 1996 ) Garth Brooks ( 1997 ) Garth Brooks ( 1998 ) Shania Twain ( 1999 ) 2000s Dixie Chicks ( 2000 ) Tim McGraw ( 2001 ) Alan Jackson ( 2002 ) Alan Jackson ( 2003 ) Kenny Chesney ( 2004 ) Keith Urban ( 2005 ) Kenny Chesney ( 2006 ) Kenny Chesney ( 2007 ) Kenny Chesney ( 2008 ) Taylor Swift ( 2009 ) 2010s Brad Paisley ( 2010 ) Taylor Swift ( 2011 ) Blake Shelton ( 2012 ) George Strait ( 2013 ) Luke Bryan ( 2014 ) Luke Bryan ( 2015 ) Garth Brooks ( 2016 ) Garth Brooks ( 2017 ) CMA Female Vocalist of the Year 1960s Loretta Lynn ( 1967 ) Tammy Wynette ( 1968 ) Tammy Wynette ( 1969 ) 1970s Tammy Wynette ( 1970 ) Lynn Anderson ( 1971 ) Loretta Lynn ( 1972 ) Loretta Lynn ( 1973 ) Olivia Newton - John ( 1974 ) Dolly Parton ( 1975 ) Dolly Parton ( 1976 ) Crystal Gayle ( 1977 ) Crystal Gayle ( 1978 ) Barbara Mandrell ( 1979 ) 1980s Emmylou Harris ( 1980 ) Barbara Mandrell ( 1981 ) Janie Fricke ( 1982 ) Janie Fricke ( 1983 ) Reba McEntire ( 1984 ) Reba McEntire ( 1985 ) Reba McEntire ( 1986 ) Reba McEntire ( 1987 ) K.T. Oslin ( 1988 ) Kathy Mattea ( 1989 ) 1990s Kathy Mattea ( 1990 ) Tanya Tucker ( 1991 ) Mary Chapin Carpenter ( 1992 ) Mary Chapin Carpenter ( 1993 ) Pam Tillis ( 1994 ) Alison Krauss ( 1995 ) Patty Loveless ( 1996 ) Trisha Yearwood ( 1997 ) Trisha Yearwood ( 1998 ) Martina McBride ( 1999 ) 2000s Faith Hill ( 2000 ) Lee Ann Womack ( 2001 ) Martina McBride ( 2002 ) Martina McBride ( 2003 ) Martina McBride ( 2004 ) Gretchen Wilson ( 2005 ) Carrie Underwood ( 2006 ) Carrie Underwood ( 2007 ) Carrie Underwood ( 2008 ) Taylor Swift ( 2009 ) 2010s Miranda Lambert ( 2010 ) Miranda Lambert ( 2011 ) Miranda Lambert ( 2012 ) Miranda Lambert ( 2013 ) Miranda Lambert ( 2014 ) Miranda Lambert ( 2015 ) Carrie Underwood ( 2016 ) Miranda Lambert ( 2017 ) Members of the Grand Ole Opry Roy Acuff Trace Adkins David `` Stringbean '' Akeman Bill Anderson Jack Anglin Eddy Arnold Ernest Ashworth Chet Atkins DeFord Bailey Bobby Bare Bashful Brother Oswald Humphrey Bate Dierks Bentley Binkley Brothers ' Dixie Clodhoppers Clint Black Margie Bowes Rod Brasfield Garth Brooks Jim Ed Brown The Browns Carl Butler and Pearl Archie Campbell Bill Carlisle Martha Carson The Carter Sisters Maybelle Carter Johnny Cash June Carter Cash Roy Clark Terri Clark Zeke Clements Patsy Cline Jerry Clower John Conlee Stoney Cooper Wilma Lee Cooper Cowboy Copas Dailey & Vincent Charlie Daniels Skeeter Davis The Delmore Brothers The DeZurik Sisters Diamond Rio Little Jimmy Dickens Joe Diffie Danny Dill Jimmy Driftwood Roy Drusky The Duke of Paducah Holly Dunn The Everly Brothers Lester Flatt Red Foley Curly Fox Lefty Frizzell Larry Gatlin Crystal Gayle Don Gibson Vince Gill Billy Grammer Jack Greene The Gully Jumpers Theron Hale Tom T. Hall George Hamilton IV Sid Harkreader Emmylou Harris Hawkshaw Hawkins George D. Hay Hoot Hester Goldie Hill David Houston Jan Howard Ferlin Husky Alan Jackson Stonewall Jackson Sonny James Chris Janson Norma Jean Jim & Jesse Johnnie & Jack George Jones Grandpa Jones The Jordanaires Doug Kershaw Hal Ketchum Bradley Kincaid Pee Wee King Alison Krauss Little Big Town Hank Locklin Lonzo and Oscar Bobby Lord The Louvin Brothers Charlie Louvin Ira Louvin Patty Loveless Bob Luman Dustin Lynch Loretta Lynn Uncle Dave Macon Rose Maddox Barbara Mandrell Kerry Marx Martina McBride Del McCoury Mel McDaniel Reba McEntire McGee Brothers Jesse McReynolds Ronnie Milsap Bill Monroe Montgomery Gentry Craig Morgan George Morgan Lorrie Morgan Moon Mullican Willie Nelson Jimmy C. Newman The Oak Ridge Boys Old Crow Medicine Show Osborne Brothers Brad Paisley Dolly Parton Johnny Paycheck Minnie Pearl Stu Phillips Webb Pierce Ray Pillow Ray Price Charley Pride Jeanne Pruett Rascal Flatts Del Reeves Jim Reeves Riders in the Sky Tex Ritter Marty Robbins Darius Rucker Johnny Russell Rusty and Doug Earl Scruggs Jeannie Seely Blake Shelton Ricky Van Shelton Jean Shepard Ricky Skaggs Mississippi Slim Carl Smith Connie Smith Fiddlin ' Arthur Smith Mike Snider Hank Snow Red Sovine Ralph Stanley Marty Stuart Texas Ruby B.J. Thomas Uncle Jimmy Thompson Mel Tillis Pam Tillis Tompall & the Glaser Brothers Randy Travis Travis Tritt Ernest Tubb Justin Tubb Josh Turner Carrie Underwood Keith Urban Leroy Van Dyke Porter Wagoner Billy Walker Charlie Walker Steve Wariner Kitty Wells Dottie West The Whites Slim Whitman The Wilburn Brothers Don Williams Hank Williams Boxcar Willie The Willis Brothers Chubby Wise Del Wood Marion Worth Johnnie Wright Tammy Wynette Trisha Yearwood Chris Young Faron Young Country Music Hall of Fame 1980s Johnny Cash ( 1980 ) Connie B. Gay ( 1980 ) Sons of the Pioneers ( 1980 ) Vernon Dalhart ( 1981 ) Grant Turner ( 1981 ) Lefty Frizzell ( 1982 ) Roy Horton ( 1982 ) Marty Robbins ( 1982 ) Little Jimmy Dickens ( 1983 ) Ralph Peer ( 1984 ) Floyd Tillman ( 1984 ) Flatt and Scruggs ( 1985 ) The Duke of Paducah ( 1986 ) Wesley Rose ( 1986 ) Rod Brasfield ( 1987 ) Loretta Lynn ( 1988 ) Roy Rogers ( 1988 ) Jack Stapp ( 1989 ) Cliffie Stone ( 1989 ) Hank Thompson ( 1989 ) Kennedy Center Honorees ( 2000s ) 2000 Mikhail Baryshnikov Chuck Berry Plácido Domingo Clint Eastwood Angela Lansbury Julie Andrews Van Cliburn Quincy Jones Jack Nicholson Luciano Pavarotti 2002 James Earl Jones James Levine Chita Rivera Paul Simon Elizabeth Taylor 2003 James Brown Carol Burnett Loretta Lynn Mike Nichols Itzhak Perlman Warren Beatty Ossie Davis & Ruby Dee Elton John Joan Sutherland John Williams 2005 Tony Bennett Suzanne Farrell Julie Harris Robert Redford Tina Turner 2006 Zubin Mehta Dolly Parton Smokey Robinson Steven Spielberg Andrew Lloyd Webber 2007 Leon Fleisher Steve Martin Diana Ross Martin Scorsese Brian Wilson 2008 Morgan Freeman George Jones Barbra Streisand Twyla Tharp Pete Townshend & Roger Daltrey 2009 Mel Brooks Dave Brubeck Grace Bumbry Robert De Niro Bruce Springsteen Complete list 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Kentucky Women Remembered Lilialyce Akers Sophia Alcorn Mary Willie Arvin Hannah Hume Baird Nelda Lambert Barton - Collings Anne Braden Carolyn Bratt Madeline McDowell Breckinridge Mary Carson Breckinridge Sally Shallenberger Brown Willa Beatrice Brown Claire Louise Caudill Anna Mac Clarke Laura Clay Rosemary Clooney Martha Layne Collins Jane Todd Crawford Emma Guy Cromwell Dolores Delahanty Alice Allison Dunnigan Mary Elliott Flanery Lois Howard Gray Mary Peterson Gregg Eula Hall Josephine Henry Allie Hixson Julia Britton Hooks Nelle Pitcock Horlander Marie Caldwell Humphries Louise Gilman Hutchins Margaret Ingels Grace Marilynn James Mae Street Kidd Katherine G. Langley Lucille Caudill Little Crit Luallen Loretta Lynn Michael Leo Mullaney Jacqueline Noonan Beula Cornelius Aspley Nunn Clara Sanford Oldham Judi Patton Katherine Graham Peden Mary T. Meagher Plant Georgia Davis Powers Lillian Henken Press Sarah Frances Price Lyda Ramey Sarah Felt Richardson Joan Riehm Jean Ritchie Verna Mae Slone Lucy Harth Smith Catherine Spalding Louise Southgate Ann Stokes Thelma Stovall Carol Sutton Caroline Burnam Taylor Julia Ann Hieronymus Tevis Jeannette Bell Thomas Harriet Drury Van Meter Delia Webster Myrtle Weldon Judy Moberly West Mary Eugenia Wharton Esther Whitley Doris Y. Wilkinson Enid Yandell BIBSYS : 3026583 BNF : cb13896891m ( data ) GND : 12340326X ISNI : 0000 0001 1511 5618 LCCN : n50039081 MusicBrainz : 613260c3 - d620 - 4645 - 94cd - 33cd55f29b1e NKC : xx0027789 NLA : 35317189 SUDOC : 171856112 VIAF : 69116139 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loretta_Lynn&oldid=857076412 '' Categories : Loretta Lynn 1932 births Living people Country Music Hall of Fame inductees Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Kennedy Center honorees Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients American country singer - songwriters American female country singers American female guitarists Country musicians from Kentucky Decca Records artists Feminist musicians Grammy Award winners Grand Ole Opry members Songwriters from Kentucky Writers from Kentucky Musicians from Appalachia American female songwriters American songwriters Singers from Kentucky Stroke survivors Age controversies People from Johnson County , Kentucky People from Whatcom County , Washington Songwriters from Washington ( state ) Singers from Washington ( state ) Guitarists from Kentucky Guitarists from Washington ( state ) Kentucky women singers 20th - century American singers 21st - century American singers 20th - century guitarists 21st - century guitarists 20th - century women musicians 21st - century women musicians Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees 20th - century American guitarists 21st - century women singers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from November 2015 Articles with hCards All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2014 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Asturianu Български Brezhoneg Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Limburgs Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 12 : 07 ( UTC ) . 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when did loretta lynn first appear on the grand ole opry
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"Lynn's relationship with the Wilburn Brothers and her appearances on the Grand Ole Opry, beginning in 1960,[18] helped Lynn become the number one female recording artist in country music. Her contract with the Wilburn Brothers gave them the publishing rights to her material. She was still fighting to regain these rights 30 years after ending her business relationship with them but was ultimately denied the publishing rights. Lynn stopped writing music in the 1970s because of these contracts. Although Kitty Wells had become the first major female country vocalist during the 1950s, by the time Lynn recorded her first record, only three other women—Patsy Cline, Skeeter Davis, and Jean Shepard—had become top stars. Lynn joined The Grand Ole Opry on September 25, 1962.[2]\n"
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"1960"
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Epistle of James
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Epistle of James - wikipedia Epistle of James Not to be confused with Gospel of James . Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The Epistle of James ( Ancient Greek : Ἰάκωβος , translit . Iakōbos ) , the Book of James , or simply James , is one of the 21 epistles ( didactic letters ) in the New Testament . The author identifies himself as `` James , a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ , '' who is writing to `` the twelve tribes scattered abroad '' ( James 1 : 1 ) . The epistle is traditionally attributed to James the brother of Jesus ( James the Just ) , and the audience is generally considered to be Jewish Christians , who were dispersed outside Palestine . Framed within an overall theme of patient perseverance during trials and temptations , James writes to encourage believers to live consistently with what they have learned in Christ . He wants his readers to mature in their faith in Christ by living what they say they believe . He condemns various sins , including pride , hypocrisy , favouritism , and slander . He encourages believers to humbly live by godly rather than worldly wisdom and to pray in all situations . Within the New Testament canon , the Epistle of James is noteworthy because it makes no reference to the death , resurrection , or divine sonship of Jesus . It refers to Jesus twice , as `` the Lord Jesus Christ '' and as `` our glorious Lord Jesus Christ '' ( James 1 : 1 , 2 : 1 ) . Contents 1 Authorship 2 Dating 3 Genre 4 Structure 5 Historical context 6 Doctrine 6.1 Justification 6.2 Anointing of the Sick 7 Canonicity 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Authorship ( edit ) According to Robert J. Foster , `` there is little consensus as to the genre , structure , dating , and authorship of the book of James . '' There are four `` commonly espoused '' views concerning authorship and dating of the Epistle of James : the letter was written by James before the Pauline Epistles , the letter was written by James after the Pauline Epistles , the letter is pseudonymous , the letter comprises material originally from James but reworked by a later editor . The writer refers to himself only as `` James , a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ . '' As many as six different men in the Bible are named James . Jesus had two apostles named James : James , the son of Zebedee and James , the son of Alphaeus , but it is unlikely that either of these wrote the letter . According to the Book of Acts , James , the son of Zebedee , was martyred about 44 AD . That would be very early for him to have been the writer . The other apostle James , the son of Alphaeus , is not prominent in the Scriptural record , and very little is known about him . The writer of the letter of James identifying himself as `` a servant / slave of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ '' is much the same as the author of the Epistle of Jude did by calling himself `` a slave of Jesus Christ , but a brother of James '' ( Jas 1 : 1 ; Jude 1 ) . Furthermore , the salutation of his letter concludes with the term `` greetings '' ( Greek χαίρειν ) , much like the letter on circumcision that was sent to the congregations . In the latter instance it was apparently Jesus 's brother , James , who spoke prominently in the assembly of `` the apostles and the older men '' at Jerusalem . Some have said the authorship of this epistle points to James , the brother of Jesus , to whom Jesus evidently had made a special appearance after his resurrection described in the New Testament as this James was prominent among the disciples . From the middle of the 3rd century , patristic authors cited the Epistle as written by James , the brother of Jesus and a leader of the Jerusalem church . Not numbered among the Twelve Apostles unless he is identified as James the Less , James was nonetheless a very important figure : Paul described him as `` the brother of the Lord '' in Galatians 1 : 19 and as one of the three `` pillars of the Church '' in 2 : 9 . Pseudonymous authorship ( 3 above ) implies that the person named `` James '' is respected and doubtless well known . Moreover , this James , brother of Jesus , is honored by the epistle written and distributed after the lifetime of James , the brother of Jesus . John Calvin and others suggested that the author was the Apostle James , son of Alphaeus , who is referred to as James the Less . The Protestant reformer Martin Luther denied it was the work of an apostle and termed it an `` epistle of straw '' as compared to some other books in the New Testament , partly because of the conflict he thought it raised with Paul on the doctrine of justification ( see below ) . Dating ( edit ) The first page of James in Minuscule 319 , a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament . Many scholars consider the epistle to be written in the late 1st or early 2nd centuries : The author introduces himself merely as `` a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ '' without invoking any special family relationship to Jesus . The cultured Greek language of the Epistle , it is contended , could not have been written by a Jerusalem Jew . Some scholars argue for a primitive version of the letter composed by James and then later polished by another writer . The epistle was only gradually accepted into the canon of the New Testament . Some see parallels between James and 1 Peter , 1 Clement , and the Shepherd of Hermas and take this to reflect the socio - economic situation Christians were dealing with in the late 1st or early 2nd century . It thus could have been written anywhere in the Empire that Christians spoke Greek . There are some scholars who argued for Syria . Other scholars , such as Luke Timothy Johnson , suggest an early dating for the Epistle of James : `` The Letter of James also , according to the majority of scholars who have carefully worked through its text in the past two centuries , is among the earliest of New Testament compositions . It contains no reference to the events in Jesus ' life , but it bears striking testimony to Jesus ' words . Jesus ' sayings are embedded in James ' exhortations in a form that is clearly not dependent on the written Gospels . '' If written by James the brother of Jesus , it would have been written sometime before AD 69 ( or AD 62 ) , when he was martyred . Jerusalem would also be the place of writing . The earliest extant manuscripts of James usually date to the mid-to - late 3rd century . Genre ( edit ) James is considered New Testament wisdom literature : `` like Proverbs and Sirach , it consists largely of moral exhortations and precepts of a traditional and eclectic nature . '' The content of James is directly parallel , in many instances , to sayings of Jesus found in the gospels of Luke and Matthew , i.e. , those attributed to the hypothetical Q Source . Compare , e.g. , `` Do not swear at all , either by heaven ... or by the earth ... Let your word be ' Yes , Yes ' or ' No , No ' ; anything more than this comes from the evil one '' ( Matthew 5 : 34 , 37 ) and `` ... do not swear either by heaven or by earth or by any other oath , but let your ' Yes ' be yes and your ' No ' be no , so that you may not fall under condemnation '' ( James 5 : 12 ) . According to James Tabor , the epistle of James contains `` no fewer than thirty direct references , echoes , and allusions to the teachings of Jesus found in the Q source . '' Structure ( edit ) Some view the epistle as having no overarching outline : `` James may have simply grouped together small ' thematic essays ' without having more linear , Greco - Roman structures in mind . '' That view is generally supported by those who believe that the epistle may not be a true piece of correspondence between specific parties but an example of wisdom literature , formulated as a letter for circulation . The Catholic Encyclopedia says , `` the subjects treated of in the Epistle are many and various ; moreover , St. James not infrequently , whilst elucidating a certain point , passes abruptly to another , and presently resumes once more his former argument . '' Others view the letter as having only broad topical or thematic structure . They generally organize James under three ( Ralph Martin ) to seven ( Luke Johnson ) general key themes or segments . A third group believes that James was more purposeful in structuring his letter , linking each paragraph theologically and thematically : James , like the gospel writers , can be seen as a purposeful theologian , carefully weaving his smaller units together into larger fabrics of thought and using his overall structure to prioritize his key themes . -- Blomberg and Kamell The third view of the structuring of James is a historical approach that is supported by scholars who are not content with leaving the book as `` New Testament wisdom literature , like a small book of proverbs '' or `` like a loose collection of random pearls dropped in no particular order onto a piece of string . '' A fourth group uses modern discourse analysis or Greco - Roman rhetorical structures to describe the structure of James . The United Bible Societies ' Greek New Testament divides the letter into the following sections : Salutation ( 1 : 1 ) Faith and Wisdom ( 1 : 2 -- 8 ) Poverty and Riches ( 1 : 9 - 11 ) Trial and Temptation ( 1 : 12 -- 18 ) Hearing and Doing the Word ( 1 : 19 -- 27 ) Warning against Partiality ( 2 : 1 -- 13 ) Faith and Works ( 2 : 14 -- 26 ) The Tongue ( 3 : 1 -- 12 ) The Wisdom from Above ( 3 : 13 -- 18 ) Friendship with the World ( 4 : 1 -- 10 ) Judging a Brother ( 4 : 11 -- 12 ) Warning against Boasting ( 4 : 13 -- 17 ) Warning to the Rich ( 5 : 1 -- 6 ) Patience and Prayer ( 5 : 7 -- 20 ) Historical context ( edit ) Understanding the circumstances of James ' writing helps scholars better understand James ' organization of the letter . They view the epistle as having a legitimate purpose for its composition , a response to the suffering of its recipients . A 2013 journal article explores a violent historical background behind the epistle and offers the suggestion that it was indeed written by James , the brother of Jesus , and it was written before AD 62 , the year he was killed . The 50s saw the growth of turmoil and violence in Roman Judea , as Jews became more and more frustrated with corruption , injustice and poverty . It continued into the 60s , four years before James was killed . War broke out with Rome and would lead to the destruction of Jerusalem and the scattering of the people . The epistle is renowned for exhortations on fighting poverty and caring for the poor in practical ways ( 1 : 26 -- 27 ; 2 : 1 - 4 ; 2 : 14 - 19 ; 5 : 1 - 6 ) , standing up for the oppressed ( 2 : 1 - 4 ; 5 : 1 - 6 ) and not being `` like the world '' in the way one responds to evil in the world ( 1 : 26 - 27 ; 2 : 11 ; 3 : 13 - 18 ; 4 : 1 - 10 ) . Worldly wisdom is rejected and people are exhorted to embrace heavenly wisdom , which includes peacemaking and pursuing righteousness and justice ( 3 : 13 - 18 ) . This approach sees the epistle as a real letter with a real immediate purpose : to encourage Christian Jews not to revert to violence in their response to injustice and poverty but to stay focused on doing good , staying holy and to embrace the wisdom of heaven , not that of the world . Doctrine ( edit ) Justification ( edit ) Main articles : justification ( theology ) , Justification by faith alone , and Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification It contains the following famous passage concerning salvation and justification : What good is it , my brothers , if someone says he has faith but does not have works ? Can that faith save him ? If a brother or sister is poorly clothed and lacking in daily food , and one of you says to them , `` Go in peace , be warmed and filled , '' without giving them the things needed for the body , what good is that ? So also faith by itself , if it does not have works , is dead . But someone will say , `` You have faith and I have works . '' Show me your faith apart from your works , and I will show you my faith by my works . You believe that God is one ; you do well . Even the demons believe -- and shudder ! Do you want to be shown , you foolish person , that faith apart from works is useless ? Was not Abraham our father justified by works when he offered up his son Isaac on the altar ? You see that faith was active along with his works , and faith was completed by his works ; and the Scripture was fulfilled that says , `` Abraham believed God , and it was counted to him as righteousness '' -- and he was called a friend of God . You see that a person is justified by works and not by faith alone . And in the same way was not also Rahab the prostitute justified by works when she received the messengers and sent them out by another way ? For as the body apart from the spirit is dead , so also faith apart from works is dead . That passage has been cited in Christian theological debates , especially regarding the doctrine of justification . Gaius Marius Victorinus ( 4th century ) associated James 's teaching on works with the heretical Symmachian sect , followers of Symmachus the Ebionite , and openly questioned whether James ' teachings were heretical . This passage has also been contrasted with the teachings of Paul the Apostle on justification . Some scholars even believe that the passage is a response to Paul . One issue in the debate is the meaning of the Greek word δικαιόω ( dikaiόō ) ' render righteous or such as he ought to be ' , with some among the participants taking the view that James is responding to a misunderstanding of Paul . Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy have historically argued that the passage disproves the doctrine of justification by faith alone ( or sola fide ) , The early and many modern Protestants resolve the apparent conflict between James and Paul regarding faith and works in alternate ways from the Catholics and Orthodox : Paul was dealing with one kind of error while James was dealing with a different error . The errorists Paul was dealing with were people who said that works of the law were needed to be added to faith in order to help earn God 's favor . Paul countered this error by pointing out that salvation was by faith alone apart from deeds of the law ( Galatians 2 : 16 ; Romans 3 : 21 - 22 ) . Paul also taught that saving faith is not dead but alive , showing thanks to God in deeds of love ( Galatians 5 : 6 ( ' ... since in Christ Jesus it is not being circumcised or being uncircumcised that can effect anything - only faith working through love . ' ) ) . James was dealing with errorists who said that if they had faith they did n't need to show love by a life of faith ( James 2 : 14 - 17 ) . James countered this error by teaching that faith is alive , showing itself to be so by deeds of love ( James 2 : 18 , 26 ) . James and Paul both teach that salvation is by faith alone and also that faith is never alone but shows itself to be alive by deeds of love that express a believer 's thanks to God for the free gift of salvation by faith in Jesus . Anointing of the sick ( edit ) The epistle is also the chief biblical text for the Anointing of the Sick . James wrote : Is anyone among you sick ? Let him call for the elders of the church , and let them pray over him , anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord . And the prayer of faith will save the one who is sick , and the Lord will raise him up . And if he has committed sins , he will be forgiven . G.A. Wells suggested that the passage was evidence of late authorship of the epistle , on the grounds that the healing of the sick being done through an official body of presbyters ( elders ) indicated a considerable development of ecclesiastical organisation `` whereas in Paul 's day to heal and work miracles pertained to believers indiscriminately ( I Corinthians , XII : 9 ) . '' Canonicity ( edit ) See also : Antilegomena and Biblical canon The Epistle was first explicitly referred to and quoted by Origen of Alexandria , and possibly a bit earlier by Irenaeus of Lyons as well as Clement of Alexandria in a lost work according to Eusebius , although it was not mentioned by Tertullian , who was writing at the end of the Second Century . It is also absent from the Muratorian fragment , the earliest known list of New Testament books . The Epistle of James was included among the twenty - seven New Testament books first listed by Athanasius of Alexandria in his Thirty - Ninth Festal Epistle ( AD 367 ) and was confirmed as a canonical epistle of the New Testament by a series of councils in the Fourth Century . Today , virtually all denominations of Christianity consider this book to be a canonical epistle of the New Testament . In the first centuries of the Church the authenticity of the Epistle was doubted by some , including Theodore , Bishop of Mopsuestia in Cilicia . Because of the silence of several of the western churches regarding it , Eusebius classes it among the Antilegomena or contested writings ( Historia ecclesiae , 3.25 ; 2.23 ) . Jerome gives a similar appraisal but adds that with time it had been universally admitted . Gaius Marius Victorinus , in his commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians , openly questioned whether the teachings of James were heretical . Its late recognition in the Church , especially in the West , may be explained by the fact that it was written for or by Jewish Christians , and therefore not widely circulated among the Gentile Churches . There is some indication that a few groups distrusted the book because of its doctrine . In Reformation times a few theologians , most notably Martin Luther in his early career , argued that this epistle should not be part of the canonical New Testament . Martin Luther 's description of the Epistle of James changes . In some cases , Luther argues that it was not written by an apostle ; but in other cases , he describes James as the work of an apostle . He even cites it as authoritative teaching from God and describes James as `` a good book , because it sets up no doctrines of men but vigorously promulgates the law of God . '' Lutherans hold that the Epistle is rightly part of the New Testament , citing its authority in the Book of Concord ; however , it remains part of the Lutheran antilegomena . See also ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Epistle of James Abrogation of Old Covenant laws Protevangelium of James Pauline Christianity Textual variants in the Epistle of James References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Davids , Peter H ( 1982 ) . I Howard Marshall and W Ward Gasque , ed . New International Greek Testament Commentary : The Epistle of James ( Repr . ed . ) . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Eerdmans . ISBN 0802823882 . Jump up ^ Evans , Craig A ( 2005 ) . Craig A Evans , ed . Bible Knowledge Background Commentary : John , Hebrews - Revelation . Colorado Springs , Colo. : Victor . ISBN 0781442281 . ^ Jump up to : Camerlynck , Achille ( 1910 ) . `` Epistle of St James '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert J. Foster ( 23 September 2014 ) . The Significance of Exemplars for the Interpretation of the Letter of James . Mohr Siebeck . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 16 - 153263 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dan G. McCartney ( 1 November 2009 ) . James . Baker Academic . pp. 14 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8010 - 2676 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : McCartney , Dan G ( 2009 ) . Robert W Yarbrough and Robert H Stein , ed . Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament : James . Grand Rapids : Baker Academic . ISBN 0801026768 . Jump up ^ See Acts 12 : 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Cf . James 1 : 1 and Acts 15 : 23 . Jump up ^ Adam Clarke , 1821 , commentary on 5 : 13 , 22 , 23 . Jump up ^ See Matthew 13 : 55 ; Acts 21 : 15 -- 25 ; 1 Corinthians 15 : 7 ; and Galatians 1 : 19 , 2 : 9 Jump up ^ Moo , Douglas J ( 2000 ) . DA Carson , ed . The Letter of James . Grand Rapids : Wm B Eerdmans Publishing co . ISBN 0802837301 . Jump up ^ Bechtel , Florentine . `` The Brethren of the Lord '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . His identity with James the Less ( Mark 15 : 40 ) and the Apostle James , the son of Alpheus ( Matthew 10 : 3 ; Mark 3 : 18 ) , although contested by many Protestant critics , may also be considered as certain . Jump up ^ Shillington , V. George ( 2015 ) . James and Paul : The Politics of Identity at the Turn of the Ages . Minneapolis : Fortress Press . pp. 65 -- 96 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4514 - 8213 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Christian Church , book 7 , chapter 4 '' . Jump up ^ `` Epistle of James '' . Early Christian Writings . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : John Barton and John Muddiman , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Bible Commentary . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 1256 . ISBN 0198755007 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Luke Timothy ( 1996 ) . The Real Jesus . HarperOne . p. 121 . ISBN 0060641665 . Jump up ^ `` Epistle of James Theopedia '' . www.theopedia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Laws , Sophie ( 1993 ) . The HarperCollins Study Bible . San Francisco : HarperCollins Publishers . p. 2052 . ISBN 0060655267 . Jump up ^ Tabor , James D. ( 2012 ) . Paul and Jesus : How the Apostle Transformed Christianity . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 2332 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Blomberg , Craig ( 2008 ) . James . Grand Rapids : Zondervan . p. 23 . ISBN 9780310244028 . Jump up ^ Martin , Ralph ( 1988 ) . James . Waco , TX : WBC . p. xcviii - civ . Jump up ^ Johnson , Luke ( 2000 ) . The Letter of James . Grand Rapids : Pillar . pp. 11 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Some numerous writers and commentators assume so , like William Barclay , The Daily Study Bible , rev . ed. , 17 vols . ( Philadelphia : The Westminster Press , 1976 ) , Vol 14 , The Letters of James and Peter , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Mark ( 2006 ) . A Linguistic Investigation into the Discource Structure of James . London : T&T Clark . ISBN 9780310244028 . Jump up ^ `` Faith versus Works '' . Jump up ^ Eberhard Nestle , ed. ( 2011 ) . Greek New Testament With Revised Concise Greek - English Dictionary ( 4th Revised ed . ) . Hendrickson Publishers . ISBN 1598567209 . Jump up ^ Jim Reiher , `` Violent Language -- a clue to the Historical Occasion of James . '' Evangelical Quarterly . Vol . LXXXV No. 3 . July 2013 Jump up ^ On the death of James , see Josephus Antiquities , 20.9. 1 and Eusebius II. 23.1 - 18 . Jump up ^ Numerous studies argue for a letter - structure to James . See , for example , Euan Fry , `` Commentaries on James , I and 2 Peter , and Jude , '' The Bible Translator , 41 ( July 1990 ) : 330 , and F.O. Francis , `` The Form and Function of the Opening and Closing Paragraphs of James and I John , '' ZNW 61 ( 1970 ) : 110 - 126 . Jump up ^ James 2 : 14 - 26 , English Standard Version . Jump up ^ McKnight , Scot ( 2011 ) . The Letter of James . The New International Commentary on the New Testament . Grand Rapids , Michigan : William B. Erdmans . pp. 259 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2627 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Dikaioo '' . Greek Lexicon . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , D. 2009 . New Testament History & Literature : 18 . Arguing with Paul . Yale University . Jump up ^ `` The Theological Virtues : 1815 '' . Catechism of the Catholic Church . The gift of faith remains in one who has not sinned against it . But ' faith apart from works is dead ' : ( Jas 2 : 26 ) when it is deprived of hope and love , faith does not fully unite the believer to Christ and does not make him a living member of his Body . Jump up ^ Schaff , Philip ( 1877 ) . `` The Synod of Jerusalem and the Confession of Dositheus , A.D. 1672 : Article XIII '' . Creeds of Christendom . Harper & Brothers . Man is justified , not by faith alone , but also by works . Jump up ^ Calvin , John . `` James 2 : 20 -- 26 '' . Commentaries on the Catholic Epistles . When , therefore , the Sophists set up James against Paul , they go astray through the ambiguous meaning of a term . Jump up ^ `` Faith and Works '' . WELS Topical Q&A . Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod . Archived from the original on 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ James 5 : 14 -- 15 ^ Jump up to : Wells , George Albert ( 1971 ) . The Jesus of Early Christians . London : Pemberton . p. 152 . ISBN 0301710147 . Jump up ^ Davis , Glenn ( 2010 ) . `` Irenaeus of Lyons '' . The Development of the Canon of the New Testament . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Griggs , C Wilfred ( 1991 ) . Early Egyptian Christianity ( 2nd ed . ) . Leiden : Brill Academic Publisher . p. 173 . ISBN 9004094075 . Jump up ^ 1958 - , Cooper , Stephen Andrew , . Marius Victorinus ' `` Commentary on Galatians '' : introduction , translation , and notes . Oxford University Press . pp. 265 -- 266 . ISBN 0198270275 . OCLC 878694940 . ^ Jump up to : The Lutheran Study Bible , Concordia Publishing House , 2009 , p2132 Jump up ^ Schaff , Philip . History of the Reformation . The most important example of dogmatic influence in Luther 's version is the famous interpolation of the word alone in Rom. 3 : 28 ( allein durch den Glauben ) , by which he intended to emphasize his solifidian doctrine of justification , on the plea that the German idiom required the insertion for the sake of clearness. 464 But he thereby brought Paul into direct verbal conflict with James , who says ( James 2 : 24 ) , `` by works a man is justified , and not only by faith '' ( `` nicht durch den Glauben allein '' ) . It is well known that Luther deemed it impossible to harmonize the two apostles in this article , and characterized the Epistle of James as an `` epistle of straw , '' because it had no evangelical character ( `` keine evangelische Art '' ) . Jump up ^ Stonehouse , Ned B ( 1957 ) . Paul Before the Areopagus . pp. 186 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Die deutsche Bibel 41 : 578 - 90 Jump up ^ Luther 's Large Catechism , IV 122 - 24 Jump up ^ Luther 's Works ( American Edition ) 35 : 395 Jump up ^ `` Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod - Christian Cyclopedia '' . 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I Believe I Can Fly
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I Believe I Can Fly - wikipedia I Believe I Can Fly Jump to : navigation , search `` I Believe I Can Fly '' Single by R. Kelly from the album R. and Space Jam : Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture Released November 26 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 26 ) Format CD cassette Recorded August 1996 Genre R&B soul gospel Length 4 : 44 Label Atlantic Jive Songwriter ( s ) Robert Kelly Producer ( s ) R. Kelly R. Kelly singles chronology `` I Ca n't Sleep Baby ( If I ) '' ( 1996 ) `` I Believe I Can Fly '' ( 1996 ) `` Gotham City '' ( 1997 ) `` I Ca n't Sleep Baby ( If I ) '' ( 1996 ) `` I Believe I Can Fly '' ( 1996 ) `` Gotham City '' ( 1997 ) Space Jam track listing `` Space Jam '' ( 3 ) `` I Believe I Can Fly '' ( 4 ) `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' ( 5 ) Music video `` I Believe I Can Fly '' on YouTube `` I Believe I Can Fly '' R. Kelly 's `` I Believe I Can Fly '' from R . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` I Believe I Can Fly '' is a 1996 song written , produced and performed by American singer R. Kelly from the soundtrack to the 1996 film Space Jam . It was originally released on November 26 , 1996 , and was later included on Kelly 's 1998 album R ... In early 1997 , `` I Believe I Can Fly '' reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 ; it was kept from the number one spot by Toni Braxton 's `` Un-Break My Heart '' . Although Kelly has had two number one songs on the pop chart , `` I Believe I Can Fly '' is his most successful single . It reached the number - one spot of the Billboard R&B Singles Chart and remained there for six non-consecutive weeks , keeping `` Un-Break My Heart '' from the top position of that chart for four of those weeks . `` I Believe I Can Fly '' also topped the charts in eight countries ( including the United Kingdom ) , has won three Grammy Awards , and was ranked number 406 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2004 . The music video was directed by Kelly with Hype Williams . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personnel 2 Cover versions 3 In film and television 4 Other performances 5 Parodies 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Decade - end charts 6.4 Certifications 7 References 8 External links Personnel ( edit ) Produced and arranged by R. Kelly Recorded by Stephen George at Battery Studios , Chicago Assistant recording engineers : Chris Brickley and Rick Behrens String Orchestra recorded by Carl Robinson at United Sound Systems -- Studio A , Detroit Mixed by R. Kelly and Stephen George at Chicago Recording Co . Assistant mix engineer : Ron Lowe Programmed by R. Kelly and Stephen George Lead vocals : R. Kelly Background vocals : The Luv Club Choir , directed by Percy Bady Keyboard : Percy Bady Strings : Paul Riser and The Motown Romance Orchestra , led by Hart Hollman Executive producer : Barry Hankerson Cover versions ( edit ) In 2003 , punk rock band Me First and the Gimme Gimmes covered the song for their album Take a Break . American singer William Hung recorded this song for his 2004 album Inspiration . Saxophonist Marion Meadows also covered the song from the album Dressed to Chill . American singer and actress Patti Labelle sang the chorus of the song on her 1998 live album Live One Night Only as an addition to her signature tune `` Over the Rainbow '' . American singer and actress Jessica Simpson sang the song on her DreamChaser Tour in 2001 . The song has also been covered by Etta James , Yolanda Adams ( in a duet with Gerald Levert ) , Ruth Brown , James Ingram , Ronan Keating , Bianca Ryan , and formerly of Woe , Is Me Tyler Carter . American Idol candidates Katharine McPhee , Anwar Robinson , Aaron Kelly , Curtis Finch Jr. , and Jacob Lusk all performed the song in different seasons of the TV show . Singer Yolanda Adams performed the song at the Ronald McDonald Concert for World Children 's Day in 2003 . The song was covered by Tim Olstad on season 3 of The X Factor . The song was covered by Delvin Choice on season 6 of The Voice . The song has been covered live by Faith No More in numerous tours , usually to segue into other songs . The song has been covered live by James Carter 's Organ Trio on Out of Nowhere . In film and television ( edit ) Other than appearing on the soundtrack for the film Space Jam , `` I Believe I Can Fly '' was performed by the school band in the movie Drumline during the high school graduation ceremony of Devon Miles ( Nick Cannon ) . In Ice Age : The Meltdown , Crash the possum sings the song after Manny catapults him with a tree before he crashes into another . In the film Good Boy ! , Wilson briefly sings the song while diving into a pool . In Season 1 , Episode 5 of the TV Series Da Ali G Show , Ali G performs the song during the opening skit . In Fun with Dick and Jane , Jim Carrey sings along with the song as it is played in an elevator . This song also appeared on the first American season of The X Factor , where R. Kelly performed `` I Believe I Can Fly '' for the first time as a duet with the eventual winner of the show Melanie Amaro . This song was also performed on The Voice as the last solo song for the second season 's winner Jermaine Paul . American musical TV series Glee , performed a version of the song in episode fourteen of season three , `` On My Way '' ( aired on February 21 , 2012 ) . It is a mash - up track with the song `` Fly '' by Nicki Minaj featuring Rihanna . In The Hangover Part III , Leslie Chow sings a 12 - second portion of the song , while parachuting through Las Vegas . Other performances ( edit ) R. Kelly performed his song at the 40th Annual Grammy Awards . STS - 122 crew heard this song on flight day 10 as a wake up call . Since its release , it has become commonly associated with the NBA , most notably with Michael Jordan . The song also played at the conclusion of NBC 's broadcast of the 1997 NBA Finals . In addition to the NBA , the song also found use at other sporting events , most notably at Major League Baseball 's New York Yankees home games during their four consecutive World Series runs from 1998 to 2001 , the first three of which they won . On December 21 , 2011 , R. Kelly performed it on X-Factor as a duet with Melanie Amaro . A version of the song , recorded by the Halifax community choir , was used as the backing track to a 2012 UK TV advertisement for the Halifax Bank . On October 13 , 2012 , when the Space Shuttle Endeavour was being transferred from Los Angeles International Airport to the California Science Center through the streets of Los Angeles , the recording was played as the shuttle left The Forum , and the song was performed live by James Ingram later that day at Debbie Allen 's live show celebrating the Endeavour 's arrival at the corner of Crenshaw Blvd and Martin Luther King Blvd . ( The shuttle was delayed over five hours in arriving there ; to keep the crowd entertained , the performance went on only slightly delayed . ) Parodies ( edit ) In the 1999 episode `` The Best of Both Worlds '' of the animated TV series KaBlam ! , in the Life with Loopy segment , the song was spoofed as `` I ( Do n't ) Believe I Can Fly . '' In 2013 , the song was parodied by sports radio show Tim & Sid , spoofing the song as `` I Believe in Masai '' , in reference to Toronto Raptors General Manager Masai Ujiri . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 -- 97 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 24 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Eurochart Hot 100 Singles Belgium Single Chart 5 Swiss Single Chart New Zealand Single Chart Ireland Single Chart Italy Single Chart France ( SNEP ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Poland ( ZPAV ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 6 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 9 US Rhythmic Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 21 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Position Germany ( Official German Charts ) 14 UK Singles Chart 6 US Billboard Hot 100 6 U.S. Billboard R&B / Hip Hop Chart 7 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 87 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 0 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Gold 5,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,900,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` mvdbase.com - R. Kelly - `` I believe I can fly '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Dressed to Chill overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Dressed to Chill Marion Meadows '' . JazzTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` GLEE : The New Directions Perform Fly / I Believe I Can Fly on Perez TV '' . Jump up ^ NASA ( 2008 ) . `` STS - 122 Wakeup Calls '' . NASA . Retrieved February 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 1997 NBA Finals Tribute on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Halifax unveil home insurance ad with Adam and Eve '' . The Drum . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- R. Kelly -- I Believe I Can Fly '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- R. Kelly -- I Believe I Can Fly '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- R. Kelly search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- R. Kelly -- I Believe I Can Fly '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- R. Kelly Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- R. Kelly -- I Believe I Can Fly '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` R Kelly : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UK Top 100 - 1997 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1997 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` R&B Rap Hip - Hop Year - End Charts - 1997 - Soul System '' . Jump up ^ Geoff Mayfield ( December 25 , 1999 ) . 1999 The Year in Music Totally ' 90s : Diary of a Decade - The listing of Top Pop Albums of the ' 90s & Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Kelly R. -- I Believe I Can Fly '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Kelly R. in the field Interpret . Enter I Believe I Can Fly in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 1997 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- R. Kelly -- I Believe I Can Fly '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( R. Kelly ; ' I Believe I Can Fly ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- R. Kelly -- I Believe I Can Fly '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- R. Kelly -- I Believe I Can Fly '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( R. Kelly ; ' I Believe I Can Fly ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- R. Kelly -- I Believe I Can Fly '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter I Believe I Can Fly in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Kelly , R. -- I Believe I Can Fly '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1996 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications Inc. 109 ( 3 ) : 61 . January 18 , 1997 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1997 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications Inc. 110 ( 5 ) : 76 . January 31 , 1998 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Nobody '' by Keith Sweat Billboard 's Hot R&B Singles & Tracks number one single December 21 , 1996 Succeeded by `` Do n't Let Go ( Love ) '' by En Vogue Preceded by `` Do n't Let Go ( Love ) '' by En Vogue Billboard 's Hot R&B Singles & Tracks number one single ( second run ) February 1 , 1997 Succeeded by `` On & On '' by Erykah Badu Preceded by `` Block Rockin ' Beats '' by The Chemical Brothers UK Singles Chart number - one single April 6 , 1997 -- April 26 , 1997 Succeeded by `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' by Michael Jackson R. Kelly Discography Production discography Videography Awards and nominations Studio albums 12 Play R. Kelly R . TP-2.com Chocolate Factory Happy People / U Saved Me TP. 3 Reloaded Double Up Untitled Love Letter Write Me Back Black Panties The Buffet 12 Nights of Christmas Collaboration albums Born into the 90 's The Best of Both Worlds Unfinished Business Mixtape The Demo Tape Compilation albums The R. in R&B Collection , Vol. 1 My Diary Remix City , Volume 1 Playlist : The Very Best of R. Kelly Epic Tours Love Letter Tour Trapped in the Closet Chapter 1 Chapters 1 -- 12 Chapters 13 -- 22 Chapters 23 -- 33 The Confessionals `` Trapped in the Closet '' ( South Park ) `` Trapped in the Drive - Thru '' Bibliography Soulacoaster : The Diary of Me Related articles Songs Unreleased songs Rockland Records Public Announcement Aaliyah Andrea Kelly Joann Kelly Shaggy defense R. Kelly songs Discography Production Discography Videography Awards and nominations Born into the 90 's `` She 's Got That Vibe '' `` Honey Love '' `` Slow Dance ( Hey Mr. DJ ) '' `` Dedicated '' `` Hey Love ( Can I Have a Word ) '' 12 Play `` Sex Me ( Parts I and II ) '' `` Bump N ' Grind '' `` Your Body 's Callin ' '' `` Summer Bunnies '' `` It Seems Like You 're Ready '' R. Kelly `` You Remind Me of Something '' `` Down Low ( Nobody Has to Know ) '' `` Thank God It 's Friday '' `` I Ca n't Sleep Baby ( If I ) '' R . `` I Believe I Can Fly '' `` Gotham City '' `` Half on a Baby '' `` Home Alone '' `` I 'm Your Angel '' `` When a Woman 's Fed Up '' `` Did You Ever Think '' `` If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' `` Only the Loot Can Make Me Happy '' TP-2.com `` I Wish '' `` The Storm Is Over Now '' `` Fiesta ( Remix ) '' `` Feelin ' on Yo Booty '' `` A Woman 's Threat '' Chocolate Factory `` The World 's Greatest '' `` Ignition ( Remix ) '' `` Snake '' `` Step in the Name of Love ( Remix ) '' The R. in R&B Collection , Vol. 1 `` Thoia Thoing '' Happy People / U Saved Me `` Happy People '' `` U Saved Me '' TP. 3 Reloaded `` In the Kitchen '' `` Trapped in the Closet ( Chapter 1 ) '' `` Playa 's Only '' `` Slow Wind '' `` Burn It Up '' Double Up `` I 'm a Flirt ( Remix ) '' `` Same Girl '' `` Double Up '' `` Rock Star '' Untitled `` Supaman High '' `` Number One '' `` Religious '' `` Echo '' `` Be My # 2 '' Love Letter `` When a Woman Loves '' `` Love Letter '' `` Radio Message '' `` Number One Hit '' Write Me Back `` Share My Love '' `` Feelin ' Single '' `` When a Man Lies '' Black Panties `` My Story '' `` Genius '' `` Cookie '' `` Legs Shakin ' '' The Buffet `` Backyard Party '' `` Switch Up '' Other singles `` Soldier 's Heart '' `` Take You Home With Me ( A.K.A. Body ) '' `` Honey '' `` Big Chips '' `` Hair Braider '' `` Skin '' `` I Believe '' `` Sign of a Victory '' `` Platinum '' `` To the World '' `` I Look to You '' `` Bump & Grind 2014 '' `` Ignition ( Viceroy Remix ) '' Featured singles `` Down with the Clique '' `` Street Dreams ( Remix ) '' `` Be Careful '' `` Friend of Mine ( Remix ) '' `` Satisfy You '' `` Contagious '' `` We Thuggin ' '' `` Gigolo '' `` Hotel '' `` Gangsta Girl '' `` Till the World Ends '' `` So Sexy '' `` So Sexy : Chapter II ( Like This ) '' `` Wonderful '' `` That 's That Shit '' `` Go Getta '' `` Speedin ' '' `` All the Above '' `` Ms. Chocolate '' `` Throwin ' My Money '' `` We Been On '' `` Do What U Want '' `` PYD '' `` Make The World Go Round '' `` It 's Your World '' Soundtrack singles `` I Believe I Can Fly '' `` Gotham City '' `` Bad Man '' `` World 's Greatest `` I Believe '' `` Christmas , I 'll Be Steppin ' '' Other songs `` It Seems Like You 're Ready '' `` Sadie '' `` TP - 2 '' `` R&B Thug '' `` Heaven I Need a Hug '' `` I Need an Angel '' `` Real Talk '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Shut Up `` Betcha Gon ' Know '' `` Marching Band '' `` Wake Up Everybody '' Singles written and / or produced by R. Kelly `` Back & Forth '' `` At Your Best '' `` Stroke You Up '' `` Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number '' `` Down with the Clique '' `` The Thing I Like '' `` No One Knows How to Love Me Quite Like You Do '' `` Foolin ' Around '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` I Do n't Want To '' `` Fortunate '' `` 808 '' `` Cry '' `` Contagious '' `` One More Chance '' `` Any Time , Any Place '' `` Bump , Bump , Bump '' `` Hell Yeah '' `` Outrageous '' `` Out of this Club '' `` I Look To You '' `` Celebrate '' `` Sleeping with the One I Love '' Category : R. Kelly songs Category : Songs written by R. Kelly NBA on NBC Related programs NBA Showtime NBA Inside Stuff NBA on USA Non-NBA programs College Basketball on NBC Olympics on NBC Related articles Ratings ( NBA Finals ) NBA Showtime : NBA on NBC Like Mike 2002 FIBA World Championship NBC Sports Regional Networks Bay Area ( Golden State Warriors ) Boston ( Boston Celtics ) California ( Sacramento Kings ) Chicago ( Chicago Bulls ) Northwest ( Portland Trail Blazers ) Philadelphia ( Philadelphia 76ers ) Washington ( Washington Wizards ) Commentators All - Star Game NBA Finals WNBA Finals Key figures Marv Albert Mike Breen Bob Costas Don Criqui Jerry Doggett Dick Enberg Marty Glickman Jim Gordon Curt Gowdy Greg Gumbel Tom Hammond Dan Hicks Jim Lampley Joel Meyers Bob Neal Lindsey Nelson Bill O'Donnell Bud Palmer Paul Sunderland Bob Wolff Color commentators Quinn Buckner P.J. Carlesimo Doug Collins Chuck Daly Mike Dunleavy Sr . Cotton Fitzsimmons Mike Fratello Matt Guokas Dan Issel Steve Jones Magic Johnson Joe Lapchick Ron Rothstein Isiah Thomas Bill Walton Sideline reporters Jim Gray Lewis Johnson Andrea Joyce Lisa Malosky Ahmad Rashād Hannah Storm Studio analysts Pat Croce Julius Erving Kevin Johnson Pat Riley John Salley Tom Tolbert Peter Vecsey Jayson Williams NBA Finals 1955 ( Games 2 , 6 ) 1956 ( Game 1 ) 1957 ( Games 1 , 7 ) 1958 ( Game 1 ) 1959 ( Games 1 - 2 ) 1960 ( Games 1 , 3 - 4 , 7 ) 1961 ( Games 1 , 3 - 4 ) 1962 ( Games 1 - 2 ) 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 WNBA Finals 1997 ( Game 1 ) 1998 ( Games 1 - 2 ) 1999 ( Games 2 - 3 ) 2000 ( Game 2 ) 2001 ( Game 2 ) 2002 ( Game 2 ) All - Star Game 1959 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 Music `` All Fired Up '' `` An American Symphony '' `` Cliffhanger Theme '' `` Crockett 's Theme '' `` Desert Ride '' `` Fly Away '' ( 1999 NBA Finals ) `` Gettysburg '' ( main theme ) `` How 's It Going to Be '' `` I Believe I Can Fly '' ( 1997 NBA Finals ) `` Return to Innocence '' `` Roundball Rock '' `` The Dream Is Still Alive ( 1991 NBA Finals ) `` These Are Days '' `` Titan Spirit '' `` To the Flemish Cap '' `` Unbelievable '' `` Winning It All '' ( 1992 - 1996 ) Lore Christmas Day O.J. Simpson 's low - speed freeway chase The Clock Incident Clutch City Game 6 of the 1998 NBA Finals Memorial Day Miracle Rivalries Bulls -- Knicks Jazz -- Rockets Website : NBA - NBC Sports Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Believe_I_Can_Fly&oldid=798649266 '' Categories : 1990s ballads 1996 singles 1997 singles 1996 songs Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Music videos directed by Hype Williams European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Switzerland R. Kelly songs Rhythm and blues ballads Pop ballads Bianca Ryan songs Songs written by R. Kelly Looney Tunes songs Songs written for films NBC Sports National Basketball Association music Jive Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Kiswahili 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 03 : 11 . 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Tornado records
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Tornado records - wikipedia Tornado records Jump to : navigation , search A map of the tornado paths in the 1974 Super Outbreak This article lists various tornado records . The most `` extreme '' tornado in recorded history was the Tri-State Tornado , which spread through parts of Missouri , Illinois , and Indiana on March 18 , 1925 . It is considered an F5 , even though tornadoes were not ranked on any scale in that era . It holds records for longest path length at 219 miles ( 352 km ) , longest duration at about 31⁄2 hours , and fastest forward speed for a significant tornado at 73 mph ( 117 km / h ) anywhere on Earth . In addition , it is the deadliest single tornado in United States history with 695 fatalities . It was also the third - costliest tornado in history at the time , but has been surpassed by several others non-normalized . When costs are normalized for wealth and inflation , it still ranks third today . The deadliest tornado in world history was the Daulatpur -- Saturia tornado in Bangladesh on April 26 , 1989 , which killed approximately 1,300 people . In its history Bangladesh has had at least 19 tornadoes kill more than 100 people , almost half of the total for the rest of the world . For 37 years , the most extensive tornado outbreak on record , in almost every category , was the 1974 Super Outbreak , which affected a large area of the central United States and extreme southern Ontario in Canada on April 3 and April 4 , 1974 . Not only did this outbreak feature 148 tornadoes in only 18 hours , but an unprecedented number of them were violent ; 7 were of F5 intensity and 23 were F4 . During the peak of this outbreak there were 16 tornadoes on the ground at the same time . More than 300 people , possibly as many as 330 , were killed by tornadoes during this outbreak . However , this record was later broken during the 2011 Super Outbreak , which resulted in 360 tornadoes and 324 tornadic fatalities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tornado outbreaks 1.1 Most tornadoes in single 24 - hour period 1.2 Longest continuous outbreak and largest autumnal outbreak 1.3 Greatest number of tornadoes spawned from a hurricane 2 Tornado casualties and damage 2.1 Deadliest single tornado in world history 2.2 Deadliest single tornado in US history 2.3 Most damaging tornado 3 Largest and most powerful tornadoes 3.1 Highest winds observed in a tornado 3.2 Longest damage path and duration 3.3 Longest path and duration tornado family 3.4 Largest path width 3.5 Highest forward speed 3.6 Greatest pressure drop 4 Early tornadoes 4.1 Earliest - known tornado in Europe 4.2 Earliest - known tornado in the Americas 4.3 First confirmed tornado and first tornado fatality in present - day United States 5 Exceptional tornado droughts 5.1 Longest span without a tornado rated F5 or EF5 6 Exceptional survivors 6.1 Longest distance carried by a tornado 7 Exceptional coincidences 7.1 Codell , Kansas 7.2 Tanner / Harvest , Alabama 7.3 Moore , Oklahoma 7.4 Jackson , Tennessee 7.5 Grand Island , Nebraska 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Tornado outbreaks ( edit ) Most tornadoes in single 24 - hour period ( edit ) The 2011 Super Outbreak was the most prolific tornado outbreak in USA history . It produced 360 tornadoes , with 216 of those in a single 24 - hour period on April 27 , including 11 EF4 and 4 EF5 tornadoes. 348 deaths occurred in that outbreak , of which 324 were tornado related . The outbreak helped smash the record for most tornadoes in the month of April with 770 tornadoes , almost triple the prior record ( 267 in April 1974 ) . The overall record for a single month was 542 in May 2003 , which was also broken . The infamous 1974 Super Outbreak of April 3 -- 4 , 1974 , which spawned 148 confirmed tornadoes across eastern North America , held the record for the most prolific tornado outbreak for many years . Not only did it produce an exceptional number of tornadoes , but it was also an inordinately intense outbreak producing dozens of large , long - track tornadoes , including 7 F5 and 23 F4 tornadoes . More significant tornadoes occurred within 24 hours than any other week in the tornado record . Due to a secular trend in tornado reporting , the 2011 and 1974 tornado counts are not directly comparable . Longest continuous outbreak and largest autumnal outbreak ( edit ) Most tornado outbreaks in North America occur in the spring , but there is a secondary peak of tornado activity in the fall which is less consistent but can include exceptionally large and / or intense outbreaks . In 1992 , an estimated 95 tornadoes broke out in a record 41 hours of continuous tornado activity from November 21 to 23 . This is also among the largest - known outbreaks in areal expanse . Many other very large outbreaks have occurred in autumn , especially in October and November . Greatest number of tornadoes spawned from a hurricane ( edit ) The greatest number of tornadoes spawned from a hurricane is 118 from Hurricane Ivan in 2004 . Caution is advised comparing the raw number of counted tornadoes from recent decades to decades prior to the 1990s since more tornadoes that occur are now recorded than in the past . Tornado casualties and damage ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of tornadoes causing 100 or more deaths . 10 deadliest Canadian tornadoes Rank Location Date Deaths = 5 = 5 7 = 8 = 8 = 10 = 10 Regina , Saskatchewan Edmonton , Alberta Windsor -- Tecumseh , Ontario Pine Lake , Alberta Salaberry - de-Valleyfield , Quebec Windsor , Ontario Barrie , Ontario Sudbury , Ontario Sainte - Rose , Quebec Bouctouche , New Brunswick Portage la Prairie , Manitoba June 30 , 1912 July 31 , 1987 June 17 , 1946 July 14 , 2000 August 16 , 1888 April 3 , 1974 May 31 , 1985 August 20 , 1970 June 8 , 1953 August 6 , 1879 June 22 , 1922 ≥ 28 27 17 12 9 9 8 6 6 5 5 Source : Environment Canada ( PDF ) 10 deadliest U.S. tornadoes Rank Name ( location ) Date Deaths 5 6 7 8 9 10 `` Tri-State '' ( Missouri , Illinois and Indiana ) Natchez , Mississippi St. Louis , Missouri and East St. Louis , Illinois Tupelo , Mississippi Gainesville , Georgia Woodward , Oklahoma Joplin , Missouri Amite , Louisiana and Purvis , Mississippi New Richmond , Wisconsin Flint , Michigan March 18 , 1925 May 7 , 1840 May 27 , 1896 April 5 , 1936 April 6 , 1936 April 9 , 1947 May 22 , 2011 April 24 , 1908 June 12 , 1899 June 8 , 1953 695 317 255 216 203 181 158 143 117 116 Source : Storm Prediction Center 25 deadliest U.S. tornadoes Rank Name ( location ) Date Deaths 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 - - - 13 14 15 16 17 - - - 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 `` Tri-State '' ( Missouri , Illinois and Indiana ) Natchez , Mississippi St. Louis , Missouri and East St. Louis , Illinois Tupelo , Mississippi Gainesville , Georgia Woodward , Oklahoma Joplin , Missouri Amite , Louisiana and Purvis , Mississippi New Richmond , Wisconsin Flint , Michigan Waco , Texas Goliad , Texas Omaha , Nebraska Mattoon , Illinois Shinnston , West Virginia Marshfield , Missouri Gainesville and Holland , Georgia Poplar Bluff , Missouri Snyder , Oklahoma Worcester , Massachusetts Camanche , Iowa Natchez , Mississippi Starkville , Mississippi and Waco , Alabama Lorain and Sandusky , Ohio Udall , Kansas March 18 , 1925 May 6 , 1840 May 27 , 1896 April 5 , 1936 April 6 , 1936 April 9 , 1947 May 22 , 2011 April 24 , 1908 June 12 , 1899 June 8 , 1953 May 11 , 1953 May 18 , 1902 March 23 , 1913 May 26 , 1917 June 23 , 1944 April 18 , 1880 June 1 , 1903 May 9 , 1927 May 10 , 1905 June 9 , 1953 June 3 , 1860 April 24 , 1908 April 20 , 1920 June 28 , 1924 May 25 , 1955 695 317 255 216 203 181 158 143 117 116 114 114 103 101 100 99 98 98 97 94 92 91 88 85 80 Sources : Storm Prediction Center : The 25 Deadliest U.S. Tornadoes , SPC Annual U.S. Killer Tornado Statistics , Tornado Project 10 costliest U.S. tornadoes Rank Area affected Date Damage Adjusted Damage 5 6 7 8 9 10 Joplin , Missouri Tuscaloosa , Alabama Moore , Oklahoma Oklahoma City Metro , Oklahoma Hackleburg , Alabama Wichita Falls , Texas Omaha , Nebraska Washington , Illinois Lubbock , Texas Topeka , Kansas May 22 , 2011 April 27 , 2011 May 20 , 2013 May 3 , 1999 April 27 , 2011 April 10 , 1979 May 6 , 1975 November 17 , 2013 May 11 , 1970 June 8 , 1966 2800 2450 2000 1000 1290 400 250 935 250 250 3046 2665 2101 1468 1403 1348 1136 982 851 753 Source : Brooks , Harold E. ; C.A. Doswell ( Feb 2001 ) . `` Normalized Damage from Major Tornadoes in the United States : 1890 -- 1999 '' . Weather and Forecasting . American Meteorological Society . 16 ( 1 ) : 168 -- 76 . Bibcode : 2001WtFor ... 16 ... 168B . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0434 ( 2001 ) 016 < 0168 : NDFMTI > 2.0.CO ; 2 . 1 . These are the unadjusted damage totals in millions of US dollars . 2 . Raw damage totals adjusted for inflation , in millions of 2017 USD . 3 . A search of NCDC Storm Data indicates no tornadoes between 1999 and 2010 have caused more than $400 million in damage . Deadliest tornadoes by state State Location Date Deaths Alabama Many towns April 27 , 2011 72 Arizona San Xavier Mission Indian Village August 27 , 1964 Arkansas Fort Smith Warren January 11 , 1898 January 3 , 1949 55 Colorado Thurman August 10 , 1924 10 Connecticut Wallingford August 9 , 1878 34 Delaware Hartly July 21 , 1983 Florida Kissimmee February 22 , 1998 25 Georgia Gainesville April 6 , 1936 203 Idaho Ruebens June 7 , 1936 Illinois Many towns March 18 , 1925 613 Indiana Many towns March 18 , 1925 71 Iowa Dewitt / Camanche June 3 , 1860 92 Kansas Udall May 25 , 1955 82 Kentucky Louisville March 27 , 1890 76 Louisiana Gilliam May 13 , 1908 49 Maine Caribou August 11 , 1954 1 * Maryland La Plata November 9 , 1926 16 Massachusetts Worcester June 9 , 1953 94 Michigan Flint June 8 , 1953 115 Minnesota St. Cloud / Sauk Rapids April 14 , 1886 72 Mississippi Natchez May 7 , 1840 317 Missouri Joplin May 22 , 2011 158 Montana Reserve July 26 , 2010 2 * Nebraska Omaha March 23 , 1913 101 New Hampshire Corydon September 9 , 1821 6 New Jersey New Brunswick June 19 , 1835 5 New Mexico Clovis March 23 , 2007 2 * New York Smithfield July 8 , 2014 North Carolina Philadelphia February 19 , 1884 23 North Dakota Fargo June 20 , 1957 10 Ohio Lorain / Sandusky June 28 , 1924 85 Oklahoma Woodward April 9 , 1947 113 Oregon Long Creek June 3 , 1894 3 * Pennsylvania Many towns June 23 , 1944 26 South Carolina Aiken / Timmonsville April 30 , 1924 53 South Dakota Wilmot June 17 , 1944 8 Tennessee Henderson March 21 , 1952 38 Texas Goliad Waco May 18 , 1902 May 11 , 1953 114 Utah Salt Lake City August 11 , 1999 1 * Virginia Scott County May 2 , 1929 13 Washington Vancouver April 5 , 1972 6 West Virginia Many towns June 23 , 1944 100 Wisconsin New Richmond June 12 , 1899 117 Wyoming Wright August 12 , 2005 2 * Source : Tornado Project * Most recent tornado with this number of deaths . Alaska , California , Hawaii , Nevada , Rhode Island and Vermont are excluded from this list because they have no recorded tornadic deaths . Deadliest single tornado in world history ( edit ) On April 26 , 1989 in Bangladesh a massive tornado took at least 1,300 lives . Deadliest single tornado in US history ( edit ) The Tri-State Tornado of March 18 , 1925 killed 695 people in Missouri ( 11 ) , Illinois ( 613 ) , and Indiana ( 71 ) . The outbreak it occurred with was also the deadliest known tornado outbreak , with a combined death toll of 747 across the Mississippi River Valley . Most damaging tornado ( edit ) Similar to fatalities , damage ( and observations ) of a tornado are a coincidence of what character of tornado interacts with certain characteristics of built up areas . That is , destructive tornadoes are in a sense `` accidents '' of a large tornado striking a large population . In addition to population and changes thereof , comparing damage historically is subject to changes in wealth and inflation . The 1896 St. Louis -- East St. Louis tornado on May 27 , incurred the most damages adjusted for wealth and inflation , at an estimated $2.9 billion ( 1997 USD ) . In raw numbers , the Joplin tornado of May 22 , 2011 is considered the costliest tornado in recent history , with damage totals near $2.8 billion ( 2011 USD ) . Until 2011 , the `` Bridge Creek - Moore tornado '' of May 3 , 1999 was the most damaging . Largest and most powerful tornadoes ( edit ) Highest winds observed in a tornado ( edit ) During the F5 1999 Bridge Creek -- Moore tornado on May 3 , 1999 in the southern Oklahoma City metro area , a Doppler on Wheels situated near the tornado measured winds of 302 ± 20 mph ( 486 ± 32 km / h ) momentarily in a small area inside the funnel approximately 100 m ( 330 ft ) above ground level . These are also the highest wind speeds observed on Earth . On May 31 , 2013 , a tornado hit rural areas near El Reno , Oklahoma . The tornado was originally rated as an EF3 based on damage ; however , after mobile radar data analysis was conducted , it was concluded to have been an EF5 due to a measured wind speed of greater than 296 mph ( 476 km / h ) , second only to the Bridge Creek - Moore tornado . Revised RaXPol analysis found winds of 302 mph ( 486 km / h ) well above ground level and ≥ 291 mph ( 468 km / h ) below 10 m ( 33 ft ) with some subvortices moving at 175 mph ( 282 km / h ) . These winds may possibly be as high or higher than the winds recorded on May 3 , 1999 . Despite the recorded windspeed , the El Reno tornado was later downgraded back to EF3 due to the fact that no EF5 damage was found , likely due to the lack of sufficient damage indicators in the largely rural area west of Oklahoma City . Winds were measured at 257 -- 268 mph ( 414 -- 431 km / h ) using portable Doppler radar in the Red Rock , Oklahoma tornado during the April 26 , 1991 tornado outbreak in north - central Oklahoma . Though these winds are possibly indicative of an F5 strength tornado , this particular tornado 's path never encountered any significant structures and caused minimal damage . Thus it was rated an F4 . Longest damage path and duration ( edit ) The longest - known track for a single tornado is the Tri-State Tornado with a path length of 151 to 235 mi ( 243 to 378 km ) . For years there was debate whether the originally recognized path length of 219 mi ( 352 km ) over 3.5 hours was from one tornado or a series . Some very long track ( VLT ) tornadoes were later determined to be successive tornadoes spawned by the same supercell thunderstorm , which are known as a tornado family . The Tri-State Tornado , however , appeared to have no gaps in the damage . A six - year reanalysis study by a team of severe convective storm meteorologists found insufficient evidence to make firm conclusions but does conclude that it is likely that the beginning and ending of the path was resultant of separate tornadoes comprising a tornado family . It also found that the tornado began 15 mi ( 24 km ) to the west and ended 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) farther east than previously known , bringing the total path to 235 mi ( 378 km ) . The 174 mi ( 280 km ) segment from central Madison County , Missouri to Pike County , Indiana is likely one continuous tornado and the 151 mi ( 243 km ) segment from central Bollinger County , Missouri to western Pike County , Indiana is very likely a single continuous tornado . Another significant tornado was found about 65 mi ( 105 km ) east - northeast of the end of aforementioned segment ( s ) of the Tri-State Tornado Family and is likely another member of the family . Its path length of 20 mi ( 32 km ) over about 20 minutes makes the known tornado family path length total to 320 mi ( 510 km ) over about 51⁄2 hours . Grazulis in 2001 wrote that the first 60 mi ( 97 km ) of the ( originally recognized ) track is probably the result of two or more tornadoes and that a path length of 157 mi ( 253 km ) was seemingly continuous . Longest path and duration tornado family ( edit ) What at one time was thought to be the record holder for the longest tornado path is now thought to be the longest tornado family , with a track of at least 293 miles ( 472 km ) on May 26 , 1917 from the Missouri border across Illinois into Indiana . It caused severe damage and mass casualties in Charleston and Mattoon , Illinois . What was probably the longest track supercell thunderstorm tracked 790 miles ( 1,270 km ) across 6 states in 17.5 hours on March 12 , 2006 as part of the March 2006 tornado outbreak sequence . It began in Noble County , Oklahoma and ended in Jackson County , Michigan , producing many tornadoes in Missouri and Illinois . Largest path width ( edit ) Officially , the widest tornado on record is the El Reno , Oklahoma tornado of May 31 , 2013 with a width of 2.6 miles ( 4.2 km ) at its peak . This is the width found by the National Weather Service based on preliminary data from University of Oklahoma RaxPol mobile radar that also sampled winds of 296 mph ( 476 km / h ) which was used to upgrade the tornado to EF5 . However , it was revealed that these winds did not impact any structures , and as a result the tornado was downgraded to EF3 based on damage . However , another possible contender for the widest tornado as measured by radar was the F4 Mulhall tornado in north - central Oklahoma which occurred during the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak . The diameter of the maximum winds ( over 110 mph ( 49 m / s ) ) was over 5,200 feet ( 1,600 m ) as measured by a DOW radar . Although the tornado passed largely over rural terrain , the width of the wind swath capable of producing damage was as wide as 4 mi ( 6.4 km ) . The F4 Hallam , Nebraska tornado during the outbreak of May 22 , 2004 was the previous official record holder for the widest tornado , surveyed at 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) wide . A similar size tornado struck Edmonson , Texas on May 31 , 1968 , when a damage path width between 2 to 3 miles ( 3.2 to 4.8 km ) was recorded from an F3 tornado . Highest forward speed ( edit ) The highest forward speed of a tornado on record was 73 miles per hour ( 117 km / h ) from the 1925 Tri-State Tornado ( other weak tornadoes have approached or exceeded this speed , but this is the fastest forward movement observed in a major tornado ) . Greatest pressure drop ( edit ) A pressure deficit of 100 millibars ( 2.95 inHg ) was observed when a violent tornado near Manchester , South Dakota on June 24 , 2003 passed directly over an in - situ probe that storm chasing researcher Tim Samaras deployed . In less than a minute , the pressure dropped to 850 millibars ( 25.10 inHg ) , which are the greatest pressure decline and the lowest pressure ever recorded at the Earth 's surface when adjusted to sea level . On April 21 , 2007 , a 194 - millibar ( 5.73 inHg ) pressure deficit was reported when a tornado struck a storm chasing vehicle in Tulia , Texas . The tornado caused EF2 damage as it passed through Tulia . The reported pressure drop far exceeds that which would be expected based on theoretical calculations . There is a questionable and unofficial citizen 's barometer measurement of a 192 - millibar ( 5.67 inHg ) drop around Minneapolis in 1904 . Early tornadoes ( edit ) Earliest - known tornado in Europe ( edit ) The earliest recorded tornado in Europe struck Rosdalla , near Kilbeggan , Ireland on April 30 , 1054 . The earliest - known British tornado hit central London on October 23 , 1091 and was especially destructive . Earliest - known tornado in the Americas ( edit ) An apparent tornado is recorded to have struck Tlatelolco ( present day Mexico City ) , on August 21 , 1521 , two days before the Aztec capital 's fall to Cortés . Many other tornadoes are documented historically within the Basin of Mexico . First confirmed tornado and first tornado fatality in present - day United States ( edit ) August 1671 - Rehoboth , Massachusetts July 8 , 1680 - Cambridge , Massachusetts - 1 dead Exceptional tornado droughts ( edit ) Longest span without a tornado rated F5 or EF5 ( edit ) Before the Greensburg EF5 tornado on May 4 , 2007 , it had been 8 years and one day since the US had a confirmed F5 or EF5 tornado . The last confirmed F5 or EF5 had hit southern Oklahoma City metro area and surrounding communities during the May 3 , 1999 event . This is the longest interval without an F5 or EF5 tornado since official records began in 1950 . Exceptional survivors ( edit ) Longest distance carried by a tornado ( edit ) Matt Suter of Fordland , Missouri holds the record for the longest - known distance traveled by anyone picked up by a tornado and survive . On March 12 , 2006 he was carried 1,307 feet ( 398 m ) , 13 feet ( 4.0 m ) shy of one - quarter mile ( 400 m ) , according to National Weather Service measurements . Exceptional coincidences ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Codell , Kansas ( edit ) The small town of Codell , Kansas , was hit by a tornado on the same date ( May 20 ) three consecutive years : 1916 , 1917 , and 1918 . The United States has about 100,000 thunderstorms per year ; less than 1 % produce a tornado . The odds of this coincidence occurring again are extremely small . Tanner / Harvest , Alabama ( edit ) Tanner , a small town in northern Alabama , was hit by an F5 tornado on April 3 , 1974 and was struck again 45 minutes later by a second F5 ( however , the rating is disputed and it may have been high - end F4 ) , demolishing what remained of the town . Thirty - seven years later , on April 27 , 2011 ( the largest and deadliest outbreak since 1974 ) , Tanner was hit yet again by the EF5 2011 Hackleburg -- Phil Campbell , Alabama tornado , which produced high - end EF4 damage in the southern portion of town . The suburban community of Harvest , Alabama , just to the northeast , also sustained major impacts from all three Tanner tornadoes , and was also hit by destructive tornadoes in 1995 and 2012 . Moore , Oklahoma ( edit ) The south Oklahoma City suburb of Moore , Oklahoma was hit by tornadoes in 1973 , 1999 , 2003 , 2010 , 2013 , and 2015 , five of which were of F4 / EF4 strength or greater , although it was determined that the tornado in 2003 caused no F4 damage within Moore itself , but in areas to its northeast . The 1999 and 2013 events were rated F5 and EF5 , respectively . In total , about 23 tornadoes have struck within the immediate vicinity of Moore since 1890 , the most recent of which was an EF2 on March 25 , 2015 . Jackson , Tennessee ( edit ) The city of Jackson , Tennessee has been hit by an F4 / EF4 tornado three separate times , in 1999 , 2003 , and 2008 . Interestingly , all three of these tornadoes occurred after dark and were preceded or followed by a separate F3 / EF3 tornado that caused additional destruction in the Jackson area . Grand Island , Nebraska ( edit ) The Grand Island , Nebraska area was hit by seven tornadoes in 4 hours . See also ( edit ) Weather records List of tropical cyclone extremes Tornado myths List of F5 and EF5 tornadoes List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks List of tornado - related deaths at schools List of tornadoes by calendar day References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Grazulis , Thomas P. ( July 1993 ) . Significant Tornadoes 1680 -- 1991 : A Chronology and Analysis of Events . St. Johnsbury , VT : The Tornado Project of Environmental Films . ISBN 1 - 879362 - 03 - 1 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Harold E. ; Doswell , Charles A III ( September 2000 ) . `` Normalized Damage from Major Tornadoes in the United States : 1890 -- 1999 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Paul , Bhuiyan ( 2004 ) . `` The April 2004 Tornado in North - Central Bangladesh : A Case for Introducing Tornado Forecasting and Warning Systems '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hoxit , Lee R ; Chappell , Charles F ( October 1975 ) . `` Tornado Outbreak of April 3 -- 4 , 1974 ; Synoptic Analysis '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` April 2011 tornado information '' . NOAA . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Russell ; H.E. Brooks ; J.T. Schaefer ( October 2004 ) . `` Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences : historic events and climatology ( 1875 - 2003 ) '' . 22nd Conf Severe Local Storms . Hyannis , MA : American Meteorological Society . Jump up ^ Edwards , Roger ( 2012 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone Tornadoes : A Review of Knowledge in Research and Prediction '' ( PDF ) . E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology. 7 ( 6 ) : 3 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Tom ( 2000 ) . `` Tornadoes in Bangladesh '' . Worldwide Tornadoes . The Tornado Project . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Tornado Facts for Kids - Tornado Information for Students and Kids Jump up ^ Tri-State Tornado information , facts and history . Jump up ^ Brooks , Harold E. ; Charles A. Doswell III ( February 2001 ) . `` Normalized Damage from Major Tornadoes in the United States : 1890 -- 1999 '' . Weather and Forecasting . American Meteorological Society . 16 ( 1 ) : 168 -- 176 . Bibcode : 2001WtFor ... 16 ... 168B . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0434 ( 2001 ) 016 < 0168 : NDFMTI > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Wurman , Joshua ( 2007 ) . `` Doppler On Wheels '' . Center for Severe Weather Research . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Jeff ; Bluestein , H.B. ( 2014 ) . `` Some Considerations for the Use of High - Resolution Mobile Radar Data in Tornado Intensity Determination '' . Weather Forecast . Bibcode : 2014WtFor ... 29 ... 799S . doi : 10.1175 / WAF - D - 14 - 00026.1 . Jump up ^ By , Forecast . `` Capital Weather Gang '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Wright , Celine ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Discovery Channel to air special for fallen ' Storm Chasers ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Bluestein , Howard B. ; J.G. Ladue ; H. Stein ; D. Speheger ; W.P. Unruh ( August 1993 ) . `` Doppler Radar Wind Spectra of Supercell Tornadoes '' . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 121 ( 8 ) : 2200 -- 22 . Bibcode : 1993MWRv ... 121.2200 B . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1993 ) 121 < 2200 : DRWSOS > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Johns , Robert H. ; D.W. Burgess ; C.A. Doswell III ; M.S. Gilmore ; J.A. Hart ; S.F. Piltz ( 2013 ) . `` The 1925 Tri-State Tornado Damage Path and Associated Storm System '' . E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology. 8 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Thomas P. ( 2001 ) . The Tornado : Nature 's Ultimate Windstorm . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3258 - 2 . Jump up ^ Martinelli , Jason T. ( August 2007 ) . `` A detailed analysis of an extremely long - tracked supercell '' . Preprints of the 33rd Conference on Radar Meteorology . Cairns , Australia : American Meteorological Society and Australian Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre . Jump up ^ `` Central Oklahoma Tornadoes and Flash Flooding - May 31 , 2013 '' . National Weather Service Norman Oklahoma . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Event Details '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Wurman , Joshua ; C. Alexander ; P. Robinson ; Y. Richardson ( January 2007 ) . `` Low - Level Winds in Tornadoes and Potential Catastrophic Tornado Impacts in Urban Areas '' . Bull . Am. Meteorol . Soc. 88 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 46 . Bibcode : 2007BAMS ... 88 ... 31W . doi : 10.1175 / BAMS - 88 - 1 - 31 . Jump up ^ Lee , Wen - Chau ; J. Wurman ( 2005 ) . `` Diagnosed Three - Dimensional Axisymmetric Structure of the Mulhall Tornado on 3 May 1999 '' . J. Atmos . Sci. 62 ( 7 ) : 2379 -- 93 . Bibcode : 2005JAtS ... 62.2373 L . doi : 10.1175 / JAS3489. 1 . Jump up ^ `` May 1968 Storm Data '' . National Climatic Data Center . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee , Julian J. ; T.P. Samaras ; C.R. Young ( October 2004 ) . `` Pressure Measurements at the ground in an F - 4 tornado '' . 22nd Conf Severe Local Storms . Hyannis , Massachusetts : American Meteorological Society . Jump up ^ `` World : Lowest Sea Level Air Pressure ( excluding tornadoes ) '' . World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive . Arizona State University . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cerveny , Randall S. ; J. Lawrimore ; R. Edwards ; C. Landsea ( 2007 ) . `` Extreme Weather Records : Compilation , Adjudication , and Publication '' . Bull . Am. Meteorol . Soc. 88 ( 6 ) : 853 -- 60 . Bibcode : 2007BAMS ... 88 ... 853C . doi : 10.1175 / BAMS - 88 - 6 - 853 . Jump up ^ Blair , Scott F. ; D.R. Deroche ; A.E. Pietrycha ( 2008 ) . `` In Situ Observations of the 21 April 2007 Tulia , Texas Tornado '' . Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology. 3 ( 3 ) : 1 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Lee , W. - C. ; J. Wurman ( Jul 2005 ) . `` The diagnosed structure of the Mulhall tornado '' . J. Atmos . Sci. 62 ( 7 ) : 2373 -- 93 . Bibcode : 2005JAtS ... 62.2373 L . doi : 10.1175 / JAS3489. 1 . Jump up ^ Samaras , Tim M. ( October 2004 ) . `` A historical perspective of In - Situ observations within Tornado Cores '' . Preprints of the 22nd Conference on Severe Local Storms . Hyannis , MA : American Meteorological Society . Jump up ^ British & European Tornado Extremes Jump up ^ Fuentes , Oscar Velasco ( November 2010 ) . `` The Earliest Documented Tornado in the Americas : Tlatelolco , August 1521 '' . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 91 ( 11 ) : 1515 -- 23 . Bibcode : 2010BAMS ... 91.1515 F . doi : 10.1175 / 2010BAMS2874. 1 . Jump up ^ Grazulis , Thomas P. ( 2001 ) . The Tornado : Nature 's Ultimate Windstorm . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3258 - 2 . Jump up ^ Erck , Amy ( December 26 , 2005 ) . `` Answers archive : Tornado history , climatology '' . USA Today Weather . USA Today . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Baker , Tim . `` Tornado History '' . tornadochaser.net . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mo . Teen Survives Tornado , Confronts Media Storm '' . USA Today . March 22 , 2006 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ HE SURVIVED A RIDE IN A TORNADO ! Archived 2012 - 10 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Tornado Climatology '' . A SEVERE WEATHER PRIMER : Questions and Answers about TORNADOES . Jump up ^ Fun Tornado Facts - Interesting and Fun Tornado Facts Jump up ^ `` Moore , Oklahoma Tornadoes ( 1890 - Present ) '' . National Weather Service Norman Oklahoma . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . External links ( edit ) More on tornadoes : Records , the Fujita scale , and our observations by Chuck Doswell Tornado Records from the Global Weather & Climate Extremes ( World Meteorological Organization ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tornado_records&oldid=842697893 '' Categories : Tornado Tornadoes Tornado - related lists Lists of weather records Lists of superlatives Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 02 : 41 . 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where did the widest tornado on record occur
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"Officially, the widest tornado on record is the El Reno, Oklahoma tornado of May 31, 2013 with a width of 2.6 miles (4.2 km) at its peak. This is the width found by the National Weather Service based on preliminary data from University of Oklahoma RaxPol mobile radar that also sampled winds of 296 mph (476 km/h) which was used to upgrade the tornado to EF5.[21] However, it was revealed that these winds did not impact any structures, and as a result the tornado was downgraded to EF3 based on damage.[22] However, another possible contender for the widest tornado as measured by radar was the F4 Mulhall tornado in north-central Oklahoma which occurred during the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak. The diameter of the maximum winds (over 110 mph (49 m/s)) was over 5,200 feet (1,600 m) as measured by a DOW radar. Although the tornado passed largely over rural terrain, the width of the wind swath capable of producing damage was as wide as 4 mi (6.4 km).[23][24]"
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"El Reno, Oklahoma"
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2016 Cleveland Browns season
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2016 Cleveland Browns season - wikipedia 2016 Cleveland Browns season 2016 Cleveland Browns season Head coach Hue Jackson General manager Sashi Brown Owner Jimmy Haslam Home field FirstEnergy Stadium Local radio WKNR WKRK - FM WNCX Results Record 1 -- 15 Division place 4th AFC North Playoff finish Did not qualify Pro Bowlers Joe Thomas , OT ← 2015 Browns seasons 2017 → The 2016 Cleveland Browns season was the franchise 's 68th season as a professional sports franchise , its 64th as a member of the National Football League and its first under head coach Hue Jackson and de facto general manager Sashi Brown . The Browns failed to improve upon their 3 -- 13 record from their previous season , finishing 1 -- 15 , their worst record in franchise history at the time . They started the season 0 -- 14 , tied for their worst 14 - game start in franchise history , and in so doing , clinched a losing record for a franchise record ninth straight season , failed to make the playoffs for a franchise record 14th straight season , finished in fourth place in the AFC North for the sixth straight season ) ) , went 0 -- 6 within the division , failed to win a road game in a season for only the second time in franchise history ( first occurred during the 1975 season ) , and set a franchise record for most consecutive losses , losing 17 straight games going back to their final three games of the previous season . They also extended their road losing streak to 13 games , a streak that began in Week 7 of the 2015 season . The Browns were also the first team to start 0 -- 14 since the 2008 Detroit Lions went winless , the first team to finish with a 1 -- 15 record since the 2009 St. Louis Rams , and only the 10th team in NFL history to finish with 15 losses . The Browns ' lone victory was a 20 -- 17 win over the San Diego Chargers in Week 16 . Despite the team 's performance , history was made as OT Joe Thomas became one of only five players in the NFL to be selected to the Pro Bowl in each of his first 10 seasons . Contents 1 Offseason 1.1 Front office changes 1.2 Coaching changes 1.3 Roster changes 1.3. 1 Free agents 1.3. 2 Releases 1.3. 3 Signings 1.4 2016 Draft Class 2 Josh Gordon 's reinstatement and rehab 3 Preseason 3.1 Schedule 4 Regular season 4.1 Schedule 4.2 Game summaries 4.2. 1 Week 1 : at Philadelphia Eagles 4.2. 2 Week 2 : vs. Baltimore Ravens 4.2. 3 Week 3 : at Miami Dolphins 4.2. 4 Week 4 : at Washington Redskins 4.2. 5 Week 5 : vs. New England Patriots 4.2. 6 Week 6 : at Tennessee Titans 4.2. 7 Week 7 : at Cincinnati Bengals 4.2. 8 Week 8 : vs. New York Jets 4.2. 9 Week 9 : vs. Dallas Cowboys 4.2. 10 Week 10 : at Baltimore Ravens 4.2. 11 Week 11 : vs. Pittsburgh Steelers 4.2. 12 Week 12 : vs. New York Giants 4.2. 13 Week 14 : vs. Cincinnati Bengals 4.2. 14 Week 15 : at Buffalo Bills 4.2. 15 Week 16 : vs. San Diego Chargers 4.2. 16 Week 17 : at Pittsburgh Steelers 5 Standings 5.1 Division 5.2 Conference 6 Staff 7 Final roster 8 References 9 External links Offseason ( edit ) Front office changes ( edit ) On January 3 , just hours after the Browns ' final game of the 2015 season , the team fired general manager Ray Farmer , who had been the general manager the past two seasons . Team owner Jimmy Haslam also announced that the team 's general counsel Sashi Brown would become the team 's vice president of football operations . On January 5 , the Browns hired former New York Mets executive Paul DePodesta to be their chief strategy officer . DePodesta brings over 20 years of experience in the Major League Baseball front offices , but has never held an executive position in the NFL before this . On March 4 , the Browns announced the resignation of team president Alec Scheiner , effective March 31 . Coaching changes ( edit ) On January 3 , the Browns fired head coach Mike Pettine . In two seasons with the Browns , Pettine had a record of 10 -- 22 , but went just 4 -- 19 after a 6 -- 3 start to the 2014 season . On January 13 , the Browns hired former Cincinnati Bengals offensive coordinator Hue Jackson as head coach . Jackson was the Bengals ' offensive coordinator for the past two seasons and was the head coach of the Oakland Raiders in 2011 , in which they posted an 8 -- 8 record . Roster changes ( edit ) Robert Griffin III at Browns training camp Free agents ( edit ) Pos Player Tag 2016 Team Signed SS Johnson Bademosi UFA Detroit Lions March 10 WR Travis Benjamin UFA San Diego Chargers March 9 ILB Tank Carder UFA Cleveland Browns March 7 Travis Coons ERFA Cleveland Browns April 4 QB Pat Devlin RFA FS Tashaun Gipson UFA Jacksonville Jaguars March 9 WR Darius Jennings ERFA Cleveland Browns April 6 OLB Cam Johnson ERFA Cleveland Browns FS Don Jones UFA Cleveland Browns March 17 Alex Mack UFA Atlanta Falcons March 9 DE Jamie Meder ERFA Cleveland Browns March 7 Darrian Miller ERFA RB Raheem Mostert ERFA Cleveland Browns March 7 Austin Pasztor RFA Cleveland Browns April 4 WR Terrelle Pryor UFA Cleveland Browns March 17 LB Craig Robertson UFA New Orleans Saints March 22 Mitchell Schwartz UFA Kansas City Chiefs March 9 ILB Scott Solomon RFA Releases ( edit ) Pos Player Released 2016 Team Signed WR Dwayne Bowe March 16 LB Karlos Dansby March 16 Cincinnati Bengals March 29 QB Johnny Manziel March 11 SS Donte Whitner April 2 Washington Redskins October 5 WR Brian Hartline May 23 Signings ( edit ) Pos Player 2015 Team Signed Alvin Bailey Seattle Seahawks March 11 LB Demario Davis New York Jets March 16 QB Robert Griffin III Washington Redskins March 24 Rahim Moore Houston Texans March 16 LB Justin Tuggle Houston Texans March 11 2016 draft class ( edit ) Main article : 2016 NFL draft 2016 Cleveland Browns Draft Round Selection Player Position College 15 Corey Coleman WR Baylor 32 Emmanuel Ogbah DE Oklahoma State 65 Carl Nassib DE Penn State 76 Shon Coleman Auburn 93 Cody Kessler QB USC 99 Joe Schobert OLB Wisconsin 114 Ricardo Louis WR Auburn 129 Derrick Kindred FS TCU 138 ^ Seth DeValve TE Princeton 5 154 Jordan Payton WR UCLA 168 Spencer Drango Baylor 172 ^ Rashard Higgins WR Colorado State 173 ^ Trey Caldwell CB Louisiana -- Monroe 7 250 Scooby Wright III ILB Arizona Notes The Browns traded their original 1st round selection ( No. 2 ) to the Philadelphia Eagles for the Eagles ' 1st ( 8 ) , 3rd ( 77 ) , and 4th ( 100 ) round selections , as well as the Eagles ' 1st round selection in 2017 and 2nd round selection in 2018 . The Browns would then trade the No. 8 and its 6th round ( 176 ) selection to the Tennessee Titans for their 1st ( 15 ) and 3rd ( 76 ) round selections and a 2nd round selection in 2017 . The Browns traded their 3rd ( No. 77 ) and 5th ( 141 ) round selections to the Carolina Panthers for their 3rd ( 93 ) , 4th ( 129 ) , and 5th ( 168 ) round selections . The Browns traded their 4th round selection ( No. 100 ) to the Oakland Raiders for their 4th ( 114 ) and 5th ( 154 ) round selections . The Browns traded their 7th round selection ( No. 223 ) to the Miami Dolphins for their 7th round selection ( 250 ) and CB Jamar Taylor . ^ As the result of a negative differential of free agent signings and departures that the Browns experienced during the 2015 free agency period , the team received three compensatory selections for the 2016 draft : selection 138 in the fourth round , and selections 172 and 173 in the fifth round . Free agent transactions that occurred after May 12 , 2015 did not impact the team 's formula for determining compensatory selections for the 2016 draft . Josh Gordon 's reinstatement and rehab ( edit ) On April 1 , wide receiver Josh Gordon applied for reinstatement following an indefinite suspension by the NFL due to repeated violations of the league 's substance abuse policy , causing him to miss the entire 2015 season . On April 11 , it was revealed that Gordon had failed another drug test , and on April 12 , the league announced that Gordon 's appeal had been denied . He was eligible to reapply on August 1 . On July 25 , the NFL announced that Gordon would be reinstated on a conditional basis , and can stay with the team during a four - game ban to begin the season . Preseason ( edit ) Schedule ( edit ) Week Date Opponent Result Record Game site NFL.com recap August 12 at Green Bay Packers L 11 -- 17 0 -- 1 Lambeau Field Recap August 18 Atlanta Falcons L 13 -- 24 0 -- 2 FirstEnergy Stadium Recap August 26 at Tampa Bay Buccaneers L 13 -- 30 0 -- 3 Raymond James Stadium Recap September 1 Chicago Bears L 7 -- 21 0 -- 4 FirstEnergy Stadium Recap Regular season ( edit ) Schedule ( edit ) The Browns ' opponents in this season were almost identical to that of their 2004 season when according to Football Outsiders the franchise suffered the toughest schedule of any NFL team between 1989 and 2013 . During both seasons in addition to their AFC North division games the Browns faced the Chargers and opponents from the AFC East and NFC East . The lone difference between these two seasons was that the Browns faced the Tennessee Titans , replacing the Houston Texans , since the Titans finished last in the AFC South in 2015 . Week Date Opponent Result Record Game site NFL.com recap September 11 at Philadelphia Eagles L 10 -- 29 0 -- 1 Lincoln Financial Field Recap September 18 Baltimore Ravens L 20 -- 25 0 -- 2 FirstEnergy Stadium Recap September 25 at Miami Dolphins L 24 -- 30 ( OT ) 0 -- 3 Hard Rock Stadium Recap October 2 at Washington Redskins L 20 -- 31 0 -- 4 FedExField Recap 5 October 9 New England Patriots L 13 -- 33 0 -- 5 FirstEnergy Stadium Recap 6 October 16 at Tennessee Titans L 26 -- 28 0 -- 6 Nissan Stadium Recap 7 October 23 at Cincinnati Bengals L 17 -- 31 0 -- 7 Paul Brown Stadium Recap 8 October 30 New York Jets L 28 -- 31 0 -- 8 FirstEnergy Stadium Recap 9 November 6 Dallas Cowboys L 10 -- 35 0 -- 9 FirstEnergy Stadium Recap 10 November 10 at Baltimore Ravens L 7 -- 28 0 -- 10 M&T Bank Stadium Recap 11 November 20 Pittsburgh Steelers L 9 -- 24 0 -- 11 FirstEnergy Stadium Recap 12 November 27 New York Giants L 13 -- 27 0 -- 12 FirstEnergy Stadium Recap 13 Bye 14 December 11 Cincinnati Bengals L 10 -- 23 0 -- 13 FirstEnergy Stadium Recap 15 December 18 at Buffalo Bills L 13 -- 33 0 -- 14 New Era Field Recap 16 December 24 San Diego Chargers W 20 -- 17 1 -- 14 FirstEnergy Stadium Recap 17 January 1 at Pittsburgh Steelers L 24 -- 27 ( OT ) 1 -- 15 Heinz Field Recap Note : Intra-division opponents are in bold text . Game summaries ( edit ) Week 1 : at Philadelphia Eagles ( edit ) Week One : Cleveland Browns at Philadelphia Eagles -- Game summary Total Browns 0 7 0 10 Eagles 7 6 9 7 29 at Lincoln Financial Field , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Date : September 11 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EDT Game weather : 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 69,596 Referee : Walt Anderson TV announcers ( CBS ) : Greg Gumbel , Trent Green and Jamie Erdahl Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter PHI -- Jordan Matthews 19 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Caleb Sturgis kick ) , 9 : 50 . Eagles 7 -- 0 . Drive : 9 plays , 75 yards , 5 : 10 . Second quarter PHI -- Caleb Sturgis 22 - yard field goal , 12 : 30 . Eagles 10 -- 0 . Drive : 5 plays , 31 yards , 2 : 14 . CLE -- Isaiah Crowell 2 - yard run ( Patrick Murray kick ) , 9 : 11 . Eagles 10 -- 7 . Drive : 7 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 19 . PHI -- Caleb Sturgis 38 - yard field goal , 0 : 27 . Eagles 13 -- 7 . Drive : 11 plays , 60 yards , 3 : 16 . Third quarter CLE -- Patrick Murray 35 - yard field goal , 13 : 57 . Eagles 13 -- 10 . Drive : 5 plays , 58 yards , 1 : 03 . PHI -- Cameron Erving fumble out of bounds in end zone for a safety , 10 : 49 . Eagles 15 -- 10 . PHI -- Nelson Agholor 35 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Caleb Sturgis kick ) , 6 : 17 . Eagles 22 -- 10 . Drive : 9 plays , 73 yards , 4 : 32 . Fourth quarter PHI -- Ryan Mathews 1 - yard run ( Caleb Sturgis kick ) , 1 : 12 . Eagles 29 -- 10 . Drive : 5 plays , 15 yards , 2 : 24 . Top passers CLE -- Robert Griffin III -- 12 / 26 , 190 yards , INT PHI -- Carson Wentz -- 22 / 37 , 278 yards , 2 TD Top rushers CLE -- Isaiah Crowell -- 12 rushes , 62 yards , TD PHI -- Ryan Mathews -- 22 rushes , 77 yards , TD Top receivers CLE -- Corey Coleman -- 2 receptions , 69 yards PHI -- Jordan Matthews -- 7 receptions , 114 yards , TD The Browns opened their 2016 regular season with a road game against the Philadelphia Eagles and rookie quarterback Carson Wentz , whom the Browns had passed up in the 2016 draft . The Eagles won 29 -- 10 and with the loss , the Browns started the season 0 -- 1 . This would be their 12th straight regular season opening loss . Week 2 : vs. Baltimore Ravens ( edit ) Week Two : Baltimore Ravens at Cleveland Browns -- Game summary Total Ravens 10 7 6 25 Browns 20 0 0 0 20 at FirstEnergy Stadium , Cleveland , Ohio Date : September 18 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EDT Game weather : 74 ° F ( 23 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 67,431 Referee : John Hussey TV announcers ( CBS ) : Carter Blackburn and Chris Simms Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter CLE -- Corey Coleman 31 - yard pass from Josh McCown ( Patrick Murray kick ) , 9 : 45 . Browns 7 -- 0 . Drive : 9 plays , 75 yards , 5 : 15 . CLE -- Isaiah Crowell 85 - yard run ( Patrick Murray kick ) , 6 : 47 . Browns 14 -- 0 . Drive : 1 play , 85 yards , 0 : 11 . CLE -- Corey Coleman 11 - yard pass from Josh McCown , 4 : 34 . Browns 20 -- 0 . Drive : 4 plays , 27 yards , 1 : 25 . BAL -- Tavon Young defensive two - point conversion , 4 : 34 . Browns 20 -- 2 . Second quarter BAL -- Mike Wallace 7 - yard pass from Joe Flacco ( Justin Tucker kick ) , 1 : 15 . Browns 20 -- 9 . Drive : 6 plays , 75 yards , 1 : 59 . BAL -- Justin Tucker 52 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Browns 20 -- 12 . Drive : 7 plays , 27 yards , 0 : 42 . Third quarter BAL -- Mike Wallace 17 - yard pass from Joe Flacco ( Justin Tucker kick ) , 12 : 17 . Browns 20 -- 19 . Drive : 6 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 43 . Fourth quarter BAL -- Justin Tucker 49 - yard field goal , 11 : 19 . Ravens 22 -- 20 . Drive : 5 plays , 27 yards , 2 : 35 . BAL -- Justin Tucker 41 - yard field goal , 2 : 53 . Ravens 25 -- 20 . Drive : 11 plays , 41 yards , 5 : 08 . Top passers BAL -- Joe Flacco -- 24 / 45 , 302 yards , 2 TD , 2 INT CLE -- Josh McCown -- 20 / 33 , 260 yards , 2 TD , 2 INT Top rushers BAL -- Terrance West -- 11 rushes , 42 yards CLE -- Isaiah Crowell -- 18 rushes , 133 yards , TD Top receivers BAL -- Dennis Pitta -- 9 receptions , 102 yards CLE -- Corey Coleman -- 5 receptions , 104 yards , 2 TD The Browns scored on their first three drives and led 20 -- 2 early in the first quarter . The 18 point lead at the end of the first quarter was the Browns ' largest lead after the 1st quarter since 1960 . However , the Browns ' offense stalled the rest of the game . The Ravens would score the final 23 points of the game to win 25 -- 20 . The Browns had a chance to score a go ahead touchdown on a drive with less than a minute to play , but things went wrong after a controversial taunting penalty was called on Pryor following his catch at the Ravens ' 10 - yard line with under 30 seconds to play . McCown would throw an interception on the next play to seal the loss . With the loss , the Browns fell to 0 -- 2 . Week 3 : at Miami Dolphins ( edit ) Week Three : Cleveland Browns at Miami Dolphins -- Game summary OT Total Browns 0 13 0 11 0 24 Dolphins 7 7 7 6 30 at Hard Rock Stadium , Miami Gardens , Florida Date : September 25 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EDT Game weather : 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) , partly cloudy Referee : Clete Blakeman TV announcers ( CBS ) : Spero Dedes and Solomon Wilcots Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter MIA -- DeVante Parker 26 - yard pass from Ryan Tannehill ( Andrew Franks kick ) , 10 : 16 . Dolphins 7 -- 0 . Drive : 5 plays , 61 yards , 2 : 37 . Second quarter CLE -- Cody Parkey 46 - yard field goal , 13 : 32 . Dolphins 7 -- 3 . Drive : 10 plays , 58 yards , 5 : 03 . CLE -- Briean Boddy - Calhoun 27 - yard interception return ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 6 : 47 . Browns 10 -- 7 . MIA -- Andrew Franks 37 - yard field goal , 1 : 57 . Tied 10 -- 10 . Drive : 10 plays , 56 yards , 4 : 50 . CLE -- Cody Parkey 48 - yard field goal , 0 : 42 . Browns 13 -- 10 . Drive : 8 plays , 45 yards , 1 : 15 . Third quarter MIA -- Jarvis Landry 42 - yard pass from Ryan Tannehill ( Andrew Franks kick ) , 5 : 17 . Dolphins 17 -- 13 . Drive : 4 plays , 68 yards , 2 : 10 . Fourth quarter MIA -- Damien Williams 10 - yard pass from Ryan Tannehill ( Andrew Franks kick ) , 14 : 17 . Dolphins 24 -- 13 . Drive : 6 plays , 64 yards , 3 : 16 . CLE -- Terrelle Pryor 3 - yard run ( Cody Kessler -- Gary Barnidge pass ) , 10 : 12 . Dolphins 24 -- 21 . Drive : 9 plays , 83 yards , 4 : 05 . CLE -- Cody Parkey 38 - yard field goal , 3 : 14 . Tied 24 -- 24 . Drive : 8 plays , 74 yards , 3 : 03 . Overtime MIA -- Jay Ajayi 11 - yard run , 8 : 26 . Dolphins 30 -- 24 . Drive : 3 plays , 44 yards , 1 : 13 . Top passers CLE -- Cody Kessler -- 21 / 33 , 244 yards MIA -- Ryan Tannehill -- 25 / 39 , 319 yards , 3 TD , 2 INT Top rushers CLE -- Isaiah Crowell -- 15 rushes , 79 yards MIA -- Kenyan Drake -- 9 rushes , 37 yards Top receivers CLE -- Terrelle Pryor -- 8 receptions , 144 yards MIA -- Jarvis Landry -- 7 receptions , 120 yards , TD Cody Kessler made his debut as the Browns ' starting quarterback . The Browns led 13 -- 10 at halftime . However , the Dolphins scored two consecutive touchdowns to go up 24 -- 13 early in the fourth quarter . The Browns , sparked by Pryor , rallied to tie the game . The Dolphins attempted a game - winning drive in the final minute of regulation . However , Dolphins QB , Ryan Tannehill , fumbled the ball , and the Browns secured possession . The Browns had a chance to win it at the end of regulation . However , recently signed Browns kicker , Cody Parkey , missed the 46 - yard field goal , sending the game to overtime . It was his third miss of the day . Both teams traded punts on their opening possession in overtime . On their second possession , the Dolphins , who got the ball around midfield to start the drive , reached the endzone after a few plays and won the game . With the loss , the Browns fell to 0 -- 3 . Week 4 : at Washington Redskins ( edit ) Week Four : Cleveland Browns at Washington Redskins -- Game summary Total Browns 0 17 0 20 Redskins 14 0 14 31 at FedExField , Landover , Maryland Date : October 2 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EDT Game weather : 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 76,249 Referee : Jeff Triplette TV announcers ( CBS ) : Kevin Harlan and Rich Gannon Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter WAS -- Jordan Reed 8 - yard pass from Kirk Cousins ( Dustin Hopkins kick ) , 7 : 40 . Redskins 7 -- 0 . Drive : 12 plays , 75 yards , 7 : 20 . WAS -- Jordan Reed 9 - yard pass from Kirk Cousins ( Dustin Hopkins kick ) , 0 : 27 . Redskins 14 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 80 yards , 4 : 14 . Second quarter CLE -- Isaiah Crowell 2 - yard run ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 9 : 33 . Redskins 14 -- 7 . Drive : 12 plays , 81 yards , 5 : 54 . CLE -- Terrelle Pryor 9 - yard pass from Cody Kessler ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 7 : 55 . Tied 14 -- 14 . Drive : 3 plays , 12 yards , 1 : 25 . WAS -- Dustin Hopkins 49 - yard field goal , 2 : 29 . Redskins 17 -- 14 . Drive : 10 plays , 32 yards , 5 : 26 . CLE -- Cody Parkey 51 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Tied 17 -- 17 . Drive : 7 plays , 42 yards , 2 : 29 . Third quarter CLE -- Cody Parkey 45 - yard field goal , 9 : 25 . Browns 20 -- 17 . Drive : 11 plays , 48 yards , 5 : 35 . Fourth quarter WAS -- Chris Thompson 5 - yard pass from Kirk Cousins ( Dustin Hopkins kick ) , 10 : 39 . Redskins 24 -- 20 ' Drive : 10 plays , 91 yards , 5 : 28 WAS -- Matt Jones 1 - yard run ( Dustin Hopkins kick ) , 4 : 25 . Redskins 31 -- 20 . Drive : 4 plays , 39 yards , 2 : 03 . Top passers CLE -- Cody Kessler -- 28 / 40 , 223 yards , TD , INT WAS -- Kirk Cousins -- 21 / 27 , 183 yards , 3 TD , INT Top rushers CLE -- Isaiah Crowell -- 15 rushes , 112 yards , TD WAS -- Matt Jones -- 22 rushes , 117 yards , TD Top receivers CLE -- Gary Barnidge -- 7 receptions , 57 yards WAS -- Jordan Reed -- 9 receptions , 73 yards , 2 TD The Browns came to Washington for a matchup against the Redskins . The Browns had a 20 -- 17 lead going into the fourth quarter but the offense once again stalled with a Josh Norman interception and two touchdowns by the Redskins ' offense would win the game for the Redskins . With the loss , the Browns to 0 -- 4 for the first time since 2012 . Wins by the Jaguars , Bears , and Saints would make the Browns the only team in the NFL without a victory through Week 4 . Week 5 : vs. New england Patriots ( edit ) Week Five : New England Patriots at Cleveland Browns -- Game summary Total Patriots 16 7 7 33 Browns 7 0 0 6 13 at FirstEnergy Stadium , Cleveland , Ohio Date : October 9 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EDT Game weather : 58 ° F ( 14 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 67,431 Referee : Bill Vinovich TV announcers ( CBS ) : Greg Gumbel , Trent Green and Jamie Erdahl Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter NE -- LeGarrette Blount 1 - yard run ( Stephen Gostkowski kick ) , 10 : 28 . Patriots 7 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 80 yards , 3 : 13 . CLE -- Andrew Hawkins 11 - yard pass from Cody Kessler ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 6 : 09 . Tied 7 -- 7 . Drive : 9 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 19 . NE -- Martellus Bennett 7 - yard pass from Tom Brady ( Stephen Gostkowski kick ) , 2 : 06 . Patriots 14 -- 7 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 03 . NE -- Cody Kessler fumble out of bounds in end zone for a safety , 1 : 20 . Patriots 16 -- 7 . Second quarter NE -- Martellus Bennett 5 - yard pass from Tom Brady ( Stephen Gostkowski kick ) , 12 : 10 . Patriots 23 -- 7 . Drive : 8 plays , 64 yards , 4 : 10 . Third quarter NE -- Martellus Bennett 37 - yard pass from Tom Brady ( Stpehen Gostkowski kick ) , 12 : 24 . Patriots 30 -- 7 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 36 . Fourth quarter CLE -- Connor Hamlett 17 - yard pass from Charlie Whitehurst ( pass failed ) , 14 : 05 . Patriots 30 -- 13 . Drive 7 plays , 80 yards , 3 : 22 . NE -- Stephen Gostkowski 31 - yard field goal , 7 : 42 . Patriots 33 -- 13 . Drive 11 plays , 72 yards , 6 : 23 . Top passers NE -- Tom Brady -- 28 / 40 , 406 yards , 3 TD CLE -- Charlie Whitehurst -- 14 / 24 , 182 yards , TD , INT Top rushers NE -- LeGarrette Blount -- 18 rushes , 37 yards , TD CLE -- Isaiah Crowell -- 13 rushes , 22 yards Top receivers NE -- Chris Hogan -- 4 receptions , 114 yards CLE -- Gary Barnidge -- 5 receptions , 76 yards With Tom Brady back from his four - game suspension due to his alleged role in Deflategate , the Browns hosted the Patriots . The game turned out to be a disaster for the Browns as Brady and the Pats destroyed the Browns defense . The loss dropped the Browns to 0 -- 5 . Week 6 : at Tennessee Titans ( edit ) Week Six : Cleveland Browns at Tennessee Titans -- Game summary Total Browns 6 7 0 13 26 Titans 7 7 7 7 28 at Nissan Stadium , Nashville , Tennessee Date : October 16 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EDT / 12 : 00 p.m. CDT Game weather : 75 ° F ( 24 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 60,897 Referee : Carl Cheffers TV announcers ( CBS ) : Tom McCarthy and Adam Archuleta Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter TEN -- Rishard Matthews 11 - yard pass from Marcus Mariota ( Ryan Succop kick ) , 10 : 37 . Titans 7 -- 0 . Drive : 7 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 23 . CLE -- Cody Parkey 45 - yard field goal , 8 : 47 . Titans 7 -- 3 . Drive : 5 plays , 48 yards , 1 : 50 . CLE -- Cody Parkey 37 - yard field goal , 2 : 08 . Titans 7 -- 6 . Drive : 8 plays , 71 yards , 4 : 53 . Second quarter TEN -- Kendall Wright 48 - yard pass from Marcus Mariota ( Ryan Succop kick ) , 11 : 41 . Titans 14 -- 6 . Drive : 4 plays , 59 yards , 2 : 16 . CLE -- Terrelle Pryor 7 - yard pass from Cody Kessler ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 0 : 40 . Titans 14 -- 13 . Drive : 9 plays , 94 yards , 3 : 49 . Third quarter TEN -- DeMarco Murray 3 - yard run ( Ryan Succop kick ) , 9 : 33 . Titans 21 -- 13 . Drive : 7 plays , 70 yards , 3 : 36 . Fourth quarter TEN -- Anthony Fasano 15 - yard pass from Marcus Mariota ( Ryan Succop kick ) , 6 : 43 . Titans 28 -- 13 . Drive : 12 plays , 80 yards , 6 : 59 . CLE -- Terrelle Pryor 5 - yard pass from Cody Kessler ( pass failed ) , 2 : 07 . Titans 28 -- 19 . Drive : 13 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 36 . CLE -- Duke Johnson 1 - yard run ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 0 : 27 . Titans 28 -- 26 . Drive : 9 plays , 62 yards , 1 : 40 . Top passers CLE -- Cody Kessler -- 26 / 41 , 336 yards , 2 TD TEN -- Marcus Mariota -- 17 / 24 , 284 yards , 3 TD , INT Top rushers CLE -- Duke Johnson -- 4 rushes , 18 yards , TD TEN -- DeMarco Murray -- 21 rushes , 65 yards , TD Top receivers CLE -- Terrelle Pryor -- 9 receptions , 75 yards , 2 TD TEN -- Kendall Wright -- 8 receptions , 133 yards , TD With the loss , the Browns dropped to 0 -- 6 and became the first NFL team to start 0 -- 6 since the Oakland Raiders in 2014 . It was the Browns ' first 0 -- 6 start since the 1999 season . Week 7 : at Cincinnati Bengals ( edit ) Week Seven : Cleveland Browns at Cincinnati Bengals -- Game summary Total Browns 0 10 7 0 17 Bengals 7 14 10 0 31 at Paul Brown Stadium , Cincinnati , Ohio Date : October 23 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EDT Game weather : 65 ° F ( 18 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 65,047 Referee : Ed Hochuli TV announcers ( CBS ) : Andrew Catalon , Steve Beuerlein and Steve Tasker Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter CIN -- Giovani Bernard 5 - yard run ( Mike Nugent kick ) , 12 : 14 . Bengals 7 -- 0 . Drive : 7 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 46 . Second quarter CLE -- Cody Parkey 28 - yard field goal , 13 : 26 . Bengals 7 -- 3 . Drive : 10 plays , 60 yards , 5 : 16 . CLE -- Isaiah Crowell 1 - yard run ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 6 : 20 . Browns 10 -- 7 . Drive : 9 plays , 70 yards , 5 : 39 . CIN -- Brandon LaFell 44 - yard pass from Andy Dalton ( Mike Nugent kick ) , 4 : 09 . Bengals 14 -- 10 . Drive : 5 plays , 80 yards , 2 : 11 . CIN -- A.J. Green 48 - yard pass from Andy Dalton ( Mike Nugent kick ) , 0 : 00 . Bengals 21 -- 10 . Drive : 7 plays , 85 yards , 1 : 03 . Third quarter CLE -- Kevin Hogan 28 - yard run ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 10 : 43 . Bengals 21 -- 17 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 17 . CIN -- Jeremy Hill 74 - yard run ( Mike Nugent kick ) , 9 : 47 . Bengals 28 -- 17 . Drive : 2 plays , 75 yards , 0 : 56 . CIN -- Mike Nugent 36 - yard field goal , 4 : 19 . Bengals 31 -- 17 . Drive : 7 plays , 66 yards , 3 : 16 . Fourth quarter No scoring plays Top passers CLE -- Kevin Hogan -- 12 / 24 , 100 yards , 2 INT CIN -- Andy Dalton -- 19 / 28 , 308 yards , 2 TD Top rushers CLE -- Kevin Hogan -- 7 rushes , 104 yards , TD CIN -- Jeremy Hill -- 9 rushes , 168 yards , TD Top receivers CLE -- Gary Barnidge -- 6 receptions , 66 yards CIN -- A.J. Green -- 8 receptions , 169 yards , TD With their fourth straight loss to the Bengals , the Browns started 0 -- 7 for the first time since 1999 . Week 8 : vs. New York Jets ( edit ) Week Eight : New York Jets at Cleveland Browns -- Game summary Total Jets 0 7 14 10 31 Browns 10 10 0 8 28 at FirstEnergy Stadium , Cleveland , Ohio Date : October 30 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EDT Game weather : 53 ° F ( 12 ° C ) , rain Game attendance : 67,431 Referee : Pete Morelli TV announcers ( CBS ) : Kevin Harlan and Rich Gannon Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter CLE -- Andrew Hawkins 5 - yard pass from Josh McCown ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 11 : 45 . Browns 7 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 15 . CLE -- Cody Parkey 41 - yard field goal , 3 : 11 . Browns 10 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 59 yards , 3 : 42 . Second quarter NYJ -- Bilal Powell 35 - yard run ( Nick Folk kick ) , 12 : 44 . Browns 10 -- 7 . Drive : 12 plays , 87 yards , 5 : 27 . CLE -- Isaiah Crowell 1 - yard run ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 1 : 51 . Browns 17 -- 7 . Drive : 9 plays , 70 yards , 4 : 40 CLE -- Cody Parkey 27 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Browns 20 -- 7 . Drive : 6 plays , 49 yards , 1 : 25 . Third quarter NYJ -- Quincy Enunwa 24 - yard pass from Ryan Fitzpatrick ( Nick Folk kick ) , 8 : 15 . Browns 20 -- 14 . Drive : 12 plays , 78 yards , 6 : 45 . NYJ -- Matt Forte 4 - yard run ( Nick Folk kick ) , 2 : 11 . Jets 21 -- 20 . Drive : 8 plays , 84 yards , 3 : 03 . Fourth quarter NYJ -- Matt Forte 2 - yard run ( Nick Folk kick ) , 9 : 38 . Jets 28 -- 20 . Drive : 13 plays , 81 yards , 6 : 27 . NYJ -- Nick Folk 24 - yard field goal , 4 : 04 . Jets 31 -- 20 . Drive : 4 plays , 2 yards , 1 : 09 . CLE -- Andrew Hawkins 1 - yard pass from Josh McCown ( Josh McCown -- Terrelle Pryor pass ) , 0 : 12 . Jets 31 -- 28 . Drive : 14 plays , 84 yards , 3 : 52 . Top passers NYJ -- Ryan Fitzpatrick -- 16 / 34 , 228 yards , TD CLE -- Josh McCown -- 25 / 49 , 341 yards , 2 TD , 2 INT Top rushers NYJ -- Matt Forte -- 25 rushes , 82 yards , 2 TD CLE -- Isaiah Crowell -- 11 rushes , 29 yards , TD Top receivers NYJ -- Quincy Enunwa -- 4 receptions , 93 yards , TD CLE -- Terrelle Pryor -- 6 receptions , 101 yards Hoping to stop a 10 - game losing streak dating back to last year , the Browns hosted the Jets in an AFC duel . The Browns led 20 -- 7 at halftime . However , they gave up 24 unanswered points to fall behind 31 -- 20 in the 4th quarter . They also committed two turnovers in the 4th quarter . The Browns scored late in the 4th quarter to cut the deficit to 31 -- 28 , but a comeback could not be secured as the Jets secured the onside kick , ran out the clock , and dropped the Browns to 0 -- 8 . It was only their second 0 -- 8 start in franchise history and the first 0 -- 8 start since the 1975 season . With the loss , the Browns failed to have a winning record for the ninth consecutive season . They also tied a franchise record ( first set in between the 2011 and 2012 seasons ) for most consecutive losses ( 11 ) in franchise history . They would also be the first team to start 0 -- 8 since the 2014 Raiders . Week 9 : vs. Dallas Cowboys ( edit ) Week Nine : Dallas Cowboys at Cleveland Browns -- Game summary Total Cowboys 7 14 14 0 35 Browns 7 0 0 10 at FirstEnergy Stadium , Cleveland , Ohio Date : November 6 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EST Game weather : 58 ° F ( 14 ° C ) , clear Game attendance : 67,431 Referee : Jeff Triplette TV announcers ( Fox ) : Thom Brennaman , Charles Davis , Chris Spielman and Peter Schrager Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter CLE -- Cody Parkey 31 - yard field goal , 12 : 40 . Browns 3 -- 0 . Drive : 6 plays , 62 yards , 2 : 20 . DAL -- Jason Witten 26 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 6 : 47 . Cowboys 7 -- 3 . Drive : 10 plays , 75 yards , 5 : 53 . Second quarter DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott 10 - yard run ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 10 : 02 . Cowboys 14 -- 3 . Drive : 9 plays , 69 yards , 4 : 48 . DAL -- Cole Beasley 6 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 1 : 50 . Cowboys 21 -- 3 . Drive : 9 plays , 67 yards , 4 : 39 . CLE -- Terrelle Pryor 12 - yard pass from Cody Kessler ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 0 : 23 . Cowboys 21 -- 10 . Drive : 7 plays , 80 yards , 1 : 27 . Third quarter DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott 8 - yard run ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 11 : 30 . Cowboys 28 -- 10 . Drive : 7 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 30 . DAL -- Gavin Escobar 2 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 1 : 41 . Cowboys 35 -- 10 . Drive : 9 plays , 64 yards , 5 : 30 . Fourth quarter No scoring plays Top passers DAL -- Dak Prescott -- 21 / 27 , 247 yards , 3 TD CLE -- Cody Kessler -- 19 / 27 , 203 yards , TD Top rushers DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott -- 18 rushes , 92 yards , 2 TD CLE -- Duke Johnson -- 5 rushes , 30 yards Top receivers DAL -- Jason Witten -- 8 receptions , 134 yards , TD CLE -- Isaiah Crowell -- 4 receptions , 63 yards Attempting to stop their 11 - game losing streak , the Cleveland Browns hosted the Dallas Cowboys . The Cowboys routed the Browns 35 -- 10 . With the loss , the Browns dropped to 0 -- 9 for the first time since 1975 and clinched their ninth consecutive losing season . They also lost their 12th consecutive game , setting a new franchise record for most consecutive losses . Week 10 : at Baltimore Ravens ( edit ) Week Ten : Cleveland Browns at Baltimore Ravens -- Game summary Total Browns 0 7 0 0 7 Ravens 0 6 15 7 28 at M&T Bank Stadium , Baltimore , Maryland Date : November 10 Game time : 8 : 25 p.m. EST Game weather : 54 ° F ( 12 ° C ) , fair Game attendance : 70,921 Referee : Jerome Boger TV announcers ( NFLN ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth and Heather Cox Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter No scoring plays Second quarter BAL -- Justin Tucker 25 - yard field goal , 10 : 29 . Ravens 3 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 41 yards , 3 : 53 . CLE -- Seth DeValve 25 - yard pass from Cody Kessler ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 6 : 30 . Browns 7 -- 3 . Drive : 7 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 59 . BAL -- Justin Tucker 40 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Browns 7 -- 6 . Drive : 12 plays , 57 yards , 1 : 39 . Third quarter BAL -- Darren Waller 4 - yard pass from Joe Flacco ( Justin Tucker kick ) , 9 : 36 . Ravens 13 -- 7 . Drive : 9 plays , 64 yards , 3 : 58 . BAL -- Steve Smith Sr. 11 - yard pass from Joe Flacco ( Joe Flacco -- Kyle Juszczyk pass ) , 2 : 05 . Ravens 21 -- 7 . Drive : 6 plays , 43 yards , 2 : 57 . Fourth quarter BAL -- Breshad Perriman 27 - yard pass from Joe Flacco ( Justin Tucker kick ) , 6 : 21 . Ravens 28 -- 7 . Drive : 12 plays , 90 yards , 7 : 27 . Top passers CLE -- Cody Kessler -- 11 / 18 , 91 yards , TD BAL -- Joe Flacco -- 30 / 41 , 296 yards , 3 TD , 2 INT Top rushers CLE -- Isaiah Crowell -- 9 rushes , 23 yards BAL -- Terrance West -- 21 rushes , 65 yards Top receivers CLE -- Terrelle Pryor -- 5 receptions , 48 yards BAL -- Breshad Perriman -- 3 receptions , 64 yards , TD Trying to halt their 12 - game losing streak that had started back during the 2015 NFL season , the Browns traveled to Baltimore to play against the Baltimore Ravens who beat them in Week 2 . This was the Browns ' only prime time game this year . The Browns led 7 -- 6 at halftime , but the Ravens dominated the second half , outscoring them 22 -- 0 and winning 28 -- 7 . The seven points scored by the Browns represented their fewest points scored in a game this season . With the loss , the Browns fell to 0 -- 10 . It was their worst start in franchise history . They are also the first team to begin the season 0 -- 10 since the 2014 Oakland Raiders . The Browns ' overall NFL record fell to 461 -- 461 -- 10 , marking the first time in franchise history they did not have a record above . 500 . Week 11 : vs. Pittsburgh Steelers ( edit ) Week Eleven : Pittsburgh Steelers at Cleveland Browns -- Game summary Total Steelers 11 7 24 Browns 0 0 6 9 at FirstEnergy Stadium , Cleveland , Ohio Date : November 20 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EST Game weather : 36 ° F ( 2 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 67,431 Referee : Brad Allen TV announcers ( CBS ) : Kevin Harlan and Rich Gannon Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter PIT -- Chris Boswell 32 - yard field goal , 2 : 28 . Steelers 3 -- 0 . Drive : 16 plays , 82 yards , 9 : 18 . Second quarter PIT -- Chris Boswell 33 - yard field goal , 4 : 43 . Steelers 6 -- 0 . Drive : 16 plays , 68 yards , 9 : 28 . PIT -- Le'Veon Bell 1 - yard run ( Ben Roethlisberger -- David Johnson pass ) , 0 : 00 . Steelers 14 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 59 yards , 1 : 51 . Third quarter CLE -- Cody Parkey 24 - yard field goal , 8 : 05 . Steelers 14 -- 3 . Drive : 11 plays , 48 yards , 5 : 00 . PIT -- Chris Boswell 22 - yard field goal , 0 : 03 . Steelers 17 -- 3 . Drive : 15 plays , 71 yards , 8 : 02 . Fourth quarter CLE -- Gary Barnidge 14 - yard pass from Josh McCown ( kick failed , wide right ) , 9 : 45 . Steelers 17 -- 9 . Drive : 11 plays , 75 yards , 5 : 18 . PIT -- Javon Hargrave fumble recovery in the end zone ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 3 : 36 . Steelers 24 -- 9 . Top passers PIT -- Ben Roethlisberger -- 23 / 36 , 167 yards CLE -- Cody Kessler -- 7 / 14 , 128 yards , INT Top rushers PIT -- Le'Veon Bell -- 28 rushes , 146 yards , TD CLE -- Josh McCown -- 2 rushes , 11 yards Top receivers PIT -- Antonio Brown -- 8 receptions , 76 yards CLE -- Terrelle Pryor -- 5 receptions , 97 yards The Browns hosted the Pittsburgh Steelers , who were coming off a loss against the Cowboys . The Steelers defeated the Browns 24 -- 9 , dropping the Browns to 0 -- 11 . With the loss , the Browns were mathematically eliminated from postseason contention for the 14th consecutive season . For the second consecutive season , they were the first NFL team to be mathematically eliminated from contention . The Browns have now gone 24 consecutive seasons without winning a division title , extending the longest active streak in the NFL . They also extended their current franchise record for most consecutive games lost to 14 games . The team is also the first team to start 0 -- 11 since the 2011 Indianapolis Colts . Week 12 : vs. New York Giants ( edit ) Week Twelve : New York Giants at Cleveland Browns -- Game summary Total Giants 0 14 0 13 27 Browns 0 6 0 7 13 at FirstEnergy Stadium , Cleveland , Ohio Date : November 27 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EST Game weather : 48 ° F ( 9 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 60,034 Referee : Walt Anderson TV announcers ( Fox ) : Dick Stockton , Matt Millen and Peter Schrager Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter No scoring plays Second quarter NYG -- Dwayne Harris 13 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Robbie Gould kick ) , 7 : 03 . Giants 7 -- 0 . Drive : 2 plays , 31 yards , 0 : 42 . CLE -- Cody Parkey 20 - yard field goal , 1 : 43 . Giants 7 -- 3 . Drive : 10 plays , 28 yards , 3 : 51 . NYG -- Odell Beckham Jr. 32 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Robbie Gould kick ) , 1 : 13 . Giants 14 -- 3 . Drive : 4 plays , 69 yards , 0 : 30 . CLE -- Cody Parkey 25 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Giants 14 -- 6 . Drive : 8 plays , 68 yards , 1 : 13 . Third quarter No scoring plays Fourth quarter NYG -- Jason Pierre - Paul 48 - yard fumble return ( kick failed , wide right ) , 10 : 58 . Giants 20 -- 6 . CLE -- Corey Coleman 21 - yard pass from Josh McCown ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 8 : 17 . Giants 20 -- 13 . Drive : 5 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 41 . NYG -- Odell Beckham Jr. 4 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Robbie Gould kick ) , 5 : 10 . Giants 27 -- 13 . Drive : 6 plays , 73 yards , 3 : 07 . Top passers NYG -- Eli Manning -- 15 / 27 , 194 yards , 3 TD CLE -- Josh McCown -- 25 / 43 , 322 yards , TD Top rushers NYG -- Rashad Jennings -- 15 rushes , 55 yards CLE -- Isaiah Crowell -- 16 rushes , 44 yards Top receivers NYG -- Odell Beckham Jr. -- 6 receptions , 96 yards , 2 TD CLE -- Terrelle Pryor -- 6 receptions , 131 yards The Browns took on the Giants who were on a five - game winning streak and were coming off their 22 -- 16 win over the Bears , but the Browns suffered their 12th straight loss this season due to three touchdown passes by Eli Manning to Odell Beckham Jr. and a fumble return by Jason Pierre - Paul for a touchdown . With the loss , the Browns went into their bye week at 0 -- 12 . They would be the first team to start with such a record since the 2011 Colts . Week 14 : vs. Cincinnati Bengals ( edit ) Week Fourteen : Cincinnati Bengals at Cleveland Browns -- Game summary Total Bengals 13 7 0 23 Browns 0 0 7 10 at FirstEnergy Stadium , Cleveland , Ohio Date : December 11 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EST Game weather : 28 ° F ( − 2 ° C ) , snow Game attendance : 60,028 Referee : Gene Steratore TV announcers ( CBS ) : Andrew Catalon , Steve Beuerlein and Steve Tasker Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter CIN -- Tyler Eifert 14 - yard pass from Andy Dalton ( Mike Nugent kick ) , 12 : 21 . Bengals 7 -- 0 . Drive : 6 plays , 73 yards , 2 : 39 . CIN -- Jeremy Hill 1 - yard run ( kick short ) , 6 : 27 . Bengals 13 -- 0 . Drive : 9 plays , 45 yards , 4 : 49 . Second quarter CIN -- Tyler Eifert 5 - yard pass from Andy Dalton ( Mike Nugent kick ) , 5 : 06 . Bengals 20 -- 0 . Drive : 5 plays , 26 yards , 2 : 37 . Third quarter CLE -- Robert Griffin III 1 - yard run ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 8 : 11 . Bengals 20 -- 7 . Drive : 10 plays , 80 yards , 4 : 40 . Fourth quarter CLE -- Cody Parkey 30 - yard field goal , 14 : 14 . Bengals 20 -- 10 . Drive : 10 plays , 69 yards , 4 : 06 . CIN -- Mike Nugent 44 - yard field goal , 8 : 38 . Bengals 23 -- 10 . Drive : 11 plays , 57 yards , 5 : 36 . Top passers CIN -- Andy Dalton -- 20 / 28 , 180 yards , 2 TD CLE -- Robert Griffin III -- 12 / 28 , 104 yards , INT Top rushers CIN -- Jeremy Hill -- 25 rushes , 111 yards , TD CLE -- Isaiah Crowell -- 10 rushes , 113 yards Top receivers CIN -- Tyler Boyd -- 6 receptions , 49 yards CLE -- Gary Barnidge -- 3 receptions , 27 yards Coming off their bye week , the Browns hosted the Bengals in a rematch of Week 7 . The Bengals jumped out to a 20 -- 0 halftime lead and never looked back , handing Cleveland a 23 -- 10 loss . With the loss , Cleveland became the eighth team since 1960 to start a season 0 -- 13 , and the first since the 2011 Indianapolis Colts . They became the first franchise to lose 16 in a row since the Oakland Raiders did it during the 2013 and 2014 seasons . Week 15 : at Buffalo Bills ( edit ) Week Fifteen : Cleveland Browns at Buffalo Bills -- Game summary Total Browns 0 10 0 13 Bills 10 7 7 9 33 at New Era Field , Orchard Park , New York Date : December 18 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EST Game weather : 25 ° F ( − 4 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 66,529 Referee : Clete Blakeman TV announcers ( CBS ) : Tom McCarthy and Adam Archuleta Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter BUF -- Dan Carpenter 21 - yard field goal , 10 : 14 . Bills 3 -- 0 . Drive : 7 plays , 44 yards , 3 : 06 . CLE -- Cody Parkey 35 - yard field goal , 3 : 50 . Tied 3 -- 3 . Drive : 12 plays , 63 yards , 6 : 24 . BUF -- Mike Gillislee 3 - yard run ( Dan Carpenter kick ) , 0 : 00 . Bills 10 -- 3 . Drive : 8 plays , 74 yards , 3 : 50 . Second quarter BUF -- Charles Clay 19 - yard pass from Tyrod Taylor ( Dan Carpenter kick ) , 0 : 34 . Bills 17 -- 3 . Drive : 13 plays , 91 yards , 7 : 29 . Third quarter CLE -- Robert Griffin III 18 - yard run ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 8 : 58 . Bills 17 -- 10 . Drive : 8 plays , 80 yards , 3 : 54 . BUF -- LeSean McCoy 3 - yard run ( Dan Carpenter kick ) , 5 : 50 . Bills 24 -- 10 . Drive : 6 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 08 . CLE -- Cody Parkey 40 - yard field goal , 1 : 32 . Bills 24 -- 13 . Drive : 8 plays , 45 yards , 4 : 18 . Fourth quarter BUF -- LeSean McCoy 8 - yard run ( kick failed , wide right ) , 12 : 38 . Bills 30 -- 13 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 54 . BUF -- Dan Carpenter 34 - yard field goal , 7 : 21 . Bills 33 -- 13 . Drive : 7 plays , 34 yards , 4 : 00 . Top passers CLE -- Robert Griffin III -- 17 / 28 , 196 yards BUF -- Tyrod Taylor -- 17 / 24 , 174 yards , TD Top rushers CLE -- Robert Griffin III -- 8 rushes , 48 yards , TD BUF -- LeSean McCoy -- 19 rushes , 153 yards , 2 TD Top receivers CLE -- Duke Johnson -- 5 receptions , 62 yards BUF -- Charles Clay -- 7 receptions , 72 yards , TD The Browns headed to Buffalo to try to collect their first win of the season , but the Bills routed the Browns 33 -- 13 . With the loss , the Browns fell to 0 -- 14 and became the first team to lose 17 consecutive regular season games since the St. Louis Rams in the 2008 and 2009 seasons . The Browns also became the fourth team to start a season 0 -- 14 , joining the 1976 Tampa Bay Buccaneers , 1980 New Orleans Saints , and the 2008 Detroit Lions . The Browns also tied their franchise record for total losses in a single season . The Browns also became the first team since the 2013 Houston Texans to have 14 straight losses in a single season . On December 21 , OT Joe Thomas was voted to his 10th consecutive Pro Bowl . Thomas now holds the Browns record for most Pro Bowls , passing Pro Football Hall of Famers Jim Brown and Lou Groza , who each have nine . Thomas joins Pro Football Hall of Famers Merlin Olsen ( 14 ) , Mel Renfro ( 10 ) , Barry Sanders ( 10 ) and Lawrence Taylor ( 10 ) as the only players in NFL history to make the Pro Bowl in each of their first 10 seasons . Thomas ' streak of 10 consecutive Pro Bowls was the longest active streak in the NFL . Week 16 : vs. San Diego Chargers ( edit ) Week Sixteen : San Diego Chargers at Cleveland Browns -- Game summary Total Chargers 10 0 7 0 17 Browns 7 10 0 20 at FirstEnergy Stadium , Cleveland , Ohio Date : December 24 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EST Game weather : 38 ° F ( 3 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 57,272 Referee : Walt Coleman TV announcers ( CBS ) : Spero Dedes and Solomon Wilcots Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter SD -- Antonio Gates 1 - yard pass from Philip Rivers ( Josh Lambo kick ) , 10 : 49 . Chargers 7 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 11 . CLE -- Isaiah Crowell 8 - yard run ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 5 : 12 . Tied 7 -- 7 . Drive : 10 plays , 72 yards , 5 : 37 . SD -- Josh Lambo 43 - yard field goal , 1 : 49 . Chargers 10 -- 7 . Drive : 7 plays , 50 yards , 3 : 23 . Second quarter CLE -- Isaiah Crowell 4 - yard run ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 12 : 39 . Browns 14 -- 10 . Drive : 10 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 10 . CLE -- Cody Parkey 49 - yard field goal , 4 : 46 . Browns 17 -- 10 . Drive : 10 plays , 39 yards , 4 : 49 . Third quarter CLE -- Cody Parkey 27 - yard field goal , 10 : 58 . Browns 20 -- 10 . Drive : 8 plays , 57 yards , 4 : 02 . SD -- Tyrell Williams 1 - yard pass from Philip Rivers ( Josh Lambo kick ) , 6 : 04 . Browns 20 -- 17 . Drive : 11 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 54 . Fourth quarter No scoring plays Top passers SD -- Philip Rivers -- 23 / 46 , 322 yards , 2 TD , INT CLE -- Robert Griffin III -- 17 / 25 , 164 yards Top rushers SD -- Kenneth Farrow -- 9 rushes , 28 yards CLE -- Isaiah Crowell -- 16 rushes , 54 yards , 2 TD Top receivers SD -- Antonio Gates -- 8 receptions , 94 yards , TD CLE -- Gary Barnidge -- 5 receptions , 42 yards In their final home game of the year , the Browns hosted the San Diego Chargers on Christmas Eve afternoon , looking to get their first win . The contest was competitive throughout the afternoon . The Chargers had a game - tying field goal attempt blocked by Jamie Meder with just under 4 minutes to go in the fourth quarter . After the Browns punted , the Chargers drove down the field and reached the Browns ' 27 - yard line in the final seconds . However , the Chargers had no timeouts remaining and had to rush the field goal unit out in the final seconds . Kicker Josh Lambo missed the potential game - tying field goal as time expired , allowing the Browns to pick up their first win of the season . With the win , the Browns improved to 1 -- 14 and ended their 17 - game losing streak . The Browns finished the season 1 -- 7 at home . This was the first and only time this season that the Browns allowed fewer than 23 points in a single game . After this game , the Browns would have a 19 - game winless streak and would not win again until week 3 of the 2018 season . Week 17 : at Pittsburgh Steelers ( edit ) Week Seventeen : Cleveland Browns at Pittsburgh Steelers -- Game summary OT Total Browns 7 7 0 7 24 Steelers 0 7 0 14 6 27 at Heinz Field , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Date : January 1 , 2017 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EST Game weather : 41 ° F ( 5 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 55,921 Referee : John Hussey TV announcers ( CBS ) : Kevin Harlan and Rich Gannon Recap , Gamebook show Game information First quarter CLE -- Seth DeValve 12 - yard pass from Robert Griffin III ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 7 : 48 . Browns 7 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 55 yards , 4 : 18 . Second quarter CLE -- Gary Barnidge 4 - yard pass from Robert Griffin III ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 9 : 21 . Browns 14 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 67 yards , 5 : 42 . PIT -- DeAngelo Williams 11 - yard pass from Landry Jones ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 0 : 31 . Browns 14 -- 7 . Drive : 7 plays , 37 yards , 1 : 30 . Third quarter No scoring plays Fourth quarter PIT -- DeAngelo Williams 1 - yard run ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 13 : 21 . Tied 14 -- 14 . Drive : 10 plays , 80 yards , 5 : 01 . PIT -- Demarcus Ayers 11 - yard pass from Landry Jones ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 5 : 14 . Steelers 21 -- 14 . Drive : 5 plays , 61 yards , 2 : 20 . CLE -- George Atkinson III 5 - yard run ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 3 : 28 . Tied 21 -- 21 . Drive : 3 plays , 68 yards , 1 : 46 . Overtime CLE -- Cody Parkey 34 - yard field goal , 7 : 17 . Browns 24 -- 21 . Drive : 17 plays , 65 yards , 7 : 43 . PIT -- Cobi Hamilton 26 - yard pass from Landry Jones , 2 : 57 . Steelers 27 -- 24 . Drive : 9 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 20 . Top passers CLE -- Robert Griffin III -- 29 / 40 , 232 yards , 2 TD , INT PIT -- Landry Jones -- 24 / 37 , 277 yards , 3 TD , INT Top rushers CLE -- Isaiah Crowell -- 19 rushes , 152 yards PIT -- DeAngelo Williams -- 23 rushes , 67 yards , TD Top receivers CLE -- Terrelle Pryor -- 7 receptions , 94 yards PIT -- Eli Rogers -- 6 receptions , 61 yards The Browns entered this game looking to win consecutive games for the first time since they won three in a row during Weeks 8 to 10 of the 2014 season . The Steelers entered the game locked into the AFC 's # 3 seed and rested most of their starters . However , the Browns would still fall to the Steelers , losing 27 -- 24 in an overtime affair . With the loss , the Browns finished the season with a 1 -- 15 record , their worst record in franchise history . The Browns also became the tenth team in NFL history , but the first since the 2009 Rams , to finish 1 -- 15 . They failed to win a division game for the first time since the 2011 season and extended their losing streak within the division to 11 games . The Browns also failed to win a road game in a season for only the second time in franchise history and the first since the 1975 season . They also extended their road losing streak to 13 games and failed to win a road game against the Steelers for the 13th consecutive season . The Browns finished with the worst record in the NFL and secured the # 1 overall pick in the 2017 NFL Draft . This marked the beginning of a 17 game losing streak continuing through the 2017 season and ending with a tie in Week 1 of the 2018 season . Standings ( edit ) Division ( edit ) AFC North view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Pittsburgh Steelers 11 5 0 . 688 5 -- 1 9 -- 3 399 327 W7 Baltimore Ravens 8 8 0 . 500 4 -- 2 7 -- 5 343 321 L2 Cincinnati Bengals 6 9 . 406 3 -- 3 5 -- 7 325 315 W1 Cleveland Browns 15 0 . 063 0 -- 6 1 -- 11 264 452 L1 Conference ( edit ) AFC # Team Division PCT DIV CONF SOS SOV STK Division leaders New England Patriots East 14 0 . 875 5 -- 1 11 -- 1 . 439 . 424 W7 Kansas City Chiefs West 12 0 . 750 6 -- 0 9 -- 3 . 508 . 479 W2 Pittsburgh Steelers North 11 5 0 . 688 5 -- 1 9 -- 3 . 494 . 423 W7 Houston Texans South 9 7 0 . 563 5 -- 1 7 -- 5 . 502 . 427 L1 Wild Cards 5 Oakland Raiders West 12 0 . 750 3 -- 3 9 -- 3 . 504 . 443 L1 6 Miami Dolphins East 10 6 0 . 625 4 -- 2 7 -- 5 . 455 . 341 L1 Did not qualify for the playoffs 7 Tennessee Titans South 9 7 0 . 563 2 -- 4 6 -- 6 . 465 . 458 W1 8 Denver Broncos West 9 7 0 . 563 2 -- 4 6 -- 6 . 549 . 455 W1 9 Baltimore Ravens North 8 8 0 . 500 4 -- 2 7 -- 5 . 498 . 363 L2 10 Indianapolis Colts South 8 8 0 . 500 3 -- 3 5 -- 7 . 492 . 406 W1 11 Buffalo Bills East 7 9 0 . 438 1 -- 5 4 -- 8 . 482 . 339 L2 12 Cincinnati Bengals North 6 9 . 406 3 -- 3 5 -- 7 . 521 . 333 W1 13 New York Jets East 5 11 0 . 313 2 -- 4 4 -- 8 . 518 . 313 W1 14 San Diego Chargers West 5 11 0 . 313 1 -- 5 4 -- 8 . 543 . 513 L5 15 Jacksonville Jaguars South 13 0 . 188 2 -- 4 2 -- 10 . 527 . 417 L1 16 Cleveland Browns North 15 0 . 063 0 -- 6 1 -- 11 . 549 . 313 L1 Tiebreakers ^ Jump up to : Kansas City clinched the AFC West division over Oakland based on head - to - head sweep . ^ Jump up to : Houston clinched the AFC South division title over Tennessee based on record vs. division opponents . ^ Jump up to : Tennessee finished ahead of Denver based on head - to - head victory . ^ Jump up to : Baltimore finished ahead of Indianapolis based on record vs. conference opponents . ^ Jump up to : The New York Jets finished ahead of San Diego based record vs. common opponents -- the Jets ' cumulative record against Cleveland , Indianapolis , Kansas City and Miami was 1 -- 4 , while San Diego 's cumulative record against the same four teams was 0 -- 5 . Jump up ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL 's rules , they are first broken within divisions , then comparing only the highest ranked remaining team from each division . Staff ( edit ) 2016 Cleveland Browns staff Front office Owners -- Jimmy and Dee Haslam Chief Strategy Officer -- Paul DePodesta Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- Sashi Brown Vice President , Player Personnel -- Andrew Berry Vice President , Player Personnel -- Ken Kovash Vice President , Football Operations -- Phil Dangerfield Director of Football Administration -- Chris Cooper Director of Research & Strategy -- Kevin Meers Director of Player Personnel -- Chisolm Opara Director of College Scouting -- Bobby Vega Director of Pro Scouting -- Dan Saganey Director of Scouting -- Mike Cetta Assistant Director of Scouting -- Glenn Cook Special Advisor -- Jim Brown Head coaches Head Coach -- Hue Jackson Associate Head Coach / Quarterbacks -- Pep Hamilton Offensive coaches Offensive Coordinator - vacant Running Backs / Run Game Coordinator -- Kirby Wilson Tight Ends -- Greg Seamon Offensive Line -- Hal Hunter Assistant Offensive Line -- Mark Hutson Senior Offensive Assistant / Wide Receivers -- Al Saunders Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Wide Receivers -- Bob Saunders Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Running Backs -- Rock Cartwright Defensive coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Ray Horton Defensive Line -- Robert Nunn Assistant Defensive Line -- Ken Delgado Outside Linebackers -- Ryan Slowik Inside Linebackers -- Johnny Holland Defensive Backs -- Louie Cioffi Assistant Defensive Backs -- Cannon Matthews Defensive Quality Control -- Eric Sanders Special teams coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Chris Tabor Special Teams Assistant -- Shawn Mennenga Special Teams Quality Control -- Stan Watson Strength and conditioning Director , High Performance -- Adam Beard Strength and Conditioning Coordinator -- Evan Marcus Strength and Conditioning Coordinator -- Jason Veltkamp Assistant Strength / Skill Development -- Joe Kim Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Derik Keyes Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Art Tolhurst Sports Scientist -- Jamey Mroz Strength and Conditioning Intern -- Ian Jones Final roster ( edit ) 2016 Cleveland Browns final roster Quarterbacks 10 Robert Griffin III 8 Kevin Hogan 6 Cody Kessler 13 Josh McCown Running backs 25 George Atkinson III 34 Isaiah Crowell 35 Darius Jackson 29 Duke Johnson 40 Danny Vitale FB Wide receivers 15 Mario Alford KR / PR 19 Corey Coleman 16 Andrew Hawkins 81 Rashard Higgins 80 Ricardo Louis 11 Terrelle Pryor Tight ends 82 Gary Barnidge 87 Seth DeValve 86 Randall Telfer Offensive linemen 78 Alvin Bailey G 72 Shon Coleman T 66 Spencer Drango G 74 Cameron Erving C 61 Anthony Fabiano C 60 Gabe Ikard C 67 Austin Pasztor T 73 Joe Thomas T Defensive linemen 96 Xavier Cooper DE 91 Tyrone Holmes DE 98 Jamie Meder DE 94 Carl Nassib DE 90 Emmanuel Ogbah DE 99 Stephen Paea DE 55 Danny Shelton NT 97 Gabe Wright NT Linebackers 54 Dominique Alexander ILB 59 Tank Carder ILB 51 Jamie Collins OLB 56 Demario Davis ILB 57 Cam Johnson OLB 58 Christian Kirksey ILB 53 Joe Schobert OLB Defensive backs 20 Briean Boddy - Calhoun CB 26 Marcus Burley CB 31 Trey Caldwell CB 24 Ibraheim Campbell SS 23 Joe Haden CB 41 Tracy Howard FS 39 Ed Reynolds FS 21 Jamar Taylor CB 22 Tramon Williams CB Special teams 4 Britton Colquitt P 47 Charley Hughlett LS 3 Cody Parkey K Reserve lists 75 Joel Bitonio G ( IR ) 92 Desmond Bryant DE ( NF - Inj . ) 12 Josh Gordon WR ( Susp . ) 77 John Greco G ( IR ) 85 Rannell Hall WR ( IR ) 30 Derrick Kindred SS ( NF - Inj . ) 70 Nile Lawrence - Stample NT ( IR ) 43 Rajion Neal RB ( IR ) 44 Nate Orchard OLB ( IR ) 83 Dennis Parks WR ( IR ) 84 Jordan Payton WR ( Susp . ) 33 Jordan Poyer FS ( IR ) 62 Austin Reiter C ( IR ) 28 Glenn Winston RB ( IR ) 97 Dylan Wynn DE ( IR ) Practice squad 83 Josh Boyce WR 52 James Burgess LB 93 Trevon Coley NT 36 Justin Currie S 37 Trae Elston S 89 Connor Hamlett TE 28 Darius Hillary CB 49 J.P. Holtz TE 17 Jordan Leslie WR 79 Zach Sterup T Rookies in italics 53 Active , 15 Inactive , 10 Practice squad References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brown is the de facto general manager . His official title is `` Executive Vice President , Football Operations '' Jump up ^ nfl.com/probowl ^ Jump up to : `` Browns fire Mike Pettine , Ray Farmer '' . ESPN . January 3 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Zac ( January 3 , 2016 ) . `` Haslam gives Sashi Brown roster control , denies Marrone interview scheduled '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paul DePodesta named Browns Chief Strategy Officer '' . ClevelandBrowns.com . January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ESPN ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Cleveland Browns Transactions - 2016 '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Cleveland Browns hire Hue Jackson as head coach '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Birkett , Dave ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Detroit Lions add special teams ace in Cleveland Browns DB Johnson Bademosi '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Eric ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Chargers reach deals with WR Travis Benjamin , TE Antonio Gates '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Browns re-sign LB Tank Carder ; sign DL Jamie Meder , RB Raheem Mostert '' . ClevelandBrowns.com . March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Browns ' Travis Coons : Re-signs with Browns '' . CBS Sports . April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McManamon , Pat ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Jaguars add safety Tashaun Gipson for 5 years , $35.5 M , source says '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Browns sign restricted free agents and exclusive rights players '' . ClevelandBrowns.com. April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : ESPN ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Cleveland Browns Transactions - 2016 '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClure , Vaughn ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Falcons address one big need with center Alex Mack '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ClevelandBrowns.com ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Browns sign restricted free agents and exclusive rights players '' . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Doe , John ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Saints , LB Craig Robertson reach 3 - year deal '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McManamon , Pat ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` OT Mitchell Schwartz leaving Browns for Chiefs '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Mark ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Cleveland Browns release receiver Dwayne Bowe '' . NFL.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Karlos Dansby released by Cleveland Browns '' . NFL.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marcum , Jason ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` '' Bengals sign Karlos Dansby ; Brandon LaFell still in play `` '' . SB Nation . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McManamon , Pat ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Johnny Manziel Waived by Browns '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Steve ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` '' Browns release veteran starting safety Donte Whitner `` '' . The Duncan Independent . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : ESPN ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Cleveland Browns Transactions - 2016 '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chris Pokorny ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Browns Reportedly Sign ILB Demario Davis , Who Could Start for Ray Horton '' . Dawgs By Nature . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Frank ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Robert Griffin III signs with the Cleveland Browns '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Browns sign Rahim Moore , former Texans safety , to 1 year deal '' . Cleveland.com . March 16 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Over The Cap '' . Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` June 1 free - agency deadline moved to May 12 '' . ProFootballTalk . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Football Outsiders ; DVOA Analysis : ' Let Me Check My Schedule ' Jump up ^ http://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/article-5/Joe-Thomas-selected-to-team-record-10th-Pro-Bowl/c1f0b2ad-c369-4ac1-9b40-5fe07e2e4ae3 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2016 Cleveland Browns season . Official website Cleveland Browns Founded in 1946 Based in Cleveland , Ohio Headquartered in Berea , Ohio Franchise History Players Head coaches Seasons Logos and uniforms First - round draft picks 1999 expansion draft Starting quarterbacks Pro Bowlers Stadiums Cleveland Stadium FirstEnergy Stadium Key personnel Owners : Jimmy Haslam Dee Haslam President ( de facto ) : Paul DePodesta General manager : John Dorsey Head coach : Gregg Williams ( interim ) Culture and lore Art Modell Cleveland sports curse Dawg Pound Draft Day Hot Tub Time Machine Kardiac Kids Marty Ball Miracle at the Met Paul Brown Red Right 88 Relocation controversy `` The Best Man '' The Drive The Express The Fortune Cookie The Fumble Rivalries Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Pittsburgh Steelers Playoff appearances ( 28 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1958 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1971 1972 1980 1982 1985 1986 1988 1989 1994 2002 Division championships ( 12 ) 1946 1947 1948 1967 1968 1969 1971 1980 1985 1986 1989 Conference championships ( 11 ) 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1964 1965 1968 1969 League championships ( 8 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1954 1955 1964 Retired numbers 14 32 45 46 76 Hall of Fame inductees Players : Brown DeLamielleure Ford Gatski Graham Groza Hickerson Kelly Lavelli McCormack Mitchell Motley Newsome Warfield Willis Coach : Brown Media Broadcasters Radio network Flagships : WKNR WKRK - FM WNCX Spanish : WLFM - LP Television : WEWS - TV SportsTime Ohio Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1950 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : North Division Former league affiliation League : All - America Football Conference ( 1946 -- 1949 ) Seasons ( 70 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 2001 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Cleveland Browns seasons 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Bold indicates AAFC championship ( through 1949 ) or NFL championship ( 1950 -- 1969 ) 2016 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina Los Angeles New England Cleveland Jacksonville Oakland Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee San Diego Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle Draft NFL playoffs NFL Honors Pro Bowl Super Bowl LI Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_Cleveland_Browns_season&oldid=865708056 '' Categories : 2016 National Football League season by team Cleveland Browns seasons 2016 in sports in Ohio Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 17 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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Red Fort
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Red Fort - wikipedia Red Fort Red Fort A view of the Red Fort Location Old Delhi , India Coordinates 28 ° 39 ′ 22 '' N 77 ° 14 ′ 28 '' E / 28.656 ° N 77.241 ° E / 28.656 ; 77.241 Coordinates : 28 ° 39 ′ 22 '' N 77 ° 14 ′ 28 '' E / 28.656 ° N 77.241 ° E / 28.656 ; 77.241 Built 12 May 1639 -- 6 April 1648 ( 8 years 10 months & 25 days ) Architect Ustad Ahmad Lahori Architectural style ( s ) Indo - Islamic , Mughal UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name : Red Fort Complex Type Cultural Criteria ii , iii , vi Designated 2007 ( 31st session ) Reference no . 231rev State Party India Region Asia - Pacific Location in Delhi , India , Asia Every year on the Independence day of India ( 15 August ) , the Prime Minister hoists the Indian `` tricolour flag '' at the main gate of the fort and delivers a nationally broadcast speech from its ramparts here . Red Fort is a historic fort in the city of Delhi in India . It was the main residence of the emperors of the Mughal dynasty for nearly 200 years , until 1856 . It is located in the center of Delhi and houses a number of museums . In addition to accommodating the emperors and their households , it was the ceremonial and political center of the Mughal state and the setting for events critically impacting the region . Constructed in 1639 by the fifth Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan as the palace of his fortified capital Shahjahanabad , the Red Fort is named for its massive enclosing walls of red sandstone and is adjacent to the older Salimgarh Fort , built by Islam Shah Suri in 1546 AD . The imperial apartments consist of a row of pavilions , connected by a water channel known as the Stream of Paradise ( Nahr - i - Bihisht ) . The fort complex is considered to represent the zenith of Mughal creativity under Shah Jahan , and although the palace was planned according to Islamic prototypes , each pavilion contains architectural elements typical of Mughal buildings that reflect a fusion of Timurid and Persian traditions . The Red Fort 's innovative architectural style , including its garden design , influenced later buildings and gardens in Delhi , Rajasthan , Punjab , Kashmir , Braj , Rohilkhand and elsewhere . The fort was plundered of its artwork and jewels during Nadir Shah 's invasion of the Mughal Empire in 1747 . Most of the fort 's precious marble structures were subsequently destroyed by the British following the Revolt of 1857 . The forts 's defensive walls were largely spared , and the fortress was subsequently used as a garrison . The Red Fort was also the site where the British put the last Mughal Emperor on trial before exiling him to Rangoon in 1858 . Every year on the Independence day of India ( 15 August ) , the Prime Minister hoists the Indian `` tricolour flag '' at the main gate of the fort and delivers a nationally broadcast speech from its ramparts . It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007 as part of the Red Fort Complex . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Today 4 Security 5 Architecture 6 Major structures 6.1 Lahori Gate 6.2 Delhi Gate 6.3 Chhatta Chowk 6.4 Naubat Khana 6.5 Diwan - i - Aam 6.6 Nahr - i - Bihisht 6.7 Mumtaz Mahal 6.8 Rang Mahal 6.9 Khas Mahal 6.10 Diwan - i - Khas 6.11 Hammam 6.12 Baoli 6.13 Moti Masjid 6.14 Hira Mahal 6.15 Hayat Bakhsh Bagh 6.16 Princes ' quarter 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Etymology ( edit ) Its English name , `` Red Fort '' , is a translation of the Hindi / Urdu Lāl Qila deriving from its red - sandstone walls . As the residence of the imperial family , the fort was originally known as the `` Blessed Fort '' ( Qila - i - Mubārak ) . Agra Fort is also called Lāl Qila ' . History ( edit ) 1785 view of the Red Fort from Jharoka in the centre and the Moti Masjid on the far right . View of the Red Fort from the river ( by Ghulam Ali Khan , between c. 1852 -- 1854 Bahadur Shah II in the ' Khas Mahal , underneath the Scales of Justice Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned construction of the Red Fort on 12 May 1639 , when he decided to shift his capital from Agra to Delhi . Originally red and white , the Shah 's favourite colours , its design is credited to architect Ustad Ahmad Lahauri , who also constructed the Taj Mahal . The fort lies along the Yamuna River , which fed the moats surrounding most of the walls . Construction began in the sacred month of Muharram , on 13 May 1638 . Supervised by Shah Jahan , it was completed on 6 April 1648 . Unlike other Mughal forts , the Red Fort 's boundary walls are asymmetrical to contain the older Salimgarh Fort . The fortress - palace was a focal point of the medieval city of Shahjahanabad , which is present - day Old Delhi . Its planning and aesthetics represent the zenith of Mughal creativity prevailing during Shah Jahan 's reign . His successor Aurangzeb added the Pearl Mosque to the emperor 's private quarters , constructing barbicans in front of the two main gates to make the entrance to the palace more circuitous . The administrative and fiscal structure of the Mughal dynasty declined after Aurangzeb , and the 18th century saw a degeneration of the palace . When Jahandar Shah took over the Red Fort in 1712 , it had been without an emperor for 30 years . Within a year of beginning his rule , Shah was murdered and replaced by Farrukhsiyar . To raise money , the silver ceiling of the Rang Mahal was replaced by copper during this period . Muhammad Shah , known as ' Rangila ' ( the Colourful ) for his interest in art , took over the Red Fort in 1719 . In 1739 , Persian emperor Nadir Shah easily defeated the Mughal army , plundering the Red Fort including the Peacock Throne . Nadir Shah returned to Persia after three months , leaving a destroyed city and a weakened Mughal empire to Muhammad Shah . The internal weakness of the Mughal empire made the Mughals titular heads of Delhi , and a 1752 treaty made the Marathas protectors of the throne at Delhi . The 1758 Maratha conquest of Lahore and Peshawar placed them in conflict with Ahmad Shah Durrani . In 1760 , the Marathas removed and melted the silver ceiling of the Diwan - i - Khas to raise funds for the defence of Delhi from the armies of Ahmed Shah Durrani . In 1761 , after the Marathas lost the third battle of Panipat , Delhi was raided by Ahmed Shah Durrani . Ten years later , Shah Alam ascended the throne in Delhi with Maratha support . In 1783 the Sikh Misl Karorisinghia , led by Baghel Singh Dhaliwal , conquered Delhi and the Red Fort briefly . In 1788 , a Maratha garrison permanently occupied Red fort and Delhi and ruled on north India for next two decades until they were usurped by the British East India Company following the Second Anglo - Maratha War in 1803 . During the Second Anglo - Maratha War in 1803 , forces of British East India Company defeated Maratha forces in the Battle of Delhi ; this ended Maratha rule of the city and their control of the Red Fort . After the battle , the British took over the administration of Mughal territories and installed a Resident at the Red Fort . The last Mughal emperor to occupy the fort , Bahadur Shah II , became a symbol of the 1857 rebellion against the British in which the residents of Shahjahanbad participated . Despite its position as the seat of Mughal power and its defensive capabilities , the Red Fort was not defended during the 1857 uprising against the British . After the rebellion failed , Bahadur Shah II left the fort on 17 September and was apprehended by British forces . He returned to Red Fort as a prisoner of the British , was tried in 1858 and exiled to Rangoon on 7 October of that year . With the end of Mughal reign , the British sanctioned the systematic plunder of valuables from the fort 's palaces . All furniture was removed or destroyed ; the harem apartments , servants ' quarters and gardens were destroyed , and a line of stone barracks built . Only the marble buildings on the east side at the imperial enclosure escaped complete destruction , but were looted and damaged . While the defensive walls and towers were relatively unharmed , more than two - thirds of the inner structures were destroyed by the British . Lord Curzon , Viceroy of India from 1899 -- 1905 , ordered repairs to the fort including reconstruction of the walls and the restoration of the gardens complete with a watering system . Most of the jewels and artworks of the Red Fort were looted and stolen during Nadir Shah 's invasion of 1747 and again after the failed Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British . They were eventually sold to private collectors or the British Museum , British Library and the Victoria and Albert Museum . For example , the Koh - i - Noor diamond , the jade wine cup of Shah Jahan and the crown of Bahadur Shah II are all currently located in London . Various requests for restitution have so far been rejected by the British government . 1911 saw the visit of the British king and queen for the Delhi Durbar . In preparation of the visit , some buildings were restored . The Red Fort Archaeological Museum was also moved from the drum house to the Mumtaz Mahal . The INA trials , also known as the Red Fort Trials , refer to the courts - martial of a number of officers of the Indian National Army . The first was held between November and December 1945 at the Red Fort . On 15 August 1947 , the first Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru raised the Indian national flag above the Lahore Gate . On each subsequent Independence Day , the prime minister has raised the flag and given a speech that is broadcast nationally . After Indian Independence , the site experienced few changes , and the Red Fort continued to be used as a military cantonment . A significant part of the fort remained under Indian Army control until 22 December 2003 , when it was given to the Archaeological Survey of India for restoration . In 2009 the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan ( CCMP ) , prepared by the Archaeological Survey of India under Supreme Court directions to revitalise the fort , was announced . Today ( edit ) Every year on India 's Independence Day ( 15 August ) , the Prime Minister of India hoists the national flag at the Red Fort and delivers a nationally broadcast speech from its ramparts . The Red Fort , the largest monument in Delhi , is one of its most popular tourist destinations and attracts thousands of visitors every year . A sound and light show describing Mughal history is a tourist attraction in the evenings . The major architectural features are in mixed condition ; the extensive water features are dry . Some buildings are in fairly - good condition , with their decorative elements undisturbed ; in others , the marble inlaid flowers have been removed by looters . The tea house , although not in its historical state , is a working restaurant . The mosque and hamam or public baths are closed to the public , although visitors can peer through their glass windows or marble latticework . Walkways are crumbling , and public toilets are available at the entrance and inside the park . The Lahore Gate entrance leads to a mall with jewellery and craft stores . There is also a museum of `` blood paintings '' , depicting young 20th - century Indian martyrs and their stories , an archaeological museum and an Indian war - memorial museum . The Red fort appears on the back of the ₹ 500 note of the Mahatma Gandhi New Series of the Indian rupee . Security ( edit ) To prevent terrorist attacks , security is especially strict around the Red Fort on the eve of Indian Independence Day . Delhi Police and paramilitary personnel keep watch on neighbourhoods around the fort , and National Security Guard sharpshooters are deployed on high - rises near the fort . The airspace around the fort is a designated no - fly zone during the celebration to prevent air attacks , and safe houses exist in nearby areas to which the Prime Minister and other Indian leaders may retreat in the event of an attack . The fort was the site of a terrorist attack on 22 December 2000 , carried out by six Lashkar - e-Toiba members . Two soldiers and a civilian were killed in what the news media described as an attempt to derail India - Pakistan peace talks . Architecture ( edit ) The Red Fort has an area of 254.67 acres ( 103.06 ha ) enclosed by 2.41 kilometres ( 1.50 mi ) of defensive walls , punctuated by turrets and bastions and varying in height from 18 metres ( 59 ft ) on the river side to 33 metres ( 108 ft ) on the city side . The fort is octagonal , with the north - south axis longer than the east - west axis . The marble , floral decorations and double domes in the fort 's buildings exemplify later Mughal architecture . It showcases a high level of ornamentation , and the Kohinoor diamond was reportedly part of the furnishings . The fort 's artwork synthesises Persian , European and Indian art , resulting in a unique Shahjahani style rich in form , expression and colour . Red Fort is one of the building complexes of India encapsulating a long period of history and its arts . Even before its 1913 commemoration as a monument of national importance , efforts were made to preserve it for posterity . The Lahori and Delhi Gates were used by the public , and the Khizrabad Gate was for the emperor . The Lahori Gate is the main entrance , leading to a domed shopping area known as the Chatta Chowk ( covered bazaar ) . Major structures ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The most important surviving structures are the walls and ramparts , the main gates , the audience halls and the imperial apartments on the eastern riverbank . Lahori Gate ( edit ) The Delhi Gate , which is almost identical in appearance to the Lahori Gate The Lahori Gate is the main gate to the Red Fort , named for its orientation towards the city of Lahore . During Aurangzeb 's reign , the beauty of the gate was spoiled by the addition of bastions , which Shahjahan described as `` a veil drawn across the face of a beautiful woman '' . Every Indian Independence Day since 1947 , the national flag is unfurled and the Prime Minister makes a speech from its ramparts . Delhi Gate ( edit ) The Delhi Gate is the southern public entrance and in layout and appearance similar to the Lahori Gate . Two life - size stone elephants on either side of the gate face each other . These were renewed by Lord Curzon in 1903 after their earlier demolition by Aurangzeb . Chhatta Chowk ( edit ) Adjacent to the Lahori Gate is the Chhatta Chowk , where silk , jewellery and other items for the imperial household were sold during the Mughal period . The bazaar leads to an open outer court , where it crosses the large north - south street which originally divided the fort 's military functions ( to the west ) from the palaces ( to the east ) . The southern end of the street is the Delhi Gate . Naubat Khana ( edit ) Naubat Khana and the courtyard before its destruction by the British , in an 1858 photograph The vaulted arcade of the Chhatta Chowk ends in the centre of the outer court , which measured 540 by 360 feet ( 160 m × 110 m ) . The side arcades and central tank were destroyed after the 1857 rebellion . In the east wall of the court stands the now - isolated Naubat Khana ( also known as Nakkar Khana ) , the drum house . Music was played daily , at scheduled times and everyone , except royalty , was required to dismount . Diwan - i - Aam ( edit ) The Diwan - i - Aam audience hall The inner main court to which the Nakkar Khana led was 540 feet ( 160 m ) wide and 420 feet ( 130 m ) deep , surrounded by guarded galleries . On the far side is the Diwan - i - Aam , the Public Audience Hall . The hall 's columns and engrailed arches exhibit fine craftsmanship , and the hall was originally decorated with white chunam stucco . In the back in the raised recess the emperor gave his audience in the marble balcony ( jharokha ) . The Diwan - i - Aam was also used for state functions . The courtyard ( mardana ) behind it leads to the imperial apartments . Nahr - i - Bihisht ( edit ) The imperial apartments consist of a row of pavilions on a raised platform along the eastern edge of the fort , overlooking the Yamuna . The pavilions are connected by a canal , known as the Nahr - i - Bihisht ( `` Stream of Paradise '' ) , running through the centre of each pavilion . Water is drawn from the Yamuna via a tower , the Shahi Burj , at the northeast corner of the fort . The palace is designed to emulate paradise as described in the Quran . In the riverbed below the imperial apartments and connected buildings was a space known as zer - jharokha ( `` beneath the latticework '' ) . Mumtaz Mahal ( edit ) Mumtaz Mahal The two southernmost pavilions of the palace are zenanas ( women 's quarters ) , consisting of the Mumtaz Mahal and the larger Rang Mahal . The Mumtaz Mahal houses the Red Fort Archaeological Museum . Rang Mahal ( edit ) The Rang Mahal housed the emperor 's wives and mistresses . Its name means `` Palace of Colours '' , since it was brightly painted and decorated with a mosaic of mirrors . The central marble pool is fed by the Nahr - i - Bihisht . Khas Mahal ( edit ) The Khas Mahal was the emperor 's apartment . Connected to it is the Muthamman Burj , an octagonal tower where he appeared before the people waiting on the riverbank . This was done by most kings at the time . Diwan - i - Khas ( edit ) A gate on the north side of the Diwan - i - Aam leads to the innermost court of the palace ( Jalau Khana ) and the Diwan - i - Khas ( Hall of Private Audience ) . It is constructed of white marble , inlaid with precious stones . The once - silver ceiling has been restored in wood . François Bernier described seeing the jewelled Peacock Throne here during the 17th century . At either end of the hall , over the two outer arches , is an inscription by Persian poet Amir Khusrow : If heaven can be on the face of the earth , It is this , it is this , it is this . -- `` World Heritage Site -- Red Fort , Delhi ; Diwan - i - Khas '' . Archaeological Survey of India . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Panoramic view of the imperial enclosure . From left : Moti Masjid , the hammam , Divan - i - Khas , Khas Mahal and the ' Rang Mahal Hammam ( edit ) The hammam were the imperial baths , consisting of three domed rooms floored with white marble . Baoli ( edit ) The baoli ( step - well ) at the Red Fort , Delhi The baoli or step - well , believed to pre-date Red Fort , is one of the few monuments that were not demolished by the British after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . The chambers within the baoli were converted into a prison . During the Indian National Army Trials ( Red Fort Trials ) in 1945 -- 46 , it housed Indian National Army officers Colonel Shah Nawaz Khan , Colonel Prem Kumar Sahgal , and Colonel Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon . The Red Fort Baoli is uniquely designed with two sets of staircases leading down to the well . Moti Masjid ( edit ) West of the hammam is the Moti Masjid , the Pearl Mosque . A later addition , it was built in 1659 as a private mosque for Aurangzeb . It is a small , three - domed mosque carved in white marble , with a three - arched screen leading down to the courtyard . Hira Mahal ( edit ) The Hira Mahal is a pavilion on the southern edge of the fort , built under Bahadur Shah II and at the end of the Hayat Baksh garden . The Moti Mahal on the northern edge , a twin building , was destroyed during ( or after ) the 1857 rebellion . Shahi Burj and its pavilion The Shahi Burj was the emperor 's main study of the ; its name means `` Emperor 's Tower '' , and it originally had a chhatri on top . Heavily damaged , the tower is undergoing reconstruction . In front of it is a marble pavilion added by Aurangzeb . Hayat Bakhsh Bagh ( edit ) Red Zafar Mahal and white Sawan / Bhadon pavilion behind it in the Hayat Bakhsh Bagh The Hayat Bakhsh Bagh is the `` Life - Bestowing Garden '' in the northeast part of the complex . It features a reservoir , which is now dry , and channels through which the Nahr - i - Bihisht flows . At each end is a white marble pavilion , called the Sawan and Bhadon Pavilions , named after the Hindu months , Sawan and Bhadon . In the centre of the reservoir is the red - sandstone Zafar Mahal , added in around 1842 by Bahadur Shah Zafar , and named after him . Smaller gardens ( such as the Mehtab Bagh or Moonlight Garden ) existed west of it , but were destroyed when the British barracks were built . There are plans to restore the gardens . Beyond these , the road to the north leads to an arched bridge and the Salimgarh Fort . Princes ' quarter ( edit ) North of the Hayat Bakhsh Bagh and the Shahi Burj is the quarter of the imperial princes . This was used by member of the Mughal royal family and was largely destroyed by the British forces after the rebellion . One of the palaces was converted into a tea house for the soldiers . See also ( edit ) Agra Fort Lahore Fort References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mukherjee , Anisha ( 3 June 2018 ) . `` Whose fort is it anyway '' . The Indian Express . ^ Jump up to : `` Red Fort Complex '' . World Heritage List . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : William Dalrymple . `` Introduction '' . The Last Mughal . Penguin . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 310243 - 4 . 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Penguin Books Limited . p. 333 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8475 - 871 - 9 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Sara C. ( 21 February 2013 ) . `` Koh - i - Noor Diamond Will Not Be Returned To India , David Cameron Insists '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ PTI ( 2013 - 08 - 15 ) . `` Manmohan first PM outside Nehru - Gandhi clan to hoist flag for 10th time '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ India . Ministry of Defence ( 2005 ) . Sainik samachar . Director of Public Relations , Ministry of Defence . Retrieved 5 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Muslim India . Muslim India . 2004 . Retrieved 5 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Red Fort facelift to revive Mughal glory in 10 years : Mail Today Stories , News -- India Today '' . Indiatoday.intoday.in. 2009 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER - 10_revised_jan09. pmd '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER - 00_revisedfeb09. pmd '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 13 . 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Jump up ^ `` Rain Brings Children Cheer , Gives Securitymen a Tough Time '' . The Hindu . 16 August 2011 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Red Fort attack will not affect peace moves '' . 19 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Red Fort terrorist attacks '' . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ N.L. Batra ( May 2008 ) . Delhi 's Red Fort by the Yamuna . Niyogi Books . Retrieved 5 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead , Donald ; Garnaut , Christine ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats . ABC - CLIO . p. 178 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 112 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` World Heritage Site -- Red Fort , Delhi '' . Archaeological Survey of India . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Fanshawe. H.C ( 1998 ) . Delhi , Past and Present . general introduction . Asian Educational Services . pp. 1 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 1318 - 8 . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Sharma p. 143 Jump up ^ Mahtab Jahan ( 2004 ) . `` Dilli 's gates and windows '' . MG The Milli Gazette Indian Muslims leading new paper . Retrieved 17 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World heritage site '' . Asi.nic.in . ^ Jump up to : `` A handbook for travellers in India , Burma , and Ceylon '' . Archive.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Red Fort Baoli '' . http://agrasenkibaoli.com . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ World Heritage Series -- RED FORT . Published by Director General , Archaeological Survey of India , New Delhi , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 87780 - 97 - 7 Jump up ^ `` World Heritage Site -- Red Fort , Delhi ; Hayat - Bakhsh Garden and Pavilions '' . Archaeological Survey of India . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red Fort . 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Hybrid Theory
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Hybrid Theory - wikipedia Hybrid Theory Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the album . For the EP released in 1999 , see Hybrid Theory ( EP ) . For the theory of hybridism , see Hybrid ( biology ) . Hybrid Theory Studio album by Linkin Park Released October 24 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 24 ) Recorded March -- July 2000 Studio NRG Recording Studios ( North Hollywood , California ) Genre Nu metal rap metal alternative metal Length 37 : 45 Label Warner Bros . Producer Don Gilmore Linkin Park studio album chronology Hybrid Theory ( 2000 ) Meteora ( 2003 ) Meteora 2003 Singles from Hybrid Theory `` One Step Closer '' Released : September 28 , 2000 `` Crawling '' Released : March 1 , 2001 `` Papercut '' Released : September 25 , 2001 ( UK ) `` In the End '' Released : October 9 , 2001 Hybrid Theory is the debut studio album by American rock band Linkin Park , released on October 24 , 2000 through Warner Bros. Records . As of 2017 , the album has been certified diamond by the RIAA for sales in the United States of over eleven million units , and peaking at number two on the US Billboard 200 . It has reached high positions on other charts worldwide . Recorded at NRG Recordings in North Hollywood , California , and produced by Don Gilmore , the album 's lyrical themes deal with problems lead vocalist Chester Bennington experienced during his adolescence , including drug abuse and the constant fighting and divorce of his parents . Hybrid Theory takes its title from the previous name of the band as well as the concept of music theory and combining different styles . Four singles were released from the album : `` One Step Closer '' , `` Crawling '' , `` Papercut '' , and `` In the End '' , all of them being responsible for launching Linkin Park into mainstream popularity . While `` In the End '' was the most successful of the four , all of the singles in the album remain some of the band 's most successful songs to date . Although `` Runaway '' , `` Points of Authority '' , and `` My December '' from the special edition bonus disc album were not released as singles , they were minor hits on alternative rock radio stations thanks to the success of all of the band 's singles and the album . At the 2002 Grammy Awards , Hybrid Theory was nominated for Best Rock Album . The album is listed in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . It was ranked # 11 on Billboard 's 200 Albums of the Decade . A special edition of Hybrid Theory was released March 11 , 2002 , a year and a half after its original pressing . The album has sold 30 million copies worldwide . Linkin Park performed the album in its entirety at the Download Festival on June 14 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Writing and recording 3 Composition 4 Artwork 5 Release 5.1 Special editions 6 Critical reception 6.1 Accolades 7 Commercial performance 8 Track listing 9 Hybrid Theory -- Live Around the World 9.1 Track listing 10 Personnel 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year - end charts 11.3 Singles 11.4 Promotional singles 12 Certifications 13 References 14 External links Background ( edit ) Chester Bennington was said to be the final piece of the puzzle for the band . Linkin Park was founded in 1996 as the rap rock band Xero : lead guitarist Brad Delson , vocalist and rhythm guitarist Mike Shinoda , drummer Rob Bourdon , turntablist Joe Hahn , lead vocalist Mark Wakefield and bassist Dave Farrell ( who subsequently left to tour with Tasty Snax ) . In 1999 , after Wakefield 's departure , lead vocalist Chester Bennington joined the five members of Xero and the band was renamed Linkin Park . Bennington 's previous band , Grey Daze , had recently disbanded , so his lawyer recommended him to Jeff Blue , vice president of A&R coordination for Zomba , who at the time was seeking a lead vocalist for Xero . Blue sent Bennington two tapes of Xero 's unreleased recordings -- one with vocals by former Xero member Mark Wakefield , and the other with only the instrumental tracks -- asking for his `` interpretation of the songs '' . Bennington wrote and recorded new vocals over the instrumentals and sent the tapes back to Blue . As Delson recalls , `` ( Bennington ) really was kind of the final piece of the puzzle ( ... ) We did n't see anything close to his talent in anybody else . '' After Bennington joined , the group first renamed itself to Hybrid Theory and released a self - titled EP . Legal complications with Welsh electronic music group Hybrid prompted a second name change , thus deciding on `` Linkin Park '' . Throughout 1999 , Linkin Park was a regular act at the Los Angeles club , The Whisky . Writing and recording ( edit ) The music that would ultimately become the Hybrid Theory album was first produced by Linkin Park in 1999 as a nine - track demo tape . The band sent this tape to various recording companies and played forty - two different showcases for recording industry representatives , including performances for Los Angeles promoter and impresario , Mike Galaxy 's showcase at The Gig on Melrose . However , they were initially turned down by most of the major labels and several independent record labels . The band was signed by Warner Bros. Records in 1999 , due in large part to the constant recommendations of Jeff Blue , who had joined the label after resigning from Zomba . Despite initial difficulties in finding a producer willing to take charge of the debut album of a newly signed band , Don Gilmore ultimately agreed to head up the project , with Andy Wallace hired as the mixer . Recording sessions , which mostly involved re-recording the songs off the demo tape , began at NRG Recordings in North Hollywood , California in early 2000 and lasted four weeks . Shinoda 's rapping sections in most of the songs were significantly altered from the original , while most choruses remained largely unchanged . Due to the absence of Dave Farrell and Kyle Christener , who took part in the 1999 extended play , the band hired Scott Koziol and Ian Hornbeck as stand - in bassists ; Delson also played bass throughout most of the album . The Dust Brothers provided additional beats for the track `` With You '' . Bennington and Shinoda wrote the lyrics of Hybrid Theory based in part on early demos with Mark Wakefield . Shinoda characterized the lyrics as interpretations of universal feelings , emotions , and experiences , and as `` everyday emotions you talk about and think about . '' Bennington later described the songwriting experience to Rolling Stone in early 2002 : It 's easy to fall into that thing -- ' poor , poor me ' , that 's where songs like ' Crawling ' come from : I ca n't take myself . But that song is about taking responsibility for your actions . I do n't say ' you ' at any point . It 's about how I 'm the reason that I feel this way . There 's something inside me that pulls me down . Composition ( edit ) The music of Hybrid Theory draws from diverse inspirations . Bennington 's singing style is influenced by acts such as Depeche Mode and Stone Temple Pilots , while the riffs and playing techniques of guitarist Brad Delson are modeled after Deftones , Guns N ' Roses , U2 , and The Smiths . Mike Shinoda 's rapping , present in seven tracks , is very close to The Roots ' style . The lyrical content of the songs primarily touches upon the problems that Bennington encountered during his childhood , including child abuse , constant and excessive drug and alcohol abuse , the divorce of his parents , isolation , disappointments , and the aftermath feelings of failed relationships . Stylistically , the album has been described as nu metal , rap metal and alternative metal . The album eventually produced four singles . `` One Step Closer '' , the album 's second track and first single , was gradually recorded in increments after Linkin Park struggled with `` Runaway '' , and features a guitar riff and electronic percussion in the introduction transitioning into a bridge with distortion - heavy guitars and aggressive drums . It is also infamous for the `` Shut up when I 'm talkin ' to you ! '' refrain screamed by Bennington one minute and 48 seconds into the song . The music video for `` One Step Closer '' was shot in a Los Angeles subway and became an instant hit , eventually receiving heavy rotation on MTV and other music television networks . Stand - in bassist Scott Koziol is shown performing with the band in the video . `` Papercut '' A 41 - second sample of `` Papercut '' , the third single from Hybrid Theory . The song describes paranoia . The song shows Mike Shinoda 's rapping in the verses , as well as Chester Bennington partially rapping over the chorus . `` Crawling '' A 30 - second sample of `` Crawling '' , the second single from Hybrid Theory . The song lyrically focused on Bennington 's experiences with child abuse in his adolescence . `` In the End '' Sample of `` In the End '' , the final single from Hybrid Theory . The song began with a memorable piano riff which was joined with Shinoda 's rapping which dominated the verses of the song . Problems playing these files ? See media help . The second single was `` Crawling '' . Lyrically , the song focuses on Bennington 's personal experiences with child abuse -- the physical violence , the difficulty in breaking the cycle of abuse , and the subsequent loss of self - esteem . This concept is echoed in the music video , in which a girl ( Katelyn Rosaasen ) is abused by her father and can be seen in the beginning of the video with several visible bruises . `` Papercut '' was the album 's third single , and its lyrics describe paranoia . The music video for `` Papercut '' features the band performing in a hallway opposite a completely dark room on the walls of which are scribbled the song 's lyrics . Various supernatural themes are present in the video , and special effects are used to create eerie renditions , such as the `` stretching '' of Shinoda 's fingers and the `` melting '' of Bourdon 's face . The fourth single to come from Hybrid Theory was `` In the End '' , which prominently features a signature piano riff performed by Shinoda . His rapping also dominates the verses of the song and is later joined by Bennington 's vocals in the chorus . The song 's concept is mainly based on one person 's failure . It is considered symbolic of an ending relationship , however , it can also represent broken trust in a once long - lasting friendship . The music video for `` In the End '' was shot at various stops along the 2001 Ozzfest tour and was directed by Nathan `` Karma '' Cox and the band 's DJ Joe Hahn , who would go on to direct many of Linkin Park 's future videos ( the two also directed the music video for `` Papercut '' ) . Although the background for the `` In the End '' video was filmed in a California desert , the band itself performed on a studio stage in Los Angeles , with prominent CGI effects and compositing being used to create the finished version . Performing on a studio stage allowed Hahn and Cox to set off water pipes above the stage near the end and drench the band . The music video won the Best Rock Video award at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards . `` Points of Authority '' , the fourth track on the album , has its own music video that can be found on Frat Party at the Pankake Festival , the band 's first DVD . Drummer Rob Bourdon describes the recording process of the song : `` Brad wrote this riff , then went home . Mike decided to cut it up into different pieces and rearranged them on the computer ( ... ) Brad had to learn his own part from the computer . '' Regarding the song , Delson praised Shinoda 's skill , describing him as `` a genius '' and `` Trent Reznor - talented '' . On live performances of the song , when Shinoda raps the line , `` Forfeit the game '' verse for the third time in the song , Bennington would rap the verse along with Mike . Artwork ( edit ) With Hybrid Theory being Linkin Park 's first album , Mike Shinoda , who had worked as a graphic designer before becoming a professional musician , has stated that the band had looked through books for inspiration on how to present themselves for the first time . The result was a winged - soldier which Shinoda illustrated himself . According to Chester Bennington , the idea of the soldier with dragonfly wings was to describe the blending of hard and soft musical elements by the use of the jaded looks of the soldier and frail touches of the wings . The art style was largely influenced by stencil graffiti , including early works by Banksy . The cover also features scrambled lyrics of the album 's songs within the background , though the lyrics of `` One Step Closer '' are the most prominent . A different version of the soldier can be seen on some of the album 's singles . The cover of Reanimation , a remix album of Hybrid Theory , features a robotic version of the soldier that is similar in appearance to a mobile suit Gundam , a line of robotic combat machines that are featured in the popular Gundam Wing anime series . Release ( edit ) Hybrid Theory was released in the United States on October 24 , 2000 following radio airplay of `` One Step Closer '' . Four singles from the album were released throughout 2001 ( though `` Points of Authority '' was released as a promotional single ) , three of which were chart successes on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks charts . The single `` In the End '' was the highest charting single from the album , which peaked at # 1 on the Modern Rock Tracks charts and appearing on charts worldwide . The success of `` In the End '' was partly responsible for Hybrid Theory 's chart success ; it reached # 2 in the Billboard 200 in early 2002 behind Weathered by Creed and by J to tha L -- O ! : The Remixes by Jennifer Lopez . Hybrid Theory was the 11th best performing album on the Billboard 200 during the decade , the album reached the top ten in its 38th week on the chart and stayed in the top ten for 34 weeks . The album spent nearly 170 weeks on the chart as of 2017 , by re entering at # 167 in February 2011 and for several weeks every time a new studio album was released . Following the death of Chester Bennington in July 2017 , the album re-entered at # 27 on the Billboard 200 , along with three of their other studio albums , re-surfacing into the top 10 at # 8 the following week . In the UK , it peaked at # 4 in 2001 and re-climbed to its peak position in July 2017 , the same week it re-entered the top 10 in the US . The album also charted in 11 other countries at fairly high positions and ranked among the top ten in the charts of the United Kingdom , Sweden , New Zealand , Austria , Finland , and Switzerland . At the 44th Grammy Awards in 2002 , Linkin Park won Best Hard Rock Performance for their song `` Crawling '' . Additional nominations for Best New Artist and Best Rock Album lost out to Alicia Keys and All That You Ca n't Leave Behind by U2 . Following the success of Hybrid Theory , Linkin Park received invitations to perform at various rock concerts and tours , including Ozzfest , the Family Values Tour , KROQ - FM 's Almost Acoustic Christmas , and the band 's self - created tour , Projekt Revolution , which was headlined by Linkin Park and featured other bands such as Cypress Hill and Adema . During this time , Linkin Park reunited with their original bassist , Dave `` Phoenix '' Farrell . The band kept an online journal on their official website throughout their 2001 and 2002 touring regime , in which each band member made a respective notation . Although the notes are no longer on their website , they are available on fansites . Linkin Park played 324 shows in 2001 . Special editions ( edit ) A two - disc special edition of Hybrid Theory was released on March 11 , 2002 in Asia . The first disc contains the original album , and the second disc features live performances of `` Papercut '' , `` Points of Authority '' , and `` A Place for My Head '' recorded at the Docklands Arena for BBC Radio 1 . Also featured on the second disc are two studio tracks : `` My December '' -- a song written after the release of Hybrid Theory for inclusion on KROQ 's `` Slim Santa '' CD , and `` High Voltage '' , a remix of the song originally on the Hybrid Theory EP . On August 12 , 2014 , the band released a Live CD of the Download Festival 2014 performance where they played their debut album in its entirely , `` Hybrid Theory : Live at Download Festival 2014 '' . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Robert Christgau Jam ! ( favorable ) Melodic NME 6 / 10 PopMatters ( favorable ) Q Rolling Stone Sputnikmusic 3.0 / 5 Stylus Magazine ( mixed ) Hybrid Theory received generally positive reviews from critics . Stephanie Dickison of PopMatters commented that the band was a `` far more complex and talented group than the hard rock boy bands of late '' , and claimed that `` they will continue to fascinate and challenge music 's standard sounds . '' Q magazine gave Hybrid Theory four out of five stars . Robert Christgau of The Village Voice wrote that `` the men do n't know what the angry boys understand '' , and gave the album a `` two - star honorable mention rating '' , citing `` Papercut '' and `` Points of Authority '' as highlights of the album . Jenny Eliscu of Rolling Stone gave the album two and a half stars and commented that Hybrid Theory had `` as much potency as albums by Limp Bizkit or Korn '' and called it an album that `` reflects the frustration of life '' . Considering that the album came out in the year 2000 , and that it earned a Diamond certification , it may have exerted a similar rock influence on the up and coming Millennial generation that Nirvana 's Nevermind ( 1991 ) did for Generation X . It might even be possible to say , because of the popularity of this album , that Linkin Park could be thought of as the `` flagship '' rock band for the Millennials . This generation tends to gravitate more towards rap and pop music ; and having these elements mixed into Linkin Park 's style might have played a role in the album 's success . AllMusic writer William Ruhlmann said that `` Linkin Park sounds like a Johnny - come - lately to an already overdone musical style '' and called `` One Step Closer '' `` a typical effort '' , referring to the lyrics of the song 's chorus . Johan Wippsson from Melodic praised Don Gilmore 's production and described the albums as `` destructive and angry but always with a well controlled melodic feeling all over . '' NME 's Noel Gardner commented that `` otherwise damn fine soaring emo - crunchers like ' With You ' and ' A Place for My Head ' are pointlessly jazzed up with tokenistic scratching , '' giving the album a score of six out of ten . Tyler Fisher at Sputnikmusic gave the album a 3.0 / 5 , saying `` Hybrid Theory stands as a defining mainstream album at the turn of the century , and for good reason . '' , but calling the guitar riffs `` often bland and unoriginal '' . Mike Ross of Jam ! declares the albums as a combination of the best of hip hop and heavy metal . He goes on to state `` ... they can actually rap . They can actually crank out a ferocious , head - banging groove . They can write introspective lyrics with intelligence . It adds up to one of the finest new rap metal bands I 've ever heard . '' Later in 2002 , Linkin Park released an album entitled Reanimation . It included the songs of Hybrid Theory remixed and reinterpreted by nu metal and underground hip hop artists . Contributors to the album included Black Thought , Pharoahe Monch , Jonathan Davis , Stephen Carpenter , and Aaron Lewis . The sound of later Linkin Park albums would involve experimentation with classical instruments such as strings and piano , both of which , along with the same elements of electronica from Hybrid Theory , are prominently included in the band 's second studio album Meteora . As Shinoda explains the difference in the sound between Hybrid Theory and Meteora : `` That electronic element has always been there in the band -- it 's just that sometimes we bring it closer to the front . '' Accolades ( edit ) Hybrid Theory found itself in several `` must have '' lists that were compiled by various music publications , networks , and other media . In 2012 , Rock Sound named Hybrid Theory the best modern classic album of the last 15 years . In 2013 , Loudwire ranked it at # 10 in its Best Hard Rock Debut Albums list . Some of the more prominent of these lists to feature Hybrid Theory are shown below : Publication Country Accolade Year Rank The Village Voice United States Pazz & Jop 2001 159 Classic Rock United Kingdom The 100 Greatest Rock Albums of All - Time 2005 72 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame United States The Definitive 200 2007 84 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die United States 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die 2006 * Record Collector United Kingdom Best of 2001 2001 * Rock Sound France Les 150 Albums De La Génération ( The top 150 Albums of the Generation ) 2006 58 Rock Sound United States 101 Modern Classic Albums of the last 15 years 2012 Rock Hard Germany The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time 2005 421 Kerrang ! United Kingdom 50 best rock albums of the 2000s 2014 8 * denotes an unordered list Commercial performance ( edit ) Hybrid Theory debuted at number 16 on the US Billboard 200 , selling 50,000 copies in its first week . It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) five weeks after its release . In 2001 , the album had sold 4.8 million copies in the United States , making it the best - selling album of the year , and it was estimated that the album continued selling 100,000 copies per week in early 2002 . Throughout the following years , the album continued to sell at a fast pace and was eventually certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America in 2005 for shipment of ten million copies in the United States . To date , the album has sold 30 million copies worldwide , which makes it the best selling debut album of the 21st century . As of July 2017 , the album has sold 10,500,000 copies in the US . After the death of Chester Bennington on July 20 , 2017 , the album reached number 1 on the iTunes and Amazon music charts . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Papercut '' Linkin Park 3 : 04 2 . `` One Step Closer '' Linkin Park 2 : 35 3 . `` With You '' Linkin Park Michael Simpson John King 3 : 23 4 . `` Points of Authority '' Linkin Park 3 : 20 5 . `` Crawling '' Linkin Park 3 : 29 6 . `` Runaway '' Linkin Park Mark Wakefield 3 : 03 7 . `` By Myself '' Linkin Park 3 : 09 8 . `` In the End '' Linkin Park 3 : 36 9 . `` A Place for My Head '' Linkin Park Wakefield Dave Farrell 3 : 04 10 . `` Forgotten '' Linkin Park Wakefield Farrell 3 : 14 11 . `` Cure for the Itch '' Linkin Park 2 : 37 12 . `` Pushing Me Away '' Linkin Park 3 : 11 Total length : 37 : 45 ( show ) Japanese version bonus tracks No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 13 . `` My December '' Mike Shinoda 4 : 20 14 . `` High Voltage '' Linkin Park 3 : 45 15 . `` One Step Closer '' ( video ) Linkin Park 2 : 55 ( show ) iTunes bonus tracks No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 13 . `` My December '' Shinoda 4 : 22 14 . `` High Voltage '' Linkin Park 3 : 47 15 . `` Papercut '' ( Recorded live at BBC1 ) Linkin Park 3 : 09 ( show ) 2013 iTunes Store deluxe edition bonus tracks No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 13 . `` High Voltage '' ( Live ) Linkin Park 3 : 38 14 . `` My December '' Shinoda 4 : 19 15 . `` Points of Authority '' ( Crystal Method Remix ) Linkin Park 4 : 56 16 . `` Papercut '' ( Live at Milton Keynes ) Linkin Park 3 : 50 ( show ) Special edition bonus disc No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Papercut '' ( Live at Docklands Arena , London ) Linkin Park 3 : 13 2 . `` Points of Authority '' ( Live at Docklands Arena , London ) Linkin Park 3 : 30 3 . `` A Place for My Head '' ( Live at Docklands Arena , London ) Linkin Park Wakefield Farrell 3 : 11 4 . `` My December '' Shinoda 4 : 20 5 . `` High Voltage '' Linkin Park 3 : 45 ( show ) 2013 Vinyl reissue bonus vinyl No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` One Step Closer '' Linkin Park 2 : 39 2 . `` My December '' Shinoda 4 : 21 ( show ) Hybrid Theory -- Live at Download Festival 2014 No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Papercut '' Linkin Park 3 : 13 2 . `` One Step Closer '' Linkin Park 3 : 13 3 . `` With You '' Linkin Park Simpson King 3 : 34 4 . `` Points of Authority '' Linkin Park 5 : 00 5 . `` Crawling '' Linkin Park 3 : 29 6 . `` Runaway '' Linkin Park Wakefield 3 : 16 7 . `` By Myself '' Linkin Park 3 : 24 8 . `` In the End '' Linkin Park 3 : 40 9 . `` A Place for My Head '' Linkin Park Wakefield Farrell 3 : 44 10 . `` Forgotten '' Linkin Park Wakefield Farrell 3 : 26 11 . `` Cure for the Itch '' Linkin Park 2 : 50 12 . `` Pushing Me Away '' Linkin Park 3 : 29 Hybrid Theory -- live around the world ( edit ) Hybrid Theory -- Live Around the World Live album by Linkin Park Released May 31 , 2012 Recorded 2007 -- 10 Genre Nu metal rap metal alternative metal Length 29 : 02 Label Warner Bros . Machine Shop Producer Mike Shinoda Linkin Park chronology Hybrid Theory -- Live Around the World ( 2012 ) Meteora -- Live Around the World ( 2012 ) Meteora -- Live Around the World 2012 Hybrid Theory -- Live Around the World is a live album which features live versions of eight songs from the debut studio album , Hybrid Theory . They were recorded in various cities around the world from 2007 to 2010 . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Linkin Park , except `` A Place for My Head '' Linkin Park , Wakefield , Farrell . Hybrid Theory -- Live Around the World No . Title Length 1 . `` Papercut '' ( Live from Paris , 2010 ) 3 : 08 2 . `` One Step Closer '' ( Live from Frankfurt , 2008 ) 4 : 13 3 . `` Points of Authority '' ( Live from Sydney , 2007 ) 4 : 07 4 . `` Crawling '' ( Live from Athens , 2009 ) 4 : 41 5 . `` In the End '' ( Live from Melbourne , 2010 ) 3 : 33 6 . `` A Place for My Head '' ( Live from Koln , 2008 ) 3 : 57 7 . `` Cure for the Itch '' ( Live from Perth , 2007 ) 1 : 43 8 . `` Pushing Me Away '' ( Live from Dallas , 2007 ) 3 : 41 Personnel ( edit ) Linkin Park Chester Bennington -- lead vocals Mike Shinoda -- vocals , rhythm guitar , keyboard , piano , samples , programming Brad Delson -- lead guitar , bass guitar Joe Hahn -- turntables , samples , programming Rob Bourdon -- drums , percussion Additional musicians Ian Hornbeck -- additional bass ( on tracks 1 , 9 and 10 ) Scott Koziol -- additional bass ( on One Step Closer ) Mark Wakefield -- additional writing ( on tracks 6 , 9 and 10 ) The Dust Brothers -- sequencing , samples ( on track 3 ) Artwork Frank Maddocks -- graphic design James Minchin III -- photography Mike Shinoda -- soldier drawing , line art sketches , drawings Joe Hahn -- line art sketches , drawings Production Don Gilmore -- producer , engineering Steve Sisco -- Engineering John Ewing Jr . -- Additional engineering , Pro Tools Matt Griffin -- Engineering assistance Andy Wallace -- mixing Brian Gardner -- Audio mastering , digital editing Management Jeff Blue -- A&R , executive producer Natalie Preston & Arriana Murray -- A&R Coordination Michael Arfin -- Booking agent for Artist Group Michael Oppenhein & Jonathan Schwart -- Business managers for Gudvi , Chapnik & Oppenhein Danny Hayes -- Legal for Selverne , Mandelbaum and Mintz Petter Standish -- Marketing director Rob Mcdermott -- World representation for The Firm Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 13 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 5 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 13 French Albums ( SNEP ) 17 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) Hungarian Albums Chart Italian Albums ( FIMI ) New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 5 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 10 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) Spanish Albums ( AFYVE ) 15 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Albums ( OCC ) UK Rock & Metal Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Croatian International Albums ( HDU ) 39 Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) 13 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 8 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 9 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 5 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 17 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 24 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 5 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Albums ( OCC ) UK Rock & Metal Albums ( OCC ) US Top Alternative Albums ( Billboard ) US Top Hard Rock Albums ( Billboard ) US Top Rock Albums ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Position Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 5 Singles ( edit ) Year Song Peak positions US US Mod . US Main . UK SWE NZ AUT NLD 2000 `` One Step Closer '' 75 5 24 46 -- 38 57 2001 `` Crawling '' 79 5 16 27 37 8 45 `` Papercut '' -- 32 -- 14 -- -- 43 39 `` In the End '' 8 10 6 5 An em - dash ( -- ) denotes countries in which the singles were not released or did not chart . Promotional singles ( edit ) Title Year Peak chart positions US Alt . US Main . Rock `` With You '' 2000 -- -- `` Points of Authority '' 2001 -- -- `` Runaway '' 2003 40 37 `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory . Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Argentina ( CAPIF ) Platinum 60,000 Australia ( ARIA ) 5 × Platinum 350,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 50,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 50,000 Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) Platinum 250,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 5 × Platinum 500,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 3 × Platinum 150,000 Finland ( Musiikkituottajat ) Platinum 62,629 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 200,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 5 × Gold 750,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 50,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Platinum 150,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 5 × Platinum 75,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Platinum 100,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 80,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 5 × Platinum 1,585,812 United States ( RIAA ) 11 × Platinum 11,000,211 Summaries Europe ( IFPI ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Music Albums , Top 200 Albums & Music Album Charts '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Linkin Park Announced As Saturday Headliner '' . Download News . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park To Perform Entire ' Hybrid Theory ' Album At U.K. 'S Download Festival '' . Blabbermouth.net . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Fricke , David . `` Rap Metal Rulers '' , Rolling Stone No. 891 , March 14 , 2002 ^ Jump up to : `` Everybody loves a success story '' . The LP Association . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Sculley , Alan . `` Linkin Park interview with Rhythm '' . Madison.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Tyrangiel , Josh ( 2002 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Linkin Park biography describing origin of name '' . Time.com . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park biography '' . VH1.com . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Complete Linkin Park discography '' . The LP Association . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park demos '' . The LP Association . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ BBC Radio 1 , Evening Session Interview with Steve Lamacq , June 13 , 2001 Jump up ^ `` BBC Session Interview '' . LP Times . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chester Bennington biography '' . The LP Association . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Sharpened review '' . Sharpened.net . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Nu - Metal Albums You Need to Own '' . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Linkin Park - Hybrid Theory - Sputnikmusic '' . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nikita Ramkissoon . `` Can I get an encore : Linkin Park live in Johannesburg '' . Times LIVE . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sputnikmusic review '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Dickison , Stephanie . `` PopMatters review '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Step Closer video info '' . Forfeit the Game . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Crawling '' . Linkin Park . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Papercut '' . Linkin Park . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` An interview with bassist Phoenix '' . Rough Edge . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` In the End facts '' . Song Facts . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards History '' . Rock on the Net . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Bennington talks about the hybrid theory soldier '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Linkin Park Talks Recording ' Hybrid Theory , ' the Most Successful Debut Album of the Century Complex ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` All Music review '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Linkin Park single chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Decade Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park international charts '' . Rockdetector.com . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2008 . Retrieved September 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park at Yahoo ! Music '' . Yahoo ! Music . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2008 . Retrieved September 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park touring journal '' . Forfeit the Game . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Hybrid Theory ( Special Edition ) '' . Hyangmusic.com. 2001 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Christgau : CG : Linkin Park '' . Robert Christgau . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Mike . `` Canoe -- Jam ! Music -- Artists -- Album Review : Hybrid Theory '' . Jam ! . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Wippsson , Johan . `` Hybrid Theory '' . Melodic . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park : Hybrid Theory '' . NME : 35 . 1 January 2001 . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . 6 out of 10 -- `` ... There is innovation here ... '' ^ Jump up to : Q : 111 . January 2001 . 4 out of 5 stars -- `` ... Giving angst - ridden rock ... an effective electronic spin ... Throw in the contrasting vocal interplay of gruff rapper Mike Shinoda and crooner Chester Bellington , hooks you could land a whale with and Fred Durst - style earnestness and ( the group ) shine like the proverbial diamond in excrement ... '' ) Missing or empty title = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Diehl , Matt ( December 7 , 2000 ) . `` Linkin park : Hybrid Theory : Music Review : Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sputnikmusic review '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Ian ( 2007 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Linkin Park -- Hybrid Theory -- The Diamond -- Stylus Magazine '' . Stylus Magazine . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One feels tempted to retreat to a cave and listen to Kyuss . Forever '' . NME . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Reanimation review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Meteora overview '' . musicOMH.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Shinoda interview '' . musicOMH.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Chad Childers ( 2013 - 06 - 06 ) . `` No. 10 : Linkin Park , ' Hybrid Theory ' -- Best Debut Hard Rock Albums '' . Loudwire.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Hybrid Theory 's accolades '' . Acclaimed Music . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Pazz & Jop Critics Poll of 2001 '' . The Village Voice . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Rock -- The 100 Greatest Rock Albums of All - Time '' . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Definitive 200 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Dimery , Robert ( February 7 , 2006 ) . `` 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die '' . Universe . New York , NY ( ISBN 0 - 7893 - 1371 - 5 ) . p. 910 . Jump up ^ `` A Selection of Lists from Record Collector Magazine '' . Rocklist.co.uk . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Les 150 Albums De La Génération '' . Acclaimed Music . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Rock Sound 's 101 Modern Classic Albums ! News Rock Sound '' . Rocksound.tv . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ ( ... ) , Rock Hard ( Hrsg . ) . ( Red. : Michael Rensen . Mitarb. : Götz Kühnemund ) ( 2005 ) . Best of Rock & Metal die 500 stärksten Scheiben aller Zeiten . Königswinter : Heel . p. 41 . ISBN 3 - 89880 - 517 - 4 . Jump up ^ Emily 50 BEST ROCK ALBUMS OF THE 2000 ′ S Kerrang ! October 8 , 2014 . October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park - Million Sellers ! News '' . Nme.Com. 2003 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 charts '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2008 . Retrieved September 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sanneh , Kelefa ( 2002 - 03 - 31 ) . `` MUSIC ; New Ideas From the Top of the Charts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Hybrid Theory tops best - sellers of 2001 '' . MTV.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gold and Platinum : Diamond Certified Albums '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Randy ( April 8 , 2009 ) . `` Hybrid Theory ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Stutz , Colin ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` Linkin Park 's ' Hybrid Theory ' Producer Calls Working With Chester Bennington a ' Dream Come True '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cameron . `` Linkin Park 's 17 - year - old debut is the No. 1 album in Australia after Chester Bennington 's death '' . News Corp Australia Network . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Linkin Park - Hybrid Theory ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) at Discogs Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park to Release ' Hybrid Theory ' Vinyl on Record Store Day - Audio Ink Radio '' . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LPCatalog - 2000 Hybrid Theory / Vinyl / European Union , 12 '' , 9362 - 49477 - 5 , RSD Reissue `` . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Linkin Park -- Hybrid Theory '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Linkin Park -- Hybrid Theory '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Linkin Park -- Hybrid Theory '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Linkin Park -- Hybrid Theory '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Linkin Park -- Hybrid Theory '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Linkin Park -- Hybrid Theory '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Linkin Park -- Hybrid Theory '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park : Hybrid Theory '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Longplay - Chartverfolgung at Musicline '' ( in German ) . Musicline.de . Phononet GmbH . Jump up ^ Mahasz . `` MAHASZ -- Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Linkin Park -- Hybrid Theory '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Linkin Park -- Hybrid Theory '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Linkin Park -- Hybrid Theory '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved February 11 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Linkin Park -- Hybrid Theory '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Linkin Park -- Hybrid Theory '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Rock & Metal Albums Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Australian Albums Chart : 31 July 2017 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Stranih ( Top Foreign ) '' ( in Croatian ) . Top Foreign Albums . Hrvatska diskografska udruga . Jump up ^ `` Czech Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Note : On the chart page , select 201730 on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Jump up ^ `` Finland Top 50 Albums Chart : 30 / 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Albums Chart : 28 July 2017 '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italy Top 20 Albums Chart : 27 July 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Albums Chart : 31 July 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norway Top 40 Albums Chart : 30 / 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 : 28 July 2017 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Switzerland Top 100 Albums Chart : 30 July 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UK Top 100 Albums Chart : 28 July 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UK Rock & Metal Albums Chart Top 40 : 31 July 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park Chart History ( Top Alternative Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park Chart History ( Top Hard Rock Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park Chart History ( Top Rock Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ The first is the list of the best - selling domestic albums of 2001 in Finland , the second is that of the foreign albums : `` Myydyimmät kotimaiset albumit vuonna 2001 '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . `` Myydyimmät ulkomaiset albumit vuonna 2001 '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` With You '' ( liner notes ) . Linkin Park . Warner Bros. Records . 2000 . PRO-C - 100273 . Jump up ^ `` Points of Authority '' ( liner notes ) . Linkin Park . Warner Bros. Records . 2001 . PRO2932 . Jump up ^ `` Runaway -- Linkin Park '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Argentinian album certifications -- Linkin Park -- Hybrid Theory '' . Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers . Jump up ^ `` Discos de oro y platino '' ( in Spanish ) . Cámara Argentina de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2006 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian album certifications -- Linkin Park -- Hybrid Theory '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Linkin Park in the field Interpret . Enter Hybrid Theory in the field Titel . Select album in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2002 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian album certifications -- Linkin Park -- Hybrid Theory '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Linkin Park -- Hybrid Theory '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.NU '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Linkin Park '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` French album certifications -- Linkin Park -- Hybrid Theory '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Albums Platine - année 2006 '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Disque en France . 2006 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Linkin ' Park ; ' Hybrid Theory ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian album certifications -- Linkin Park -- Hybrid Theory '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ FIMI ( 2014 ) . `` Italian Certification For Linkin Park '' . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Linkin Park '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand album certifications -- Linkin Park -- Hybrid Theory '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` Polish album certifications -- Linkin Park -- Hybrid Theory '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 2001 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Sweden ( 2001 ) . `` Swedish Certification for 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 11 , 2006 . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Linkin Park ; ' Hybrid Theory ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Linkin Park -- Hybrid Theory '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Hybrid Theory in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Ed Sheeran back on top of the albums chart '' . Music Week . Intent Media . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Linkin Park -- Hybrid Theory '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` IFPI Platinum Europe Awards -- 2009 '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . 2005 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Hybrid Theory at MusicBrainz ( list of releases ) Linkin Park Rob Bourdon Brad Delson Dave Farrell Joe Hahn Mike Shinoda Mark Wakefield Kyle Christner Chester Bennington Discography Songs Members Awards and nominations Studio albums Hybrid Theory Meteora Minutes to Midnight A Thousand Suns Living Things The Hunting Party One More Light Remix albums Reanimation Recharged Live albums Live in Texas Road to Revolution : Live at Milton Keynes A Thousand Suns+ Living Things + The Hunting Party : Live from Mexico Compilations A Decade Underground Studio Collection 2000 -- 2012 EPs Hybrid Theory EP Collision Course Songs from the Underground Video albums Frat Party at the Pankake Festival The Making of Meteora Breaking the Habit The Making of Minutes to Midnight The Meeting of a Thousand Suns Soundtracks 8 - Bit Rebellion ! Mall Tours Hybrid Theory World Tour Projekt Revolution LP Underground Tour Minutes to Midnight World Tour International Tour A Thousand Suns World Tour 11th Annual Honda Civic Tour Living Things World Tour Carnivores Tour The Hunting Party Tour One More Light World Tour Related articles Machine Shop Records Machine Shop co . Download to Donate Music for Relief 8 - Bit Rebellion ! LP Recharge The Seed Fuse Present : Linkin Park Live at MSG Inside Living Things Mall Dead by Sunrise Fort Minor Stone Temple Pilots In the Chamber with Linkin Park Linkin Park and Friends -- Celebrate Life in Honor of Chester Bennington Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Theory&oldid=809464731 '' Categories : 2000 debut albums Rap metal albums English - language albums Linkin Park albums Warner Bros. Records albums Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from February 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Pages with incorrect use of Rating template Track listings with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Argentina Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Finland Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Europe MusicBrainz release group same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz release group links Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 07 : 51 . 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Electoral College (United States)
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Electoral College ( United states ) - wikipedia Electoral College ( United states ) This article is about the United States Electoral College . For electoral colleges in general , see Electoral college . For other uses and regions , see Electoral college ( disambiguation ) . Map of the Electoral College 2016 presidential election The United States Electoral College is a body of electors established by the United States Constitution , constituted every four years for the sole purpose of electing the president and vice president of the United States . The College consists of 538 electors , and an absolute majority of 270 electoral votes is required to win election . Pursuant to Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 , the legislature of each state determines the manner by which its electors are chosen . Each state 's number of electors is equal to the combined total of the state 's membership in the Senate and House of Representatives ; currently there are 100 senators and 435 representatives . Additionally , the Twenty - third Amendment provides that the District of Columbia is entitled to the number of electors no greater than that of the least populous state ( i.e. , 3 ) . Any federal official , elected or appointed , is prohibited from being an elector . The Office of the Federal Register is charged with administering the Electoral College . Historically , the state legislatures chose the electors in more than half the states . That practice changed during the early 19th century , as states extended the right to vote to wider segments of the population . By 1832 , all but one state ( South Carolina ) transitioned to popular election . Since 1864 , the electors in every state have been chosen based on a popular election held on Election Day . The popular election for electors means the president and vice president are in effect chosen through indirect election by the citizens . Since the mid-19th century when all electors have been popularly chosen , the Electoral College has elected the candidate who received the most popular votes nationwide , except in four elections : 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so the true national popular vote is uncertain ; the electors failed to select a winning candidate , so the matter was decided by the House of Representatives . The custom of allowing recognized political parties to select a slate of prospective electors developed early . In contemporary practice , each presidential - vice presidential ticket has a unique slate of potential Electors . Then on election day , the voters select the electors . In all but two states , every person named on the slate for the ticket winning the popular vote are named as presidential electors . Deviating from this winner - take - all practice are Maine and Nebraska ; in both states , the winner of the popular vote in each of its congressional districts is awarded one elector , and the winner of the state - wide vote is then awarded the state 's remaining two electors . On the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December , about six weeks after the election , the electors convene in their respective state capitals ( and in Washington D.C. ) as prescribed by the Twelfth Amendment , to vote for president and , on a separate ballot , for vice president . An elector may vote for whomever he or she wishes for each office provided that at least one of their votes ( president or vice president ) is for a person who is not a resident of the same state as themselves . Some states , however , do have laws requiring that state 's electors to vote for the candidate to whom they are pledged . Electors who break their pledge are called `` faithless electors . '' In a rare occurance , only once , in 1836 , has an election 's outcome been influenced by faithless electors . Over the course of 58 presidential elections since 1789 , only 0.67 % of all electors have been unfaithful . After the vote , each state then sends a certified record of their electoral votes to Congress . The votes of the electors are opened during a joint session of Congress , held in the first week of January , and read aloud by the incumbent vice president , acting in his capacity as President of the Senate . If any person received an absolute majority of electoral votes that person is declared the winner . If there is a tie , or if no candidate for either or both offices receives a majority , then choice falls to Congress in a procedure known as contingent election . In a contingent presidential election , the House of Representatives , voting by state , elects the president , choosing from among the three candidates who received the most electoral votes . In a contingent vice presidential election , the Senate elects the vice president , choosing between the two candidates who received the largest number of electoral votes . In this election , each senator casts an individual vote . In both elections , an absolute majority is required to win : 26 of 50 individual states for president , and 51 of 100 senators for vice president . The District of Columbia would not participate in a contingent election for president or vice president as it is not a state . Contents 1 Background 2 History 2.1 Original plan 2.2 Breakdown and revision 2.3 Evolution to the general ticket 2.4 Evolution of selection plans 2.5 Fourteenth Amendment 2.6 Meeting of electors date over the years 3 Modern mechanics 3.1 Summary 3.2 Electors 3.2. 1 Apportionment 3.2. 2 Nomination 3.2. 3 Selection 3.2. 4 Meetings 3.2. 5 Faithlessness 3.3 Joint session of Congress and contingencies 3.3. 1 Contingent presidential election by House 3.3. 2 Contingent vice presidential election by Senate 3.3. 3 Deadlocked election 3.4 Current electoral vote distribution 4 Chronological table 5 Alternative methods of choosing electors 5.1 Appointment by state legislature 5.2 Electoral districts 5.3 Proportional vote 5.4 Congressional district method 5.4. 1 Implementation 6 Contemporary issues 6.1 Criticism 6.1. 1 Nondeterminacy of popular vote 6.1. 2 Exclusive focus on large swing states 6.1. 3 Discouragement of turnout and participation 6.1. 4 Obscuring disenfranchisement within states 6.1. 5 Lack of enfranchisement of U.S. territories 6.1. 6 Advantage based on state population 6.1. 7 Disadvantage for third parties 6.1. 8 Defense of slavery 6.2 Support 6.2. 1 Prevention of an urban - centric victory 6.2. 2 Maintenance of the federal character of the nation 6.2. 3 Enhancement of the status of minority groups 6.2. 4 Encouragement of stability through the two - party system 6.2. 5 Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies 6.2. 6 Isolation of election problems 6.2. 7 Role of slavery 7 Efforts to abolish 7.1 Bayh -- Celler amendment 7.2 Carter proposal 7.3 Cohen proposal 7.4 National Popular Vote Interstate Compact 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) The Constitutional Convention in 1787 used the Virginia Plan as the basis for discussions , as the Virginia delegation had proposed it first . The Virginia Plan called for the Congress to elect the president . Delegates from a majority of states agreed to this mode of election . However , a committee formed to work out various details including the mode of election of the president , recommended instead the election be by a group of people apportioned among the states in the same numbers as their representatives in Congress ( the formula for which had been resolved in lengthy debates resulting in the Connecticut Compromise and Three - Fifths Compromise ) , but chosen by each state `` in such manner as its Legislature may direct . '' Committee member Gouverneur Morris explained the reasons for the change ; among others , there were fears of `` intrigue '' if the president were chosen by a small group of men who met together regularly , as well as concerns for the independence of the president if he were elected by the Congress . However , once the Electoral College had been decided on , several delegates ( Mason , Butler , Morris , Wilson , and Madison ) openly recognized its ability to protect the election process from cabal , corruption , intrigue , and faction . Some delegates , including James Wilson and James Madison , preferred popular election of the executive . Madison acknowledged that while a popular vote would be ideal , it would be difficult to get consensus on the proposal given the prevalence of slavery in the South : `` There was one difficulty however of a serious nature attending an immediate choice by the people . The right of suffrage was much more diffusive in the Northern than the Southern States ; and the latter could have no influence in the election on the score of Negroes . The substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . '' The Convention approved the Committee 's Electoral College proposal , with minor modifications , on September 6 , 1787 . Delegates from states with smaller populations or limited land area such as Connecticut , New Jersey , and Maryland generally favored the Electoral College with some consideration for states . At the compromise providing for a runoff among the top five candidates , the small states supposed that the House of Representatives with each state delegation casting one vote would decide most elections . In The Federalist Papers , James Madison explained his views on the selection of the president and the Constitution . In Federalist No. 39 , Madison argued the Constitution was designed to be a mixture of state - based and population - based government . Congress would have two houses : the state - based Senate and the population - based House of Representatives . Meanwhile , the president would be elected by a mixture of the two modes . Alexander Hamilton in Federalist No. 68 laid out what he believed were the key advantages to the Electoral College . The electors come directly from the people and them alone for that purpose only , and for that time only . This avoided a party - run legislature , or a permanent body that could be influenced by foreign interests before each election . Hamilton explained the election was to take place among all the states , so no corruption in any state could taint `` the great body of the people '' in their selection . The choice was to be made by a majority of the Electoral College , as majority rule is critical to the principles of republican government . Hamilton argued that electors meeting in the state capitals were able to have information unavailable to the general public . Hamilton also argued that since no federal officeholder could be an elector , none of the electors would be beholden to any presidential candidate . Another consideration was the decision would be made without `` tumult and disorder '' as it would be a broad - based one made simultaneously in various locales where the decision - makers could deliberate reasonably , not in one place where decision - makers could be threatened or intimidated . If the Electoral College did not achieve a decisive majority , then the House of Representatives was to choose the president from among the top five candidates , ensuring selection of a presiding officer administering the laws would have both ability and good character . Hamilton was also concerned about somebody unqualified , but with a talent for `` low intrigue , and the little arts of popularity '' attaining high office . Additionally , in the Federalist No. 10 , James Madison argued against `` an interested and overbearing majority '' and the `` mischiefs of faction '' in an electoral system . He defined a faction as `` a number of citizens whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole , who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion , or of interest , adverse to the rights of other citizens , or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community . '' What was then called republican government ( i.e. , federalism , as opposed to direct democracy ) , with its varied distribution of voter rights and powers , would countervail against factions . Madison further postulated in the Federalist No. 10 that the greater the population and expanse of the Republic , the more difficulty factions would face in organizing due to such issues as sectionalism . Although the United States Constitution refers to `` Electors '' and `` electors '' , neither the phrase `` Electoral College '' nor any other name is used to describe the electors collectively . It was not until the early 19th century the name `` Electoral College '' came into general usage as the collective designation for the electors selected to cast votes for president and vice president . The phrase was first written into federal law in 1845 and today the term appears in 3 U.S.C. § 4 , in the section heading and in the text as `` college of electors . '' History ( edit ) Original plan ( edit ) Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution states : Each State shall appoint , in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct , a Number of Electors , equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no Senator or Representative , or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States , shall be appointed an Elector . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 4 of the Constitution states : The Congress may determine the Time of chusing ( sic ) the Electors , and the Day on which they shall give their Votes ; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 of the Constitution provided the original plan by which the electors chose the president and vice president . Under the original plan , the candidate who received a majority of votes from the electors would become president ; the candidate receiving the second most votes would become vice president . The original plan of the Electoral College was based upon several assumptions and anticipations of the Framers of the Constitution : Individual electors would be elected by citizens on a district - by - district basis . Each presidential elector would exercise independent judgment when voting . Candidates would not pair together on the same ticket with assumed placements toward each office of president and vice president . The system as designed would rarely produce a winner , thus sending the election to Congress . According to the text of Article II , however , each state government was free to have its own plan for selecting its electors , and the Constitution does not explicitly require states to popularly elect their electors . Several different methods for selecting electors are described at length below . Breakdown and revision ( edit ) The emergence of political parties and nationally coordinated election campaigns soon complicated matters in the elections of 1796 and 1800 . In 1796 , Federalist Party candidate John Adams won the presidential election . Finishing in second place was Democratic - Republican Party candidate Thomas Jefferson , the Federalists ' opponent , who became the vice president . This resulted in the president and vice president being of different political parties . In 1800 , the Democratic - Republican Party again nominated Jefferson for president and also nominated Aaron Burr for vice president . After the election , Jefferson and Burr tied one another with 73 electoral votes each . Since ballots did not distinguish between votes for president and votes for vice president , every ballot cast for Burr technically counted as a vote for him to become president , despite Jefferson clearly being his party 's first choice . Lacking a clear winner by constitutional standards , the election had to be decided by the House of Representatives pursuant to the Constitution 's contingency election provision . Having already lost the presidential contest , Federalist Party representatives in the lame duck House session seized upon the opportunity to embarrass their opposition by attempting to elect Burr over Jefferson . The House deadlocked for 35 ballots as neither candidate received the necessary majority vote of the state delegations in the House ( the votes of nine states were needed for a conclusive election ) . Jefferson achieved electoral victory on the 36th ballot , but only after Federalist Party leader Alexander Hamilton -- who disfavored Burr 's personal character more than Jefferson 's policies -- had made known his preference for Jefferson . Responding to the problems from those elections , the Congress proposed on December 9 , 1803 , and three - fourths of the states ratified by June 15 , 1804 , the Twelfth Amendment . Starting with the 1804 election , the amendment requires electors cast separate ballots for president and vice president , replacing the system outlined in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 . Evolution to the general ticket ( edit ) Alexander Hamilton described the framers ' view of how electors would be chosen : `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated ( tasks ) . '' The founders assumed this would take place district by district . That plan was carried out by many states until the 1880s . For example , in Massachusetts in 1820 , the rule stated `` the people shall vote by ballot , on which shall be designated who is voted for as an Elector for the district . '' In other words , the people did not place the name of a candidate for a president on the ballot , instead they voted for their local elector , whom they trusted later to cast a responsible vote for president . Some states reasoned that the favorite presidential candidate among the people in their state would have a much better chance if all of the electors selected by their state were sure to vote the same way -- a `` general ticket '' of electors pledged to a party candidate . So the slate of electors chosen by the state were no longer free agents , independent thinkers , or deliberative representatives . They became `` voluntary party lackeys and intellectual non-entities . '' Once one state took that strategy , the others felt compelled to follow suit in order to compete for the strongest influence on the election . When James Madison and Hamilton , two of the most important architects of the Electoral College , saw this strategy being taken by some states , they protested strongly . Madison and Hamilton both made it clear this approach violated the spirit of the Constitution . According to Hamilton , the selection of the president should be `` made by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station ( of president ) . '' According to Hamilton , the electors were to analyze the list of potential presidents and select the best one . He also used the term `` deliberate '' . Hamilton considered a pre-pledged elector to violate the spirit of Article II of the Constitution insofar as such electors could make no `` analysis '' or `` deliberate '' concerning the candidates . Madison agreed entirely , saying that when the Constitution was written , all of its authors assumed individual electors would be elected in their districts and it was inconceivable a `` general ticket '' of electors dictated by a state would supplant the concept . Madison wrote to George Hay : `` The district mode was mostly , if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted ; & was exchanged for the general ticket ( many years later ) . '' The Founders assumed that electors would be elected by the citizens of their district and that elector was to be free to analyze and deliberate regarding who is best suited to be president . Madison and Hamilton were so upset by what they saw as a distortion of the framers ' original intent that they advocated a constitutional amendment to prevent anything other than the district plan : `` the election of Presidential Electors by districts , is an amendment very proper to be brought forward , '' Madison told George Hay in 1823 . Hamilton went further . He actually drafted an amendment to the Constitution mandating the district plan for selecting electors . Evolution of selection plans ( edit ) In 1789 , at - large popular vote , the winner - take - all method , began with Pennsylvania and Maryland ; Virginia and Delaware used a district plan by popular vote , and in the five other states participating in the election ( Connecticut , Georgia , Maryland , New Hampshire , New Jersey , and South Carolina ) , state legislatures chose . By 1800 , Virginia and Rhode Island voted at - large , Kentucky , Maryland , and North Carolina voted popularly by district , and eleven states voted by state legislature . Beginning in 1804 there was a definite trend towards the winner - take - all system for statewide popular vote . States using their state legislature to choose presidential electors have included fourteen states from all regions of the country . By 1832 , only South Carolina used the state legislature , and it abandoned the method after 1860 . States using popular vote by district have included ten states from all regions of the country . By 1832 there was only Maryland , and from 1836 district plans fell out of use until the 20th century , though Michigan used a district plan for 1892 only . Since 1836 , statewide , winner - take - all popular voting for electors has been the almost universal practice . As of 2016 , Maine ( from 1972 ) and Nebraska ( from 1996 ) use the district plan , with two at - large electors assigned to support the winner of the statewide popular vote . Fourteenth Amendment ( edit ) Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment allows for a state 's representation in the House of Representatives to be reduced if a state unconstitutionally denies people the right to vote . The reduction is in keeping with the proportion of people denied a vote . This amendment refers to `` the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States '' among other elections , the only place in the Constitution mentioning electors being selected by popular vote . On May 8 , 1866 , during a debate on the Fourteenth Amendment , Thaddeus Stevens , the leader of the Republicans in the House of Representatives , delivered a speech on the amendment 's intent . Regarding Section 2 , he said : `` The second section I consider the most important in the article . It fixes the basis of representation in Congress . If any State shall exclude any of her adult male citizens from the elective franchise , or abridge that right , she shall forfeit her right to representation in the same proportion . The effect of this provision will be either to compel the States to grant universal suffrage or so shear them of their power as to keep them forever in a hopeless minority in the national Government , both legislative and executive . '' Federal law ( 2 U.S.C. § 6 ) implements Section 2 's mandate . Meeting of electors date over the years ( edit ) For 1789 , the first Wednesday in February next be the day for the Electors to assemble in their respective States and vote for a President from Resolution of 13 September 1788 by the Confederation ( Continental ) Congress . For 1792 through 1884 , the Electors shall meet and give their votes on the first Wednesday in December from 1 Stat. 239 , Section 2 . For 1889 through 1933 , the Electors of each State shall meet and give their votes on the second Monday in January next following their appointment from 24 Stat. 373 , Section 1. For 1936 to the present , the Electors of President and Vice President of each State shall meet and give their votes on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December next following their appointment from 62 Stat. 673 , now codified as United States Code : Title 3 , Section 7 ( 3 USC 7 ) . Modern mechanics ( edit ) The 2012 Certificate of Vote issued by Maryland 's delegation to the Electoral College . Summary ( edit ) Even though the aggregate national popular vote is calculated by state officials , media organizations , and the Federal Election Commission , the people only indirectly elect the president , as the national popular vote is not the basis for electing the president or vice president . The president and vice president of the United States are elected by the Electoral College , which consists of 538 presidential electors from the fifty states and Washington , D.C. Presidential electors are selected on a state - by - state basis , as determined by the laws of each state . Since the election of 1824 , most states have appointed their electors on a winner - take - all basis , based on the statewide popular vote on Election Day . Maine and Nebraska are the only two current exceptions , as both states use the congressional district method . Although ballots list the names of the presidential and vice presidential candidates ( who run on a ticket ) , voters actually choose electors when they vote for president and vice president . These presidential electors in turn cast electoral votes for those two offices . Electors usually pledge to vote for their party 's nominee , but some `` faithless electors '' have voted for other candidates or refrained from voting . A candidate must receive an absolute majority of electoral votes ( currently 270 ) to win the presidency or the vice presidency . If no candidate receives a majority in the election for president or vice president , the election is determined via a contingency procedure established by the Twelfth Amendment . In such a situation , the House chooses one of the top three presidential electoral vote - winners as the president , while the Senate chooses one of the top two vice presidential electoral vote - winners as vice president . Electors ( edit ) Apportionment. ( edit ) Further information : United States congressional apportionment State population per electoral vote for the 50 states and Washington D.C. A state 's number of electors equals the number of representatives plus two electors for both senators the state has in the United States Congress . The number of representatives is based on the respective populations , determined every 10 years by the United States Census . Each representative represents on average 711,000 persons . Under the Twenty - third Amendment , Washington , D.C. , is allocated as many electors as it would have if it were a state , but no more electors than the least populous state . The least populous state ( which is Wyoming , according to the 2010 census ) has three electors ; thus , D.C. can not have more than three electors . Even if D.C. were a state , its population would entitle it to only three electors ; based on its population per electoral vote , D.C. has the second highest per capita Electoral College representation , after Wyoming . Currently , there is a total of 538 electors , there being 435 representatives and 100 senators , plus the three electors allocated to Washington , D.C. The six states with the most electors are California ( 55 ) , Texas ( 38 ) , New York ( 29 ) , Florida ( 29 ) , Illinois ( 20 ) , and Pennsylvania ( 20 ) . The seven smallest states by population -- Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming -- have three electors each . This is because each of these states is entitled to one representative and two senators . Nomination ( edit ) Candidates for elector are nominated by state chapters of nationally oriented political parties in the months prior to Election Day . In some states , the electors are nominated by voters in primaries , the same way other presidential candidates are nominated . In some states , such as Oklahoma , Virginia and North Carolina , electors are nominated in party conventions . In Pennsylvania , the campaign committee of each candidate names their respective electoral college candidates ( an attempt to discourage faithless electors ) . Varying by state , electors may also be elected by state legislatures , or appointed by the parties themselves . Selection ( edit ) Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution requires each state legislature to determine how electors for the state are to be chosen , but it disqualifies any person holding a federal office , either elected or appointed , from being an elector . Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment , any person who has sworn an oath to support the United States Constitution in order to hold either a state or federal office , and later rebelled against the United States directly or by giving assistance to those doing so , is disqualified from being an elector . However , the Congress may remove this disqualification by a two - thirds vote in each House . Since the Civil War , all states have chosen presidential electors by popular vote . This process has been normalized to the point the names of the electors appear on the ballot in only eight states : Rhode Island , Tennessee , Louisiana , Arizona , Idaho , Oklahoma , North Dakota and South Dakota . The Tuesday following the first Monday in November has been fixed as the day for holding federal elections , called the Election Day . In 48 states and Washington , D.C. , the `` winner - takes - all method '' is used ( electors selected as a single bloc ) . Maine and Nebraska use the `` congressional district method '' , selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and selecting the remaining two electors by a statewide popular vote . This method has been used in Maine since 1972 and in Nebraska since 1996 . The current system of choosing electors is called the `` short ballot '' . In most states , voters choose a slate of electors , and only a few states list on the ballot the names of proposed electors . In some states , if a voter wants to write in a candidate for president , the voter is also required to write in the names of proposed electors . After the election , each state prepares seven Certificates of Ascertainment , each listing the candidates for president and vice president , their pledged electors , and the total votes each candidacy received . One certificate is sent , as soon after Election Day as practicable , to the National Archivist in Washington D.C. The Certificates of Ascertainment are mandated to carry the State Seal , and the signature of the Governor ( in the case of the District of Columbia , the Certificate is signed by the Mayor of the District of Columbia . ) Meetings ( edit ) Certificate for the electoral votes for Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler for the State of Louisiana ( 1876 ) . The Electoral College never meets as one body . Electors meet in their respective state capitals ( electors for the District of Columbia meet within the District ) on the Monday after the second Wednesday in December , at which time they cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for president and vice president . Although procedures in each state vary slightly , the electors generally follow a similar series of steps , and the Congress has constitutional authority to regulate the procedures the states follow . The meeting is opened by the election certification official -- often that state 's secretary of state or equivalent -- who reads the Certificate of Ascertainment . This document sets forth who was chosen to cast the electoral votes . The attendance of the electors is taken and any vacancies are noted in writing . The next step is the selection of a president or chairman of the meeting , sometimes also with a vice chairman . The electors sometimes choose a secretary , often not himself an elector , to take the minutes of the meeting . In many states , political officials give short speeches at this point in the proceedings . When the time for balloting arrives , the electors choose one or two people to act as tellers . Some states provide for the placing in nomination of a candidate to receive the electoral votes ( the candidate for president of the political party of the electors ) . Each elector submits a written ballot with the name of a candidate for president . In New Jersey , the electors cast ballots by checking the name of the candidate on a pre-printed card ; in North Carolina , the electors write the name of the candidate on a blank card . The tellers count the ballots and announce the result . The next step is the casting of the vote for vice president , which follows a similar pattern . Each state 's electors must complete six Certificates of Vote . Each Certificate of Vote must be signed by all of the electors and a Certificate of Ascertainment must be attached to each of the Certificates of Vote . Each Certificate of Vote must include the names of those who received an electoral vote for either the office of president or of vice president . The electors certify the Certificates of Vote and copies of the Certificates are then sent in the following fashion : One is sent by registered mail to the President of the Senate ( who usually is the incumbent Vice President of the United States ) ; Two are sent by registered mail to the Archivist of the United States ; Two are sent to the state 's Secretary of State ; and One is sent to the chief judge of the United States district court where those electors met . A staff member of the President of the Senate collects the Certificates of Vote as they arrive and prepares them for the joint session of the Congress . The Certificates are arranged -- unopened -- in alphabetical order and placed in two special mahogany boxes . Alabama through Missouri ( including the District of Columbia ) are placed in one box and Montana through Wyoming are placed in the other box . Before 1950 , the Secretary of State 's office oversaw the certifications , but since then the Office of Federal Register in the Archivist 's office reviews them to make sure the documents sent to the archive and Congress match and that all formalities have been followed , sometimes requiring states to correct the documents . Faithlessness ( edit ) Main article : Faithless elector Faithless electors are those who either cast electoral votes for someone other than the candidate of the party that they pledged to vote for or who abstain . Twenty - nine states plus the District of Columbia have passed laws to punish faithless electors , although none have ever been enforced . Many constitutional scholars claim that state restrictions would be struck down if challenged based on Article II and the Twelfth Amendment . In 1952 , the constitutionality of state pledge laws was brought before the Supreme Court in Ray v. Blair , 343 U.S. 214 ( 1952 ) . The Court ruled in favor of state laws requiring electors to pledge to vote for the winning candidate , as well as removing electors who refuse to pledge . As stated in the ruling , electors are acting as a functionary of the state , not the federal government . Therefore , states have the right to govern the process of choosing electors . The constitutionality of state laws punishing electors for actually casting a faithless vote , rather than refusing to pledge , has never been decided by the Supreme Court . However , in his dissent in Ray v. Blair , Justice Robert Jackson wrote : `` no one faithful to our history can deny that the plan originally contemplated what is implicit in its text -- that electors would be free agents , to exercise an independent and nonpartisan judgment as to the men best qualified for the Nation 's highest offices . '' While many laws punish a faithless elector only after the fact , states like Michigan also specify a faithless elector 's vote be voided . As electoral slates are typically chosen by the political party or the party 's presidential nominee , electors usually have high loyalty to the party and its candidate : a faithless elector runs a greater risk of party censure than of criminal charges . In 2000 , elector Barbara Lett - Simmons of Washington , D.C. , chose not to vote , rather than voting for Al Gore as she had pledged to do . In 2016 , seven electors voted contrary to their pledges . Faithless electors have never changed the outcome of any presidential election . Joint session of Congress and contingencies ( edit ) Further information : Contingent election The Twelfth Amendment mandates Congress assemble in joint session to count the electoral votes and declare the winners of the election . The session is ordinarily required to take place on January 6 in the calendar year immediately following the meetings of the presidential electors . Since the Twentieth Amendment , the newly elected Congress declares the winner of the election ; all elections before 1936 were determined by the outgoing House . The meeting is held at 1 p.m. in the Chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives . The sitting vice president is expected to preside , but in several cases the president pro tempore of the Senate has chaired the proceedings . The vice president and the Speaker of the House sit at the podium , with the vice president in the seat of the Speaker of the House . Senate pages bring in the two mahogany boxes containing each state 's certified vote and place them on tables in front of the senators and representatives . Each house appoints two tellers to count the vote ( normally one member of each political party ) . Relevant portions of the Certificate of Vote are read for each state , in alphabetical order . Members of Congress can object to any state 's vote count , provided objection is presented in writing and is signed by at least one member of each house of Congress . An objection supported by at least one senator and one representative will be followed by the suspension of the joint session and by separate debates and votes in each House of Congress ; after both Houses deliberate on the objection , the joint session is resumed . A state 's certificate of vote can be rejected only if both Houses of Congress vote to accept the objection . In that case , the votes from the State in question are simply ignored . The votes of Arkansas and Louisiana were rejected in the presidential election of 1872 . Objections to the electoral vote count are rarely raised , although it did occur during the vote count in 2001 after the close 2000 presidential election between Governor George W. Bush of Texas and the vice president of the United States , Al Gore . Gore , who as vice president was required to preside over his own Electoral College defeat ( by five electoral votes ) , denied the objections , all of which were raised by only several representatives and would have favored his candidacy , after no senators would agree to jointly object . Objections were again raised in the vote count of the 2004 elections , and on that occasion the document was presented by one representative and one senator . Although the joint session was suspended , the objections were quickly disposed of and rejected by both Houses of Congress . If there are no objections or all objections are overruled , the presiding officer simply includes a state 's votes , as declared in the certificate of vote , in the official tally . After the certificates from all states are read and the respective votes are counted , the presiding officer simply announces the final result of the vote and , provided the required absolute majority of votes was achieved , declares the names of the persons elected president and vice president . This announcement concludes the joint session and formalizes the recognition of the president - elect and of the vice president - elect . The senators then depart from the House Chamber . The final tally is printed in the Senate and House journals . Contingent presidential election by House ( edit ) The Twelfth Amendment requires the House of Representatives to go into session immediately to vote for a president if no candidate for president receives a majority of the electoral votes ( since 1964 , 270 of the 538 electoral votes ) . In this event , the House of Representatives is limited to choosing from among the three candidates who received the most electoral votes for president . Each state delegation votes en bloc -- each delegation having a single vote ; the District of Columbia does not receive a vote . A candidate must receive an absolute majority of state delegation votes ( i.e. , at present , a minimum of 26 votes ) in order for that candidate to become the president - elect . Additionally , delegations from at least two thirds of all the states must be present for voting to take place . The House continues balloting until it elects a president . The House of Representatives has chosen the president only twice : in 1801 under Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 ; and in 1825 under the Twelfth Amendment . Contingent vice presidential election by Senate ( edit ) If no candidate for vice president receives an absolute majority of electoral votes , then the Senate must go into session to elect a vice president . The Senate is limited to choosing from the two candidates who received the most electoral votes for vice president . Normally this would mean two candidates , one less than the number of candidates available in the House vote . However , the text is written in such a way that all candidates with the most and second most electoral votes are eligible for the Senate election -- this number could theoretically be larger than two . The Senate votes in the normal manner in this case ( i.e. , ballots are individually cast by each senator , not by state delegations ) . However , two - thirds of the senators must be present for voting to take place . Additionally , the Twelfth Amendment states a `` majority of the whole number '' of senators ( currently 51 of 100 ) is necessary for election . Further , the language requiring an absolute majority of Senate votes precludes the sitting vice president from breaking any tie that might occur , although some academics and journalists have speculated to the contrary . The only time the Senate chose the vice president was in 1837 . In that instance , the Senate adopted an alphabetical roll call and voting aloud . The rules further stated , `` ( I ) fa majority of the number of senators shall vote for either the said Richard M. Johnson or Francis Granger , he shall be declared by the presiding officer of the Senate constitutionally elected Vice President of the United States '' ; the Senate chose Johnson . Deadlocked election ( edit ) Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment specifies if the House of Representatives has not chosen a president - elect in time for the inauguration ( noon EST on January 20 ) , then the vice president - elect becomes acting president until the House selects a president . Section 3 also specifies Congress may statutorily provide for who will be acting president if there is neither a president - elect nor a vice president - elect in time for the inauguration . Under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , the Speaker of the House would become acting president until either the House selects a president or the Senate selects a vice president . Neither of these situations has ever occurred . Current Electoral vote distribution ( edit ) See also : Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections Electoral votes ( EV ) allocations for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections . Triangular markers ( ) indicate gains or losses following the 2010 Census . EV × States States 3 × 8 = 24 Alaska , Delaware , District of Columbia * , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , Wyoming 4 × 5 = 20 Hawaii , Idaho , Maine * * , New Hampshire , Rhode Island 5 × 3 = 15 Nebraska * * , New Mexico , West Virginia 6 × 6 = 36 Arkansas , Iowa , Kansas , Mississippi , Nevada , Utah 7 × 3 = 21 Connecticut , Oklahoma , Oregon 8 × 2 = 16 Kentucky , Louisiana 9 × 3 = 27 Alabama , Colorado , South Carolina 10 × 4 = 40 Maryland , Minnesota , Missouri , Wisconsin 11 × 4 = 44 Arizona , Indiana , Massachusetts , Tennessee 12 × 1 = 12 Washington 13 × 1 = 13 Virginia 14 × 1 = 14 New Jersey 15 × 1 = 15 North Carolina 16 × 2 = 32 Georgia , Michigan 18 × 1 = 18 Ohio 20 × 2 = 40 Illinois , Pennsylvania 29 × 2 = 58 Florida , New York 38 × 1 = 38 Texas 55 × 1 = 55 California = 538 Total electors * The Twenty - third Amendment grants electors to DC as if it were a state , but not more than the least populous state . This has always been three . * * Maine 's four electors and Nebraska 's five are distributed using the Congressional district method . Chronological Table ( edit ) Number of presidential electors by state and year Election year 1788 -- 1800 1804 -- 1900 1904 -- 2000 2004 -- ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 ' 24 ' 28 ' 32 ' 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 ' 52 ' 56 ' 60 ' 64 ' 68 ' 72 ' 76 ' 80 ' 84 ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 ' 24 ' 28 ' 32 ' 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 ' 52 ' 56 ' 60 ' 64 ' 68 ' 72 ' 76 ' 80 ' 84 ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 # Total 81 135 138 176 218 221 235 261 288 294 275 290 296 303 234 294 366 369 401 444 447 476 483 531 537 538 State 22 Alabama 5 7 7 9 9 9 9 0 8 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 9 9 9 9 9 49 Alaska 48 Arizona 5 6 7 8 10 11 25 Arkansas 0 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 31 California 5 5 6 6 8 9 9 10 10 13 22 25 32 32 40 45 47 54 55 55 38 Colorado 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 5 Connecticut 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 -- D.C. Delaware 27 Florida 0 5 5 6 7 8 10 10 14 17 21 25 27 29 Georgia 5 6 8 8 8 9 11 11 10 10 10 10 0 9 11 11 12 13 13 13 13 14 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 15 16 50 Hawaii 43 Idaho 21 Illinois 5 5 9 9 11 11 16 16 21 21 22 24 24 27 27 29 29 28 27 27 26 26 24 22 21 20 19 Indiana 5 9 9 12 12 13 13 13 13 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 11 11 29 Iowa 8 8 11 11 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 10 10 10 9 8 8 7 7 6 34 Kansas 5 5 9 10 10 10 10 10 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 15 Kentucky 8 12 12 12 14 15 15 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 11 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 18 Louisiana 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 0 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 8 23 Maine 9 9 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 7 Maryland 8 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 8 8 8 8 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 Massachusetts 10 16 16 19 22 22 15 15 14 14 12 12 13 13 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 18 17 16 16 16 14 14 13 12 12 11 26 Michigan 5 5 6 6 8 8 11 11 13 14 14 14 14 15 19 19 20 20 21 21 20 18 17 16 32 Minnesota 5 5 7 9 9 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 Mississippi 6 6 7 7 0 0 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 24 Missouri 7 7 9 9 11 11 15 15 16 17 17 18 18 18 15 15 13 13 12 12 11 11 11 10 41 Montana 37 Nebraska 5 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 36 Nevada 5 6 9 New Hampshire 5 6 6 7 8 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 New Jersey 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 9 9 10 10 12 12 14 16 16 16 16 17 17 16 15 15 14 47 New Mexico 5 5 5 5 11 New York 8 12 12 19 29 29 29 36 42 42 36 36 35 35 33 33 35 35 36 36 36 39 39 45 47 47 45 45 43 41 36 33 31 29 12 North Carolina 12 12 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 11 11 10 10 0 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 14 14 14 13 13 13 14 15 15 39 North Dakota 5 17 Ohio 8 8 8 16 21 21 23 23 23 23 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 24 26 25 25 25 26 25 23 21 20 18 46 Oklahoma 7 10 11 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 33 Oregon 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 Pennsylvania 10 15 15 20 25 25 25 28 30 30 26 26 27 27 26 26 29 29 30 32 32 34 34 38 36 35 32 32 29 27 25 23 21 20 13 Rhode Island 5 8 South Carolina 7 8 8 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 9 9 8 8 0 6 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 40 South Dakota 5 16 Tennessee 5 8 8 8 11 15 15 13 13 12 12 0 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 12 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 11 28 Texas 0 0 8 8 13 15 15 18 18 20 23 23 24 24 25 26 29 32 34 38 45 Utah 5 5 5 6 14 Vermont 6 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 10 Virginia 12 21 21 24 25 25 25 24 23 23 17 17 15 15 0 0 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 42 Washington 5 5 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 11 11 12 35 West Virginia 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 5 5 5 30 Wisconsin 5 5 8 8 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 44 Wyoming # Total 81 135 138 176 218 221 235 261 288 294 275 290 296 303 234 294 366 369 401 444 447 476 483 531 537 538 Source : Presidential Elections 1789 -- 2000 at Psephos ( Adam Carr 's Election Archive ) Note : In 1788 , 1792 , 1796 , and 1800 , each elector cast two votes for president . Number of electors from each state for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections . 12 electoral votes changed between 18 states , based on the 2010 census . Eight states lost one electoral vote and two ( New York & Ohio ) each lost two electoral votes . Eight states gained electoral votes , six gained one electoral vote , Florida gained two & Texas gained four . Alternative methods of choosing electors ( edit ) Methods of presidential elector selection , by state , 1789 -- 1832 Year AL CT DE GA IL IN KY LA ME MD MA MS MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI SC TN VT VA 1789 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1792 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1796 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1800 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1804 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1808 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1812 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1816 -- -- -- -- -- 1820 1824 1828 1832 Year AL CT DE GA IL IN KY LA ME MD MA MS MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI SC TN VT VA Key Popular vote , At - large Popular vote , Districting Legislative selection Hybrid system Before the advent of the short ballot in the early 20th century , as described above , the most common means of electing the presidential electors was through the general ticket . The general ticket is quite similar to the current system and is often confused with it . In the general ticket , voters cast ballots for individuals running for presidential elector ( while in the short ballot , voters cast ballots for an entire slate of electors ) . In the general ticket , the state canvass would report the number of votes cast for each candidate for elector , a complicated process in states like New York with multiple positions to fill . Both the general ticket and the short ballot are often considered at - large or winner - takes - all voting . The short ballot was adopted by the various states at different times ; it was adopted for use by North Carolina and Ohio in 1932 . Alabama was still using the general ticket as late as 1960 and was one of the last states to switch to the short ballot . The question of the extent to which state constitutions may constrain the legislature 's choice of a method of choosing electors has been touched on in two U.S. Supreme Court cases . In McPherson v. Blacker , 146 U.S. 1 ( 1892 ) , the Court cited Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 which states that a state 's electors are selected `` in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct '' and wrote these words `` operat ( e ) as a limitation upon the state in respect of any attempt to circumscribe the legislative power '' . In Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board , 531 U.S. 70 ( 2000 ) , a Florida Supreme Court decision was vacated ( not reversed ) based on McPherson . On the other hand , three dissenting justices in Bush v. Gore , 531 U.S. 98 ( 2000 ) , wrote : `` ( N ) othing in Article II of the Federal Constitution frees the state legislature from the constraints in the State Constitution that created it . '' Appointment by state legislature ( edit ) In the earliest presidential elections , state legislative choice was the most common method of choosing electors . A majority of the state legislatures selected presidential electors in both 1792 ( 9 of 15 ) and 1800 ( 10 of 16 ) , and half of them did so in 1812 . Even in the 1824 election , a quarter of state legislatures ( 6 of 24 ) chose electors . In that election , Andrew Jackson lost in spite of having pluralities of both the popular and electoral votes , with the outcome being decided by the six state legislatures choosing the electors . Some state legislatures simply chose electors , while other states used a hybrid method in which state legislatures chose from a group of electors elected by popular vote . By 1828 , with the rise of Jacksonian democracy , only Delaware and South Carolina used legislative choice . Delaware ended its practice the following election ( 1832 ) , while South Carolina continued using the method until it seceded from the Union in December 1860 . South Carolina used the popular vote for the first time in the 1868 election . Excluding South Carolina , legislative appointment was used in only four situations after 1832 : In 1848 , Massachusetts statute awarded the state 's electoral votes to the winner of the at - large popular vote , but only if that candidate won an absolute majority . When the vote produced no winner between the Democratic , Free Soil , and Whig parties , the state legislature selected the electors , giving all 12 electoral votes to the Whigs . In 1864 , Nevada , having joined the Union only a few days prior to Election Day , had no choice but to legislatively appoint . In 1868 , the newly reconstructed state of Florida legislatively appointed its electors , having been readmitted too late to hold elections . Finally , in 1876 , the legislature of the newly admitted state of Colorado used legislative choice due to a lack of time and money to hold a popular election . Legislative appointment was brandished as a possibility in the 2000 election . Had the recount continued , the Florida legislature was prepared to appoint the Republican slate of electors to avoid missing the federal safe - harbor deadline for choosing electors . The Constitution gives each state legislature the power to decide how its state 's electors are chosen and it can be easier and cheaper for a state legislature to simply appoint a slate of electors than to create a legislative framework for holding elections to determine the electors . As noted above , the two situations in which legislative choice has been used since the Civil War have both been because there was not enough time or money to prepare for an election . However , appointment by state legislature can have negative consequences : bicameral legislatures can deadlock more easily than the electorate . This is precisely what happened to New York in 1789 when the legislature failed to appoint any electors . Electoral districts ( edit ) Another method used early in U.S. history was to divide the state into electoral districts . By this method , voters in each district would cast their ballots for the electors they supported and the winner in each district would become the elector . This was similar to how states are currently separated by congressional districts . However , the difference stems from the fact every state always had two more electoral districts than congressional districts . As with congressional districts , moreover , this method is vulnerable to gerrymandering . Proportional vote ( edit ) Under such a system , electors would be selected in proportion to the votes cast for their candidate or party , rather than being selected by the statewide plurality vote . Congressional district method ( edit ) There are two versions of the congressional district method : one has been implemented in Maine and Nebraska ; another has been proposed in Virginia . Under the implemented congressional district method , the electoral votes are distributed based on the popular vote winner within each of the states ' congressional districts ; the statewide popular vote winner receives two additional electoral votes . In 2013 , a different version of the congressional district method was proposed in Virginia . This version would distribute Virginia 's electoral votes based on the popular vote winner within each of Virginia 's congressional districts ; the two statewide electoral votes would be awarded based on which candidate won the most congressional districts , rather than on who won Virginia 's statewide popular vote . The congressional district method can more easily be implemented than other alternatives to the winner - takes - all method , in view of major party resistance to relatively enabling third parties under the proportional method . State legislation is sufficient to use this method . Advocates of the congressional district method believe the system would encourage higher voter turnout and incentivize presidential candidates to broaden their campaigns in non-competitive states . Winner - take - all systems ignore thousands of popular votes ; in Democratic California there are Republican districts , in Republican Texas there are Democratic districts . Because candidates have an incentive to campaign in competitive districts , with a district plan , candidates have an incentive to actively campaign in over thirty states versus seven `` swing '' states . Opponents of the system , however , argue candidates might only spend time in certain battleground districts instead of the entire state and cases of gerrymandering could become exacerbated as political parties attempt to draw as many safe districts as they can . Unlike simple congressional district comparisons , the district plan popular vote bonus in the 2008 election would have given Obama 56 % of the Electoral College versus the 68 % he did win ; it `` would have more closely approximated the percentage of the popular vote won ( 53 % ) '' . Implementation ( edit ) Of the 43 states whose electoral votes could be affected by the congressional district method , only Maine and Nebraska apply it today . Maine has four electoral votes , based on its two representatives and two senators . Nebraska has two senators and three representatives , giving it five electoral votes . Maine began using the congressional district method in the election of 1972 . Nebraska has used the congressional district method since the election of 1992 . Michigan used the system for the 1892 presidential election , and several other states used various forms of the district plan before 1840 : Virginia , Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky , North Carolina , Massachusetts , Illinois , Maine , Missouri , and New York . The congressional district method allows a state the chance to split its electoral votes between multiple candidates . Prior to 2008 , neither Maine nor Nebraska had ever split their electoral votes . Nebraska split its electoral votes for the first time in 2008 , giving John McCain its statewide electors and those of two congressional districts , while Barack Obama won the electoral vote of Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district . Following the 2008 split , some Nebraska Republicans made efforts to discard the congressional district method and return to the winner - takes - all system . In January 2010 , a bill was introduced in the Nebraska legislature to revert to a winner - take - all system ; the bill died in committee in March 2011 . Republicans had also passed bills in 1995 and 1997 to eliminate the congressional district method in Nebraska , but those bills were vetoed by Democratic Governor Ben Nelson . In 2010 , Republicans in Pennsylvania , who controlled both houses of the legislature as well as the governorship , put forward a plan to change the state 's winner - takes - all system to a congressional district method system . Pennsylvania had voted for the Democratic candidate in the five previous presidential elections , so some saw this as an attempt to take away Democratic electoral votes . Although Democrat Barack Obama won Pennsylvania in 2008 , he won only 55 % of Pennsylvania 's popular vote . The district plan would have awarded him 11 of its 21 electoral votes , a 52.4 % that is closer to the popular vote yet still overcoming Republican gerrymandering . The plan later lost support . Other Republicans , including Michigan state representative Pete Lund , RNC Chairman Reince Priebus , and Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker , have floated similar ideas . Contemporary issues ( edit ) Arguments between proponents and opponents of the current electoral system include four separate but related topics : indirect election , disproportionate voting power by some states , the winner - takes - all distribution method ( as chosen by 48 of the 50 states ) , and federalism . Arguments against the Electoral College in common discussion focus mostly on the allocation of the voting power among the states . Gary Bugh 's research of congressional debates over proposed constitutional amendments to abolish the Electoral College reveals reform opponents have often appealed to a traditional version of representation , whereas reform advocates have tended to reference a more democratic view . Criticism ( edit ) Nondeterminacy of popular vote ( edit ) See also : United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote This graphic demonstrates how the winner of the popular vote can still lose in a hypothetical electoral college system . A bar graph of popular votes in presidential elections ( through 2016 ) , with blue stars marking the five elections in which the winner did not have the plurality of the popular vote . Black squares mark the cases where the electoral vote resulted in a tie , or the winner did not have the majority of electoral votes . An ' H ' marks the two cases where the election was decided by the House , and an ' S ' marks the one case where the election was finalized by the Supreme Court . The elections of 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 produced an Electoral College winner who did not receive at least a plurality of the nationwide popular vote . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so it is uncertain what the national popular vote would have been if all presidential electors had been popularly elected . When no candidate received a majority of electoral votes in 1824 , the election was decided by the House of Representatives and so could be considered distinct from the latter four elections in which all of the states had popular selection of electors . The true national popular vote was also uncertain in the 1960 election , and the plurality for the winner depends on how votes for Alabama electors are allocated . Opponents of the Electoral College claim such outcomes do not logically follow the normative concept of how a democratic system should function . One view is the Electoral College violates the principle of political equality , since presidential elections are not decided by the one - person one - vote principle . Outcomes of this sort are attributable to the federal nature of the system . Supporters of the Electoral College argue candidates must build a popular base that is geographically broader and more diverse in voter interests than either a simple national plurality or majority . Neither is this feature attributable to having intermediate elections of presidents , caused instead by the winner - takes - all method of allocating each state 's slate of electors . Allocation of electors in proportion to the state 's popular vote could reduce this effect . Proponents of a national popular vote point out combined population of the 50 biggest cities ( not including metropolitan areas ) only amounts to 15 % of the population , and that candidates in popular vote elections for governor and U.S. Senate , and for statewide allocation of electoral votes , do not ignore voters in less populated areas . In addition , it is already possible to win the required 270 electoral votes by winning only the 11 most populous states ; what currently prevents such a result is the organic political diversity between those states ( three reliably Republican states , four swing states , and four reliably Democratic states ) , not any inherent quality of the Electoral College itself . If all of those states came to lean reliably for one party , then the Electoral College itself would bring about an urban - centric victory . Comparison of the four elections in which the Electoral College winner ( projected winner in the 2016 election ) lost the popular vote . Elections where the winning candidate loses the national popular vote typically result when the winner builds the requisite configuration of states ( and thus captures their electoral votes ) by small margins , but the losing candidate secures large voter margins in the remaining states . In this case , the very large margins secured by the losing candidate in the other states would aggregate to a plurality of the ballots cast nationally . However , commentators question the legitimacy of this national popular vote ; pointing out that the national popular vote observed under the Electoral College system does not reflect the popular vote observed under a National Popular Vote system ; as each electoral institution produces different incentives for , and strategy choices by , presidential campaigns . Because the national popular vote is irrelevant under the electoral college system , it is generally presumed candidates base their campaign strategies around the existence of the Electoral College ; any close race has candidates campaigning to maximize electoral votes by focusing their get - out - the - vote efforts in crucially needed swing states and not attempting to maximize national popular vote totals by using limited campaign resources to run up margins or close up gaps in states considered `` safe '' for themselves or their opponents , respectively . Conversely , the institutional structure of a national popular vote system would encourage candidates to pursue voter turnout wherever votes could be found , even in `` safe '' states they are already expected to win , and in `` safe '' states they have no hope of winning . Educational YouTuber CGP Grey , who has produced several short videos criticizing the Electoral College , has illustrated how it is technically possible to win the necessary 270 electoral votes while winning only 22 % of the overall popular vote , by winning the barest simple plurality of the 39 smallest states ( excluding Washington ) and the District of Columbia . Though the current political geography of the United States makes such an election unlikely ( it would require winning both reliably Democratic jurisdictions like Massachusetts and D.C. and reliably Republican states like Utah and Alaska ) , he argues that a system in which such a result is even remotely possible is `` indefensible . '' `` The United States is the only country that elects a politically powerful president via an electoral college and the only one in which a candidate can become president without having obtained the highest number of votes in the sole or final round of popular voting . '' Exclusive focus on large swing states ( edit ) Main article : Swing state These maps show the amount of attention given to each state by the Bush and Kerry campaigns during the final five weeks of the 2004 election . At the top , each waving hand represents a visit from a presidential or vice presidential candidate during the final five weeks . At the bottom , each dollar sign represents one million dollars spent on TV advertising by the campaigns during the same time period . According to this criticism , the Electoral College encourages political campaigners to focus on a few so - called `` swing states '' while ignoring the rest of the country . Populous states in which pre-election poll results show no clear favorite are inundated with campaign visits , saturation television advertising , get - out - the - vote efforts by party organizers and debates , while `` four out of five '' voters in the national election are `` absolutely ignored '' , according to one assessment . Since most states use a winner - takes - all arrangement in which the candidate with the most votes in that state receives all of the state 's electoral votes , there is a clear incentive to focus almost exclusively on only a few key undecided states ; in recent elections , these states have included Pennsylvania , Ohio , and Florida in 2004 and 2008 , and also Colorado in 2012 . In contrast , states with large populations such as California , Texas , and New York , have in recent elections been considered `` safe '' for a particular party -- Democratic for California and New York and Republican for Texas -- and therefore campaigns spend less time and money there . Many small states are also considered to be `` safe '' for one of the two political parties and are also generally ignored by campaigners : of the 13 smallest states , six are reliably Democratic , six are reliably Republican , and only New Hampshire is considered as a swing state , according to critic George C. Edwards III . In the 2008 election , campaigns did not mount nationwide efforts but rather focused on select states . Discouragement of turnout and participation ( edit ) Except in closely fought swing states , voter turnout is largely insignificant due to entrenched political party domination in most states . The Electoral College decreases the advantage a political party or campaign might gain for encouraging voters to turn out , except in those swing states . If the presidential election were decided by a national popular vote , in contrast , campaigns and parties would have a strong incentive to work to increase turnout everywhere . Individuals would similarly have a stronger incentive to persuade their friends and neighbors to turn out to vote . The differences in turnout between swing states and non-swing states under the current electoral college system suggest that replacing the Electoral College with direct election by popular vote would likely increase turnout and participation significantly . Obscuring disenfranchisement within states ( edit ) According to this criticism , the electoral college reduces elections to a mere count of electors for a particular state , and , as a result , it obscures any voting problems within a particular state . For example , if a particular state blocks some groups from voting , perhaps by voter suppression methods such as imposing reading tests , poll taxes , registration requirements , or legally disfranchising specific minority groups , then voting inside that state would be reduced , but as the state 's electoral count would be the same , disenfranchisement has no effect on the overall electoral tally . Critics contend that such disenfranchisement is partially obscured by the Electoral College . A related argument is the Electoral College may have a dampening effect on voter turnout : there is no incentive for states to reach out to more of its citizens to include them in elections because the state 's electoral count remains fixed in any event . According to this view , if elections were by popular vote , then states would be motivated to include more citizens in elections since the state would then have more political clout nationally . Critics contend the electoral college system insulates states from negative publicity as well as possible federal penalties for disenfranching subgroups of citizens . Legal scholars Akhil Amar and Vikram Amar have argued the original Electoral College compromise was enacted partially because it enabled the southern states to disenfranchise its slave populations . It permitted southern states to disfranchise large numbers of slaves while allowing these states to maintain political clout within the federation by using the three - fifths compromise . They noted that constitutional Framer James Madison believed the question of counting slaves had presented a serious challenge but that `` the substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . '' Akhil and Vikram Amar added that `` The founders ' system also encouraged the continued disfranchisement of women . In a direct national election system , any state that gave women the vote would automatically have doubled its national clout . Under the Electoral College , however , a state had no such incentive to increase the franchise ; as with slaves , what mattered was how many women lived in a state , not how many were empowered ... a state with low voter turnout gets precisely the same number of electoral votes as if it had a high turnout . By contrast , a well - designed direct election system could spur states to get out the vote . '' Lack of enfranchisement of U.S. territories ( edit ) See also : Voting rights in the United States § Overseas and nonresident citizens Territories of the United States , such as Puerto Rico , the Northern Mariana Islands , the U.S. Virgin Islands , American Samoa , and Guam , are not entitled to electors in presidential elections . Constitutionally , only U.S. states ( per Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 ) and Washington , D.C. ( per the Twenty - third Amendment ) are entitled to electors . Guam has held non-binding straw polls for president since the 1980s to draw attention to this fact . This means that roughly 4 million Americans do not have the right to vote in presidential elections . Various scholars consequently conclude that the U.S. national - electoral process is not fully democratic . Half of the population lives in these counties Advantage based on state population ( edit ) Researchers have variously attempted to measure which states ' voters have the greatest impact in such an indirect election . Each state gets a minimum of three electoral votes , regardless of population , which gives low - population states a disproportionate number of electors per capita . For example , an electoral vote represents nearly four times as many people in California as in Wyoming . Sparsely populated states are likely to be increasingly overrepresented in the electoral college over time , because Americans are increasingly moving to big cities , most of which are in big states . This analysis gives a strong advantage to the smallest states , but ignores any extra influence that comes from larger states ' ability to deliver their votes as a single bloc . Countervailing analyses which do take into consideration the sizes of the electoral voting blocs , such as the Banzhaf power index ( BPI ) model based on probability theory lead to very different conclusions about voters relative power . In 1968 , John F. Banzhaf III ( who developed the Banzhaf power index ) determined that a voter in the state of New York had , on average , 3.312 times as much voting power in presidential elections as a voter in any other U.S. state . It was found that based on 1990 census and districting , individual voters in California , the largest state , had 3.3 times more individual power to choose a President than voters of Montana , the largest of the minimum 3 elector states . Because Banzhaf 's method ignores the demographic makeup of the states , it has been criticized for treating votes like independent coin - flips . More empirically based models of voting yield results that seem to favor larger states less . Disadvantage for third parties ( edit ) See also : Duverger 's law and Causes of a two - party system In practice , the winner - take - all manner of allocating a state 's electors generally decreases the importance of minor parties . However , it has been argued the Electoral College is not a cause of the two - party system , and that it had a tendency to improve the chances of third - party candidates in some situations . Defense of slavery ( edit ) Critics have alleged that the Electoral College was originally advocated by Southern states in an effort to defend slavery , particularly since the most populous state in the 1790 Census was Virginia , a slave state . As Time magazine wrote in a 2016 editorial , `` Virginia emerged as the big winner , '' at the constitutional convention , `` with ... more than a quarter of the 46 needed to win an election in the first round . '' Meanwhile , the `` free state of Pennsylvania had 10 % more free persons than Virginia , but got 20 % fewer electoral votes . '' Because three - fifths of the slave population was to be included in the Census as per the Three - Fifths Compromise , it was advantageous for slave states not to free any slaves that could relocate to the free states and thereby reduce the voting power of slaveowners . In 1800 , for example , Thomas Jefferson , a Virginia slaveowner , was elected president over the incumbent John Adams , whose home state of Massachusetts had abolished slavery , by a narrow enough margin that the absence of slaves in the Census would have resulted in an Adams victory . As historian Eric Foner writes , the Three - Fifths Compromise `` greatly enhanced the number of southern votes in the House of Representatives and therefore in the electoral college , '' adding that twelve out of sixteen presidential elections between 1788 and 1848 resulted in the election of a Southern slaveowner . Support ( edit ) Prevention of an urban - centric victory ( edit ) Proponents of the Electoral College claim that it prevents a candidate from winning the presidency by simply winning in heavily populated urban areas , and pushes candidates to make a wider geographic appeal than they would if they simply had to win the national popular vote . They believe that adoption of the popular vote would shift the disproportionate focus to large cities at the expense of rural areas . Maintenance of the federal character of the Nation ( edit ) The United States of America is a federal coalition that consists of component states . Proponents of the current system argue the collective opinion of even a small state merits attention at the federal level greater than that given to a small , though numerically equivalent , portion of a very populous state . The system also allows each state the freedom , within constitutional bounds , to design its own laws on voting and enfranchisement without an undue incentive to maximize the number of votes cast . For many years early in the nation 's history , up until the Jacksonian Era , many states appointed their electors by a vote of the state legislature , and proponents argue that , in the end , the election of the president must still come down to the decisions of each state , or the federal nature of the United States will give way to a single massive , centralized government . In his book A More Perfect Constitution , Professor Larry Sabato elaborated on this advantage of the Electoral College , arguing to `` mend it , do n't end it , '' in part because of its usefulness in forcing candidates to pay attention to lightly populated states and reinforcing the role of the state in federalism . Enhancement of the status of minority groups ( edit ) Instead of decreasing the power of minority groups by depressing voter turnout , proponents argue that by making the votes of a given state an all - or - nothing affair , minority groups can provide the critical edge that allows a candidate to win . This encourages candidates to court a wide variety of such minorities and advocacy groups . Encouragement of stability through the two - party system ( edit ) Proponents of the Electoral College see its negative effect on third parties as beneficial . They argue the two party system has provided stability because it encourages a delayed adjustment during times of rapid political and cultural change . They believe it protects the most powerful office in the country from control by what these proponents view as regional minorities until they can moderate their views to win broad , long - term support across the nation . Advocates of a national popular vote for president suggest that this effect would also be true in popular vote elections . Of 918 elections for governor between 1948 and 2009 , for example , more than 90 % were won by candidates securing more than 50 % of the vote , and none have been won with less than 35 % of the vote . Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies ( edit ) According to this argument , the fact the Electoral College is made up of real people instead of mere numbers allows for human judgment and flexibility to make a decision , if it happens that a candidate dies or becomes legally disabled around the time of the election . Advocates of the current system argue that human electors would be in a better position to choose a suitable replacement than the general voting public . According to this view , electors could act decisively during the critical time interval between when ballot choices become fixed in state ballots until mid-December when the electors formally cast their ballots . In the election of 1872 , losing Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley died during this time interval , which resulted in disarray for the Democratic Party , who also supported Greeley , but the Greeley electors were able to split their votes for different alternate candidates . A situation in which the winning candidate died has never happened . In the election of 1912 , Vice President Sherman died shortly before the election when it was too late for states to remove his name from their ballots ; accordingly , Sherman was listed posthumously , but the eight electoral votes that Sherman would have received were cast instead for Nicholas Murray Butler . Isolation of election problems ( edit ) Some supporters of the Electoral College note that it isolates the impact of any election fraud , or other such problems , to the state where it occurs . It prevents instances where a party dominant in one state may dishonestly inflate the votes for a candidate and thereby affect the election outcome . For instance , recounts occur only on a state - by - state basis , not nationwide . Results in a single state where the popular vote is very close -- such as Florida in 2000 -- can decide the national election . Role of slavery ( edit ) Supporters of the Electoral College have provided many counterarguments to the charges that it defended slavery . Abraham Lincoln , the president who helped abolish slavery , won an Electoral College majority in 1860 despite winning less than 40 percent of the national popular vote . Lincoln 's 39.8 % , however , represented a plurality of a popular vote that was divided among 4 major candidates . Thus he did indeed win the popular vote . Dave Benner argues that alhough the additional population of slave states from the Three - Fifths Compromise allowed Jefferson to defeat Adams in 1800 , Jefferson 's margin of victory would have been wider had the entire slave population been counted . He also notes that some of the most vociferous critics of a national popular vote at the constitutional convention were delegates from free states , including Gouverneur Morris of Pennsylvania , who declared that such a system would lead to a `` great evil of cabal and corruption , '' and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts , who called a national popular vote `` radically vicious . '' Delegates Oliver Ellsworth and Roger Sherman of Connecticut , a state which had adopted a gradual emancipation law three years earlier , also criticized the use of a national popular vote system . Likewise , Charles Cotesworth Pinckney , a member of Adams ' Federalist Party and himself a presidential candidate in 1800 , hailed from South Carolina and was himself a slaveowner . In 1824 , Andrew Jackson , a slaveowner from Tennessee , was similarly defeated by John Quincy Adams , an outspoken critic of slavery . Efforts to abolish ( edit ) Bayh -- Celler Amendment ( edit ) The closest the United States has come to abolishing the Electoral College occurred during the 91st Congress ( 1969 -- 1971 ) . The presidential election of 1968 resulted in Richard Nixon receiving 301 electoral votes ( 56 % of electors ) , Hubert Humphrey 191 ( 35.5 % ) , and George Wallace 46 ( 8.5 % ) with 13.5 % of the popular vote . However , Nixon had received only 511,944 more popular votes than Humphrey , 43.5 % to 42.9 % , less than 1 % of the national total . Representative Emanuel Celler ( D -- New York ) , chairman of the House Judiciary Committee , responded to public concerns over the disparity between the popular vote and electoral vote by introducing House Joint Resolution 681 , a proposed Constitutional amendment that would have replaced the Electoral College with a simpler plurality system based on the national popular vote . With this system , the pair of candidates who had received the highest number of votes would win the presidency and vice presidency provided they won at least 40 % of the national popular vote . If no pair received 40 % of the popular vote , a runoff election would be held in which the choice of president and vice president would be made from the two pairs of persons who had received the highest number of votes in the first election . The word `` pair '' was defined as `` two persons who shall have consented to the joining of their names as candidates for the offices of President and Vice President . '' On April 29 , 1969 , the House Judiciary Committee voted 28 to 6 to approve the proposal . Debate on the proposal before the full House of Representatives ended on September 11 , 1969 and was eventually passed with bipartisan support on September 18 , 1969 , by a vote of 339 to 70 . On September 30 , 1969 , President Richard Nixon gave his endorsement for adoption of the proposal , encouraging the Senate to pass its version of the proposal , which had been sponsored as Senate Joint Resolution 1 by Senator Birch Bayh ( D -- Indiana ) . On October 8 , 1969 , the New York Times reported that 30 state legislatures were `` either certain or likely to approve a constitutional amendment embodying the direct election plan if it passes its final Congressional test in the Senate . '' Ratification of 38 state legislatures would have been needed for adoption . The paper also reported that six other states had yet to state a preference , six were leaning toward opposition and eight were solidly opposed . On August 14 , 1970 , the Senate Judiciary Committee sent its report advocating passage of the proposal to the full Senate . The Judiciary Committee had approved the proposal by a vote of 11 to 6 . The six members who opposed the plan , Democratic Senators James Eastland of Mississippi , John Little McClellan of Arkansas , and Sam Ervin of North Carolina , along with Republican Senators Roman Hruska of Nebraska , Hiram Fong of Hawaii , and Strom Thurmond of South Carolina , all argued that although the present system had potential loopholes , it had worked well throughout the years . Senator Bayh indicated that supporters of the measure were about a dozen votes shy from the 67 needed for the proposal to pass the full Senate . He called upon President Nixon to attempt to persuade undecided Republican senators to support the proposal . However , Nixon , while not reneging on his previous endorsement , chose not to make any further personal appeals to back the proposal . On September 8 , 1970 , the Senate commenced openly debating the proposal and the proposal was quickly filibustered . The lead objectors to the proposal were mostly Southern senators and conservatives from small states , both Democrats and Republicans , who argued abolishing the Electoral College would reduce their states ' political influence . On September 17 , 1970 , a motion for cloture , which would have ended the filibuster , received 54 votes to 36 for cloture , failing to receive the then required a two - thirds majority of senators voting . A second motion for cloture on September 29 , 1970 , also failed , by 53 to 34 . Thereafter , the Senate majority leader , Mike Mansfield of Montana , moved to lay the proposal aside so the Senate could attend to other business . However , the proposal was never considered again and died when the 91st Congress ended on January 3 , 1971 . Carter proposal ( edit ) On March 22 , 1977 , President Jimmy Carter wrote a letter of reform to Congress that also included his expression of essentially abolishing the Electoral College . The letter read in part : My fourth recommendation is that the Congress adopt a Constitutional amendment to provide for direct popular election of the President . Such an amendment , which would abolish the Electoral College , will ensure that the candidate chosen by the voters actually becomes President . Under the Electoral College , it is always possible that the winner of the popular vote will not be elected . This has already happened in three elections , 1824 , 1876 , and 1888 . In the last election , the result could have been changed by a small shift of votes in Ohio and Hawaii , despite a popular vote difference of 1.7 million . I do not recommend a Constitutional amendment lightly . I think the amendment process must be reserved for an issue of overriding governmental significance . But the method by which we elect our President is such an issue . I will not be proposing a specific direct election amendment . I prefer to allow the Congress to proceed with its work without the interruption of a new proposal . President Carter 's proposed program for the reform of the Electoral College was very liberal for a modern president during this time , and in some aspects of the package , it went beyond original expectations . Newspapers like The New York Times saw President Carter 's proposal at that time as `` a modest surprise '' because of the indication of Carter that he would be interested in only eliminating the electors but retaining the electoral vote system in a modified form . Newspaper reaction to Carter 's proposal ranged from some editorials praising the proposal to other editorials , like that in the Chicago Tribune , criticizing the president for proposing the end of the Electoral College . In a letter to The New York Times , Representative Jonathan B. Bingham ( D - New York ) highlighted the danger of the `` flawed , outdated mechanism of the Electoral College '' by underscoring how a shift of fewer than 10,000 votes in two key states would have led to President Gerald Ford being reelected despite Jimmy Carter 's nationwide 1.7 million - vote margin . Cohen proposal ( edit ) On January 5 , 2017 , Representative Steve Cohen ( D - Tennessee ) introduced a joint resolution proposing a constitutional amendment that would replace the Electoral College with the popular election of the President and Vice President . Unlike the Bayh -- Celler amendment 40 % threshold for election , Cohen 's proposal only requires a candidate to have the `` greatest number of votes '' to be elected . National popular vote Interstate compact ( edit ) Main article : National Popular Vote Interstate Compact Several states plus the District of Columbia have joined the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact . The compact is based on the current rule in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , which gives each state legislature the plenary power to determine how it chooses its electors . Those jurisdictions joining the compact agree to eventually pledge their electors to the winner of the national popular vote . The compact will not go into effect until the number of states agreeing to the compact form a majority ( at least 270 ) of all electors . Some scholars have suggested that Article I , Section 10 , Clause 3 of the Constitution requires congressional consent before the compact could be enforceable ; thus , any attempted implementation of the compact without congressional consent could face court challenges to its constitutionality . As of 2018 , 11 states and the District of Columbia have joined the compact ; collectively , these jurisdictions control 172 electoral votes , which is 64 % of the 270 required for the compact to take effect . Only strongly `` blue '' states have joined the compact , each of which returned large victory margins for Barack Obama in the 2012 election and for Hillary Clinton in 2016 . See also ( edit ) County Unit System Lists of United States presidential electors : 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 List of United States presidential electors from North Dakota United States presidential elections : 1824 , 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , 2016 United States presidential election maps Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections List of U.S. states and territories by population Number of Electoral Votes Per Popular Vote References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Neale , Thomas H. ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` The Electoral College : How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service . p. 13 . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Elhauge , Einer R. `` Essays on Article II : Presidential Electors '' . The Heritage Guide to The Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ross , Tara ( 2017 ) . The Indispensable Electoral College : How the Founders ' Plan Saves Our Country from Mob Rule . Washington , D.C. : Regenary Gateway . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62157 - 707 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty - third Amendment '' . Annenberg Classroom . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : The Annenberg Public Policy Center . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Zak , Dan ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The electoral college is n't a real place : But someone has to answer all the angry phone calls these days '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College '' . history.com . A + E Networks . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gore , D'Angelo ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Presidents Winning Without Popular Vote '' . FactCheck.org . Jump up ^ `` About the Electors '' . U.S. Electoral College . Washington , D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maine & Nebraska '' . fairvote.com . 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Jump up ^ The Twelfth Amendment changed this to the top three candidates Jump up ^ The Federalist Papers : Alexander Hamilton , James Madison , John Jay The New American Library , 1961 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Jump up ^ Chang , Stanley ( 2007 ) . `` Updating the Electoral College : The National Popular Vote Legislation '' . Harvard Journal on Legislation . Cambridge , MA : President and Fellows of Harvard College . 44 ( 205 , at 208 ) . Jump up ^ Describing how the Electoral College was designed to work , Alexander Hamilton wrote , `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations ( decisions regarding the selection of a president ) . '' ( Hamilton , Federalist 68 ) . Hamilton so strongly believed this was to be done district by district , and when states began doing otherwise , he proposed a constitutional amendment to mandate the district system ( Hamilton , Draft of a Constitutional Amendment ) . Madison concurred , `` The district mode was mostly , if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted . '' ( Madison to Hay , 1823 Archived May 25 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Avalon Project : Federalist No 68 '' . Jump up ^ `` Resolves of the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts : Passed at Their Session , which Commenced on Wednesday , the Thirty First of May , and Ended on the Seventeenth of June , One Thousand Eight Hundred and Twenty . Published Agreeably to Resolve of 16th January , 1812 . Boston , Russell & Gardner , for B. Russell , 1820 ; ( repr '' . Boston Book Company . January 1 , 1820 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Devin McCarthy ( Ph. D. 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Jump up ^ `` In Guam , ' Non-Binding Straw Poll ' Gives Obama A Commanding Win '' . NPR. 2012 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The electoral college badly distorts the vote . And it 's going to get worse '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Torruella , Juan R. ( 1985 ) , The Supreme Court and Puerto Rico : The Doctrine of Separate and Unequal , University of Puerto Rico Press , ISBN 0 - 8477 - 3031 - X Jump up ^ José D. Román . `` Puerto Rico and a Constitutional Right to vote '' . University of Dayton . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02 . ( excerpted from : José D. Román , `` Trying to Fit an Oval Shaped Island into a Square Constitution : Arguments for Puerto Rican Statehood '' , 29 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1681 -- 1713 , 1697 -- 1713 ( April 2002 ) ( 316 Footnotes Omitted ) ) Jump up ^ Miroff , Bruce ; Seidelman , Raymond ; Swanstrom , Todd ( November 2001 ) . The Democratic Debate : An Introduction to American Politics ( Third ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05452 - 9 . Jump up ^ Banzhaf , John ( 1968 ) . `` One Man , 3.312 Votes : A Mathematical Analysis of the Electoral College '' . Villanova Law Review . 13 . Jump up ^ Mark Livingston , Department of Computer Science . `` Banzhaf Power Index '' . University of North Carolina . Jump up ^ Gelman , Andrew ; Katz , Jonathan ; Tuerlinckx , Francis ( 2002 ) . `` The Mathematics and Statistics of Voting Power '' ( PDF ) . Statistical Science . 17 ( 4 ) : 420 -- @ 35 . doi : 10.1214 / ss / 1049993201 . Jump up ^ Jerry Fresia ( February 28 , 2006 ) . `` Third Parties ? '' . Zmag.org . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Amar , Akhil ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` The Troubling Reason the Electoral College Exists '' . Time . ^ Jump up to : Benner , Dave ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Slavery and the Electoral College : A Misguided Assumption '' . Tenth Amendment Center . Jump up ^ Foner , Eric ( 2017 ) . Give Me Liberty ! An American History ( 5th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton and Company . p. 269 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 61418 - 3 . Jump up ^ P. Andrew Sandlin ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Why the Electoral College '' . Lewrockwell.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hands Off the Electoral College by Rep. Ron Paul , MD , December 28 , 2004 ^ Jump up to : Kimberling , William C. ( May 1992 ) . `` The Electoral College '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry ( 2007 ) . A More Perfect Constitution ( First U.S. ed . ) . Walker Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1621 - 0 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Majority and Plurality in U.S. Gubernatorial Elections . FairVote.org ( 2010 - 04 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Note : this may be a few days or even weeks before an election ; many states can not change ballots at a late stage . Jump up ^ Note : the day when the electors cast their votes is the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December . Jump up ^ Note : three electoral votes were still cast for Greeley despite being dead . Jump up ^ Ethan Trex ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` Electoral College for dummies '' . CNN . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... In 1872 , though , Democrat Horace Greeley died just over three weeks after Ulysses S. Grant thumped him in the election ... electors who would have voted for Greeley simply spread their 66 votes among other Democratic candidates ... Thomas Andrews Hendricks actually came in second in the election with 42 electoral votes despite not campaigning for the presidency ... Jump up ^ SHELLY FREIERMAN ( November 2 , 2000 ) . `` NEWS WATCH ; Looking for Comic Relief ? Then Consider the Duke '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... ( In 1872 , Horace Greeley , opposing Ulysses S. Grant , got zero electoral votes to Grant 's 286 , but five other candidates received from one to 42 votes each ) . Jump up ^ JAMES BARRON ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` When the Vice Presidency Was a Job for New Yorkers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... But Sherman died in office , less than a month before the election of 1912 ... The Republican Party designated Nicholas Murray Butler ... as the candidate to receive Sherman 's votes in the Electoral College ... Jump up ^ Darlington , Richard B . `` The Electoral College : Bulwark Against Fraud '' . Cornell University Department of Psychology . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2000 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Myths about Recounts '' . National Popular Vote . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Guelzo , Adam ; Hulme , James ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` In Defense of the Electoral College '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ For a more detailed account of this proposal read The Politics of Electoral College Reform by Lawrence D. Longley and Alan G. Braun ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ 1968 Electoral College Results , National Archives and Records Administration Jump up ^ `` Text of Proposed Amendment on Voting '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1969 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` House Unit Votes To Drop Electors '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Direct Election of President Is Gaining in the House '' . The New York Times . September 12 , 1969 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` House Approves Direct Election of The President '' . The New York Times . September 19 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon Comes Out For Direct Vote On Presidency '' . The New York Times . October 1 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` A Survey Finds 30 Legislatures Favor Direct Vote For President '' . The New York Times . October 8 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Warren ( April 24 , 1970 ) . `` Senate Unit Asks Popular Election of the President '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Bayh Calls for Nixon 's Support As Senate Gets Electoral Plan '' . The New York Times . August 15 , 1970 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , Warren ( September 18 , 1970 ) . `` Senate Refuses To Halt Debate On Direct Voting '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Debating Direct Election '' . The New York Times . September 9 , 1970 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ The Senate in 1975 reduced the required vote for cloture from two thirds of those voting ( 66 votes ) to three fifths ( 60 votes ) . See United States Senate website . Jump up ^ `` Senate Puts Off Direct Vote Plan '' . The New York Times . September 30 , 1970 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Carter Letter to Congress , Jimmy Carter : `` Election reform Message to the Congress '' , Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project . ^ Jump up to : `` Carter Proposes End Of Electoral College In Presidential Votes '' , The New York Times , March 23 , 1977 , Pages 1 , 18 . Jump up ^ `` Carter v . The Electoral College '' , Chicago Tribune , March 24 , 1977 , Section 3 , Page 2 Jump up ^ `` Letters '' . The New York Times . 15 March 1979 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , George ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman Cohen proposes elimination of Electoral College '' . WREG - TV . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 19 Jump up ^ Text of the compact Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. Electoral College Reform Congressional Research Service pp. 21 -- 22 , viewed November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Avery Anapol . `` Connecticut state Senate passes bill giving electoral votes to presidential candidate who wins popular vote '' . The Hill . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Why a Plan to Circumvent the Electoral College Is Probably Doomed '' . FiveThirtyEight . ESPN . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alex Pappas ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Blue states rally to upend Electoral College , with addition of Connecticut '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Electoral College . U.S. Electoral College FAQ ( www.archives.gov ) Interactive U.S. Electoral Map Historical Documents on the Electoral College Electoral Vote 270 to win Winning The Electoral College `` Math Against Tyranny '' The Green Papers : More detailed description of reform proposals The Electoral College : How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections Congressional Research Service Electoral College Reform : Contemporary Issues for Congress Congressional Research Service Office of the Federal Register Joint Session of the 111th Congress for the purpose of certifying the Electoral College ballot count , January 9 , 2009 ( C - Span video ) Introductory chapter of Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities Voter Turnout Data - United States Election Project Voting rights in the United States Constitutional provisions Article I Voter Qualifications Clause Elections Clause 1st Amendment 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause 15th Amendment 17th Amendment 19th Amendment 23rd Amendment 24th Amendment 26th Amendment Federal laws Voting Rights Act of 1965 Amendments List of covered jurisdictions Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act National Voter Registration Act of 1993 Help America Vote Act of 2002 State laws Voter access Absentee ballot Early voting Postal voting Provisional ballot Voter registration in the U.S. Initiatives and referendums Recall election Vote denial Electoral fraud Grandfather clause Literacy test Poll tax Voter caging Voter ID laws Vote dilution Gerrymandering Plurality - at - large voting One man , one vote By group Women Youth Felons Foreigners Transgender people District of Columbia residents Puerto Rico residents Guam residents History Timeline Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era Selma to Montgomery marches Timeline of women 's suffrage Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 Silent Sentinels U.S. suffragists publications History of direct democracy Related Ballot access Campaign finance Citizenship Native Americans Disfranchisement Election Election law Elections Electoral reform Electoral College Redistricting Secret ballot Suffrage Voting Voting system Voter registration National Voting Rights Museum United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. 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where does the number 538 come from in the electoral college
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1567901318220990211
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Heaven Is a Place on Earth
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Heaven Is a Place on Earth - wikipedia Heaven Is a Place on Earth For the Japanese anime movie , see Hayate the Combat Butler ! Heaven Is a Place on Earth . `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' Single by Belinda Carlisle from the album Heaven on Earth B - side `` We Can Change '' Released September 18 , 1987 Format 7 '' 12 '' CD Recorded Genre Pop rock power pop Length 4 : 07 Label MCA Songwriter ( s ) Rick Nowels Ellen Shipley Producer ( s ) Rick Nowels Belinda Carlisle singles chronology `` Since You 've Gone '' ( 1986 ) `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' ( 1987 ) `` I Get Weak '' ( 1988 ) `` Since You 've Gone '' ( 1986 ) `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' ( 1987 ) `` I Get Weak '' ( 1988 ) Audio sample file help `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' is a song recorded by American singer Belinda Carlisle for her second studio album Heaven on Earth ( 1987 ) . Written by Rick Nowels and Ellen Shipley , the power ballad was released as the album 's lead single in September 1987 , and it hit number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 on December 5 , 1987 , becoming Carlisle 's only US chart - topper . A month later it hit number one in the United Kingdom , where it held the top spot of the UK Singles Chart for two weeks . `` Heaven is a Place on Earth '' reached number one in many other countries , among them Switzerland , Ireland , Sweden , South Africa and Norway . The single also reached number three in Germany and Canada , number two in Australia , and number six in Italy . It is widely considered to be Carlisle 's signature song because of its success on the charts and its continued relevance today . `` Heaven is a Place on Earth '' was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . It lost to Whitney Houston 's `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' . In 2017 , ShortList 's Dave Fawbert listed the song as containing `` one of the greatest key changes in music history '' . Contents 1 Composition 2 Music video 3 Production 4 Track listing 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Sales and certifications 6 Cultural references 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Composition ( edit ) The song is performed in the key of E major with a tempo of 123 beats per minute in common time . Carlisle 's vocals span from E to D ♯ . In the final chorus of the song , the key is transposed to F ♯ major . Music video ( edit ) The promotional video was directed by Academy Award - winning actress Diane Keaton and features an appearance of Carlisle 's husband Morgan Mason . It also features children wearing black masks and a cape while each of them holds an illuminated plastic globe . Carlisle appeared wearing a strapless dress and later changed to a black off - the - shoulder blouse . The video was partially filmed at Six Flags Magic Mountain theme park in Valencia , California , on the now defunct Spin Out ride . Production ( edit ) Carlisle 's backup vocalists on the track include songwriters Nowels and Shipley as well as Michelle Phillips of The Mamas & the Papas and songwriter Diane Warren . It also featured Thomas Dolby on keyboards . Track listing ( edit ) `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' - 4 : 06 `` We Can Change '' - 3 : 45 `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' ( Heavenly version ) - 6 : 00 `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' ( A cappella version ) - 3 : 49 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 - 88 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 5 Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 10 ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 11 Dutch Singles Chart 81 German Singles Chart 31 Italian Singles Chart 31 New Zealand Singles Chart 9 Swiss Singles Chart 8 UK Singles Chart 17 US Billboard Hot 100 7 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 601,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Cultural references ( edit ) The song is used in a television commercial for Progressive Insurance . See also ( edit ) List of Billboard number - one singles List of number - one singles and albums in Sweden `` San Junipero '' , an episode of the TV series Black Mirror in which the song is featured prominently References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Strong , M.C. ( 1995 ) . The Great Rock Discography . Edinburgh : Canongate Books Ltd. p. 329 . ISBN 0 - 86241 - 385 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The 21 best power ballads '' . Jump up ^ `` The 19 greatest key changes in music history '' . ShortList . October 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shipley , Ellen . `` Belinda Carlisle `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' Sheet Music in A Major ( transposable ) - Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Heaven Is a Place On Earth - Belinda Carlisle - Spot On Track '' . www.spotontrack.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Belinda Carlisle -- Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Belinda Carlisle -- Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Belinda Carlisle -- Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary - Volume 47 , No. 12 , December 26 , 1987 '' . RPM . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 47 , No. 11 , December 19 , 1987 '' . RPM . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Belinda Carlisle -- Chart history '' European Hot 100 for Belinda Carlisle . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Carlisle , Belinda Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 10 ( 12 . febrúar 1988 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Icelandic ) . Dagblaðið Vísir . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Singles Chart -- Search for song '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Italian Singles Chart -- Top Singles of 1988 '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 7 , 1988 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Belinda Carlisle -- Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Belinda Carlisle -- Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Belinda Carlisle -- Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Belinda Carlisle -- Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Belinda Carlisle Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Belinda Carlisle Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Australian Singles Chart '' . aria . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Dutch Singles Chart '' ( in Dutch ) . dutchcharts . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` INFINITY CHARTS : German Top 20 '' . ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Top Annuali Single : 1988 '' . www.hitparadeitalia.it . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1988 - The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Swiss Singles Chart '' ( in German ) . swisscharts . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` End Of Year Chart - Top 50 Singles of 1988 '' . mostynhouseschool.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` End Of Year Chart - Top 100 Singles of 1988 '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Belinda Carlisle -- Heaven Is A Place on Earth '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Belinda Carlisle -- Heaven Is A Place on Earth '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter Heaven Is A Place on Earth in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts Flashback : Belinda Carlisle - Heaven Is A Place On Earth '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Template : Cite web https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0I2CTwq2TAM External links ( edit ) Belinda Carlisle - Heaven Is A Place On Earth music video on YouTube by Universal Music Group . Belinda Carlisle - A Place On Earth . Belinda discusses `` Heaven Is A Place On Earth '' - RetroRewind interview Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Belinda Carlisle Discography Studio albums Belinda Heaven on Earth Runaway Horses Live Your Life Be Free Real A Woman and a Man Voila Wilder Shores Compilations The Best of Belinda , Volume 1 A Place on Earth : The Greatest Hits The Collection Singles `` Mad About You '' `` I Feel the Magic '' `` Band of Gold '' `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' `` I Get Weak '' `` Circle in the Sand '' `` I Feel Free '' `` World Without You '' `` Love Never Dies '' `` Leave a Light On '' `` La Luna '' `` Summer Rain '' `` Runaway Horses '' `` Vision of You '' `` ( We Want ) the Same Thing '' `` Live Your Life Be Free '' `` Do You Feel Like I Feel ? '' `` Half the World '' `` Little Black Book '' `` Big Scary Animal '' `` Lay Down Your Arms '' `` In Too Deep '' `` Always Breaking My Heart '' `` Love in the Key of C '' `` California '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` All God 's Children '' `` Sun '' `` Goodbye Just Go '' Guest singles `` Blue Period '' Promo singles `` Since You 've Gone '' Related articles The Go - Go 's ( discography ) Rick Nowels Ellen Shipley Book Commons U-Jean Singles `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' Featured singles `` Turn This Club Around '' `` Animal '' `` That Girl '' `` Summer Jam '' `` Ready or Not '' `` Komodo ( Hard Nights ) '' Related articles R.I.O. Carlprit Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heaven_Is_a_Place_on_Earth&oldid=854481667 '' Categories : 1987 songs 1987 singles Belinda Carlisle songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Rick Nowels Songs written by Ellen Shipley Song recordings produced by Rick Nowels MCA Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from February 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Billboardeuropeanhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 17 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who sings the song blue heaven is a place on earth
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"\"Heaven Is a Place on Earth\" is a song recorded by American singer Belinda Carlisle for her second studio album Heaven on Earth (1987). Written by Rick Nowels and Ellen Shipley, the power ballad[2] was released as the album's lead single in September 1987, and it hit number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 on December 5, 1987, becoming Carlisle's only US chart-topper. A month later it hit number one in the United Kingdom, where it held the top spot of the UK Singles Chart for two weeks. \n"
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"Belinda Carlisle"
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White House
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White House - Wikipedia White House Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see White House ( disambiguation ) and 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue ( disambiguation ) . See also : Executive Office of the President of the United States , White House Office , List of residences of Presidents of the United States , and President 's Park White House Top : the northern facade with a columned portico facing Lafayette Square Bottom : the southern facade with a semi-circular portico facing The Ellipse Location in Washington , D.C. White House ( the US ) Show map of Central Washington , D.C. Show map of the US Show all General information Architectural style Neoclassical , Palladian Address 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington , D.C. 20500 U.S. Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 52 '' N 77 ° 02 ′ 11 '' W / 38.8977 ° N 77.0365 ° W / 38.8977 ; - 77.0365 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 52 '' N 77 ° 02 ′ 11 '' W / 38.8977 ° N 77.0365 ° W / 38.8977 ; - 77.0365 Current tenants Donald Trump , President of the United States and the First Family Construction started October 13 , 1792 ; 225 years ago ( 1792 - 10 - 13 ) Completed November 1 , 1800 ; 217 years ago ( 1800 - 11 - 01 ) Design and construction Architect James Hoban Aerial view of the White House complex , viewed from north . In the foreground is Pennsylvania Avenue , closed to traffic . Center : Executive Residence ( 1792 - 1800 ) with North Portico ( 1829 ) ; left : East Wing ( 1942 ) ; right : West Wing ( 1901 ) , with the Oval Office ( 1909 ) at the south - east corner White House complex , setting viewed from north with Potomac River , Jefferson Memorial and Washington Monument to south The White House is the official residence and workplace of the President of the United States . It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington , D.C. , and has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams in 1800 . The term White House is often used as a metonym for the president and his advisers , as in `` The White House announced that ... '' . The residence was designed by Irish - born architect James Hoban in the neoclassical style . Construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white . When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801 , he ( with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe ) added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage . In 1814 , during the War of 1812 , the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington , destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior . Reconstruction began almost immediately , and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817 . Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824 and the North portico in 1829 . Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself , President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901 . Eight years later in 1909 , President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office , which was eventually moved as the section was expanded . In the main mansion , the third - floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers . A newly constructed East Wing was used as a reception area for social events ; Jefferson 's colonnades connected the new wings . East Wing alterations were completed in 1946 , creating additional office space . By 1948 , the residence 's load - bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure . Under Harry S. Truman , the interior rooms were completely dismantled and a new internal load - bearing steel frame constructed inside the walls . Once this work was completed , the interior rooms were rebuilt . The modern - day White House complex includes the Executive Residence , West Wing , East Wing , the Eisenhower Executive Office Building -- the former State Department , which now houses offices for the President 's staff and the Vice President -- and Blair House , a guest residence . The Executive Residence is made up of six stories -- the Ground Floor , State Floor , Second Floor , and Third Floor , as well as a two - story basement . The property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the President 's Park . In 2007 , it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of `` America 's Favorite Architecture '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 1789 -- 1800 1.2 Architectural competition 1.3 Design influences 1.4 Construction 1.5 Architectural description 1.6 Naming conventions 2 Evolution of the White House 2.1 Early use , the 1814 fire , and rebuilding 2.2 Overcrowding and building the West Wing 2.3 Truman reconstruction 2.4 Jacqueline Kennedy restoration 3 The White House since the Kennedy restoration 3.1 Layout and amenities 3.2 Executive Residence 3.3 West Wing 3.4 East Wing 3.5 Grounds 4 Public access and security 4.1 Historical accessibility 4.2 Aviation incidents 4.3 Closure of Pennsylvania Avenue 4.4 Protection 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links Early History 1789 -- 1800 Following his April 1789 inauguration , President George Washington occupied two executive mansions in New York City : the Samuel Osgood House at 3 Cherry Street ( April 1789 -- February 1790 ) , and the Alexander Macomb House at 39 -- 41 Broadway ( February -- August 1790 ) . In May 1790 , New York began construction of Government House for his official residence , but he never occupied it . The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790 . The July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia , Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10 - year period while the Federal City was under construction . The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morris 's city house at 190 High Street ( now 524 -- 30 Market Street ) for Washington 's presidential residence . The first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797 , and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House . As part of a futile effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital , Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away , but Washington declined to occupy it . President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800 . On Saturday , November 1 , 1800 , he became the first president to occupy the White House . The President 's House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832 , while the unused presidential mansion became home to the University of Pennsylvania . First Presidential Mansion : Samuel Osgood House , Manhattan , New York . Occupied by Washington : April 1789 -- February 1790 . Second Presidential Mansion : Alexander Macomb House , Manhattan , New York . Occupied by Washington : February -- August 1790 . Third Presidential Mansion : President 's House , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Occupied by Washington : November 1790 -- March 1797 . Occupied by Adams : March 1797 -- May 1800 . Government House , Manhattan , New York ( 1790 -- 1791 ) . Built to be the permanent presidential mansion , Congress moved the national capital to Philadelphia before its completion . House intended for the President , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( 1790s ) . Built to be the permanent presidential mansion , neither Washington nor Adams would occupy it . Architectural competition Hoban 's Charleston County Courthouse , Charleston , South Carolina , 1790 -- 92 , was admired by Washington . A 1793 elevation by James Hoban . His 3 - story , 9 - bay original submission was altered into this 2 - story , 11 - bay design . Drawing of Andrea Palladio , Project for Francesco et Lodovico de Trissini , from the book I quattro libri dell'architettura , 1570 The North Portico of the White House compared to Leinster House The Château de Rastignac compared to the South Portico of the White House , ca . 1846 The President 's House was a major feature of Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant's ' plan for the newly established federal city , Washington , D.C. ( see : L'Enfant Plan ) . The architect of the White House was chosen in a design competition which received nine proposals , including one submitted anonymously by Thomas Jefferson . President Washington visited Charleston , South Carolina in May 1791 on his `` Southern Tour '' , and saw the under - construction Charleston County Courthouse designed by Irish architect James Hoban . He is reputed to have met with Hoban then . The following year , he summoned the architect to Philadelphia and met with him in June 1792 . On July 16 , 1792 , the President met with the commissioners of the federal city to make his judgment in the architectural competition . His review is recorded as being brief , and he quickly selected Hoban 's submission . Washington was not entirely pleased with the original submission , however ; he found it too small , lacking ornament , and not monumental enough to house the nation 's president . On his recommendation , the house was changed from three stories to two , and was widened from a nine - bay facade to an 11 - bay facade . Hoban 's competition drawings do not survive . Design influences The building has classical inspiration sources , that could be found directly or indirectly in the Roman architect Vitruvius or in Andrea Palladio styles ; Palladio being an Italian architect of the Renaissance which had a considerable influence on the Western architecture ( Palladian architecture ) . The building Hoban designed is verifiably influenced by the upper floors of Leinster House , in Dublin , which later became the seat of the Oireachtas ( the Irish parliament ) . Several other Georgian - era Irish country houses have been suggested as sources of inspiration for the overall floor plan , details like the bow - fronted south front , and interior details like the former niches in the present Blue Room . These influences , though undocumented , are cited in the official White House guide , and in White House Historical Association publications . The first official White House guide , published in 1962 , suggested a link between Hoban 's design for the South Portico and Château de Rastignac , a neoclassical country house located in La Bachellerie in the Dordogne region of France and designed by Mathurin Salat . Construction on the French house was initially started before 1789 , interrupted by the French Revolution for twenty years and then finally built 1812 -- 1817 ( based on Salat 's pre-1789 design ) . The theoretical link between the two houses has been criticized because Hoban did not visit France . Supporters of a connection posit that Thomas Jefferson , during his tour of Bordeaux in 1789 , viewed Salat 's architectural drawings ( which were on - file at the College ) at the École Spéciale d'Architecture ( Bordeaux Architectural College ) . On his return to the U.S. he then shared the influence with Washington , Hoban , Monroe , and Benjamin Henry Latrobe . Construction Construction of the White House began with the laying of the cornerstone on October 13 , 1792 , although there was no formal ceremony . The main residence , as well as foundations of the house , were built largely by enslaved and free African - American laborers , as well as employed Europeans . Much of the other work on the house was performed by immigrants , many not yet with citizenship . The sandstone walls were erected by Scottish immigrants , employed by Hoban , as were the high - relief rose and garland decorations above the north entrance and the `` fish scale '' pattern beneath the pediments of the window hoods . There are conflicting claims as to where the sandstone used in the construction of the White House originated . Some reports suggest sandstone from the Croatian island of Brač ( specifically the Pučišća querry whose stone was used to build the ancient Roman palace of Emperor Diocletian ) was used in the original construction of the building , contrarily researchers believe limestone from the island was used in the 1902 renovations and not the original construction . Others suggest the original sandstone simply came from Aquia Creek in Stafford County , Virginia , as importing the stone would be too costly . The initial construction took place over a period of eight years , at a reported cost of $232,371.83 ( equal to $3,350,711 today ) . Although not yet completed , the White House was ready for occupancy circa November 1 , 1800 . Shortages , including material and labor , forced alterations to the earlier plan developed by French engineer Pierre Charles L'Enfant for a `` palace '' that was five times larger than the house that was eventually built . The finished structure contained only two main floors instead of the planned three , and a less costly brick served as a lining for the stone façades . When construction was finished , the porous sandstone walls were whitewashed with a mixture of lime , rice glue , casein , and lead , giving the house its familiar color and name . As it is a famed structure in America , several replicas of the White House have been constructed . Architectural description The north front is the principal façade of the White House and consists of three floors and eleven bays . The ground floor is hidden by a raised carriage ramp and parapet , thus the façade appears to be of two floors . The central three bays are behind a prostyle portico ( this was a later addition to the house , built circa 1830 ) serving , thanks to the carriage ramp , as a porte cochere . The windows of the four bays flanking the portico , at first - floor level , have alternating pointed and segmented pediments , while at second - floor level the pediments are flat . The principal entrance at the center of the portico is surmounted by a lunette fanlight . Above the entrance is a sculpted floral festoon . The roofline is hidden by a balustraded parapet . The mansion 's southern façade is a combination of the Palladian and neoclassical styles of architecture . It is of three floors , all visible . The ground floor is rusticated in the Palladian fashion . At the center of the façade is a neoclassical projecting bow of three bays . The bow is flanked by five bays , the windows of which , as on the north façade , have alternating segmented and pointed pediments at first - floor level . The bow has a ground floor double staircase leading to an Ionic colonnaded loggia ( with the Truman Balcony at second - floor level ) , known as the south portico . The more modern third floor is hidden by a balustraded parapet and plays no part in the composition of the façade . Naming conventions The building was originally variously referred to as the `` President 's Palace '' , `` Presidential Mansion '' , or `` President 's House '' . The earliest evidence of the public calling it the `` White House '' was recorded in 1811 . A myth emerged that during the rebuilding of the structure after the Burning of Washington , white paint was applied to mask the burn damage it had suffered , giving the building its namesake hue . The name `` Executive Mansion '' was used in official contexts until President Theodore Roosevelt established the formal name by having `` White House -- Washington '' engraved on the stationery in 1901 . The current letterhead wording and arrangement `` The White House '' with the word `` Washington '' centered beneath goes back to the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt . Although the structure was not completed until some years after the presidency of George Washington , there is speculation that the name of the traditional residence of the President of the United States may have derived from Martha Washington 's home , White House Plantation in Virginia , where the nation 's first President had courted the First Lady in the mid-18th century . Evolution of the White House Early use , the 1814 fire , and rebuilding On Saturday , November 1 , 1800 , John Adams became the first president to take residence in the building . During Adams ' second day in the house , he wrote a letter to his wife Abigail , containing a prayer for the house . Adams wrote : I pray Heaven to bestow the best of blessings on this House , and all that shall hereafter inhabit it . May none but honest and wise men ever rule under this roof . Franklin D. Roosevelt had Adams 's blessing carved into the mantel in the State Dining Room . Adams lived in the house only briefly before Thomas Jefferson moved into the `` pleasant country residence '' in 1801 . Despite his complaints that the house was too big ( `` big enough for two emperors , one pope , and the grand lama in the bargain '' ) , Jefferson considered how the White House might be added to . With Benjamin Henry Latrobe , he helped lay out the design for the East and West Colonnades , small wings that help conceal the domestic operations of laundry , a stable and storage . Today , Jefferson 's colonnades link the residence with the East and West Wings . In 1814 , during the War of 1812 , the White House was set ablaze by British troops during the Burning of Washington , in retaliation for burning Upper Canada 's Parliament Buildings in the Battle of York ; much of Washington was affected by these fires as well . Only the exterior walls remained , and they had to be torn down and mostly reconstructed because of weakening from the fire and subsequent exposure to the elements , except for portions of the south wall . Of the numerous objects taken from the White House when it was ransacked by British troops , only two have been recovered . Employees and slaves rescued a painting of George Washington , and in 1939 , a Canadian man returned a jewelry box to President Franklin D. Roosevelt , claiming that his grandfather had taken it from Washington . Some observers allege that most of these spoils were lost when a convoy of British ships led by HMS Fantome sank en route to Halifax off Prospect during a storm on the night of November 24 , 1814 , even though Fantome had no involvement in that action . After the fire , President James Madison resided in The Octagon House from 1814 to 1815 , and then the Seven Buildings from 1815 to the end of his term . Meanwhile , both architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe and Hoban contributed to the design and oversight of the reconstruction , which lasted from 1815 until 1817 . The south portico was constructed in 1824 during the James Monroe administration ; the north portico was built six years later . Though Latrobe proposed similar porticos before the fire in 1814 , both porticos were built as designed by Hoban . An elliptical portico at Château de Rastignac in La Bachellerie , France with nearly identical curved stairs is speculated as the source of inspiration due to its similarity with the South Portico , although this matter is one of great debate . Italian artisans , brought to Washington to help in constructing the U.S. Capitol , carved the decorative stonework on both porticos . Contrary to speculation , the North Portico was not modeled on a similar portico on another Dublin building , the Viceregal Lodge ( now Áras an Uachtaráin , residence of the President of Ireland ) , for its portico postdates the White House porticos ' design . For the North Portico , a variation on the Ionic Order was devised incorporating a swag of roses between the volutes . This was done to link the new portico with the earlier carved roses above the entrance . The White House as it looked following the conflagration of August 24 , 1814 Jefferson and Latrobe 's West Wing Colonnade , in this nineteenth - century engraved view , is now the James S. Brady Press Briefing Room . Principal story plan for the white house by Benjamin Henry Latrobe , 1807 . Earliest known photograph of the White House , taken c. 1846 by John Plumbe during the administration of James K. Polk . Overcrowding and building the West Wing Entrance Hall in 1882 , showing the new Tiffany glass screen By the time of the American Civil War , the White House had become overcrowded . The location of the White House was questioned , just north of a canal and swampy lands , which provided conditions ripe for malaria and other unhealthy conditions . Brigadier General Nathaniel Michler was tasked to propose solutions to address these concerns . He proposed abandoning the use of the White House as a residence and designed a new estate for the first family at Meridian Hill in Washington , D.C. , but Congress rejected the plan . Proposed additions to the White House , drawn by architect Frederick D. Owen ( 1901 ) . The White House North Lawn in the 1860s , during the Abraham Lincoln administration When Chester Arthur took office in 1881 , he ordered renovations to the White House to take place as soon as the recently widowed Lucretia Garfield moved out . Arthur inspected the work almost nightly and made several suggestions . Louis Comfort Tiffany was asked to send selected designers to assist . Over twenty wagonloads of furniture and household items were removed from the building and sold at a public auction . All that was saved were bust portraits of John Adams and Martin Van Buren . A proposal was made to build a new residence south of the White House , but it failed to gain support . In the fall of 1882 work was done on the main corridor , including tinting the walls pale olive and adding squares of gold leaf , and decorating the ceiling in gold and silver , and colorful traceries woven to spell `` USA '' . The Red Room was painted a dull Pomeranian red , and its ceiling was decorated with gold , silver , and copper stars and stripes of red , white , and blue . A fifty - foot jeweled Tiffany glass screen , supported by imitation marble columns , replaced the glass doors that separated the main corridor from the north vestibule . In 1891 , First Lady Caroline Harrison proposed major extensions to the White House , including a National Wing on the east for a historical art gallery , and a wing on the west for official functions . A plan was devised by Colonel Theodore A. Bingham , which reflected the Harrison proposal . These plans were ultimately rejected . However , in 1902 Theodore Roosevelt hired McKim , Mead & White to carry out expansions and renovations in a neoclassical style suited to the building 's architecture , removing the Tiffany screen and all Victorian additions . Charles McKim himself designed and managed the project , which gave more living space to the President 's large family by removing a staircase in the West Hall and moving executive office staff from the second floor of the residence into the new West Wing . President William Howard Taft enlisted the help of architect Nathan C. Wyeth to add additional space to the West Wing , which included the addition of the Oval Office . In 1925 , Congress enacted legislation allowing the White House to accept gifts of furniture and art for the first time . The West Wing was damaged by fire in 1929 , but rebuilt during the remaining years of the Herbert Hoover presidency . In the 1930s , a second story was added , as well as a larger basement for White House staff , and President Franklin Roosevelt had the Oval Office moved to its present location : adjacent to the Rose Garden . Truman reconstruction Main article : White House Reconstruction Truman reconstruction , 1949 -- 1952 , a steel structure is built within the exterior shell Decades of poor maintenance , the construction of a fourth story attic during the Coolidge administration , and the addition of a second - floor balcony over the south portico for Harry S. Truman took a great toll on the brick and sandstone structure built around a timber frame . By 1948 , the house was declared to be in imminent danger of collapse , forcing President Truman to commission a reconstruction and to live across the street at Blair House from 1949 to 1951 . The work , done by the firm of Philadelphia contractor John McShain , required the complete dismantling of the interior spaces , construction of a new load - bearing internal steel frame and the reconstruction of the original rooms within the new structure . The total cost of the renovations was about $5.7 million ( US $54 million in 2018 ) . Some modifications to the floor plan were made , the largest being the repositioning of the grand staircase to open into the Entrance Hall , rather than the Cross Hall . Central air conditioning was added , as well as two additional sub-basements providing space for workrooms , storage , and a bomb shelter . The Trumans moved back into the White House on March 27 , 1952 . While the house 's structure was kept intact by the Truman reconstruction , much of the new interior finishes were generic , and of little historic value . Much of the original plasterwork , some dating back to the 1814 -- 1816 rebuilding , was too damaged to reinstall , as was the original robust Beaux Arts paneling in the East Room . President Truman had the original timber frame sawed into paneling ; the walls of the Vermeil Room , Library , China Room , and Map Room on the ground floor of the main residence were paneled in wood from the timbers . Jacqueline Kennedy restoration The Red Room as designed by Stéphane Boudin during the administration of John F. Kennedy Jacqueline Kennedy , wife of President John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 63 ) , directed a very extensive and historic redecoration of the house . She enlisted the help of Henry Francis du Pont of the Winterthur Museum to assist in collecting artifacts for the mansion , many of which had once been housed there . Other antiques , fine paintings , and improvements of the Kennedy period were donated to the White House by wealthy philanthropists , including the Crowninshield family , Jane Engelhard , Jayne Wrightsman , and the Oppenheimer family . Stéphane Boudin of the House of Jansen , a Paris interior - design firm that had been recognized worldwide , was employed by Mrs. Kennedy to assist with the decoration . Different periods of the early republic and world history were selected as a theme for each room : the Federal style for the Green Room , French Empire for the Blue Room , American Empire for the Red Room , Louis XVI for the Yellow Oval Room , and Victorian for the president 's study , renamed the Treaty Room . Antique furniture was acquired , and decorative fabric and trim based on period documents was produced and installed . The Kennedy restoration resulted in a more authentic White House of grander stature , which recalled the French taste of Madison and Monroe . In the Diplomatic Reception Room , Mrs. Kennedy installed an antique `` Vue de l'Amérique Nord '' wallpaper which Zuber & Cie had designed in 1834 . The wallpaper had hung previously on the walls of another mansion until 1961 when that house was demolished for a grocery store . Just before the demolition , the wallpaper was salvaged and sold to the White House . The first White House guidebook was produced under the direction of curator Lorraine Waxman Pearce with direct supervision from Mrs. Kennedy . Sale of the guidebook helped finance the restoration . Kennedy showed her restoration of the White House to the public in a televised tour of the house on Valentine 's Day in 1962 . The White House since the Kennedy restoration President Kennedy and Vice President Johnson strolling along the Ellipse , outside the South Portico Congress enacted legislation in September 1961 declaring the White House a museum . Furniture , fixtures , and decorative arts could now be declared either historic or of artistic interest by the President . This prevented them from being sold ( as many objects in the executive mansion had been in the past 150 years ) . When not in use or display at the White House , these items were to be turned over to the Smithsonian Institution for preservation , study , storage , or exhibition . The White House retains the right to have these items returned . Out of respect for the historic character of the White House , no substantive architectural changes have been made to the house since the Truman renovation . Since the Kennedy restoration , every presidential family has made some changes to the private quarters of the White House , but the Committee for the Preservation of the White House must approve any modifications to the State Rooms . Charged with maintaining the historical integrity of the White House , the congressionally authorized committee works with each First Family -- usually represented by the First Lady , the White House Curator , and the Chief Usher -- to implement the family 's proposals for altering the house . During the Nixon administration ( 1969 -- 74 ) , First Lady Pat Nixon refurbished the Green Room , Blue Room , and Red Room , working with Clement Conger , the curator appointed by President Richard Nixon . Mrs. Nixon 's efforts brought more than 600 artifacts to the house , the largest acquisition by any administration . Her husband created the modern press briefing room over Franklin Roosevelt 's old swimming pool . Nixon also added a single - lane bowling alley to the White House basement . Computers and the first laser printer were added during the Carter administration , and the use of computer technology was expanded during the Reagan administration . A Carter - era innovation , a set of solar water heating panels that were mounted on the roof of the White House , was removed during Reagan 's presidency . Redecorations were made to the private family quarters and maintenance was made to public areas during the Reagan years . The house was accredited as a museum in 1988 . In the 1990s , Bill and Hillary Clinton refurbished some rooms with the assistance of Arkansas decorator Kaki Hockersmith , including the Oval Office , the East Room , Blue Room , State Dining Room , Lincoln Bedroom , and Lincoln Sitting Room . During the administration of George W. Bush , First Lady Laura Bush refurbished the Lincoln Bedroom in a style contemporary with the Lincoln era ; the Green Room , Cabinet Room , and theater were also refurbished . The White House became one of the first wheelchair - accessible government buildings in Washington when modifications were made during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt , who used a wheelchair because of his paralytic illness . In the 1990s , Hillary Clinton , at the suggestion of Visitors Office Director Melinda N. Bates , approved the addition of a ramp in the East Wing corridor . It allowed easy wheelchair access for the public tours and special events that enter through the secure entrance building on the east side . In 2003 , the Bush administration reinstalled solar thermal heaters . These units are used to heat water for landscape maintenance personnel and for the presidential pool and spa. 167 solar photovoltaic grid tied panels were installed at the same time on the roof of the maintenance facility . The changes were not publicized as a White House spokeswoman said the changes were an internal matter . The story was picked up by industry trade journals . In 2013 , President Barack Obama had a set of solar panels installed on the roof of the White House , making it the first time solar power would be used for the president 's living quarters . The president usually travels to and from the White House grounds via official motorcade or helicopter . The journey by helicopter was inaugurated in the 1950s , when President Dwight D. Eisenhower began traveling on Marine One to and from his official residence . Layout and amenities Today the group of buildings housing the presidency is known as the White House Complex . It includes the central Executive Residence flanked by the East Wing and West Wing . The Chief Usher coordinates day to day household operations . The White House includes : six stories and 55,000 ft ( 5,100 m ) of floor space , 132 rooms and 35 bathrooms , 412 doors , 147 windows , twenty - eight fireplaces , eight staircases , three elevators , five full - time chefs , a tennis court , a ( single - lane ) bowling alley , a movie theater ( officially called the White House Family Theater ) , a jogging track , a swimming pool , and a putting green . It receives up to 30,000 visitors each week . Layout of entire site White House Complex West Wing Ground floor State floor Second floor ( residence ) Executive residence Main article : Executive Residence The original residence is in the center . Two colonnades -- one on the east and one on the west -- designed by Jefferson , now serve to connect the East and West Wings , added later . The Executive Residence houses the president 's dwelling , as well as rooms for ceremonies and official entertaining . The State Floor of the residence building includes the East Room , Green Room , Blue Room , Red Room , State Dining Room , Family Dining Room , Cross Hall , Entrance Hall , and Grand Staircase . The Ground Floor is made up of the Diplomatic Reception Room , Map Room , China Room , Vermeil Room , Library , the main kitchen , and other offices . The second floor family residence includes the Yellow Oval Room , East and West Sitting Halls , the White House Master Bedroom , President 's Dining Room , the Treaty Room , Lincoln Bedroom and Queens ' Bedroom , as well as two additional bedrooms , a smaller kitchen , and a private dressing room . The third floor consists of the White House Solarium , Game Room , Linen Room , a Diet Kitchen , and another sitting room ( previously used as President George W. Bush 's workout room ) . West Wing Main article : West Wing The West Wing houses the President 's office ( the Oval Office ) and offices of his senior staff , with room for about 50 employees . It also includes the Cabinet Room , where the president conducts business meetings and where the Cabinet meets , as well as the White House Situation Room , James S. Brady Press Briefing Room , and Roosevelt Room . In 2007 , work was completed on renovations of the press briefing room , adding fiber optic cables and LCD screens for the display of charts and graphs . The makeover took 11 months and cost of $8 million , out of which news outlets paid $2 million . In September 2010 , a two - year project began on the West Wing , creating a multistory underground structure ; this will be followed with additional renovation of the wing . The Oval Office , Roosevelt Room , and other portions of the West Wing were partially replicated on a sound stage and used as the setting for the popular television show The West Wing . East Wing Main article : East Wing The East Wing , which contains additional office space , was added to the White House in 1942 . Among its uses , the East Wing has intermittently housed the offices and staff of the First Lady , and the White House Social Office . Rosalynn Carter , in 1977 , was the first to place her personal office in the East Wing and to formally call it the `` Office of the First Lady '' . The East Wing was built during World War II in order to hide the construction of an underground bunker to be used in emergencies . The bunker has come to be known as the Presidential Emergency Operations Center . Grounds The White House and grounds cover just over 18 acres ( about 7.3 hectares ) . Before the construction of the North Portico , most public events were entered from the South Lawn , which was graded and planted by Thomas Jefferson . Jefferson also drafted a planting plan for the North Lawn that included large trees that would have mostly obscured the house from Pennsylvania Avenue . During the mid-to - late 19th century a series of ever larger greenhouses were built on the west side of the house , where the current West Wing is located . During this period , the North Lawn was planted with ornate carpet - style flowerbeds . The general layout of the White House grounds today is based on the 1935 design by Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. of the Olmsted Brothers firm , commissioned by President Franklin D. Roosevelt . During the Kennedy administration , the White House Rose Garden was redesigned by Rachel Lambert Mellon . The Rose Garden borders the West Colonnade . Bordering the East Colonnade is the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden , which was begun by Jacqueline Kennedy but completed after her husband 's assassination . On the weekend of June 23 , 2006 , a century - old American Elm ( Ulmus americana L . ) tree on the north side of the building , came down during one of the many storms amid intense flooding . Among the oldest trees on the grounds are several magnolias ( Magnolia grandiflora ) planted by Andrew Jackson , including the Jackson Magnolia , reportedly grown from a sprout taken from the favorite tree of Jackson 's recently deceased wife , the sprout planted after Jackson moved into the White House . The tree stood for over 200 years ; but in 2017 , having become too weak to stand on its own , it was decided it should be removed and replaced with one of its offspring . Michelle Obama planted the White House 's first organic garden and installed beehives on the South Lawn of the White House , which will supply organic produce and honey to the First Family and for state dinners and other official gatherings . The Cross Hall , connecting the State Dining Room and the East Room on the State Floor Marine One prepares for landing on the South Lawn where State Arrival Ceremonies for visiting heads of state take place . The White House and surrounding grounds The White House with fountain and grounds White House from the north Public access and security See also : White House Visitors Office and List of White House security breaches Historical accessibility Like the English and Irish country houses it was modeled on , the White House was , from the start , open to the public until the early part of the 20th century . President Thomas Jefferson held an open house for his second inaugural in 1805 , and many of the people at his swearing - in ceremony at the Capitol followed him home , where he greeted them in the Blue Room . Those open houses sometimes became rowdy : in 1829 , President Andrew Jackson had to leave for a hotel when roughly 20,000 citizens celebrated his inauguration inside the White House . His aides ultimately had to lure the mob outside with washtubs filled with a potent cocktail of orange juice and whiskey . Even so , the practice continued until 1885 , when newly elected Grover Cleveland arranged for a presidential review of the troops from a grandstand in front of the White House instead of the traditional open house . Jefferson also permitted public tours of his house , which have continued ever since , except during wartime , and began the tradition of annual receptions on New Year 's Day and on the Fourth of July . Those receptions ended in the early 1930s , although President Bill Clinton briefly revived the New Year 's Day open house in his first term . The White House remained accessible in other ways ; President Abraham Lincoln complained that he was constantly beleaguered by job seekers waiting to ask him for political appointments or other favors , or eccentric dispensers of advice like `` General '' Daniel Pratt , as he began the business day . Lincoln put up with the annoyance rather than risk alienating some associate or friend of a powerful politician or opinion maker . Aviation incidents This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2015 ) In February 1974 , a stolen army helicopter landed without authorization on the White House 's grounds . Twenty years later , in 1994 , a light plane flown by Frank Eugene Corder crashed on the White House grounds , and he died instantly . As a result of increased security regarding air traffic in the capital , the White House was evacuated in May 2005 before an unauthorized aircraft could approach the grounds . Closure of Pennsylvania Avenue On May 20 , 1995 , primarily as a response to the Oklahoma City bombing of April 19 , 1995 , the United States Secret Service closed off Pennsylvania Avenue to vehicular traffic in front of the White House from the eastern edge of Lafayette Park to 17th Street . Later , the closure was extended an additional block to the east to 15th Street , and East Executive Avenue , a small street between the White House and the Treasury Building . After September 11 , 2001 , this was made permanent in addition to closing E Street between the South Portico of the White House and the Ellipse . In response to the Boston Marathon bombing the road was closed to the public in its entirety for a period of two days . The Pennsylvania Avenue closing has been opposed by organized civic groups in Washington , D.C. They argue that the closing impedes traffic flow unnecessarily and is inconsistent with the well - conceived historic plan for the city . As for security considerations , they note that the White House is set much farther back from the street than numerous other sensitive federal buildings are . Prior to its inclusion within the fenced compound that now includes the Old Executive Office Building to the west and the Treasury Building to the east , this sidewalk served as a queuing area for the daily public tours of the White House . These tours were suspended in the wake of the September 11 attacks . In September 2003 , they resumed on a limited basis for groups making prior arrangements through their Congressional representatives or embassies in Washington for foreign nationals and submitting to background checks , but the White House remained closed to the public . White House tours were suspended for most of 2013 due to budget constraints after sequestration . The White House reopened to the public in November 2013 . Protection The White House Complex is protected by the United States Secret Service and the United States Park Police . NASAMS ( Norwegian Advanced Surface to Air Missile System ) were used to guard air space over Washington , D.C. during the 2005 presidential inauguration . The same NASAMS units have since been used to protect the president and all air space around the White House , which is strictly prohibited to aircraft . For security reasons , the section of Pennsylvania Avenue on the north side of the White House is closed to all vehicular traffic , except government officials . White House at night North front of the White House on the reverse ( back ) of the U.S. $20 bill . See also Camp David Germantown White House Graphics and Calligraphy Office List of largest houses in the United States List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington , D.C. List of residences of Presidents of the United States List of residences of Presidents of the United States # Western White House Number One Observatory Circle , residence of the Vice President Reported White House ghosts Category : Rooms in the White House White House Acquisition Trust White House Chief Calligrapher White House Chief Floral Designer White House Christmas tree White House Communications Agency White House Endowment Trust White House Executive Chef White House Fellows White House History White House Social Secretary Government of the United States portal Washington , D.C. portal References Jump up ^ `` John Adams moves into White House '' . History.com . Jump up ^ `` Inside the White House : History '' . WhiteHouse.gov . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael W. Fazio and Patrick A. Snadon ( 2006 ) . The Domestic Architecture of Benjamin Henry Latrobe . The Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 364 -- 366 . Jump up ^ to the Empire State Building Jump up ^ Brandus , Paul ( 2015 ) . `` Nov. 1 , 1800 : The White House Welcomes Its First President -- John Adams '' . Under This Roof : A History of the White House and Presidency . Lyon Press . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 -- via West Wing Reports . Jump up ^ `` John Adams '' . WhiteHouse.gov . Jump up ^ `` Timelines - Architecture '' ( PDF ) . White House Historical Association . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 30 , 2006 . Retrieved November 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ L'Enfant identified himself as `` Peter Charles L'Enfant '' during most of his life , while residing in the United States . He wrote this name on his `` Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t ( he ) United States ... '' ( Washington , D.C. ) and on other legal documents . However , during the early 1900s , a French ambassador to the U.S. , Jean Jules Jusserand , popularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name , `` Pierre Charles L'Enfant '' . ( Reference : Bowling , Kenneth R ( 2002 ) . Peter Charles L'Enfant : vision , honor , and male friendship in the early American Republic . George Washington University , Washington , D.C. ISBN 978 - 0 - 9727611 - 0 - 9 ) . The United States Code states in 40 U.S.C. § 3309 : `` ( a ) In General. -- The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant . '' The National Park Service identifies L'Enfant as `` Major Peter Charles L'Enfant '' and as `` Major Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant '' on its website . Jump up ^ Frary , Ihna Thayer ( 1969 ) . They Built the Capitol . Ayer Publishing . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8369 - 5089 - 2 . Jump up ^ William Seale , `` James Hoban : Builder of the White House '' in White House History no . 22 ( Spring 2008 ) , pp. 8 -- 12 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Document Activities '' . White House Historical Association . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2007 . Retrieved November 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The White House '' . National Park Service . Retrieved November 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Michael ( May 10 , 2006 ) . `` Our White House in France ? '' . TheColumnists.Com . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Michael ( September 15 , 2006 ) . `` A chateau fit for a president '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ecker , Grace Dunlop ( 1933 ) . A Portrait of Old Georgetown . Garrett & Massie , Inc. p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` African Americans in the White House Timeline '' . White House Historical Association . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` White House Tour Essays : The Overview '' . White House Historical Association . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2007 . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zentz , Wendy ( 1986 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Yugoslavs Claim Bit Of White House '' . SunSentinel . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Podolak , Janet ( 2010 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Stone from island off Croatia made White House and ancient Roman palace '' . The News - Herald . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 's Stone industry is expanding '' . www.litosonline.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of the White House '' . White House Museum . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Seale , William ( 1986 ) . The President 's House , A History . Volume I. White House Historical Association . pp. 1 , 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 912308 - 28 - 9 . Jump up ^ Seale , William ( 1992 ) . The White House , The History of an American Idea . The American Institute of Architects Press . pp. 35 . 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55835 - 049 - 6 . Jump up ^ Unger , Harlow ( 2009 ) . The Last Founding Father : James Monroe and a Nation 's Call to Greatness . New York : Da Capo Press . p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81808 - 0 . Jump up ^ New York Life Insurance Company ( 1908 ) , entry Jump up ^ Seale , William ( 1986 ) . The President 's House , A History . Volume II . White House Historical Association . p. 689.1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 912308 - 28 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` White House Facts '' . The White House . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2007 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ K.W. Poore and Associates , Inc. ; Earth Design Associates , Inc . ( June 2 , 2002 ) . `` New Kent County Comprehensive Plan '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 31 , 2007 . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` The State Dining Room '' . White House Historical Association . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2006 . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson Describes the White House '' . Original Manuscripts and Primary Sources . Shapell Manuscript Foundation . Jump up ^ John Whitcomb , Real Life at the White House : 200 Years of Daily Life at America 's Most Famous Residence . Routledge , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 92320 - 0 . p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` The East Room '' . White House Historical Association . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2007 . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure hunt or modern - day pirates ? '' . canada.com. 2006 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2007 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Usborne , David ( November 27 , 2005 ) . `` British warship sunk during war with US may hold lost treasures of White House '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Young , G.F.W. `` HMS Fantome and the British Raid on Washington August 1814 '' . Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society Journal . 10 : 132 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Haas , Irvin . Historic Homes of the American Presidents . New York : Dover Publishing , 1991 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Michael W. Fazio and Patrick A. Snadon ( 2006 ) . The Domestic Architecture of Benjamin Henry Latrobe . The Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 368 -- 370 . ^ Jump up to : `` Architectural Improvements : 1825 -- 1872 '' . The White House Museum . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Michael ( September 15 , 2006 ) . `` A chateau fit for a president '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2007 . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Epstein , Ellen Robinson ( 1971 -- 1972 ) . `` The East and West Wings of the White House '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . Jump up ^ Reeves , Thomas C. ( 1975 ) . Gentleman Boss . NY , NY : Alfred A. Knopf . p. 268 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 46095 - 6 . Jump up ^ Reeves , Thomas C. ( 1975 ) . Gentleman Boss . NY , NY : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. n473 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 46095 - 6 . Jump up ^ Reeves , Thomas C. ( 1975 ) . Gentleman Boss . NY , NY : Alfred A. Knopf . p. 269 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 46095 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Illumination : Sunset of the Gaslight Age , 1891 '' . The White House Historical Association . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Entrance Hall '' . The White House Museum . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Theodore Roosevelt Renovation , 1902 '' . The White House Museum . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abbott & Rice 1998 , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Truman Reconstruction : 1948 -- 1952 '' . White House Museum . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Slesin , Suzanne ( June 16 , 1988 ) . `` Fit for Dignitaries , Blair House Reopens Its Stately Doors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mrs. Truman Shows Off White House To News Writers '' . Palm Beach Post . UP . March 24 , 1952 . p. 7 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2013 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Library Art and Furnishings '' . The White House . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2001 . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kennedy Renovation : 1961 -- 1963 '' . White House Museum . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jacqueline Kennedy in the White House '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . p. 3 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2009 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Kennedy 's devotion to White House revealed '' . CBS News . February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abbott & Rice 1998 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` Architecture : 1970s '' . White House Historical Association . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Order 11145 -- Providing for a Curator of the White House and establishing a Committee for the Preservation of the White House '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Caroli , Betty Boyd ( January 3 , 2008 ) . `` Pat Nixon : American first lady '' . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Lady Biography : Pat Nixon '' . The National First Ladies Library . 2005 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . For the White House itself , and thus for the American people , Pat Nixon also decided to accelerate the collection process of fine antiques as well as historically associative pieces , adding some 600 paintings and antiques to the White House Collection . It was the single greatest collecting during any Administration . Jump up ^ `` A Press Pool '' . WhiteHouse.gov . Jump up ^ `` Ask the White House '' . The White House . May 9 , 2005 . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Technology : 1980s '' . White House Historical Association . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2008 . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Maine college to auction off former White House solar panels '' . October 28 , 2004 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2004 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Burdick , Dave ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` White House Solar Panels : What Ever Happened To Carter 's Solar Thermal Water Heater ? ( VIDEO ) '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Decorative Arts : 1980s '' . White House Historical Association . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2011 . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Koncius , Jura ( November 12 , 2008 ) . `` White House makeover '' . The Californian . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` SOLAR ENERGY IS BACK AT THE WHITE HOUSE '' . Jump up ^ `` Solar panels installed on White House roof '' . Fox News . August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ News , ABC . `` White House Finally Gets Solar Panels '' . Jump up ^ `` Technology : 1950s '' . White House Historical Association . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ted Johnson ( July 23 , 2011 ) . `` Now playing at the White House : East Wing holds movie theater for First Family and friends '' . Variety . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bumiller , Elizabeth ( January 2009 ) . `` Inside the Presidency '' . National Geographic . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` White House Residence First Floor '' . White House Museum . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` White House Residence Ground Floor '' . White House Museum . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` White House Residence Second Floor '' . White House Museum . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` White House Residence Third Floor '' . White House Museum . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Debates and Decisions : Life in the Cabinet Room '' . The White House . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` White House History and Tours '' . The White House . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2002 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Allen ( July 7 , 2007 ) . `` White House Press Room to reopen '' . The Politico . Jump up ^ `` White House Big Dig wraps up , but the project remains shrouded in mystery '' . New York Daily News . Associated Press . September 13 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graham Smith ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` It 's official ! Obama will definitely be out of the Oval Office next year ... when it closes for renovation '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The West Wing of The West Wing '' . The White House Museum . Jump up ^ `` White House Magnolia Tree Planted by Andrew Jackson Will Be Cut Down '' . Smithsonian Magazine . December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The story of the White House 's famous magnolia tree '' . Washington Post . December 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Obama Goes Organic and Brings in the Bees '' . Washington Whispers . March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Freeze , Christopher . `` The Time a Stolen Helicopter Landed on the White House Lawn - Robert Preston 's wild ride '' . Air & Space . Smithsonian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` White House security scares '' . BBC News . February 7 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Joe Johns ; Kelli Arena ; Kathleen Koch ( May 12 , 2005 ) . `` Intruding pilots released without charges '' . CNN . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Public Report of the White House Security Review '' . Order of the Secretary of the Treasury . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of Committee of 100 on the Federal City and The National Coalition to Save Our Mall '' . National Coalition to Save Our Mall , Inc. 2004 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2003 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Visiting the White House '' . The White House . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2001 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hennessey , Kathleen ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` White House tours canceled due to federal budget cuts '' . LA Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` White House Tours To Resume In November ( With A Catch ) '' . International Business Times . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norske våpen vokter presidenten : Gründer Økonomisk Rapport '' . Grunder . January 31 , 2006 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2012 . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Norge sikret innsettelsen av Bush -- Nyheter '' . Dagbladet . March 13 , 2006 . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Bibliography Abbott , James A. ; Rice , Elaine M. ( 1998 ) . Designing Camelot : The Kennedy White House Restoration . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold . ISBN 0442025327 . Further reading Abbott , James A . A Frenchman in Camelot : The Decoration of the Kennedy White House by Stéphane Boudin . Boscobel Restoration Inc. : 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9646659 - 0 - 3 . Abbott , James A. Jansen . Acanthus Press : 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 926494 - 33 - 6 . Clinton , Hillary Rodham . An Invitation to the White House : At Home with History . Simon & Schuster : 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 85799 - 2 . Garrett , Wendell . Our Changing White House . Northeastern University Press : 1995 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 222 - 2 . Guidas , John . The White House : Resources for Research at the Library of Congress . Library of Congress , 1992 . Huchet de Quénetain , Christophe.De quelques bronzes dorés français conservés à la Maison - Blanche à Washington D.C. in La Revue , Pierre Bergé & associés , n ° 6 , mars 2005 pp. 54 -- 5 . OCLC 62701407 . Kenny , Peter M. , Frances F. Bretter and Ulrich Leben . Honoré Lannuier Cabinetmaker from Paris : The Life and Work of French Ébiniste in Federal New York . The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York and Harry Abrams : 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87099 - 836 - 2 . Klara , Robert . The Hidden White House : Harry Truman and the Reconstruction of America 's Most Famous Residence . Thomas Dunne Books : 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 2500 - 0027 - 9 . Kloss , William . Art in the White House : A Nation 's Pride . White House Historical Association in cooperation with the National Geographic Society , 1992 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 3965 - 3 . Leish , Kenneth . The White House . Newsweek Book Division : 1972 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88225 - 020 - 5 . McKellar , Kenneth , Douglas W. Orr , Edward Martin , et al. Report of the Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion . Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion , Government Printing Office : 1952 . Monkman , Betty C. The White House : The Historic Furnishing & First Families . Abbeville Press : 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7892 - 0624 - 4 . New York Life Insurance Company . The Presidents from 1789 to 1908 and the History of the White House . New York Life Insurance Company : 1908 . Penaud , Guy Dictionnaire des châteaux du Périgord . Editions Sud - Ouest : 1996 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 87901 - 221 - 6 . Phillips - Schrock , Patrick . The White House : An Illustrated Architectural History ( Jefferson , NC : McFarland , 2013 ) 196 pp . Seale , William . The President 's House . White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society : 1986 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 912308 - 28 - 9 . Seale , William , The White House : The History of an American Idea . White House Historical Association : 1992 , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 912308 - 85 - 2 . West , J.B. with Mary Lynn Kotz . Upstairs at the White House : My Life with the First Ladies . Coward , McCann & Geoghegan : 1973 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 698 - 10546 - 1 . Wolff , Perry . A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy . Doubleday & Company : 1962 . Exhibition Catalogue , Sale 6834 : The Estate of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis April 23 -- 26 , 1996 . Sothebys , Inc. : 1996 . The White House : An Historic Guide . White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society : 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 912308 - 79 - 1 . The White House . The First Two Hundred Years , ed. by Frank Freidel / William Pencak , Boston 1994 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to White House . Official website The White House Historical Association , with historical photos , online tours and exhibits , timelines , and facts President 's Park ( White House ) part of the National Park Service The White House Museum , a detailed online tour Detailed 3D computer model of White House and grounds Video tours : `` White House Holiday Tour with Laura Bush '' . C - SPAN . December 3 , 2008 . `` White House Tour '' . C - SPAN . July 7 , 1998 . `` Popular video tours '' . C - SPAN . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Geographic data related to White House at OpenStreetMap White House Complex White House Executive Residence Basement Basement Chief Floral Designer Ground floor China Room collection Office of the Curator Diplomatic Reception Room Library Map Room Vermeil Room State floor Blue Room Cross Hall East Room Entrance Hall Family Dining Room Grand Staircase Green Room Red Room South Portico State Dining Room Chief Usher Second floor Center Hall Dressing Room East Bedroom East Sitting Hall Family Kitchen Lincoln Bedroom Lincoln Sitting Room President 's Bedroom President 's Dining Room Private Sitting Room Queens ' Bedroom Queens ' Sitting Room Treaty Room Truman Balcony West Bedroom West Sitting Hall Yellow Oval Room Third floor Center Hall Diet Kitchen Linen Room Music Room Sun Room Work - out Room West Wing Cabinet Room Executive Office Oval Office Oval Office Study Press Briefing Room Roosevelt Room Situation Room East Wing Office of the First Lady Graphics and Calligraphy Office Presidential Emergency Operations Center White House Family Theater Social Secretary Visitors Office White House Military Office Grounds The Ellipse Jacqueline Kennedy Garden Lafayette Square North Lawn President 's Park Rose Garden South Lawn White House to Treasury Building tunnel Annex Eisenhower Executive Office Building New Executive Office Building White House Conference Center Blair House Trowbridge House Presidential Townhouse Nearby streets 15th Street 17th Street Constitution Avenue E Street East Executive Avenue H Street NW Hamilton Place Jackson Place Madison Place Pennsylvania Avenue State Place West Executive Avenue Landmarks of Washington , D.C. Memorials Adams African American Civil War American Veterans Disabled for Life Belmont - Paul Women 's Equality National Monument Mary McLeod Bethune Boy Scout James Buchanan D.C. War Albert Einstein Emancipation John Ericsson First Division James A. Garfield Samuel Gompers Ulysses S. Grant Holocaust Museum Holodomor Genocide Japanese American Patriotism During World War II Jefferson Memorial Lyndon Baines Johnson Grove John Paul Jones Marquis de Lafayette Law Enforcement Officers Lincoln Memorial Martin Luther King , Jr . Korean War Veterans George Mason George Meade National Statuary Hall Collection Navy -- Merchant Marine Nuns of the Battlefield Peace Monument Pentagon Second Division Signers of the Declaration of Independence The Extra Mile The Three Soldiers Jean de Rochambeau Franklin Delano Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Island Taras Shevchenko Statues of the Liberators Oscar Straus Robert A. 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who was president when the white house was built
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"On Saturday, November 1, 1800, John Adams became the first president to take residence in the building.[17] During Adams' second day in the house, he wrote a letter to his wife Abigail, containing a prayer for the house. Adams wrote:"
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"John Adams"
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Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit
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Wallace & Gromit : the Curse of the Were - Rabbit - Wikipedia Wallace & Gromit : the Curse of the Were - Rabbit Jump to : navigation , search For the video game , see Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( video game ) . Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit British theatrical release poster Directed by Nick Park Steve Box Produced by Nick Park Claire Jennings Peter Lord Carla Shelley David Sproxton Screenplay by Steve Box Nick Park Bob Baker Mark Burton Based on Wallace and Gromit by Nick Park Starring Peter Sallis Ralph Fiennes Helena Bonham Carter Peter Kay Nicholas Smith Liz Smith Music by Julian Nott Cinematography David Alex Riddett Tristan Oliver Edited by David McCormick Gregory Perler Production company Aardman Animations DreamWorks Animation Distributed by DreamWorks Pictures ( United States ) United International Pictures ( United Kingdom ) Release date 4 September 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 04 ) ( Sydney ) 7 October 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 07 ) ( United States ) 14 October 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 14 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 85 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $30 million Box office $192.6 million Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit is a 2005 stop - motion animated comedy film produced by Aardman Animations in partnership with DreamWorks Animation . United International Pictures distributed the film in the United Kingdom , and it was the last DreamWorks Animation film to be distributed by DreamWorks Pictures in the United States . It was directed by Nick Park and Steve Box as the second feature - length film by Aardman after Chicken Run ( 2000 ) . The Curse of the Were - Rabbit is part of the Wallace and Gromit series , created by Park . The film follows eccentric inventor Wallace ( voiced by Peter Sallis ) and his intelligent mute dog Gromit in their latest venture as pest control agents , as they come to the rescue of a village plagued by rabbits before an annual vegetable competition . The film features an expanded cast of characters relative to the previous Wallace and Gromit shorts , with a voice cast including Helena Bonham Carter and Ralph Fiennes as well as British comedian Peter Kay and British character actress Liz Smith . It was a critical and commercial success , and won a number of film awards including the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature , making it the second film from DreamWorks Animation to win ( after Shrek ) , as well as both the second non American animated film and second non computer animated film to have received this achievement ( after Spirited Away ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Soundtrack 7 Legacy 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Tottington Hall 's annual giant vegetable competition is approaching with the coveted Golden Carrot as its prize . Wallace and Gromit provide a humane pest control business , `` Anti-Pesto '' , protecting the townspeople 's vegetables . One morning , Wallace devises a plan to lose weight and creates the Mind Manipulation - O - Matic to transmit the rabbits ' appetite for vegetables out of their minds and into his . The machine malfunctions and Gromit destroys it to protect Wallace ; however , the transfer appears to have worked , as the test rabbit shows no interest in vegetables . They name the rabbit Hutch while Wallace begins rebuilding the device . That night , a giant rabbit devours many of the town 's vegetables . Wallace suspects that Hutch may be the were - rabbit and locks him in a high - security cage . At a town meeting , Victor Quartermaine the hunter offers to shoot the were - rabbit , but Lady Tottington persuades the townsfolk to continue with Anti-Pesto's services . Victor , who seeks to woo Lady Tottington , corners Wallace at night . Wallace transforms into the Were - Rabbit under the light of the full moon and bounds away . Gromit lures Wallace home to protect him . Victor obtains three `` 24 - carrot '' gold bullets from the town reverend to use against Wallace . At the contest , Gromit convinces Wallace that he is the Were - Rabbit , and Wallace hides himself away . Lady Tottington , who has come to like Wallace , visits and tells him about Victor 's plan . When the moon rises , Wallace begins to transform and shoos Lady Tottington away . Victor arrives and fires on Wallace with the golden bullets . Gromit creates a distraction to allow Wallace , as the Were - Rabbit , to escape ; the hunter gives chase to the competition . Gromit begins working with Hutch , who has developed Wallace - like traits , and plans to use his giant marrow as bait to lure Wallace to safety . Wallace , as the were - rabbit , creates chaos at the fair . Victor grabs the Golden Carrot trophy to use as ammunition . Wallace carries Lady Tottington atop Tottington Hall , where she discovers Wallace 's connection to the were - rabbit . Victor gives chase , revealing that he only wants to impress Lady Tottington for her money . When Gromit arrives , Victor 's dog Philip engages him in a dogfight in aeroplanes taken from a fairground attraction . Gromit sends Philip 's plane to the ground , then steers his plane into Victor 's line of fire as Victor fires at Wallace . Wallace jumps , grabs Gromit and sacrifices himself to cushion their fall into a cheese tent . Victor gloats about his victory , but Lady Tottington hits him with her giant carrot and he falls into the tent too . Gromit quickly disguises Victor as the were - rabbit and the mob of townspeople chase him away . Wallace transforms back to his human self and appears dead , but Gromit uses some Stinking Bishop cheese to bring him around . Lady Tottington awards Gromit the Golden Carrot and converts the grounds of Tottington Hall into a habitat for Hutch and the other rabbits . Cast ( edit ) See also : Wallace and Gromit Helena Bonham Carter at the film 's North American premiere at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival Peter Sallis as Wallace , an eccentric and absent - minded inventor with a great fondness for cheese , who runs Anti-Pesto with his dog , Gromit . Sallis also provides the voice of Hutch , a captive rabbit who gradually becomes Wallace - like after an attempted mind - alteration goes awry and who serves as the initial suspected Were - Rabbit . Sallis 's voice was digitally accelerated to create that of Hutch 's . Gromit is Wallace 's silent , brave and highly intelligent dog , who saves his master whenever something goes wrong . Ralph Fiennes as Lord Victor Quartermaine , a cruel upper class bounder and a prideful hunter . He wears a toupee and despises Anti-Pesto . His surname is similar to Allan Quatermain , the British novelist H. Rider Haggard 's big - game hunter character . Philip is Victor 's vicious but dimwitted hunting dog who resembles a Bull Terrier . Helena Bonham Carter as Lady Campanula `` Totty '' Tottington , a wealthy aristocratic spinster with a keen interest in vegetable horticulture and ' fluffy ' animals . For 517 years , the Tottington family has hosted an annual vegetable competition on their estate . Lady Tottington asks Wallace to call her `` Totty '' ( which is a British term for attractive women ) and develops a romantic interest in him . Her forename , Campanula , is the scientific name of a bellflower , and her surname is taken from the Lancashire village of Tottington . Peter Kay as Police Constable Albert Mackintosh , the local village policeman who judges the Giant Vegetable Contest . Nicholas Smith as Reverend Clement Hedges , the local vicar and the first resident to witness the Were - Rabbit . Dicken Ashworth and Liz Smith as Mr. and Mrs. Mulch , vegetable contestants and clients of Wallace and Gromit 's Anti-Pesto . Edward Kelsey as Mr. Growbag , an elderly resident of Wallace and Gromit 's neighbourhood and a founding member of the town 's veg grower 's council . Geraldine McEwan as Miss Thripp , an Anti-Pesto customer . McEwan reprised her role in A Matter of Loaf and Death . Production ( edit ) Director Nick Park at the film 's premiere In March 2000 , it was officially announced that Wallace and Gromit were to star in their own feature film . It would have been Aardman 's next film after The Tortoise and the Hare , which was subsequently abandoned by the studio in July 2001 , owing to script issues . The directors , Nick Park and Steve Box , have often referred to the film as the world 's `` first vegetarian horror film '' . Peter Sallis ( the voice of Wallace ) is joined in the film by Ralph Fiennes ( as Lord Victor Quartermaine ) , Helena Bonham Carter ( as Lady Campanula Tottington ) , Peter Kay ( as PC Mackintosh ) , Nicholas Smith ( as Rev. Clement Hedges ) , and Liz Smith ( as Mrs. Mulch ) . As established in the preceding short films , Gromit is a silent character , communicating purely via body language . The film was originally going to be called Wallace & Gromit : The Great Vegetable Plot , but the title was changed , as the market research did n't like it . The first reported release date for The Great Vegetable Plot was November 2004 . Production officially began in September 2003 , and the film was then set for release on 30 September 2005 . In July 2003 , Entertainment Weekly referred the film as Wallace & Gromit in The Were - Rabbit . Park told an interviewer that after separate test screenings with British and American children , the film was altered to `` tone down some of the British accents and make them speak more clearly so the American audiences could understand it all better . '' Park was often sent notes from DreamWorks , which irritated him . He recalled one note that Wallace 's car should be trendier , which he disagreed with because he felt making things look old - fashioned made it look more ironic . The vehicle Wallace drives in the film is an Austin A35 van . In collaboration with Aardman in the spring of 2005 , a road going replica of the model was created by brothers Mark and David Armé , founders of the International Austin A30 / A35 Register , for promotional purposes . In a 500 - man - hour customisation , an original 1964 van received a full body restoration , before being dented and distressed to perfectly replicate the model van used in the film . The official colour of the van is Preston Green , named in honour of Nick Park 's home town . The name was chosen by the art director and Mark Armé . For the United States edition of the film , the dialogue was changed to refer to Gromit 's prize vegetable as a `` melon '' . Because I word `` marrow '' is not well known in the United States , Jeffrey Katzenberg insisted it be changed . Park explained `` Because it 's the only appropriate word we could find that would fit with the mouth shape for ' marrow ' . Melon apparently works over there . So we have Wallace saying , ' How 's your prize melon ? ' '' . This version is also heard in the United Kingdom bootleg DVD release , and when viewed on Netflix in the United Kingdom . However , the original marrow line can still be heard on Cartoon Network airings of the film in the United States . Release ( edit ) The film had its worldwide premiere on 4 September 2005 , in Sydney , Australia . It was theatrically released in the United Kingdom , Hong Kong , and the United States on 14 October 2005 . The DVD edition of the film was released on 7 February 2006 ( United States ) and 20 February 2006 ( United Kingdom ) . Home media ( edit ) In Region 2 , the film was released in a two disc special including Cracking Contraptions , plus a number of other extras . In Region 1 , the film was released on DVD in Widescreen and Fullscreen versions and VHS on 7 February 2006 . Wal - Mart stores carried a special version with an additional DVD , `` Gromit 's Tail - Waggin ' DVD '' which included the test shorts made for this production . A companion game , also titled Curse of the Were - Rabbit , had a coinciding release with the film . A novelisation , Wallace and Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit : The Movie Novelization by Penny Worms ( ISBN 0 - 8431 - 1667 - 6 ) , was also produced . It was the last DreamWorks Animation movie to be released on VHS . It was re released on DVD on 13 May 2014 , as part of a triple film set , along with DreamWorks Animation 's Chicken Run and Flushed Away . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Wallace & Gromit opened in 3,645 cinemas and had an opening weekend gross of $16 million , putting it at number one for that weekend . During its second weekend it came in at number two , just $200,000 behind The Fog . It remained number one worldwide for three weeks in a row . The Curse of the Were - Rabbit grossed $192.6 million at the box office , of which $56.1 million was from the United States . As of May 2018 , it is the second - highest - grossing stop - motion animated film of all time . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit holds an approval rating of 95 % based on 180 reviews , with an average rating of 8.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Curse of the Were - Rabbit is a subtly touching and wonderfully eccentric adventure featuring Wallace and Gromit . '' On Metacritic , the film received a weighted average score of 87 out of 100 , based on 38 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Accolades ( edit ) Group Award Recipients Result 78th Academy Awards Best Animated Feature Film Nick Park Steve Box Won 33rd Annie Awards Best Animated Effects Jason Wen Won Best Animated Feature Won Best Character Animation Claire Billet Won Best Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Nick Park Won Best Directing in an Animated Feature Production Nick Park Steve Box Won Best Music in an Animated Feature Production Julian Nott Won Best Production Design in an Animated Feature Production Phil Lewis Won Best Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production Bob Persichetti Won Best Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production Peter Sallis as the voice of Wallace Won Best Writing in an Animated Feature Production Steve Box Nick Park Mark Burton Bob Baker Won Best Character Animation Jay Grace Christopher Sadler Nominated Best Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production Michael Salter Nominated Best Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production Helena Bonham Carter as the voice of Lady Campanula Tottington Nominated Ralph Fiennes as the voice of Victor Quartermaine Nominated Nicholas Smith as the voice of Reverend Clement Hedges Nominated 59th British Academy Film Awards Best British Film Claire Jennings David Sproxton Nick Park Steve Box Mark Burton Bob Baker Won British Comedy Awards Best Comedy Film Nick Park Won 11th Critics ' Choice Awards Best Animated Feature Nick Park and Steve Box Won Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Association Best Animated Feature Won Empire Awards Best Director Nick Park Steve Box Won Best British Film Nominated Best Comedy Nominated Scene of the Year Nominated Florida Film Critics Circle Awards 2005 Best Animated Film Won 50th Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation -- Long Form Nominated London Film Critics Circle Awards 2005 British Film of the Year Nominated Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 2005 Best Animated Film Won 53rd Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing in Feature Film -- Animated Won Golden Tomato Awards 2005 Best Animated Film Won Best Wide Release Won New York Film Critics Online Awards 2005 Best Animated Film Won 2006 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Animated Movie Nominated Online Film Critics Society Awards 2005 Best Animated Feature Won 17th Producers Guild of America Awards Producer of the Year Award in Animated Theatrical Motion Pictures Claire Jennings Nick Park Won 10th Satellite Awards Outstanding Motion Picture , Animated or Mixed Media Nominated 32nd Saturn Awards Best Animated Film Nominated Toronto Film Critics Association Awards 2005 Best Animated Film Nick Park and Steve Box Won Visual Effects Society Awards 2005 Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Motion Picture Lloyd Price for `` Gromit '' Won Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Animated Film Won Soundtrack ( edit ) All music composed by Julian Nott , except as noted . No . Title Length 1 . `` A Grand Day Out '' 1 : 54 2 . `` Anti-Pesto to the Rescue '' 3 : 18 3 . `` Bless You , Anti-Pesto '' 1 : 56 4 . `` Lady Tottington and Victor '' 2 : 03 5 . `` Fire Up the Bun - Vac '' 1 : 47 6 . `` Your Ladyship '' 1 : 07 7 . `` Brainwash and Go '' 2 : 28 8 . `` Harvest Offering '' 2 : 30 9 . `` Arson Around '' 2 : 23 10 . `` A Big Trap '' 3 : 27 11 . `` The Morning After '' 1 : 44 12 . `` Transformation '' 4 : 05 13 . `` Ravaged in the Night '' 1 : 45 14 . `` Fluffy Lover Boy '' 4 : 36 15 . `` Kiss My Artichoke '' 4 : 31 16 . `` Dogfight '' 3 : 39 17 . `` Every Dog Has His Day '' 2 : 43 18 . `` All Things Fluffy '' 1 : 07 19 . `` Wallace and Gromit '' 1 : 08 Total length : 48 : 11 Legacy ( edit ) After the box office failure of Flushed Away resulted in a major write down for DreamWorks , it was reported on 3 October 2006 and confirmed on 30 January 2007 that DreamWorks had terminated their partnership with Aardman . In revealing the losses related to Flushed Away , DreamWorks also revealed they had taken a $29 million write down over Wallace & Gromit as well , and the film under performed expectations . Following the split , Aardman retained complete ownership of the film , while DreamWorks Animation retained worldwide distribution rights in perpetuity , excluding some United Kingdom television rights and ancillary markets . Soon after the end of the agreement , Aardman announced that they would proceed with another Wallace & Gromit project , later revealed to be a return to their earlier short films with A Matter of Loaf and Death with the BBC . During production of the short , Park remarked publicly on difficulties with working with DreamWorks during the production of Were - Rabbit , such as the constant production notes and demands to alter the material to appeal more to American children . Notes ( edit ) ^ In July 2014 , the film 's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Wallace & Gromit in the Curse of the Were - Rabbit '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Felperin , Leslie ( 16 September 2005 ) . `` Review : ' Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wallace & Gromit in the Curse of the Were - Rabbit '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sydney premiere for Gromit movie '' . BBC News . 6 September 2005 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Toronto International Film Festival ( 16 August 2005 ) . `` North American Premiere of Nick Park 's and Steve Box 's Wallace & Gromit -- The Curse of the Were - Rabbit a Gala Presentation '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wallace and Gromit 's Hollywood date '' . news.bbc.co.uk. 9 March 2000 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aardman to make Wallace And Gromit movie '' . www.screendaily.com. 20 June 2000 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AARDMAN HALTS TORTOISE VS . HARE '' . uk.ign.com. 5 July 2001 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wallace & Gromit : The Great Vegetable Plot That Never Was '' . theguardian.com. 26 October 2010 . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wallace , Gromit stage Net comeback '' . edition.cnn.com. 15 October 2002 . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Szymanski , Mike ( 10 October 2005 ) . `` Helena Bonham Carter shows off her acting choppers for director Nick Park in Wallace & Gromit '' . SciFi.com . Archived from the original on 5 November 2007 . Retrieved 12 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Nigel Farndale ( 18 December 2008 ) . `` Wallace and Gromit : one man and his dog '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 18 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Stuart Jeffries ( 16 September 2005 ) . `` Lock Up Your Vegetables '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 19 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Josh ( 5 March 2014 ) . `` DreamWorks to release `` Chicken Run '' , `` El Dorado '' and more in Triple Feature Blu - ray sets `` . Animation Scoop . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ The Numbers , Box Office for 10 / 7 / 2005 weekend . Jump up ^ The Numbers , Box Office for 10 / 14 / 2005 weekend . Jump up ^ The Numbers , Page for Wallace & Gromit . Jump up ^ Boxofficemojo , Page for Wallace & Gromit . Jump up ^ Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit at Metacritic Jump up ^ `` Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit '' . CinemaScore . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UK stars shine at Academy Awards '' . BBC . 6 March 2006 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ DeMott , Rick ( 5 December 2005 ) . `` Wallace & Gromit Leads Annie Nominations '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Maressa ( 5 February 2006 ) . `` ' Wallace & Gromit ' grabs 10 Annie Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gromit and Potter awarded Baftas '' . BBC News . 27 November 2006 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Earlier this year , Wallace and Gromit took the best British film at the main Bafta ceremony , ... Jump up ^ Wilkes , Neil ( 13 December 2006 ) . `` British Comedy Awards 2006 : The Winners '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics honour Brokeback Mountain '' . BBC News . 10 January 2006 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Mohr , Ian ( 19 December 2005 ) . `` ' Mountain ' tops 2 more crix ' lists '' . Variety . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Awards Winners Announced '' . Empire . 13 March 2006 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 FFCC Award Winners '' . Florida Film Critics Circle. 24 December 2005 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Hugo Awards '' . The Hugo Awards . 27 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` London Critics Circle nominations announced '' . Time Out . 22 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2007 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ball , Ryan ( 12 December 2005 ) . `` Gromit Cracking with Critics '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Baisley , Sarah ( 5 March 2006 ) . `` Wallace And Gromit & Family Guy Win Top Animated Honors at Gold Reel Awards '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes ( 10 January 2006 ) . `` Rotten Tomatoes ' 2005 Golden Tomato Award Winners Announced '' ( Press release ) . IGN . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ DeMott , Rick ( 8 February 2006 ) . `` Madagascar Leads Kids ' Choice Award Nods '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Awards ( 9th Annual ) '' . Online Film Critics Society . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Rushfield , Richard ; Lynch , Rene ( 23 January 2006 ) . `` ' Brokeback Mountain ' Wins Producers Guild Award '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ International Press Academy ( 17 December 2005 ) . `` 10th Anniversary Satellite Awards -- Nominations '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . International Press Academy . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 May 2006 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Ammon ( 16 February 2006 ) . `` Satrun Awards Up '' . Joblo . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Guy ( 21 December 2005 ) . `` Toronto film critics laud A History of Violence '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' War , ' ' Kong ' top visual effects kudos '' . Variety . 16 February 2006 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ The Washington , DC Area Film Critics Association ( 14 December 2005 ) . `` Washington , DC Critics Name Munich Best Film , Spielberg Best Director Double awards also for Capote and Crash '' ( Press release ) . PRWeb . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Splitsville for DreamWorks and Aardman ? '' . 3 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Stephen ( 18 February 2007 ) . `` Call my fluff '' . Times Online . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2007 . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Reports Loss on ` Flushed Away ' Writedown '' . Bloomberg. 27 February 2007 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . DreamWorks Animation. 2008 . p. 11 . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wallace and Gromit return to TV '' . BBC News . 2 October 2007 . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Chney , Alexandra ( 29 July 2014 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Q2 Earnings Fall Short of Estimates , SEC Investigation Revealed '' . Variety . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wallace & Gromit in The Curse of the Were - Rabbit Official website ( US ) Official website ( UK ) The Curse of the Were - Rabbit at the Official Wallace & Gromit website Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit on IMDb Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit at The Big Cartoon DataBase Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit at British Comedy Guide Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit at AllMovie Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit at Box Office Mojo Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit at Rotten Tomatoes Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit at Metacritic Wallace and Gromit Created by Nick Park Short films A Grand Day Out The Wrong Trousers A Close Shave A Matter of Loaf and Death Jubilee Bunt - a-thon Shaun the Sheep : The Farmer 's Llamas Feature films The Best of Aardman Animation The Curse of the Were - Rabbit Shaun the Sheep Movie Television shows Cracking Contraptions Shaun the Sheep episodes World of Invention Timmy Time episodes Video games Project Zoo The Curse of the Were - Rabbit Grand Adventures Shaun the Sheep Attractions The Thrill - O - Matic Gromit Unleashed Shaun in the City Gromit Unleashed 2 Related articles Musical Marvels Aardman Animations List of Wallace and Gromit characters Aardman Animations Filmography Short films Animated Conversations : Down and Out ( 1977 ) Animated Conversations : Confessions of a Foyer Girl ( 1978 ) Conversation Pieces : On Probation ( 1983 ) Conversation Pieces : Sales Pitch ( 1983 ) Conversation Pieces : Palmy Days ( 1983 ) Conversation Pieces : Early Bird ( 1983 ) Conversation Pieces : Late Edition ( 1983 ) Sweet Disaster : Babylon ( 1986 ) Sledgehammer ( 1986 ) My Baby Just Cares for Me ( 1987 ) Barefootin ' ( 1987 ) Lip Synch : Going Equipped ( 1987 ) Lip Synch : Creature Comforts ( 1989 ) Lip Synch : War Story ( 1989 ) Lip Synch : Ident ( 1989 ) Lip Synch : Next ( 1989 ) Wallace and Gromit : A Grand Day Out ( 1989 ) Adam ( 1991 ) Loves Me , Loves Me Not ( 1993 ) Not Without My Handbag ( 1993 ) Wallace and Gromit : The Wrong Trousers ( 1993 ) Pib and Pog ( 1993 ) Pop ( 1993 ) Wat 's Pig ( 1993 ) The Morph Files ( 1995 ) Wallace and Gromit : A Close Shave ( 1995 ) Owzat ( 1997 ) Stage Fright ( 1997 ) Humdrum ( 1998 ) Al Dente ( 1998 ) Viva Forever ( 1998 ) Minotaur and Little Nerkin ( 1999 ) Angry Kid ( 1999 ) The Non-Voters - BBC Election Coverage ( 2004 ) The Pearce Sisters ( 2007 ) Wallace and Gromit : A Matter of Loaf and Death ( 2008 ) Dot ( 2010 ) Gulp ( 2011 ) The Itch of The Golden Nit ( 2011 ) Under the Oak Tree ( 2011 ) Wallace & Gromit 's Jubilee Bunt - a-thon ( 2012 ) A Pig 's Tail ( 2012 ) The Pirates ! : So You Want to Be a Pirate ! ( 2012 ) Darkside trailer ( 2013 ) Sphere ( 2013 ) Shaun the Sheep : The Farmer 's Llamas ( 2015 ) Television series / series of shorts Animated Conversations ( 1977 -- 78 ) The Amazing Adventures of Morph ( 1980 -- 81 ) Conversation Pieces ( 1983 -- 84 ) Lip Synch ( 1989 ) The Artbox Bunch ( 1995 -- 96 ) Rex the Runt ( 1998 -- 01 ) Angry Kid ( 1999 -- present ) Wallace and Gromit 's Cracking Contraptions ( 2002 -- 03 ) Creature Comforts ( 2003 -- 07 ) episodes The Presentators ( 2003 -- 04 ) Planet Sketch ( 2005 ) Purple and Brown ( 2005 -- 08 ) Pib and Pog ( 2006 ) Shaun the Sheep ( 2007 -- present ) episodes Chop Socky Chooks ( 2008 ) Timmy Time ( 2009 -- 12 ) episodes Wallace and Gromit 's World of Invention ( 2010 ) DC Nation Shorts : DC 's World 's Funnest ( 2012 -- 14 ) Feature films Chicken Run ( 2000 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Arthur Christmas ( 2011 ) The Pirates ! In an Adventure with Scientists ! 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Stand-your-ground law
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Stand - your - ground law - wikipedia Stand - your - ground law Jump to : navigation , search `` Stand your ground '' redirects here . For other uses , see Stand Your Ground ( disambiguation ) . A stand - your - ground law ( sometimes called `` line in the sand '' or `` no duty to retreat '' law ) is a justification in a criminal case , whereby defendants can `` stand their ground '' and use force without retreating , in order to protect and defend themselves or others against threats or perceived threats . An example is where there is no duty to retreat from any place where they have a lawful right to be , and that they may use any level of force if they reasonably believe the threat rises to the level of being an imminent and immediate threat of serious bodily harm or death . One case describes `` the ' stand your ground ' law ... a person has a right to expect absolute safety in a place they have a right to be , and may use deadly force to repel an unlawful intruder . '' Justification using stand - your - ground laws may be limited when `` ( the defendant ) was engaged in illegal activities and not entitled to benefit from provisions of the ' stand your ground ' law '' . This may be the case even if the illegal conduct the defendant was engaged in had nothing to do with the threat which instigated his use of deadly force ( e.g. , being robbed and beaten while smoking marijuana inside at the home of a friend ) . The Castle Doctrine is a common law doctrine stating that a person has no duty to retreat in his or her home , or `` castle , '' and may use reasonable force , including deadly force , to defend his or her property , person , or another . Outside of the abode , however , an individual has a duty to retreat , if possible , before using deadly force . Castle Doctrine and `` stand - your - ground '' laws are acceptable defenses for people who have been charged with criminal homicide . At common law , self - defense claims are not valid if the defendant could have safely retreated from danger ( duty to retreat ) . The castle doctrine is an exception to this . It gives immunity from liability to individuals who acted in self - defense in the home even if they could have safely retreated from the threat and failed to do so . The duty to retreat is a legal requirement in some jurisdictions that a threatened person can not stand one 's ground and apply lethal force in self - defense , but must retreat to a place of safety instead . Deadly force or lethal force is force with the intent of serious bodily injury or death to another person . In most jurisdictions it is only accepted under conditions of extreme necessity and last resort . Stand - your - ground laws eliminate the retreat requirement at any location the defendant has a legal right to be . Though this varies from state to state . Contents ( hide ) 1 United States 1.1 Laws 1.2 Controversy 1.3 Racial outcomes 2 Other jurisdictions 2.1 England and Wales 2.2 Czech Republic 2.3 Germany 2.4 Ireland 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading United states ( edit ) Laws ( edit ) Stand your ground law by US jurisdiction Stand - your - ground law Stand - your - ground in practice Stand - your - ground from within one 's vehicle Castle doctrine only ; duty to retreat in public Duty to retreat The states that have legislatively adopted stand - your - ground laws are Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Florida , Georgia , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Michigan , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , Nevada , New Hampshire , North Carolina ( Stand Your Ground law ( N.C.G.S. 14 51.3 ) ) , North Dakota , Ohio , Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , West Virginia , Wisconsin . Stand - Your - Ground laws are The states that have adopted stand - your - ground in practice , either through case law / precedent , jury instructions or by other means , are California , Colorado , Idaho , Illinois , New Mexico , Oregon , Virginia , and Washington . The states that have Castle Doctrine only with the duty to retreat in public are New York , Arkansas , Wyoming , Nebraska , Minnesota , Maryland , Delaware , New Jersey , Connecticut , Rhode Island and Massachusetts . This means that you can use deadly force in your home , car , or other form of abode but if you 're in public you have to retreat . If you use deadly force in public in any of the above states , you will not be protected by this law . Controversy ( edit ) Stand - your - ground laws are frequently criticized and called `` shoot first '' laws by critics , including the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence . In Florida , self - defense claims tripled in the years following enactment . The law 's critics argue that Florida 's law makes it very difficult to prosecute cases against individuals who shoot others and then claim self - defense . The shooter can argue that he felt threatened , and in most cases , the only witness who could have argued otherwise is the deceased . Before passage of the law , Miami police chief John F. Timoney called the law unnecessary and dangerous in that `` ( w ) hether it 's trick - or - treaters or kids playing in the yard of someone who does n't want them there or some drunk guy stumbling into the wrong house , you 're encouraging people to possibly use deadly physical force where it should n't be used . '' This goes against the counter argument stating that implementing a duty - to - retreat places the safety of the criminal above a victim 's own life . In Florida , a task force examining the law heard testimony that the law is `` confusing '' . Those testifying to the task force include Buddy Jacobs , a lawyer representing the Florida Prosecuting Attorney 's Association . Jacobs recommended the law 's repeal , feeling that modifying the law would not fix its problems . Florida governor Rick Scott plans his own investigation into the law . In a July 16 , 2013 speech in the wake of the jury verdict acquitting George Zimmerman of charges stemming from the shooting death of Trayvon Martin , Attorney General Eric Holder criticized stand - your - ground laws as `` senselessly expand ( ing ) the concept of self - defense and sow ( ing ) dangerous conflict in our neighborhoods . '' The defendant , George Zimmerman , claims he was restrained at the time of the shooting , thus allowing no option for retreat and making ' stand your ground ' irrelevant to the case . Florida 's legislature is currently considering a bill that would allow people to show a gun or fire a warning shot during a confrontation without drawing a lengthy prison sentence . There is a bill moving through Republican legislature that would require the prosecution to prove that the defendant 's use of self - defense is not valid . If this passes , prosecutors will have to try a case twice at a hearing and a trial which would make it easier for defendants to argue against prosecution on the basis of their fears . Racial outcomes ( edit ) Research into how race affects outcomes of stand your ground cases has resulted in mixed answers , with some sources claiming significant racial disparity , while others find no bias . A Texas A&M study found that when whites use the stand - your - ground defense against black attackers they are more successful than when blacks use the defense against white attackers . A paper from The Urban Institute which analysed FBI data found that in stand - your - ground states , the use of the defense by whites in the shooting of a black person is found to be justifiable 17 percent of the time , while the defense when used by blacks in the shooting of a white person is successful 1 percent of the time . In non-stand - your - ground states , the shooting of a black person by a white is found justified approximately 9 percent of the time , while the shooting of a white person by a black is found justified approximately 1 percent of the time . According to the Urban Institute , in Stand Your Ground states , white - on - black homicides are 354 percent more likely to be ruled justified than white - on - white homicides . The paper 's author noted that the data used do not detail the circumstances of the shooting , which could be a source of the disparity . They also noted that the total number of shootings in the FBI dataset of black victims by whites was 25 . A 2015 study found that cases with white victims are two times more likely to result in convictions under these laws than cases with black victims . In 2012 , in response to the Trayvon Martin case , the Tampa Bay Times compiled a report on the application of stand your ground , and also created a database of cases where defendants sought to invoke the law . However , their report , contrary to those cited above , found no difference in Florida cases in the way in which defendants claiming self - defense under the law are treated regardless of race , with white subjects being charged and convicted at the same rate as black subjects , and results of mixed - race cases were similar for both white victims of black attackers and black victims of white attackers . Shooters of black attackers overall were more successful at using the law than shooters of white attackers , regardless of the race of the victim claiming self - defense , but analysis showed that black attackers were also more likely to be armed and to be involved in committing a crime , such as burglary , when shot . Among African Americans , this law proves problematic to Native Americans as well due to the fact that state law supersedes reservation / tribal law . If a tribal member uses self - defense on their reservation , they will be protected in tribal court . This would not necessarily be the case if it was handled in federal court due to the state having different self - defense laws than the reservation . In other words , tribe members are protected in one place , but not the other . Due to the Supreme Court case Oliphant v. Suquamish in 1978 , tribes were stripped of the right to arrest and prosecute non-Indians who commit crimes on Indian land . The laws ' effect on crime rates is disputed between supporters and critics of the laws . Justifiable homicides have been found to have increased by 8 percent in states with stand - your - ground laws . Economist John Lott says that states adopting stand - your - ground / castle doctrine laws reduced murder rates by 9 percent and overall violent crime by 11 percent , and that occurs even after accounting for a range of other factors such as national crime trends , law enforcement variables ( arrest , execution , and imprisonment rates ) , income and poverty measures , demographic changes , and the national average changes in crime rates from year - to - year and average differences across states . One study found that the adoption of stand - your - ground laws caused a statistically significant increase in the raw homicide rate , and had only a very small positive effect on deterrence of crime . The authors of the study were unable to determine what percentage of the increase was justifiable homicide , due to the reporting of homicide to the FBI often lacking notation whether the homicide was justifiable or not . Another analysis of stand - your - ground laws by economists at Georgia State University , using monthly data from the U.S. Vital Statistics , found a significant increase in homicide and injury of whites , especially white males . They also analyzed data from the Health Care Utilization Project , which revealed significantly increased rates of emergency room visits and hospital discharges related to gun injuries in states which enacted these laws . In a 2007 National District Attorneys Association symposium , numerous concerns were voiced that the law could increase crime . This included criminals using the law as a defense for their crimes , more people carrying guns , and that people would not feel safe if they felt that anyone could use deadly force in a conflict . The report also noted that the misinterpretation of clues could result in use of deadly force when there was , in fact , no danger . The report specifically notes that racial and ethnic minorities could be at greater risk because of negative stereotypes . Florida 's stand - your - ground law went into effect on October 1 , 2005 . Florida state representative Dennis Baxley , an author of the law , said that the violent crime rate has dropped since the enactment of the law , though he said there may be many reasons for the change . Others have argued that the law may lead to an increase in crime . Violent crime data for 1995 -- 2015 has been published by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement . In 2012 , a study was published which found that after the Joe Horn shooting controversy in 2007 publicized Texas ' stand - your - ground law , burglaries decreased significantly in Houston , but not in Dallas , over a 20 - month period . A 2013 study in the Journal of Human Resources claims that Stand Your Ground laws in states across the U.S. contribute to 600 additional homicides a year . According to Mark Hoestra , co-author of the study : `` We asked what happened to homicide rates in states that passed these laws between 2000 and 2010 , compared to other states over the same time period . We found that homicide rates in states with a version of the Stand Your Ground law increased by an average of 8 percent over states without it -- which translates to roughly 600 additional homicides per year . These homicides are classified by police as criminal homicides , not as justifiable homicides . '' Although police officers make up for additional homicides , they are justified . These are not classified as murder because the officers are acting in the line of duty . Police are not required to retreat when acting in the line of duty . A 2015 study found that the adoption of Oklahoma 's stand - your - ground law was associated with a decrease in residential burglaries , but also that the law had `` the unintended consequence of increasing the number of non-residential burglaries . '' In 2016 , Mark Gius published a study that found that stand - your - ground laws were not associated with lower crime rates . A widely reported 2016 study in the Journal of the American Medical Association compared homicide rates in Florida following the passage of its `` stand your ground '' self - defense law to the rates in four control states , New Jersey , New York , Ohio and Virginia , which have no similar laws . It found that the law was associated with a 24.4 % increase in homicide and a 31.6 % increase in firearm - related homicide , but no change in rates of suicide or suicide by firearm , between 2005 and 2014 . It noted that , `` ( c ) ircumstances unique to Florida may have contributed to our findings , including those that we could not identify , '' and `` ( o ) ur study examined the effect of the Florida law on homicide and homicide by firearm , not on crime and public safety '' . The study was criticized by gun rights advocate John Lott 's Crime Prevention Research Center for studying only one state . Gun enthusiast and attorney Andrew Branca , writing in National Review , criticized the study for not distinguishing between justifiable homicides and murder , and for relying solely on statutory laws while overlooking case law ( i.e. Virginia ) in determining the data set . The study was praised by Duke University professor Jeffrey Swanson for its use of other states as controls , saying `` ( t ) hey look at comparable trends in states that did n't pass the law and do n't see the effect . '' Other jurisdictions ( edit ) England and Wales ( edit ) The common law jurisdiction of England and Wales has a stand - your - ground law rooted in the common law defence of using reasonable force in self - defence . At English common law there is no duty to retreat before a person may use reasonable force against an attacker , nor need a person wait to be attacked before using such force . In both cases force used must be reasonable in the circumstances as the person perceived them to be , unless the person is attacked in their own home , whereupon force will only be regarded as unreasonable if it was `` grossly disproportionate '' . Czech Republic ( edit ) Main article : Gun politics in the Czech Republic § Self defense with firearms There is no explicit stand - your - ground or castle doctrine provision in the laws of the Czech Republic , however there is also no duty to retreat from an attack and that has an effect similar to `` stand your ground '' provision . In order for a defense to be judged as legitimate , it may not be manifestly disproportionate to the manner of the attack . Germany ( edit ) German law allows self - defense against an unlawful attack . If there is no other possibility for defense , it is generally allowed to use even deadly force without a duty to retreat . However , there must not be an extreme imbalance ( `` extremes Missverhältnis '' ) between the defended right and the chosen method of defense . In particular , in case firearms are used , a warning shot must be given when defending a solely material asset . Nevertheless , due to the low circulation of firearms in Germany the impact of this law is not all that strong . Ireland ( edit ) Under the terms of the Defence and the Dwelling Act , property owners or residents are entitled to defend themselves with force , up to and including lethal force . Any individual who uses force against a trespasser is not guilty of an offense if he or she honestly believes they were there to commit a criminal act and a threat to life . However , there is a further provision which requires that the reaction to the intruder is such that another reasonable person in the same circumstances would likely employ it . This provision acts as a safeguard against grossly disproportionate use of force , while still allowing a person to use force in nearly all circumstances . The law was introduced in response to DPP v. Padraig Nally . A person who uses such force as is permitted by section 2 in the circumstances referred to in that section shall not be liable in tort with respect to any injury , loss or damage arising from the use of such force . The force used is only such as is reasonable in the circumstances as he or she believes them to be -- ( i ) to protect himself or herself or another person present in the dwelling from injury , assault , detention or death caused by a criminal act , ( ii ) to protect his or her property or the property of another person from appropriation , destruction or damage caused by a criminal act , or ( iii ) to prevent the commission of a crime or to effect , or assist in effecting , a lawful arrest . It does not matter whether the person using the force had a safe and practicable opportunity to retreat from the dwelling before using the force concerned . This law does not apply to force used against a member of An Garda Siochána ( Irish Police ) or anyone assisting them , or a person lawfully performing a function authorised by or under any enactment . See also ( edit ) Jury nullification Proxemics , the study of human use of space and the effects that population density has on behavior , communication , and social interaction Restorative justice References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dawkins v. State , 252 P. 3d 214 ( Okla . 2011 ) Jump up ^ Randall , Mark ; DeBoer , Hendrick ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` The Castle Doctrine and Stand - Your - Ground Law '' . Jump up ^ `` Duty to Retreat '' . Wikipedia . Jump up ^ Florida Statutes Title XLVI Chapter 776 Jump up ^ Ala . Code 13A - 3 - 23 ( b ) : `` A person who is justified under subsection ( a ) in using physical force , including deadly physical force , and who is not engaged in an unlawful activity and is in any place where he or she has the right to be has no duty to retreat and has the right to stand his ground . '' Jump up ^ Eaton , Daysha ( 2013 - 06 - 20 ) . `` Parnell Signs Bills , Resolutions Supporting Gun Rights Alaska Public Media '' . Alaskapublic.org . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Martosko , David ( April 1 , 2012 ) `` ' Stand your ground ' laws not just GOP policy , records show '' The Daily Caller . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Title XLVI Chapter 776 : JUSTIFIABLE USE OF FORCE '' . The 2013 Florida Statutes . The Florida Legislature . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Iowa : Governor Branstad Expands the Second Amendment Rights of Gun Owners Across Iowa '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` States That Have Stand Your Ground Laws '' . FindLaw . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Bott , Kurt Erickson , Celeste . `` Missouri Senate overrides bill allowing concealed carry without a permit '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania 's Stand Your Ground Law Mirrors Florida 's '' , Public Source , March 21 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Gov. Perry Signs Law Allowing Texans to Protect Themselves '' , Office of Governor Rick Perry Press Release , March 27 , 2007 Jump up ^ 76 - 2 - 405 `` Force in defense of habitation '' Check url = value ( help ) . Utah criminal Code . Jump up ^ Walker signs ' castle doctrine ' bill , other measures Jump up ^ `` '' Stand Your Ground '' Laws Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence `` . smartgunlaws.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Penal Code § § 197 , 198.5 , Legislative Counsel , State of California , retrieved April 3 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` CALCRIM No. 505 . Justifiable Homicide '' . CaliforniaJuryInstructions.Net . January 2006 . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ People v. Toler , 9 P. 3d 341 ( Colo . 2000 ) Jump up ^ Cassels v. People , 92 P. 3d 951 ( Colo . 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Virginia Concealed Carry Permit Information '' . USA Carry . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Florida ' Stand Your Ground ' law could complicate Trayvon Martin teen shooting case '' . MSNBC . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Deaths Nearly Triple Since ' Stand Your Ground ' Enacted '' . CBS Miami . 2011 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodnough , Abby . `` Florida Expands Right to Use Deadly Force in Self - Defense '' . The New York Times . nytimes.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Howard . `` NRA 's Behind - the - Scenes Campaign Encouraged ' Stand Your Ground ' Adoption '' . Florida Center for Investigative Reporting . fcir.org . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carmon , Irin ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Can Women Stand Their Ground ? Depends On the Target '' . MSNBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Trayvon Martin case : Florida task force told ' stand your ground ' law confusing '' . TheGrio. April 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Holder , Eric . `` Remarks as Prepared for Delivery by Attorney General Eric Holder at the NAACP Annual Convention '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jacob Sullum ( 2013 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Zimmerman 's Prosecutors Did Not Think They Were Trying a ' Stand Your Ground ' Case - Hit & Run '' . Reason.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fair , Madison . `` Dare defend : standing for stand your ground '' . Law and Psychology Review . 38 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` '' Stand Your Ground ' Could Get Worse `` . The New York Times . March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jonsson , Patrik ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Racial bias and ' stand your ground ' laws : what the data show '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved May 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Roman , John K. `` Race , Justifiable Homicide , and Stand Your Ground Laws : Analysis of FBI Supplementary Homicide Report Data '' ( PDF ) . http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412873-stand-your-ground.pdf . The Urban Institute . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Flatow , Nicole . `` 5 Disturbing Facts About The State Of Stand Your Ground '' . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/is-there-racial-bias-in-stand-your-ground-laws/ Jump up ^ Ackermann , Nicole ; Goodman , Melody S. ; Gilbert , Keon ; Arroyo - Johnson , Cassandra ; Pagano , Marcello ( October 2015 ) . `` Race , law , and health : Examination of ' Stand Your Ground ' and defendant convictions in Florida '' . Social Science & Medicine . 142 : 194 -- 201 . doi : 10.1016 / j. socscimed. 2015.08. 012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Florida 's stand your ground law '' . Tampa Bay Times . December 23 , 2013 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hundley , Kris ; Martin , Susan Taylor ; Humburg , Connie ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Florida ' stand your ground ' law yields some shocking outcomes depending on how law is applied '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Susan Taylor ; Hundley , Kris ; Humburg , Connie ( June 2 , 2012 ) . `` Race plays complex role in Florida 's ' stand your ground ' law '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crane - Murdoch , Sierra ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` On Indian Land , Criminals Can Get Away With Almost Anything '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Lott , John . More Guns Less Crime . Table 10.14 `` Time impact of the Castle Doctrine on violent crime rates '' Jump up ^ Cheng , Cheng ; Hoekstra , Mark ( 2012 ) . `` Does Strengthening Self - Defense Law Deter Crime or Escalate Violence ? Evidence from Castle Doctrine '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Palazzolo , Joe ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Study Says ' Stand Your Ground ' Laws Increase Homicides '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McClellan , Chandler ; Tekin , Erdal ( June 2012 ) . `` Stand Your Ground Laws , Homicides , and Injuries '' . Bulletin on Aging and Health . NBER Working Paper No. 18187 . Jump up ^ Jansen , Steven ; Nugent - Borakove , M. Elaine . `` Expansions to the Castle Doctrine : Implications for Policy and Practice '' ( PDF ) . National District Attorneys Association . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crime rates in Florida have dropped since ' stand your ground , ' says Dennis Baxley '' . @ politifact . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Department of Law Enforcement - Violent Crime '' . www.fdle.state.fl.us . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Ren , L. ; Zhang , Y. ; Zhao , J.S. ( 27 December 2012 ) . `` The Deterrent Effect of the Castle Doctrine Law on Burglary in Texas : A Tale of Outcomes in Houston and Dallas '' . Crime & Delinquency. 61 ( 8 ) : 1127 -- 1151 . doi : 10.1177 / 0011128712466886 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Christina . `` Kill At Will : Stand Your Ground Laws Contribute To 600 Additional Homicides A Year ( DETAILS ) '' . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Joshua ( Winter 2012 ) . `` Deadly Force and the Right of Self - Defense Stand Your Ground Laws '' . Forensic Examiner -- via ProQuest . Jump up ^ Chamlin , Mitchell B. ; Krajewski , Andrea E. ( 29 December 2015 ) . `` Use of Force and Home Safety : An Impact Assessment of Oklahoma 's '' . Deviant Behavior : 1 -- 9 . doi : 10.1080 / 01639625.2015. 1012027 . Jump up ^ Gius , Mark ( September 2016 ) . `` The relationship between stand - your - ground laws and crime : A state - level analysis '' . The Social Science Journal . 53 ( 3 ) : 329 -- 338 . doi : 10.1016 / j. soscij. 2016.01. 001 . ^ Jump up to : `` Misleading Journal of the American Medical Association research about Florida 's Stand Your Ground Law - Crime Prevention Research Center '' . Crime Prevention Research Center . 2016 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Humphreys , David K. ; Gasparrini , Antonio ; Wiebe , Douglas J. `` Evaluating the Impact of Florida 's `` Stand Your Ground '' Self - defense Law on Homicide and Suicide by Firearm `` . JAMA Internal Medicine . doi : 10.1001 / jamainternmed. 2016.6811 . Jump up ^ `` A study by the Journal of the American Medical Association suggests stand - your - ground laws result in more fatal shootings '' . The Economist . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Branca , Andrew . `` What to Make of the New Study of Florida 's ' Stand Your Ground ' Law '' . National Review . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mohney , Gillian ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Florida Homicide Rate Increased After Passage of ' Stand Your Ground ' Law , Study Finds '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Supreme Court of the Czech Republic ( 24 October 2001 ) , Decision No. 5 Tz 189 / 2001 ( in Czech ) , Brno Jump up ^ Novotný , Oto ( 2004 ) . Trestní právo hmotné . Praha : ASPI . Jump up ^ `` Notwehrparagraph '' . Jump up ^ Heinrich , Bernd ( 2005 ) . Strafrecht - Allgemeiner Teil I ( in German ) . Stuttgart : Kohlhammer . p. 110 . ISBN 3 - 17 - 018395 - 8 . Jump up ^ Heinrich , Bernd ( 2005 ) . Strafrecht - Allgemeiner Teil I. Stuttgart : Kohlhammer . p. 123 . ISBN 3 - 17 - 018395 - 8 . Jump up ^ Heinrich , Bernd ( 2005 ) . Strafrecht - Allgemeiner Teil I ( in German ) . Stuttgart : Kohlhammer . p. 126 . ISBN 3 - 17 - 018395 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Palmer , Brian ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Do Other Countries Have ' Stand Your Ground ' Laws ? Or do they require you to slowly back away ? '' . Slate . The Slate Group . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Lithwick , Dahlia ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' Stand Your Ground ' Nation : America used to value the concept of retreat . Now we just shoot '' . Slate . The Slate Group . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stand-your-ground_law&oldid=810233475 '' Categories : Homicide Legal doctrines and principles Self - defense U.S. state criminal law Controversies in the United States Gun politics in the United States Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : external links CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto Français Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 02 : 15 . About Wikipedia
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Great Expectations
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Great Expectations - wikipedia Great Expectations This article is about the Charles Dickens novel . For other uses , see Great Expectations ( disambiguation ) . Great Expectations Title page of Vol. 1 of first edition , July 1861 Author Charles Dickens Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Novel Published Serialised 1860 - 1 ; book form 1861 Publisher Chapman & Hall Media type Print Pages 544 ( first edition 1861 ) Great Expectations is the thirteenth novel by Charles Dickens and his penultimate completed novel : a bildungsroman that depicts the personal growth and personal development of an orphan nicknamed Pip . It is Dickens 's second novel , after David Copperfield , to be fully narrated in the first person . The novel was first published as a serial in Dickens 's weekly periodical All the Year Round , from 1 December 1860 to August 1861 . In October 1861 , Chapman and Hall published the novel in three volumes . The novel is set in Kent and London in the early to mid-19th century and contains some of Dickens 's most memorable scenes , including the opening in a graveyard , where the young Pip is accosted by the escaped convict , Abel Magwitch . Great Expectations is full of extreme imagery -- poverty , prison ships and chains , and fights to the death -- and has a colourful cast of characters who have entered popular culture . These include the eccentric Miss Havisham , the beautiful but cold Estella , and Joe , the unsophisticated and kind blacksmith . Dickens 's themes include wealth and poverty , love and rejection , and the eventual triumph of good over evil . Great Expectations , which is popular both with readers and literary critics , has been translated into many languages and adapted numerous times into various media . Upon its release , the novel received near universal acclaim . Although Dickens 's contemporary Thomas Carlyle referred to it disparagingly as that `` Pip nonsense , '' he nevertheless reacted to each fresh instalment with `` roars of laughter . '' Later , George Bernard Shaw praised the novel , as `` All of one piece and consistently truthful . '' During the serial publication , Dickens was pleased with public response to Great Expectations and its sales ; when the plot first formed in his mind , he called it `` a very fine , new and grotesque idea . '' Contents 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 2.1 Pip and his family 2.2 Miss Havisham and her family 2.3 From Pip 's youth 2.4 Mr Jaggers and his circle 2.5 Antagonists 2.6 Other characters 3 Development history 3.1 Beginning 3.2 Publication in All the Year Round 3.3 Revised ending 4 Publication history 4.1 In periodicals 4.2 Editions 4.3 First edition publication schedule 5 Reception 6 Background 7 Structure 7.1 Chronology 7.2 Narrative flow 7.3 Orlick as Pip 's double 8 Point of view 9 Style 10 Genre 10.1 Bildungsroman 10.2 Comic novel 10.3 Crime fiction 10.4 Gothic novel 10.5 Silver fork novel 10.6 Historical novel 11 Themes 11.1 Pip 's name 11.2 Pip as social outcast 11.3 Wealth 11.4 London as prison 11.5 Gentility 11.6 Moral regeneration 11.7 Pip 's conscience 11.8 Imperialism 12 Novels influenced by Great Expectations 13 Film , TV and theatrical adaptations 14 Bibliography 14.1 Texts 14.2 General sources 14.3 Specific sources 14.3. 1 Life and work of Dickens 14.3. 2 About Great Expectations 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links Plot summary ( edit ) On Christmas Eve , around 1812 , Pip , an orphan who is about seven years old , encounters an escaped convict in the village churchyard , while visiting the graves of his parents and siblings . Pip now lives with his abusive elder sister and her kind husband Joe Gargery , a blacksmith . The convict scares Pip into stealing food and a file . Early on Christmas morning Pip returns with the file , a pie and brandy . During Christmas Dinner that evening , at the moment Pip 's theft is about to be discovered , soldiers arrive and ask Joe to repair some shackles . Joe and Pip accompany them as they recapture the convict who is fighting with another escaped convict . The first convict confesses to stealing food from the smithy . Pip is ashamed of Joe at Satis House , by F.A. Fraser A year or two later , Miss Havisham , a wealthy spinster who still wears her old wedding dress and lives as a recluse in the dilapidated Satis House , asks Mr Pumblechook , a relation of the Gargery 's , to find a boy to visit her . Pip visits Miss Havisham and falls in love with her adopted daughter Estella . Estella remains aloof and hostile to Pip , which Miss Havisham encourages . Pip visits Miss Havisham regularly , until he is old enough to learn a trade . Joe accompanies Pip for the last visit , when she gives the money for Pip to be bound as apprentice blacksmith . Joe 's surly assistant , Dolge Orlick , is envious of Pip and dislikes Mrs Joe . When Pip and Joe are away from the house , Mrs Joe is brutally attacked , leaving her unable to speak or do her work . Orlick is suspected of the attack . Mrs Joe becomes kind - hearted after the attack . Pip 's former schoolmate Biddy joins the household to help with her care . Miss Havisham with Estella and Pip . Art by H.M. Brock Four years into Pip 's apprenticeship , Mr Jaggers , a lawyer , tells him that he has been provided with money , from an anonymous benefactor , so that he can become a gentleman . Pip is to leave for London , but presuming that Miss Havisham is his benefactor , he first visits her . Pip sets up house in London at Barnard 's Inn with Herbert Pocket , the son of his tutor , Matthew Pocket , who is a cousin of Miss Havisham . Herbert and Pip have previously met at Satis Hall , where Herbert was rejected as a playmate for Estella . He tells Pip how Miss Havisham was defrauded and deserted by her fiancé . Pip meets fellow pupils , Bentley Drummle , a brute of a man from a wealthy noble family , and Startop , who is agreeable . Jaggers disburses the money Pip needs . When Joe visits Pip at Barnard 's Inn , Pip is ashamed of him . Joe relays a message from Miss Havisham that Estella will be at Satis House for a visit . Pip returns there to meet Estella and is encouraged by Miss Havisham , but he avoids visiting Joe . He is disquieted to see Orlick now in service to Miss Havisham . He mentions his misgivings to Jaggers , who promises Orlick 's dismissal . Back in London , Pip and Herbert exchange their romantic secrets : Pip adores Estella and Herbert is engaged to Clara . Pip meets Estella when she is sent to Richmond to be introduced into society . Pip and Herbert build up debts . Mrs Joe dies and Pip returns to his village for the funeral . Pip 's income is fixed at £ 500 per annum when he comes of age at twenty - one . With the help of Jaggers ' clerk , Wemmick , Pip plans to help advance Herbert 's future prospects by anonymously securing him a position with the shipbroker , Clarriker 's . Pip takes Estella to Satis House . She and Miss Havisham quarrel over Estella 's coldness . In London , Bentley Drummle outrages Pip , by proposing a toast to Estella . Later , at an Assembly Ball in Richmond , Pip witnesses Estella meeting Bentley Drummle and warns her about him ; she replies that she has no qualms about entrapping him . A week after he turns 23 years old , Pip learns that his benefactor is the convict he encountered in the churchyard , Abel Magwitch , who had been transported to New South Wales after that escape . He has become wealthy after gaining his freedom there , but can not return to England . However , he returns to see Pip , who was the motivation for all his success . Pip is shocked , and stops taking money from him . Subsequently , Pip and Herbert Pocket devise a plan for Magwitch to escape from England . Magwitch shares his past history with Pip , and reveals that the escaped convict whom he fought in the churchyard was Compeyson , the fraudster who had deserted Miss Havisham . Pip returns to Satis Hall to visit Estella and encounters Bentley Drummle , who has also come to see her and now has Orlick as his servant . Pip accuses Miss Havisham of misleading him about his benefactor . She admits to doing so , but says that her plan was to annoy her relatives . Pip declares his love to Estella , who , coldly , tells him that she plans on marrying Drummle . Heartbroken , Pip walks back to London , where Wemmick warns him that Compeyson is seeking him . Pip and Herbert continue preparations for Magwitch 's escape . At Jaggers 's house for dinner , Wemmick tells Pip how Jaggers acquired his maidservant , Molly , rescuing her from the gallows when she was accused of murder . Then , full of remorse , Miss Havisham tells Pip how the infant Estella was brought to her by Jaggers and raised by her to be cold - hearted . She knows nothing about Estella 's parentage . She also tells Pip that Estella is now married . She gives Pip money to pay for Herbert Pocket 's position at Clarriker 's , and asks for his forgiveness . As Pip is about to leave , Miss Havisham accidentally sets her dress on fire . Pip saves her , injuring himself in the process . She eventually dies from her injuries , lamenting her manipulation of Estella and Pip . Pip now realises that Estella is the daughter of Molly and Magwitch . When confronted about this , Jaggers discourages Pip from acting on his suspicions . Magwitch makes himself known to Pip A few days before Magwitch 's planned escape , Pip is lured by an anonymous letter into a sluice house near his old home , where he is seized by Orlick , who intends to kill him . Orlick confesses to injuring Pip 's sister . As Pip is about to be struck by a hammer , Herbert Pocket and Startop arrive to rescue him . The three of them pick up Magwitch to row him to the steamboat for Hamburg , but they are met by a police boat carrying Compeyson , who has offered to identify Magwitch . Magwitch seizes Compeyson , and they fight in the river . Seriously injured , Magwitch is taken by the police . Compeyson 's body is found later . Pip is aware that Magwitch 's fortune will go to the crown after his trial . But Herbert , who is preparing to move to Cairo , Egypt , to manage Clarriker 's office there , offers Pip a position there . Pip regularly visits Magwitch in the prison hospital as he awaits trial , and on Magwitch 's deathbed tells him that his daughter Estella is alive . After Herbert 's departure for Cairo , Pip falls ill in his rooms , and faces arrest for debt . However , Joe nurses Pip back to health and pays off his debt . When Pip begins to recover , Joe slips away . Pip then returns to propose to Biddy , only to find that she has married Joe . Pip asks Joe 's forgiveness , promises to repay him and leaves for Cairo . There he shares lodgings with Herbert and Clara , and eventually advances to become third in the company . Only then does Herbert learn that Pip paid for his position in the firm . After working eleven years in Egypt , Pip returns to England and visits Joe , Biddy and their son , Pip Jr . Then in the ruins of Satis House he meets the widowed Estella , who asks Pip to forgive her , assuring him that misfortune has opened her heart . As Pip takes Estella 's hand and they leave the moonlit ruins , he sees `` no shadow of another parting from her . '' Characters ( edit ) Pip and his family ( edit ) Philip Pirrip , nicknamed Pip , an orphan and the protagonist and narrator of Great Expectations . In his childhood , Pip dreamed of becoming a blacksmith like his kind brother - in - law , Joe Gargery . At Satis House , about age 8 , he meets and falls in love with Estella , and tells Biddy that he wants to become a gentleman . As a result of Magwitch 's anonymous patronage , Pip lives in London after learning the blacksmith trade , and becomes a gentleman . Pip assumes his benefactor is Miss Havisham ; the discovery that his true benefactor is a convict shocks him . At the end of the story , he is united with Estella . Joe Gargery , Pip 's brother - in - law , and his first father figure . He is a blacksmith who is always kind to Pip and the only person with whom Pip is always honest . Joe is disappointed when Pip decides to leave his home to live in London to become a gentleman rather than be a blacksmith in business with Joe . He is a strong man who bears the shortcomings of those closest to him . Mrs Joe Gargery , Pip 's hot - tempered adult sister , Georgiana Maria , called Mrs Joe , 20 years older than Pip . She brings him up after their parents ' death . She does the work of the household but too often loses her temper and beats her family . Orlick , her husband 's journeyman , attacks her , and she is left disabled until her death . Mr Pumblechook , Joe Gargery 's uncle , an officious bachelor and corn merchant . While not knowing how to deal with a growing boy , he tells Mrs Joe , as she is known , how noble she is to bring up Pip . As the person who first connected Pip to Miss Havisham , he claims to have been the original architect of Pip 's expectations . Pip dislikes Mr Pumblechook for his pompous , unfounded claims . When Pip stands up to him in a public place , after those expectations are dashed , Mr Pumblechook turns those listening to the conversation against Pip . Miss Havisham and her family ( edit ) Miss Havisham , a wealthy spinster who takes Pip on as a companion for herself and her adopted daughter , Estella . Havisham is a wealthy , eccentric woman who has worn her wedding dress and one shoe since the day that she was jilted at the altar by her fiancé . Her house is unchanged as well . She hates all men , and plots to wreak a twisted revenge by teaching Estella to torment and spurn men , including Pip , who loves her . Miss Havisham is later overcome with remorse for ruining both Estella 's and Pip 's chances for happiness . Shortly after confessing her plotting to Pip and begging for his forgiveness , she is badly burned when her dress accidentally catches fire . In a later chapter Pip learns from Joe that she is dead . Estella , Miss Havisham 's adopted daughter , whom Pip pursues . She is a beautiful girl and grows more beautiful after her schooling in France . Estella represents the life of wealth and culture for which Pip strives . Since Miss Havisham ruined Estella 's ability to love , Estella can not return Pip 's passion . She warns Pip of this repeatedly , but he will not or can not believe her . Estella does not know that she is the daughter of Molly , Jaggers 's housekeeper , and the convict Abel Magwitch , given up for adoption to Miss Havisham after her mother was arrested for murder . In marrying Bentley Drummle , she rebels against Miss Havisham 's plan to have her break a husband 's heart , as Drummle is not interested in Estella but simply in the Havisham fortune . Matthew Pocket , Miss Havisham 's cousin . He is the patriarch of the Pocket family , but unlike her other relatives , he is not greedy for Havisham 's wealth . Matthew Pocket tutors young gentlemen , such as Bentley Drummle , Startop , Pip and his own son Herbert . Herbert Pocket , the son of Matthew Pocket , who was invited like Pip to visit Miss Havisham , but she did not take to him . Pip first meets Herbert as a `` pale young gentleman '' who challenges Pip to a fistfight at Miss Havisham 's house when both are children . He later becomes Pip 's friend , tutoring him in the `` gentlemanly '' arts and sharing his rooms with Pip in London . Cousin Raymond , a relative of Miss Havisham who is only interested in her money . He is married to Camilla . Georgiana , a relative of Miss Havisham who is only interested in her money . She is one of the many relatives who hang around Miss Havisham `` like flies '' for her wealth . Sarah Pocket , the sister of Matthew Pocket , relative of Miss Havisham . She is often at Satis House . She is described as `` a dry , brown corrugated old woman , with a small face that might have been made out of walnut shells , and a large mouth like a cat 's without the whiskers . '' From Pip 's youth ( edit ) The Convict , who escapes from a prison ship , whom Pip treats kindly , and who in turn becomes Pip 's benefactor . His name is Abel Magwitch , but he uses the aliases `` Provis '' and `` Mr Campbell '' when he returns to England from exile in Australia . He is a lesser actor in crime with Compeyson , but gains a longer sentence in an apparent application of justice by social class . Mr and Mrs Hubble , simple folk who think they are more important than they really are . They live in Pip 's village . Mr Wopsle , clerk of the church in Pip 's village . He later gives up the church work and moves to London to pursue his ambition to be an actor , adopting the stage name `` Mr Waldengarver . '' He sees the other convict in the audience of one of his performances , attended also by Pip . Biddy , Wopsle 's second cousin and near Pip 's age ; she teaches in the evening school at her grandmother 's home in Pip 's village . Pip wants to learn more , so he asks her to teach him all she can . After helping Mrs Joe after the attack , Biddy opens her own school . A kind and intelligent but poor young woman , she is , like Pip and Estella , an orphan . She acts as Estella 's foil . Orlick was attracted to her , but she did not want his attentions . Pip ignores her affections for him as he pursues Estella . Recovering from his own illness after the failed attempt to get Magwitch out of England , Pip returns to claim Biddy as his bride , arriving in the village just after she marries Joe Gargery . Biddy and Joe later have two children , one named after Pip . In the ending to the novel discarded by Dickens but revived by students of the novel 's development , Estella mistakes the boy as Pip 's child . Mr Jaggers and his circle ( edit ) Mr Wemmick and `` The Aged P . '' , illustration by Sol Eytinge Jr . Mr Jaggers , prominent London lawyer who represents the interests of diverse clients , both criminal and civil . He represents Pip 's benefactor and Miss Havisham as well . By the end of the story , his law practice links many of the characters . John Wemmick , Jaggers ' clerk , who is Pip 's chief go - between with Jaggers and looks after Pip in London . Wemmick lives with his father , `` The Aged Parent '' , in a small replica of a castle , complete with a drawbridge and moat , in Walworth . Molly , Mr Jaggers ' maidservant whom Jaggers saved from the gallows for murder . She is revealed to be Magwitch 's estranged wife and Estella 's mother . Antagonists ( edit ) Compeyson ( surname ) , a convict who escapes the prison ship after Magwitch , who beats him up ashore . He is Magwitch 's enemy . A professional swindler , he was engaged to marry Miss Havisham , but he was in league with Arthur Havisham to defraud Miss Havisham of part of her fortune . Later he sets up Magwitch to take the fall for another swindle . He works with the police when he learns Abel Magwitch is in London , fearing Magwitch after their first escapes years earlier . When the police boat encounters the one carrying Magwitch , the two grapple , and Compeyson drowns in the Thames . Arthur Havisham , younger half brother of Miss Havisham , who plots with Compeyson to swindle her . Dolge Orlick , journeyman blacksmith at Joe Gargery 's forge . Strong , rude and sullen , he is as churlish as Joe is gentle and kind . He ends up in a fistfight with Joe over Mrs Gargery 's taunting , and Joe easily defeats him . This sets in motion an escalating chain of events that leads him secretly to assault Mrs Gargery and to try to kill her brother Pip . The police ultimately arrest him for housebreaking . Bentley Drummle , a coarse , unintelligent young man from a wealthy noble family . Pip meets him at Mr Pocket 's house , as Drummle is also to be trained in gentlemanly skills . Drummle is hostile to Pip and everyone else . He is a rival for Estella 's attentions and eventually marries her and is said to abuse her . He dies from an accident following his mistreatment of a horse . Other characters ( edit ) Clara Barley , a very poor girl living with her gout - ridden father . She marries Herbert Pocket near the novel 's end . She dislikes Pip at first because of his spendthrift ways . After she marries Herbert , they invite Pip to live with them . Miss Skiffins occasionally visits Wemmick 's house and wears green gloves . She changes those green gloves for white ones when she marries Wemmick . Startop , like Bentley Drummle , is Pip 's fellow student , but unlike Drummle , he is kind . He assists Pip and Herbert in their efforts to help Magwitch escape . Development history ( edit ) Charles Dickens , c. 1860 As Dickens began writing Great Expectations , he undertook a series of hugely popular and remunerative reading tours . His domestic life had , however , disintegrated in the late 1850s and he had separated from his wife , Catherine Dickens , and was having a secret affair with the much younger Ellen Ternan . The introduction of the 1984 Penguin English Library edition suggests that the reluctance with which Ellen Ternan became his mistress is reflected in the icy teasing of Estella in Great Expectations . Beginning ( edit ) In his Book of Memoranda , begun in 1855 , Dickens wrote names for possible characters : Magwitch , Provis , Clarriker , Compey , Pumblechook , Orlick , Gargery , Wopsle , Skiffins , some of which became familiar in Great Expectations . There is also a reference to a `` knowing man '' , a possible sketch of Bentley Drummle . Another evokes a house full of `` Toadies and Humbugs '' , foreshadowing the visitors to Satis House in chapter 11 . Margaret Cardwell discovered the `` premonition '' of Great Expectations from a 25 September 1855 letter from Dickens to W.H. Wills , in which Dickens speaks of recycling an `` odd idea '' from the Christmas special `` A House to Let '' and `` the pivot round which my next book shall revolve . '' The `` odd idea '' concerns an individual who `` retires to an old lonely house ... resolved to shut out the world and hold no communion with it . '' In an 8 August 1860 letter to Thomas Carlyle , Dickens reported his agitation whenever he prepared a new book . A month later , in a letter to John Forster , Dickens announced that he just had a new idea . Publication in all the Year Round ( edit ) Advertisement for Great Expectations in All the Year Round . Dickens was pleased with the idea , calling it `` such a very fine , new and grotesque idea '' in a letter to Forster . He planned to write `` a little piece '' , a `` grotesque tragi - comic conception '' , about a young hero who befriends an escaped convict , who then makes a fortune in Australia and anonymously bequeaths his property to the hero . In the end , the hero loses the money because it is forfeited to the Crown . In his biography of Dickens , Forster wrote that in the early idea `` was the germ of Pip and Magwitch , which at first he intended to make the groundwork of a tale in the old twenty - number form . '' Dickens presented the relationship between Pip and Magwitch pivotal to Great Expectations but without Miss Havisham , Estella , or other characters he later created . As the idea and Dickens 's ambition grew , he began writing . However , in September , the weekly All the Year Round saw its sales fall , and its flagship publication , A Day 's Ride by Charles Lever , lost favour with the public . Dickens `` called a council of war '' , and believed that to save the situation , `` the one thing to be done was for ( him ) to strike in . '' The `` very fine , new and grotesque idea '' became the magazine 's new support : weeklies , five hundred pages , just over one year ( 1860 -- 1861 ) , thirty - six episodes , starting 1 December . The magazine continued to publish Lever 's novel until its completion on 23 March 1861 , but it became secondary to Great Expectations . Immediately , sales resumed , and critics responded positively , as exemplified by The Times 's praise : `` Great Expectations is not , indeed , ( Dickens 's ) best work , but it is to be ranked among his happiest . '' Dickens , whose health was not the best , felt `` The planning from week to week was unimaginably difficult '' but persevered . He thought he had found `` a good name '' , decided to use the first person `` throughout '' , and thought the beginning was `` excessively droll '' : `` I have put a child and a good - natured foolish man , in relations that seem to me very funny . '' Four weekly episodes were `` ground off the wheel '' in October 1860 , and apart from one reference to the `` bondage '' of his heavy task , the months passed without the anguished cries that usually accompanied the writing of his novels . He did not even use the Number Plans or Mems ; he only had a few notes on the characters ' ages , the tide ranges for chapter 54 , and the draft of an ending . In late December , Dickens wrote to Mary Boyle that `` Great Expectations ( is ) a very great success and universally liked . '' Charles Dickens , Jr. ( in 1874 ) , possibly the model for Herbert Pocket Dickens gave six readings from 14 March to 18 April 1861 , and in May , Dickens took a few days ' holiday in Dover . On the eve of his departure , he took some friends and family members for a trip by boat from Blackwall to Southend - on - Sea . Ostensibly for pleasure , the mini-cruise was actually a working session for Dickens to examine banks of the river in preparation for the chapter devoted to Magwitch 's attempt to escape . Dickens then revised Herbert Pocket 's appearance , no doubt , asserts Margaret Cardwell , to look more like his son Charley . On 11 June 1861 , Dickens wrote to Macready that Great Expectations had been completed and on 15 June , asked the editor to prepare the novel for publication . Revised ending ( edit ) Following comments by Edward Bulwer - Lytton that the ending was too sad , Dickens rewrote it prior to publication . The ending set aside by Dickens has Pip , who is still single , briefly see Estella in London ; after becoming Bentley Drummle 's widow , she has remarried . It appealed to Dickens due to its originality : `` ( the ) winding up will be away from all such things as they conventionally go . '' Dickens revised the ending for publication so that Pip meets Estella in the ruins of Satis House , she is a widow and he is single . His changes at the conclusion of the novel did not quite end either with the final weekly part or the first bound edition , because Dickens further changed the last sentence in the amended 1868 version from `` I could see the shadow of no parting from her . '' to `` I saw no shadow of another parting from her '' . As Pip uses litotes , `` no shadow of another parting '' , it is ambiguous whether Pip and Estella marry or Pip remains single . Angus Calder , writing for an edition in the Penguin English Library , believed the less definite phrasing of the amended 1868 version perhaps hinted at a buried meaning : ' ... at this happy moment , I did not see the shadow of our subsequent parting looming over us . ' In a letter to Forster , Dickens explained his decision to alter the draft ending : `` You will be surprised to hear that I have changed the end of Great Expectations from and after Pip 's return to Joe 's ... Bulwer , who has been , as I think you know , extraordinarily taken with the book , strongly urged it upon me , after reading the proofs , and supported his views with such good reasons that I have resolved to make the change . I have put in as pretty a little piece of writing as I could , and I have no doubt the story will be more acceptable through the alteration . '' This discussion between Dickens , Bulwer - Lytton and Forster has provided the basis for much discussion on Dickens 's underlying views for this famous novel . Earle Davis , in his 1963 study of Dickens , wrote that `` it would be an inadequate moral point to deny Pip any reward after he had shown a growth of character , '' and that `` Eleven years might change Estella too . '' John Forster felt that the original ending was `` more consistent '' and `` more natural '' but noted the new ending 's popularity . George Gissing called that revision `` a strange thing , indeed , to befall Dickens '' and felt that Great Expectations would have been perfect had Dickens not altered the ending in deference to Bulwer - Lytton . In contrast , John Hillis - Miller stated that Dickens 's personality was so assertive that Bulwer - Lytton had little influence , and welcomed the revision : `` The mists of infatuation have cleared away , ( Estella and Pip ) can be joined . '' Earl Davis notes that GB Shaw published the novel in 1937 for The Limited Editions Club with the first ending and that The Rhinehart Edition of 1979 presents both endings . George Orwell wrote , `` Psychologically the latter part of Great Expectations is about the best thing Dickens ever did , '' but , like John Forster and several early 20th century writers , including George Bernard Shaw , felt that the original ending was more consistent with the draft , as well as the natural working out of the tale . Modern literary criticism is split over the matter . Publication history ( edit ) In periodicals ( edit ) Dickens and Wills co-owned All the Year Round , one 75 % , the other 25 % . Since Dickens was his own publisher , he did not require a contract for his own works . Although intended for weekly publication , Great Expectations was divided into nine monthly sections , with new pagination for each . Harper 's Weekly published the novel from 24 November 1860 to 5 August 1861 in the US and All the Year Round published it from 1 December 1860 to 3 August 1861 in the UK . Harper 's paid £ 1,000 for publication rights . Dickens welcomed a contract with Tauchnitz 4 January 1861 for publication in English for the European continent . Publications in Harper 's Weekly were accompanied by forty illustrations by John McLenan ; however , this is the only Dickens work published in All the Year Round without illustrations . Editions ( edit ) Robert L Patten identifies four American editions in 1861 and sees the proliferation of publications in Europe and across the Atlantic as `` extraordinary testimony '' to Great Expectations 's popularity . Chapman and Hall published the first edition in three volumes in 1861 , five subsequent reprints between 6 July and 30 October , and a one - volume edition in 1862 . The `` bargain '' edition was published in 1862 , the Library Edition in 1864 , and the Charles Dickens edition in 1868 . To this list , Paul Schlicke adds `` two meticulous scholarly editions '' , one Clarendon Press published in 1993 with an introduction by Margaret Cardwell and another with an introduction by Edgar Rosenberg , published by Norton in 1999 . The novel was published with one ending , visible in the four on line editions listed in the External links at the end of this article . In some 20th century editions , the novel ends as originally published in 1867 , and in an afterword , the ending Dickens did not publish , along with a brief story of how a friend persuaded him to a happier ending for Pip , is presented to the reader ( for example , 1987 audio edition by Recorded Books ) . In 1862 , Marcus Stone , son of Dickens 's old friend , the painter Frank Stone , was invited to create eight woodcuts for the Library Edition . According to Paul Schlicke , these illustrations are mediocre yet were included in the Charles Dickens edition , and Stone created illustrations for Dickens 's subsequent novel , Our Mutual Friend . Later , Henry Mathew Brock also illustrated Great Expectations and a 1935 edition of A Christmas Carol , along with other artists , such as John McLenan , F.A. Fraser , and Harry Furniss . First edition publication schedule ( edit ) Part Date Chapters 1 -- 5 1 , 8 , 15 , 22 , 29 December 1860 1 -- 8 6 -- 9 5 , 12 , 19 , 26 January 1861 9 -- 15 10 -- 12 2 , 9 , 23 February 1861 16 -- 21 13 -- 17 2 , 9 , 16 , 23 , 30 March 1861 22 -- 29 18 -- 21 6 , 13 , 20 , 27 April 1861 30 -- 37 22 -- 25 4 , 11 , 18 , 25 May 1861 38 -- 42 26 -- 30 1 , 8 15 , 22 , 29 June 1861 43 -- 52 31 -- 34 6 , 13 , 20 , 27 July 1861 53 -- 57 35 3 August 1861 58 -- 59 Reception ( edit ) Robert L. Patten estimates that All the Year Round sold 100,000 copies of Great Expectations each week , and Mudie , the largest circulating library , which purchased about 1,400 copies , stated that at least 30 people read each copy . Aside from the dramatic plot , the Dickensian humour also appealed to readers . Dickens wrote to Forster in October 1860 that `` You will not have to complain of the want of humour as in the Tale of Two Cities , '' an opinion Forster supports , finding that `` Dickens 's humour , not less than his creative power , was at its best in this book . '' Moreover , according to Paul Schlicke , readers found the best of Dickens 's older and newer writing styles . Overall , Great Expectations received near universal acclaim . Not all reviews were favourable , however ; Margaret Oliphant 's review , published May 1862 in Blackwood 's Magazine , vilified the novel . Critics in the 19th and 20th centuries hailed it as one of Dickens 's greatest successes although often for conflicting reasons : GK Chesterton admired the novel 's optimism ; Edmund Wilson its pessimism ; Humphry House in 1941 emphasized its social context . In 1974 , Jerome H. Buckley saw it as a bildungsroman , writing a chapter on Dickens and two of his major protagonists ( David Copperfield and Pip ) in his 1974 book on the Bildungsroman in Victorian writing . John Hillis Miller wrote in 1958 that Pip is the archetype of all Dickensian heroes . In 1970 , QD Leavis suggests `` How We Must Read Great Expectations . '' In 1984 , Peter Brooks , in the wake of Jacques Derrida , offered a deconstructionist reading . The most profound analyst , according to Paul Schlicke , is probably Julian Moynahan , who , in a 1964 essay surveying the hero 's guilt , made Orlick `` Pip 's double , alter ego and dark mirror image . '' Schlicke also names Anny Sadrin 's extensive 1988 study as the `` most distinguished . '' Background ( edit ) Great Expectations 's single most obvious literary predecessor is Dickens 's earlier first - person narrator - protagonist David Copperfield . The two novels trace the psychological and moral development of a young boy to maturity , his transition from a rural environment to the London metropolis , the vicissitudes of his emotional development , and the exhibition of his hopes and youthful dreams and their metamorphosis , through a rich and complex first person narrative . Dickens was conscious of this similarity and , before undertaking his new manuscript , reread David Copperfield to avoid repetition . The two books both detail homecoming . Although David Copperfield is based on much of Dickens personal experiences , Great Expectations provides , according to Paul Schlicke , `` the more spiritual and intimate autobiography . '' Even though several elements hint at the setting -- Miss Havisham , partly inspired by a Parisian duchess , whose residence was always closed and in darkness , surrounded by `` a dead green vegetable sea '' , recalling Satis House , and the countryside bordering Chatham and Rochester -- no place name is mentioned , nor a specific time period , which is indicated by , among other elements , older coaches , the title `` His Majesty '' in reference to George III , and the old London Bridge prior to the 1824 -- 1831 reconstruction . The theme of homecoming reflects events in Dickens 's life , several years prior to the publication of Great Expectations . In 1856 , he bought Gad 's Hill Place in Higham , Kent , which he had dreamed of living in as a child , and moved there from faraway London two years later . In 1858 , in a painful divorce , he separated from Catherine Dickens , his wife of twenty - three years . The divorce alienated him from some of his closest friends , such as Mark Lemon . He quarrelled with Bradbury and Evans , who had published his novels for fifteen years . In early September 1860 , in a field behind Gad 's Hill , Dickens burned almost all of his correspondence , sparing only letters on business matters . He stopped publishing the weekly Household Words at the summit of its popularity and replaced it with All the Year Round . The Uncommercial Traveller , short stories , and other texts Dickens began publishing in his new weekly in 1859 reflect his nostalgia , as seen in `` Dullborough Town '' and `` Nurses ' Stories '' . According to Paul Schlicke , `` it is hardly surprising that the novel Dickens wrote at this time was a return to roots , set in the part of England in which he grew up , and in which he had recently resettled . '' Margaret Cardwell draws attention to Chops the Dwarf from Dickens 's 1858 Christmas story `` Going into Society '' , who , as the future Pip does , entertains the illusion of inheriting a fortune and becomes disappointed upon achieving his social ambitions . In another vein , Harry Stone thinks that Gothic and magical aspects of Great Expectations were partly inspired by Charles Mathews 's At Home , which was presented in detail in Household Words and its monthly supplement Household Narrative . Stone also asserts that The Lazy Tour of Two Idle Apprentices , written in collaboration with Wilkie Collins after their walking tour of Cumberland during September 1857 and published in Household Words from 3 to 31 October of the same year , presents certain strange locations and a passionate love , foreshadowing Great Expectations . Beyond its biographical and literary aspects , Great Expectations appears , according to Robin Gilmour , as `` a representative fable of the age '' . Dickens was aware that the novel `` speaks '' to a generation applying , at most , the principle of `` self help '' which was believed to have increased the order of daily life . That the hero Pip aspires to improve , not through snobbery , but through the Victorian conviction of education , social refinement , and materialism , was seen as a noble and worthy goal . However , by tracing the origins of Pip 's `` great expectations '' to crime , deceit and even banishment to the colonies , Dickens unfavourably compares the new generation to the previous one of Joe Gargery , which Dickens portrays as less sophisticated but especially rooted in sound values , presenting an oblique criticism of his time . Structure ( edit ) The narrative structure of Great Expectations is influenced by the fact that it was first published as weekly episodes in a periodical . This required short chapters , centred on a single subject , and an almost mathematical structure . Chronology ( edit ) Pip 's story is told in three stages : his childhood and early youth in Kent , where he dreams of rising above his humble station ; his time in London after receiving `` great expectations '' ; and then finally his disillusionment on discovering the source of his fortune , followed by his slow realisation of the vanity of his false values . These three stages are further divided into twelve parts of equal length . This symmetry contributes to the impression of completion , which has often been commented on . George Gissing , for example , when comparing Joe Gargery and Dan'l Peggotty ( from David Copperfield ) , preferred the former , because he is a stronger character , who lives `` in a world , not of melodrama , but of everyday cause and effect . '' G.B. Shaw also commented on the novel 's structure , describing it as `` compactly perfect '' , and Algernon Swinburne stated , `` The defects in it are as nearly imperceptible as spots on the sun or shadow on a sunlit sea . '' A contributing factor is `` the briskness of the narrative tone . '' Narrative flow ( edit ) Further , beyond the chronological sequences and the weaving of several storylines into a tight plot , the sentimental setting and morality of the characters also create a pattern . The narrative structure of Great Expectations has two main elements : firstly that of `` foster parents '' , Miss Havisham , Magwitch , and Joe , and secondly that of `` young people '' , Estella , Pip and Biddy . There is a further organizing element that can be labelled `` Dangerous Lovers '' , which includes Compeyson , Bentley Drummle and Orlick . Pip is the centre of this web of love , rejection and hatred . Dickens contrasts this `` dangerous love '' with the relationship of Biddy and Joe , which grows from friendship to marriage . This is `` the general frame of the novel '' . The term `` love '' is generic , applying it to both Pip 's true love for Estella and the feelings Estella has for Drummle , which are based on a desire for social advancement . Similarly , Estella rejects Magwitch because of her contempt for everything that appears below what she believes to be her social status . Great Expectations has an unhappy ending , since most characters suffer physically , psychologically or both , or die -- often violently -- while suffering . Happy resolutions remain elusive , while hate thrives . The only happy ending is Biddy and Joe 's marriage and the birth of their two children , since the final reconciliations , except that between Pip and Magwitch , do not alter the general order . Though Pip extirpates the web of hatred , the first unpublished ending denies him happiness while Dickens ' revised second ending , in the published novel , leaves his future uncertain . Orlick as Pip 's double ( edit ) Julian Monayhan argues that the reader can better understand Pip 's personality through analyzing his relationship with Orlick , the criminal laborer who works at Joe Gargery 's forge , than by looking at his relationship with Magwitch . Pip and Biddy followed by Orlick ( chapter 17 ) , by John McLenan Following Monayhan , David Trotter notes that Orlick is Pip 's shadow . Co-workers in the forge , both find themselves at Miss Havisham 's , where Pip enters and joins the company , while Orlick , attending the door , stays out . Pip considers Biddy a sister ; Orlick has other plans for her ; Pip is connected to Magwitch , Orlick to Magwitch 's nemesis , Compeyson . Orlick also aspires to `` great expectations '' and resents Pip 's ascension from the forge and the swamp to the glamour of Satis House , from which Orlick is excluded , along with London 's dazzling society . Orlick is the cumbersome shadow Pip can not remove . Then comes Pip 's punishment , with Orlick 's savage attack on Mrs Gargery . Thereafter Orlick vanishes , only to reappear in chapter 53 in a symbolic act , when he lures Pip into a locked , abandoned building in the marshes . Orlick has a score to settle before going on to the ultimate act , murder . However , Pip hampers Orlick , because of his privileged status , while Orlick remains a slave of his condition , solely responsible for Mrs Gargery 's fate . Dickens also uses Pip 's upper class counterpart , Bentley Drummle , `` the double of a double '' , according to Trotter , in a similar way . Like Orlick , Drummle is powerful , swarthy , unintelligible , hot - blooded , and lounges and lurks , biding his time . Estella rejects Pip for this rude , uncouth but well - born man , and ends Pip 's hope . Finally the lives of both Orlick and Drummle end violently . Point of view ( edit ) Pip before Magwitch 's return , by John McLenan Although the novel is written in first person , the reader knows -- as an essential prerequisite -- that Great Expectations is not an autobiography but a novel , a work of fiction with plot and characters , featuring a narrator - protagonist . In addition , Sylvère Monod notes that the treatment of the autobiography differs from David Copperfield , as Great Expectations does not draw from events in Dickens 's life ; `` at most some traces of a broad psychological and moral introspection can be found '' . However , according to Paul Pickerel 's analysis , Pip -- as both narrator and protagonist -- recounts with hindsight the story of the young boy he was , who did not know the world beyond a narrow geographic and familial environment . The novel 's direction emerges from the confrontation between the two periods of time . At first , the novel presents a mistreated orphan , repeating situations from Oliver Twist and David Copperfield , but the trope is quickly overtaken . The theme manifests itself when Pip discovers the existence of a world beyond the marsh , the forge and the future Joe envisioned for him , the decisive moment when Miss Havisham and Estella enter his life . This is a red herring , as the decay of Satis House and the strange lady within signals the fragility of an impasse . At this point , the reader knows more than the protagonist , creating dramatic irony that confers a superiority that the narrator shares . It is not until Magwitch 's return , a plot twist that unites loosely connected plot elements and sets them into motion , that the protagonist 's point of view joins those of the narrator and the reader . In this context of progressive revelation , the sensational events at the novel 's end serve to test the protagonist 's point of view . Thus proceeds , in the words of AE Dyson , `` The Immolations of Pip '' . Style ( edit ) Amongst the narrative devices that Dickens uses , according to Earle Davis , are caricature , comic speech mannerisms , intrigue , Gothic atmosphere , and a central character who gradually changes . Davis also mentions the close network of the structure and balance of contrasts , and praises the first - person narration for providing a simplicity that is appropriate for the story while avoiding melodrama . Davis sees the symbolism attached to `` great expectations '' as reinforcing the novel 's impact . Genre ( edit ) Great Expectations contains the elements of a variety of different literary genres , including the bildungsroman , gothic novel , crime novel , as well as comedy , melodrama and satire ; and it belongs -- like Wuthering Heights and the novels of Walter Scott -- to the romance rather than realist tradition of the novel . Bildungsroman ( edit ) Complex and multifaceted , Great Expectations is a Victorian bildungsroman , a German literary genre from the eighteenth century , also called an initiatory tale . This genre focuses on a protagonist who matures over the course of the novel . Great Expectations describes Pip 's initial frustration upon leaving home , followed by a long and difficult period where he gradually matures . This period in his life is punctuated with conflicts between his desires and the values of established order , that allow him to re-evaluate his life and therefore re-enter society on new foundations . However , if viewed as a primarily retrospective first - person narrative , the novel differs from the two preceding pseudo-autobiographies , David Copperfield and though only partially narrated in first - person , Bleak House ( 1852 ) , as it falls within several subgenres popular in Dickens ' time , as noted by Paul Davis and Philip V. Allingham . Comic novel ( edit ) Great Expectations contains many comic scenes and eccentric personalities , which play an integral part in both the plot and the theme . Among the notable comic episodes are Pip 's Christmas dinner in chapter 4 , Wopsle 's Hamlet performance in chapter 31 , and Wemmick 's marriage in chapter 55 . Many of the characters have eccentricities : Jaggers with his punctillious lawyerly ways ; the contrariness of his clerk , Wemmick , at work advising Pip to invest in `` portable property '' , while in private living in a cottage converted into a castle ; and the reclusive Miss Havisham in her decaying mansion , wearing her tattered bridal robes . Crime fiction ( edit ) Jaggers asking Molly to show her scarred wrists , by John McLenan Great Expectations incorporates elements of the new genre of crime fiction , which Dickens had already used in Oliver Twist ( 1837 ) , and which was being developed by his friends Wilkie Collins and William Harrison Ainsworth . With its scenes of convicts , prison ships , and episodes of bloody violence , Dickens creates characters worthy of the Newgate school of fiction . Gothic novel ( edit ) Great Expectations contains elements of the Gothic genre , especially with Miss Havisham , the bride frozen in time , and the ruins of Satis House filled with weeds and spiders . Other characters that can be linked to this genre include the aristocratic Bentley Drummle , because of his extreme cruelty , Pip himself , who spends his youth chasing a frozen beauty , the monstrous Orlick , who systematically attempts to murder his employers . Then there is the fight to the death between Compeyson and Magwitch , and the fire that ends up killing Miss Havisham , scenes that are dominated by horror , suspense , and the sensational , such as are found in gothic novels . Silver fork novel ( edit ) Elements of the silver fork novel are found in the character of Miss Havisham and her world , as well as Pip 's illusions . This genre , which flourished in the 1820s and 1830s , presents the flashy elegance and aesthetic frivolities found in high society . In some respects , Dickens conceived Great Expectations as an anti silver fork novel , attacking Charles Lever 's novel A Day 's Ride , publication of which began January 1860 , in Household Words . This can be seen in the way that Dickens satirises the pretensions and morals of Miss Havisham and her sycophants , including the Pockets ( except Matthew ) , and Uncle Pumblechook . Historical novel ( edit ) George III guinea , a gold coin worth 21 shillings Though Great Expectations is not obviously a historical novel Dickens does emphasise differences between the time that the novel is set ( c. 1812 -- 46 ) and when it was written ( 1860 -- 1 ) . Great Expectations begins around 1812 ( the date of Dickens ' birth ) , continues until around 1830 -- 1835 , and then jumps to around 1840 -- 1845 , during which the Great Western Railway was built . Though readers today will not notice this , Dickens uses various things to emphasise the differences between 1861 and this earlier period . Among these details -- that contemporary readers would have recognised -- are the one pound note ( in chapter 10 ) that the Bank Notes Act 1826 had removed from circulation ; likewise , the death penalty for deported felons who returned to Britain was abolished in 1835 . The gallows erected in the swamps , designed to display a rotting corpse , had disappeared by 1832 , and George III , the monarch mentioned at the beginning , died in 1820 , when Pip would have been seven or eight . Miss Havisham paid Joe 25 guineas , gold coins , when Pip was to begin his apprenticeship ( in chapter 13 ) ; guinea coins were slowly going out of circulation after the last new ones were struck with the face of George III in 1799 . This also marks the historical period , as the one pound note was the official currency at the time of the novel 's publication . Dickens placed the epilogue 11 years after Magwitch 's death , which seems to be the time limit of the reported facts . Collectively , the details suggest that Dickens identified with the main character . If Pip is around 23 toward the middle of the novel and 34 at its end , he is roughly modeled after his creator who turned 34 in 1846 . Themes ( edit ) The title 's `` Expectations '' refers to `` a legacy to come '' , and thus immediately announces that money , or more specifically wealth plays an important part in the novel . Some other major themes are crime , social class , including both gentility , and social alienation , imperialism and ambition . The novel is also concerned with questions relating to conscience and moral regeneration , as well as redemption through love . Pip 's name ( edit ) Dickens famously created comic and telling names for his characters , but in Great Expectations he goes further . The first sentence of the novel establishes that Pip 's proper name is Philip Pirrip , which `` my infant tongue could make of both names nothing longer or more explicit than Pip . '' The name Philip Pirrip ( or Pirrip ) is never again used in the novel to refer to Pip , but exclusively to the exact wording of his father 's gravestone . In Chapter 18 , when he receives his expectation from an anonymous benefactor , the first condition attached to it is `` that you always bear the name of Pip . '' In Chapter 22 , when Pip establishes his friendship with Herbert Pocket , he attempts to introduce himself as Philip . Herbert immediately rejects the name ( `` ' I do n't take to Philip , ' said he , smiling , ' for it sounds like a moral boy out of the spelling - book ' '' ) and decides to refer to Pip exclusively as Handel ( `` ' Would you mind Handel for a familiar name ? There 's a charming piece of music by Handel , called the Harmonious Blacksmith . ' '' ) . The only other place he is referred to as Philip is in Chapter 44 , when he receives a letter addressed to `` Philip Pip '' from his friend Wemmick , which says `` DON 'T GO HOME '' . Pip 's name throughout binds him to his origins . Pip as social outcast ( edit ) Mr Pumblechook : `` And may I -- May I -- ? '' , by John McLenan A central theme here , as in other of Dickens 's novels , is of people living as social outcasts . The novel opening emphasises this in the case of the orphaned Pip , who lives in an isolated foggy environment next to a graveyard , dangerous swamps , and prison ships . His very existence reproaches him : `` I was always treated as if I had insisted on being born in opposition to the dictates of reason , religion and morality '' . Pip feels excluded by society and this leads to his aggressive attitude towards it , as he tries to win his place within society through any means . Various other characters behave similarly -- that is , the oppressed become the oppressors . Jaggers dominates Wemmick , who in turn dominates Jaggers 's clients . Likewise , Magwitch uses Pip as an instrument of vengeance , as Miss Havisham also uses Estella . However , hope exists despite Pip 's sense of exclusion because he is convinced that divine providence owes him a place in society and that marriage to Estella is his destiny . Therefore , when fortune comes his way , Pip shows no surprise , because he believes , that his value as a human being , and his inherent nobility , have been recognized . Thus Pip accepts Pumblechook 's flattery without blinking : `` That boy is no common boy '' and the `` May I ? May I ? '' associated with handshakes . From Pip 's hope comes his `` uncontrollable , impossible love for Estella '' , despite the humiliations that she has subjected him to . For Pip , winning a place in society also means winning Estella 's heart . Wealth ( edit ) When the money secretly provided by Magwitch enables Pip to enter London society , two new related themes , wealth and gentility , are introduced . Chapter 20 , outside Bartholomew Close , Jaggers threatening a woman with a shawl called Amelia , by F.A. Fraser As the novel 's title implies money is a theme of Great Expectations . Central to this is the idea that wealth is only acceptable to the ruling class if it comes from the labour of others . Miss Havisham 's wealth comes not from the sweat of her brow but from rent collected on properties she inherited from her father , a brewer . Her wealth is `` pure '' , and her father 's profession as a brewer does not contaminate it . Herbert states in chapter 22 that `` while you can not possibly be genteel and bake , you may be as genteel as never was and brew . '' Because of her wealth , the old lady , despite her eccentricity , enjoys public esteem . She remains in a constant business relationship with her lawyer Jaggers and keeps a tight grip over her `` court '' of sycophants , so that , far from representing social exclusion , she is the very image of a powerful landed aristocracy that is frozen in the past and `` embalmed in its own pride '' . On the other hand , Magwitch 's wealth is socially unacceptable , firstly because he earned it , not through the efforts of others , but through his own hard work , and secondly because he was a convict , and he earned it in a penal colony . It is argued that the contrast with Miss Havisham 's wealth is suggested symbolically . Thus Magwitch 's money smells of sweat , and his money is greasy and crumpled : `` two fat sweltering one - pound notes that seemed to have been on terms of the warmest intimacy with all the cattle market in the country '' , while the coins Miss Havisham gives for Pip 's `` indentures '' shine as if new . Further , it is argued Pip demonstrates his `` good breeding '' , because when he discovers that he owes his transformation into a `` gentleman '' to such a contaminated windfall , he is repulsed in horror . A.O.J. Cockshut , however , has suggested that there is no difference between Magwitch 's wealth and that of Miss Havisham 's . Trotter emphasizes the importance of Magwitch 's greasy banknotes . Beyond the Pip 's emotional reaction the notes reveal that Dickens ' views on social and economic progress have changed in the years prior to the publication of Great Expectations . His novels and Household Words extensively reflect Dickens ' views , and , his efforts to contribute to social progress expanded in the 1840s . To illustrate his point , he cites Humphry House who , succinctly , writes that in Pickwick Papers , `` a bad smell was a bad smell '' , whereas in Our Mutual Friend and Great Expectations , `` it is a problem '' . Joe commenting on Pip 's good fortune , by John McLenan At the time of The Great Exhibition of 1851 , Dickens and Richard Henry Horne an editor of Household Words wrote an article comparing the British technology that created The Crystal Palace to the few artifacts exhibited by China : England represented an openness to worldwide trade and China isolationism . `` To compare China and England is to compare Stoppage to Progress '' , they concluded . According to Trotter , this was a way to target the Tory government 's return to protectionism , which they felt would make England the China of Europe . In fact , Household Words ' 17 May 1856 issue , championed international free trade , comparing the constant flow of money to the circulation of the blood . Back in the 1850s , Dickens believed in `` genuine '' wealth , which critic Trotter compares to fresh banknotes , crisp to the touch , pure and odorless . With Great Expectations , Dickens 's views about wealth have changed . However , though some sharp satire exists , no character in the novel has the role of the moralist that condemn Pip and his society . In fact , even Joe and Biddy themselves , paragons of good sense , are complicit , through their exaggerated innate humility , in Pip 's social deviancy . Dickens ' moral judgement is first made through the way that he contrasts characters : only a few characters keep to the straight and narrow path ; Joe , whose values remain unchanged ; Matthew Pocket whose pride renders him , to his family 's astonishment , unable to flatter his rich relatives ; Jaggers , who keeps a cool head and has no illusions about his clients ; Biddy , who overcomes her shyness to , from time to time , bring order . The narrator - hero is left to draw the necessary conclusions : in the end , Pip finds the light and embarks on a path of moral regeneration . London as prison ( edit ) Herbert Pocket and Pip in London , by John McLenan In London , neither wealth nor gentility brings happiness . Pip , the apprentice gentleman constantly bemoans his anxiety , his feelings of insecurity , and multiple allusions to overwhelming chronic unease , to weariness , drown his enthusiasm ( chapter 34 ) . Wealth , in effect , eludes his control : the more he spends , the deeper he goes into debt to satisfy new needs , which were just as futile as his old ones . His unusual path to gentility has the opposite effect to what he expected : infinite opportunities become available , certainly , but will power , in proportion , fades and paralyses the soul . In the crowded metropolis , Pip grows disenchanted , disillusioned , and lonely . Alienated from his native Kent , he has lost the support provided by the village blacksmith . In London , he is powerless to join a community , not the Pocket family , much less Jaggers 's circle . London has become Pip 's prison and , like the convicts of his youth , he is bound in chains : `` no Satis House can be built merely with money '' . Gentility ( edit ) `` Do you take tea , or coffee , Mr Gargery ? '' by F.A. Fraser . c. 1877 The idea of `` good breeding '' and what makes for a `` gentleman '' other than money . in other words `` gentility '' , is a central theme of Great Expectations . The convict Magwitch covets it by proxy through Pip ; Mrs Pocket dreams of acquiring it ; it is also found in Pumblechook 's sycophancy ; it is even seen in Joe , when he stammers between `` Pip '' and `` Sir '' during his visit to London , and when Biddy 's letters to Pip suddenly become reverent . There are other characters who are associated with the idea of gentility like , for example , Miss Havisham 's seducer , Compeyson , the scarred - face convict . While Compeyson is corrupt , even Magwitch does not forget he is a gentleman . This also includes Estella , who ignores the fact that she is the daughter of Magwitch and another criminal . There are a couple of ways by which someone can acquire gentility , one being a title , another family ties to the upper middle class . Mrs Pocket bases every aspiration on the fact that her grandfather failed to be knighted , while Pip hopes that Miss Havisham will eventually adopt him , as adoption , as evidenced by Estella , who behaves like a born and bred little lady , is acceptable . But even more important , though not sufficient , are wealth and education . Pip knows that and endorses it , as he hears from Jaggers through Matthew Pocket : `` I was not designed for any profession , and I should be well enough educated for my destiny if I could hold my own with the average of young men in prosperous circumstances '' . But neither the educated Matthew Pocket , nor Jaggers , who has earned his status solely through his intellect , can aspire to gentility . Bentley Drummle , however , embodies the social ideal , so that Estella marries him without hesitation . Moral regeneration ( edit ) Another theme of Great Expectations is that Pip can undergo `` moral regeneration . '' In chapter 39 , the novel 's turning point , Magwitch visits Pip to see the gentleman he has made , and once the convict has hidden in Herbert Pocket 's room , Pip realises his situation : For an hour or more , I remained too stunned to think ; and it was not until I began to think , that I began fully to know how wrecked I was , and how the ship in which I had sailed was gone to pieces . Miss Havisham 's intentions towards me , all a mere dream ; Estella not designed for me ... But , sharpest and deepest pain of all -- it was for the convict , guilty of I knew not what crimes , and liable to be taken out of those rooms where I sat thinking , and hanged at the Old Bailey door , that I had deserted Joe . To cope with his situation and his learning that he now needs Magwitch , a hunted , injured man who traded his life for Pip 's . Pip can only rely on the power of love for Estella Pip now goes through a number of different stages each of which , is accompanied by successive realisations about the vanity of the prior certainties . Joe learns to read by John McLenan Pip 's problem is more psychological and moral than social . Pip 's climbing of the social ladder upon gaining wealth is followed by a corresponding degradation of his integrity . Thus after his first visit in Miss Havisham , the innocent young boy from the marshes , suddenly turns into a liar to dazzle his sister , Mrs Joe , and his Uncle Pumblechook with the tales of a carriage and veal chops . More disturbing is his fascination with Satis House -- where he is despised and even slapped , beset by ghostly visions , rejected by the Pockets -- and the gradual growth of the mirage of London . The allure of wealth overpowers loyalty and gratitude , even conscience itself . This is evidenced by the urge to buy Joe 's return , in chapter 27 , Pip 's haughty glance as Joe deciphers the alphabet , not to mention the condescending contempt he confesses to Biddy , copying Estella 's behaviour toward him . Trabb 's boy mocks Pip in the village highstreet outside the post-office by John McLenan Pip represents , as do those he mimics , the bankruptcy of the `` idea of the gentleman '' , and becomes the sole beneficiary of vulgarity , inversely proportional to his mounting gentility . In chapter 30 , Dickens parodies the new disease that is corroding Pip 's moral values through the character `` Trabb 's boy '' , who is the only one not to be fooled . The boy parades through the main street of the village with boyish antics and contortions meant to satirically imitate Pip . The gross , comic caricature openly exposes the hypocrisy of this new gentleman in a frock coat and top hat . Trabb 's boy reveals that appearance has taken precedence over being , protocol on feelings , decorum on authenticity ; labels reign to the point of absurdity , and human solidarity is no longer the order of the day . Mrs Pocket and her children indulging in idleness by Harry Furniss ( 1910 ) Estella and Miss Havisham represent rich people who enjoy a materially easier life but can not cope with a tougher reality . Miss Havisham , like a melodramatic heroine , withdrew from life at the first sign of hardship . Estella , excessively spoiled and pampered , sorely lacks judgement and falls prey to the first gentleman who approaches her , though he is the worst . Estella 's marriage to such a brute demonstrates the failure of her education . Estella is used to dominating but becomes a victim to her own vice , brought to her level by a man born , in her image . Dickens uses imagery to reinforce his ideas and London , the paradise of the rich and of the ideal of the gentleman , has mounds of filth , it is crooked , decrepit , and greasy , a dark desert of bricks , soot , rain , and fog . The surviving vegetation is stunted , and confined to fenced - off paths , without air or light . Barnard 's Inn , where Pip lodges , offers mediocre food and service while the rooms , despite the furnishing provided , as Suhamy states , `` for the money '' , is most uncomfortable , a far cry from Joe 's large kitchen , radiating hearth , and his well - stocked pantry . Likewise , such a world , dominated by the lure of money and social prejudice , also leads to the warping of people and morals , to family discord and war between man and woman . In contrast to London 's corruption stands Joe , despite his intellectual and social limitations , in whom the values of the heart prevail and who has natural wisdom . Pip 's conscience ( edit ) Magwitch 's arrest after his capture on the Thames while trying escape to France , by John McLenan Another important theme is Pip 's sense of guilt , which he has felt from an early age . After the encounter with the convict Magwitch , Pip is afraid that someone will find out about his crime and arrest him . The theme of guilt comes into even greater effect when Pip discovers that his benefactor is a convict . Pip has an internal struggle with his conscience throughout Great Expectations , hence the long and painful process of redemption that he undergoes . Pip 's moral regeneration is a true pilgrimage punctuated by suffering . Like Christian in Bunyan 's The Pilgrim 's Progress , Pip makes his way up to light through a maze of horrors that afflict his body as well as his mind . This includes the burns he suffers from saving Miss Havisham from the fire ; the illness that requires months of recovery ; the threat of a violent death at Orlick 's hands ; debt , and worse , the obligation of having to repay them ; hard work , which he recognises as the only worthy source of income , hence his return to Joe 's forge . Even more important , is his accepting of Magwitch , a coarse outcast of society . Dickens makes use of symbolism , in chapter 53 , to emphasise Pip 's moral regeneration . As he prepares to go down the Thames to rescue the convict , a veil lifted from the river and Pip 's spirit . Symbolically the fog which enveloped the marshes as Pip left for London has finally lifted , and he feels ready to become a man . As I looked along the clustered roofs , with Church towers and spires shooting into the unusually clear air , the sun rose up , and a veil seemed to be drawn from the river , and millions of sparkles burst out upon its waters . From me too , a veil seemed to be drawn , and I felt strong and well . Magwitch 's death by John McLenan . Pip is redeemed by love , that , for Dickens as for generations of Christian moralists , is only acquired through sacrifice . Pip 's reluctance completely disappears and he embraces Magwitch . After this , Pip 's loyalty remains foolproof , during imprisonment , trial , and death of the convict . He grows selfless and his `` expectations '' are confiscated by the Crown . Moments before Magwitch 's death , Pip reveals that Estella , Magwitch 's daughter , is alive , `` a lady and very beautiful . And I love her '' . Here the greatest sacrifice : the recognition that he owes everything , even Estella , to Magwitch ; his new debt becomes his greatest freedom . Pip returns to the forge , his previous state and to meaningful work . The philosophy expressed here by Dickens that of a person happy with their contribution to the welfare of society , is in line with Thomas Carlyle 's theories and his condemnation , in Latter - Day Pamphlets ( 1850 ) , the system of social classes flourishing in idleness , much like Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels did . Dickens ' hero is neither an aristocrat nor a capitalist but a working - class boy . In Great Expectations , the true values are childhood , youth , and heart . The heroes of the story are the young Pip , a true visionary , and still developing person , open , sensible , who is persecuted by soulless adults . Then the adolescent Pip and Herbert , imperfect but free , intact , playful , endowed with fantasy in a boring and frivolous world . Magwitch is also a positive figure , a man of heart , victim of false appearances and of social images , formidable and humble , bestial but pure , a vagabond of God , despised by men . There is also Pip 's affectional friend Joe , the enemy of the lie . Finally , there are women like Biddy . Imperialism ( edit ) Edward W. Said , in his 1993 work Culture and Imperialism , interprets Great Expectations in terms of postcolonial theory about of late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries British imperialism . Pip 's disillusionment when he learns his benefactor is an escaped convict from Australia , along with his acceptance of Magwitch as surrogate father , is described by Said as part of `` the imperial process '' , that is the way colonialism exploits the weaker members of a society . Thus the British trading post in Cairo legitimatises Pip 's work as a clerk , but the money earned by Magwitch 's honest labour is illegitimate , because Australia is a penal colony , and Magwitch is forbidden to return to Britain . Said states that Dickens has Magwitch return to be redeemed by Pip 's love , paving the way for Pip 's own redemption , but despite this moral message , the book still reinforces standards that support the authority of the British empire . Said 's interpretation suggests that Dickens ' attitude backs Britain 's exploitation of Middle East `` through trade and travel '' , and that Great Expectations affirms the idea of keeping the Empire and its peoples in their place -- at the exploitable margins of British society . However , the novel 's Gothic , and Romance genre elements , challenge Said 's assumption that Great Expectations is a realist novel like Daniel Defoe 's Robinson Crusoe . Novels influenced by Great Expectations ( edit ) Dickens 's novel has influenced a number of writers , Sue Roe 's Estella : Her Expectations ( 1982 ) , for example explores the inner life of an Estella fascinated with a Havisham figure . Miss Havisham is again important in Havisham : A Novel ( 2013 ) , a book by Ronald Frame , that features an imagining of the life of Miss Catherine Havisham from childhood to adulthood . The second chapter of Rosalind Ashe 's Literary Houses ( 1982 ) paraphrases Miss Havisham 's story with details about the nature and structure of Satis House and coloured imaginings of the house within . Miss Havisham is also central to Lost in a Good Book ( 2002 ) , Jasper Fforde 's alternate history , fantasy novel , which features a parody of Miss Havisham . It won the Independent Mystery Booksellers Association 2004 Dilys Award . Magwitch is the protagonist of Peter Carey 's Jack Maggs , which is a re-imagining of Magwitch 's return to England , with the addition , among other things , of a fictionalised Dickens character and plot - line . Carey 's novel won the Commonwealth Writers Prize in 1998 . Mister Pip ( 2006 ) is a novel by Lloyd Jones , a New Zealand author . The winner of the 2007 Commonwealth Writers ' Prize , Lloyd Jones 's novel is set in a village on the Papua New Guinea island of Bougainville during a brutal civil war there in the 1990s , where the young protagonist 's life is impacted in a major way by her reading of Great Expectations . Film , tv and theatrical adaptations ( edit ) This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( May 2018 ) Like many other Dickens novels , Great Expectations has been filmed for the cinema or television numerous times . The film adaptation in 1946 gained the greatest acclaim , while it is often staged as well . Film and television 1917 -- Great Expectations , a silent film , starring Jack Pickford , directed by Robert G. Vignola . 1922 -- a silent film , made in Denmark , starring Martin Herzberg , directed by A.W. Sandberg . 1934 -- Great Expectations film starring Phillips Holmes and Jane Wyatt , directed by Stuart Walker . 1946 -- Great Expectations , the most celebrated film version , starring John Mills as Pip , Bernard Miles as Joe , Alec Guinness as Herbert , Finlay Currie as Magwitch , Martita Hunt as Miss Havisham , Anthony Wager as Young Pip , Jean Simmons as Young Estella and Valerie Hobson as the adult Estella , directed by David Lean . It came fifth in a 1999 BFI poll of the top 100 British films . 1954 -- a two - part television version starring Roddy McDowall as Pip and Estelle Winwood as Miss Havisham . It aired as an episode of the show Robert Montgomery Presents . 1959 -- a BBC television version starring Dinsdale Landen as Pip , Helen Lindsay as Estella , Colin Jeavons as Herbert Pocket , Marjorie Hawtrey as Miss Havisham and Derek Benfield as Landlord . 1967 -- a television serial starring Gary Bond and Francesca Annis . 1974 -- Great Expectations -- a film starring Michael York as Pip and Simon Gipps - Kent as Young Pip , Sarah Miles and James Mason , directed by Joseph Hardy . 1981 -- Great Expectations -- a BBC serial starring Stratford Johns , Gerry Sundquist , Joan Hickson , Patsy Kensit and Sarah - Jane Varley . Produced by Barry Letts , and directed by Julian Amyes . 1983 -- an animated children 's version , starring Phillip Hinton , Liz Horne , Robin Stewart and Bill Kerr . 1989 -- Great Expectations , a Disney Channel two - part film starring Anthony Hopkins as Magwitch , John Rhys - Davies as Joe Gargery , and Jean Simmons as Miss Havisham , directed by Kevin Connor . 1998 -- Great Expectations , a film starring Ethan Hawke and Gwyneth Paltrow , directed by Alfonso Cuarón . This adaptation is set in contemporary New York , and renames Pip to Finn and Miss Havisham to Nora Dinsmoor . The film 's score was composed by Patrick Doyle . 1999 -- Great Expectations , a film starring Ioan Gruffudd as Pip , Justine Waddell as Estella , and Charlotte Rampling as Miss Havisham ( Masterpiece Theatre -- TV ) 2011 -- Great Expectations , a three - part BBC serial . Starring Ray Winstone as Magwitch , Gillian Anderson as Miss Havisham and Douglas Booth as Pip . 2012 -- Great Expectations , a film directed by Mike Newell , starring Ralph Fiennes as Magwitch , Helena Bonham Carter as Miss Havisham and Jeremy Irvine as Pip . 2013 - Great Expectations , a film directed by Graham McLaren , starring Christopher Ellison as Magwitch , Paula Wilcox as Miss Havisham , and Grace Rowe as Estella . This is a filmed version of McLaren 's adaptation for the stage . Stage 1939 -- London stage adaptation made by Alec Guinness , which was to influence David Lean 's 1946 film , in which both Guinness himself and Martita Hunt reprised their stage roles . 1975 -- Stage Musical ( London West End ) . Music by Cyril Ornadel , lyrics by Hal Shaper , starring Sir John Mills . Ivor Novello Award for Best British Musical . 1988 -- Glasgow Mayfest , stage version by the Tag Theatre Company in association with the Gregory Nash group 1995 -- Stage adaptation of Great Expectations at Dublin 's Gate Theatre by Hugh Leonard . 2002 -- Melbourne Theatre Company four - hour re-telling , in an adaptation by company director Simon Phillips . 2005 -- Royal Shakespeare Company adaptation by the Cheek by Jowl founders Declan Donnellan and Nick Ormerod , with Sian Phillips as Miss Havisham 2013 -- West End adaptation written by Jo Clifford and directed by Graham McLaren . Paula Wilcox as Miss Havisham , Chris Ellison as Magwitch . The staged adaptation was filmed in 2013 . 2015 -- Dundee Repertory Theatre adaptation written by Jo Clifford and directed by Jemima Levick . 2016 -- West Yorkshire Playhouse adaptation written by Michael Eaton and directed by Lucy Bailey . Starring Jane Asher as Miss Havisham . Bibliography ( edit ) Texts ( edit ) Charles Dickens ( 1993 ) , Great Expectations , Ware , Hertfordshire : Wordsworth Classics , ISBN 1 - 85326 - 004 - 5 , with an unsigned and unpaginated introduction Charles Dickens ( 1993 ) , Great Expectations , Oxford : Clarendon Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 818591 - 8 , introduction and notes by Margaret Cardwell Charles Dickens ( 1996 ) , Great Expectations , London : Penguin Classics , ISBN 0 - 141 - 43956 - 4 , introduction by David Trotter , notes by Charlotte Mitchell Charles Dickens ( 1999 ) , Great Expectations , authoritative text , backgrounds , context , criticism , ISBN 0 - 393 - 96069 - 2 New York : W.W. Norton , edited by Edgar Rosenberg . A Norton critical edition . General sources ( edit ) Paul Schlicke ( 1999 ) , Oxford Reader 's Companion to Dickens , New York : Oxford University Press Paul Davis ( 1999 ) , Charles Dickens from A to Z , New York : Checkmark Books , ISBN 0816040877 John O. Jordan ( 2001 ) , The Cambridge companion to Charles Dickens , New York : Cambridge University Press David Paroissien ( 2011 ) , A Companion to Charles Dickens , Chichester : Wiley Blackwell , ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 65794 - 2 Robin Gilmour ( 1981 ) , The Idea of the Gentleman in the Victorian Novel , Sydney : Allen & Unwin , ISBN 9780048000057 Paul Davis ( 2007 ) , Critical Companion to Charles Dickens , A Literary Reference to His Life and Work , New York : Facts on File , Inc. , ISBN 0 - 8160 - 6407 - 5 Jerome Hamilton Buckley ( 1974 ) , `` Dickens , David and Pip '' , Season of Youth : the Bildungsroman from Dickens to Golding , Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , ISBN 9780674796409 Edward Said ( 1993 ) , Culture and Imperialism , New York : Vintage Books , ISBN 9780679750543 , retrieved 11 December 2015 Specific sources ( edit ) Life and work of Dickens ( edit ) John Forster ( 1872 -- 1874 ) , The Life of Charles Dickens , London : J.M. Dent & Sons , edited by J.W.T. Ley , 1928 John Forster ( 1976 ) , Life of Charles Dickens , London : Everyman 's Library , ISBN 0460007823 Hippolyte Taine ( 1879 ) , History of English Literature , Translated from French by H. Van Laun , New York G.K. Chesterton ( 1906 ) , Charles Dickens , London : Methuen and Co. , Ltd . G.K. Chesterton ( 1911 ) , Appreciations and Criticisms of the Works of Charles Dickens , London : J.M. Dent S.J. Adair Fitz - Gerald ( 1910 ) , Dickens and the Drama , London : Chapman & Hall , Ltd . Gilbert Keith Chesterton ( 1911 ) , Appreciations and Criticisms of the Works of Charles Dickens , London George Gissing ( 1925 ) , The Immortal Dickens , London : Cecil Palmer Humphry House ( 1941 ) , The Dickens World , London : Oxford University Press Una Pope Hennessy ( 1947 ) , Charles Dickens , London : The Reprint Society , first published 1945 Hesketh Pearson ( 1949 ) , Dickens , London : Methuen Jack Lindsay ( 1950 ) , Charles Dickens , A Biographical and Critical Study , New York : Philosophical Library Barbara Hardy ( 1952 ) , Dickens and the Twentieth Century . The Heart of Charles Dickens , New York : Edgar Johnson Edgar Johnson ( 1952 ) , Charles Dickens : His Tragedy and Triumph. 2 vols , New York : Simon and Schuster Sylvère Monod ( 1953 ) , Dickens romancier ( in French ) , Paris : Hachette John Hillis - Miller ( 1958 ) , Charles Dickens , The World of His Novels , Harvard : Harvard University Press , ISBN 9780674110007 E.A. Horsman ( 1959 ) , Dickens and the Structure of Novel , Dunedin , N.Z. R.C. Churchill ( 1964 ) , Charles Dickens , From Dickens to Hardy , Baltimore , Md. : Boris Ford Earle Davis ( 1963 ) , The Flint and the Flame : The Artistry of Charles Dickens , Missouri - Columbia : University of Missouri Press Steven Marcus ( 1965 ) , Dickens : From Pickwick to Dombey , New York K.J. Fielding ( 1966 ) , Charles Dickens , A Critical Introduction , London : Longman Christopher Hibbert ( 1967 ) , The Making of Charles Dickens , London : Longmans Green & Co. , Ltd . Harry Stone ( 1968 ) , Charles Dickens ' Uncollected Writings from Household Words 1850 -- 1859 , 1 and 2 , Indiana : Indiana University Press , ISBN 0713901209 F.R. & Q.D. Leavis ( 1970 ) , Dickens the Novelist , London : Chatto & Windus , ISBN 0701116447 A.E. Dyson ( 1970 ) , The Inimitable Dickens , London : Macmillan , ISBN 0333063287 Angus Wilson ( 1972 ) , The World of Charles Dickens , Harmondsworth : Penguin Books , ISBN 0140034889 Philip Collins ( 1975 ) , Charles Dickens : The Public Readings , Oxford : Clarendon Press Robert L. Patten ( 1978 ) , Charles Dickens and His Publishers , Oxford : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0198120761 Virginia Woolf ( 1986 ) , Andrew McNeillie , ed. , The Essays of Virginia Woolf : 1925 -- 1928 , London : Hogarth Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7012 - 0669 - 7 Harry Stone ( 1979 ) , Dickens and the Invisible World , Fairy Tales , Fantasy and Novel - Making , Bloomington and Londres : Indiana University . Press Michael Slater ( 1983 ) , Dickens and Women , London : J.M. Dent & Sons , Ltd. , ISBN 0 - 460 - 04248 - 3 Fred Kaplan ( 1988 ) , Dickens , A Biography , William Morrow & Co , ISBN 9780688043414 Norman Page ( 1988 ) , A Dickens Chronology , Boston : G.K. Hall and Co . Peter Ackroyd ( 1993 ) , Charles Dickens , London : Stock , ISBN 978 - 0099437093 Philip Collins ( 1996 ) , Charles Dickens , The Critical Heritage , London : Routletge About Great Expectations ( edit ) Mary Edminson ( 1958 ) , `` The Date of the Action in Great Expectations '' , Nineteenth - Century Fiction , 13 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 35 , JSTOR 3044100 Richard Lettis and William Morris , ed. ( 1960 ) , Assessing Great Expectations , San Francisco : Chandler , texts from Forster , Whipple , Chesterton , Leacock , Baker , House , Johnson , van Ghent , Stange , Hagan , Connolly , Engel , Hillis Miller , Moynahan , Van de Kieft , Hardy , Lindberg , Partlow Julian Moynahan ( 1960 ) , `` The Hero 's Guilt , The Case of Great Expectations '' , Essays in Criticism ( 10 , 1 ) , Oxford : Oxford University Press , pp. 60 -- 79 Henri Suhamy ( 1971 ) , Great Expectations , cours d'Agrégation ( in French ) , Vanves : Centre de Télé - Enseignement , p. 25 Edgar Rosenberg ( 1972 ) , `` A Preface to Great Expectations : The Pale Usher Dusts His Lexicon '' , Dickens Studies Annual , 2 Edgar Rosenberg ( 1981 ) , `` Last Words on Great Expectations : A Textual Brief ln the Six Endings '' , Dickens Studies Annual , 9 Michael Peled Ginsburg ( 1984 ) , `` Dickens and the Uncanny : Repression and Displacement in Great Expectations '' , Dickens Studies Annual 13 , University of California Santa Cruz George J. Worth ( 1986 ) , Great Expectations : An Annotated Bibliography , New York : Garland Anny Sadrin ( 1988 ) , Great Expectations , Unwin Hyman , ISBN 978 - 0048000514 Michael Cordell , ed. ( 1990 ) , Critical Essays on Great Expectations , Boston : G.K. Hall , pp. 24 , 34 Michael Cotsell , ed. ( 1990 ) , Critical Essays on Charles Dickens ' Great Expectations , Boston : G.K. Hall , texts from Chesterton , Brooks , Garis , Gissing , et al Jerome Meckier ( 1992 ) , `` Dating the Action in Great Expectations : A New Chronology '' , Dickens Studies Annual , 21 : 157 -- 194 Elliot L. Gilbert ( 1993 ) , `` In Primal Sympathy : Great Expectations and the Secret Life '' , Critical Essays , pp. 146 -- 167 Roger D. Sell , ed. ( 1994 ) , Great Expectations : Charles Dickens , London : Macmillan , texts from Brooks , Connor , Frost , Gilmour , Sadrin et al . William A. Cohen ( 1993 ) , `` Manual Conduct in Great Expectations '' , ELH ( English Literary History ) , 60 , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University , pp. 217 -- 259 Susan Walsh ( Autumn 1993 ) , `` Bodies of Capital : Great Expectations and The Climacteric Economy '' , Victorian Studies , Indiana University Press , 37 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 98 , JSTOR 3829059 Nicholas Tredell ( 1998 ) , Charles Dickens : Great Expectations , Cambridge : Icon Books ( distributed by Penguin ) Notes ( edit ) Charles Dickens portal Novels portal Literature portal Jump up ^ Bleak House alternates between a third - person narrator and a first - person narrator , Esther Summerson , but the former is predominant . Jump up ^ Nineteen double sheets folded in half : on the left , names , incidents , and expressions ; on the right , sections of the current chapter . Jump up ^ George Gissing wrote : `` Great Expectations ( 1861 ) would be nearly perfect in its mechanism but for the unhappy deference to Lord Lytton 's judgment , which caused the end to be altered . Dickens meant to have left Pip a lonely man , and of course rightly so ; by the irony of fate he was induced to spoil his work through a brother novelist 's desire for a happy ending , a strange thing , indeed , to befall Dickens . '' Jump up ^ In Great Expectations , only London is named , along with its neighbourhoods and surrounding communities . Jump up ^ From Latin satis , meaning `` enough '' . Jump up ^ Original quote in French : `` un monde que dominent l'appât de l'argent et les préjugés sociaux conduit à la mutilation de l'être , aux discordes de famille , à la guerre entre homme et femme , et ne saurait conduire à quelque bonheur que ce soit '' . Jump up ^ Both Marx and Engels condemned the rejection of Carlyle 's democratic system but agreed that the aristocracy remains the dominant class . Jump up ^ Original text in French : `` vagabond de Dieu honni des hommes , lépreux porteur de la bonne nouvelle '' Jump up ^ Cairo was of course not a British colony at this time , though Egypt became a British Protectorate in the 1880s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Was Dickens Really Paid By the Word ? '' . University of California Santa Cruz : The Dickens Project . Regents of the University of California . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Dickens , Charles ( 1861 ) . Great Expectations . I ( 1 ed . ) . London : Chapman and Hall . Retrieved 6 January 2017 -- via Internet Archive . ; Dickens , Charles ( 1861 ) . Great Expectations. II ( 1 ed . ) . London : Chapman and Hall . Retrieved 6 January 2017 -- via Internet Archive . ; Dickens , Charles ( 1861 ) . Great Expectations . III ( 1 ed . ) . London : Chapman and Hall . Retrieved 6 January 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` Great Expectations by Charles Dickens '' . Cliffsnotes . Archived from the original on 28 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Charles Dickens 1993 , p. 1 , introduction . ^ Jump up to : Paul Schlicke 1999 , p. 263 ^ Jump up to : John Hillis - Miller 1958 , pp. 249 -- 278 Jump up ^ Cummings , Mark , ed. ( 2004 ) . The Carlyle Encyclopedia . Cranbury , N.J. : Associated University Presses . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Shaw , George Bernard ( 2006 ) . Bloom , Harold , ed . Charles Dickens . Bloom 's Modern Critical Views . New York : Infobase Publishings . p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Charles Dickens , Letters , Letter to Mary Boyle , 28 December 1860 . ^ Jump up to : Hollington , Michael ( 1984 ) . `` The Grotesque and Tragicomedy in Dickens ' Great Expectations '' . Dickens and the Grotesque ( Revised ed . ) . London : Croom Helm . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Jerome Meckier 1992 , pp. 157 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Paul Davis 2007 , p. 127 , Chapters 1 -- 5 Jump up ^ Paul Davis 2007 , pp. 127 -- 128 , Chapters 6 -- 12 Jump up ^ Paul Davis 2007 , p. 128 , Chapters 13 -- 17 Jump up ^ Paul Davis 2007 , p. 128 -- 129 , Chapters 18 -- 19 Jump up ^ Paul Davis 2007 , pp. 128 -- 129 , Chapters 20 -- 24 Jump up ^ Paul Davis 2007 , pp. 129 -- 130 , Chapters 25 -- 33 Jump up ^ Paul Davis 2007 , p. 130 , Chapters 34 -- 38 Jump up ^ Paul Davis 2007 , pp. 130 -- 131 , Chapters 39 -- 41 Jump up ^ Paul Davis 2007 , p. 131 , Chapter 42 Jump up ^ Paul Davis 2007 , pp. 131 -- 132 , Chapters 43 -- 47 Jump up ^ Paul Davis 2007 , pp. 131 -- 132 , Chapter 48 Jump up ^ Paul Davis 2007 , pp. 132 , Chapters 49 -- 51 Jump up ^ Paul Davis 2007 , p. 132 , Chapters 52 -- 54 Jump up ^ Paul Davis 2007 , pp. 132 -- 133 , Chapters 55 -- 58 Jump up ^ Paul Davis 2007 , p. 133 , Chapter 59 Jump up ^ Dickens , Charles ( 1984 ) . `` Introduction '' . Great Expectations . Penguin English Library . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Schlicke 1999 , p. 259 Jump up ^ Fred Kaplan , ed . Dickens ' Book of Memoranda , 1981 . ^ Jump up to : Charles Dickens , letters , Letter to Wilkie Collins , 6 September 1858 . Jump up ^ Charles Dickens 1993 , p. xiv , introduction by Margaret Cardwell Jump up ^ Charles Dickens , Letters , Letter to John Forster , mid-September 1860 ( ? ) . ^ Jump up to : John Forster 1872 -- 1874 , p. 9.3 Jump up ^ Charles Dickens , Letters , Letter to John Forster , 4 October 1860 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Schlicke 1999 , p. 260 Jump up ^ Dallas , E.S. ( 17 October 1861 ) . `` Great Expectations '' . The Times . p. 6 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Charles Dickens , Letters , Letter to John Forster , beginning October 1860 . Jump up ^ Charles Dickens , Letters , Letter to Wilkie Collins , 14 October 1860 . Jump up ^ Charles Dickens , Letters , Letter to Edmund Yates , 24 February 1861 . Jump up ^ Charles Dickens 1993 , p. xxvii -- xxx Jump up ^ Symon , Evan V. ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` 10 Deleted Chapters that Transformed Famous Books '' . listverse.com . Jump up ^ Charles Dickens , Letters , Letter to John Forster , April 1861 . Jump up ^ Charles Dickens 1993 , p. 412 Jump up ^ Great Expectations , Penguin , 1965 , p. 496 Jump up ^ Ian Brinton . `` Dickens Bookmarks 12 -- Great Expectations '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Charles Dickens , Letters , Letter to John Forster , 25 June 1861 . Jump up ^ Earle Davis 1963 , pp. 261 -- 262 Jump up ^ John Forster 1872 -- 1874 , p. 9 . 3 ^ Jump up to : Paul Schlicke 1999 , p. 261 ^ Jump up to : Earle Davis 1963 , p. 262 Jump up ^ George Gissing 1925 , p. 19 , chapter III , The Story - Teller Jump up ^ John Hillis - Miller 1958 , p. 278 Jump up ^ Charles Dickens and Earle Davis ( 1979 ) . Great Expectations . New York : Holt Rinehart & Winston . ISBN 978 - 0030779008 . Jump up ^ For a more detailed look into the revision of the ending , see Calum Kerr , From Magwitch to Miss Havisham : Narrative Interaction and Mythic Structure in Charles Dickens ' Great Expectations , `` Great Expectations , Critical Insights '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Orwell , George ( 1940 ) . George Orwell : Charles Dickens . Inside the Whale and Other Essays . London : Victor Gollancz . Jump up ^ Robert L. Patten 1978 , p. 271 Jump up ^ `` Illustrations de McLenan '' . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Patten 1978 , pp. 288 -- 293 Jump up ^ Dickens , Charles ; Muller , Frank ( 1987 ) . Great Expectations . New York : Recorded Books . ISBN 1 - 4025 - 4950 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Image Gallery for Marcus Stone '' . ArtMagick . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Various editions of A Christmas Carol '' . The Bookstall . Archived from the original on 2 July 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Illustrations by John McLenan for Great Expectations '' . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Illustrations by F.A. Fraser for Great Expectations '' . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Illustrations by Harry Furniss for Great Expectations '' . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Patten 1978 , p. 292 Jump up ^ Charles Dickens , Letters , Lettere to John Forster , beginning October 1860 Jump up ^ Forster , John . The Life of Charles Dickens . Archived from the original on 4 February 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Jerome Hamilton Buckley 1974 Jump up ^ F.R. & Q.D. Leavis 1970 Jump up ^ `` Lucie Guillemette and Josiane Cossette , Deconstruction and difference , Trois - Rivières , Université du Québec '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Paul Schlicke 1999 , p. 264 Jump up ^ Paul Schlicke 1999 , pp. 261 -- 262 ^ Jump up to : Paul Schlicke 1999 , p. 262 Jump up ^ John Forster 1872 -- 1874 , p . III , 1 Jump up ^ Cited by George Newlin , Understanding Great Expectations , Westport Greenwood Publishing Group , 2000 , p. xiv ^ Jump up to : Allingham , Philip V. ( 9 March 2001 ) . `` The Genres of Charles Dickens ' Great Expectations -- Positioning the Novel ( 1 ) '' . The Victorian Web . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Charles Dickens , Letters , Letter to Wills , 4 September 1860 Jump up ^ Gladys Storey , Dickens and Daughter , London , Frederick Muller Ltd , 1939 , pp. 106 -- 107 Jump up ^ Charles Dickens 1993 , p. xiv Jump up ^ Harry Stone 1979 , pp. 279 -- 297 ^ Jump up to : Robin Gilmour 1981 , p. 123 Jump up ^ Paul Davis 1999 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Paul Davis 1999 , p. 153 Jump up ^ Cited by Paul Davis 1999 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Cited by David Trotter , Introduction to Great Expectations , London , Penguin Books , 1996 , p. vii Jump up ^ Michael Cordell 1990 , pp. 34 , 24 Jump up ^ Cited in Dickens and the Twentieth Century , Gross , John and Pearson , Gabriel , eds , London , Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1962 , p. 199 - 211 . Jump up ^ Henri Suhamy 1971 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Henri Suhamy 1971 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Henri Suhamy 1971 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Julian Monayhan , The Hero 's Guilt : The Case of Great Expectations , London , Routledge and Kegan Paul , Critical Essays , p. 73 - 87 ^ Jump up to : Charles Dickens 1996 , p. ix - x ^ Jump up to : Charles Dickens 1996 , p. x Jump up ^ Sylvère Monod 1953 , p. 443 Jump up ^ Pickerel , Paul ( 1967 ) . Price , Martin , ed . Great Expectations . Dickens : A Collection of Critical Essays . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice Hall . p. 160 . Jump up ^ Pickerel , Paul . Price , Martin , ed . Great Expectations . Dickens : A Collection of Critical Essays . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice Hall . p. 158 . Jump up ^ Pickerel , Paul . Price , Martin , ed . Great Expectations . Dickens : A Collection of Critical Essays . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice Hall . p. 161 . Jump up ^ A.E. Dyson 1970 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Earle Davis 1963 , pp. 262 -- 263 ^ Jump up to : `` Great Expectations and realism '' . Approaching literature : Reading Great Expectations . The Open University . 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Davis 2007 , pp. 134 -- 135 Jump up ^ Paul Davis 2007 , pp. 129 , 134 Jump up ^ Keith Hollingsworth ( 1963 ) , The Newgate Novel , 1830 -- 1847 , Bulwer , Ainsworth , Dickens & Thackeray , Detroit : Wayne State University Press Jump up ^ Adburgham , Alison ( 1983 ) . Silver Fork Society : Fashionable Life and Literature from 1814 to 1840 . London : Constable . ISBN 978 - 0094636705 . Jump up ^ Allingham , Philip V. `` Charles Lever ( 1806 - 1872 ) : Anglo - Irish Novelist , Physician , and Diplomat '' . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Banking Acts of 1826 ( England ) '' . Encyclopeida of Money . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ John Berseth ( 2001 ) , `` Introduction '' , Great Expectations , Dover ( USA ) : Dover Publications , Inc. , p. 1 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 41586 - 4 Jump up ^ Charles Dickens 1993 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Charles Dickens 1993 , p. 342 Jump up ^ Henri Suhamy 1971 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Charles Dickens 1993 , p. 141 Jump up ^ Charles Dickens 1993 , pp. 140 -- 142 Jump up ^ Jack B. Moore ( 1965 ) , `` Heart and Hands in Great Expectations '' , Dickensian 61 , pp. 52 -- 56 Jump up ^ Henri Suhamy 1971 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Charles Dickens 1993 , p. 160 ^ Jump up to : Henri Suhamy 1971 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Charles Dickens 1993 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Anthony Oliver John Cockshut ( 1965 ) , The imagination of Charles Dicken , London : Methuen , pp. 192 , 164 ^ Jump up to : Charles Dickens 1996 , p. xiv Jump up ^ Humphry House 1941 , p. 135 ^ Jump up to : Charles Dickens 1996 , p. xv Jump up ^ Henri Suhamy 1971 , pp. 9 -- 11 ^ Jump up to : Henri Suhamy 1971 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Charles Dickens 1993 , p. 101 ^ Jump up to : Henri Suhamy 1971 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Charles Dickens 1993 , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Henri Suhamy 1971 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Charles Dickens 1993 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Charles Dickens 1993 , p. 279 Jump up ^ John Hillis - Miller 1958 , pp. 265 , 271 Jump up ^ Henri Suhamy 1971 , pp. 11 -- 14 Jump up ^ Henri Suhamy 1971 , p. 12 Jump up ^ John Hillis - Miller 1958 , pp. 269 -- 270 ^ Jump up to : Henri Suhamy 1971 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Henri Suhamy 1971 , pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ John Hillis - Miller 1958 , p. 270 Jump up ^ John Hillis - Miller 1958 , p. 271 Jump up ^ Charles Dickens 1993 , p. 370 Jump up ^ John Hillis - Miller 1958 , p. 274 ^ Jump up to : John Hillis - Miller 1958 , p. 276 Jump up ^ Charles Dickens 1993 , p. 392 Jump up ^ Reviews from the Neue Rheinisch Zeitung Politisch - Ökonomische , no . 4 , in Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels , volume 10 , p. 306 Jump up ^ Earle Davis 1963 , p. 254 Jump up ^ Edward Said 1993 , p. xiv Jump up ^ Edward Said 1993 , p. xv Jump up ^ Tredell , Nicolas ( 2013 ) . Charles Dickens : David Copperfield / Great Expectations . London : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 209 . ISBN 978 - 1137283245 . Jump up ^ Craig , Amanda ( 3 November 2012 ) . `` Havisham , By Ronald Frame : To reimagine a dark star of classic fiction is a daring move , but one that yields mixed results '' . The Independent . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Ashe , Rosalind ( 1982 ) . Literary Houses . New York : Facts on File . p. 31 . ISBN 9780871966766 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Fforde , Jasper ( 2002 ) Lost in a Good Book , Hodder & Stoughton , 0 - 340 - 82283 - X Jump up ^ `` The Dilys Award '' . Archived from the original on 26 August 2008 . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ James , Caryn ( 8 February 1998 ) . `` Great Extrapolations '' . New York Times . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Laing , Olivia ( 7 July 2007 ) . `` Pip Pip : Olivia Laing finds Dickens taking root in a war - torn jungle in Lloyd Jones 's Mister Pip '' . Books . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ + `` Great Expectations ( 2013 ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dalfonzo , Gina ( 15 April 2013 ) . `` ' Great Expectations ' in London : A review '' . Dickensblog . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Mary ( 2016 ) . Charles Dickens 's Great Expectations : A Cultural Life , 1860 -- 2012 . Routledge . p. 145 . ISBN 978 - 1409425878 . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Playography entry for Hugh Leonard , Great Expectations '' . Jump up ^ `` Simon Phillips '' . Melbourne Theatre Company . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Great Expectations Tickets '' . LOVE Theatre . Jump up ^ `` Great Expectations '' . Dundee Rep Theatre . Jump up ^ Eaton , Michael ( 11 March 2016 ) . `` Great Expectations '' . West Yorkshire Playhouse . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Great Expectations , West Yorkshire Playhouse , Leeds '' . The Times , First Night Reviews . London . 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . External links ( edit ) Great Expectations public domain audiobook at LibriVox Wikisource has original text related to this article : Great Expectations Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Expectations . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Great Expectations Online editions Great Expectations at Internet Archive Great Expectations at Project Gutenberg Great Expectations -- Easy to read HTML version Great Expectations -- PDF scans of the entire novel as it originally appeared in All the Year Round Other Original manuscript -- held at Wisbech & Fenland Museum , Wisbech David Parker 's article on the London Fictions site about the London of Great Expectations Map of Dickens ' London 1953 Theatre Guild on the Air radio adaptation at Internet Archive Charles Dickens 's Great Expectations Characters Philip `` Pip '' Pirrip Estella Havisham Compeyson Miss Havisham Arthur Havisham Abel Magwitch John Wemmick Adaptations 1917 film 1934 film 1946 film 1955 film adaptation 1974 TV film 1981 miniseries 1991 miniseries 1998 film 1999 TV film South Park retelling ( 2000 ) 2011 miniseries 2012 film 2016 adaptation Related Great Expectations : The Untold Story Satis House Charles Dickens Bibliography Novels The Pickwick Papers Oliver Twist Nicholas Nickleby The Old Curiosity Shop Barnaby Rudge Martin Chuzzlewit Dombey and Son David Copperfield Bleak House Hard Times Little Dorrit A Tale of Two Cities Great Expectations Our Mutual Friend The Mystery of Edwin Drood Christmas books A Christmas Carol The Chimes The Cricket on the Hearth The Battle of Life The Haunted Man and the Ghost 's Bargain Short stories `` The Long Voyage '' `` The Signal - 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1 LCCN : n85191001 SELIBR : 370829 SUDOC : 030928583 VIAF : 228144929041654440183 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Expectations&oldid=856922763 '' Categories : Great Expectations 1861 British novels British novels adapted into films British bildungsromans Fiction with unreliable narrators British Gothic novels Novels first published in serial form Novels set in London Novels set in Kent Works originally published in All the Year Round Novels about orphans Novels set in the 19th century Chapman & Hall books British novels adapted into plays Novels by Charles Dickens Novels adapted into television programs Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles with too many examples Articles with LibriVox links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kernowek Кыргызча Македонски Mìng - 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List of Prime Ministers of Australia by time in office
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List of Prime Ministers of Australia by time in office - wikipedia List of Prime Ministers of Australia by time in office This is a list of Prime Ministers of Australia by time in office . The basis of the list is the inclusive number of days from being sworn in until leaving office . Contents 1 Rank by time in office 1.1 Prime Ministers ' parties by time in office 2 See also 3 External links Rank by time in office ( edit ) Parties Labor Liberal Country ( National ) United Australia Nationalist National Labor Commonwealth Liberal Free Trade Protectionist Rank No Prime Minister Portrait Party Division Assumed Office Left Office TERM Time in Office TOTAL Time in Office Election Wins 1 . 12th Sir Robert Menzies ( 1894 -- 1978 ) United Australia Kooyong , VIC ( 1934 -- 1966 ) 26 April 1939 29 August 1941 7002856000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 125 days 18 years , 163 days 1940 ( 1st ) 1949 , 1951 , 1954 , 1955 1958 , 1961 , 1963 Liberal 19 December 1949 26 January 1966 7003588200000000000 ♠ 16 years , 38 days 2 . 25th John Howard ( born 1939 ) Liberal Bennelong , NSW ( 1974 -- 2007 ) 11 March 1996 3 December 2007 7003428400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 267 days 1996 , 1998 , 2001 , 2004 3 . 23rd Bob Hawke ( born 1929 ) Labor Wills , VIC ( 1980 -- 1992 ) 11 March 1983 20 December 1991 7003320600000000000 ♠ 8 years , 284 days 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1990 4 . 22nd Malcolm Fraser ( 1930 -- 2015 ) Liberal Wannon , VIC ( 1955 -- 1983 ) 11 November 1975 11 March 1983 7003267700000000000 ♠ 7 years , 120 days 1975 , 1977 , 1980 5 . 7th Billy Hughes ( 1862 -- 1952 ) Labor West Sydney , NSW ( 1901 -- 1917 ) Bendigo , VIC ( 1917 -- 1922 ) North Sydney , NSW ( 1922 -- 1949 ) 27 October 1915 9 February 1923 7003266200000000000 ♠ 7 years , 105 days 1917 , 1919 , 1922 National Labor Nationalist 6 . 10th Joseph Lyons ( 1879 -- 1939 ) United Australia Wilmot , TAS ( 1929 -- 1939 ) 6 January 1932 7 April 1939 7003264800000000000 ♠ 7 years , 91 days 1931 , 1934 , 1937 7 . 8th Stanley Bruce ( 1883 -- 1967 ) Nationalist Flinders , VIC ( 1918 -- 1929 ) 9 February 1923 22 October 1929 7003244700000000000 ♠ 6 years , 255 days 1925 , 1928 8 . 2nd Alfred Deakin ( 1856 -- 1919 ) Protectionist Ballaarat , VIC ( 1901 -- 1913 ) 24 September 1903 27 April 1904 7002216000000000000 ♠ 216 days 4 years , 313 days 1903 , 1906 5 July 1905 13 November 1908 7003122700000000000 ♠ 3 years , 131 days Commonwealth Liberal 2 June 1909 29 April 1910 7002331000000000000 ♠ 331 days 9 . 5th Andrew Fisher ( 1862 -- 1928 ) Labor Wide Bay , QLD ( 1901 -- 1915 ) 13 November 1908 2 June 1909 7002201000000000000 ♠ 201 days 4 years , 297 days 1910 1914 29 April 1910 24 June 1913 7003115200000000000 ♠ 3 years , 56 days 17 September 1914 27 October 1915 7002405000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 40 days 10 . 16th Ben Chifley ( 1885 -- 1951 ) Labor Macquarie , NSW ( 1940 -- 1951 ) 13 July 1945 19 December 1949 7003162000000000000 ♠ 4 years , 159 days 1946 11 . 24th Paul Keating ( born 1944 ) Labor Blaxland , NSW ( 1969 -- 1996 ) 20 December 1991 11 March 1996 7003154300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 82 days 12 . 14th John Curtin ( 1885 -- 1945 ) Labor Fremantle , WA ( 1934 -- 1945 ) 7 October 1941 5 July 1945 7003136700000000000 ♠ 3 years , 271 days 1943 13 . 19th John Gorton ( 1911 -- 2002 ) Liberal Senate ( VIC ) ( 1950 -- 1968 ) Higgins , VIC ( 1968 -- 1975 ) 10 January 1968 10 March 1971 7003115500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 59 days 1969 14 . 27th Julia Gillard ( born 1961 ) Labor Lalor , VIC ( 1998 -- 2013 ) 24 June 2010 27 June 2013 7003109900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 3 days 15 . 29th Malcolm Turnbull ( born 1954 ) Liberal Wentworth , NSW ( 2004 -- 2018 ) 15 September 2015 24 August 2018 7003107400000000000 ♠ 2 years , 343 days 2016 16 . 21st Gough Whitlam ( 1916 -- 2014 ) Labor Werriwa , NSW ( 1952 -- 1978 ) 5 December 1972 11 November 1975 7003107100000000000 ♠ 2 years , 341 days 1972 , 1974 17 . 26th Kevin Rudd ( born 1957 ) Labor Griffith , QLD ( 1998 -- 2013 ) 3 December 2007 24 June 2010 7002934000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 203 days 2 years , 286 days 2007 27 June 2013 18 September 2013 7001830000000000000 ♠ 83 days 18 . 1st Sir Edmund Barton ( 1849 -- 1920 ) Protectionist Hunter , NSW ( 1901 -- 1903 ) 1 January 1901 24 September 1903 7002996000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 266 days 1901 19 . 9th James Scullin ( 1876 -- 1953 ) Labor Yarra , VIC ( 1922 -- 1949 ) 22 October 1929 6 January 1932 7002806000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 76 days 1929 20 . 28th Tony Abbott ( born 1957 ) Liberal Warringah , NSW ( 1994 -- present ) 18 September 2013 15 September 2015 7002727000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 362 days 2013 21 . 17th Harold Holt ( 1908 -- 1967 ) Liberal Higgins , VIC ( 1949 -- 1967 ) 26 January 1966 17 December 1967 7002690000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 325 days 1966 22 . 20th William McMahon ( 1908 -- 1988 ) Liberal Lowe , NSW ( 1949 -- 1982 ) 10 March 1971 5 December 1972 7002636000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 270 days 23 . 6th Joseph Cook ( 1860 -- 1947 ) Commonwealth Liberal Parramatta , NSW ( 1901 -- 1921 ) 24 June 1913 17 September 1914 7002450000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 85 days 1913 24 . 4th George Reid ( 1845 -- 1918 ) Free Trade East Sydney , NSW ( 1901 -- 1910 ) 18 August 1904 5 July 1905 7002321000000000000 ♠ 321 days 25 . 3rd Chris Watson ( 1867 -- 1941 ) Labor Bland , NSW ( 1901 -- 1906 ) 27 April 1904 18 August 1904 7002113000000000000 ♠ 113 days 26 . 30th Scott Morrison ( born 1968 ) Liberal Cook , NSW ( 2007 -- present ) 24 August 2018 Incumbent 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 days 27 . 13th Arthur Fadden ( 1894 -- 1973 ) Country Darling Downs , QLD ( 1936 -- 1949 ) 29 August 1941 7 October 1941 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 days 28 . 18th John McEwen ( 1900 -- 1980 ) Country Murray , VIC ( 1949 -- 1971 ) 19 December 1967 10 January 1968 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 days 29 . 11th Sir Earle Page ( 1880 -- 1961 ) Country Cowper , NSW ( 1919 -- 1961 ) 7 April 1939 26 April 1939 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 days 30 . 15th Frank Forde ( 1890 -- 1983 ) Labor Capricornia , QLD ( 1922 -- 1946 ) 6 July 1945 13 July 1945 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 days Prime Ministers ' parties by time in office ( edit ) Liberal Party of Australia -- 17201 days as of 29 October 2018 . Australian Labor Party -- 13620 days Nationalist Party -- 5142 days United Australia Party -- 3505 days Protectionist Party -- 2442 days Commonwealth Liberal Party -- 783 days Free Trade Party -- 322 days Country Party -- 84 days See also ( edit ) Prime Minister of Australia List of Australian state premiers by time in office List of Prime Ministers of Canada by time in office List of Prime Ministers of New Zealand by time in office List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom by tenure External links ( edit ) From Menzies to Malcolm : the careers of Australia 's prime ministers visualised Prime Ministers of Australia ( list ) Barton Deakin Watson Reid Deakin Fisher Deakin Fisher Cook Fisher Hughes Bruce Scullin Lyons Page Menzies Fadden Curtin Forde Chifley Menzies Holt McEwen Gorton McMahon Whitlam Fraser Hawke Keating Howard Rudd Gillard Rudd Abbott Turnbull Morrison Lists of Prime Ministers of Australia Political life Order of service graphical Constituency Historical rankings Political affiliation Time in office Personal life Age Education Military service Spouse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Australia_by_time_in_office&oldid=863380561 '' Categories : Lists of Australian Prime Ministers Lists of people by time in office Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 October 2018 , at 12 : 20 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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who was the longest serving prime minister of australia
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[
"\n\n\n\nRank\n\nNo\n\nPrime Minister\n\nPortrait\n\nParty\n\nDivision\n\nAssumedOffice\n\nLeftOffice\n\nTERMTime in Office\n\nTOTALTime in Office\n\nElectionWins\n\n\n \n\n1.\n\n12th\n\nSir Robert Menzies(1894–1978)\n\n\n\nUnited Australia\n\nKooyong, VIC(1934–1966)\n\n26 April 1939\n\n29 August 1941\n\n7002856000000000000♠2 years, 125 days\n\n18 years, 163 days\n\n1940 (1st)1949, 1951,1954, 1955 1958,1961, 1963\n\n\n \n\nLiberal\n\n19 December 1949\n\n26 January 1966\n\n7003588200000000000♠16 years, 38 days\n\n\n \n\n2.\n\n25th\n\nJohn Howard(born 1939)\n\n\n\nLiberal\n\nBennelong, NSW(1974–2007)\n\n11 March 1996\n\n3 December 2007\n\n7003428400000000000♠11 years, 267 days\n\n1996, 1998, 2001,2004\n\n\n \n\n3.\n\n23rd\n\nBob Hawke(born 1929)\n\n\n\nLabor\n\nWills, VIC(1980–1992)\n\n11 March 1983\n\n20 December 1991\n\n7003320600000000000♠8 years, 284 days\n\n1983, 1984, 1987,1990\n\n\n \n\n4.\n\n22nd\n\nMalcolm Fraser(1930–2015)\n\n\n\nLiberal\n\nWannon, VIC(1955–1983)\n\n11 November 1975\n\n11 March 1983\n\n7003267700000000000♠7 years, 120 days\n\n1975, 1977, 1980\n\n\n \n\n5.\n\n7th\n\nBilly Hughes(1862–1952)\n\n\n\nLabor\n\nWest Sydney, NSW(1901–1917)Bendigo, VIC(1917–1922)North Sydney, NSW(1922–1949)\n\n27 October 1915\n\n9 February 1923\n\n7003266200000000000♠7 years, 105 days\n\n1917, 1919, 1922\n\n\n \n\nNational Labor\n\n\n \n\nNationalist\n\n\n \n\n6.\n\n10th\n\nJoseph Lyons(1879–1939)\n\n\n\nUnited Australia\n\nWilmot, TAS(1929–1939)\n\n6 January 1932\n\n7 April 1939\n\n7003264800000000000♠7 years, 91 days\n\n1931, 1934, 1937\n\n\n \n\n7.\n\n8th\n\nStanley Bruce(1883–1967)\n\n\n\nNationalist\n\nFlinders, VIC(1918–1929)\n\n9 February 1923\n\n22 October 1929\n\n7003244700000000000♠6 years, 255 days\n\n1925, 1928\n\n\n \n\n8.\n\n2nd\n\nAlfred Deakin(1856–1919)\n\n\n\nProtectionist\n\nBallaarat, VIC(1901–1913)\n\n24 September 1903\n\n27 April 1904\n\n7002216000000000000♠216 days\n\n4 years, 313 days\n\n1903, 1906\n\n\n5 July 1905\n\n13 November 1908\n\n7003122700000000000♠3 years, 131 days\n\n\n \n\nCommonwealth Liberal\n\n2 June 1909\n\n29 April 1910\n\n7002331000000000000♠331 days\n\n\n \n\n9.\n\n5th\n\nAndrew Fisher(1862–1928)\n\n\n\nLabor\n\nWide Bay, QLD(1901–1915)\n\n13 November 1908\n\n2 June 1909\n\n7002201000000000000♠201 days\n\n4 years, 297 days\n\n1910 1914\n\n\n29 April 1910\n\n24 June 1913\n\n7003115200000000000♠3 years, 56 days\n\n\n17 September 1914\n\n27 October 1915\n\n7002405000000000000♠1 year, 40 days\n\n\n \n\n10.\n\n16th\n\nBen Chifley(1885–1951)\n\n\n\nLabor\n\nMacquarie, NSW(1940–1951)\n\n13 July 1945\n\n19 December 1949\n\n7003162000000000000♠4 years, 159 days\n\n1946\n\n\n \n\n11.\n\n24th\n\nPaul Keating(born 1944)\n\n\n\nLabor\n\nBlaxland, NSW(1969–1996)\n\n20 December 1991\n\n11 March 1996\n\n7003154300000000000♠4 years, 82 days\n\n1993\n\n\n \n\n12.\n\n14th\n\nJohn Curtin(1885–1945)\n\n\n\nLabor\n\nFremantle, WA(1934–1945)\n\n7 October 1941\n\n5 July 1945\n\n7003136700000000000♠3 years, 271 days\n\n1943\n\n\n \n\n13.\n\n19th\n\nJohn Gorton(1911–2002)\n\n\n\nLiberal\n\n Senate (VIC)(1950 – 1968)Higgins, VIC(1968 – 1975)\n\n10 January 1968\n\n10 March 1971\n\n7003115500000000000♠3 years, 59 days\n\n1969\n\n\n \n\n14.\n\n27th\n\nJulia Gillard(born 1961)\n\n\n\nLabor\n\nLalor, VIC(1998–2013)\n\n24 June 2010\n\n27 June 2013\n\n7003109900000000000♠3 years, 3 days\n\n2010\n\n\n \n\n15.\n\n29th\n\nMalcolm Turnbull(born 1954)\n\n\n\nLiberal\n\nWentworth, NSW(2004–2018)\n\n15 September 2015\n\n24 August 2018\n\n7003107400000000000♠2 years, 343 days\n\n2016\n\n\n \n\n16.\n\n21st\n\nGough Whitlam(1916–2014)\n\n\n\nLabor\n\nWerriwa, NSW(1952–1978)\n\n5 December 1972\n\n11 November 1975\n\n7003107100000000000♠2 years, 341 days\n\n1972, 1974\n\n\n \n\n17.\n\n26th\n\nKevin Rudd(born 1957)\n\n\n\nLabor\n\nGriffith, QLD(1998–2013)\n\n3 December 2007\n\n24 June 2010\n\n7002934000000000000♠2 years, 203 days\n\n2 years, 286 days\n\n2007\n\n\n27 June 2013\n\n18 September 2013\n\n7001830000000000000♠83 days\n\n\n \n\n18.\n\n1st\n\nSir Edmund Barton(1849–1920)\n\n\n\nProtectionist\n\nHunter, NSW(1901–1903)\n\n1 January 1901\n\n24 September 1903\n\n7002996000000000000♠2 years, 266 days\n\n1901\n\n\n \n\n19.\n\n9th\n\nJames Scullin(1876–1953)\n\n\n\nLabor\n\nYarra, VIC(1922–1949)\n\n22 October 1929\n\n6 January 1932\n\n7002806000000000000♠2 years, 76 days\n\n1929\n\n\n \n\n20.\n\n28th\n\nTony Abbott(born 1957)\n\n\n\nLiberal\n\nWarringah, NSW(1994–present)\n\n18 September 2013\n\n15 September 2015\n\n7002727000000000000♠1 year, 362 days\n\n2013\n\n\n \n\n21.\n\n17th\n\nHarold Holt(1908–1967)\n\n\n\nLiberal\n\nHiggins, VIC(1949–1967)\n\n26 January 1966\n\n17 December 1967\n\n7002690000000000000♠1 year, 325 days\n\n1966\n\n\n\n\n \n\n22.\n\n20th\n\nWilliam McMahon(1908–1988)\n\n\n\nLiberal\n\nLowe, NSW(1949–1982)\n\n10 March 1971\n\n5 December 1972\n\n7002636000000000000♠1 year, 270 days\n\n\n\n\n \n\n23.\n\n6th\n\nJoseph Cook(1860–1947)\n\n\n\nCommonwealth Liberal\n\nParramatta, NSW(1901–1921)\n\n24 June 1913\n\n17 September 1914\n\n7002450000000000000♠1 year, 85 days\n\n1913\n\n\n \n\n24.\n\n4th\n\nGeorge Reid(1845–1918)\n\n\n\nFree Trade\n\nEast Sydney, NSW(1901–1910)\n\n18 August 1904\n\n5 July 1905\n\n7002321000000000000♠321 days\n\n\n\n\n \n\n25.\n\n3rd\n\nChris Watson(1867–1941)\n\n\n\nLabor\n\nBland, NSW(1901–1906)\n\n27 April 1904\n\n18 August 1904\n\n7002113000000000000♠113 days\n\n\n\n\n \n\n26.\n\n30th\n\nScott Morrison(born 1968)\n\n\n\nLiberal\n\nCook, NSW(2007–present)\n\n24 August 2018\n\nIncumbent\n\n7001660000000000000♠66 days\n\n\n\n\n \n\n27.\n\n13th\n\nArthur Fadden(1894–1973)\n\n\n\nCountry\n\nDarling Downs, QLD(1936–1949)\n\n29 August 1941\n\n7 October 1941\n\n7001390000000000000♠39 days\n\n\n\n\n \n\n28.\n\n18th\n\nJohn McEwen(1900–1980)\n\n\n\nCountry\n\nMurray, VIC(1949–1971)\n\n19 December 1967\n\n10 January 1968\n\n7001220000000000000♠22 days\n\n\n\n\n \n\n29.\n\n11th\n\nSir Earle Page(1880–1961)\n\n\n\nCountry\n\nCowper, NSW(1919–1961)\n\n7 April 1939\n\n26 April 1939\n\n7001190000000000000♠19 days\n\n\n\n\n \n\n30.\n\n15th\n\nFrank Forde(1890–1983)\n\n\n\nLabor\n\nCapricornia, QLD(1922–1946)\n\n6 July 1945\n\n13 July 1945\n\n7000700000000000000♠7 days\n\n\n"
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"Sir Robert Menzies"
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Equator
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Equator - wikipedia Equator Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Equator ( disambiguation ) . 0 ° Equator Nations or territories that touch the Equator ( red ) or the IERS Reference Meridian ( blue ) An equator is the intersection of the surface of a rotating spheroid ( such as a planet ) with the plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation and midway between its poles . On Earth , the Equator is an imaginary line on the surface , equidistant from the North and South Poles , dividing the Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres . It is about 40,075 kilometres ( 24,901 mi ) long , of which 78.7 % lies across water and 21.3 % over land . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Geodesy 2.1 Precise location 2.2 Exact length 3 Crossing - the - Equator ceremonies 4 Equatorial countries and territories 5 Equatorial seasons and climate 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources Overview ( edit ) Left : A monument marking the Equator near the town of Pontianak , Indonesia Right : Road sign marking the Equator near Nanyuki , Kenya The latitude of the Earth 's equator is , by definition , 0 ° ( zero degrees ) of arc . The Equator is one of the five notable circles of latitude on Earth ; the other four are the two Polar Circles ( the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle ) and the two Tropical Circles ( the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn ) . The Equator is the only line of latitude which is also a great circle -- that is , one whose plane passes through the center of the globe . The plane of Earth 's equator , when projected outwards to the celestial sphere , defines the celestial equator . In the cycle of Earth 's seasons , the plane of the equator passes through the Sun twice per year : at the March and September equinoxes . To an observer on the Earth , the Sun appears to travel North or South over the Equator ( or the celestial equator ) at these times . Light rays from the center of the Sun are perpendicular to the surface of the Earth at the point of solar noon on the Equator . The Equator marked as it crosses Ilhéu das Rolas , in São Tomé and Príncipe The Marco Zero monument marking the Equator in Macapá , Brazil . Locations on the Equator experience the quickest sunrises and sunsets , because the sun moves nearly perpendicular to the horizon for most of the year . The length of daylight ( sunrise to sunset ) is almost constant throughout the year ; it is about fourteen minutes longer than nighttime due to atmospheric refraction and the fact that sunrise is begun ( or sunset is ended ) as the upper edge , not the centre , of the Sun 's disk crosses the horizon . The Earth bulges slightly at the Equator ; the `` average '' diameter of the Earth is 12,750 kilometres ( 7,922 mi ) , but the diameter at the Equator is about 43 kilometres ( 27 mi ) greater than at the poles . Sites near the Equator , such as the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou , French Guiana , are good locations for spaceports as they have a faster rotational speed than other latitudes ; the added velocity reduces the fuel needed to launch spacecraft . Because the Earth spins to the east , spacecraft must also launch to the east ( or to the southeast or northeast ) to take advantage of this Earth - boost of speed . Geodesy ( edit ) Further information : Earth ellipsoid and Reference ellipsoid Precise location ( edit ) The precise location of the Equator is not truly fixed ; the true equatorial plane is perpendicular to the Earth 's spin axis , which drifts about 9 metres ( 30 ft ) during a year . This effect must be accounted for in detailed geophysical measurements . Exact length ( edit ) In two widely used geodetic standards , the Equator is modelled as a circle whose radius is a whole number of metres . In 1976 the IAU chose a radius of 6,378.140 kilometres ( 3,963.192 mi ) ( codified as the IAU - 1976 value ) , later refined by the IUGG to 6,378.137 kilometres ( 3,963.191 mi ) and adopted in WGS - 84 . Despite this change , the yet more recent IAU - 2000 retained the old IAU - 1976 value . If it were really circular , the length of the Equator would be exactly 2π times the radius , namely 40,075.036 kilometres ( 24,901.473 mi ) . However , due to the effect of tidal force on the Earth 's surface the actual circumference at the equator is about 40,075.16 kilometres ( 24,901.55 mi ) . The geographical mile is defined as one arc minute of the Equator , so it has different values depending on which radius is assumed . For example , by WSG - 84 , the distance is 1,855.3248 metres ( 6,087.024 ft ) , while by IAU - 2000 , it is 1,855.3257 metres ( 6,087.027 ft ) . This is a difference of less than one millimeter over the total distance ( approximately 1.86 kilometres ( 1.16 mi ) ) . The earth is commonly modeled as a sphere flattened 0.336 % along its axis . This makes the Equator 0.16 % longer than a meridian ( a great circle passing through the two poles ) . The IUGG standard meridian is , to the nearest millimetre , 40,007.862917 kilometres ( 24,859.733480 mi ) , one arc minute of which is 1,852.216 metres ( 6,076.82 ft ) , explaining the SI standardization of the nautical mile as 1,852 metres ( 6,076 ft ) , more than 3 metres ( 9.8 ft ) less than the geographical mile . The sea - level surface of the Earth ( the geoid ) is irregular , so the actual length of the Equator is not so easy to determine . Aviation Week and Space Technology on 9 October 1961 reported that measurements using the Transit IV - A satellite had shown the equatorial `` diameter '' from longitude 11 ° West to 169 ° East to be 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) greater than its `` diameter '' ninety degrees away . Crossing - the - Equator ceremonies ( edit ) Main article : Line - crossing ceremony Certain navies , such as the Royal Navy , Russian Navy , and US Navy , have a tradition of holding ceremonies aboard ships to mark sailors ' first crossing of the Equator . These rites of initiation have in the past been notorious for their brutality . Milder line - crossing ceremonies , typically featuring King Neptune , are also held for passengers ' entertainment on some civilian ocean liners and cruise ships . Equatorial countries and territories ( edit ) ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF The Equator traverses the land of 11 countries . Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards , the Equator passes through : Co-ordinates Country , territory or sea Notes 0 ° N 0 ° E / 0 ° N 0 ° E / 0 ; 0 ( Prime Meridian ) Atlantic Ocean Gulf of Guinea 0 ° 0 ′ N 6 ° 31 ′ E / 0.000 ° N 6.517 ° E / 0.000 ; 6.517 ( São Tomé and Príncipe ) São Tomé and Príncipe Ilhéu das Rolas 0 ° 0 ′ N 9 ° 21 ′ E / 0.000 ° N 9.350 ° E / 0.000 ; 9.350 ( Gabon ) Gabon passes 8.9 km ( 5.5 mi ) south of Ayem , 10.6 km ( 6.6 mi ) north of Mayene , Booue 0 ° 0 ′ N 13 ° 56 ′ E / 0.000 ° N 13.933 ° E / 0.000 ; 13.933 ( Republic of the Congo ) Republic of the Congo Passing through the town of Makoua . 0 ° 0 ′ N 17 ° 46 ′ E / 0.000 ° N 17.767 ° E / 0.000 ; 17.767 ( Democratic Republic of the Congo ) Democratic Republic of the Congo Passing 9 km ( 5.6 mi ) south of central Butembo 0 ° 0 ′ N 29 ° 43 ′ E / 0.000 ° N 29.717 ° E / 0.000 ; 29.717 ( Uganda ) Uganda Passing 32 km ( 20 mi ) south of central Kampala 0 ° 0 ′ N 32 ° 22 ′ E / 0.000 ° N 32.367 ° E / 0.000 ; 32.367 ( Lake Victoria ) Lake Victoria Passing through some islands of Uganda 0 ° 0 ′ N 34 ° 0 ′ E / 0.000 ° N 34.000 ° E / 0.000 ; 34.000 ( Kenya ) Kenya Passing 6 km ( 3.7 mi ) north of central Kisumu 0 ° 0 ′ N 41 ° 0 ′ E / 0.000 ° N 41.000 ° E / 0.000 ; 41.000 ( Somalia ) Somalia 0 ° 0 ′ N 42 ° 53 ′ E / 0.000 ° N 42.883 ° E / 0.000 ; 42.883 ( Indian Ocean ) Indian Ocean Passing between Huvadhu Atoll and Fuvahmulah of the Maldives 0 ° 0 ′ N 98 ° 12 ′ E / 0.000 ° N 98.200 ° E / 0.000 ; 98.200 ( Indonesia ) Indonesia The Batu Islands , Sumatra and the Lingga Islands 0 ° 0 ′ N 104 ° 34 ′ E / 0.000 ° N 104.567 ° E / 0.000 ; 104.567 ( Karimata Strait ) Karimata Strait 0 ° 0 ′ N 109 ° 9 ′ E / 0.000 ° N 109.150 ° E / 0.000 ; 109.150 ( Indonesia ) Indonesia Borneo 0 ° 0 ′ N 117 ° 30 ′ E / 0.000 ° N 117.500 ° E / 0.000 ; 117.500 ( Makassar Strait ) Makassar Strait 0 ° 0 ′ N 119 ° 40 ′ E / 0.000 ° N 119.667 ° E / 0.000 ; 119.667 ( Indonesia ) Indonesia Sulawesi ( Celebes ) 0 ° 0 ′ N 120 ° 5 ′ E / 0.000 ° N 120.083 ° E / 0.000 ; 120.083 ( Gulf of Tomini ) Gulf of Tomini 0 ° 0 ′ N 124 ° 0 ′ E / 0.000 ° N 124.000 ° E / 0.000 ; 124.000 ( Molucca Sea ) Molucca Sea 0 ° 0 ′ N 127 ° 24 ′ E / 0.000 ° N 127.400 ° E / 0.000 ; 127.400 ( Indonesia ) Indonesia Kayoa and Halmahera islands 0 ° 0 ′ N 127 ° 53 ′ E / 0.000 ° N 127.883 ° E / 0.000 ; 127.883 ( Halmahera Sea ) Halmahera Sea 0 ° 0 ′ N 129 ° 20 ′ E / 0.000 ° N 129.333 ° E / 0.000 ; 129.333 ( Indonesia ) Indonesia Gebe and Kawe islands 0 ° 0 ′ N 129 ° 21 ′ E / 0.000 ° N 129.350 ° E / 0.000 ; 129.350 ( Pacific Ocean ) Pacific Ocean Passing between Aranuka and Nonouti atolls , Kiribati ( at 0 ° 0 ′ N 173 ° 40 ′ E / 0.000 ° N 173.667 ° E / 0.000 ; 173.667 ) 0 ° 0 ′ N 80 ° 6 ′ W / 0.000 ° N 80.100 ° W / 0.000 ; - 80.100 ( Ecuador ) Ecuador Passing 24 km ( 15 mi ) north of central Quito , near Mitad del Mundo , and precisely at the location of Catequilla , a pre-Columbian ruin Also , Isabela Island in the Galápagos Islands 0 ° 0 ′ N 75 ° 32 ′ W / 0.000 ° N 75.533 ° W / 0.000 ; - 75.533 ( Colombia ) Colombia Passing 4.3 km ( 2.7 mi ) north of the border with Peru 0 ° 0 ′ N 70 ° 3 ′ W / 0.000 ° N 70.050 ° W / 0.000 ; - 70.050 ( Brazil ) Brazil Amazonas Roraima Pará Amapá ( passing slightly south of the city center of the state capital Macapá ) 0 ° 0 ′ N 49 ° 21 ′ W / 0.000 ° N 49.350 ° W / 0.000 ; - 49.350 ( Atlantic Ocean ) Atlantic Ocean At the Perigoso Canal on the mouth of the Amazon River Despite its name , no part of Equatorial Guinea 's territory lies on the Equator . However , its island of Annobón is 155 km ( 96 mi ) south of the Equator , and the rest of the country lies to the north . GPS reading taken on the Equator close to the Quitsato Sundial , at Mitad del Mundo , Ecuador . Equatorial seasons and climate ( edit ) Main articles : Seasons , Tropics , and Effect of sun angle on climate Diagram of the seasons , depicting the situation at the December solstice . Regardless of the time of day ( i.e. the Earth 's rotation on its axis ) , the North Pole will be dark , and the South Pole will be illuminated ; see also arctic winter . In addition to the density of incident light , the dissipation of light in the atmosphere is greater when it falls at a shallow angle . Seasons result from the yearly revolution of the Earth around the Sun and the tilt of the Earth 's axis relative to the plane of revolution . During the year the northern and southern hemispheres are inclined toward or away from the sun according to Earth 's position in its orbit . The hemisphere inclined toward the sun receives more sunlight and is in summer , while the other hemisphere receives less sun and is in winter ( see solstice ) . At the equinoxes , the Earth 's axis is not tilted toward the sun , instead it is perpendicular to the sun meaning that the day is about 12 hours long , as is the night , across the whole of the Earth . The Equator lies mostly on the three largest oceans : the Atlantic Ocean , the Indian Ocean , and the Pacific Ocean . Near the Equator there is little temperature fluctuation throughout the year , though there may be dramatic differences in rainfall and humidity . The terms summer , autumn , winter and spring do not generally apply . Lowlands around the Equator generally have a tropical rainforest climate , also known as an equatorial climate , though cold currents cause some regions to have tropical monsoon climates with a dry season in the middle of the year , and the Somali Current generated by the Asian monsoon due to continental heating via the high Tibetan Plateau causes Greater Somalia to have an arid climate despite its equatorial location . Average annual temperatures in equatorial lowlands are around 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) during the day and 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) at night . Rainfall is away from cold current upwelling zones very high , from 2,500 to 3,500 mm ( 98 to 138 in ) per year . Average rainy days are around 200 per year and average annual sunshine hours around 2,000 . Despite high year - round sea level temperatures , some higher altitudes such as the Andes and Mount Kilimanjaro sustain glaciers . The highest point on the Equator is at the elevation of 4,690 metres ( 15,387 ft ) , at 0 ° 0 ′ 0 '' N 77 ° 59 ′ 31 '' W / 0.00000 ° N 77.99194 ° W / 0.00000 ; - 77.99194 ( highest point on the Equator ) , found on the southern slopes of Volcán Cayambe ( summit 5,790 metres ( 18,996 ft ) ) in Ecuador . This is slightly above the snow line and is the only place on the Equator where snow lies on the ground . At the Equator the snow line is around 1,000 metres ( 3,280 ft ) lower than on Mount Everest and as much as 2,000 metres ( 6,560 ft ) lower than the highest snow line in the world , near the Tropic of Capricorn on Llullaillaco . ( hide ) Climate data for Macapá , Brazil in South America Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 29.7 ( 85.5 ) 29.2 ( 84.6 ) 29.3 ( 84.7 ) 29.5 ( 85.1 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 30.3 ( 86.5 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) 31.5 ( 88.7 ) 32.1 ( 89.8 ) 32.6 ( 90.7 ) 32.3 ( 90.1 ) 31.4 ( 88.5 ) 30.71 ( 87.28 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 26.4 ( 79.5 ) 26.2 ( 79.2 ) 26.3 ( 79.3 ) 26.5 ( 79.7 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 27.4 ( 81.3 ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 27.9 ( 82.2 ) 27.4 ( 81.3 ) 27.03 ( 80.65 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 23.2 ( 73.8 ) 23.5 ( 74.3 ) 23.5 ( 74.3 ) 23.2 ( 73.8 ) 22.9 ( 73.2 ) 23.3 ( 73.9 ) 23.4 ( 74.1 ) 23.5 ( 74.3 ) 23.5 ( 74.3 ) 23.4 ( 74.1 ) 23.29 ( 73.92 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 299.6 ( 11.795 ) 347.0 ( 13.661 ) 407.2 ( 16.031 ) 384.3 ( 15.13 ) 351.5 ( 13.839 ) 220.1 ( 8.665 ) 184.8 ( 7.276 ) 98.00 ( 3.8583 ) 42.60 ( 1.6772 ) 35.50 ( 1.3976 ) 58.40 ( 2.2992 ) 142.5 ( 5.61 ) 2,571.5 ( 101.2393 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.1 mm ) 23 22 24 24 25 22 19 13 6 5 6 14 203 Mean monthly sunshine hours 148.8 113.1 108.5 114.0 151.9 189.0 226.3 272.8 273.0 282.1 252.0 204.6 2,336.1 Source : World Meteorological Organization ( UN ) , Hong Kong Observatory ( hide ) Climate data for Pontianak , Indonesia in Asia Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 32.4 ( 90.3 ) 32.7 ( 90.9 ) 32.9 ( 91.2 ) 33.2 ( 91.8 ) 33.0 ( 91.4 ) 33.2 ( 91.8 ) 32.9 ( 91.2 ) 33.4 ( 92.1 ) 32.6 ( 90.7 ) 32.6 ( 90.7 ) 32.2 ( 90 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 32.7 ( 90.9 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 27.6 ( 81.7 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 28.0 ( 82.4 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 27.9 ( 82.2 ) 27.6 ( 81.7 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 27.4 ( 81.3 ) 27.2 ( 81 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 22.7 ( 72.9 ) 22.6 ( 72.7 ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) 23.2 ( 73.8 ) 23.4 ( 74.1 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 22.5 ( 72.5 ) 22.3 ( 72.1 ) 22.6 ( 72.7 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 22.6 ( 72.7 ) 22.4 ( 72.3 ) 22.7 ( 72.9 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 260 ( 10.24 ) 215 ( 8.46 ) 254 ( 10 ) 292 ( 11.5 ) 256 ( 10.08 ) 212 ( 8.35 ) 201 ( 7.91 ) 180 ( 7.09 ) 295 ( 11.61 ) 329 ( 12.95 ) 400 ( 15.75 ) 302 ( 11.89 ) 3,196 ( 125.83 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.1 mm ) 15 13 21 22 20 18 16 25 14 27 25 22 238 Source : World Meteorological Organization ( UN ) ( hide ) Climate data for Libreville , Gabon in Africa Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 29.5 ( 85.1 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 30.2 ( 86.4 ) 30.1 ( 86.2 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 27.6 ( 81.7 ) 26.4 ( 79.5 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 27.5 ( 81.5 ) 28.0 ( 82.4 ) 28.4 ( 83.1 ) 29.0 ( 84.2 ) 28.58 ( 83.44 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 27.0 ( 80.6 ) 27.1 ( 80.8 ) 26.6 ( 79.9 ) 26.7 ( 80.1 ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 25.7 ( 78.3 ) 25.9 ( 78.6 ) 26.2 ( 79.2 ) 25.95 ( 78.71 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 23.2 ( 73.8 ) 22.1 ( 71.8 ) 21.8 ( 71.2 ) 23.2 ( 73.8 ) 23.4 ( 74.1 ) 23.4 ( 74.1 ) 23.4 ( 74.1 ) 23.30 ( 73.94 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 250.3 ( 9.854 ) 243.1 ( 9.571 ) 363.2 ( 14.299 ) 339.0 ( 13.346 ) 247.3 ( 9.736 ) 54.10 ( 2.1299 ) 6.600 ( 0.25984 ) 13.70 ( 0.5394 ) 104.0 ( 4.094 ) 427.2 ( 16.819 ) 490.0 ( 19.291 ) 303.2 ( 11.937 ) 2,841.7 ( 111.87614 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.1 mm ) 17.9 14.8 19.5 19.2 16.0 3.70 1.70 4.90 14.5 25.0 22.6 17.6 177.4 Mean monthly sunshine hours 176.7 182.7 176.7 177.0 158.1 132.0 117.8 89.90 96.00 111.6 135.0 167.4 1,720.9 Source : World Meteorological Organization ( UN ) , Hong Kong Observatory See also ( edit ) Geography portal 1st parallel north 1st parallel south Antarctic Circle Arctic Circle Coriolis effect Intertropical Convergence Zone Prime Meridian Thermal equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Equator '' . National Geographic - Education . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Instituto Geográfico Militar de Ecuador ( 24 January 2005 ) . `` Memoria Técnica de la Determinación de la Latitud Cero '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` Weather Information for Macapa '' . Jump up ^ Climatological Information for Macapa , Brazil - Hong Kong Observatory Jump up ^ `` Weather Information for Pontianak '' . Jump up ^ `` Weather Information for Libreville '' . Jump up ^ Climatological Information for Libreville , Gabon - Hong Kong Observatory Sources ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Equator . Moritz , H ( September 1980 ) . `` Geodetic Reference System 1980 '' . Bulletin Géodésique . Berlin : Springer - Verlag. 54 ( 3 ) : 395 -- 405 . Bibcode : 1980BGeod ... 54 ... 395M . doi : 10.1007 / BF02521480 . ( IUGG / WGS - 84 data ) Taff , Laurence G ( 1981 ) . Computational Spherical Astronomy . New York : Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 06257 - X . OCLC 6532537 . ( IAU data ) Circles of latitude / Meridians Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle W 0 ° E 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 0 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 5 ° N 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 5 ° S 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 45x90 45x90 45x90 45x90 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equator&oldid=808789063 '' Categories : Celestial coordinate system Lines of latitude Geodesy Tropics Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 04 : 51 . 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Feel It Still
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Feel It Still - wikipedia Feel It Still Jump to : navigation , search `` Feel It Stilll '' Single by Portugal . The Man from the album Woodstock Released March 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 03 ) Format Digital download Genre Psychedelic pop funk Length 2 : 42 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Robert Bateman Zachary Scott Carothers Freddie Gorman John Baldwin Gourley John Hill Brian Holland Eric Andrew Howk Kyle O'Quin Jason Wade Sechrist Asa Taccone Producer ( s ) John Hill Asa Taccone Portugal . The Man singles chronology `` Noise Pollution '' ( 2016 ) `` Feel It Stilll '' ( 2017 ) `` Live in the Moment '' ( 2017 ) `` Noise Pollution '' ( 2016 ) `` Feel It Still '' ( 2017 ) `` Live in the Moment '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Feel It Still '' on YouTube `` Feel It Still '' is a song by American rock band Portugal . The Man . The song , which has interpolations from The Marvelettes ' track `` Please Mr. Postman '' , was written by the band along with John Hill and Asa Taccone , with the latter two serving as producers . It serves as the second single and first radio single off their eighth studio album Woodstock . The song reached number one on the US Alternative Songs , Mexican and Russian Tophit airplay chart , and became their first entry on the Hot 100 , reaching number four as of October 2017 . It was also featured in advertisements for the Apple iPad Pro , Vitamin Water , YouTube TV and in the first and second trailers for the 2018 film Peter Rabbit . The track reached the top 10 in 17 countries including Australia , Belgium , Canada , France , Germany , New Zealand , Norway , Portugal , Slovenia , Spain , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom . In January 2018 , the song won the Best Pop Duo / Group Performance at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Commercial performance 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Certifications 5 Release history 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Music Video ( edit ) The music video was released on March 6 , 2017 . Commercial Performance ( edit ) The song became the band 's first to top both the Billboard Alternative Songs and the Adult Alternative Songs charts . Taking six weeks to do so , it is the fastest an artist has achieved their first chart - topper on the latter chart since Mumford & Sons ' `` I Will Wait '' took three weeks to reach number one . `` Feel It Still '' also climbed to number four on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming their first entry on the chart . The song also peaked at number one on the Russian and Mexican airplay charts , and peaked inside the top 20 in France and Switzerland . `` Feel It Still '' has spent twenty weeks at number one on the Alternative Songs chart , becoming the longest - running number - one song on that chart , beating out `` Madness '' by Muse , which spent 19 weeks at the top from 2012 to 2013 . In Billboard 's November 11 , 2017 issue , `` Feel It Still '' joined the list of songs since 2003 to have reached number one on six of the major airplay charts : Radio Songs , Pop Songs , Adult Pop Songs , Alternative Songs , Adult Alternative Songs and Dance / Mix Show Airplay . Portugal . The Man are the first act to accomplish this feat since Gotye and Kimbra with `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' in 2012 ; they are the only artists to have a number - one Alternative and Adult Alternative single also reach number one on the Dance / Mix Show Airplay since the chart 's launch in August 2003 . They are now also one of twelve acts to have achieved the feat of having reached number one on six or more airplay charts . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 8 Canada Rock ( Billboard ) 11 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 35 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 6 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 5 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 13 Ireland ( IRMA ) 11 Italy ( FIMI ) 83 Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 10 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 28 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 65 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 10 Portugal ( AFP ) 8 Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 27 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 12 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 17 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 28 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 30 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 55 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 50 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 70 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 60 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 76 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 68 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 72 Israel ( Media Forest ) 29 Poland ( ZPAV ) 77 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 53 US Billboard Hot 100 45 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 18 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 30 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 4 × Platinum 320,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Portugal ( AFP ) Gold 5,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Worldwide March 3 , 2017 Digital download Atlantic United States August 1 , 2017 Contemporary hit radio See also ( edit ) List of Billboard number - one alternative singles of the 2010s List of Billboard number - one adult alternative singles of the 2010s References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kaye , Ben ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` Portugal . The Man share swinging new single `` Feel It Still '' -- listen `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schlanger , Talia ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Portugal . The Man On World Cafe '' . NPR.org . NPR . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Then there 's the song itself , which bears a certain resemblance to the old Marvelettes song `` Please Mr. Postman . '' And while Portugal . The Man certainly did n't try to pull one over on anybody , and even warned its team about the similarities between the two songs , the band explains why it had to get lawyers involved . ^ Jump up to : Havens , Lyndsey ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Portugal . The Man Explain How Bernie Sanders Inspired Surprise Hit ' Feel It Still ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New iPad Pro -- On Any Given Wednesday -- Apple '' . Youtube.com . Apple . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` vitaminwater # drinkoutsidethelines aaron paul tv commercial : 45 '' . YouTube . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PETER RABBIT - Official Trailer ( HD ) '' . YouTube . September 21 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal . The Man Release Political ' Feel It Still ' Video '' . Radio.com . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Kevin ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Portugal . The Man Lands First Adult Alternative Songs No. 1 With ' Feel It Still ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Kevin ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Portugal . The Man Earns First Alternative Songs No. 1 With ' Feel It Still ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8053726/portugal-the-man-feel-it-still-alternative-songs-number-one-breaks-record Jump up ^ `` Portugal . The Man 's ' Feel It Still ' Is Biggest Rock Crossover Hit in Five Years '' . Billboard . October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 5 al 11 de Febrero , 2018 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Canada Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201742 into search . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201743 into search . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 42 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal . The Man Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard Mexico Ingles Airplay for Portugal . The Man . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 51 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 20 Single uke 45 , 2017 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart ( week 26 ) '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201744 into search . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201747 into search . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End of Year Singles 2017 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 -- Single - Charts 2017 '' . oe3.orf.at . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 -- eladási darabszám alapján -- 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stream Top 100 -- 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Israel Airplay 2017 '' . mediaforest.biz . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 2017 -- w pierwszej trójce Sheeran , Tiësto i Hyży '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Enter Portugal . The Man in the field Interpret . Enter Feel It Still in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2018 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' . Music Canada . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Portugal . The Man ; ' Feel It Still ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com - Singles Top 100 ( 07 / 2018 ) '' . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Portugal . The man -- Feel it still '' elportaldemusica.es . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Portugal . The Man ; ' Feel It Still ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Enter Feel It Still in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Feel It Still -- Single by Portugal . The Man '' . iTunes Store ( GB ) . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . AllAccess Music Group . July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Portugal . The Man John Gourley Zachary Carothers Kyle O'Quin Eric Howk Jason Sechrist Ryan Neighbors Noah Gersh Kane Ritchotte Wesley Hubbard Nick Klein Harvey Tumbleson Studio albums Waiter : `` You Vultures ! '' ( 2006 ) Church Mouth ( 2007 ) Censored Colors ( 2008 ) The Satanic Satanist ( 2009 ) American Ghetto ( 2010 ) In the Mountain in the Cloud ( 2011 ) Evil Friends ( 2013 ) Woodstock ( 2017 ) Other albums The Majestic Majesty ( 2009 ) Extended plays Under Waves of the Brown Coat ( 2005 ) The Pines & the Devil ( 2006 ) Devil Say I , I Say AIR ( 2006 ) It 's Complicated Being a Wizard ( 2007 ) My Mind / Seventeen ( 2007 ) Singles `` Feel It Still '' ( 2017 ) Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feel_It_Still&oldid=832687501 '' Categories : 2017 songs 2017 singles Portugal . The Man songs Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Billboard Alternative Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Rock Songs number - one singles Songs written by John Hill ( record producer ) Songs written by Robert Bateman ( songwriter ) Songs written by Freddie Gorman Songs written by Brian Holland Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadarock Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 12 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who sings portugal the man feel it still
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Pretty Fly (For a White Guy)
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Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) - wikipedia Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' Single by The Offspring from the album Americana B - side `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) ( The Geek Mix ) '' Released November 9 , 1998 Format Vinyl cassette CD Recorded 1998 Genre Punk rock Length 3 : 07 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Dexter Holland Producer ( s ) Dave Jerden The Offspring singles chronology `` I Choose '' ( 1997 ) `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( 1998 ) `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' ( 1999 ) `` I Choose '' ( 1997 ) `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( 1998 ) `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' ( 1999 ) Music video `` Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) '' on YouTube `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' is a song by American rock band The Offspring . It is the fourth track from their fifth studio album Americana ( 1998 ) and was released as the first single from the album . It achieved significant pop and rock and alternative radio play and popularity , peaking at number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100 , number 5 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks , and number 3 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart . The song reached the charts in over 15 countries and topped the charts in nine of these , including Australia , where it went four times platinum , and the United Kingdom , making it one of the most commercially successful singles released by the band . The song is a mocking portrayal of a white man who likes to act like an African - American stereotype . The song appears as the seventh track on their Greatest Hits ( 2005 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and lyrics 2 Track listing 2.1 Cassette single and 7 '' black vinyl 2.2 Initial pressing 2.3 Australia CD Maxi 2.4 Italy 12 '' black vinyl 2.5 Promo 12 '' black vinyl 2.6 Promo CD 3 Music video 3.1 DVD appearances 4 Rock Band and Guitar Hero 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Certifications 7 Antecedents and descendants 8 References 9 External links Composition and lyrics ( edit ) Beginning with a sample of the pseudo-German nonsense phrase `` Gunter glieben glauchen globen '' from Def Leppard 's song `` Rock of Ages , '' chanted as a replacement for the traditional `` 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 '' to start the recording , the song ridicules a `` wannabe gangsta '' who is immersed in hip - hop culture not because he truly loves or understands it , but because it is trendy , makes him feel tough ( `` friends say he 's tryin ' too hard , and he 's not quite hip / but in his own mind , he 's the , he 's the dopest trip '' ) , and because he believes it attracts women ( `` and all the girlies say I 'm pretty fly , for a white guy '' ) . As summed up by Dexter Holland , the people described in the lyrics `` are from , like , Omaha , Nebraska , regular white - bread boys , but who act like they 're from Compton . The song was the genesis of the metal / post-avant - garde movement with its early tendencies in the genre - defining the late 90 's early 00 's . It 's so fake and obvious that they 're trying to have an identity . '' Holland detailed that he meets many teenagers like those in his native Orange County , `` going to the mall , where they buy FUBU , Tommy Hilfiger , and Ice Cube 's latest record . '' Given rap culture is the starting point , Holland clarified that it was not an attack on African - Americans , but `` poseurs of any kind '' , but without wanting `` to be preachy about it ... We 're getting amusement out of it more than anything else . '' Track listing ( edit ) Cassette single and 7 '' black vinyl ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' 3 : 08 2 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Geek mix ) 3 : 01 Initial pressing ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' 3 : 08 2 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Geek mix ) 3 : 07 3 . `` All I Want '' ( Live ) 2 : 02 4 . `` Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) '' ( Spanish version ) 3 : 08 Australia CD Maxi ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' 3 : 08 2 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Geek mix ) 3 : 07 3 . `` No Brakes '' 2 : 06 Italy 12 '' black vinyl ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' 3 : 08 2 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Geek Mix ) 3 : 07 3 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Baka Boys remix ) 3 : 01 4 . `` All I Want '' ( Live ) 2 : 02 Promo 12 '' black vinyl ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Baka Boys Low Rider remix ) 2 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Baka Boys remix ) 3 : 01 3 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( Dust Bros Space Echo remix ) 4 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( Dust Bros Dust mix ) Promo CD ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( album version ) 3 : 11 2 . `` Callout Hook # 1 '' 0 : 10 3 . `` Callout Hook # 2 '' 0 : 05 Music video ( edit ) In the video , directed by McG , the video begins with the `` white guy '' singing the opening lines and with Offspring guitarist Noodles walking on the pavement with his guitar , playing the introductory riff . The `` white guy '' drives through town in his lowrider and tries to act cool in front of people , playing with his car 's hydraulic system and interrupting a break dance session to dance himself . He is then carried by girls watching it to a pool party and thrown into the pool . He jumps out of the pool only to find a bunch of bikini clad dancers in front of him . These scenes are cut by the band 's playing . The video ends with the `` white guy '' returning home and accidentally scaring his little sister , wearing a fairy costume , because of his dishevelled appearance . According to Dexter Holland , the band wanted Seth Green to play the `` white guy '' , but he was unavailable . After seeing an audition tape with `` five unknowns '' , they settled on Guy Cohen , who went on to cameo in the `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' video and occasionally appear at Offspring concerts . In Offspring 's VEVO channel on YouTube , the video fades out as the song ends , cutting off the final scene . DVD appearances ( edit ) The music video also appears on the Complete Music Video Collection DVD . It was released in 2005 . The DVD also contains a storyboard version of the video ( in which the storyboard plays over top of the music video . ) Rock band and Guitar Hero ( edit ) The song was released as downloadable content for the video game Rock Band . The song was released in the first `` Offspring pack '' which was released on October 7 , 2008 along with `` Gone Away '' and `` Self Esteem '' . The song was released on the Guitar Hero : Van Halen spinoff track list on December 22 , 2009 . It was later made available as downloadable content for Guitar Hero Live , containing the music video . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 -- 99 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( RPM ) 5 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 10 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece ( IFPI ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Japan ( Oricon ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( OLiS ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 53 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 5 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 13 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 31 US Top 40 Tracks ( Billboard ) 36 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 93 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 18 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 16 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 25,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Diamond 100,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 2 × Platinum 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Antecedents and descendants ( edit ) The song was parodied by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic ( with Tress MacNeille and Mary Kay Bergman ) as `` Pretty Fly for a Rabbi '' on his 1999 album Running with Scissors . Other parodies have been made , such as `` Pretty Fly for a Jedi '' by comedy music group The Axis of Awesome , `` Pretty Fly for a Draenei '' and others . They are frequently and incorrectly attributed to `` Weird Al '' Yankovic on file sharing networks . The song is available as a marching band arrangement . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Offspring , The -- Pretty Fly ( For A White Guy ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . Rate Your Music . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 629 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ LLC , SPIN Media ( 1 December 1998 ) . `` SPIN '' . SPIN Media LLC -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Dexter Holland 's Americana Tour ^ Jump up to : LLC , SPIN Media ( 1 March 1999 ) . `` SPIN '' . SPIN Media LLC -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ CROMELIN , RICHARD ( 31 January 1999 ) . `` How to Survive in Suburbia '' -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Billboard - Google Books . Books.google.ca ( 1999 - 02 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring : Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- The Offspring Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Greece '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Polish Singles Chart '' . Lp3.polskieradio.pl . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 70 , No. 8 , December 13 , 1999 '' . RPM . December 13 , 1999 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss year - end chart '' . swisscharts.com. 1999 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2012 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1999 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- The Offspring '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Enter The Offspring in the field Interpret . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop 50 Singles Vlaanderen 1999 '' . Ultratop Belgien Charts . ultratop.be . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- The Offspring '' . Music Canada . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- OFFSPRING -- PRETTY FLY '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' Pretty Fly ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norsk platebransje Trofeer 1993 -- 2011 '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sverige . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Note : Search for `` Offspring '' and press `` Sök '' to see the search results . Select `` PRETTY FLY ( FOR A WHITE GUY ) '' and press `` VISA '' to see various charting positions and certification awards . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Offspring -- PRETTY FLY ( FOR A WHITE GUY ) '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter PRETTY FLY ( FOR A WHITE GUY ) in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . ActiveMusician.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` A Little Bit More '' by 911 UK Singles Chart number - one single January 24 , 1999 - January 30 , 1999 Succeeded by `` You Do n't Know Me '' by Armand Van Helden featuring Duane Harden Preceded by No Aphrodisiac by The Whitlams Triple J Hottest 100 Winner 1998 Succeeded by These Days by Powderfinger hide The Offspring Dexter Holland Greg K . Noodles Pete Parada Jim Benton Doug Thompson Marcus Parrish James Lilja Ron Welty Atom Willard Studio albums The Offspring Ignition Smash Ixnay on the Hombre Americana Conspiracy of One Splinter Rise and Fall , Rage and Grace Days Go By Compilations Collection Greatest Hits Happy Hour ! EPs Baghdad They Were Born to Kill Club Me A Piece of Americana Summer Nationals Demos 6 songs cassette Tehran Singles `` I 'll Be Waiting '' `` Come Out and Play '' `` Self Esteem '' `` Gotta Get Away '' `` Smash It Up '' `` All I Want '' `` Gone Away '' `` The Meaning of Life '' `` I Choose '' `` Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) '' `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' `` The Kids Are n't Alright '' `` She 's Got Issues '' `` Original Prankster '' `` Want You Bad '' `` Million Miles Away '' `` Defy You '' `` Hit That '' `` ( Ca n't Get My ) Head Around You '' `` Spare Me the Details '' `` Ca n't Repeat '' `` Hammerhead '' `` You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' `` Kristy , Are You Doing Okay ? '' `` Half - Truism '' `` Days Go By '' `` Cruising California ( Bumpin ' in My Trunk ) '' `` Turning Into You '' `` Coming for You '' Video albums Americana Huck It Complete Music Video Collection Tours Warped Tour 2005 Smash : 20th Anniversary Tour World Tour 2016 World Tour 2017 World Tour 2018 Related articles Discography List of songs Awards List of the Offspring band members Nitro Records Related bands Angels & Airwaves Face to Face Saves the Day Steady Ground Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretty_Fly_(For_a_White_Guy)&oldid=840474360 '' Categories : The Offspring songs 1998 singles 1998 songs Multilingual songs Number - one singles in Australia Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Finland Number - one singles in Greece UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Sweden Songs written by Dexter Holland Music videos directed by McG Comedy rock songs Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 03 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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lyrics pretty fly for a white guy meaning
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Yellow line (road marking)
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Yellow line ( road marking ) - wikipedia Yellow line ( road marking ) Jump to : navigation , search Yellow line road marking Yellow lines are road markings used in various territories . Contents ( hide ) 1 Single yellow lines 2 Double yellow lines 2.1 Australia 2.2 Canada 2.3 Finland 2.4 Hong Kong 2.5 India 2.6 Ireland 2.7 Lebanon 2.8 Malaysia 2.9 Malta 2.10 Mauritius 2.11 Singapore 2.12 United Kingdom 2.12. 1 History 2.13 United States 3 References 4 See also Single yellow lines ( edit ) Single yellow lines are common along residential streets near to workplaces A single yellow line is a road marking that is present on the side of the carriageway in the United Kingdom . It indicates that parking or waiting at that roadside is prohibited at certain times of day . The exact times vary by area and are indicated by signs at the roadside . Stopping to load and to pick up or set down passengers is generally allowed unless additional restrictions apply . Countries formerly part of the British Empire are likely to retain a modified version of the British laws including the basic principles regarding road safety . In Malta for example , a single yellow line , means no waiting ( i.e. no parking , but alighting of passengers is permitted ) . The sign is applicable all day . In New South Wales , Australia - single yellow lines indicate a clear way , where parking is strictly prohibited during certain times of the day and / or special events . Single yellow lines are also used in areas with high snow fall to mark the far left side of the road . In Malaysia , single yellow line is used in most roads leading to cities or towns or busy areas to mark parking restriction for certain times . In Canada , Japan , Lebanon , and in some areas in the United States a single yellow line is used to separate traffic coming from opposite directions , where passing is allowed but with extreme caution . Double yellow lines ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Yellow lines in Australia Yellow road lines are used in the centre of the road in areas with large amounts of snow to contrast with the white colour of snow . These lines are white in areas where there is infrequent or no snow . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , a double yellow line in the centre of the road means that it is unsafe for traffic travelling in either direction to pass ( overtake ) . This is usually found on rolling hills or through corners where visibility is limited . In the province of British Columbia , it is against the law to touch or cross solid double yellow line at any time , except to avoid obstructions on the highway , or when a vehicle is entering or exiting the highway , if the vehicle can safely do so without affecting the flow of other vehicles . Finland ( edit ) In Finland , a double yellow line in the center of the road means that it is unsafe for traffic travelling in either direction to pass ( overtake ) . Hong Kong ( edit ) Hong Kong is one of the regions outside the UK using double yellow lines on the side of carriageways . India ( edit ) A double yellow line , in contrast with a double white line , indicates a no - passing restriction . Double white is just a no - passing suggestion . Ireland ( edit ) Double yellow lines on the side of the road have a similar meaning ( no parking at any time ) as in the United Kingdom . Single yellow line adjacent to a kerb means parking is restricted at certain times . A broken yellow line marks the edge of the carriageway . Lebanon ( edit ) In Lebanon , crossing a yellow line means you entered the area where traffic is coming from the opposite direction . A single solid yellow line means that passing is not advised but you may pass , with extreme caution . A single dashed yellow line means passing is allowed . A double solid yellow line means passing is not allowed under any circumstances . A double dashed line means passing is allowed only if there is no cars you can see coming from the opposite direction . Malaysia ( edit ) Malaysia was once part of the British Empire , and today still applies double yellow line to mark parking restriction for all times . This line can be found in major towns or cities like Kuala Lumpur . Malta ( edit ) A double yellow line means no stopping . This means that unloading of goods and alighting of passengers is not permitted . Mauritius ( edit ) Mauritius was once a British colony , and today still applies double yellow lines to mark restricted parking areas at all hours on the sides of carriageways . Singapore ( edit ) Singapore , a former crown colony of the UK , also uses double yellow lines to indicate no parking at the sides . United Kingdom ( edit ) Double yellow lines in the UK indicate that parking is prohibited . Double yellow lines along the edge of the carriageway indicate that waiting restrictions apply to the road ( which includes the carriageway , footway and verge ) . A driver may stop for passengers to board or alight and to load or unload ( unless there are also ' loading restrictions ' - see below ) . The regulation applies to all vehicles . The restriction applies from the centre of the carriageway to the back of the footway . Loading and unloading is allowed on double yellow lines at any time , unless there are additional markings indicating that there are ' loading restrictions ' . Two short yellow stripes at regular intervals across the kerb or edge of the carriageway indicate that loading and unloading is not permitted at any time ( these are not accompanied by sign plates ) . A single short yellow stripe at regular intervals across the kerb or edge of the carriageway indicates that loading and unloading is not permitted at the times shown on accompanying black and white sign plates . Loading / unloading time is restricted to either 20 or 40 minutes depending upon the location ( borough ) if loading is observed . One must not cause an obstruction to traffic or pedestrians . History ( edit ) Double yellow lines mean no waiting at any time , unless there are signs that specifically indicate seasonal restrictions . They were first introduced in the UK by section 51 of the Road Traffic Act 1960 ( repealed in 1972 and replaced by later legislation ) . Countries that were once part of the British Empire are likely to retain a modified version of the British laws including the basic principles regarding road safety . United states ( edit ) A double yellow center line in the United States indicates that passing is prohibited A yellow line ( solid or dashed ) indicates that crossing the line will place a driver in a lane where opposing traffic is coming at the driver . A double yellow line is a painted marking separating two lanes of a road . It consists of two parallel , solid yellow lines , and its presence usually indicates a no - passing restriction or no passing zone , where crossing the line is prohibited . Obvious exceptions to this no - passing restriction include emergency maneuvers or temporary traffic flow changes due to road work . Often the double yellow line has sections where one of the lines becomes dashed ( in which case it is no longer a `` double yellow '' ) , indicating to the drivers traveling on the side closest to the dashed line that they may pass when it is safe . Double - yellow lines may be used to separate lanes of traffic traveling in opposite directions where passing would be dangerous , or to restrict access to lanes traveling in the same direction , such as HOV and express lanes on a highway . Two municipalities in the state of Rhode Island , Bristol and Warwick , replace the double yellow line with red , white , and blue striping along certain routes . In some states , it is not against the law to overtake vehicles in the presence of solid yellow lines if it is safe to do so . For example , Vermont State Law also allows passing across the double yellow line when no traffic is on the opposing side , however , one must pass quickly and return to the proper side . Pennsylvania does permit passing on double yellow lines when not also posted with `` Do Not Pass '' signage . However , this is unusual as most states have a ban on crossing a double yellow line except when turning , when passing pedestrians or bicycles , or if an obstruction in the road makes it necessary . Overtaking another vehicle across a solid yellow line is usually considered a serious traffic violation in most states . Some parts of the US use a doubled set of double yellow lines to demarcate a painted median strip , which vehicles are not permitted to cross . This differs from a single set of double yellow lines , which may be crossed in certain circumstances . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ UK Highway Code - Signs and markings ^ Jump up to : `` Traffic signs & carriageway markings regulations '' . Government of Malta . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Motor Vehicle Act Section 155 BC Laws Jump up ^ Motor Vehicle Act Section 156 BC Laws Jump up ^ `` Traffic signs & road markings for parking '' . Road Safety Authority . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Waiting and parking ( 238 to 252 ) '' . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Road markings '' ( PDF ) . direct.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ londoncouncils website Jump up ^ `` Road Traffic Act 1960 - 51 Traffic signs '' . Legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Parking Meter Zones ( Double Yellow Lines ) '' . Hansard . Mr. Marples : Double yellow lines on the carriageway in a parking meter zone indicate a ban on waiting at all times , except for the picking up or setting down of passengers ; they also indicate a ban on loading or unloading between 8.30 a.m. and midnight . I have authorised the use of these carriageway markings under the powers given to me in Section 51 of the Road Traffic Act , 1960 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.dmv.vermont.gov Jump up ^ http://www.dmv.state.pa.us/pdotforms/vehicle_code/chapter33.pdf Jump up ^ http://blogs.mcall.com/roadwarrior/2011/03/reversing-mondays-reversal-on-double-yellow-passing-.html Jump up ^ `` Crossing double yellow lines '' , Spokesman - Review , April 28 , 2014 . See also ( edit ) Highway Code Red route Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yellow_line_(road_marking)&oldid=821784433 '' Categories : Parking Road surface markings Yellow symbols Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 16 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when were yellow lines introduced in the uk
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"Double yellow lines mean no waiting at any time, unless there are signs that specifically indicate seasonal restrictions.[7] They were first introduced in the UK by section 51[9] of the Road Traffic Act 1960[10] (repealed in 1972 and replaced by later legislation)."
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Anna Chancellor
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Anna Chancellor - wikipedia Anna Chancellor Jump to : navigation , search Anna Chancellor Anna Theodora Chancellor ( 1965 - 04 - 27 ) 27 April 1965 ( age 52 ) Richmond , London , England Nationality British Occupation Actress Years active 1990 -- present Spouse ( s ) Nigel Willoughby ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Redha Debbah ( 2010 -- present ) Children Poppy Chancellor Anna Theodora Chancellor ( born 27 April 1965 ) is an English actress of film , television and theatre . She has received nominations for BAFTA and Olivier Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and early life 2 Career 3 Charity 4 Filmography 5 Theatre 6 Audiobooks 7 Ancestry 8 References 9 External links Background and early life ( edit ) The daughter of John Chancellor and Mary Jolliffe , a daughter of Lord Hylton , Chancellor was brought up in Somerset and educated at St Mary 's School , Shaftesbury , a Roman Catholic boarding school for girls in Dorset , but left at sixteen to live in London , later describing her early years there as `` quite wild '' . She became the partner of the poet Jock Scot ( 1952 -- 2016 ) , and in her early twenties had a daughter , Poppy , whilst still studying at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art . She separated from Scot a few years later . She got her first acting role on television playing Mercedes Page in Jupiter Moon , a BSkyB soap , then came a commercial for Boddingtons and a part in the film Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) , playing `` Duckface '' opposite Hugh Grant . Chancellor is a niece of the journalist Alexander Chancellor , a great - granddaughter of Raymond Asquith ( son of the Liberal Prime Minister H.H. Asquith ) , a first cousin of the model Cecilia Chancellor and a second cousin of the actress Helena Bonham Carter . Career ( edit ) Chancellor had a prominent role in the series Kavanagh QC . She has also been noted for her work as Caroline Bingley in the 1995 BBC adaptation of Pride and Prejudice , and as Questular Rontok in The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 2005 ) . The same year , she joined the cast of the popular BBC One television drama series Spooks as a new regular character , Juliet Shaw . She has also appeared in The Vice , Karaoke , Cold Lazarus , The Dreamers , Tipping the Velvet and Fortysomething , and had a leading role in the satirical black comedy Suburban Shootout . In 2011 , she took a supporting role in the BBC thriller serial The Hour , for which she was nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Best Supporting Actress . In 1997 , she received a Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role nomination for her performance in Stanley and in 2013 an Olivier Award for Best Actress nomination for her part in Private Lives . Charity ( edit ) She is a patron of the London children 's charity Scene & Heard . Filmography ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes Killing Dad or How to Love Your Mother Barmaid Jupiter Moon Mercedes Page TV series ( 50 episodes : 1990 -- 1996 ) Inspector Morse Sally Smith TV series ( 1 episode : `` Cherubim and Seraphim '' ) Agatha Christie 's Poirot Virginie Mesnard TV series ( 1 episode : `` The Chocolate Box '' ) Comedy Playhouse Julia TV series ( 1 episode : `` The Complete Guide to Relationships '' ) Century Woman in Police Station Four Weddings and a Funeral Henrietta ( Duckface ) -- Wedding Two Tom and Viv Woman Staggered Carmen Svennipeg Princess Caraboo Mrs. Peake Ellington Ally Stone TV film 1995 Pride & Prejudice Caroline Bingley TV mini-series ( 6 episodes ) Kavanagh QC Julia Piper TV series ( 11 episodes : 1995 -- 1997 ) Karaoke Anna Griffiths TV mini-series ( 4 episodes ) Cold Lazarus Anna Griffiths TV mini-series ( 3 episodes ) FairyTale : A True Story Peter Pan The Man Who Knew Too Little Barbara Ritchie 1999 The Vice Dr. Christine Weir TV series ( 5 episodes ) Heart Nicola Farmer 2000 Longitude Muriel Gould TV film The Cazalets Diana Mackintosh TV series ( 6 episodes ) Crush Molly Cartwright 2002 Tipping the Velvet Diana Lethaby TV series ( 2 episodes ) 2003 Georgian Underworld Narrator TV series ( 1 episode : `` Queer as 18th Century Folk '' ) What a Girl Wants Glynnis Payne Doc Martin and the Legend of the Cloutie Nicky Bowden TV film Fortysomething Estelle Slippery TV series ( 6 episodes ) The Dreamers Mother Confused short Agent Cody Banks 2 : Destination London Lady Josephine Kenworth Blue Dove Maria Bishop TV series ( 2 episodes ) Roman Road Maddy Bancroft TV film 2005 The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Questular Rontok Feeder Doctor short The Best Man Dana A Waste of Shame : Shakespeare and His Sonnets Anne Hathaway TV film Spooks Juliet Shaw TV series ( 15 episodes : 2005 -- 2007 ) 2006 Breaking and Entering Kate Rebus Amanda Morrison TV series ( 1 episode : `` Let It Bleed '' ) The Secret Life of Mrs Beeton Elizabeth Dorling TV film Suburban Shootout Camilla Diamond TV series ( 11 episodes : 2006 -- 2007 ) 2007 Sherlock Holmes and the Baker Street Irregulars Irene Adler TV film St. Trinians Miss Bagstock Christmas at the Riviera Diane TV film 2008 My Family Zelda Nobbs TV series ( 1 episode : `` Cards on the Table '' ) Agatha Christie 's Marple : Murder Is Easy Lydia Horton TV film 2009 Law & Order : UK Evelyn Wyndham TV series ( 2 episodes ) Critical Eye Laura Silent Witness Chief Supt . Karen Somerville TV series ( 2 episodes ) Miranda Helena TV series ( Series 2 episode 4 : `` A New Low '' ) 2011 Hustle Wendy Stanton TV series ( 1 episode : `` As Good as it Gets '' ) Waking the Dead Lucy Christie TV series ( 2 episodes ) Lewis Judith Suskin TV series ( 1 episode : `` The Gift of Promise '' ) Hysteria Mrs Bellamy Hidden Elspeth Verney TV series ( 4 episodes ) The Hour Lix Storm TV series ( 12 episodes ) Nominated -- British Academy Television Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated -- Broadcasting Press Guild Award for Best Actress 2012 More Afraid of You Lucy short Pramface Janet Derbyshire TV series We 'll Take Manhattan Lucie Clayton TV film 2013 A Touch of Cloth Hope Goodgirl TV series ( 2 episodes ) How I Live Now Aunt Penn Noël Coward 's Private Lives Amanda Prynne 2014 Death Knight Love Story Miria Animated , motion - captured , fan - made Machinima film Inside No. 9 Elizabeth Episode 1 , `` Sardines '' Fleming : The Man Who Would Be Bond Second Officer Monday TV series ( 4 episodes ) Penny Dreadful Claire Ives TV series ( 1 episode ) Downton Abbey Lady Anstruther Testament of Youth Mrs. Leighton Mapp and Lucia Emmeline ' Lucia ' Lucas TV series ( 3 episodes ) 2016 The Carer Milly Shetland Phyllis Brennan TV series ( 4 episodes ) New Blood Eleanor Davies TV Series Grantchester Aunt Cece Christmas special This Beautiful Fantastic Bramble post-production Love of My Life Grace completed Theatre ( edit ) Boston Marriage , Donmar Warehouse -- March -- April 2001 ; Donmar in the West End -- November 2001 -- February 2002 Mammals at the Oxford Playhouse and touring -- Lorna , January 2006 Never So Good , National Theatre -- summer 2008 The Observer , National Theatre -- spring 2009 The Last of the Duchess , Hampstead Theatre -- October -- November 2011 Private Lives ( playing Amanda ) , Chichester Festival Theatre , September 2012 , and the Gielgud Theatre , London ( July -- September 2013 ) The Wolf From the Door , Royal Court Theatre , September -- November 2014 The Seagull by Anton Chekhov at National Theatre -- summer 2016 Audiobooks ( edit ) Chancellor has played the role of Ann Smiley in a BBC dramatisation of the John le Carre novels The Honourable Schoolboy and Smiley 's People . Ancestry ( edit ) ( show ) Ancestors of Anna Chancellor `` The template below ( Ahnentafel - compact5 ) is being considered for merging . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' 16 . Edward Chancellor ( 1828 - 1907 ) 8 . Lt - Col. Sir John Chancellor ( 1870 - 1952 ) 17 . Anne Helen Tod ( d . 1932 ) 4 . Sir Christopher Chancellor ( 1904 - 1989 ) 18 . George Rodie Thompson 9 . Mary Elisabeth Howard Thompson 19 . 2 . John Paget Chancellor ( 1927 - 2014 ) 20 . Sir Richard Paget , 1st Baronet ( 1832 - 1908 ) 10 . Sir Richard Paget , 2nd Baronet ( 1869 - 1955 ) 21 . Caroline Isabel Surtees ( 1848 - 1946 ) 5 . Sylvia Mary Paget ( 1901 - 1996 ) 22 . Murray Finch - Hatton , 12th Earl of Winchilsea ( 1851 - 1898 ) 11 . Lady Muriel Finch - Hatton ( 1876 - 1938 ) 23 . Edith Harcourt ( 1856 - 1944 ) 1 . Anna Chancellor 24 . Hedworth Jolliffe , 2nd Baron Hylton ( 1829 - 1899 ) 12 . Hylton Jolliffe , 3rd Baron Hylton ( 1862 - 1945 ) 25 . Lady Agnes Byng ( 1833 - 1878 ) 6 . William Jolliffe , 4th Baron Hylton ( 1898 - 1967 ) 26 . Frederick Hervey , 3rd Marquess of Bristol ( 1834 - 1907 ) 13 . Lady Alice Adeliza Hervey ( d . 1962 ) 27 . Geraldine Anson ( 1843 - 1927 ) 3 . Hon . Mary Jolliffe ( 1937 - 2009 ) 28 . H.H. Asquith ( 1852 - 1928 ) 14 . Raymond Asquith ( 1878 - 1916 ) 29 . Helen Kelsall Melland ( d . 1891 ) 7 . Lady Perdita Asquith ( 1910 - 1996 ) 30 . Sir John Horner ( 1842 - 1927 ) 15 . Katharine Frances Horner ( 1885 - 1976 ) 31 . Frances Jane Graham ( 1855 - 1940 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tim Lewis , Anna Chancellor : ' My life was chaotic . But it 's turned out OK ' dated 21 August 2011 at theguardian.com , accessed 23 October 2016 Jump up ^ `` Jock Scot , performance poet -- obituary '' , in The Daily Telegraph online dated 15 April 2016 , accessed 23 October 2016 Jump up ^ Jane Merrick , The world 's most elitist election Hereditary peers will vote to fill the gap created by the death of Lord Ferrers dated 9 December 2012 at independent.co.uk , accessed 23 October 2016 Jump up ^ Gerard Gilbert , Anna Chancellor has a lineage worthy of Tatler but ... dated 20 December 2014 at independent.co.uk , accessed 4 October 2016 Jump up ^ The Hour at IMDb Jump up ^ `` Patrons & Founders -- Scene & Heard '' . sceneandheard.org. 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Review of Private Lives '' . Time Out . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Masters , Tim ( 27 June 2014 ) . `` Anna Chancellor leads Royal Court revolution '' . BBC News . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Complete Smiley -- The Karla Trilogy , Book 2 : The Honourable Schoolboy '' . BBC . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Complete Smiley : Smiley 's People '' . BBC . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . External links ( edit ) Anna Chancellor on IMDb Anna Chancellor at the bbc.co.uk official Spooks website The Anna Chancellor Page Anna Chancellor sponsored video interview at The Huffington Post VIAF : 164240574 LCCN : no2001011448 ISNI : 0000 0001 1458 3479 GND : 1019015349 BNF : cb15584620m ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_Chancellor&oldid=803748534 '' Categories : 1965 births Living people People from Richmond , London English film actresses English television actresses Actresses from London 20th - century English actresses 21st - century English actresses People educated at St Mary 's School , Shaftesbury Asquith family Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 11 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who played duckface in 4 weddings and a funeral
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Ancient Greek philosophy
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Ancient Greek philosophy - wikipedia Ancient Greek philosophy Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Raphael 's School of Athens Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BC and continued throughout the Hellenistic period and the period in which Ancient Greece was part of the Roman Empire . Philosophy was used to make sense out of the world in a non-religious way . It dealt with a wide variety of subjects , including political philosophy , ethics , metaphysics , ontology , logic , biology , rhetoric , and aesthetics . Many philosophers around the world agree that Greek philosophy has influenced much of Western culture since its inception . Alfred North Whitehead once noted : `` The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato . '' Clear , unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophers to Early Islamic philosophy , the European Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment . Some claim that Greek philosophy , in turn , was influenced by the older wisdom literature and mythological cosmogonies of the ancient Near East . This is debated . Martin Litchfield West gives qualified assent to this view , stating , `` contact with oriental cosmology and theology helped to liberate the early Greek philosophers ' imagination ; it certainly gave them many suggestive ideas . But they taught themselves to reason . Philosophy as we understand it is a Greek creation . '' Subsequent philosophic tradition was so influenced by Socrates as presented by Plato that it is conventional to refer to philosophy developed prior to Socrates as pre-Socratic philosophy . The periods following this , up to and after the wars of Alexander the Great , are those of `` classical Greek '' and `` Hellenistic '' philosophy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-Socratic philosophy 1.1 Milesian school 1.2 Xenophanes 1.3 Pythagoreanism 1.4 Heraclitus 1.5 Eleatic philosophy 1.6 Pluralism and atomism 1.7 Sophistry 2 Classical Greek philosophy 2.1 Socrates 2.2 Plato 2.3 Aristotle 3 Hellenistic philosophy 4 Transmission of Greek philosophy under Islam 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Pre-Socratic philosophy ( edit ) Main article : Pre-Socratic philosophy The convention of terming those philosophers who were active prior to Socrates the pre-Socratics gained currency with the 1903 publication of Hermann Diels ' Fragmente der Vorsokratiker , although the term did not originate with him . The term is considered philosophically useful because what came to be known as the `` Athenian school '' ( composed of Socrates , Plato , and Aristotle ) signaled a profound shift in the subject matter and methods of philosophy ; Friedrich Nietzsche 's thesis that this shift began with Plato rather than with Socrates ( hence his nomenclature of `` pre-Platonic philosophy '' ) has not prevented the predominance of the `` pre-Socratic '' distinction . The pre-Socratics were primarily concerned with cosmology , ontology and mathematics . They were distinguished from `` non-philosophers '' insofar as they rejected mythological explanations in favor of reasoned discourse . Milesian school ( edit ) Main article : Milesian school Thales of Miletus , regarded by Aristotle as the first philosopher , held that all things arise from a single material substance , water . It is not because he gave a cosmogony that John Burnet calls him the `` first man of science , '' but because he gave a naturalistic explanation of the cosmos and supported it with reasons . According to tradition , Thales was able to predict an eclipse and taught the Egyptians how to measure the height of the pyramids . Thales inspired the Milesian school of philosophy and was followed by Anaximander , who argued that the substratum or arche could not be water or any of the classical elements but was instead something `` unlimited '' or `` indefinite '' ( in Greek , the apeiron ) . He began from the observation that the world seems to consist of opposites ( e.g. , hot and cold ) , yet a thing can become its opposite ( e.g. , a hot thing cold ) . Therefore , they can not truly be opposites but rather must both be manifestations of some underlying unity that is neither . This underlying unity ( substratum , arche ) could not be any of the classical elements , since they were one extreme or another . For example , water is wet , the opposite of dry , while fire is dry , the opposite of wet . This initial state is ageless and imperishable , and everything returns to it according to necessity Anaximenes in turn held that the arche was air , although John Burnet argues that by this he meant that it was a transparent mist , the aether . Despite their varied answers , the Milesian school was searching for a natural substance that would remain unchanged despite appearing in different forms , and thus represents one of the first scientific attempts to answer the question that would lead to the development of modern atomic theory ; `` the Milesians , '' says Burnet , `` asked for the φύσις of all things . '' Xenophanes ( edit ) Main article : Xenophanes Xenophanes was born in Ionia , where the Milesian school was at its most powerful , and may have picked up some of the Milesians ' cosmological theories as a result . What is known is that he argued that each of the phenomena had a natural rather than divine explanation in a manner reminiscent of Anaximander 's theories and that there was only one god , the world as a whole , and that he ridiculed the anthropomorphism of the Greek religion by claiming that cattle would claim that the gods looked like cattle , horses like horses , and lions like lions , just as the Ethiopians claimed that the gods were snubnosed and black and the Thracians claimed they were pale and red - haired . Burnet says that Xenophanes was not , however , a scientific man , with many of his `` naturalistic '' explanations having no further support than that they render the Homeric gods superfluous or foolish . He has been claimed as an influence on Eleatic philosophy , although that is disputed , and a precursor to Epicurus , a representative of a total break between science and religion . Pythagoreanism ( edit ) Main article : Pythagoreanism Pythagoras lived at roughly the same time that Xenophanes did and , in contrast to the latter , the school that he founded sought to reconcile religious belief and reason . Little is known about his life with any reliability , however , and no writings of his survive , so it is possible that he was simply a mystic whose successors introduced rationalism into Pythagoreanism , that he was simply a rationalist whose successors are responsible for the mysticism in Pythagoreanism , or that he was actually the author of the doctrine ; there is no way to know for certain . Pythagoras is said to have been a disciple of Anaximander and to have imbibed the cosmological concerns of the Ionians , including the idea that the cosmos is constructed of spheres , the importance of the infinite , and that air or aether is the arche of everything . Pythagoreanism also incorporated ascetic ideals , emphasizing purgation , metempsychosis , and consequently a respect for all animal life ; much was made of the correspondence between mathematics and the cosmos in a musical harmony . Pythagoras believed that behind the appearance of things , there was the permanent principle of mathematics , and that the forms were based on a transcendental mathematical relation . Heraclitus ( edit ) Main article : Heraclitus Heraclitus must have lived after Xenophanes and Pythagoras , as he condemns them along with Homer as proving that much learning can not teach a man to think ; since Parmenides refers to him in the past tense , this would place him in the 5th century BCE . Contrary to the Milesian school , who would have one stable element at the root of all , Heraclitus taught that `` everything flows '' or `` everything is in flux , '' the closest element to this flux being fire . All things come to pass in accordance with Logos '' which must be considered as `` plan '' or `` formula '' , and `` the Logos is common . He also extended the teaching that seeming opposites in fact are manifestations of a common substrate to good and evil itself . Heraclitus calls the oppositional processes ἔρις eris , `` strife '' , and hypothesizes that the apparently stable state , δίκη dikê , or `` justice , '' is a harmony of it . Eleatic philosophy ( edit ) Main article : Eleatics Parmenides of Elea cast his philosophy against those who held `` it is and is not the same , and all things travel in opposite directions , '' -- presumably referring to Heraclitus and those who followed him . Whereas the doctrines of the Milesian school , in suggesting that the substratum could appear in a variety of different guises , implied that everything that exists is corpuscular , Parmenides argued that the first principle of being was One , indivisible , and unchanging . Being , he argued , by definition implies eternality , while only that which is can be thought ; a thing which is , moreover , can not be more or less , and so the rarefaction and condensation of the Milesians is impossible regarding Being ; lastly , as movement requires that something exist apart from the thing moving ( viz . the space into which it moves ) , the One or Being can not move , since this would require that `` space '' both exist and not exist . While this doctrine is at odds with ordinary sensory experience , where things do indeed change and move , the Eleatic school followed Parmenides in denying that sense phenomena revealed the world as it actually was ; instead , the only thing with Being was thought , or the question of whether something exists or not is one of whether it can be thought . In support of this , Parmenides ' pupil Zeno of Elea attempted to prove that the concept of motion was absurd and as such motion did not exist . He also attacked the subsequent development of pluralism , arguing that it was incompatible with Being . His arguments are known as Zeno 's paradoxes . Pluralism and atomism ( edit ) The power of Parmenides ' logic was such that some subsequent philosophers abandoned the monism of the Milesians , Xenophanes , Heraclitus , and Parmenides , where one thing was the arche , and adopted pluralism , such as Empedocles and Anaxagoras . There were , they said , multiple elements which were not reducible to one another and these were set in motion by love and strife ( as in Empedocles ) or by Mind ( as in Anaxagoras ) . Agreeing with Parmenides that there is no coming into being or passing away , genesis or decay , they said that things appear to come into being and pass away because the elements out of which they are composed assemble or disassemble while themselves being unchanging . Leucippus also proposed an ontological pluralism with a cosmogony based on two main elements : the vacuum and atoms . These , by means of their inherent movement , are crossing the void and creating the real material bodies . His theories were not well known by the time of Plato , however , and they were ultimately incorporated into the work of his student , Democritus . Sophistry ( edit ) Main article : Sophists Sophistry arose from the juxtaposition of physis ( nature ) and nomos ( law ) . John Burnet posits its origin in the scientific progress of the previous centuries which suggested that Being was radically different from what was experienced by the senses and , if comprehensible at all , was not comprehensible in terms of order ; the world in which men lived , on the other hand , was one of law and order , albeit of humankind 's own making . At the same time , nature was constant , while what was by law differed from one place to another and could be changed . The first man to call himself a sophist , according to Plato , was Protagoras , whom he presents as teaching that all virtue is conventional . It was Protagoras who claimed that `` man is the measure of all things , of the things that are , that they are , and of the things that are not , that they are not , '' which Plato interprets as a radical perspectivism , where some things seem to be one way for one person ( and so actually are that way ) and another way for another person ( and so actually are that way as well ) ; the conclusion being that one can not look to nature for guidance regarding how to live one 's life . Protagoras and subsequent sophists tended to teach rhetoric as their primary vocation . Prodicus , Gorgias , Hippias , and Thrasymachus appear in various dialogues , sometimes explicitly teaching that while nature provides no ethical guidance , the guidance that the laws provide is worthless , or that nature favors those who act against the laws . Classical Greek philosophy ( edit ) Socrates ( edit ) Main article : Socrates This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Socrates , born in Athens in the 5th century BCE , marks a watershed in ancient Greek philosophy . Athens was a center of learning , with sophists and philosophers traveling from across Greece to teach rhetoric , astronomy , cosmology , geometry , and the like . The great statesman Pericles was closely associated with this new learning and a friend of Anaxagoras , however , and his political opponents struck at him by taking advantage of a conservative reaction against the philosophers ; it became a crime to investigate the things above the heavens or below the earth , subjects considered impious . Anaxagoras is said to have been charged and to have fled into exile when Socrates was about twenty years of age . There is a story that Protagoras , too , was forced to flee and that the Athenians burned his books . Socrates , however , is the only subject recorded as charged under this law , convicted , and sentenced to death in 399 BCE ( see Trial of Socrates ) . In the version of his defense speech presented by Plato , he claims that it is the envy he arouses on account of his being a philosopher that will convict him . While philosophy was an established pursuit prior to Socrates , Cicero credits him as `` the first who brought philosophy down from the heavens , placed it in cities , introduced it into families , and obliged it to examine into life and morals , and good and evil . '' By this account he would be considered the founder of political philosophy . The reasons for this turn toward political and ethical subjects remain the object of much study . The fact that many conversations involving Socrates ( as recounted by Plato and Xenophon ) end without having reached a firm conclusion , or aporetically , has stimulated debate over the meaning of the Socratic method . Socrates is said to have pursued this probing question - and - answer style of examination on a number of topics , usually attempting to arrive at a defensible and attractive definition of a virtue . While Socrates ' recorded conversations rarely provide a definite answer to the question under examination , several maxims or paradoxes for which he has become known recur . Socrates taught that no one desires what is bad , and so if anyone does something that truly is bad , it must be unwillingly or out of ignorance ; consequently , all virtue is knowledge . He frequently remarks on his own ignorance ( claiming that he does not know what courage is , for example ) . Plato presents him as distinguishing himself from the common run of mankind by the fact that , while they know nothing noble and good , they do not know that they do not know , whereas Socrates knows and acknowledges that he knows nothing noble and good . Numerous subsequent philosophical movements were inspired by Socrates or his younger associates . Plato casts Socrates as the main interlocutor in his dialogues , deriving from them the basis of Platonism ( and by extension , Neoplatonism ) . Plato 's student Aristotle in turn criticized and built upon the doctrines he ascribed to Socrates and Plato , forming the foundation of Aristotelianism . Antisthenes founded the school that would come to be known as Cynicism and accused Plato of distorting Socrates ' teachings . Zeno of Citium in turn adapted the ethics of Cynicism to articulate Stoicism . Epicurus studied with Platonic and Stoic teachers before renouncing all previous philosophers ( including Democritus , on whose atomism the Epicurean philosophy relies ) . The philosophic movements that were to dominate the intellectual life of the Roman empire were thus born in this febrile period following Socrates ' activity , and either directly or indirectly influenced by him . They were also absorbed by the expanding Muslim world in the 7th through 10th centuries AD , from which they returned to the West as foundations of Medieval philosophy and the Renaissance , as discussed below . Plato ( edit ) Main article : Plato Plato was an Athenian of the generation after Socrates . Ancient tradition ascribes thirty - six dialogues and thirteen letters to him , although of these only twenty - four of the dialogues are now universally recognized as authentic ; most modern scholars believe that at least twenty - eight dialogues and two of the letters were in fact written by Plato , although all of the thirty - six dialogues have some defenders . A further nine dialogues are ascribed to Plato but were considered spurious even in antiquity . Plato 's dialogues feature Socrates , although not always as the leader of the conversation . ( One dialogue , the Laws , instead contains an `` Athenian Stranger . '' ) Along with Xenophon , Plato is the primary source of information about Socrates ' life and beliefs and it is not always easy to distinguish between the two . While the Socrates presented in the dialogues is often taken to be Plato 's mouthpiece , Socrates ' reputation for irony , his caginess regarding his own opinions in the dialogues , and his occasional absence from or minor role in the conversation serve to conceal Plato 's doctrines . Much of what is said about his doctrines is derived from what Aristotle reports about them . The political doctrine ascribed to Plato is derived from the Republic , the Laws , and the Statesman . The first of these contains the suggestion that there will not be justice in cities unless they are ruled by philosopher kings ; those responsible for enforcing the laws are compelled to hold their women , children , and property in common ; and the individual is taught to pursue the common good through noble lies ; the Republic says that such a city is likely impossible , however , generally assuming that philosophers would refuse to rule and the people would refuse to compel them to do so . Whereas the Republic is premised on a distinction between the sort of knowledge possessed by the philosopher and that possessed by the king or political man , Socrates explores only the character of the philosopher ; in the Statesman , on the other hand , a participant referred to as the Eleatic Stranger discusses the sort of knowledge possessed by the political man , while Socrates listens quietly . Although rule by a wise man would be preferable to rule by law , the wise can not help but be judged by the unwise , and so in practice , rule by law is deemed necessary . Both the Republic and the Statesman reveal the limitations of politics , raising the question of what political order would be best given those constraints ; that question is addressed in the Laws , a dialogue that does not take place in Athens and from which Socrates is absent . The character of the society described there is eminently conservative , a corrected or liberalized timocracy on the Spartan or Cretan model or that of pre-democratic Athens . Plato 's dialogues also have metaphysical themes , the most famous of which is his theory of forms . It holds that non-material abstract ( but substantial ) forms ( or ideas ) , and not the material world of change known to us through our physical senses , possess the highest and most fundamental kind of reality . Plato often uses long - form analogies ( usually allegories ) to explain his ideas ; the most famous is perhaps the Allegory of the Cave . It likens most humans to people tied up in a cave , who look only at shadows on the walls and have no other conception of reality . If they turned around , they would see what is casting the shadows ( and thereby gain a further dimension to their reality ) . If some left the cave , they would see the outside world illuminated by the sun ( representing the ultimate form of goodness and truth ) . If these travelers then re-entered the cave , the people inside ( who are still only familiar with the shadows ) would not be equipped to believe reports of this ' outside world ' . This story explains the theory of forms with their different levels of reality , and advances the view that philosopher - kings are wisest while most humans are ignorant . One student of Plato ( who would become another of the most influential philosophers of all time ) stressed the implication that understanding relies upon first - hand observation . Aristotle ( edit ) Main article : Aristotle Aristotle moved to Athens from his native Stageira in 367 BCE and began to study philosophy ( perhaps even rhetoric , under Isocrates ) , eventually enrolling at Plato 's Academy . He left Athens approximately twenty years later to study botany and zoology , became a tutor of Alexander the Great , and ultimately returned to Athens a decade later to establish his own school : the Lyceum . At least twenty - nine of his treatises have survived , known as the corpus Aristotelicum , and address a variety of subjects including logic , physics , optics , metaphysics , ethics , rhetoric , politics , poetry , botany , and zoology . Aristotle is often portrayed as disagreeing with his teacher Plato ( e.g. , in Raphael 's School of Athens ) . He criticizes the regimes described in Plato 's Republic and Laws , and refers to the theory of forms as `` empty words and poetic metaphors . '' He is generally presented as giving greater weight to empirical observation and practical concerns . Aristotle 's fame was not great during the Hellenistic period , when Stoic logic was in vogue , but later peripatetic commentators popularized his work , which eventually contributed heavily to Islamic , Jewish , and medieval Christian philosophy . His influence was such that Avicenna referred to him simply as `` the Master '' ; Maimonides , Alfarabi , Averroes , and Aquinas as `` the Philosopher . '' Hellenistic philosophy ( edit ) The philosopher Pyrrho from Elis , in an anecdote taken from Sextus Empiricus ' Pyrrhonic Sketches . ( upper ) PIRRHO HELIENSIS PLISTARCHI FILIVS translation ( from Latin ) : Phyrrho . Greek . Son of Plistarchus ( middle ) OPORTERE SAPIENTEM HANC ILLIVS IMITARI SECVRITATEM translation ( from Latin ) : It is right wisdom then that all imitate this security ( Phyrrho pointing at a peaceful pig munching his food ) ( lower ) Whoever wants to apply the real wisdom , shall not mind trepidation and misery Main article : Hellenistic philosophy During the Hellenistic and Roman periods , many different schools of thought developed in the Hellenistic world and then the Greco - Roman world . There were Greeks , Romans , Egyptians , Syrians and Arabs who contributed to the development of Hellenistic philosophy . Elements of Persian philosophy and Indian philosophy also had an influence . The most notable schools of Hellenistic philosophy were : Neoplatonism : Plotinus ( Egyptian ) , Ammonius Saccas , Porphyry ( Syrian ) , Zethos ( Arab ) , Iamblichus ( Syrian ) , Proclus Academic Skepticism : Arcesilaus , Carneades , Cicero ( Roman ) Pyrrhonian Skepticism : Pyrrho , Sextus Empiricus Cynicism : Antisthenes , Diogenes of Sinope , Crates of Thebes ( taught Zeno of Citium , founder of Stoicism ) Stoicism : Zeno of Citium , Cleanthes , Chrysippus , Crates of Mallus ( brought Stoicism to Rome c. 170 BCE ) , Panaetius , Posidonius , Seneca ( Roman ) , Epictetus ( Greek / Roman ) , Marcus Aurelius ( Roman ) Epicureanism : Epicurus ( Greek ) and Lucretius ( Roman ) Eclecticism : Cicero ( Roman ) The spread of Christianity throughout the Roman world , followed by the spread of Islam , ushered in the end of Hellenistic philosophy and the beginnings of Medieval philosophy , which was dominated by the three Abrahamic traditions : Jewish philosophy , Christian philosophy , and early Islamic philosophy . Transmission of Greek philosophy under Islam ( edit ) Main article : Arab transmission of the Classics to the West See also : Early Islamic philosophy and Latin translations of the 12th century During the Middle Ages , Greek ideas were largely forgotten in Western Europe ( where , between the fall of Rome and the East - West Schism , literacy in Greek had declined sharply ) . Not long after the first major expansion of Islam , however , the Abbasid caliphs authorized the gathering of Greek manuscripts and hired translators to increase their prestige . Islamic philosophers such as Al - Kindi ( Alkindus ) , Al - Farabi ( Alpharabius ) , Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ) and Ibn Rushd ( Averroes ) reinterpreted these works , and during the High Middle Ages Greek philosophy re-entered the West through translations from Arabic to Latin . The re-introduction of these philosophies , accompanied by the new Arabic commentaries , had a great influence on Medieval philosophers such as Thomas Aquinas . Although we are fortunate to have some figures who preserved these valuable texts , the general trend in Islam was to dispose of books that conflicted with the teachings of Mohammad . This can be seen in events such as the burning of the Al - hakam II library in Córdoba by Al - Mansur Ibn and Abi Aamir in 976 . See also ( edit ) Ancient philosophy Byzantine philosophy Dehellenization English words of Greek origin International scientific vocabulary List of ancient Greek philosophers Translingualism Transliteration of Greek into English Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alfred North Whitehead ( 1929 ) , Process and Reality , Part II , Chap . I , Sect . I . Jump up ^ Kevin Scharp ( Department of Philosophy , Ohio State University ) -- Diagrams Archived 2014 - 10 - 31 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Griffin , Jasper ; Boardman , John ; Murray , Oswyn ( 2001 ) . The Oxford history of Greece and the Hellenistic world . Oxford ( Oxfordshire ) : Oxford University Press . p. 140 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280137 - 6 . Jump up ^ Greg Whitlock , preface to The Pre-Platonic Philosophers , by Friedrich Nietzsche ( Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 2001 ) , xiv -- xvi . Jump up ^ Greg Whitlock , preface to The Pre-Platonic Philosophers , by Friedrich Nietzsche ( Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 2001 ) , xiii -- xix . Jump up ^ John Burnet , Greek Philosophy : Thales to Plato , 3rd ed . ( London : A & C Black Ltd. , 1920 ) , 3 -- 16 . Scanned version from Internet Archive Jump up ^ Aristotle , Metaphysics Alpha , 983b18 . Jump up ^ Aristotle , Metaphysics Alpha , 983 b6 8 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Burnet , Greek Philosophy , 3 -- 4 , 18 . Jump up ^ Burnet , Greek Philosophy , 18 -- 20 ; Herodotus , Histories , I. 74 . Jump up ^ Burnet , Greek Philosophy , 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , p. 83 Jump up ^ Burnet , Greek Philosophy , 21 . Jump up ^ Burnet , Greek Philosophy , 27 . Jump up ^ Burnet , Greek Philosophy , 35 . Jump up ^ Burnet , Greek Philosophy , 35 ; Diels - Kranz , Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker , Xenophanes , frs. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Burnet , Greek Philosophy , 36 . Jump up ^ Burnet , Greek Philosophy , 33 , 36 . Jump up ^ Burnet , Greek Philosophy , 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Burnet , Greek Philosophy , 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Burnet , Greek Philosophy , 40 -- 49 . Jump up ^ C.M. Bowra 1957 The Greek experience p. 166 '' Jump up ^ Burnet , Greek Philosophy , 57 . Jump up ^ DK B1 . Jump up ^ pp. 419ff. , W.K.C. Guthrie , A History of Greek Philosophy , vol. 1 , Cambridge University Press , 1962 . Jump up ^ DK B2 . Jump up ^ Burnet , Greek Philosophy , 57 -- 63 . Jump up ^ DK B80 Jump up ^ Burnet , Greek Philosophy , 64 . Jump up ^ Burnet , Greek Philosophy , 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Burnet , Greek Philosophy , 68 . Jump up ^ Burnet , Greek Philosophy , 67 . Jump up ^ Burnet , Greek Philosophy , 82 . Jump up ^ Burnet , Greek Philosophy , 69 . Jump up ^ Burnet , Greek Philosophy , 70 . Jump up ^ Burnet , Greek Philosophy , 94 . Jump up ^ Burnet , Greek Philosophy , 105 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Burnet , Greek Philosophy , 113 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Debra Nails , The People of Plato ( Indianapolis : Hackett , 2002 ) , 24 . Jump up ^ Nails , People of Plato , 256 . Jump up ^ Marcus Tullius Cicero , Tusculan Disputations , V 10 -- 11 ( or V IV ) . Jump up ^ Leo Strauss , Natural Right and History ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1953 ) , 120 . Jump up ^ Seth Benardete , The Argument of the Action ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2000 ) , 277 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Laurence Lampert , How Philosophy Became Socratic ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Cf . Plato , Republic 336c & 337a , Theaetetus 150c , Apology of Socrates 23a ; Xenophon , Memorabilia 4.4. 9 ; Aristotle , Sophistical Refutations 183b7 . Jump up ^ W.K.C. Guthrie , The Greek Philosophers ( London : Methuen , 1950 ) , 73 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Terence Irwin , The Development of Ethics , vol. 1 ( Oxford : Oxford University Press 2007 ) , 14 Jump up ^ Gerasimos Santas , `` The Socratic Paradoxes '' , Philosophical Review 73 ( 1964 ) : 147 -- 64 , 147 . Jump up ^ Apology of Socrates 21d . Jump up ^ John M. Cooper , ed. , Complete Works , by Plato ( Indianapolis : Hackett , 1997 ) , v -- vi , viii -- xii , 1634 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Cooper , ed. , Complete Works , by Plato , v -- vi , viii -- xii . Jump up ^ Leo Strauss , The City and Man ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1964 ) , 50 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Leo Strauss , `` Plato '' , in History of Political Philosophy , ed . Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey , 3rd ed . ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press 1987 ) : 33 -- 89 . Jump up ^ `` Plato - Allegory of the cave '' ( PDF ) . classicalastrologer.files.wordpress.com . Jump up ^ `` Allegory of the Cave '' . washington.edu . Jump up ^ Garth Kemerling . `` Plato : The Republic 5 - 10 '' . philosophypages.com . Jump up ^ Carnes Lord , Introduction to The Politics , by Aristotle ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1984 ) : 1 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Bertrand Russell , A History of Western Philosophy ( New York : Simon & Schuster , 1972 ) . Jump up ^ Aristotle , Politics , bk. 2 , ch. 1 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Aristotle , Metaphysics , 991a20 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Robin Smith , `` Aristotle 's Logic , '' Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Ann Christy , Christians in Al - Andalus : 711 -- 1000 , ( Curzon Press , 2002 ) , 142 . Jump up ^ Libraries , Claude Gilliot , Medieval Islamic Civilization : L-Z , Index , ed . Josef W. Meri , Jere L. Bacharach , ( Routledge , 2006 ) , 451 . References ( edit ) Baird , Forrest E. ; Walter Kaufmann ( 2008 ) . From Plato to Derrida . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 158591 - 6 . Nikolaos Bakalis ( 2005 ) . Handbook of Greek Philosophy : From Thales to the Stoics Analysis and Fragments , Trafford Publishing ISBN 1 - 4120 - 4843 - 5 John Burnet , Early Greek Philosophy , 1930 . Charles Freeman ( 1996 ) . Egypt , Greece and Rome . Oxford University Press . William Keith Chambers Guthrie , A History of Greek Philosophy : Volume 1 , The Earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans , 1962 . Søren Kierkegaard , On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates , 1841 . A.A. Long . Hellenistic Philosophy . University of California , 1992 . ( 2nd Ed . ) Martin Litchfield West , Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient , Oxford , Clarendon Press , 1971 . Martin Litchfield West , The East Face of Helicon : West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth , Oxford ( England ) ; New York : Clarendon Press , 1997 . Further reading ( edit ) Bettany Hughes ( 2010 ) The Hemlock Cup : Socrates , Athens and the Search for the Good Life , ISBN 0 - 224 - 07178 - 5 . Nikolaos Loudovikos , Protopresbyter , Theological History of the Ancient Hellenic Philosophy -- Presocratics , Socrates , Plato ( in Greek ) , Pournaras Publishing , Athens , 2003 , ISBN 960 - 242 - 296 - 3 . James Luchte , Early Greek Thought : Before the Dawn , in series , Bloomsbury Studies in Ancient Philosophy , Bloomsbury Publishing , London , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 0567353313 . Andrea Wilson Nightingale , Spectacles of Truth in Classical Greek Philosophy : Theoria in Its Cultural Context , Cambridge University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83825 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Greek philosophers . 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North American Free Trade Agreement
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North American Free trade Agreement - Wikipedia North American Free trade Agreement Jump to : navigation , search `` NAFTA '' redirects here . For other uses , see Nafta ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Parts of this article ( those related to Donald Trump ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2017 ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . 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( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) North American Free Trade Agreement Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte ( Spanish ) Accord de Libre - échange Nord - Américain ( French ) Logo of the NAFTA Secretariat Languages English Spanish French Type Free trade area Member states Canada Mexico United States Establishment January 1 , 1994 ; 24 years ago ( 1994 - 01 - 01 ) Area Total 21,578,137 km ( 8,331,365 sq mi ) Water ( % ) 7.4 Population 2016 estimate 481,800,000 Density 22.3 / km ( 57.8 / sq mi ) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate Total $22.567 trillion Per capita $46,839 GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total $21.144 trillion Per capita $43,885 HDI ( 2011 ) 0.868 very high Website www.naftanow.org NAFTA GDP -- 2012 : IMF -- World Economic Outlook Databases ( Oct 2013 ) The North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ; Spanish : Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte , TLCAN ; French : Accord de libre - échange nord - américain , ALÉNA ) is an agreement signed by Canada , Mexico , and the United States , creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America . The agreement came into force on January 1 , 1994 . It superseded the Canada -- United States Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and Canada . NAFTA has two supplements : the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation ( NAAEC ) and the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation ( NAALC ) . Most economic analyses indicate that NAFTA has been beneficial to the North American economies and the average citizen , but harmed a small minority of workers in industries exposed to trade competition . Economists hold that withdrawing from NAFTA or renegotiating NAFTA in a way that reestablishes trade barriers will adversely affect the U.S. economy and cost jobs . Though Mexico would be much more affected severely by job loss and reduction of economic growth over both the short and long term . Contents ( hide ) 1 Negotiation , Ratification , and Revision 2 Provisions 2.1 Intellectual property 2.2 Environment 2.3 Agriculture 2.4 Transportation infrastructure 3 Impact 3.1 Canada 3.2 Mexico 3.3 United States 3.3. 1 Trade balances 3.3. 2 Investment 3.4 Jobs 3.5 Environment 3.6 Mobility of persons 4 Disputes and controversies 4.1 1992 U.S. presidential candidate Ross Perot 4.2 Legal disputes 4.2. 1 Change in income trust taxation not expropriation 4.3 Impact on Mexican farmers 4.4 Zapatista Uprising in response to NAFTA in Chiapas , Mexico 4.5 Chapter 11 4.6 Chapter 19 4.7 Criticism from 2016 U.S. presidential candidates 5 Policy of the Trump administration 5.1 Renegotiation 5.2 Impact of withdrawing from NAFTA 6 Trans - Pacific Partnership 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Negotiation , ratification , and revision Back row , left to right : Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari , U.S. President George H.W. Bush , and Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney , at the initialing of the draft North American Free Trade Agreement in October 1992 . In front are Mexican Secretary of Commerce and Industrial Development Jaime Serra Puche , United States Trade Representative Carla Hills , and Canadian Minister of International Trade Michael Wilson . The impetus for a North American free trade zone began with U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who made the idea part of his campaign when he announced his candidacy for the presidency in November 1979 . Canada and the United States signed the Canada - United States Free Trade Agreement ( FTA ) in 1988 , and shortly afterward Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari decided to approach US president George H.W. Bush to propose a similar agreement in an effort to bring in foreign investment following the Latin American debt crisis . As the two leaders began negotiating , the Canadian government under Prime Minister Brian Mulroney feared that the advantages Canada had gained through the Canada - US FTA would be undermined by a US - Mexican bilateral agreement , and asked to become a party to the US - Mexican talks . Following diplomatic negotiations dating back to 1990 among the three nations , the three leaders signed the agreement in their respective capitals on December 17 , 1992 . The signed agreement then needed to be ratified by each nation 's legislative or parliamentary branch . The earlier Canada -- United States Free Trade Agreement had been controversial and divisive in Canada , and featured as an issue in the 1988 Canadian election . In that election , more Canadians voted for anti-free trade parties ( the Liberals and the New Democrats ) but the split of the votes between the two parties meant that the pro-free trade Progressive Conservatives ( PCs ) came out of the election with the most seats and so took power . Mulroney and the PCs had a parliamentary majority easily passed the 1987 Canada - U.S. FTA and NAFTA bills . However , Mulroney was replaced as Conservative leader and prime minister by Kim Campbell . Campbell led the PC party into the 1993 election where they were decimated by the Liberal Party under Jean Chrétien , who campaigned on a promise to renegotiate or abrogate NAFTA . Chrétien subsequently negotiated two supplemental agreements with Bush , who had subverted the LAC advisory process and worked to `` fast track '' the signing prior to the end of his term , ran out of time and had to pass the required ratification and signing of the implementation law to incoming president Bill Clinton . Before sending it to the United States Senate Clinton added two side agreements , the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation ( NAALC ) and the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation ( NAAEC ) , to protect workers and the environment , and also allay the concerns of many House members . They also required U.S. partners to adhere to environmental practices and regulations similar to its own . After much consideration and emotional discussion , the US House of Representatives passed the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act on November 17 , 1993 , 234 -- 200 . The agreement 's supporters included 132 Republicans and 102 Democrats . The bill passed the Senate on November 20 , 1993 , 61 -- 38 . Senate supporters were 34 Republicans and 27 Democrats . Clinton signed it into law on December 8 , 1993 ; the agreement went into effect on January 1 , 1994 . Clinton , while signing the NAFTA bill , stated that `` NAFTA means jobs . American jobs , and good - paying American jobs . If I did n't believe that , I would n't support this agreement . '' NAFTA then replaced the previous Canada - US FTA . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2009 ) Remarks on the Signing of the NAFTA Implementation Act ( December 8 , 1993 ) Play media Bill Clinton 's remarks on the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act , December 8 , 1993 . Remarks on the Signing of the NAFTA Implementation Act ( December 8 , 1993 ) Problems playing these files ? See media help . Provisions The goal of NAFTA was to eliminate barriers to trade and investment between the U.S. , Canada and Mexico . The implementation of NAFTA on January 1 , 1994 brought the immediate elimination of tariffs on more than one - half of Mexico 's exports to the U.S. and more than one - third of U.S. exports to Mexico . Within 10 years of the implementation of the agreement , all U.S. - Mexico tariffs were to be eliminated except for some U.S. agricultural exports to Mexico to be phased out within 15 years . Most U.S. - Canada trade was already duty - free . NAFTA also sought to eliminate non-tariff trade barriers and to protect the intellectual property rights on traded products . Chapter 52 provides a procedure for the international resolution of disputes over the application and interpretation of NAFTA . It was modeled after Chapter 69 of the Canada - United States Free Trade Agreement . The roster of NAFTA adjudicators includes many retired judges , such as Alice Desjardins , John Maxwell Evans , Constance Hunt , John Richard , Arlin M. Adams , Susan Getzendanner , George C. Pratt , Charles B. Renfrew and Sandra Day O'Connor . Intellectual property The North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act made some changes to the copyright law of the United States , foreshadowing the Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994 by restoring copyright ( within the NAFTA nations ) on certain motion pictures which had entered the public domain . Environment U.S. congressional approval for NAFTA would have been impossible without addressing public concerns about NAFTA 's environmental impact . The Clinton administration negotiated a side agreement on the environment with Canada and Mexico , the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation ( NAAEC ) , which led to the creation of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation ( CEC ) in 1994 . To alleviate concerns that NAFTA , the first regional trade agreement between a developing country and two developed countries , would have negative environmental impacts , the commission was mandated to conduct ongoing ex post environmental assessment , It created one of the first ex post frameworks for environmental assessment of trade liberalization , designed to produce a body of evidence with respect to the initial hypotheses about NAFTA and the environment , such as the concern that NAFTA would create a `` race to the bottom '' in environmental regulation among the three countries , or that NAFTA would pressure governments to increase their environmental protections . The CEC has held four symposia to evaluate the environmental impacts of NAFTA and commissioned 47 papers on the subject from leading independent experts . Agriculture From the earliest negotiation , agriculture was ( and still is ) a controversial topic within NAFTA , as it has been with almost all free trade agreements signed within the WTO framework . Agriculture is the only section that was not negotiated trilaterally ; instead , three separate agreements were signed between each pair of parties . The Canada -- U.S. agreement contains significant restrictions and tariff quotas on agricultural products ( mainly sugar , dairy , and poultry products ) , whereas the Mexico -- U.S. pact allows for a wider liberalization within a framework of phase - out periods ( it was the first North -- South FTA on agriculture to be signed ) . Transportation infrastructure NAFTA established the CANAMEX Corridor for road transport between Canada and Mexico , also proposed for use by rail , pipeline , and fiber optic telecommunications infrastructure . This became a High Priority Corridor under the U.S. Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 . Impact Obama , Peña Nieto and Harper at the IX North American Leaders ' Summit ( informally known as the Three Amigos Summit ) in Toluca . Canada Like Mexico and the U.S. , Canada received a modest positive economic benefit as measured by GDP . Many declines did not materialize , and some industries like the furniture industry , which had expected to suffer , grew instead . Canadian manufacturing employment held steady despite an international downward trend in developed countries . One of NAFTA 's biggest economic effects on U.S. - Canada trade has been higher bilateral agricultural flows . In the year 2008 alone , Canadian exports to the United States and Mexico were at $381.3 billion , and imports from NAFTA were at $245.1 billion . A 2007 study found that NAFTA has `` almost zero welfare impact on member and nonmember countries . '' A 2015 study found that Canada 's welfare decreased by 0.06 % as a result of the NAFTA tariff reductions , and that Canada 's intra-bloc trade increased by 11 % . Mexico Further information : Effects of NAFTA on Mexico Maquiladoras ( Mexican assembly plants that take in imported components and produce goods for export ) have become the landmark of trade in Mexico . They moved to Mexico from the United States , hence the debate over the loss of American jobs . Income in the maquiladora sector has increased 15.5 % since the implementation of NAFTA in 1994 . Other sectors now benefit from the free trade agreement , and the share of exports to the US from non-border states has increased in the last five years while the share of exports from border states has decreased . This has allowed rapid growth in non-border metropolitan areas such as Toluca , León and Puebla ; all larger in population than Tijuana , Ciudad Juárez , and Reynosa . The overall effect of the Mexico -- U.S. agricultural agreement is disputed . Mexico did not invest in the infrastructure necessary for competition , such as efficient railroads and highways. This resulted in more difficult living conditions for the country 's poor . Mexico 's agricultural exports increased 9.4 percent annually between 1994 and 2001 , while imports increased by only 6.9 percent a year during the same period . One of the most affected agricultural sectors is the meat industry . Mexico went from a small player in the pre-1994 U.S. export market to the second largest importer of U.S. agricultural products in 2004 , and NAFTA may be a major catalyst for this change . Free trade removed the hurdles that impeded business between the two countries , so Mexico has provided a growing market for meat for the U.S. , and increased sales and profits for the U.S. meat industry . A coinciding noticeable increase in the Mexican per capita GDP greatly changed meat consumption patterns ; per capita meat consumption has grown . Production of corn in Mexico has increased since NAFTA . But internal demand for corn has increased beyond Mexico 's supply , and imports have become needed , far beyond the quotas Mexico originally negotiated . Zahniser & Coyle also point out that corn prices in Mexico , adjusted for international prices , have drastically decreased , but through a program of subsidies expanded by former president Vicente Fox , production has remained stable since 2000 . Reducing agricultural subsidies , especially corn subsidies , has been suggested as a way to reduce harms to Mexican farmers . A 2001 Journal of Economic Perspectives review of the existing literature found that NAFTA was a net benefit to Mexico . By the year 2003 , 80 % of the commerce in Mexico was executed only with the U.S. The commercial sales surplus , combined with the deficit with the rest of the world , created a dependency in Mexico 's exports . These effects were evident in 2001 -- 2003 ; the result of that recession was either a low rate or a negative rate in Mexico 's exports . A 2015 study found that Mexico 's welfare increased by 1.31 % as a result of the NAFTA tariff reductions , and that Mexico 's intra-bloc trade increased by 118 % . Inequality and poverty fell in the most globalization - affected regions of Mexico . 2013 and 2015 studies show that Mexican small farmers benefitted more from NAFTA than large - scale farmers . NAFTA has also been credited with the rise of the Mexican middle class . A Tufts University study found that NAFTA lowered the average cost of basic necessities in Mexico by up to 50 % . This price reduction increased cash - on - hand for many Mexican families , allowing Mexico to graduate more engineers than Germany each year . Growth in new sales orders indicates an increase in demand for manufactured products , which resulted in expansion of production and a higher employment rate to satisfy the increment in the demand . The growth in the maquiladora industry and in the manufacturing industry was of 4.7 % in August 2016 . Three quarters of the imports and exports comes are with the U.S. Tufts University political scientist Daniel W. Drezner has argued that NAFTA made it easier for Mexico to transform to a real democracy and become a country that views itself as North American . This has boosted cooperation between the United States and Mexico . United States Economists consider that NAFTA was beneficial for the United States . In a 2012 survey of leading economists , 95 % said that on average U.S. citizens benefited from NAFTA . A 2001 Journal of Economic Perspectives review found that NAFTA was a net benefit to the United States . A 2015 study found that US welfare increased by 0.08 % as a result of NAFTA tariff reductions , and that US intra-bloc trade increased by 41 % . In 2015 , the Congressional Research Service concluded that the `` net overall effect of NAFTA on the U.S. economy appears to have been relatively modest , primarily because trade with Canada and Mexico accounts for a small percentage of U.S. GDP. However , there were worker and firm adjustment costs as the three countries adjusted to more open trade and investment among their economies . '' The report also estimated that NAFTA added $80 billion to the US economy since its implementation , equivalent to a 0.5 % increase in US GDP . The U.S. Chamber of Commerce credits NAFTA with increasing U.S. trade in goods and services with Canada and Mexico from $337 billion in 1993 to $1.2 trillion in 2011 , while the AFL - CIO blames the agreement for sending 700,000 American manufacturing jobs to Mexico over that time . University of California , San Diego economics professor Gordon Hanson has said that NAFTA helped the U.S. compete against China and therefore saved U.S. jobs . While some jobs were lost to Mexico as a result of NAFTA , considerably more would have been lost to China if not for NAFTA . Trade balances The U.S. had a trade surplus with NAFTA countries of $28.3 billion for services in 2009 and a trade deficit of $94.6 billion ( 36.4 % annual increase ) for goods in 2010 . This trade deficit accounted for 26.8 percent of all U.S. goods trade deficit . A study published in the August 2008 issue of the American Journal of Agricultural Economics , found NAFTA increased U.S. agricultural exports to Mexico and Canada , even though most of the increase occurred a decade after its ratification . The study focused on the effects that gradual `` phase - in '' periods in regional trade agreements , including NAFTA , have on trade flows . Most of the increase in members ' agricultural trade , which was only recently brought under the purview of the World Trade Organization , was due to very high trade barriers before NAFTA or other regional trade agreements . Investment The U.S. foreign direct investment ( FDI ) in NAFTA countries ( stock ) was $327.5 billion in 2009 ( latest data available ) , up 8.8 % from 2008 . The U.S. direct investment in NAFTA countries is in nonbank holding companies , and in the manufacturing , finance / insurance , and mining sectors . The foreign direct investment of Canada and Mexico in the United States ( stock ) was $237.2 billion in 2009 ( the latest data available ) , up 16.5 % from 2008 . Jobs For impacts specific to the United States , see NAFTA 's effect on United States employment . Many American small businesses depend on exporting their products to Canada or Mexico under NAFTA . According to the U.S. Trade Representative , this trade supports over 140,000 small - and medium - sized businesses in the US . According to the Economic Policy Institute , California , Texas , Michigan and other states with high concentrations of manufacturing jobs were most affected by job loss due to NAFTA . EPI economist Robert Scott estimates some 682,900 U.S. jobs have been `` lost or displaced '' as a result of the trade agreement . However , other studies have found that NAFTA only had a modest impact on manufacturing employment , and that automation explains 87 % of the losses in manufacturing jobs . According to University of California Berkeley professor of economics Brad DeLong , NAFTA had an insignificant impact on US manufacturing . The adverse impact on manufacturing has been very exaggerated in US political discourse according to DeLong , Harvard economist Dani Rodrik agrees . Environment For more details on this topic , see NAFTA 's Impact on the Environment . According to a study in the Journal of International Economics , NAFTA reduced pollution emitted by the US manufacturing sector : `` On average , nearly two - thirds of the reductions in PM and SO emissions from the U.S. manufacturing sector between 1994 and 1998 can be attributed to trade liberalization following NAFTA . '' According to the Sierra Club , NAFTA contributed to large - scale , export - oriented farming , which led to the increased use of fossil fuels , pesticides and GMO . NAFTA also contributed to environmentally destructive mining practices in Mexico . It prevented Canada from effectively regulating its tar sands industry , and created new legal avenues for transnational corporations to fight environmental legislation . In some cases , environmental policy was neglected in the wake of trade liberalization ; in other cases , NAFTA 's measures for investment protection , such as Chapter 11 , and measures against non-tariff trade barriers threatened to discourage more vigorous environmental policy . The most serious overall increases in pollution due to NAFTA were found in the base metals sector , the Mexican petroleum sector , and the transportation equipment sector in the United States and Mexico , but not in Canada . Mobility of persons According to the Department of Homeland Security Yearbook of Immigration Statistics , during fiscal year 2006 ( i.e. , October 2005 through September 2006 ) , 73,880 foreign professionals ( 64,633 Canadians and 9,247 Mexicans ) were admitted into the United States for temporary employment under NAFTA ( i.e. , in the TN status ) . Additionally , 17,321 of their family members ( 13,136 Canadians , 2,904 Mexicans , as well as a number of third - country nationals married to Canadians and Mexicans ) entered the U.S. in the treaty national 's dependent ( TD ) status . Because DHS counts the number of the new I - 94 arrival records filled at the border , and the TN - 1 admission is valid for three years , the number of non-immigrants in TN status present in the U.S. at the end of the fiscal year is approximately equal to the number of admissions during the year . ( A discrepancy may be caused by some TN entrants leaving the country or changing status before their three - year admission period has expired , while other immigrants admitted earlier may change their status to TN or TD , or extend TN status granted earlier ) . According to the International Organization for Migration , deaths of migrants have been on the rise worldwide with 5,604 deaths in 2016 . An increased number of undocumented farmworkers in California may be due to the initial passing of NAFTA Canadian authorities estimated that on December 1 , 2006 , 24,830 U.S. citizens and 15,219 Mexican citizens were in Canada as `` foreign workers '' . These numbers include both entrants under NAFTA and those who entered under other provisions of Canadian immigration law . New entries of foreign workers in 2006 totalled 16,841 U.S. citizens and 13,933 Mexicans . Disputes and controversies 1992 U.S. presidential candidate Ross Perot In the second 1992 presidential debate , Ross Perot argued : We have got to stop sending jobs overseas . It 's pretty simple : If you 're paying $12 , $13 , $14 an hour for factory workers and you can move your factory south of the border , pay a dollar an hour for labor , ... have no health care -- that 's the most expensive single element in making a car -- have no environmental controls , no pollution controls and no retirement , and you do n't care about anything but making money , there will be a giant sucking sound going south . ... when ( Mexico 's ) jobs come up from a dollar an hour to six dollars an hour , and ours go down to six dollars an hour , and then it 's leveled again . But in the meantime , you 've wrecked the country with these kinds of deals . Perot ultimately lost the election , and the winner , Bill Clinton , supported NAFTA , which went into effect on January 1 , 1994 . Legal disputes This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2009 ) In 1996 , the gasoline additive MMT was brought to Canada by Ethyl Corporation , an American company when the Canadian federal government banned imports of the additive . The American company brought a claim under NAFTA Chapter 11 seeking US $201 million , from the Canadian federal government as well as the Canadian provinces under the Agreement on Internal Trade ( AIT ) . They argued that the additive had not been conclusively linked to any health dangers , and that the prohibition was damaging to their company . Following a finding that the ban was a violation of the AIT , the Canadian federal government repealed the ban and settled with the American company for US $13 million . Studies by Health and Welfare Canada ( now Health Canada ) on the health effects of MMT in fuel found no significant health effects associated with exposure to these exhaust emissions . Other Canadian researchers and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency disagreed citing studies that suggested possible nerve damage . The United States and Canada have argued for years over the United States ' 27 % duty on Canadian softwood lumber imports . Canada filed many motions to have the duty eliminated and the collected duties returned to Canada . After the United States lost an appeal beforegh a NAFTA panel , it responded by saying `` We are , of course , disappointed with the ( NAFTA panel 's ) decision , but it will have no impact on the anti-dumping and countervailing duty orders . '' ( Nick Lifton , spokesman for U.S. Trade Representative Rob Portman ) On July 21 , 2006 , the United States Court of International Trade found that imposition of the duties was contrary to U.S. law . Change in income trust taxation not expropriation On October 30 , 2007 , American citizens Marvin and Elaine Gottlieb filed a Notice of Intent to Submit a Claim to Arbitration under NAFTA , claiming thousands of U.S. investors lost a total of $5 billion in the fall - out from the Conservative Government 's decision the previous year to change the tax rate on income trusts in the energy sector . On April 29 , 2009 , a determination was made that this change in tax law was not expropriation . Impact on Mexican farmers Several studies have rejected NAFTA responsibility for depressing the incomes of poor corn farmers . The trend existed more than a decade before NAFTA existed . Also , maize production increased after 1994 , and there was n't a measurable impact on the price of Mexican corn because of subsidized corn from the United States . The studies agreed that the abolition of U.S. agricultural subsidies would benefit Mexican farmers . Zapatista uprising in response to NAFTA in chiapas , Mexico For more details on this topic , see Zapatista Army of National Liberation . Preparations for NAFTA included cancellation of Article 27 of Mexico 's constitution , the cornerstone of Emiliano Zapata 's revolution in 1910 -- 1919 . Under the historic Article 27 , Indian communal landholdings were protected from sale or privatization . However , this barrier to investment was incompatible with NAFTA . Indian farmers feared the loss of their remaining lands , and also feared cheap imports ( substitutes ) from the US . The Zapatistas labelled NAFTA a `` death sentence '' to Indian communities all over Mexico . Then EZLN declared war on the Mexican state on January 1 , 1994 , the day NAFTA came into force . Chapter 11 Another contentious issue is the investor state dispute settlement obligations contained in Chapter 11 of NAFTA . Chapter 11 allows corporations or individuals to sue Mexico , Canada or the United States for compensation when actions taken by those governments ( or by those for whom they are responsible at international law , such as provincial , state , or municipal governments ) violate international law . This chapter has been criticized by groups in the U.S. , Mexico , and Canada for a variety of reasons , including not taking into account important social and environmental considerations . In Canada , several groups , including the Council of Canadians , challenged the constitutionality of Chapter 11 . They lost at the trial level and have subsequently appealed . Methanex Corporation , a Canadian corporation , filed a US $ 970 million suit against the United States because , it said , a California ban on Methyl tert - butyl ether ( MTBE ) , a substance that had found its way into many wells in the state , was hurtful to the corporation 's sales of methanol . The claim was rejected , and the company was ordered to pay US $3 million to the U.S. government in costs , based on the following reasoning : `` But as a matter of general international law , a non-discriminatory regulation for a public purpose , which is enacted in accordance with due process and , which affects , inter alios , a foreign investor or investment is not deemed expropriatory and compensable unless specific commitments had been given by the regulating government to the then putative foreign investor contemplating investment that the government would refrain from such regulation . '' In another case , Metalclad , an American corporation , was awarded US $15.6 million from Mexico after a Mexican municipality refused a construction permit for the hazardous waste landfill it intended to construct in Guadalcázar , San Luis Potosí . The construction had already been approved by the federal government with various environmental requirements imposed ( see paragraph 48 of the tribunal decision ) . The NAFTA panel found that the municipality did not have the authority to ban construction on the basis of its environmental concerns . In Eli Lilly and Company v. Government of Canada the plaintiff presented a US $500 million claim for the way Canada requires usefulness in its drug patent legislation . Apotex is sued the U.S. for US $520 million because of opportunity it says it lost in an FDA generic drug decision . Lone Pine Resources Inc. v. Government of Canada filed a US $250 million claim against Canada , accusing it of `` arbitrary , capricious and illegal '' behaviour , because Quebec intends to prevent fracking exploration under the St. Lawrence Seaway . Milos Barutciski , the lawyer for Lone Pine , has decried portrayals of his client as `` another rapacious multinational challenging governments ' ability to regulate for health , safety and the environment '' . Lone Pine Resources is incorporated in Delaware but headquartered in Calgary , and had an initial public offering on the NYSE May 25 , 2011 of 15 million shares each for $13 , which raised US $195 million . Barutciski acknowledged `` that NAFTA and other investor - protection treaties create an anomaly in that Canadian companies that have also seen their permits rescinded by the very same Quebec legislation , which expressly forbids the paying of compensation , do not have the right ( to ) pursue a NAFTA claim , '' and that winning `` compensation in Canadian courts for domestic companies in this case would be more difficult since the Constitution puts property rights in provincial hands . '' A treaty with China would extend similar rights to Chinese investors , including SOEs . Chapter 19 Also contentious is NAFTA 's Chapter 19 , which subjects antidumping and countervailing duty ( AD / CVD ) determinations to binational panel review instead of , or in addition to , conventional judicial review . For example , in the United States , review of agency decisions imposing antidumping and countervailing duties are normally heard before the U.S. Court of International Trade , an Article III court . NAFTA parties , however , have the option of appealing the decisions to binational panels composed of five citizens from the two relevant NAFTA countries . The panelists are generally lawyers experienced in international trade law . Since NAFTA does not include substantive provisions concerning AD / CVD , the panel is charged with determining whether final agency determinations involving AD / CVD conform with the country 's domestic law . Chapter 19 is an anomaly in international dispute settlement since it does not apply international law , but requires a panel composed of individuals from many countries to re-examine the application of one country 's domestic law . A Chapter 19 panel is expected to examine whether the agency 's determination is supported by `` substantial evidence . '' This standard assumes significant deference to the domestic agency . Some of the most controversial trade disputes in recent years , such as the U.S. - Canada softwood lumber dispute , have been litigated before Chapter 19 panels . Decisions by Chapter 19 panels can be challenged before a NAFTA extraordinary challenge committee . However , an extraordinary challenge committee does not function as an ordinary appeal . Under NAFTA , it will only vacate or remand a decision if the decision involves a significant and material error that threatens the integrity of the NAFTA dispute settlement system . Since January 2006 , no NAFTA party has successfully challenged a Chapter 19 panel 's decision before an extraordinary challenge committee . Criticism from 2016 U.S. presidential candidates In a 60 Minutes interview in September 2015 , American 2016 presidential candidate Donald Trump called NAFTA calling it `` the single worst trade deal ever approved in ( the United States ) '' , and said that if elected , he would `` either renegotiate it , or we will break it . '' Juan Pablo Castañón ( es ) president of the trade group Consejo Coordinador Empresarial , expressed concern about renegotiation and the willingness to focus on the car industry . A range of trade experts have said that pulling out of NAFTA would have a range of unintended consequences for the U.S. , including reduced access to the its biggest export markets , a reduction in economic growth , and higher prices for gasoline , cars , fruits , and vegetables . Members of the private initiative in Mexico noted that to eliminate NAFTA , many laws must be adapted by the U.S. Congress . The move would also eventually result in legal complaints by the World Trade Organization . The Washington Post noted that a Congressional Research Service review of academic literature concluded that the `` net overall effect of NAFTA on the U.S. economy appears to have been relatively modest , primarily because trade with Canada and Mexico accounts for a small percentage of U.S. GDP . '' Democratic candidate Bernie Sanders opposed the Trans - Pacific Partnership trade agreement , which he called `` a continuation of other disastrous trade agreements , like NAFTA , CAFTA , and permanent normal trade relations with China . '' He believes that free trade agreements have caused a loss of American jobs and depressed American wages . Sanders has said that America needs to rebuild its manufacturing base using American factories for well - paying jobs for American labor rather than outsourcing to China and elsewhere . Policy of the Trump administration Renegotiation Shortly after his election , U.S. President Donald Trump said he would begin renegotiating the terms of NAFTA , to resolve trade issues he had campaigned on . The leaders of Canada and Mexico have indicated their willingness to work with the Trump administration . Although vague on the exact terms he seeks in a renegotiated NAFTA , Trump threatened to withdraw from it if negotiations fail . In July 2017 , the Trump administration provided a detailed list of changes that it would like to see to NAFTA . The top priority was a reduction in the United States ' trade deficit . The administration also called for the elimination of provisions that allowed Canada and Mexico to appeal duties imposed by the United States and limited the ability of the United States to impose import restrictions on Canada and Mexico . The list also alleged subsidized state - owned enterprises and currency manipulation . According to Chad Bown of the Peterson Institute for International Economics , the Trump administration 's list `` is very consistent with the president 's stance on liking trade barriers , liking protectionism . This makes NAFTA in many respects less of a free - trade agreement . '' The concerns expressed by the US Trade Representative over subsidized state - owned enterprises and currency manipulation are not thought to apply to Canada and Mexico , but rather to be designed to send a message to countries beyond North America . Jeffrey Schott of the Peterson Institute for International Economics noted that it would not be possible to conclude renegotiations quickly while also addressing all the concerns on the list . He also said that it would be difficult to do anything about trade deficits . An October 2017 op - ed in Toronto 's Globe and Mail questioned whether the United States wanted to re-negotiate the agreement or planned to walk away from it no matter what , noting that newly appointed American ambassador Kelly Knight Craft is married to the owner of Alliance Resource Partners , a big US coal operation . Canada is implementing a carbon plan , and there is also the matter of a sale of Bombardier jets . `` The Americans inserted so many poison pills into last week 's talks in Washington that they should have been charged with murder '' , wrote the columnist , John Ibbitson . `` A number of the proposals that the United States has put on the table have little or no support from the U.S. business and agriculture community . It is n't clear who they 're intended to benefit , '' said John Murphy , vice-president of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce . Pat Roberts , the senior US senator from Kansas , called for an outcry against Trump anti-NAFTA moves , saying the `` issues affect real jobs , real lives and real people . '' Kansas is a major agricultural exporter , and farm groups warn that just threatening to leave NAFTA might cause buyers to minimize uncertainty by seeking out non-US sources . A fourth round of talks included a U.S. demand for a sunset clause that would end the agreement in five years , unless the three countries agreed to keep it in place , a provision U.S. Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross has said would allow the countries to kill the deal if it was n't working . Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau met with the House Ways and Means Committee , since Congress would have to pass legislation rolling back the treaty 's provisions if Trump tries to withdraw from the pact . Impact of withdrawing from NAFTA Following Donald Trump 's election to the presidency , a range of trade experts have said that pulling out of NAFTA as Trump proposed would have a range of unintended consequences for the U.S. , including reduced access to the U.S. 's biggest export markets , a reduction in economic growth , and increased prices for gasoline , cars , fruits , and vegetables . The worst affected sectors would be textiles , agriculture and automobiles . According to Tufts University political scientist Daniel W. Drezner , the Trump administration 's desire to return relations with Mexico to the pre-NAFTA era are misguided . Drezner argues that NAFTA made it easier for Mexico to transform to a real democracy and become a country that views itself as North American . If Trump acts on many of the threats that he has made against Mexico , it is not inconceivable that Mexicans would turn to left - wing populist strongmen , as several South - American countries have . At the very least , US - Mexico relations would worsen , with adverse implications for cooperation on border security , counterterrorism , drug - war cooperation , deportations and managing Central American migration . According to Chad P. Bown ( senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics ) , `` a renegotiated NAFTA that would reestablish trade barriers is unlikely to help workers who lost their jobs -- regardless of the cause -- take advantage of new employment opportunities . '' According to Harvard economist Marc Melitz , `` recent research estimates that the repeal of NAFTA would not increase car production in the United States . '' Melitz notes that this would cost manufacturing jobs . Trans - Pacific Partnership If the Trans - Pacific Partnership comes into effect , existing agreements like NAFTA will be reduced to those provisions that do not conflict with the TPP , or that require greater trade liberalization than the TPP . However , only Canada and Mexico will have the prospect of becoming members of the TPP after U.S. President Donald Trump withdrew the United States from the agreement in January 2017 . In May 2017 , the 11 remaining members of the TPP , including Canada and Mexico , agreed to proceed with the trade deal without U.S. participation . See also Economics portal North America portal Canada portal United States portal Mexico portal North American Leaders ' Summit Association of Southeast Asian Nations Canada 's Global Markets Action Plan The Fight for Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement ( CETA ) Economic Community of West African States European Economic Area European Free Trade Association European Union North American Transportation Statistics Interchange Pacific Alliance Trans - Pacific Partnership Free trade debate References Jump up ^ NAFTA Secretariat . Nafta-sec-alena.org ( June 9 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calculated using UNDP data for the member states . 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CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.189. 1365 . doi : 10.1093 / restud / rdu035 . ISSN 0034 - 6527 . Jump up ^ Hufbauer , GC ; Schott , JJ ( 2005 ) . `` NAFTA Revisited '' . Washington , DC : Institute for International Economics Jump up ^ Greening the Americas , Carolyn L. Deere ( editor ) . MIT Press , Cambridge , Massachusetts Jump up ^ `` Clark , Georgia Rae. 2006 . Analysis of Mexican demand for Meat : A Post-NAFTA Demand Systems Approach . MS Thesis , Texas Tech University '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 15 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NAFTA , Corn , and Mexico 's Agricultural Trade Liberalization '' ( PDF ) . ( 152 KB ) p. 4 Jump up ^ Steven S. Zahniser & William T. Coyle , U.S. - Mexico Corn Trade During the NAFTA Era : New Twists to an Old Story , Outlook Report No . FDS04D01 ( Economic Research Service / USDA , May 2004 ) , 22 pp . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/27/business/us-corn-subsidies-said-to-damage-mexico.html Jump up ^ Ruiz Nápoles , Pablo . `` El TLCAN y el balance comercial en México '' . Economía Informa . UNAM. 2003 Jump up ^ H , Hanson , Gordon ( 2007 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Globalization , Labor Income , and Poverty in Mexico '' . Jump up ^ `` Maintenance page : Wiley Online Library '' . Review of Development Economics . 17 : 594 -- 608 . doi : 10.1111 / rode. 12053 . Jump up ^ `` Maintenance page : Wiley Online Library '' . Journal of International Development . 27 : 112 -- 132 . doi : 10.1002 / jid. 2814 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Shannon ( March 2013 ) . `` Mexico Makes It '' . Foreign Affairs . 92 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Guy ( 14 May 2012 ) . `` NAFTA key to economic , social growth in Mexico '' . The Washington Times . The Washington Times , LLC . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Report of the exportations in the manufacturer industry '' Consejo Nacional de Industria Maquiladora Manufacturera A.C. 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` The missing dimension in the NAFTA debate '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/anaclaireswanson . `` Trump administration formally launches NAFTA renegotiation '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Jeffrey ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) . `` How to Renegotiate NAFTA '' . Project Syndicate . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Subscribe to read '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NAFTA 's Economic Impact '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Eduardo ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Nafta May Have Saved Many Autoworkers ' Jobs '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) '' . Office of the United States Trade Representative . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newswise : Free Trade Agreement Helped U.S. Farmers Retrieved on June 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2011 . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) United States Trade Representative '' . ustr.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` NAFTA 's Impact on U.S. Workers '' . Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ U.S. Economy Lost Nearly 700,000 Jobs Because Of NAFTA , EPI Says . The Huffington Post . July 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Long , Heather ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) . `` U.S. auto workers hate NAFTA ... but love robots '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : DeLong , J. Bradford . `` NAFTA and other trade deals have not gutted American manufacturing -- period '' . Vox . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` What did NAFTA really do ? '' . Dani Rodrik 's weblog . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Cherniwchan , Jevan . `` Trade Liberalization and the Environment : Evidence from NAFTA and U.S. Manufacturing '' . Journal of International Economics . 105 : 130 -- 149 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jinteco. 2017.01. 005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Environmental Damages Underscore Risks of Unfair Trade '' . Sierraclub.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IngentaConnect NAFTA Commission for Environmental Cooperation : ongoing assessment of trade liberalization in North America '' . Ingentaconnect.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Reinert and David W. Roland - Holst The Industrial Pollution Impacts of NAFTA : Some Preliminary Results . Commission for Environmental Cooperation ( November 2000 ) Jump up ^ DHS Yearbook 2006 . Supplemental Table 1 : Nonimmigrant Admissions ( I - 94 Only ) by Class of Admission and Country of Citizenship : Fiscal Year 2006 Archived February 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jones , Reese . Borders & Walls : Do Barriers Deter Unauthorized Migration . Migration Policy Institute . web page ( 1 ) October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bacon , David . `` Globalization and NAFTA Caused Migration from Mexico Political Research Associates '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Facts and Figures 2006 Immigration Overview : Temporary Residents Archived February 23 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Citizenship and Immigration Canada ) Jump up ^ `` Facts and Figures 2006 -- Immigration Overview : Permanent and Temporary Residents '' . Cic.gc.ca . June 29 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved November 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` THE 1992 CAMPAIGN ; Transcript of 2d TV Debate Between Bush , Clinton and Perot '' . The New York Times . New York Times Company . 16 October 1992 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Notice of Arbitration '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.71 MB ) , ' Ethyl Corporation vs. Government of Canada ' Jump up ^ `` '' Agreement on Internal Trade `` '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 08 - 22 . ( 118 KB ) Jump up ^ `` Dispute Settlement '' . Dfait-maeci.gc.ca . October 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MMT : the controversy over this fuel additive continues '' . canadiandriver.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ softwood Lumber Archived June 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Statement from USTR Spokesperson Neena Moorjani Regarding the NAFTA Extraordinary Challenge Committee decision in Softwood Lumber Archived May 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ' Tembec , Inc vs. United States ' '' ( PDF ) . ( 193 KB ) Jump up ^ Statement by USTR Spokesman Stephen Norton Regarding CIT Lumber Ruling Archived May 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Canada , Global Affairs ; Canada , Affaires mondiales ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Global Affairs Canada '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fiess , Norbert ; Daniel Lederman ( November 24 , 2004 ) . `` Mexican Corn : The Effects of NAFTA '' ( PDF ) . Trade Note . The World Bank Group . 18 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Subcomandante Marcos , Ziga Voa ! 10 Years of the Zapatista Uprising . AK Press 2004 Jump up ^ `` NAFTA , Chapter 11 '' . Sice.oas.org . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Government of Canada , Global Affairs Canada ( July 31 , 2002 ) . `` The North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) -- Chapter 11 -- Investment '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) ' , Public Citizen '' . Citizen.org . January 1 , 1994 . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Red Mexicana de Accion Frente al Libre Comercio . `` NAFTA and the Mexican Environment '' . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` The Council of Canadians '' . Canadians.org . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Commission for Environmental Cooperation . `` The NAFTA environmental agreement : The Intersection of Trade and the Environment '' . Cec.org . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ PEJ News . `` Judge Rebuffs Challenge to NAFTA 'S Chapter 11 Investor Claims Process '' . Pej.org . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arbitration award between Methanex Corporation and United States of America '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2007 . ( 1.45 MB ) Jump up ^ `` Arbitration award between Metalclad Corporation and The United Mexican States '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2007 . ( 120 KB ) Jump up ^ Government of Canada , Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada . `` Eli Lilly and Company v. Government of Canada '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada must learn from NAFTA legal battles '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Government of Canada , Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada . `` Lone Pine Resources Inc. v. Government of Canada '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quebec 's St. Lawrence fracking ban challenged under NAFTA '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stock : Lone Pine Resources '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Millán , Juan . `` North American Free Trade Agreement ; Invitation for Applications for Inclusion on the Chapter 19 Roster '' ( PDF ) . Federal Register . Office of the United States Trade Representative . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Politico Staff . `` Full transcript : First 2016 presidential debate '' . Politico . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Jill Colvin , Trump : NAFTA trade deal a ' disaster , ' says he 'd ' break ' it , Associated Press ( September 25 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Mark Thoma , Is Donald Trump right to call NAFTA a `` disaster '' ? , CBS News ( October 5 , 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : Gonzales , Lilia ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` El Economista '' . Jump up ^ Eric Martin , Trump Killing NAFTA Could Mean Big Unintended Consequences for the U.S. , Bloomberg Business ( October 1 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Sen. Bernie Sanders on taxes , trade agreements and Islamic State '' . PBS . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . ( transcript of interview with Judy Woodruff ) Jump up ^ Sanders , Bernie ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` The TPP Must Be Defeated '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Will Cabaniss for Punditfact . September 2 , 2015 How Bernie Sanders , Hillary Clinton differ on the Trans - Pacific Partnership Jump up ^ `` What Is Nafta , and How Might Trump Change It ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rappeport , Alan ( 2017 - 07 - 17 ) . `` U.S. Calls for ' Much Better Deal ' in Nafta Overhaul Plan '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. makes lower trade deficit top priority in NAFTA talks '' . Reuters . July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` US calls for smaller deficits in new NAFTA talks '' . BBC News . 2017 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ John Ibbitson ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` US ambassador to Canada must mend an old friendship '' . Globe and Mail . p . A5 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander Panetta ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. pro-NAFTA campaign ramps up to defend deal : Concerns in Congress heighten over ' potential catastrophe ' from withdrawal '' . Vancouver Sun . Canadian Press . Jump up ^ Laura Stone ; Robert Fife ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Canada , Mexico vow to remain at NAFTA negotiating table '' . Globe and Mail . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Journal , Julie Wernau Photographs by Mark Mahaney for The Wall Street ( 2017 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Denim Dilemma '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` What is NAFTA , and what would happen to U.S. trade without it ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Isfeld , Gordon ( 12 October 2015 ) . `` Forget NAFTA , the TPP is the new ' gold standard ' of global trade '' . Financial Post . National Post . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Shaffer , Sri Jegarajah , Craig Dale , Leslie ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) . `` TPP nations agree to pursue trade deal without US '' . CNBC . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Further reading Edward J. Chambers , Peter H. Smith ( 2002 ) NAFTA in the new millennium . University of California , San Diego . Center for U.S. - Mexican Studies ISBN 0 - 88864 - 386 - 1 Maxwell A. Cameron , Brian W. Tomlin ( 2002 ) The making of NAFTA : how the deal was done . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8781 - 1 . Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Jeffrey J. Schott ( 2005 ) NAFTA Revisited : Achievements and Challenges Washington , D.C. : Institute for International Economics ISBN 0 - 88132 - 334 - 9 M. Angeles Villarreal ( 2010 ) NAFTA and the Mexican Economy , Federation of American Scientists Congressional Research Service . RL34733 Berlin Forum on Global Politics ( June 2015 ) Reflecting on NAFTA to better understand TTIP A collaborative photography project External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to North American Free Trade Agreement . Official website Abbott , Frederick M. North American Free Trade Agreement , Case Law ( Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law ) . NaftaNow.org , jointly developed by the Governments of Canada , Mexico and the United States of America . Office of the U.S. Trade Representative -- NAFTA statistics page U.S. Department of Agriculture NAFTA links page North American Free Trade Agreement , 1992 Oct. 7 at Project Gutenberg NAFTA document in World Bank 's World Integrated Trade Solution GPTAD database library Trilateral relations of Canada , Mexico , and the United States North American integration Enacted Treaties North American Free Trade Agreement ( Agreement on Environmental Cooperation Agreement on Labor Cooperation ) Official bodies Active Commission for Environmental Cooperation North American Leaders ' Summit North American Transportation Statistics Interchange Defunct Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America ( North American Competitiveness Council ) Lobby groups Pro-integration : Independent Task Force on North America North American Forum Anti-integration : The Council of Canadians Theorized projects North American monetary union NAFTA superhighway North American Union North American energy independence Canada -- Mexico relations Canada -- United States relations Mexico -- United States relations United States free - trade agreements Existing Bilateral Australia Bahrain Chile Colombia Israel Jordan Morocco Oman Panama Peru Singapore South Korea Multilateral Dominican Republic -- Central America Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA - DR ) North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) Proposed Bilateral Ecuador Ghana Indonesia Kenya Kuwait Malaysia Mauritius Mozambique New Zealand Taiwan United Arab Emirates Uruguay Multilateral Middle East Free Trade Area ( MEFTA ) Transatlantic Free Trade Area ( TAFTA ) Trade in Services Agreement ( TISA ) Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership ( TTIP ) Suspended Free Trade Area of the Americas ( FTAA ) ( no interest since 2005 ) Southern African Customs Union ( on hold since 2006 ) Thailand ( on hold after 2006 coup ) Qatar ( on hold since 2006 ) Defunct or expired Canada ( became part of North American Free Trade Agreement ) Canada -- United States Automotive Products Agreement Trans - Pacific Partnership ( TPP ) George H.W. 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List of NCAA Division II football programs
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List of NCAA Division II football programs - wikipedia List of NCAA Division II football programs Jump to : navigation , search Map of NCAA Division II Football Institutions This is a list of the schools in Division II of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) in the United States and Canada that have football as a varsity sport . In the 2017 season , there are a total of 169 Division II football programs . Contents ( hide ) 1 NCAA Division II football programs 2 Future Division II football programs 3 See also 4 References 5 External links NCAA Division II football programs ( edit ) Reclassifying institution in yellow . School Nickname City State / Province Conference Stadium Cap . Note Adams State University Grizzlies Alamosa Colorado RMAC Rex Stadium 6,000 Albany State University Golden Rams Albany Georgia SIAC Albany State University Coliseum 11,000 Alderson Broaddus University Battlers Philippi West Virginia G - MAC Multi-Sport Performance Stadium 2,000 American International College Yellow Jackets Springfield Massachusetts NE - 10 Ronald J. Abdow Field 4,000 Angelo State University Rams San Angelo Texas LSC LeGrand Stadium at 1st Community Credit Union Field 5,670 Arkansas Tech University Wonder Boys Russellville Arkansas GAC Thone Stadium at Buerkle Field 6,500 Arkansas -- Monticello ! University of Arkansas at Monticello Boll Weevils Monticello Arkansas GAC Willis Convoy Leslie Cotton Boll Stadium 5,000 Ashland University Eagles Ashland Ohio GLIAC Jack Miller Stadium 6,000 Assumption College Greyhounds Worcester Massachusetts NE - 10 Greyhound Stadium 1,200 Augustana University Vikings Sioux Falls South Dakota NSIC Kirkeby -- Over Stadium 6,500 Azusa Pacific University Cougars Azusa California GNAC Citrus Stadium 10,000 Bemidji State University Beavers Bemidji Minnesota NSIC Chet Anderson Stadium 4,000 Benedict College Tigers Columbia South Carolina SIAC Charlie W. Johnson Stadium 11,000 Bentley University Falcons Waltham Massachusetts NE - 10 Bentley Athletic Field 3,100 Black Hills State University Yellow Jackets Spearfish South Dakota RMAC Lyle Hare Stadium 4,200 Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania Huskies Bloomsburg Pennsylvania PSAC Robert B. Redman Stadium 4,775 Bowie State University Bulldogs Bowie Maryland CIAA Bulldog Stadium 2,964 California University of Pennsylvania Vulcans California Pennsylvania PSAC Hepner -- Bailey Field at Adamson Stadium 6,500 Carson -- Newman University Eagles Jefferson City Tennessee SAC Burke -- Tarr Stadium 5,500 Catawba College Indians Salisbury North Carolina SAC Shuford Stadium 4,500 Central Missouri ! University of Central Missouri Mules Warrensburg Missouri MIAA Audrey J. Walton Stadium 10,000 Central Oklahoma ! University of Central Oklahoma Bronchos Edmond Oklahoma MIAA Wantland Stadium 10,000 Central State University Marauders Wilberforce Ohio SIAC McPherson Stadium 7,000 Central Washington University Wildcats Ellensburg Washington GNAC Tomlinson Stadium 4,000 Chadron State College Eagles Chadron Nebraska RMAC Elliot Field 3,800 Charleston ! University of Charleston Golden Eagles Charleston West Virginia MEC University of Charleston Stadium 22,500 Cheyney University of Pennsylvania Wolves Cheyney Pennsylvania PSAC O'Shields - Stevenson Stadium 5,000 Chowan University Hawks Murfreesboro North Carolina CIAA Garrison Stadium 5,000 Clarion University of Pennsylvania Golden Eagles Clarion Pennsylvania PSAC Memorial Field 5,000 Clark Atlanta University Panthers Atlanta Georgia SIAC Panther Stadium 6,000 Colorado Mesa University Mavericks Grand Junction Colorado RMAC Stocker Stadium 8,000 Colorado School of Mines Orediggers Golden Colorado RMAC Harry D. Campbell Field 4,000 Colorado State University -- Pueblo ThunderWolves Pueblo Colorado RMAC Neta and Eddie DeRose ThunderBowl 6,500 Concord University Mountain Lions Athens West Virginia MEC Callaghan Stadium 5,000 Concordia University -- St. Paul Golden Bears Saint Paul ! St. Paul Minnesota NSIC Sea Foam Stadium 3,500 Davenport University Panthers Grand Rapids Michigan GLIAC Meyering Field 2,300 Delta State University Statesmen Cleveland Mississippi Gulf South Parker Field at McCool Stadium 8,000 Dixie State University Trailblazers Saint George ! St. George Utah RMAC Hansen Stadium 10,000 East Central University Tigers Ada Oklahoma GAC Norris Field 5,000 East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania Warriors East Stroudsburg Pennsylvania PSAC Eiler - Martin Stadium 6,000 Eastern New Mexico University Greyhounds Portales New Mexico LSC Greyhound Stadium 5,200 Edinboro University of Pennsylvania Fighting Scots Edinboro Pennsylvania PSAC Sox Harrison Stadium 6,000 Elizabeth City State University Vikings Elizabeth City North Carolina CIAA Roebuck Stadium 6,500 Emporia State University Hornets Emporia Kansas MIAA Francis G. Welch Stadium 7,000 Fairmont State University Falcons Fairmont West Virginia MEC Duvall - Rosier Field 5,000 Fayetteville State University Broncos Fayetteville North Carolina CIAA Luther `` Nick '' Jeralds Stadium 5,520 Ferris State University Bulldogs Big Rapids Michigan GLIAC Top Taggart Field 6,200 Findlay ! University of Findlay Oilers Findlay Ohio G - MAC Donnell Stadium 7,500 Florida Tech ! Florida Institute of Technology Panthers Melbourne Florida Gulf South Florida Tech Panther Stadium 4,980 Fort Hays State University Tigers Hays Kansas MIAA Lewis Field Stadium 6,100 Fort Lewis College Skyhawks Durango Colorado RMAC Ray Dennison Memorial Field 4,000 Fort Valley State University Wildcats Fort Valley Georgia SIAC Wildcat Stadium 10,000 Gannon University Golden Knights Erie Pennsylvania PSAC Gannon Field 2,500 Glenville State College Pioneers Glenville West Virginia MEC Morris Stadium 5,500 Grand Valley State University Lakers Allendale Michigan GLIAC Lubbers Stadium 10,700 Harding University Bisons Searcy Arkansas GAC First Security Stadium 6,500 Henderson State University Reddies Arkadelphia Arkansas GAC Carpenter - Haygood Stadium at Ruggles Field 9,600 Hillsdale College Chargers Hillsdale Michigan G - MAC Frank `` Muddy '' Waters Stadium 8,500 Humboldt State University Lumberjacks Arcata California GNAC Redwood Bowl 7,000 Indiana University of Pennsylvania Crimson Hawks Indiana Pennsylvania PSAC Frank Cignetti Field at George P. Miller Stadium 6,000 Indianapolis ! University of Indianapolis Greyhounds Indianapolis Indiana GLVC Key Stadium 5,500 Johnson C. Smith University Golden Bulls Charlotte North Carolina CIAA Irwin Belk Complex 4,500 Kentucky State University Thorobreds Frankfort Kentucky SIAC Alumni Field 5,000 Kentucky Wesleyan College Panthers Owensboro Kentucky G - MAC Steele Stadium 3,000 Kutztown University of Pennsylvania Golden Bears Kutztown Pennsylvania PSAC University Field at Andre Reed Stadium 5,600 Lake Erie College Storm Painesville Ohio G - MAC Jack Britt Memorial Stadium 2,500 Lane College Dragons Jackson Tennessee SIAC Rothrock Stadium 3,500 Lenoir -- Rhyne University Bears Hickory North Carolina SAC Moretz Stadium 8,500 Limestone College Saints Gaffney South Carolina SAC The Reservation 8,250 Lincoln University ( MO ) Blue Tigers Jefferson City Missouri GLVC Dwight T. Reed Stadium 3,000 Lincoln University ( PA ) Lions Lower Oxford Pennsylvania CIAA Lincoln Stadium 2,600 Lindenwood University Lions Saint Charles ! St. Charles Missouri MIAA Harlen C. Hunter Stadium 7,450 Livingstone College Blue Bears Salisbury North Carolina CIAA Alumni Memorial Stadium 5,500 Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania Bald Eagles Lock Haven Pennsylvania PSAC Hubert Jack Stadium 3,500 Long Island University -- Post Pioneers Brookville New York NE - 10 Hickox Field 5,000 Malone University Pioneers Canton Ohio G - MAC Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium 23,000 Mars Hill University Lions Mars Hill North Carolina SAC Meares Stadium 5,000 Mary ! University of Mary Marauders Bismarck North Dakota NSIC Bismarck Community Bowl 7,000 McKendree University Bearcats Lebanon Illinois GLVC Leemon Stadium 2,000 Mercyhurst University Lakers Erie Pennsylvania PSAC Louis J. Tullio Field 2,300 Merrimack College Warriors North Andover Massachusetts NE - 10 Martone - Mejail Field 3,000 Michigan Technological University Huskies Houghton Michigan GLIAC Sherman Field 3,000 Midwestern State University Mustangs Wichita Falls Texas LSC Memorial Stadium 14,500 Miles College Golden Bears Fairfield Alabama SIAC Albert J. Sloan -- Alumni Stadium 8,500 Millersville University of Pennsylvania Marauders Millersville Pennsylvania PSAC Biemesderfer Stadium 6,500 Minnesota State University Mankato ! Minnesota State University , Mankato Mavericks Mankato Minnesota NSIC Blakeslee Stadium 7,500 Minnesota State University Moorhead Dragons Moorhead Minnesota NSIC Alex Nemzek Stadium 5,000 Minnesota - Crookston ! University of Minnesota Crookston Eagles Crookston Minnesota NSIC Ed Widseth Field 2,000 Minnesota - Duluth ! University of Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs Duluth Minnesota NSIC Griggs Field at James S. Malosky Stadium 4,000 Minot State University Beavers Minot North Dakota NSIC Herb Parker Stadium 4,500 Mississippi College Choctaws Clinton Mississippi Gulf South Robinson - Hale Stadium 8,500 Missouri S&T ! Missouri University of Science and Technology Miners Rolla Missouri GLVC Allgood - Bailey Stadium 8,000 Missouri Southern State University Lions Joplin Missouri MIAA Fred G. Hughes Stadium 7,000 Missouri Western State University Griffons Saint Joseph ! St. Joseph Missouri MIAA Spratt Stadium 7,500 Morehouse College Maroon Tigers Atlanta Georgia SIAC B.T. Harvey Stadium 9,850 Nebraska -- Kearney ! University of Nebraska at Kearney Lopers Kearney Nebraska MIAA Ron & Carol Cope Stadium 6,000 New Haven ! University of New Haven Chargers West Haven Connecticut NE - 10 Ralph F. DellaCamera Stadium 3,500 New Mexico Highlands University Cowboys Las Vegas New Mexico RMAC Perkins Stadium 5,000 Newberry College Wolves Newberry South Carolina SAC Setzler Field 4,000 North Alabama ! University of North Alabama Lions Florence Alabama Gulf South Braly Municipal Stadium 14,215 North Carolina -- Pembroke ! University of North Carolina at Pembroke Braves Pembroke North Carolina Independent Grace P. Johnson Stadium 2,500 North Greenville University Crusaders Tigerville South Carolina Independent Younts Stadium 5,000 Northeastern State University RiverHawks Tahlequah Oklahoma MIAA Doc Wadley Stadium 8,300 Northern Michigan University Wildcats Marquette Michigan GLIAC Superior Dome 8,000 Northern State University Wolves Aberdeen South Dakota NSIC Swisher Field 6,000 Northwest Missouri State University Bearcats Maryville Missouri MIAA Bearcat Stadium 6,500 Northwestern Oklahoma State University Rangers Alva Oklahoma GAC Ranger Field 6,000 Northwood University Timberwolves Midland Michigan GLIAC Hantz Stadium 3,000 Notre Dame College Falcons South Euclid Ohio MEC Korb Field 3,000 Ohio Dominican University Panthers Columbus Ohio G - MAC Panther Field 1,750 Oklahoma Baptist University Bison Shawnee Oklahoma GAC Crain Family Stadium 2,500 Ouachita Baptist University Tigers Arkadelphia Arkansas GAC Cliff Harris Stadium 5,225 Pace University Setters Pleasantville New York NE - 10 Pace Field 1,500 Pittsburg State University Gorillas Pittsburg Kansas MIAA Carnie Smith Stadium 8,344 Quincy University Hawks Quincy Illinois GLVC Flinn Stadium 4,000 Saginaw Valley State University Cardinals University Center Michigan GLIAC Wickes Memorial Stadium 6,300 Saint Anselm College Hawks Goffstown New Hampshire NE - 10 Grappone Stadium 4,500 Saint Augustine 's University Falcons Raleigh North Carolina CIAA George Williams Athletic Complex 2,500 Saint Cloud ! St. Cloud State University Huskies Saint Cloud ! St. Cloud Minnesota NSIC Husky Stadium 4,198 Seton Hill University Griffins Greensburg Pennsylvania PSAC Offutt Field 5,000 Shaw University Bears Raleigh North Carolina CIAA Durham County Stadium 8,500 Shepherd University Rams Shepherdstown West Virginia MEC Ram Stadium 5,000 Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania Red Raiders Shippensburg Pennsylvania PSAC Seth Grove Stadium 7,700 Shorter University Hawks Rome Georgia Gulf South Barron Stadium 6,500 Simon Fraser University Clan Burnaby British Columbia GNAC Swangard Stadium 4,200 Sioux Falls ! University of Sioux Falls Cougars Sioux Falls South Dakota NSIC Bob Young Field 5,400 Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania Slippery Rock Football Slippery Rock Pennsylvania PSAC N. Kerr Thompson Stadium 10,000 South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Hardrockers Rapid City South Dakota RMAC Dunham Field at O'Harra Stadium 4,000 Southeastern Oklahoma State University Savage Storm Durant Oklahoma GAC Paul Laird Field 9,000 Southern Arkansas University Muleriders Magnolia Arkansas GAC Wilkins Stadium 6,000 Southern Connecticut State University Fighting Owls New Haven Connecticut NE - 10 Jess Dow Field 6,000 Southern Nazarene University Crimson Storm Bethany Oklahoma GAC SNU Stadium 2,500 Southwest Baptist University Bearcats Bolivar Missouri GLVC Plaster Stadium 2,500 Southwest Minnesota State University Mustangs Marshall Minnesota NSIC Mattke Field at the Regional Events Center 3,500 Southwestern Oklahoma State University Bulldogs Weatherford Oklahoma GAC ASAP Energy Field at Milam Stadium 8,600 Stonehill College Skyhawks Easton Massachusetts NE - 10 W.B. Mason Stadium 2,400 Tarleton State University Texans Stephenville Texas LSC Memorial Stadium 7,000 Texas A&M University -- Commerce Lions Commerce Texas LSC Memorial Stadium 13,500 Texas A&M University -- Kingsville Javelinas Kingsville Texas LSC Javelina Stadium 15,000 Texas - Permian Basin ! University of Texas of the Permian Basin Falcons Odessa Texas LSC Ratliff Stadium 19,302 Tiffin University Dragons Tiffin Ohio GLIAC Frost - Kalnow Stadium 4,500 Truman State University Bulldogs Kirksville Missouri GLVC Stokes Stadium 4,000 Tusculum College Pioneers Tusculum Tennessee SAC Pioneer Field 3,500 Tuskegee University Golden Tigers Tuskegee Alabama SIAC Abbott Memorial Alumni Stadium 10,000 Upper Iowa University Peacocks Fayette Iowa NSIC Eischeid Stadium 3,500 Urbana University Blue Knights Urbana Ohio MEC Urbana University Stadium 3,000 Valdosta State University Blazers Valdosta Georgia Gulf South Bazemore -- Hyder Stadium 11,500 Virginia State University Trojans Ettrick Virginia CIAA Rogers Stadium 7,909 Virginia Union University Panthers Richmond Virginia CIAA Hovey Field 10,000 Virginia -- Wise ! University of Virginia 's College at Wise Highland Cavaliers Wise Virginia MEC Carl Smith Stadium 3,100 Walsh University Cavaliers Canton Ohio G - MAC Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium 23,000 Washburn University Ichabods Topeka Kansas MIAA Yager Stadium at Moore Bowl 7,250 Wayne State ! Wayne State University Warriors Detroit Michigan GLIAC Tom Adams Field 6,000 Wayne State College Wildcats Wayne Nebraska NSIC Memorial Stadium 3,500 West Alabama ! University of West Alabama Tigers Livingston Alabama Gulf South Tiger Stadium 7,000 West Chester University Golden Rams West Chester Pennsylvania PSAC John A. Farrell Stadium 7,500 West Florida ! University of West Florida Argonauts Pensacola Florida Gulf South Blue Wahoos Stadium 5,083 West Georgia ! University of West Georgia Wolves Carrollton Georgia Gulf South University Stadium 9,000 West Liberty University Hilltoppers West Liberty West Virginia MEC West Family Stadium 3,200 West Texas A&M University Buffaloes Canyon Texas LSC Kimbrough Memorial Stadium 20,000 West Virginia State University Yellow Jackets Institute West Virginia MEC Lakin Field 5,000 West Virginia Wesleyan College Bobcats Buckhannon West Virginia MEC Cebe Ross Field 3,000 Western New Mexico University Mustangs Silver City New Mexico LSC Ben Altamirano Memorial Stadium 3,000 Western Oregon University Wolves Monmouth Oregon GNAC McArthur Field 2,500 Western State Colorado University Mountaineers Gunnison Colorado RMAC Mountaineer Bowl 4,000 William Jewell College Cardinals Liberty Missouri GLVC Greene Stadium 7,000 Wingate University Bulldogs Wingate North Carolina SAC Irwin Belk Stadium 3,000 Winona State University Warriors Winona Minnesota NSIC Maxwell Field at Warrior Stadium 3,500 Winston -- Salem State University Rams Winston -- Salem North Carolina CIAA Bowman Gray Stadium 22,000 Jump up ^ Azusa Pacific -- GNAC Affiliate Member / Primary : Pacific West Conference . Jump up ^ Dixie State -- RMAC Affiliate Member / Primary : Pacific West Conference ( Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference in 2018 ) . Jump up ^ Florida Tech -- GSC Affiliate Member / Primary : Sunshine State Conference . Jump up ^ Humboldt State -- GNAC Affiliate Member / Primary : California Collegiate Athletic Association . Jump up ^ Limestone College -- SAC Affiliate Member / Primary : Conference Carolinas . Jump up ^ Lincoln ( MO ) -- GLVC Affiliate Member / Primary : Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association . Jump up ^ Long Island -- Post -- NE - 10 Affiliate Member / Primary : East Coast Conference . Jump up ^ North Alabama -- Will transition to NCAA Division I in 2018 . Jump up ^ North Carolina -- Pembroke -- Independent / Primary : Peach Belt Conference . Jump up ^ North Greenville -- Independent / Primary : Conference Carolinas . Will become a Gulf South Conference Affiliate Member in 2018 . Jump up ^ Southwest Baptist -- GLVC Affiliate Member / Primary : Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association . Jump up ^ Tiffin -- Will join the Great Midwest Athletic Conference in 2018 . Future Division II football programs ( edit ) School Nickname City State / Province Future Conference Stadium Cap . Note Begins Play Wheeling Jesuit University Cardinals Wheeling West Virginia MEC 2019 Savannah State University Tigers Savannah Georgia Theodore A. Wright Stadium 8,500 unknown See also ( edit ) List of NCAA Division II institutions List of NCAA Division II lacrosse programs List of NCAA Division II men 's soccer programs List of NCAA Division II wrestling programs List of NCAA Division I FBS football programs List of NCAA Division I FCS football programs List of NCAA Division III football programs List of NAIA football programs List of community college football programs List of NCAA Institutions with club football teams List of defunct college football teams Collegiate Sprint Football League References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dixie State Athletics Officially Joins the RMAC As Conference 's 16th Member '' . Dixie State Athletics . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Alabama To Join Big South Football in 2019 '' . Big South Conference . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GSC adds North Greenville as football member '' . The Gulf South Conference . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tiffin joins Great Midwest Athletic Conference '' . Tiffin University . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeling Jesuit University to Launch Football Program '' . Wheeling Jesuit University . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) NCAA Division II Football Sponsorship NCAA Division II Football Home ( hide ) NCAA Division II football conferences Super Region 1 Great Midwest Athletic Conference Mountain East Conference Northeast - 10 Conference Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference Super Region 2 Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association Gulf South Conference South Atlantic Conference Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Independent -- University of North Carolina at Pembroke North Greenville University Super Region 3 Great American Conference Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Great Lakes Valley Conference Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association Super Region 4 Great Northwest Athletic Conference Lone Star Conference Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Division II Independents NCAA Conferences Institutions Football ( Championship ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NCAA_Division_II_football_programs&oldid=797013996 '' Categories : NCAA Division II NCAA Division II football teams Lists of college football teams NCAA lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 12 : 25 . About Wikipedia
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how many teams are in division 2 football
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"This is a list of the schools in Division II of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in the United States and Canada that have football as a varsity sport. In the 2017 season, there are a total of 169 Division II football programs."
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List of proxy wars
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List of proxy Wars - wikipedia List of proxy Wars This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on War History Prehistoric Ancient Post-classical Early Modern Late Modern Industrial Fourth - Gen Battlespace Air Cyber Information Land Mountain Sea Space Weapons Armor Artillery Biological Cavalry Chemical Conventional Cyber Electronic Infantry Nuclear Psychological Unconventional Tactics Aerial Battle Cavalry Charge Counterattack Counter-insurgency Cover Foxhole Guerrilla warfare Morale Siege Swarming Tactical objective Target saturation Trench warfare Operational Blitzkrieg Deep operation Maneuver warfare Operational manoeuvre group Strategy Attrition Counter-offensive Deception Defensive Goal Naval Offensive Grand strategy Containment Economic warfare Limited war Military science Philosophy of war Strategic studies Total war Organization Command and control Doctrine Engineers Intelligence Ranks Technology and equipment Personnel Military recruitment Conscription Recruit training Military specialism Women in the military Children in the military Transgender people and military service Sexual harassment in the military Conscientious objection Counter recruitment Logistics Arms industry Materiel Supply chain management Related Asymmetric warfare Broken - Backed War Theory Court - martial Cold war Deterrence theory Horses in warfare Irregular warfare Law of war Mercenary Military campaign Military operation Network - centric warfare Operations research Principles of war Proxy war Religious war Theater Tripwire force War crime War film War game War novel Wartime sexual violence Women in war World war Colonial war Lists Battles Military occupations Military tactics Operations Sieges War crimes Wars Weapons Writers This is a list of proxy wars . Major powers have been highlighted in bold . A proxy war is a war where two opposing countries support combatants that serve their interests instead of waging war directly . In some cases , only one country is waging war by proxy , while the other is a direct combatant . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Contents 1 Pre-World War I proxy wars 2 Inter-war period proxy wars 3 Cold War proxy wars 4 Modern and ongoing proxy wars 5 Notes 6 References Pre-World War I proxy wars ( edit ) War Date Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result Egyptian -- Ottoman War 1839 - 1841 Egypt - aligned powers : Egypt Kingdom of the French Spain Allied powers : British Empire Austrian Empire Russian Empire Kingdom of Prussia Ottoman Empire Compromise Uruguayan Civil War 1839 - 1851 Colorados Unitarian Party Empire of Brazil Italian Legion France Great Britain Blancos Argentine Confederation Colorado victory Mahdist War 1881 - 1899 British Empire Canada Khedivate of Egypt Belgium Congo Free State Ethiopian Empire Italy Supported by : Emirate of Jabal Shammar Mahdist Sudan Supported by : Ottoman Empire Russian Empire France British - Egyptian - Italian victory First Samoan Civil War 1886 - 1894 Tamasese German Empire Mata'afans Supported by : United States Stalemate Second Samoan Civil War 1898 - 1899 Mata'afans German Empire Samoa United Kingdom United States Stalemate Venezuelan crisis of 1902 -- 03 1902 -- 1903 United Kingdom German Empire Italy Supported by : Spain Mexico Belgium Netherlands Venezuela Supported by : Argentina United States of America Compromise Somaliland Campaign 1910 - 1920 Dervish State Supported by : Ottoman Empire German Empire Ethiopian Empire ( 1913 - 1916 ) British Empire Ethiopian Empire Supported by : Italian Empire Sultanate of Hobyo Collapse of the Dervish State Inter-war period proxy wars ( edit ) War Years Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result Finnish Civil War 1918 Finland White Guard Supported by : Germany Red Guards Supported by : Russian SFSR Combatant 1 Won Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 1918 -- 1920 Czechoslovakia Kingdom of Romania Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes First Czechoslovak Republic France Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Italy Hungarian Democratic Republic Hungarian Republic of Councils Slovak Soviet Republic Supported by : Russian SFSR Combatant 1 Won Turkish War of Independence 1919 -- 1923 Greece France Armenia United Kingdom Istanbul Government Italy Georgia Ankara Government Supported by : Russian SFSR Italy ( alleged ) Azerbaijan SSR Combatant 2 Won Chinese Civil War 1929 -- 1937 , 1945 -- 1949 KMT NRA Supported by : Germany CPC PLA Supported by : Soviet Union Combatant 2 Won Chaco War 1932 -- 1935 Bolivia Supported by : Standard Oil ( alleged ) Paraguay Supported by : Argentina Royal Dutch Shell ( alleged ) Combatant 2 Won Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 1939 Nationalists Supported by : Nazi Germany Italy Portugal Republicans Supported by : Soviet Union French Third Republic International Brigades Mexico Combatant 1 Won Cold War proxy Wars ( edit ) Wars Years Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Chinese Civil War 1944 - 1949 CPC PLA Supported by : Soviet Union KMT NRA Supported by : United States Combatant 1 Won Greek Civil War 1944 - 1949 Greek communists ( Democratic Army of Greece , National Liberation Front , Greek People 's Liberation Army , Communist Party of Greece ) Supported by : Albania Bulgaria Yugoslavia Greece Supported by : United Kingdom United States Combatant 2 Won Iran crisis of 1946 1945 -- 1946 Azerbaijan People 's Republic Republic of Mahabad Supported by : Soviet Union Imperial State of Iran Supported by : United States Combatant 2 Won First Indochina War 1946 -- 1954 Khmer Issarak Pathet Lao Viet Minh Supported by : China Soviet Union Polish People 's Republic East Germany France State of Vietnam ( 1949 -- 1954 ) Cambodia ( 1953 -- 1954 ) Laos ( 1953 -- 1954 ) Supported by : United States Combatant 1 Won Paraguayan Civil War 1947 Liberal Party Febrerista Revolutionary Concentration Paraguayan Communist Party Supported by : Soviet Union Paraguayan Government Military of Paraguay Colorado Party Supported by : United States Argentina Combatant 2 Won Malayan Emergency 1948 -- 1960 Communist forces : Malayan Communist Party Malayan National Liberation Army Supported by : Soviet Union People Republic of China Indonesia Viet Minh ( - 1954 ) North Vietnam ( 1954 - ) Anti-communist forces : Commonwealth of Nations United Kingdom Federation of Malaya Southern Rhodesia ( until 1953 ) Rhodesia and Nyasaland ( after 1953 ) Fiji Australia New Zealand Supported by : United States Thailand ( Thai - Malay border ) Combatant 2 Won Internal conflict in Myanmar 1948 -- present Burma Tatmadaw Myanmar Police Force Supported by : Israel Libya India Rwanda Malawi China Russia Opposition forces ABSDF Arakan Army DKBA - 5 KNU KNLA KIO KIA MNDAA NDAA SSAN SSAS TNLA UWSP UWSA ... and others Supported by : United States Thailand China ( 1968 -- 1988 ) Pakistan Vietnam Philippines Republic of China ( 1950 -- 1961 ) Ongoing Balochistan conflict 1948 -- present Baloch separatist groups BLA BRA BLF UBA LeB BLUF BSO ( Azad ) Supported by : India Soviet Union ( until 1988 ) Democratic Republic of Afghanistan ( until 1990 ) Iraq ( 1970s ) Israel Sectarian groups Jundallah Jaish ul - Adl Jundallah ( Pakistan ) al - Qaeda Lashkar - e-Jhangvi Sipah - e-Sahaba Pakistan Pakistan Army Inter-Services Intelligence Military Intelligence of Pakistan Frontier Corps Iran Imperial Army ( until 1979 ) IRGC ( since 1980 ) Ongoing Arab -- Israeli conflict 1948 -- present Palestine PLO Hamas Fatah Supported by : Egypt ( 1948 -- 78 ) Iraq Syria Italy ( 1956 ) Germany ( 1956 ) Cuba Algeria Bangladesh Soviet Union Lebanon Israel Supported by : USA United Kingdom France Ongoing Korean War 1950 - 1953 North Korea China Supported by : Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Poland Romania Soviet Union Mongolia South Korea United Nations United States Supported by : Australia Belgium Bolivia Canada Colombia Commonwealth of Nations Cuba Denmark Ethiopia France Greece India ( Medical support ) Israel Italy Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Turkey United Kingdom Stalemate Mau Mau Uprising 1952 -- 1960 Mau Mau rebels Supported by : Soviet Union United Kingdom British Kenya Supported by : USA Combatant 2 Won Second Indochina War 1953 - 1975 North Vietnam Viet Cong Pathet Lao National United Front of Kampuchea : Khmer Rouge Khmer Rumdo Khmer Việt Minh Khmer Issarak China Supported by : Albania Bulgaria Burma Cuba Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary India Mongolia North Korea Poland Romania South Yemen Soviet Union Yugoslavia Sweden South Vietnam United States Laos Kingdom of Cambodia ( 1967 -- 1970 ) Khmer Republic ( 1970 -- 1975 ) Supported by : Argentina Australia Belgium Brazil Canada Costa Rica Denmark Ecuador France Greece Guatemala Honduras Iran Italy Japan Liberia Luxembourg Malaysia Morocco Norway Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan Philippines South Africa South Korea Spain Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Tunisia Turkey United Kingdom Uruguay Venezuela West Germany Combatant 1 Won First Taiwan Strait Crisis 1954 -- 1955 People 's Republic of China Supported by : Soviet Union Republic of China United States Stalemate Algerian War 1954 -- 1962 FLN ( ALN ) MNA PCA Supported by : Soviet Union France Supported by : United States Combatant 1 Won a political victory Combatant 2 Won a military victory First Sudanese Civil War 1955 -- 1972 United Kingdom ( 1955 - 1956 ) Egypt ( 1955 - 1956 ) Anglo - Egyptian Sudan ( 1955 - 1956 ) Republic of the Sudan ( 1956 - 1969 ) Democratic Republic of the Sudan ( 1969 - 1972 ) Supported by : Soviet Union Southern Sudan Liberation Movement Azania Liberation Front ( 1965 - 1970 ) Anyanya ( 1969 - 1972 ) Equatorial Corps ( 1955 - 1963 ) Supported by : Ethiopia Uganda Israel Stalemate Suez Crisis 1956 -- 1957 Egypt Palestinian fedayeen Supported by : Soviet Union West Germany Italy France Israel United Kingdom Territory unchanged . French and UK power in area weakened Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1958 People 's Republic of China Supported by : Soviet Union Republic of China United States Stalemate 1958 Lebanon crisis 1958 Lebanese Opposition : INM LCP PSP Supported by : Soviet Union Egypt Lebanese Government United States Combatant 2 Wins 1959 Tibetan uprising 1959 -- 1962 People 's Republic of China Tibet Chushi Gangdruk Supported by : Soviet Union United States Republic of India Kingdom of Nepal United Nations Taiwan Combatant 1 Won Central American crisis 1960 -- 1996 EGP FAR ORPA PGT URNG FSLN EPS FMLN ( CRM ) Nicaragua ( 1979 -- 90 ) Supported by Soviet Union Cuba Mexico Libya Romania ( before 1989 ) Greece Sweden Costa Rica Bulgaria China Guatemala ESA White Hand and other paramilitary groups Somoza government National Guard Contras ( 1981 -- 90 ) Salvadoran military government Supported by United States Saudi Arabia Honduras Chile Argentina Panama Israel Taiwan Combatant 1 Won Congo Crisis 1960 -- 1965 1960 -- 62 : Stanleyville government 1964 -- 65 : Simba and Kwilu rebels Supported by : Soviet Union China Cuba Egypt FLN Algeria Republic of the Congo Tanzania Burundi 1960 -- 63 : Katanga South Kasai 1964 -- 65 : Democratic Republic of the Congo Supported by : United States Belgium France Rhodesia and Nyasaland South Africa Combatant 2 Won Portuguese Colonial War 1960 - 1974 Portugal Supported by : South Africa Rhodesia Malawi Spain FLEC FNLA FRELIMO MPLA PAIGC UNITA Supported by : China Cuba France Soviet Union United States Zaire Algeria Tanzania Zambia Tunisia Senegal Guinea Congo - Brazzaville Libya Yugoslavia Bulgaria Liberia Egypt India Brazil Combatant 2 Won Xinjiang conflict 1960s -- present ETPRP ( 1969 -- 1989 ) URFET ( 1969 -- 1989 ) Supported by : Soviet Union ( 1969 -- 1989 ) Mongolian People 's Republic ( 1960 -- 1989 ) People 's Republic of China Ongoing First Iraqi -- Kurdish War 1961 -- 1970 Republic of Iraq Ba'athist Iraq Supported by : Syria KDP Supported by : Pahlavi Iran Israel Stalemate Eritrean War of Independence 1961 -- 1974 ELF Supported by : Libya ( until 1977 ) Cuba ( until 1974 ) Syria Iraq Tunisia Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan Ethiopian Empire ( until 1974 ) Supported by : United States ( until 1974 ) Israel ( until 1974 ) Stalemate 1974 -- 1991 Derg ( 1974 -- 1987 ) PDRE ( 1987 -- 1991 ) Supported by : Cuba ( 1974 -- 1989 ) Soviet Union ( 1974 -- 1990 ) South Yemen EPLF TPLF Supported by : China Sudan Libya ( 1977 -- 1991 ) United States ( May 1991 ) Somalia Syria Combatant 2 Won North Yemen Civil War 1962 -- 1970 Yemen Arab Republic Egypt Supported by : Soviet Union Kingdom of Yemen Saudi Arabia Supported by : Jordan United Kingdom United States Combatant 1 Won Dhofar Rebellion 1962 -- 1976 DLF ( 1962 -- 1968 ) PFLOAG ( 1968 -- 1974 ) NDFLOAG ( 1969 -- 1971 ) PFLO ( 1974 -- 1976 ) Supported by : China Soviet Union South Yemen East Germany Oman Supported by : Iran Abu Dhabi Saudi Arabia United Kingdom Jordan Egypt Pakistan UAE United States Combatant 2 Won Sarawak Communist Insurgency 1962 -- 1990 Communist forces : North Kalimantan Communist Party Sarawak People 's Guerilla Force ( SPGF ) North Kalimantan People 's Army ( NKPA ) Indonesia ( 1962 -- 65 ) ( troops aid ) Other support : Brunei People 's Party North Kalimantan National Army ( NKNA ) Supported by : China Soviet Union Anti-communist forces : United Kingdom Sarawak ( until 1963 ) Malaysia Sarawak ( after 1963 ) Supported by : Australia Brunei New Zealand United States Indonesia ( after 1965 ) ( Indo - Malay border ) Stalemate Sand War 1963 Algeria Supported by : Egypt Cuba Soviet Union Morocco Supported by : USA France Stalemate Aden Emergency 1963 -- 1967 NLF FLOSY Supported by Egypt Yemen Arab Republic Soviet Union United Kingdom Federation of South Arabia Supported by United States Combatant 1 Won Insurgency in Northeast India 1963 -- present ACF Achik NLA AMLF ANLCA Adivasi NLA ANVC APA APLA ATBR ATBSF ATF ATPLO ATTF AYLF BCF BDFM BKI BMS BMS BNCT BNLF CKRF DHD ( until 2013 ) DHDA DJNA GNLA GTF HALC HNLC HPCD HULA HuM INF IRF KCP KDF KIA KIF KKK KLA KLNLF KLO KNF KNLA KPLT KRA KYKL LAEF MNPF MULTA NDFB NLFB NLFT NSCN - IM PLA PLF - M PRA PREPAK RJC RNHPF RNSF SDFT SPLA STF TATCF TLOF TMP TNA TNDTF TRRB TTACF TTSF UALA UANF UDKLF UILA UIRA UKDA UKLF ULFA UNLF UPLF ZPC ZRA ZRF ZRV ZUF Supported by : Arab League India Bhutan Bangladesh Burma Supported by : United States Soviet Union Iran Ongoing Rhodesian Bush War 1964 -- 1979 ZANLA ( ZANU ) FRELIMO ( until 25 June 1975 ) Mozambique ( from 25 June 1975 ) Supported by : China Libya Tanzania Brazil ZIPRA ( ZAPU ) MK ( ANC ) Supported by : Soviet Union Zambia Cuba East Germany FROLIZI Rhodesia ( until 1 June 1979 ) Zimbabwe Rhodesia ( from 1 June 1979 ) Supported by : South Africa Portugal ( until 1974 ) Stalemate Dominican Civil War 1965 Constitutionalists Dominican Revolutionary Party Supported by : Soviet Union Cuba Dominican Republic United States Inter-American Peace Force Brazil Paraguay Nicaragua Costa Rica El Salvador Honduras Combatant 2 Won Chadian Civil War 1965 -- 1979 FROLINAT GUNT Libya Supported by : Soviet Union Chad France Supported by : United States Combatant 1 Won Communist insurgency in Thailand 1965 -- 1983 Communist Party of Thailand Thai United Patriotic Front Supported by : North Vietnam ( until 1976 ) Vietnam ( from 1976 ) China ( from 1971 ) Pathet Lao North Korea Khmer Rouge ( until 1978 ) Soviet Union Thailand Royal Thai Armed Forces Royal Thai Police Thai Paramilitaries Taiwan ( until July 1967 ) Kuomintang 49th Division Chinese Irregular Force ( CIF ) Supported by : Malaysia United States Combatant 2 Won Bolivian Campaign 1966 -- 1967 Ejército de Liberación Nacional Cuba Supported by : Soviet Union Bolivia United States CIA Combatant 2 Won Korean DMZ Conflict ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 -- 1969 North Korea Supported by : Soviet Union China South Korea United States Combatant 2 Won South African Border War 1966 -- 1990 African nationalist forces : PLAN ( SWAPO ) SWANU Supported by : Cuba MPLA Soviet Union China Yugoslavia Bulgaria Tanzania Zambia Libya Kenya Algeria Guyana Brazil Anti-communist forces : South Africa South - West Africa Supported by : UNITA United States United Kingdom Portugal ( until 1975 ) Stalemate Nigerian Civil War 1967 -- 1970 Nigeria Supported by : United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Canada Sudan Chad Niger Syria Saudi Arabia Algeria Bulgaria Biafra Supported by : South Africa Portugal France Spain Tanzania Gabon Ivory Coast Zambia Rhodesia Haiti Combatant 1 Won Naxalite -- Maoist insurgency 1967 -- present Naxalites : Communist Party of India ( Maoist ) People 's Liberation Guerrilla Army Communist Party of India ( Marxist -- Leninist ) Janashakti Communist Party of India ( Marxist -- Leninist ) Naxalbari Communist Party of United States of India Communist Party of India ( Marxist -- Leninist ) New Democracy Communist Party of India ( Marxist -- Leninist ) ( Mahadev Mukherjee ) People 's Liberation Army of Manipur Tamil Nadu Liberation Army Purbo Banglar Communist Party Supported by : China Pakistan Mongolia Indonesia Afghanistan Algeria Bahrain Chad Comoros Djibouti Egypt Federation of Arab Republics ( 1972 - 1977 ) Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco North Yemen ( 1967 - 1990 ) Oman Qatar Palestine Saudi Arabia Somalia South Yemen ( 1967 - 1990 ) Sudan Syria Tunisia United Arab Emirates United Arab Republic ( 1967 - 1972 ) Western Sahara Yemen ( from 1990 ) Communist Party of Nepal -- Maoist New People 's Army CIC ( until 1977 ) India Supported by : Bangladesh Bhutan Nepal Iran Peshmerga Right - wing paramilitary groups : Salwa Judum Ranvir Sena Bajrang Dal Ongoing Years of Lead 1968 -- 1982 Far - left terrorist groups : Red Brigades Front Line October 22 Group PAC Continuous Struggle PO - AO Supported by : Soviet Union ( alleged ) Italian Government SISDE ( Internal ) SISMI ( Foreign ) Italian Armed Forces Arm of Carabineers Supported by : United States Far - right terrorist groups : National Vanguard Black Order NAR Third Position Supported by : United States ( alleged ) Combatant 2 Won Communist insurgency in Malaysia 1968 -- 1989 Communist forces : Malayan Communist Party Malayan National Liberation Army Supported by : China Soviet Union Anti-communist forces : Malaysia Thailand Supported by : United Kingdom Australia New Zealand United States Combatant 2 Won Operation Condor 1968 -- 1989 Opponents to the military juntas and right - wing governments in South America . Supported by : Poland Spain Chile Argentina Brazil Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Supported by : United States Peru Ecuador Colombia Venezuela Combatant 2 Won Al - Wadiah War 1969 South Yemen Supported by : Soviet Union Saudi Arabia Supported by : United States Combatant 2 Won Civil conflict in the Philippines 1969 -- present Communist forces : Communist Party NPA NDF Makabayan MLPP - RHB APP RPA ABB CPLA ( Until 2011 ) Moro National Liberation Front ( MNLF ) Moro Islamic Liberation Front ( MILF ) ( until 2014 ) MRLO Ampatuan militias Supported by : Malaysia ( to MNLF and MILF ) People 's Republic of China ( 1969 -- 1976 , alleged continued support ) Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ( 1980s -- 2011 ) ( to MNLF ) North Korea Vietnam ( 1980s ) Cuba ( Alleged support ) Anti-communist forces : Philippines Alsa Masa ( 1986 -- ? ) CAFGU Supported by : United States Ongoing Yemenite War of 1972 1972 South Yemen National Democratic Front Supported by : Soviet Union Cuba East Germany Czechoslovakia Libya North Yemen Supported by : Saudi Arabia Jordan United States Republic of China United Kingdom West Germany Stalemate Angolan Civil War 1974 -- 2002 MPLA SWAPO MK Front for the National Liberation of the Congo ( FNLC ) Supported by : Soviet Union Cuba Tanzania Mozambique Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Polish People 's Republic Yugoslavia People 's Republic of Bulgaria Guyana Portugal ( until 1989 ) India North Korea Brazil UNITA FNLA FLEC Supported by : United States People 's Republic of China South Africa Zambia Morocco Zaire Egypt France Belgium Burkina Faso ( from 1987 ) Israel United Kingdom Rhodesia ( until 1979 ) South Korea Combatant 1 Won Ethiopian Civil War 1974 - 1991 People 's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Supported by : Soviet Union North Korea Libya South Yemen Tanzania East Germany ( until 1990 ) Bulgaria Cuba ( 1987 -- 1991 ) Ethiopian People 's Revolutionary Democratic Front Supported by : United States United Kingdom China West Germany ( until 1990 ) Germany ( from 1990 ) Saudi Arabia Israel North Yemen Combatant 2 Won Lebanese Civil War 1975 -- 1990 LNM ( until 1982 ) Jammoul ( from 1982 ) PLO Supported by : Iraq Libya Algeria Amal Movement Hezbollah ( from 1985 ) Iran ( From 1980 , mainly IRGC paramilitary units ) Supported by : North Korea Islamic Unification Movement ( from 1982 ) Syria LF AFL ( until 1977 ) SLA ( from 1976 ) Israel ( from 1978 ) Tigers Militia ( until 1980 ) Marada Brigades ( left LF in 1978 ; aligned with Syria ) Lebanon United Nations UNIFIL ( from 1978 ) Multinational Force in Lebanon ( 1982 -- 1984 ) United States France Arab Deterrent Force ( 1976 -- 1987 ) Syria ( 1976 , and from 1983 ) Neutral Parties : Armenian Revolutionary Federation Kurds Stalemate Western Sahara War 1975 -- 1991 Polisario Front SADR Supported by : Libya Algeria Soviet Union Morocco Supported by : United States Saudi Arabia Mauritania France Stalemate Indonesian occupation of East Timor 1975 -- 1999 East Timor ( CNRM , later CNRT ) FRETILIN ( FALINTIL ) UDT Supported by : Portugal Soviet Union Libya Free Aceh Movement China Indonesia Timor Timur Supported by : United States Australia United Kingdom Canada Israel Combatant 2 Won Cabinda War 1975 -- present Angola Supported by : Cuba East Germany ( until 1989 ) Soviet Union ( until 1989 ) Brazil FLEC FLEC - FAC FLEC - Renovada FLEC - N'Zita FLEC - Lubota Uniao Nacional de Libertaçao de Cabinda Communist Committee of Cabinda Supported by : France Zaire Belgium World League for Freedom and Democracy China ( alleged ) Ongoing Insurgency in Laos 1975 -- present Laos Pathet Lao Pro-govt . Hmong Pro-govt . Chinese Supported by : Vietnam North Vietnam ( to 1976 ) Soviet Union ( to 1978 ) Hmong insurgents Laotian Hmong Thai Hmong Ethnic Liberation Organization of Laos ( 1984 -- ) United Front for the Liberation of Laos ( 1980 -- ) Royal Lao Democratic Government ( 1982 ) Chao Fa ( to 1984 ) Lao National Liberation Front Lao United Independence Front Free Democratic Lao National Salvation Force National Army of Democratic Kampuchea ( 1979 - 1983 : limited involv . ) Supported by : China ( PRC ) ( to 1988 ) Democratic Kampuchea ( to 1979 ) Khmer Rouge ( 1980 to 1981 ) Party of Democratic Kampuchea ( 1981 to 1990 ) Thailand ( Rightists : early to mid-1980s ) ( Hmong : to 1990 ) United States ( Hmong : 1990 ) Neo Hom ( support . 1981 - ) Royal Lao Government in Exile Various Hmong exiles Ongoing Civil conflict in Turkey 1976 -- present TAK TKP / ML - TİKKO MKP - HKO - PHG Maoist Party Maoist Party Centre THKO Devrimci Yol Revolutionary People 's Liberation Party / Front Supported by : Soviet Union China ASALA ( 1970s -- 1988 ) Syria Greece Cyprus Iran Iraq Libya Turkey Supported by : NATO European Union USA United Kingdom Ongoing Shaba I 1977 Front for the National Liberation of the Congo ( FNLC ) Supported by : Angola Cuba Soviet Union Zaire Supported by : United States China Sudan Morocco Egypt France Belgium Combatant 2 Won Ogaden War 1977 -- 1978 Ethiopia Supported by : Cuba Soviet Union South Yemen North Korea East Germany Somalia WSLF Supported by : China Egypt Socialist Republic of Romania Combatant 1 Won Cambodian - Vietnamese War 1977 - 1991 Vietnam ( VPA ) KUFNS People 's Republic of Kampuchea ( KPRAF ) ( after 10 January 1979 ) State of Cambodia ( CPAF ) ( 1989 ) Supported by : Soviet Union Laos Democratic Kampuchea ( RAK ) Supported by : China Post invasion : CGDK : NADK KPNLF FUNCINPEC FULRO Supported by : China United States ( non-combat support ) United Kingdom ( non-combat support ) Spillover conflict : Thailand ( border clashes ) Combatant 1 Won Mozambican Civil War 1977 - 1992 FRELIMO Supported by : Malawi Brazil Zimbabwe ( from 1980 ) Tanzania Soviet Union Bulgaria Cuba RENAMO Supported by : Zimbabwe - Rhodesia South Africa Malawi United States Rhodesia Combatant 1 Won Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict 1977 -- 1997 Bangladesh Bangladesh Armed Forces Border Guards Bangladesh Bangladesh Police Bangladesh Armed Police Shanti Bahini Supported by : India Stalemate Shaba II 1978 Front for the National Liberation of the Congo ( FNLC ) Supported by Angola Cuba ( alleged ) Soviet Union ( alleged ) Zaire Supported by : France Belgium United States Combatant 2 Won Uganda -- Tanzania War 1978 -- 1979 Tanzania UNLA Mozambique Uganda Libya PLO Combatant 1 Won NDF Rebellion 1978 -- 1982 NDF Supported by : South Yemen Libya Soviet Union North Yemen Islamic Front Supported by : United States Saudi Arabia Taiwan Combatant 2 Won Chadian -- Libyan conflict 1978 -- 1987 Libya Islamic Legion Chadian rebels FROLINAT GUNT ( 1979 -- 86 ) Supported by : Soviet Union Chad FAT ( 1978 -- 79 ) FAN ( 1978 -- 83 ) FANT ( 1983 -- 87 ) GUNT ( 1986 -- 87 ) France Zaire Supported by : United States Egypt Sudan Combatant 2 Won Yemenite War of 1979 1979 South Yemen National Democratic Front Supported by : Soviet Union Cuba East Germany Czechoslovakia Libya North Yemen Supported by : Saudi Arabia Jordan United States Taiwan Iraq Egypt Stalemate Afghan - Soviet War 1979 -- 1989 Soviet Union Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Supported by : India Libya Sunni Mujahideen : Jamiat - e Islami Shura - e Nazar Gulbuddin faction Maktab al - Khadamat Khalis faction Ittehad i - Islami IRM NLF NIFA Supported by : Pakistan United States United Kingdom China Saudi Arabia West Germany United Kingdom Turkey Egypt France Israel Japan Shia Mujahedeen : Harakat i - Islami Afghan Hezbollah Nasr Party ( IVOA ) COIRGA Shura Party IRM UOIF Raad Party Supported by : Iran Small Maoist groups : ALO SAMA AMFFF Combatant 2 Won Sino - Vietnamese War 1979 Vietnam Supported by : Soviet Union Laos People 's Republic of China Stalemate Internal conflict in Peru 1980 -- present Shining Path MRTA ( until 1997 ) Supported by : Soviet Union Cuba Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Peruvian Armed Forces National Intelligence Service Grupo Colina Rondas Campesinas Supported by : United States Japan Ongoing Ethiopian -- Somali Border War 1982 Ethiopia Somali rebels Supported by : Cuba South Yemen North Korea Somalia Supported by : United States Combatant 2 Won Sri Lankan Civil War 1983 -- 2009 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Supported by : Libya India ( until 1987 ) Sri Lanka India Maldives Supported by : United Nations Taiwan Combatant 2 Won Thai -- Laotian Border War 1987 -- 1988 Laos Vietnam Supported by Soviet Union Thailand Supported by United States Stalemate Afghan Civil War 1989 -- 1992 Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Supported by Soviet Union Mujahideen Supported by United States Pakistan China Saudi Arabia Combatant 2 Won Modern and ongoing proxy Wars ( edit ) War Dates Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result Naxalite -- Maoist insurgency 1967 -- present India Central Reserve Police Force Supported by : Bangladesh Bhutan Nepal Iran Kurdistan Right - wing paramilitary groups : Salwa Judum Ranvir Sena Bajrang Dal Naxalites : Communist Party of India ( Maoist ) People 's Liberation Guerrilla Army Communist Party of India ( Marxist -- Leninist ) Janashakti Communist Party of United States of India Communist Party of India ( Marxist -- Leninist ) New Democracy Communist Party of India ( Marxist -- Leninist ) ( Mahadev Mukherjee ) People 's Liberation Army of Manipur Tamil Nadu Liberation Army Purbo Banglar Communist Party Supported by : China Pakistan Mongolia Indonesia Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Tajikistan Algeria Bahrain Chad Comoros Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Qatar Palestine Saudi Arabia Somalia Somaliland Sudan Syria Tunisia United Arab Emirates Western Sahara Yemen ULFA NSCN LTTE ( until 2009 ) Communist Party of Nepal -- Maoist New People 's Army Ongoing Angolan Civil War 1974 -- 2002 UNITA FNLA FLEC Supported by : United States People 's Republic of China Zambia Morocco Zaire ( until 1997 ) Egypt France Belgium Burkina Faso ( from 1987 ) Israel United Kingdom South Korea MPLA SWAPO MK Front for the National Liberation of the Congo ( FNLC ) Supported by : Cuba Tanzania Yugoslavia ( until 1992 ) Guyana Portugal India North Korea Kazakhstan ( from 1996 ) Slovakia ( from 1993 ) Brazil Russia Kyrgyzstan Combatant 2 Won Indonesian occupation of East Timor 1975 -- 1999 Indonesia Timor Timur Supported by : United States Australia United Kingdom Canada Israel East Timor ( CNRM , later CNRT ) FRETILIN ( FALINTIL ) UDT Supported by : Portugal Libya Free Aceh Movement Russia China Combatant 1 Won Cabinda War 1975 -- present FLEC FLEC - FAC FLEC - Renovada FLEC - N'Zita FLEC - Lubota Uniao Nacional de Libertaçao de Cabinda Communist Committee of Cabinda Supported by : France Zaire Belgium World League for Freedom and Democracy China ( alleged ) Angola Supported by : UNITA Brazil Ongoing Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict 1977 -- 1997 Bangladesh Bangladesh Armed Forces Border Guards Bangladesh Bangladesh Police Bangladesh Armed Police Shanti Bahini Supported by : India Stalemate Mozambican Civil War 1977 -- 1992 FRELIMO Zimbabwe ( from 1980 ) Tanzania Supported by : Malawi Brazil RENAMO Supported by : Zimbabwe - Rhodesia South Africa Malawi Stalemate Nagorno - Karabakh conflict 1988 -- present Armenia Nagorno - Karabakh Supported by : Russia Greece Azerbaijan Supported by : Pakistan Kyrgyzstan Turkey Israel Ukraine Ongoing Afghan Civil War 1989 -- 1992 Mujahideen Supported by United States Pakistan China Saudi Arabia Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Supported by Russia Combatant 1 Won Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir 1989 -- present India Indian Army Indian Air Force Jammu and Kashmir Police Central Reserve Police Force Afghanistan Supported by : United States Iran Russia Harkat - ul - Jihad al - Islami Lashkar - e-Taiba Jaish - e-Mohammed Hizbul Mujahideen Harkat - ul - Mujahideen Al - Badr Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front Supported by : Pakistan China Taliban Saudi Arabia al - Qaeda Ongoing Georgian - Ossetian conflict 1989 -- present Georgia Supported by : NATO South Ossetia Supported by : Russia Ongoing Abkhaz -- Georgian conflict 1989 -- present Georgia Supported by : NATO Abkhazia Supported by : Russia Turkey Ongoing Georgian Civil War 1991 -- 1993 Gamsakhurdia 's government in exile National Guard of Georgia Supported by : NATO State Council Georgian Interior and Defense Ministry forces National Guard of Georgia Mkhedrioni South Ossetian Separatists Abkhaz separatists Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus Russia Combatant 2 Won Yugoslav Wars 1991 - 2001 Slovenia Bosnia NATO Supported by : Turkey Iran Saudi Arabia Croatia Croatian Republic of Herzeg - Bosnia Supported by : Albania National Liberation Army SFR Yugoslavia ( before 1992 ) FR Yugoslavia ( from 1992 ) Republika Srpska AP Western Bosnia Republic of Serbian Krajina Supported by : Russia Greece Macedonia Supported by : Ukraine ( main arms supply ) Bulgaria FR Yugoslavia Combatant 1 Won Tajikistani Civil War 1992 -- 1997 United Tajik Opposition IRP Democratic reformists Gorno - Badakhshan Jamiat - e Islami Islamic State of Afghanistan Taliban factions Supported by : al - Qaeda Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan ( IRP ) Pakistan Iran Tajikistan Supported by : Russia Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Stalemate Second Afar insurgency 1995 -- present ARDUF Supported by : Eritrea RSADO DMLEK EPLF ESF SPDM Supported by : Ethiopia Ongoing Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 1995 -- present Uganda DR Congo UNF Intervention Brigade South Africa Tanzania Malawi Supported by : United States ADF NALU Tabliq Hutu fighters Supported by : LRA Sudan Ongoing First Congo War 1996 -- 1997 Zaire UNITA ALiR Interahamwe Supported by : France AFDL Uganda Rwanda Supported by : United States Burundi Angola Mai - Mai Bahunde Nande SPLA Combatant 2 Won Nepalese Civil War 1996 - 2006 Kingdom of Nepal Supported by : India United States European Union Communist Party of Nepal ( Maoist ) Supported by : Pakistan China North Korea Arab League India Indonesia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Combatant 2 Won Second Republic of the Congo Civil War 1997 -- 1999 Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo ( to October 1997 ) Cocoye Militia Ninja Militia Nsiloulou Militia Democratic Republic of the Congo Supported by : UNITA ( alleged ) Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo ( from October 1997 ) Cobra Militia Rwandan Hutu Militia Angola Chad Supported by : France Cuba ( alleged ) Mobutu Sese Seko Loyalists ( alleged ) Combatant 2 Won Guinea - Bissau Civil War 1998 -- 1999 Guinea - Bissau Senegal Guinea Supported by : France Portugal Military rebels Supported by : MFDC Combatant 2 Won First Ivorian Civil War 2002 - 2007 France UNOIC Ivory Coast Young Patriots of Abidjan militia Liberian mercenaries Supported by : Russia Bulgaria Belarus Stalemate War in Darfur 2003 -- present SRF JEM SLA Abdul Wahid faction Minni Minawi faction Second Revolution faction LJM ( Signed the Doha Darfur Peace Agreement in 2011 ) SARC Supported by : South Sudan Chad ( 2005 - 2010 ) Eritrea ( until 2008 ) Libya ( until 2011 ) USA Uganda ( until 2015 ) Government of Sudan Armed Forces Rapid Support Forces Janjaweed Popular Defence Forces Supported by : China Iran ( until 2016 ) Russia Ongoing Paraguayan People 's Army insurgency 2005 -- present Paraguay Supported by : United States Colombia Paraguayan People 's Army ( EPP ) Armed Peasant Association ( ACA ) Supported by : FARC Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front ( alleged ) Ongoing Iraqi insurgency 2011 -- 2014 Iraq Iraqi Kurdistan Supported by : United States Shi'a factions : Special Groups Promised Day Brigades Asa'ib Ahl al - Haq Kata'ib Hezbollah Mahdi Army Inactive Badr Brigades Soldiers of Heaven Other militias Supported by : Iran Stalemate Yemeni Crisis ( part of Iran - Saudi Arabia proxy conflicts ) 2011 -- present Yemen ( Hadi government ) Saudi - led coalition Supported by : Somalia United States Eritrea United Kingdom France Canada Italy Turkey Yemen ( Supreme Political Council ) Supported by : Iran Iraq China North Korea Russia Syria Ongoing Syrian Civil War 2011 -- present Syrian opposition Supported by : Saudi Arabia Qatar United States Turkey Libya European Union Israel Egypt ( before 2013 ) France United Kingdom Jordan Italy Netherlands Canada Germany United Arab Emirates Syria Supported by : Armenia Iran Russia Iraq China North Korea Cuba Venezuela Algeria Belarus Angola Egypt ( from 2015 ) Serbia Rojava Supported by : United States Russia Iraqi Kurdistan France Finland Czech Republic Germany Ongoing Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon 2012 -- present Lebanon Lebanese Army Internal Security Forces Supported by : Australia Canada Cyprus Czech Republic France Germany Italy Jordan Netherlands Saudi Arabia South Korea Spain Turkey United Kingdom United States Pro-Syrian government militias : Hezbollah PFLP - GC Amal Movement Syrian Social Nationalist Party DFLP Popular Nasserist Organization As - Sa'iqa Fatah al - Intifada Arab Democratic Party ( until 2014 ) Arab Movement Party Supported by : Syria Iran Russia Other militias : Lebanese Communist Party Fatah Ongoing Ukrainian crisis 2013 -- present Ukraine Supported by : NATO European Union United States United Kingdom Georgia Poland France Croatia Sweden Russia Crimea Donetsk People 's Republic Luhansk People 's Republic Odessa People 's Republic Kharkiv People 's Republic Supported by : South Ossetia Abkhazia Transnistria Belarus Ongoing 2nd Libyan Civil War 2014 -- present Libya Supported by : Russia Belarus Egypt Algeria United States United Kingdom United Arab Emirates France Saudi Arabia Government of National Accord Supported by : Sudan Ukraine ( alleged ) Russia ( alleged ) Turkey Qatar Ongoing Notes ( edit ) ^ Known as the National Redemption Front prior to 2011 . The name Kenya Land and Freedom Army is sometimes heard in connection with Mau Mau . KLFA is not simply another name for Mau Mau : it was the name that Dedan Kimathi used for a coordinating body which he tried to set up for Mau Mau . It was also the name of another militant group that sprang up briefly in the spring of 1960 ; the group was broken up during a brief operation from 26 March to 30 April . References ( edit ) ^ `` Venezuela Crisis of 1902 '' . GlobalSecurity.org . GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . ^ `` Somaliland 1902 - 1903 '' . The Soldier 's Burden . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . ^ `` The Finnish Civil War '' . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . ^ Tepora , Tuomas ( 8 December 2014 ) . `` Finnish Civil War 1918 '' . 1914 - 1918 - Online . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . ^ Brecher , Michael ; Wilkenfeld , Jonathan ( 1 January 1997 ) . `` A Study of Crisis '' . University of Michigan Press . 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Retrieved 31 October 2015 . ^ Borger , Julian ( 5 June 2015 ) . `` Saudi - led naval blockade leaves 20m Yemenis facing humanitarian disaster '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 31 October 2015 . ^ McDowall , Angus ( 3 May 2015 ) . `` Saudi - led coalition probably used cluster bombs in Yemen : HRW '' . Reuters U.S . Archived from the original on 28 December 2015 . ^ `` Senegal to support Yemen campaign '' . BBC News . 5 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 7 June 2015 . ^ `` Saudi - led strikes target Houthi positions on border with Yemen '' . france24.com . Reuters. 6 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 28 December 2015 . ^ `` Canadian rifles may have fallen into Yemen rebel hands , likely via Saudi Arabia '' . CBC. 22 Feb 2016 . ^ Sputnik . `` Tutto regolare tra Italia e Arabia Saudita '' . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . ^ `` Dışişleri Bakanlığı , Husi terörüne karşı Yemen'e destek verdi '' . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . ^ `` Iranian support seen crucial for Yemen 's Houthis '' . Reuters. 15 December 2014 . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . ^ `` North Korea 's Balancing Act in the Persian Gulf '' . The Huffington Post . 17 August 2015 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . North Korea 's military support for Houthi rebels in Yemen is the latest manifestation of its support for anti-American forces . ^ askof . `` Северокорейские ракеты против саудовских комплексов Patriot '' . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . ^ `` Putin 's Latest Moves : The Military Alliance Among Iran , Hezbollah And Russia In Syria Could Spread To Yemen '' . International Business Times . 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Moscow is now supporting the Tehran - backed Houthi rebels who are fighting forces loyal to the U.S. - supported exiled president . ^ `` Yemen accuses Russia of supplying weapons to Houthi rebels '' . Ukraine Today . 6 April 2015 . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . ^ `` Syrian regime coordinates military training with Yemeni Houthis '' . ARA News . 9 March 2015 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . ^ `` Patrick Cockburn on U.S. Plans to Arm Syrian Rebels : Where is the Skepticism About Chemical Weapons ? '' . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . ^ `` ' The Cold War never ended ... Syria is a Russian - American conflict ' says Bashar al - Assad '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . ^ Patrick Cockburn on U.S. Plans to Arm Syrian Rebels : Where is the Skepticism About Chemical Weapons ? ( mp4 ) . Democracy Now ! . June 14 , 2013 . Event occurs at 15 : 20 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . : JUAN GONZÁLEZ : And the concerns in some circles that this is really developing into a proxy war with Iran and Hezbollah , rather than actually trying to deal with the situation internally within Syria ? : PATRICK COCKBURN : Yeah , it already has turned into a proxy war . You can see that with -- Hezbollah and Iran were involved , but also the U.S. was -- had already combined with Qatar to send weapons . Qatar has sent up to $3 billion to the rebels , 70 loads of flights of weapons , organized by -- with the CIA . ^ `` Nachschub für Assad : Russisch - syrische Koalition bekommt neue Verbündete '' . 30 November 2016 . ^ `` Resurgent Russia takes on tenacious Turkey '' . Al Jazeera. 9 December 2015 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . ^ Richard Galpin ( 10 January 2012 ) . `` Russian arms shipments bolster Syria 's embattled Assad '' . BBC News . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . ^ `` Russian military presence in Syria poses challenge to US - led intervention '' . The Guardian , 23 December 2012 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . ^ `` Vladimir Putin confirms Russian military involvement in Syria 's civil war '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 4 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ `` Mit China und Indien sagen weitere BRICS - Staaten syrischer Regierung militärische Unterstützung zu '' . 17 August 2016 . ^ `` China enters fray in Syria on Bashar al - Assad 's side '' . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . ^ `` An der Seite Putins : China unterstützt Russland in Syrien - Krieg '' . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . ^ `` Report : Iran , North Korea Helping Syria Resume Building Missiles '' . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . ^ Ryall , Julian ( 6 June 2013 ) . `` Syria : North Korean military ' advising Assad regime ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . ^ `` North Korea violating sanctions , according to UN report '' . The Telegraph . 3 July 2012 . Retrieved 6 October 2012 . ^ `` Top Cuban general , key forces in Syria to aid Assad , Russia , sources say '' . 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . ^ Paragga , Mariana . `` Exclusive : Venezuela ships fuel to war - torn Syria : traders '' . Reuters . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . ^ Parraga , Mariana . `` Venezuela to ship more fuel to Syria as crackdown spreads '' . Thomson Reuters Foundation . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . ^ Solomon , Jay . `` To power Syria , Chavez sends diesel '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . ^ `` Chavez slams West , expresses support for Syria '' . Press TV . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . ^ `` Chavez supports Syrian President Bashar al - Assad '' . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . ^ `` After the Arab Spring : Algeria 's standing in a new world '' . ^ `` Gewalt in Syrien : Russische Waffen für Assads Truppen '' . Retrieved 10 December 2016 -- via Sueddeutsche.de . ^ `` Report : Syrian regime being aided from 12 countries '' . Foreign Policy . ^ `` Egypt sends Assad secret arms aid , including missiles , with Russian funding '' . debka.com . ^ `` Egypt voices support for Russia 's moves in Syria '' . Reuters. 2015 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 15 . ^ `` Peshmarga Meets YPG to Protect Kurdish Border Areas '' . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . ^ `` Australia grants Lebanese Army helicopter parts '' . The Daily Star . February 2 , 2016 . ^ `` UK , Canada Sign Partnership Agreement to Help Lebanese Army '' . Naharnet . March 2 , 2016 . ^ National News Agency - Bassil thanks Cypriot counterpart for contribution to Lebanese Army ^ `` Lebanon is the only country that defeated Islamic State , declared Czech FM '' . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ^ `` Saudis give $1 bn to Lebanon amid fighting - Middle East '' . Al Jazeera English . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 . ^ Joseph A. Kechichian Senior Writer . `` Aid packages reaffirm importance of Lebanese army '' . GulfNews . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ^ `` Italy donates spare equipment , parts to Lebanese Army '' . Lebanese Examiner . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ^ `` Jordan sends military aid to Lebanon : Army '' . Al - Ahram . February 24 , 2015 . ^ `` Dutch support for Lebanon in the fight against armed extremism '' . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ^ `` China , S. Korea , Jordan offer to help equip Lebanese Army '' . The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ^ `` Spain pledges to help Lebanon over Syria crisis '' . Daily Star Lebanon . 24 November 2015 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . ^ `` Turkey Willing to Provide $1.1 Million Military Aid to Lebanon '' . Naharnet . February 20 , 2016 . ^ `` The British watchtowers beating back jihadists '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 30 November 2014 . ^ `` Islamic State crisis : UK gives £ 20m to keep Lebanon safe '' . BBC . 1 December 2014 . ^ `` Report : Clashes between Palestinian Group , Nusra Front in Bekaa '' . Naharnet. 22 October 2014 . ^ `` Reports of Amal Movement sending fighters to Syria '' . Syria Direct . May 11 , 2015 . ^ `` The SSNP ' Hurricane ' in the Syrian Conflict : Syria and South Lebanon Are the Same Battlefield '' . Al Akhbar . February 3 , 2014 . ^ `` Double displacement : Palestinians flee violence in Syria , then Lebanon '' . The Electronic Intifada . September 3 , 2015 . ^ `` Gunfight in Sidon between Assir and local rivals wounds five '' . The Daily Star . 9 August 2012 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . ^ `` 7 Palestinians wounded in Lebanon camp clashes '' . Ma'an News Agency . May 14 , 2014 . ^ `` Palestinian commander shot dead in refugee camp '' . Al - Araby Al - Jadeed . January 28 , 2016 . ^ Kullab , Samya . `` Jabal Mohsen leaderless and exposed , locals say '' . The Daily Star . ^ Engel , Andrew ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Syria 's crisis reaches Beirut '' . The Washington Institute for Near East Policy . ^ `` Syrian air strikes kill three near Lebanese border '' . Reuters . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . ^ `` Hezbollah says gets support , not orders , from Iran '' . Reuters. 7 February 2012 . ^ `` Russia Is Arming Hezbollah , Say Two of the Group 's Field Commanders '' . The Daily Beast . January 11 , 2016 . ^ `` Lebanese communist fighters gear up to battle ISIL '' . Al - Jazeera. 20 September 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ `` Renewed fighting in Lebanon Palestinian refugee camp kills one '' . Reuters. April 2 , 2016 . ^ `` Fattah colonel killed in Lebanon 's largest refugee camp '' . Al Arabiya . July 25 , 2015 . ^ `` Саакашвілі повідомив про участь грузинських офіцерів на боці України в АТО '' . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . ^ `` Які іноземці воюють проти Путіна на Донбасі '' . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . ^ `` На боці терористів воюють французи , італійці , бразильці - Міноборони '' . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . ^ `` Хорватия признала , что ее добровольцы воюют на востоке Украины '' . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . ^ `` Я приїхав в Україну , щоб воювати за ... Репортаж ВВС щодо іноземців у зоні АТО '' . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . ^ `` The foreigners who flocked to join the fight -- in Ukraine '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . ^ `` ru : Госпогранслужба : среди террористов есть абхазцы '' ( in Russian ) . LB.ua. 28 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . ^ `` How Belarusians are fighting in Ukraine ( in Russian ) '' . Rosbalt.ru . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . ^ Egypt acts as middleman for Russia - Libya arms deal . In : Al - Monitor , 10 . Februar 2015 . ^ Ltd , Allied Newspapers . `` Libya needs international maritime force to help stop illicit oil , weapons -- UN experts '' . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . ^ Kirkpatrick , David D ; Schmitt , Eric ( 25 August 2014 ) . `` Egypt and United Arab Emirates Said to Have Secretly Carried Out Libya Airstrikes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . ^ `` Egypt prepared to take lead in ensuring stability in Libya '' . Libya Herald . 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . ^ Arab Nations Strike in Libya , Surprising U.S. In : New York Times , 25 . August 2014 . ^ `` Libya 's Haftar pledges to take imminent control of Benghazi and Tripoli '' . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . ^ `` Exclusive : U.S. Targets ISIS in Libya Airstrike '' . The Daily Beast. 14 November 2015 . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . ^ `` British Deployment to Libya '' . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . ^ `` Libyen : Französische Elitesoldaten machen Jagd auf IS - Kämpfer '' . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . ^ Ahmad Ghallab : Saudi Arabia reiterates full support for Libya . In : Al - Monitor , 17 . November 2014 . ^ Patrick Haimzadeh : Libyen -- der zweite Bürgerkrieg . In : Le Monde diplomatique , 10 . April 2015 . ^ Libya accuses Sudan of arming rebels . In : Al - Jazeera ^ `` Rival Libyan Factions Travel to Kiev and Moscow Seeking Support '' . 6 February 2015 . ^ Turkey 's war in Libya . In : Al - Monitor ^ Nissimi 2006 , p. 11 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_proxy_wars&oldid=844667320 '' Categories : Lists of wars Proxy wars Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Pages with duplicate reference names Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 uses Korean - language script ( ko ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 errors : dates Pages with broken reference names CS1 errors : missing author or editor Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Accuracy disputes from June 2015 All accuracy disputes Articles lacking in - text citations from June 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Incomplete lists from August 2008 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with disputed statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 09 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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what were two examples of proxy wars that were fought during the cold war
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"\n\nWars\nYears\nCombatant 1\nCombatant 2\nResults\n\n\nChinese Civil War\n1944-1949[24]\n CPC\n PLA[15][16]\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n KMT\n NRA\n\nSupported by:\n United States\nCombatant 1 Won\n\n\nGreek Civil War\n1944-1949[25][26]\nGreek communists (Democratic Army of Greece, National Liberation Front, Greek People's Liberation Army, Communist Party of Greece)[25][26]\n\nSupported by:\n Albania[25]\n Bulgaria[25]\n Yugoslavia[25]\n Greece[25][26]\n\nSupported by:\n United Kingdom[25][26]\n United States[25][26]\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nIran crisis of 1946\n1945–1946\n Azerbaijan People's Republic\n Republic of Mahabad\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n\n Imperial State of Iran\nSupported by:\n United States\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nFirst Indochina War\n1946–1954[27][28]\n Khmer Issarak[29]\n Pathet Lao[30]\n Viet Minh[27][28]\n\nSupported by:\n China[27]\n Soviet Union[27]\n Polish People's Republic[31]\n East Germany[32][33]\n France[27][28]\n State of Vietnam (1949–1954)[27][28]\n Cambodia (1953–1954)\n Laos (1953–1954)\n\nSupported by:\n United States[27]\nCombatant 1 Won[27][28]\n\n\nParaguayan Civil War\n1947\n Liberal Party\n Febrerista Revolutionary Concentration\n Paraguayan Communist Party\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n\n Paraguayan Government\n Military of Paraguay\n Colorado Party\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n Argentina\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nMalayan Emergency\n1948–1960\nCommunist forces:\n Malayan Communist Party\n\n Malayan National Liberation Army\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union[34]\n People Republic of China[35][36][37]\n Indonesia[36][37]\n Viet Minh (-1954)\n North Vietnam (1954-)[38][39][40]\n\nAnti-communist forces:\n Commonwealth of Nations\n\n United Kingdom\n\n Federation of Malaya\n Southern Rhodesia (until 1953)\n Rhodesia and Nyasaland (after 1953)\n Fiji\n\n\n Australia\n New Zealand\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n\n Thailand (Thai-Malay border)\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nInternal conflict in Myanmar\n1948–present\n Burma\n\n Tatmadaw\n Myanmar Police Force\n\n\nSupported by:\n Israel\n Libya\n India\n Rwanda\n Malawi\n China[41]\n Russia[42]\n\nOpposition forces\n ABSDF\n Arakan Army\n DKBA-5\n KNU\n\n KNLA\n\n KIO\n\nKIA\n\n MNDAA\n NDAA\n SSAN\n SSAS\n TNLA\n UWSP\n\n UWSA\n\n...and others\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n Thailand\n China(1968–1988)\n Pakistan\n Vietnam\n Philippines\n Republic of China (1950–1961)[43]\n\nOngoing\n\n\nBalochistan conflict\n1948–present\nBaloch separatist groups\n\n BLA\n BRA\nBLF\nUBA\nLeB\nBLUF\nBSO (Azad)\n\nSupported by:\n India\n Soviet Union (until 1988)\n Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (until 1990)\n Iraq (1970s)[44]\n Israel[45]\n\nSectarian groups\nJundallah[46][47]\nJaish ul-Adl\nJundallah (Pakistan)\n al-Qaeda\n Lashkar-e-Jhangvi[44]\n Sipah-e-Sahaba[44]\n\n Pakistan\n\n Pakistan Army\nInter-Services Intelligence\nMilitary Intelligence of Pakistan\nFrontier Corps\n\n\n Iran[48]\n\nImperial Army (until 1979)\nIRGC (since 1980)\n\n\nOngoing\n\n\nArab–Israeli conflict\n1948–present\n Palestine\n\n PLO\n Hamas\n Fatah\n\n\nSupported by:\n Egypt (1948–78)\n Iraq\n Syria\n Italy (1956)\n Germany (1956)\n Cuba[49]\n Algeria\n Bangladesh[50]\n Soviet Union[51]\n Lebanon\n\n Israel\n\nSupported by:\n USA\n United Kingdom\n France\n\nOngoing\n\n\nKorean War\n1950-1953[52][53][54][55][56][57]\n North Korea[52][53][54][55][56][57]\n China[52][53][54][56][57]\n\nSupported by:\n Bulgaria\n Czechoslovakia[58]\n Hungary\n Poland\n Romania[56]\n Soviet Union[52][56]\n Mongolia\n South Korea[52][53][54][57]\n United Nations[53][54][57]\n United States[52][53][54][55][57]\n\nSupported by:\n Australia[53][54][55]\n Belgium[53][54]\n Bolivia[54]\n Canada[53][54][55]\n Colombia[53]\nCommonwealth of Nations[59]\n Cuba[54]\n Denmark[60]\n Ethiopia[53][54]\n France[53][54][55]\n Greece[53]\n India (Medical support)[55]\n Israel[61]\n Italy[62]\n Luxembourg[53]\n Netherlands[53]\n New Zealand[53][55]\n Norway[63]\n Philippines[53]\n South Africa[53][54]\n Spain[64]\n Sweden[65]\n Switzerland[66]\n Thailand[53][54]\n Turkey[53][54][55]\n United Kingdom[53][55]\nStalemate[52][53][57]\n\n\nMau Mau Uprising\n1952–1960\nMau Mau rebels[A]\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n\n United Kingdom\n\n British Kenya\n\n\nSupported by:\n USA\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nSecond Indochina War\n1953-1975[67][68][69][70][71]\n North Vietnam[67][68][69][70][71][72]\n Viet Cong[67][68][69][70][71][72]\n Pathet Lao\nNational United Front of Kampuchea:\n\n Khmer Rouge\n Khmer Rumdo\n Khmer Việt Minh\n Khmer Issarak\n\n China[67][70][71][72]\n\nSupported by:\n Albania[72][73]\n Bulgaria[72][73]\n Burma\n Cuba[72][73][74][75]\n Czechoslovakia[72][73]\n East Germany[72][73]\n Hungary[72][73]\n India[citation needed]\n Mongolia[72][73]\n North Korea[76]\n Poland[72][73]\n Romania[72][73]\n South Yemen[72][73]\n Soviet Union[67][70][71][72]\n Yugoslavia[72][73]\n Sweden[77][78]\n South Vietnam[67][68][69][70][71][72]\n United States[67][68][69][70][71][72]\n Laos[72]\n Kingdom of Cambodia (1967–1970)\n Khmer Republic (1970–1975)\n\nSupported by:\n Argentina[72]\n Australia[67][70][72]\n Belgium[72]\n Brazil[72]\n Canada[72][79]\n Costa Rica[72]\n Denmark[72]\n Ecuador[72]\n France[72]\n Greece[72]\n Guatemala[72]\n Honduras[72]\n Iran[72]\n Italy[72]\n Japan[72]\n Liberia[72]\n Luxembourg[72]\n Malaysia[72]\n Morocco[72]\n Norway[72]\n Netherlands[72]\n New Zealand[67][70]\n Pakistan[72]\n Philippines[70][72]\n South Africa[72]\n South Korea[67][70][72]\n Spain[72]\n Switzerland[72]\n Taiwan[72]\n Thailand[67][70][72]\n Tunisia[72]\n Turkey[72]\n United Kingdom[72]\n Uruguay[72]\n Venezuela[72]\n West Germany[72]\nCombatant 1 Won[67]\n\n\nFirst Taiwan Strait Crisis\n1954–1955\n People's Republic of China\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n Republic of China\n United States\nStalemate\n\n\nAlgerian War\n1954–1962\n FLN (ALN)\n MNA\n PCA\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n France\n\nSupported by:\n United States\nCombatant 1 Won a political victory\nCombatant 2 Won a military victory\n\n\nFirst Sudanese Civil War\n1955–1972\n United Kingdom (1955-1956)\n Egypt (1955-1956)\n Anglo-Egyptian Sudan\n(1955-1956)\n Republic of the Sudan\n(1956-1969)\n Democratic Republic of the Sudan\n(1969-1972)\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union[80]\n\nSouthern Sudan Liberation Movement\n\n Azania Liberation Front (1965-1970)\n Anyanya (1969-1972)\n\nEquatorial Corps (1955-1963)\n\nSupported by:\n Ethiopia[81]\n Uganda[82]\n Israel[81][82][83]\n\nStalemate\n\n\nSuez Crisis\n1956–1957[84]\n Egypt[84]\n\n Palestinian fedayeen\n\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union[84]\n West Germany\n Italy\n France[84]\n Israel[84]\n United Kingdom[84]\n\nTerritory unchanged. French and UK power in area weakened[84]\n\n\nSecond Taiwan Strait Crisis\n1958\n People's Republic of China\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n Republic of China\n United States\nStalemate\n\n\n1958 Lebanon crisis\n1958\n Lebanese Opposition:\n\n INM\n LCP\n PSP\n\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n Egypt\n\n Lebanese Government\n United States\nCombatant 2 Wins\n\n\n1959 Tibetan uprising\n1959–1962[85]\n People's Republic of China\n Tibet\n\n Chushi Gangdruk\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union[86]\n United States[87]\n Republic of India\n Kingdom of Nepal[88]\n United Nations[89]\n Taiwan\n\nCombatant 1 Won\n\n\nCentral American crisis\n1960–1996[90]\nEGP[90]\n FAR[90]\nORPA\n PGT[90]\n URNG[90]\n FSLN\n\nEPS\n\n FMLN (CRM)\n Nicaragua[91] (1979–90)\n\nSupported by\n Soviet Union[92]\n Cuba[93]\n Mexico[94]\n Libya[95]\n[96]\n Romania (before 1989)\n Greece\n Sweden[97][98]\n Costa Rica\n Bulgaria[99]\n China[100]\n\n Guatemala[90]\nESA[90]\nWhite Hand[90]\nand other paramilitary groups[90]\n Somoza government\n\nNational Guard\n\nContras (1981–90)\n Salvadoran military government\n\nSupported by\n United States[90][101]\n Saudi Arabia\n Honduras\n Chile\n Argentina\n Panama\n Israel[102]\n Taiwan[103]\nCombatant 1 Won\n\n\nCongo Crisis\n1960–1965\n1960–62:\n Stanleyville government\n\n1964–65:\n Simba and Kwilu rebels\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n China\n Cuba\n Egypt\n FLN\n Algeria\n Republic of the Congo\n Tanzania\n Burundi\n\n1960–63:\n Katanga\n South Kasai\n\n1964–65:\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\nSupported by:\n United States\n Belgium[106]\n France\n Rhodesia and Nyasaland\n South Africa\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nPortuguese Colonial War\n1960-1974[107]\n Portugal[107]\n\nSupported by:\n South Africa\n Rhodesia\n Malawi[108]\n Spain\n\n FLEC[107]\n FNLA[107]\n FRELIMO[107]\n MPLA[107]\n PAIGC[107]\n UNITA[107]\n\nSupported by:\n China[107]\n Cuba[107]\n France[107]\n Soviet Union[107]\n United States[107]\n Zaire\n Algeria\n Tanzania\n Zambia\n Tunisia\n Senegal\n Guinea\n Congo-Brazzaville\n Libya\n Yugoslavia\n Bulgaria\n Liberia\n Egypt\n India\n Brazil\nCombatant 2 Won[73]\n\n\nXinjiang conflict\n1960s–present\nETPRP\n(1969–1989)\nURFET\n(1969–1989)\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union (1969–1989)[109][110]\n Mongolian People's Republic (1960–1989)\n\n People's Republic of China\nOngoing\n\n\nFirst Iraqi–Kurdish War\n1961–1970\n Republic of Iraq\n Ba'athist Iraq Supported by:\n Syria[111]\n\n KDP\n\nSupported by:\n Pahlavi Iran\n Israel[112]\n\nStalemate\n\n\nEritrean War of Independence\n1961–1974\n ELF\nSupported by:\n Libya[113][114][115]\n(until 1977)\n Cuba[113][116]\n(until 1974)\n Syria[117][118]\n Iraq[119][120]\n Tunisia[121][122][123]\n Saudi Arabia[124][125]\n Somalia[126]\n Sudan[127]\n Ethiopian Empire (until 1974)\nSupported by:\n United States (until 1974)\n[128][129][130][131][132]\n Israel (until 1974) [133][134]\nStalemate\n\n\n1974–1991\n Derg (1974–1987)\n PDRE (1987–1991)\nSupported by:\n Cuba[135][136][137][138] (1974–1989)[dubious – discuss]\n Soviet Union[135][139][140][141] (1974–1990)\n South Yemen [133]\n EPLF\n TPLF\nSupported by:\n China[142][143]\n Sudan[127]\n Libya[113][114][115]\n(1977–1991)\n United States\n(May 1991)[144]\n Somalia[126]\n Syria[117][118]\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nNorth Yemen Civil War\n1962–1970\n Yemen Arab Republic\n Egypt[145]\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n\n Kingdom of Yemen\n Saudi Arabia[145]\n\nSupported by:\n Jordan[146]\n United Kingdom[146]\n United States\n\nCombatant 1 Won\n\n\nDhofar Rebellion\n1962–1976\n DLF (1962–1968)\n PFLOAG (1968–1974)\n NDFLOAG (1969–1971)\n PFLO (1974–1976)\n\nSupported by:\n China[147]\n Soviet Union[147]\n South Yemen[147]\n East Germany\n\n Oman[147]\nSupported by:\n Iran[147]\n Abu Dhabi[147]\n Saudi Arabia[147]\n United Kingdom[147]\n Jordan[147]\n Egypt[147]\n Pakistan[147]\n UAE[147]\n United States\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nSarawak Communist Insurgency\n1962–1990\nCommunist forces:\n North Kalimantan Communist Party[148]\n\nSarawak People's Guerilla Force (SPGF)[149]\nNorth Kalimantan People's Army (NKPA)[149]\n\n\n Indonesia (1962–65) (troops aid)\nOther support:\n Brunei People's Party\n\nNorth Kalimantan National Army (NKNA)\n\nSupported by:\n China[149]\n Soviet Union\n\nAnti-communist forces:\n United Kingdom[150]\n\n Sarawak (until 1963)\n\n Malaysia\n\n Sarawak (after 1963)\n\nSupported by:\n Australia\n Brunei\n New Zealand\n United States\n\n Indonesia (after 1965) (Indo-Malay border)\n\nStalemate\n\n\nSand War\n1963\n Algeria\n\nSupported by:\n Egypt[151]\n Cuba\n Soviet Union\n\n Morocco\n\nSupported by:\n USA\n France\n\nStalemate\n\n\nAden Emergency\n1963–1967\n NLF\nFLOSY\n\nSupported by\n Egypt\n Yemen Arab Republic\n Soviet Union\n\n United Kingdom\n\n Federation of South Arabia\n\n\nSupported by\n United States\n\nCombatant 1 Won\n\n\nInsurgency in Northeast India\n1963–present\nACF\nAchik NLA\nAMLF\nANLCA\nAdivasi NLA\nANVC\nAPA\nAPLA\nATBR\nATBSF\nATF\nATPLO\n ATTF\nAYLF\nBCF\nBDFM\nBKI\nBMS\nBMS\nBNCT\nBNLF\nCKRF\nDHD (until 2013)\nDHDA\nDJNA\nGNLA\nGTF\nHALC\nHNLC\nHPCD\nHULA\n HuM\nINF\nIRF\nKCP\nKDF\nKIA\nKIF\nKKK\nKLA\n KLNLF\n KLO\nKNF\nKNLA\nKPLT\nKRA\nKYKL\nLAEF\nMNPF\nMULTA\n NDFB\nNLFB\nNLFT\n NSCN-IM\n PLA\nPLF-M\nPRA\nPREPAK\nRJC\nRNHPF\nRNSF\nSDFT\nSPLA\nSTF\nTATCF\nTLOF\nTMP\nTNA\nTNDTF\nTRRB\nTTACF\nTTSF\nUALA\nUANF\nUDKLF\nUILA\nUIRA\nUKDA\nUKLF\n ULFA\n UNLF\nUPLF\nZPC\n ZRA\nZRF\nZRV\nZUF\n\nSupported by:\n Arab League\n\n India\n Bhutan\n Bangladesh\n Burma\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n Soviet Union\n Iran\n\nOngoing\n\n\nRhodesian Bush War\n1964–1979\n ZANLA (ZANU)\n FRELIMO[152] (until 25 June 1975)\n Mozambique (from 25 June 1975)\n\nSupported by:\n China[153]\n Libya\n Tanzania[154]\n Brazil\n\n ZIPRA (ZAPU)[155]\n MK (ANC)[155]\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union[153]\n Zambia\n Cuba[153]\n East Germany[153]\n\nFROLIZI\n\n Rhodesia\n(until 1 June 1979)\n Zimbabwe Rhodesia\n(from 1 June 1979)\n\nSupported by:\n South Africa\n Portugal\n(until 1974)\n\nStalemate\n\n\nDominican Civil War\n1965\n Constitutionalists\n Dominican Revolutionary Party[156]\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n Cuba\n\n Dominican Republic\n United States\n Inter-American Peace Force\n\n Brazil\n Paraguay\n Nicaragua\n Costa Rica\n El Salvador\n Honduras[157]\n\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nChadian Civil War\n1965–1979\n FROLINAT\n GUNT\n Libya\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n\n Chad\n France\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n\nCombatant 1 Won\n\n\nCommunist insurgency in Thailand\n1965–1983\n Communist Party of Thailand\nThai United Patriotic Front\n\nSupported by:\n North Vietnam (until 1976)\n Vietnam (from 1976)\n China (from 1971)\n Pathet Lao [158][159]\n North Korea[159]\n Khmer Rouge (until 1978)[158]\n Soviet Union\n\n Thailand\n\n Royal Thai Armed Forces\n Royal Thai Police\nThai Paramilitaries\n\n Taiwan (until July 1967)\n\nKuomintang 49th Division[160]\nChinese Irregular Force (CIF)\n\n\nSupported by:\n Malaysia\n United States[158]\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nBolivian Campaign\n1966–1967\nEjército de Liberación Nacional\n Cuba\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n\n Bolivia\n United States\n\nCIA\n\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nKorean DMZ Conflict (1966–1969)\n1966–1969\n North Korea\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n China\n\n South Korea\n United States\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nSouth African Border War\n1966–1990\nAfrican nationalist forces:\n PLAN (SWAPO)\n SWANU\n\nSupported by:\n Cuba[161]\n MPLA[162]\n Soviet Union[163]\n China[164]\n Yugoslavia[165][166]\n Bulgaria[167][168]\n Tanzania[169][170]\n Zambia[171]\n Libya[172]\n Kenya[173]\n Algeria[174]\n Guyana[175]\n Brazil\n\nAnti-communist forces:\n South Africa\n\n South-West Africa\n\nSupported by:\n UNITA[176]\n United States\n United Kingdom\n Portugal (until 1975)\n\nStalemate\n\n\nNigerian Civil War\n1967–1970\n Nigeria\n\nSupported by:\n United Kingdom\n Soviet Union\n United States\n Canada Sudan\n Chad\n Niger\n Syria\n Saudi Arabia\n Algeria[177]\n Bulgaria[178]\n\n Biafra\n\nSupported by:\n South Africa\n Portugal[179]\n France\n Spain[180][181]\n Tanzania[182][183][184]\n Gabon\n Ivory Coast\n Zambia\n Rhodesia\n Haiti\n\nCombatant 1 Won\n\n\nNaxalite–Maoist insurgency\n1967–present\n Naxalites:\n\nCommunist Party of India (Maoist)\n\nPeople's Liberation Guerrilla Army\n\n\nCommunist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Janashakti\nCommunist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Naxalbari\nCommunist Party of United States of India\nCommunist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) New Democracy\nCommunist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Mahadev Mukherjee)\n People's Liberation Army of Manipur\nTamil Nadu Liberation Army\nPurbo Banglar Communist Party\n\n\nSupported by:\n China[185]\n Pakistan[185]\n Mongolia\n Indonesia\n Afghanistan\n Algeria\n Bahrain\n Chad\n Comoros\n Djibouti\n Egypt\n Federation of Arab Republics (1972-1977)\n Iraq\n Jordan\n Kuwait\n Lebanon\n Libya\n Mauritania\n Morocco\n North Yemen (1967-1990)\n Oman\n Qatar\n Palestine\n Saudi Arabia\n Somalia\n South Yemen (1967-1990)\n Sudan\n Syria\n Tunisia\n United Arab Emirates\n United Arab Republic (1967-1972)\n Western Sahara\n Yemen (from 1990)\n Communist Party of Nepal—Maoist\n New People's Army[186]\n CIC (until 1977)\n\n India\n\nSupported by:\n Bangladesh\n Bhutan\n Nepal\n Iran\n Peshmerga\n\nRight-wing paramilitary groups:\nSalwa Judum\nRanvir Sena\nBajrang Dal\n\nOngoing\n\n\nYears of Lead\n1968–1982\nFar-left terrorist groups:\n Red Brigades\nFront Line\nOctober 22 Group\nPAC\nContinuous Struggle\nPO-AO\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union (alleged)\n\n Italian Government\n\nSISDE (Internal)\nSISMI (Foreign)\nItalian Armed Forces\nArm of Carabineers\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n\nFar-right terrorist groups:\n National Vanguard\nBlack Order\nNAR\nThird Position\nSupported by:\n United States (alleged)\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nCommunist insurgency in Malaysia\n1968–1989\nCommunist forces:\n Malayan Communist Party[187]\n\n Malayan National Liberation Army[187]\n\n\nSupported by:\n China[35][188]\n Soviet Union[188]\n\nAnti-communist forces:\n Malaysia[189]\n Thailand[190][191]\n\nSupported by:\n United Kingdom[192]\n Australia\n New Zealand[193]\n United States\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nOperation Condor\n1968–1989\nOpponents to the military juntas and right-wing governments in South America.\n\nSupported by:\n Poland\n Spain\n\n Chile\n Argentina\n Brazil\n Bolivia\n Paraguay\n Uruguay\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n Peru\n Ecuador\n Colombia\n Venezuela\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nAl-Wadiah War\n1969\n South Yemen\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n\n Saudi Arabia\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nCivil conflict in the Philippines\n1969–present\nCommunist forces:\n Communist Party\n\nNPA\n NDF\n Makabayan\n MLPP-\n\nRHB[194]\n\n APP[194]\n RPA[194]\n ABB[194]\n CPLA[194] (Until 2011)\n\n\n Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)[195]\n Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) (until 2014)\nMRLO[196]\nAmpatuan militias[197]\n\nSupported by:\n Malaysia (to MNLF and MILF)[198][199]\n People's Republic of China (1969–1976,[200] alleged continued support[citation needed])\n Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1980s–2011)[201][202](to MNLF)[203][204][205][206][207]\n North Korea[208][209]\n Vietnam (1980s)[204]\n Cuba (Alleged support[citation needed])\n\nAnti-communist forces:\n Philippines\n\nAlsa Masa (1986–?)[210]\nCAFGU\n\n\nSupported by:\n United States[211]\n\nOngoing\n\n\nYemenite War of 1972\n1972\n South Yemen\nNational Democratic Front\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n Cuba\n East Germany\n Czechoslovakia\n Libya\n\n North Yemen\n\nSupported by:\n Saudi Arabia\n Jordan\n United States\n Republic of China\n United Kingdom\n West Germany\n\nStalemate\n\n\nAngolan Civil War\n1974–2002\n MPLA\n SWAPO\n MK\n Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC)\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union[212]\n Cuba\n Tanzania[213]\n Mozambique[214]\n Czechoslovak Socialist Republic[215]\n Polish People's Republic\n Yugoslavia\n People's Republic of Bulgaria[216]\n Guyana[175]\n Portugal[217]\n (until 1989)\n India[215]\n North Korea\n Brazil\n\n UNITA\n FNLA\n FLEC\n\nSupported by:\n United States[218]\n People's Republic of China[218]\n South Africa\n Zambia[219]\n Morocco[220]\n Zaire\n Egypt\n France\n Belgium\n Burkina Faso (from 1987)\n Israel\n United Kingdom\n Rhodesia (until 1979)\n South Korea\n\nCombatant 1 Won\n\n\nEthiopian Civil War\n1974-1991\n People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union[221]\n[135][139][140][141][222][223]\n North Korea\n Libya\n South Yemen[221]\n Tanzania\n East Germany (until 1990)[221][224][225]\n Bulgaria\n Cuba (1987–1991)[226]\n\nEthiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n United Kingdom\n China\n West Germany (until 1990)\n Germany (from 1990)\n Saudi Arabia\n Israel\n North Yemen\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nLebanese Civil War\n1975–1990\n LNM (until 1982)\n Jammoul (from 1982)\n PLO\n\nSupported by:\n Iraq\n Libya\n Algeria\n\n Amal Movement\n\n Hezbollah\n(from 1985)\n Iran (From 1980, mainly IRGC paramilitary units)\n\nSupported by:\n North Korea\n\nIslamic Unification Movement (from 1982)\n\n Syria\n\n LF\n AFL (until 1977)\nSLA (from 1976)\n Israel (from 1978)\n\nTigers Militia (until 1980)\n\nMarada Brigades (left LF in 1978; aligned with Syria)\n\n Lebanon\n United Nations UNIFIL (from 1978)\nMultinational Force in Lebanon (1982–1984)\n United States\n France\n\n Arab Deterrent Force (1976–1987)\n Syria (1976, and from 1983)\n\nNeutral Parties: Armenian Revolutionary Federation\n Kurds\n\nStalemate\n\n\nWestern Sahara War\n1975–1991\n Polisario Front\n\n SADR\n\n\nSupported by:\n Libya\n Algeria[227]\n Soviet Union\n\n Morocco\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n Saudi Arabia\n Mauritania\n France\n\nStalemate\n\n\nIndonesian occupation of East Timor\n1975–1999\n East Timor (CNRM, later CNRT)\n\n FRETILIN (FALINTIL)\n UDT\n\nSupported by:\n Portugal\n Soviet Union\n Libya\n Free Aceh Movement\n China\n\n Indonesia\n\n Timor Timur\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n Australia\n United Kingdom\n Canada\n Israel[228]\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nCabinda War\n1975–present\n Angola\n\nSupported by:\n Cuba\n East Germany (until 1989)\n Soviet Union (until 1989)[229][230]\n Brazil\n\n FLEC\n\nFLEC-FAC\nFLEC-Renovada\nFLEC-N'Zita\nFLEC-Lubota\nUniao Nacional de Libertaçao de Cabinda\nCommunist Committee of Cabinda\n\n\nSupported by:\n France[231]\n Zaire[232]\n Belgium[233]\n World League for Freedom and Democracy[233]\n China (alleged)\n\nOngoing\n\n\nInsurgency in Laos\n1975–present\n Laos\n\nPathet Lao\nPro-govt. Hmong\nPro-govt. Chinese\n\n\nSupported by:\n Vietnam\n North Vietnam (to 1976)\n Soviet Union (to 1978)\n\nHmong insurgents\n\nLaotian Hmong\nThai Hmong\n\nEthnic Liberation Organization of Laos\n(1984–)\nUnited Front for the Liberation of Laos (1980–)\n\n Royal Lao Democratic Government (1982)\n\nChao Fa (to 1984)\nLao National Liberation Front\nLao United Independence Front\nFree Democratic Lao National Salvation Force\n National Army of Democratic Kampuchea (1979-1983: limited involv.)\n\nSupported by:\n China (PRC) (to 1988)\n[234]\n Democratic Kampuchea (to 1979)\n Khmer Rouge (1980 to 1981)\n Party of Democratic Kampuchea (1981 to 1990)\n Thailand (Rightists: early to mid-1980s) (Hmong: to 1990)\n United States (Hmong: 1990)\nNeo Hom (support. 1981-)[235][236]\n Royal Lao Government in Exile\nVarious Hmong exiles\n\nOngoing\n\n\nCivil conflict in Turkey\n1976–present\nTAK\nTKP/ML-TİKKO\nMKP-HKO-PHG\nMaoist Party\nMaoist Party Centre\n THKO\n Devrimci Yol\n Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union[237][238]\n China\n ASALA[239] (1970s–1988)\n Syria[237][240][241]\n Greece[242][243]\n Cyprus[237]\n Iran[237][244][245]\n Iraq[246]\n Libya[247]\n\n Turkey\n\nSupported by:\n NATO\n European Union\n USA\n United Kingdom\n\nOngoing\n\n\nShaba I\n1977\n Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC)\nSupported by:\n Angola\n Cuba\n Soviet Union\n\n Zaire\nSupported by:\n United States[248]\n China[249]\n Sudan[249]\n Morocco\n Egypt\n France\n Belgium\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nOgaden War\n1977–1978\n Ethiopia\n\nSupported by:\n Cuba\n Soviet Union\n South Yemen\n North Korea\n East Germany\n\n Somalia\n WSLF\n\nSupported by:\n China\n Egypt\n Socialist Republic of Romania\n\nCombatant 1 Won\n\n\nCambodian-Vietnamese War\n1977-1991\n Vietnam (VPA)\n KUFNS\n People's Republic of Kampuchea (KPRAF) (after 10 January 1979)\n State of Cambodia (CPAF) (1989)\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n Laos\n\n Democratic Kampuchea (RAK)\n\nSupported by:\n China\n\nPost invasion:\nCGDK:\n\n NADK\n KPNLF\nFUNCINPEC\n FULRO\n\n\nSupported by:\n China\n United States(non-combat support)\n United Kingdom(non-combat support)\n\nSpillover conflict:\n Thailand (border clashes)\n\nCombatant 1 Won\n\n\nMozambican Civil War\n1977-1992\n FRELIMO\n\nSupported by:\n Malawi[108]\n Brazil\n Zimbabwe (from 1980)\n Tanzania\n Soviet Union\n Bulgaria\n Cuba\n\n RENAMO\n\nSupported by:\n Zimbabwe-Rhodesia\n South Africa[250]\n Malawi[108]\n United States\n Rhodesia\n\nCombatant 1 Won\n\n\nChittagong Hill Tracts conflict\n1977–1997\n Bangladesh\n\nBangladesh Armed Forces\nBorder Guards Bangladesh\nBangladesh Police\nBangladesh Armed Police\n\n\n Shanti Bahini\n\nSupported by:\n India[251][252]\n\nStalemate\n\n\nShaba II\n1978\n Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC)\n\nSupported by\n Angola\n Cuba (alleged)\n Soviet Union (alleged)\n\n Zaire\n\nSupported by:\n France\n Belgium\n United States\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nUganda–Tanzania War\n1978–1979\n Tanzania\n UNLA\n Mozambique[253]\n Uganda\n Libya\n PLO[253][254]\nCombatant 1 Won\n\n\nNDF Rebellion\n1978–1982\n NDF\n\nSupported by:\n South Yemen\n Libya\n Soviet Union\n\n North Yemen\n Islamic Front\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n Saudi Arabia\n Taiwan\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nChadian–Libyan conflict\n1978–1987\n Libya\n\nIslamic Legion[255]\n\n Chadian rebels\n\n FROLINAT\nGUNT (1979–86)\n\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n\n Chad\n\nFAT (1978–79)\nFAN (1978–83)\nFANT (1983–87)\nGUNT (1986–87)\n\n France\n Zaire[256]\n\nSupported by:\n United States[257]\n Egypt[255]\n Sudan[255]\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nYemenite War of 1979\n1979\n South Yemen\nNational Democratic Front\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n Cuba\n East Germany\n Czechoslovakia\n Libya\n\n North Yemen\n\nSupported by:\n Saudi Arabia\n Jordan\n United States\n Taiwan\n Iraq\n Egypt\n\nStalemate\n\n\nAfghan-Soviet War\n1979–1989\n Soviet Union\n Democratic Republic of Afghanistan\n\nSupported by:\n India[258][259]\n Libya\n\n Sunni Mujahideen:\n\nJamiat-e Islami\n\nShura-e Nazar\n\n\nGulbuddin faction\n\nMaktab al-Khadamat\n\n\nKhalis faction\nIttehad i-Islami\nIRM\nNLF\nNIFA\n\n\nSupported by:\n Pakistan[260]\n United States[261][262][263][264]\n United Kingdom[263][265][266]\n China[267]\n Saudi Arabia[262][263][268][269]\n West Germany[270][271]\n United Kingdom[271]\n Turkey[272]\n Egypt[273]\n France[271]\n Israel[274]\n Japan[274]\n\nShia Mujahedeen:\n\nHarakat i-Islami\nAfghan Hezbollah\nNasr Party (IVOA)\nCOIRGA\nShura Party\nIRM\nUOIF\nRaad Party\n\n\nSupported by:\n Iran[260]\n\nSmall Maoist groups:\n\nALO\nSAMA\nAMFFF\n\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nSino-Vietnamese War\n1979\n Vietnam\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n Laos\n\n People's Republic of China\nStalemate\n\n\nInternal conflict in Peru\n1980–present\n Shining Path\n\n\n MRTA (until 1997)\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n Cuba [275]\n Libyan Arab Jamahiriya[275]\n\n Peruvian Armed Forces\n\nNational Intelligence Service\nGrupo Colina\n\n Rondas Campesinas\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n Japan\n\nOngoing\n\n\nEthiopian–Somali Border War\n1982\n Ethiopia\nSomali rebels\nSupported by:\n Cuba[276]\n South Yemen[276]\n North Korea[276]\n\n Somalia\nSupported by:\n United States[276][277]\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nSri Lankan Civil War\n1983–2009\n Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam\n\nSupported by:\n Libya\n India (until 1987) [278][279][280][281]\n\n Sri Lanka\n India\n Maldives\n\nSupported by:\n United Nations\n Taiwan\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nThai–Laotian Border War\n1987–1988\n Laos\n Vietnam\n\nSupported by\n Soviet Union\n\n Thailand\n\nSupported by\n United States\n\nStalemate\n\n\nAfghan Civil War\n1989–1992\n Democratic Republic of Afghanistan\n\nSupported by\n Soviet Union\n\n Mujahideen\n\nSupported by\n United States\n Pakistan\n China[282]\n Saudi Arabia\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n",
"\n\nWars\nYears\nCombatant 1\nCombatant 2\nResults\n\n\nChinese Civil War\n1944-1949[24]\n CPC\n PLA[15][16]\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n KMT\n NRA\n\nSupported by:\n United States\nCombatant 1 Won\n\n\nGreek Civil War\n1944-1949[25][26]\nGreek communists (Democratic Army of Greece, National Liberation Front, Greek People's Liberation Army, Communist Party of Greece)[25][26]\n\nSupported by:\n Albania[25]\n Bulgaria[25]\n Yugoslavia[25]\n Greece[25][26]\n\nSupported by:\n United Kingdom[25][26]\n United States[25][26]\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nIran crisis of 1946\n1945–1946\n Azerbaijan People's Republic\n Republic of Mahabad\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n\n Imperial State of Iran\nSupported by:\n United States\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nFirst Indochina War\n1946–1954[27][28]\n Khmer Issarak[29]\n Pathet Lao[30]\n Viet Minh[27][28]\n\nSupported by:\n China[27]\n Soviet Union[27]\n Polish People's Republic[31]\n East Germany[32][33]\n France[27][28]\n State of Vietnam (1949–1954)[27][28]\n Cambodia (1953–1954)\n Laos (1953–1954)\n\nSupported by:\n United States[27]\nCombatant 1 Won[27][28]\n\n\nParaguayan Civil War\n1947\n Liberal Party\n Febrerista Revolutionary Concentration\n Paraguayan Communist Party\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n\n Paraguayan Government\n Military of Paraguay\n Colorado Party\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n Argentina\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nMalayan Emergency\n1948–1960\nCommunist forces:\n Malayan Communist Party\n\n Malayan National Liberation Army\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union[34]\n People Republic of China[35][36][37]\n Indonesia[36][37]\n Viet Minh (-1954)\n North Vietnam (1954-)[38][39][40]\n\nAnti-communist forces:\n Commonwealth of Nations\n\n United Kingdom\n\n Federation of Malaya\n Southern Rhodesia (until 1953)\n Rhodesia and Nyasaland (after 1953)\n Fiji\n\n\n Australia\n New Zealand\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n\n Thailand (Thai-Malay border)\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nInternal conflict in Myanmar\n1948–present\n Burma\n\n Tatmadaw\n Myanmar Police Force\n\n\nSupported by:\n Israel\n Libya\n India\n Rwanda\n Malawi\n China[41]\n Russia[42]\n\nOpposition forces\n ABSDF\n Arakan Army\n DKBA-5\n KNU\n\n KNLA\n\n KIO\n\nKIA\n\n MNDAA\n NDAA\n SSAN\n SSAS\n TNLA\n UWSP\n\n UWSA\n\n...and others\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n Thailand\n China(1968–1988)\n Pakistan\n Vietnam\n Philippines\n Republic of China (1950–1961)[43]\n\nOngoing\n\n\nBalochistan conflict\n1948–present\nBaloch separatist groups\n\n BLA\n BRA\nBLF\nUBA\nLeB\nBLUF\nBSO (Azad)\n\nSupported by:\n India\n Soviet Union (until 1988)\n Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (until 1990)\n Iraq (1970s)[44]\n Israel[45]\n\nSectarian groups\nJundallah[46][47]\nJaish ul-Adl\nJundallah (Pakistan)\n al-Qaeda\n Lashkar-e-Jhangvi[44]\n Sipah-e-Sahaba[44]\n\n Pakistan\n\n Pakistan Army\nInter-Services Intelligence\nMilitary Intelligence of Pakistan\nFrontier Corps\n\n\n Iran[48]\n\nImperial Army (until 1979)\nIRGC (since 1980)\n\n\nOngoing\n\n\nArab–Israeli conflict\n1948–present\n Palestine\n\n PLO\n Hamas\n Fatah\n\n\nSupported by:\n Egypt (1948–78)\n Iraq\n Syria\n Italy (1956)\n Germany (1956)\n Cuba[49]\n Algeria\n Bangladesh[50]\n Soviet Union[51]\n Lebanon\n\n Israel\n\nSupported by:\n USA\n United Kingdom\n France\n\nOngoing\n\n\nKorean War\n1950-1953[52][53][54][55][56][57]\n North Korea[52][53][54][55][56][57]\n China[52][53][54][56][57]\n\nSupported by:\n Bulgaria\n Czechoslovakia[58]\n Hungary\n Poland\n Romania[56]\n Soviet Union[52][56]\n Mongolia\n South Korea[52][53][54][57]\n United Nations[53][54][57]\n United States[52][53][54][55][57]\n\nSupported by:\n Australia[53][54][55]\n Belgium[53][54]\n Bolivia[54]\n Canada[53][54][55]\n Colombia[53]\nCommonwealth of Nations[59]\n Cuba[54]\n Denmark[60]\n Ethiopia[53][54]\n France[53][54][55]\n Greece[53]\n India (Medical support)[55]\n Israel[61]\n Italy[62]\n Luxembourg[53]\n Netherlands[53]\n New Zealand[53][55]\n Norway[63]\n Philippines[53]\n South Africa[53][54]\n Spain[64]\n Sweden[65]\n Switzerland[66]\n Thailand[53][54]\n Turkey[53][54][55]\n United Kingdom[53][55]\nStalemate[52][53][57]\n\n\nMau Mau Uprising\n1952–1960\nMau Mau rebels[A]\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n\n United Kingdom\n\n British Kenya\n\n\nSupported by:\n USA\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nSecond Indochina War\n1953-1975[67][68][69][70][71]\n North Vietnam[67][68][69][70][71][72]\n Viet Cong[67][68][69][70][71][72]\n Pathet Lao\nNational United Front of Kampuchea:\n\n Khmer Rouge\n Khmer Rumdo\n Khmer Việt Minh\n Khmer Issarak\n\n China[67][70][71][72]\n\nSupported by:\n Albania[72][73]\n Bulgaria[72][73]\n Burma\n Cuba[72][73][74][75]\n Czechoslovakia[72][73]\n East Germany[72][73]\n Hungary[72][73]\n India[citation needed]\n Mongolia[72][73]\n North Korea[76]\n Poland[72][73]\n Romania[72][73]\n South Yemen[72][73]\n Soviet Union[67][70][71][72]\n Yugoslavia[72][73]\n Sweden[77][78]\n South Vietnam[67][68][69][70][71][72]\n United States[67][68][69][70][71][72]\n Laos[72]\n Kingdom of Cambodia (1967–1970)\n Khmer Republic (1970–1975)\n\nSupported by:\n Argentina[72]\n Australia[67][70][72]\n Belgium[72]\n Brazil[72]\n Canada[72][79]\n Costa Rica[72]\n Denmark[72]\n Ecuador[72]\n France[72]\n Greece[72]\n Guatemala[72]\n Honduras[72]\n Iran[72]\n Italy[72]\n Japan[72]\n Liberia[72]\n Luxembourg[72]\n Malaysia[72]\n Morocco[72]\n Norway[72]\n Netherlands[72]\n New Zealand[67][70]\n Pakistan[72]\n Philippines[70][72]\n South Africa[72]\n South Korea[67][70][72]\n Spain[72]\n Switzerland[72]\n Taiwan[72]\n Thailand[67][70][72]\n Tunisia[72]\n Turkey[72]\n United Kingdom[72]\n Uruguay[72]\n Venezuela[72]\n West Germany[72]\nCombatant 1 Won[67]\n\n\nFirst Taiwan Strait Crisis\n1954–1955\n People's Republic of China\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n Republic of China\n United States\nStalemate\n\n\nAlgerian War\n1954–1962\n FLN (ALN)\n MNA\n PCA\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n France\n\nSupported by:\n United States\nCombatant 1 Won a political victory\nCombatant 2 Won a military victory\n\n\nFirst Sudanese Civil War\n1955–1972\n United Kingdom (1955-1956)\n Egypt (1955-1956)\n Anglo-Egyptian Sudan\n(1955-1956)\n Republic of the Sudan\n(1956-1969)\n Democratic Republic of the Sudan\n(1969-1972)\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union[80]\n\nSouthern Sudan Liberation Movement\n\n Azania Liberation Front (1965-1970)\n Anyanya (1969-1972)\n\nEquatorial Corps (1955-1963)\n\nSupported by:\n Ethiopia[81]\n Uganda[82]\n Israel[81][82][83]\n\nStalemate\n\n\nSuez Crisis\n1956–1957[84]\n Egypt[84]\n\n Palestinian fedayeen\n\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union[84]\n West Germany\n Italy\n France[84]\n Israel[84]\n United Kingdom[84]\n\nTerritory unchanged. French and UK power in area weakened[84]\n\n\nSecond Taiwan Strait Crisis\n1958\n People's Republic of China\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n Republic of China\n United States\nStalemate\n\n\n1958 Lebanon crisis\n1958\n Lebanese Opposition:\n\n INM\n LCP\n PSP\n\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n Egypt\n\n Lebanese Government\n United States\nCombatant 2 Wins\n\n\n1959 Tibetan uprising\n1959–1962[85]\n People's Republic of China\n Tibet\n\n Chushi Gangdruk\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union[86]\n United States[87]\n Republic of India\n Kingdom of Nepal[88]\n United Nations[89]\n Taiwan\n\nCombatant 1 Won\n\n\nCentral American crisis\n1960–1996[90]\nEGP[90]\n FAR[90]\nORPA\n PGT[90]\n URNG[90]\n FSLN\n\nEPS\n\n FMLN (CRM)\n Nicaragua[91] (1979–90)\n\nSupported by\n Soviet Union[92]\n Cuba[93]\n Mexico[94]\n Libya[95]\n[96]\n Romania (before 1989)\n Greece\n Sweden[97][98]\n Costa Rica\n Bulgaria[99]\n China[100]\n\n Guatemala[90]\nESA[90]\nWhite Hand[90]\nand other paramilitary groups[90]\n Somoza government\n\nNational Guard\n\nContras (1981–90)\n Salvadoran military government\n\nSupported by\n United States[90][101]\n Saudi Arabia\n Honduras\n Chile\n Argentina\n Panama\n Israel[102]\n Taiwan[103]\nCombatant 1 Won\n\n\nCongo Crisis\n1960–1965\n1960–62:\n Stanleyville government\n\n1964–65:\n Simba and Kwilu rebels\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n China\n Cuba\n Egypt\n FLN\n Algeria\n Republic of the Congo\n Tanzania\n Burundi\n\n1960–63:\n Katanga\n South Kasai\n\n1964–65:\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\nSupported by:\n United States\n Belgium[106]\n France\n Rhodesia and Nyasaland\n South Africa\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nPortuguese Colonial War\n1960-1974[107]\n Portugal[107]\n\nSupported by:\n South Africa\n Rhodesia\n Malawi[108]\n Spain\n\n FLEC[107]\n FNLA[107]\n FRELIMO[107]\n MPLA[107]\n PAIGC[107]\n UNITA[107]\n\nSupported by:\n China[107]\n Cuba[107]\n France[107]\n Soviet Union[107]\n United States[107]\n Zaire\n Algeria\n Tanzania\n Zambia\n Tunisia\n Senegal\n Guinea\n Congo-Brazzaville\n Libya\n Yugoslavia\n Bulgaria\n Liberia\n Egypt\n India\n Brazil\nCombatant 2 Won[73]\n\n\nXinjiang conflict\n1960s–present\nETPRP\n(1969–1989)\nURFET\n(1969–1989)\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union (1969–1989)[109][110]\n Mongolian People's Republic (1960–1989)\n\n People's Republic of China\nOngoing\n\n\nFirst Iraqi–Kurdish War\n1961–1970\n Republic of Iraq\n Ba'athist Iraq Supported by:\n Syria[111]\n\n KDP\n\nSupported by:\n Pahlavi Iran\n Israel[112]\n\nStalemate\n\n\nEritrean War of Independence\n1961–1974\n ELF\nSupported by:\n Libya[113][114][115]\n(until 1977)\n Cuba[113][116]\n(until 1974)\n Syria[117][118]\n Iraq[119][120]\n Tunisia[121][122][123]\n Saudi Arabia[124][125]\n Somalia[126]\n Sudan[127]\n Ethiopian Empire (until 1974)\nSupported by:\n United States (until 1974)\n[128][129][130][131][132]\n Israel (until 1974) [133][134]\nStalemate\n\n\n1974–1991\n Derg (1974–1987)\n PDRE (1987–1991)\nSupported by:\n Cuba[135][136][137][138] (1974–1989)[dubious – discuss]\n Soviet Union[135][139][140][141] (1974–1990)\n South Yemen [133]\n EPLF\n TPLF\nSupported by:\n China[142][143]\n Sudan[127]\n Libya[113][114][115]\n(1977–1991)\n United States\n(May 1991)[144]\n Somalia[126]\n Syria[117][118]\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nNorth Yemen Civil War\n1962–1970\n Yemen Arab Republic\n Egypt[145]\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n\n Kingdom of Yemen\n Saudi Arabia[145]\n\nSupported by:\n Jordan[146]\n United Kingdom[146]\n United States\n\nCombatant 1 Won\n\n\nDhofar Rebellion\n1962–1976\n DLF (1962–1968)\n PFLOAG (1968–1974)\n NDFLOAG (1969–1971)\n PFLO (1974–1976)\n\nSupported by:\n China[147]\n Soviet Union[147]\n South Yemen[147]\n East Germany\n\n Oman[147]\nSupported by:\n Iran[147]\n Abu Dhabi[147]\n Saudi Arabia[147]\n United Kingdom[147]\n Jordan[147]\n Egypt[147]\n Pakistan[147]\n UAE[147]\n United States\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nSarawak Communist Insurgency\n1962–1990\nCommunist forces:\n North Kalimantan Communist Party[148]\n\nSarawak People's Guerilla Force (SPGF)[149]\nNorth Kalimantan People's Army (NKPA)[149]\n\n\n Indonesia (1962–65) (troops aid)\nOther support:\n Brunei People's Party\n\nNorth Kalimantan National Army (NKNA)\n\nSupported by:\n China[149]\n Soviet Union\n\nAnti-communist forces:\n United Kingdom[150]\n\n Sarawak (until 1963)\n\n Malaysia\n\n Sarawak (after 1963)\n\nSupported by:\n Australia\n Brunei\n New Zealand\n United States\n\n Indonesia (after 1965) (Indo-Malay border)\n\nStalemate\n\n\nSand War\n1963\n Algeria\n\nSupported by:\n Egypt[151]\n Cuba\n Soviet Union\n\n Morocco\n\nSupported by:\n USA\n France\n\nStalemate\n\n\nAden Emergency\n1963–1967\n NLF\nFLOSY\n\nSupported by\n Egypt\n Yemen Arab Republic\n Soviet Union\n\n United Kingdom\n\n Federation of South Arabia\n\n\nSupported by\n United States\n\nCombatant 1 Won\n\n\nInsurgency in Northeast India\n1963–present\nACF\nAchik NLA\nAMLF\nANLCA\nAdivasi NLA\nANVC\nAPA\nAPLA\nATBR\nATBSF\nATF\nATPLO\n ATTF\nAYLF\nBCF\nBDFM\nBKI\nBMS\nBMS\nBNCT\nBNLF\nCKRF\nDHD (until 2013)\nDHDA\nDJNA\nGNLA\nGTF\nHALC\nHNLC\nHPCD\nHULA\n HuM\nINF\nIRF\nKCP\nKDF\nKIA\nKIF\nKKK\nKLA\n KLNLF\n KLO\nKNF\nKNLA\nKPLT\nKRA\nKYKL\nLAEF\nMNPF\nMULTA\n NDFB\nNLFB\nNLFT\n NSCN-IM\n PLA\nPLF-M\nPRA\nPREPAK\nRJC\nRNHPF\nRNSF\nSDFT\nSPLA\nSTF\nTATCF\nTLOF\nTMP\nTNA\nTNDTF\nTRRB\nTTACF\nTTSF\nUALA\nUANF\nUDKLF\nUILA\nUIRA\nUKDA\nUKLF\n ULFA\n UNLF\nUPLF\nZPC\n ZRA\nZRF\nZRV\nZUF\n\nSupported by:\n Arab League\n\n India\n Bhutan\n Bangladesh\n Burma\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n Soviet Union\n Iran\n\nOngoing\n\n\nRhodesian Bush War\n1964–1979\n ZANLA (ZANU)\n FRELIMO[152] (until 25 June 1975)\n Mozambique (from 25 June 1975)\n\nSupported by:\n China[153]\n Libya\n Tanzania[154]\n Brazil\n\n ZIPRA (ZAPU)[155]\n MK (ANC)[155]\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union[153]\n Zambia\n Cuba[153]\n East Germany[153]\n\nFROLIZI\n\n Rhodesia\n(until 1 June 1979)\n Zimbabwe Rhodesia\n(from 1 June 1979)\n\nSupported by:\n South Africa\n Portugal\n(until 1974)\n\nStalemate\n\n\nDominican Civil War\n1965\n Constitutionalists\n Dominican Revolutionary Party[156]\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n Cuba\n\n Dominican Republic\n United States\n Inter-American Peace Force\n\n Brazil\n Paraguay\n Nicaragua\n Costa Rica\n El Salvador\n Honduras[157]\n\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nChadian Civil War\n1965–1979\n FROLINAT\n GUNT\n Libya\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n\n Chad\n France\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n\nCombatant 1 Won\n\n\nCommunist insurgency in Thailand\n1965–1983\n Communist Party of Thailand\nThai United Patriotic Front\n\nSupported by:\n North Vietnam (until 1976)\n Vietnam (from 1976)\n China (from 1971)\n Pathet Lao [158][159]\n North Korea[159]\n Khmer Rouge (until 1978)[158]\n Soviet Union\n\n Thailand\n\n Royal Thai Armed Forces\n Royal Thai Police\nThai Paramilitaries\n\n Taiwan (until July 1967)\n\nKuomintang 49th Division[160]\nChinese Irregular Force (CIF)\n\n\nSupported by:\n Malaysia\n United States[158]\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nBolivian Campaign\n1966–1967\nEjército de Liberación Nacional\n Cuba\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n\n Bolivia\n United States\n\nCIA\n\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nKorean DMZ Conflict (1966–1969)\n1966–1969\n North Korea\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n China\n\n South Korea\n United States\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nSouth African Border War\n1966–1990\nAfrican nationalist forces:\n PLAN (SWAPO)\n SWANU\n\nSupported by:\n Cuba[161]\n MPLA[162]\n Soviet Union[163]\n China[164]\n Yugoslavia[165][166]\n Bulgaria[167][168]\n Tanzania[169][170]\n Zambia[171]\n Libya[172]\n Kenya[173]\n Algeria[174]\n Guyana[175]\n Brazil\n\nAnti-communist forces:\n South Africa\n\n South-West Africa\n\nSupported by:\n UNITA[176]\n United States\n United Kingdom\n Portugal (until 1975)\n\nStalemate\n\n\nNigerian Civil War\n1967–1970\n Nigeria\n\nSupported by:\n United Kingdom\n Soviet Union\n United States\n Canada Sudan\n Chad\n Niger\n Syria\n Saudi Arabia\n Algeria[177]\n Bulgaria[178]\n\n Biafra\n\nSupported by:\n South Africa\n Portugal[179]\n France\n Spain[180][181]\n Tanzania[182][183][184]\n Gabon\n Ivory Coast\n Zambia\n Rhodesia\n Haiti\n\nCombatant 1 Won\n\n\nNaxalite–Maoist insurgency\n1967–present\n Naxalites:\n\nCommunist Party of India (Maoist)\n\nPeople's Liberation Guerrilla Army\n\n\nCommunist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Janashakti\nCommunist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Naxalbari\nCommunist Party of United States of India\nCommunist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) New Democracy\nCommunist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Mahadev Mukherjee)\n People's Liberation Army of Manipur\nTamil Nadu Liberation Army\nPurbo Banglar Communist Party\n\n\nSupported by:\n China[185]\n Pakistan[185]\n Mongolia\n Indonesia\n Afghanistan\n Algeria\n Bahrain\n Chad\n Comoros\n Djibouti\n Egypt\n Federation of Arab Republics (1972-1977)\n Iraq\n Jordan\n Kuwait\n Lebanon\n Libya\n Mauritania\n Morocco\n North Yemen (1967-1990)\n Oman\n Qatar\n Palestine\n Saudi Arabia\n Somalia\n South Yemen (1967-1990)\n Sudan\n Syria\n Tunisia\n United Arab Emirates\n United Arab Republic (1967-1972)\n Western Sahara\n Yemen (from 1990)\n Communist Party of Nepal—Maoist\n New People's Army[186]\n CIC (until 1977)\n\n India\n\nSupported by:\n Bangladesh\n Bhutan\n Nepal\n Iran\n Peshmerga\n\nRight-wing paramilitary groups:\nSalwa Judum\nRanvir Sena\nBajrang Dal\n\nOngoing\n\n\nYears of Lead\n1968–1982\nFar-left terrorist groups:\n Red Brigades\nFront Line\nOctober 22 Group\nPAC\nContinuous Struggle\nPO-AO\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union (alleged)\n\n Italian Government\n\nSISDE (Internal)\nSISMI (Foreign)\nItalian Armed Forces\nArm of Carabineers\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n\nFar-right terrorist groups:\n National Vanguard\nBlack Order\nNAR\nThird Position\nSupported by:\n United States (alleged)\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nCommunist insurgency in Malaysia\n1968–1989\nCommunist forces:\n Malayan Communist Party[187]\n\n Malayan National Liberation Army[187]\n\n\nSupported by:\n China[35][188]\n Soviet Union[188]\n\nAnti-communist forces:\n Malaysia[189]\n Thailand[190][191]\n\nSupported by:\n United Kingdom[192]\n Australia\n New Zealand[193]\n United States\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nOperation Condor\n1968–1989\nOpponents to the military juntas and right-wing governments in South America.\n\nSupported by:\n Poland\n Spain\n\n Chile\n Argentina\n Brazil\n Bolivia\n Paraguay\n Uruguay\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n Peru\n Ecuador\n Colombia\n Venezuela\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nAl-Wadiah War\n1969\n South Yemen\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n\n Saudi Arabia\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nCivil conflict in the Philippines\n1969–present\nCommunist forces:\n Communist Party\n\nNPA\n NDF\n Makabayan\n MLPP-\n\nRHB[194]\n\n APP[194]\n RPA[194]\n ABB[194]\n CPLA[194] (Until 2011)\n\n\n Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)[195]\n Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) (until 2014)\nMRLO[196]\nAmpatuan militias[197]\n\nSupported by:\n Malaysia (to MNLF and MILF)[198][199]\n People's Republic of China (1969–1976,[200] alleged continued support[citation needed])\n Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1980s–2011)[201][202](to MNLF)[203][204][205][206][207]\n North Korea[208][209]\n Vietnam (1980s)[204]\n Cuba (Alleged support[citation needed])\n\nAnti-communist forces:\n Philippines\n\nAlsa Masa (1986–?)[210]\nCAFGU\n\n\nSupported by:\n United States[211]\n\nOngoing\n\n\nYemenite War of 1972\n1972\n South Yemen\nNational Democratic Front\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n Cuba\n East Germany\n Czechoslovakia\n Libya\n\n North Yemen\n\nSupported by:\n Saudi Arabia\n Jordan\n United States\n Republic of China\n United Kingdom\n West Germany\n\nStalemate\n\n\nAngolan Civil War\n1974–2002\n MPLA\n SWAPO\n MK\n Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC)\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union[212]\n Cuba\n Tanzania[213]\n Mozambique[214]\n Czechoslovak Socialist Republic[215]\n Polish People's Republic\n Yugoslavia\n People's Republic of Bulgaria[216]\n Guyana[175]\n Portugal[217]\n (until 1989)\n India[215]\n North Korea\n Brazil\n\n UNITA\n FNLA\n FLEC\n\nSupported by:\n United States[218]\n People's Republic of China[218]\n South Africa\n Zambia[219]\n Morocco[220]\n Zaire\n Egypt\n France\n Belgium\n Burkina Faso (from 1987)\n Israel\n United Kingdom\n Rhodesia (until 1979)\n South Korea\n\nCombatant 1 Won\n\n\nEthiopian Civil War\n1974-1991\n People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union[221]\n[135][139][140][141][222][223]\n North Korea\n Libya\n South Yemen[221]\n Tanzania\n East Germany (until 1990)[221][224][225]\n Bulgaria\n Cuba (1987–1991)[226]\n\nEthiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n United Kingdom\n China\n West Germany (until 1990)\n Germany (from 1990)\n Saudi Arabia\n Israel\n North Yemen\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nLebanese Civil War\n1975–1990\n LNM (until 1982)\n Jammoul (from 1982)\n PLO\n\nSupported by:\n Iraq\n Libya\n Algeria\n\n Amal Movement\n\n Hezbollah\n(from 1985)\n Iran (From 1980, mainly IRGC paramilitary units)\n\nSupported by:\n North Korea\n\nIslamic Unification Movement (from 1982)\n\n Syria\n\n LF\n AFL (until 1977)\nSLA (from 1976)\n Israel (from 1978)\n\nTigers Militia (until 1980)\n\nMarada Brigades (left LF in 1978; aligned with Syria)\n\n Lebanon\n United Nations UNIFIL (from 1978)\nMultinational Force in Lebanon (1982–1984)\n United States\n France\n\n Arab Deterrent Force (1976–1987)\n Syria (1976, and from 1983)\n\nNeutral Parties: Armenian Revolutionary Federation\n Kurds\n\nStalemate\n\n\nWestern Sahara War\n1975–1991\n Polisario Front\n\n SADR\n\n\nSupported by:\n Libya\n Algeria[227]\n Soviet Union\n\n Morocco\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n Saudi Arabia\n Mauritania\n France\n\nStalemate\n\n\nIndonesian occupation of East Timor\n1975–1999\n East Timor (CNRM, later CNRT)\n\n FRETILIN (FALINTIL)\n UDT\n\nSupported by:\n Portugal\n Soviet Union\n Libya\n Free Aceh Movement\n China\n\n Indonesia\n\n Timor Timur\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n Australia\n United Kingdom\n Canada\n Israel[228]\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nCabinda War\n1975–present\n Angola\n\nSupported by:\n Cuba\n East Germany (until 1989)\n Soviet Union (until 1989)[229][230]\n Brazil\n\n FLEC\n\nFLEC-FAC\nFLEC-Renovada\nFLEC-N'Zita\nFLEC-Lubota\nUniao Nacional de Libertaçao de Cabinda\nCommunist Committee of Cabinda\n\n\nSupported by:\n France[231]\n Zaire[232]\n Belgium[233]\n World League for Freedom and Democracy[233]\n China (alleged)\n\nOngoing\n\n\nInsurgency in Laos\n1975–present\n Laos\n\nPathet Lao\nPro-govt. Hmong\nPro-govt. Chinese\n\n\nSupported by:\n Vietnam\n North Vietnam (to 1976)\n Soviet Union (to 1978)\n\nHmong insurgents\n\nLaotian Hmong\nThai Hmong\n\nEthnic Liberation Organization of Laos\n(1984–)\nUnited Front for the Liberation of Laos (1980–)\n\n Royal Lao Democratic Government (1982)\n\nChao Fa (to 1984)\nLao National Liberation Front\nLao United Independence Front\nFree Democratic Lao National Salvation Force\n National Army of Democratic Kampuchea (1979-1983: limited involv.)\n\nSupported by:\n China (PRC) (to 1988)\n[234]\n Democratic Kampuchea (to 1979)\n Khmer Rouge (1980 to 1981)\n Party of Democratic Kampuchea (1981 to 1990)\n Thailand (Rightists: early to mid-1980s) (Hmong: to 1990)\n United States (Hmong: 1990)\nNeo Hom (support. 1981-)[235][236]\n Royal Lao Government in Exile\nVarious Hmong exiles\n\nOngoing\n\n\nCivil conflict in Turkey\n1976–present\nTAK\nTKP/ML-TİKKO\nMKP-HKO-PHG\nMaoist Party\nMaoist Party Centre\n THKO\n Devrimci Yol\n Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union[237][238]\n China\n ASALA[239] (1970s–1988)\n Syria[237][240][241]\n Greece[242][243]\n Cyprus[237]\n Iran[237][244][245]\n Iraq[246]\n Libya[247]\n\n Turkey\n\nSupported by:\n NATO\n European Union\n USA\n United Kingdom\n\nOngoing\n\n\nShaba I\n1977\n Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC)\nSupported by:\n Angola\n Cuba\n Soviet Union\n\n Zaire\nSupported by:\n United States[248]\n China[249]\n Sudan[249]\n Morocco\n Egypt\n France\n Belgium\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nOgaden War\n1977–1978\n Ethiopia\n\nSupported by:\n Cuba\n Soviet Union\n South Yemen\n North Korea\n East Germany\n\n Somalia\n WSLF\n\nSupported by:\n China\n Egypt\n Socialist Republic of Romania\n\nCombatant 1 Won\n\n\nCambodian-Vietnamese War\n1977-1991\n Vietnam (VPA)\n KUFNS\n People's Republic of Kampuchea (KPRAF) (after 10 January 1979)\n State of Cambodia (CPAF) (1989)\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n Laos\n\n Democratic Kampuchea (RAK)\n\nSupported by:\n China\n\nPost invasion:\nCGDK:\n\n NADK\n KPNLF\nFUNCINPEC\n FULRO\n\n\nSupported by:\n China\n United States(non-combat support)\n United Kingdom(non-combat support)\n\nSpillover conflict:\n Thailand (border clashes)\n\nCombatant 1 Won\n\n\nMozambican Civil War\n1977-1992\n FRELIMO\n\nSupported by:\n Malawi[108]\n Brazil\n Zimbabwe (from 1980)\n Tanzania\n Soviet Union\n Bulgaria\n Cuba\n\n RENAMO\n\nSupported by:\n Zimbabwe-Rhodesia\n South Africa[250]\n Malawi[108]\n United States\n Rhodesia\n\nCombatant 1 Won\n\n\nChittagong Hill Tracts conflict\n1977–1997\n Bangladesh\n\nBangladesh Armed Forces\nBorder Guards Bangladesh\nBangladesh Police\nBangladesh Armed Police\n\n\n Shanti Bahini\n\nSupported by:\n India[251][252]\n\nStalemate\n\n\nShaba II\n1978\n Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC)\n\nSupported by\n Angola\n Cuba (alleged)\n Soviet Union (alleged)\n\n Zaire\n\nSupported by:\n France\n Belgium\n United States\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nUganda–Tanzania War\n1978–1979\n Tanzania\n UNLA\n Mozambique[253]\n Uganda\n Libya\n PLO[253][254]\nCombatant 1 Won\n\n\nNDF Rebellion\n1978–1982\n NDF\n\nSupported by:\n South Yemen\n Libya\n Soviet Union\n\n North Yemen\n Islamic Front\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n Saudi Arabia\n Taiwan\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nChadian–Libyan conflict\n1978–1987\n Libya\n\nIslamic Legion[255]\n\n Chadian rebels\n\n FROLINAT\nGUNT (1979–86)\n\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n\n Chad\n\nFAT (1978–79)\nFAN (1978–83)\nFANT (1983–87)\nGUNT (1986–87)\n\n France\n Zaire[256]\n\nSupported by:\n United States[257]\n Egypt[255]\n Sudan[255]\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nYemenite War of 1979\n1979\n South Yemen\nNational Democratic Front\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n Cuba\n East Germany\n Czechoslovakia\n Libya\n\n North Yemen\n\nSupported by:\n Saudi Arabia\n Jordan\n United States\n Taiwan\n Iraq\n Egypt\n\nStalemate\n\n\nAfghan-Soviet War\n1979–1989\n Soviet Union\n Democratic Republic of Afghanistan\n\nSupported by:\n India[258][259]\n Libya\n\n Sunni Mujahideen:\n\nJamiat-e Islami\n\nShura-e Nazar\n\n\nGulbuddin faction\n\nMaktab al-Khadamat\n\n\nKhalis faction\nIttehad i-Islami\nIRM\nNLF\nNIFA\n\n\nSupported by:\n Pakistan[260]\n United States[261][262][263][264]\n United Kingdom[263][265][266]\n China[267]\n Saudi Arabia[262][263][268][269]\n West Germany[270][271]\n United Kingdom[271]\n Turkey[272]\n Egypt[273]\n France[271]\n Israel[274]\n Japan[274]\n\nShia Mujahedeen:\n\nHarakat i-Islami\nAfghan Hezbollah\nNasr Party (IVOA)\nCOIRGA\nShura Party\nIRM\nUOIF\nRaad Party\n\n\nSupported by:\n Iran[260]\n\nSmall Maoist groups:\n\nALO\nSAMA\nAMFFF\n\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nSino-Vietnamese War\n1979\n Vietnam\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n Laos\n\n People's Republic of China\nStalemate\n\n\nInternal conflict in Peru\n1980–present\n Shining Path\n\n\n MRTA (until 1997)\n\nSupported by:\n Soviet Union\n Cuba [275]\n Libyan Arab Jamahiriya[275]\n\n Peruvian Armed Forces\n\nNational Intelligence Service\nGrupo Colina\n\n Rondas Campesinas\n\nSupported by:\n United States\n Japan\n\nOngoing\n\n\nEthiopian–Somali Border War\n1982\n Ethiopia\nSomali rebels\nSupported by:\n Cuba[276]\n South Yemen[276]\n North Korea[276]\n\n Somalia\nSupported by:\n United States[276][277]\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nSri Lankan Civil War\n1983–2009\n Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam\n\nSupported by:\n Libya\n India (until 1987) [278][279][280][281]\n\n Sri Lanka\n India\n Maldives\n\nSupported by:\n United Nations\n Taiwan\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n\nThai–Laotian Border War\n1987–1988\n Laos\n Vietnam\n\nSupported by\n Soviet Union\n\n Thailand\n\nSupported by\n United States\n\nStalemate\n\n\nAfghan Civil War\n1989–1992\n Democratic Republic of Afghanistan\n\nSupported by\n Soviet Union\n\n Mujahideen\n\nSupported by\n United States\n Pakistan\n China[282]\n Saudi Arabia\n\nCombatant 2 Won\n\n"
] |
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"Chinese Civil War",
"Greek Civil War"
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Innate immune system
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Innate immune system - wikipedia Innate immune system Jump to : navigation , search Innate immune system The innate immune system , also known as the non-specific immune system or in - born immunity system , is an important subsystem of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms . The cells of the innate system recognize and respond to pathogens in a generic way , but , unlike the adaptive immune system , the system does not provide long - lasting immunity to the host . Innate immune systems provide immediate defense against infection , and are found in all classes of plant and animal life . The innate immune system is an evolutionarily older defense strategy , and is the dominant immune system found in plants , fungi , insects , and primitive multicellular organisms . The major functions of the vertebrate innate immune system include : Recruiting immune cells to sites of infection , through the production of chemical factors , including specialized chemical mediators , called cytokines Activation of the complement cascade to identify bacteria , activate cells , and promote clearance of antibody complexes or dead cells Identification and removal of foreign substances present in organs , tissues , blood and lymph , by specialized white blood cells Activation of the adaptive immune system through a process known as antigen presentation Acting as a physical and chemical barrier to infectious agents . Contents ( hide ) 1 Anatomical barriers 2 Inflammation 3 Complement system 4 Cells 4.1 Mast cells 4.2 Phagocytes 4.2. 1 Macrophages 4.2. 2 Neutrophils 4.2. 3 Dendritic cells 4.3 Basophils and eosinophils 4.4 Natural killer cells 4.5 γδ T cells 5 Other vertebrate mechanisms 6 Neural regulation 7 Pathogen - specificity 8 Immune evasion 8.1 Viruses 9 In other species 9.1 Prokaryotes 9.2 Invertebrates 9.2. 1 Proteolytic cascades 9.2. 2 Clotting mechanisms 9.3 Plants 10 See also 11 References Anatomical barriers ( edit ) Anatomical barrier Additional defense mechanisms Skin Sweat , desquamation , flushing , organic acids Gastrointestinal tract Peristalsis , gastric acid , bile acids , digestive enzyme , flushing , thiocyanate , defensins , gut flora Respiratory airways and lungs Mucociliary elevator , surfactant , defensins Nasopharynx Mucus , saliva , lysozyme Eyes Tears Anatomical barriers include physical , chemical and biological barriers . The epithelial surfaces form a physical barrier that is impermeable to most infectious agents , acting as the first line of defense against invading organisms . Desquamation ( shedding ) of skin epithelium also helps remove bacteria and other infectious agents that have adhered to the epithelial surfaces . Lack of blood vessels and inability of the epidermis to retain moisture , presence of sebaceous glands in the dermis provides an environment unsuitable for the survival of microbes . In the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract , movement due to peristalsis or cilia , respectively , helps remove infectious agents . Also , mucus traps infectious agents . The gut flora can prevent the colonization of pathogenic bacteria by secreting toxic substances or by competing with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients or attachment to cell surfaces . The flushing action of tears and saliva helps prevent infection of the eyes and mouth . Inflammation ( edit ) Main article : Inflammation Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection or irritation . Inflammation is stimulated by chemical factors released by injured cells and serves to establish a physical barrier against the spread of infection , and to promote healing of any damaged tissue following the clearance of pathogens . The process of acute inflammation is initiated by cells already present in all tissues , mainly resident macrophages , dendritic cells , histiocytes , Kupffer cells , and mastocytes . These cells present receptors contained on the surface or within the cell , named pattern recognition receptors ( PRRs ) , which recognize molecules that are broadly shared by pathogens but distinguishable from host molecules , collectively referred to as pathogen - associated molecular patterns ( PAMPs ) . At the onset of an infection , burn , or other injuries , these cells undergo activation ( one of their PRRs recognizes a PAMP ) and release inflammatory mediators responsible for the clinical signs of inflammation . Chemical factors produced during inflammation ( histamine , bradykinin , serotonin , leukotrienes , and prostaglandins ) sensitize pain receptors , cause local vasodilation of the blood vessels , and attract phagocytes , especially neutrophils . Neutrophils then trigger other parts of the immune system by releasing factors that summon additional leukocytes and lymphocytes . Cytokines produced by macrophages and other cells of the innate immune system mediate the inflammatory response . These cytokines include TNF , HMGB1 , and IL - 1 . The inflammatory response is characterized by the following symptoms : redness of the skin , due to locally increased blood circulation ; heat , either increased local temperature , such as a warm feeling around a localized infection , or a systemic fever ; swelling of affected tissues , such as the upper throat during the common cold or joints affected by rheumatoid arthritis ; increased production of mucus , which can cause symptoms like a runny nose or a productive cough ; pain , either local pain , such as painful joints or a sore throat , or affecting the whole body , such as body aches ; and possible dysfunction of the organs or tissues involved . Complement system ( edit ) Main article : Complement system The complement system is a biochemical cascade of the immune system that helps , or `` complements '' , the ability of antibodies to clear pathogens or mark them for destruction by other cells . The cascade is composed of many plasma proteins , synthesized in the liver , primarily by hepatocytes . The proteins work together to : trigger the recruitment of inflammatory cells `` tag '' pathogens for destruction by other cells by opsonizing , or coating , the surface of the pathogen form holes in the plasma membrane of the pathogen , resulting in cytolysis of the pathogen cell , causing the death of the pathogen rid the body of neutralised antigen - antibody complexes . There are three different complements system : Classical , alternative , Lectin Classical : starts when antibody bind to bacteria Alternative : starts `` spontaneously '' Lectin : starts when lectins bind to mannose on bacteria Elements of the complement cascade can be found in many non-mammalian species including plants , birds , fish , and some species of invertebrates . Cells ( edit ) Main article : Leukocyte A scanning electron microscope image of normal circulating human blood . One can see red blood cells , several knobby white blood cells including lymphocytes , a monocyte , a neutrophil , and many small disc - shape platelets . All white blood cells ( WBCs ) are known as leukocytes . Leukocytes differ from other cells of the body in that they are not tightly associated with a particular organ or tissue ; thus , their function is similar to that of independent , single - cell organisms . Leukocytes are able to move freely and interact with and capture cellular debris , foreign particles , and invading microorganisms . Unlike many other cells in the body , most innate immune leukocytes can not divide or reproduce on their own , but are the products of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells present in the bone marrow . The innate leukocytes include : Natural killer cells , mast cells , eosinophils , basophils ; and the phagocytic cells include macrophages , neutrophils , and dendritic cells , and function within the immune system by identifying and eliminating pathogens that might cause infection . Mast cells ( edit ) Main article : Mast cell Mast cells are a type of innate immune cell that reside in connective tissue and in the mucous membranes . They are intimately associated with wound healing and defense against pathogens , but are also often associated with allergy and anaphylaxis . When activated , mast cells rapidly release characteristic granules , rich in histamine and heparin , along with various hormonal mediators and chemokines , or chemotactic cytokines into the environment . Histamine dilates blood vessels , causing the characteristic signs of inflammation , and recruits neutrophils and macrophages . Phagocytes ( edit ) Main article : Phagocyte The word ' phagocyte ' literally means ' eating cell ' . These are immune cells that engulf , or ' phagocytose ' , pathogens or particles . To engulf a particle or pathogen , a phagocyte extends portions of its plasma membrane , wrapping the membrane around the particle until it is enveloped ( i.e. , the particle is now inside the cell ) . Once inside the cell , the invading pathogen is contained inside an endosome , which merges with a lysosome . The lysosome contains enzymes and acids that kill and digest the particle or organism . In general , phagocytes patrol the body searching for pathogens , but are also able to react to a group of highly specialized molecular signals produced by other cells , called cytokines . The phagocytic cells of the immune system include macrophages , neutrophils , and dendritic cells . Phagocytosis of the hosts ' own cells is common as part of regular tissue development and maintenance . When host cells die , either by programmed cell death ( also called apoptosis ) or by cell injury due to a bacterial or viral infection , phagocytic cells are responsible for their removal from the affected site . By helping to remove dead cells preceding growth and development of new healthy cells , phagocytosis is an important part of the healing process following tissue injury . A macrophage Macrophages ( edit ) Main article : Macrophages Macrophages , from the Greek , meaning `` large eaters , '' are large phagocytic leukocytes , which are able to move outside of the vascular system by migrating across the walls of capillary vessels and entering the areas between cells in pursuit of invading pathogens . In tissues , organ - specific macrophages are differentiated from phagocytic cells present in the blood called monocytes . Macrophages are the most efficient phagocytes and can phagocytose substantial numbers of bacteria or other cells or microbes . The binding of bacterial molecules to receptors on the surface of a macrophage triggers it to engulf and destroy the bacteria through the generation of a `` respiratory burst '' , causing the release of reactive oxygen species . Pathogens also stimulate the macrophage to produce chemokines , which summon other cells to the site of infection . Neutrophils ( edit ) Main article : Neutrophils A neutrophil Neutrophils , along with two other cell types ( eosinophils and basophils ; see below ) , are known as granulocytes due to the presence of granules in their cytoplasm , or as polymorphonuclear cells ( PMNs ) due to their distinctive lobed nuclei . Neutrophil granules contain a variety of toxic substances that kill or inhibit growth of bacteria and fungi . Similar to macrophages , neutrophils attack pathogens by activating a respiratory burst . The main products of the neutrophil respiratory burst are strong oxidizing agents including hydrogen peroxide , free oxygen radicals and hypochlorite . Neutrophils are the most abundant type of phagocyte , normally representing 50 - 60 % of the total circulating leukocytes , and are usually the first cells to arrive at the site of an infection . The bone marrow of a normal healthy adult produces more than 100 billion neutrophils per day , and more than 10 times that many per day during acute inflammation . Dendritic cells ( edit ) Main article : Dendritic cell Dendritic cells ( DCs ) are phagocytic cells present in tissues that are in contact with the external environment , mainly the skin ( where they are often called Langerhans cells ) , and the inner mucosal lining of the nose , lungs , stomach , and intestines . They are named for their resemblance to neuronal dendrites , but dendritic cells are not connected to the nervous system . Dendritic cells are very important in the process of antigen presentation , and serve as a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems . An eosinophil Basophils and eosinophils ( edit ) Main articles : Basophil granulocyte and Eosinophil granulocyte Basophils and eosinophils are cells related to the neutrophil ( see above ) . When activated by a pathogen encounter , histamine - releasing basophils are important in the defense against parasites and play a role in allergic reactions , such as asthma . Upon activation , eosinophils secrete a range of highly toxic proteins and free radicals that are highly effective in killing parasites , but may also damage tissue during an allergic reaction . Activation and release of toxins by eosinophils are , therefore , tightly regulated to prevent any inappropriate tissue destruction . Natural killer cells ( edit ) Main article : Natural killer cell Natural killer cells ( NK cells ) are a component of the innate immune system that does not directly attack invading microbes . Rather , NK cells destroy compromised host cells , such as tumor cells or virus - infected cells , recognizing such cells by a condition known as `` missing self . '' This term describes cells with abnormally low levels of a cell - surface marker called MHC I ( major histocompatibility complex ) - a situation that can arise in viral infections of host cells . They were named `` natural killer '' because of the initial notion that they do not require activation in order to kill cells that are `` missing self . '' For many years , it was unclear how NK cell recognize tumor cells and infected cells . It is now known that the MHC makeup on the surface of those cells is altered and the NK cells become activated through recognition of `` missing self '' . Normal body cells are not recognized and attacked by NK cells because they express intact self MHC antigens . Those MHC antigens are recognized by killer cell immunoglobulin receptors ( KIR ) that , in essence , put the brakes on NK cells . The NK - 92 cell line does not express KIR and is developed for tumor therapy . Γδ T cells ( edit ) Main article : gamma / delta T cells Like other ' unconventional ' T cell subsets bearing invariant T cell receptors ( TCRs ) , such as CD1d - restricted Natural Killer T cells , γδ T cells exhibit characteristics that place them at the border between innate and adaptive immunity . On one hand , γδ T cells may be considered a component of adaptive immunity in that they rearrange TCR genes to produce junctional diversity and develop a memory phenotype . However , the various subsets may also be considered part of the innate immune system where a restricted TCR or NK receptors may be used as a pattern recognition receptor . For example , according to this paradigm , large numbers of Vγ9 / Vδ2 T cells respond within hours to common molecules produced by microbes , and highly restricted intraepithelial Vδ1 T cells will respond to stressed epithelial cells . Other vertebrate mechanisms ( edit ) The coagulation system overlaps with the immune system . Some products of the coagulation system can contribute to the non-specific defenses by their ability to increase vascular permeability and act as chemotactic agents for phagocytic cells . In addition , some of the products of the coagulation system are directly antimicrobial . For example , beta - lysine , a protein produced by platelets during coagulation , can cause lysis of many Gram - positive bacteria by acting as a cationic detergent . Many acute - phase proteins of inflammation are involved in the coagulation system . Also increased levels of lactoferrin and transferrin inhibit bacterial growth by binding iron , an essential nutrient for bacteria . Neural regulation ( edit ) The innate immune response to infectious and sterile injury is modulated by neural circuits that control cytokine production period . The inflammatory reflex is a prototypical neural circuit that controls cytokine production in the spleen . Action potentials transmitted via the vagus nerve to spleen mediate the release of acetylcholine , the neurotransmitter that inhibits cytokine release by interacting with alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ( CHRNA7 ) expressed on cytokine - producing cells . The motor arc of the inflammatory reflex is termed the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway . Pathogen - specificity ( edit ) The parts of the innate immune system have different specificity for different pathogens . Pathogen Main examples Phagocytosis complement NK cells Intracellular and cytoplasmic virus influenza mumps measles rhinovirus yes no yes Intracellular bacteria Listeria monocytogenes Legionella Mycobacterium Rickettsia yes ( specifically neutrophils , no for rickettsia ) no yes ( no for rickettsia ) Extracellular bacteria Staphylococcus Streptococcus Neisseria Salmonella typhi yes yes no Intracellular protozoa Plasmodium malariae Leishmania donovani no no no Extracellular protozoa Entamoeba histolytica Giardia lamblia yes yes no Extracellular fungi Candida Histoplasma Cryptococcus no yes yes Immune evasion ( edit ) Cells of the innate immune system prevent free growth of microorganisms within the body , but many pathogens have evolved mechanisms to evade it . One strategy is intracellular replication , as practised by Mycobacterium tuberculosis , or wearing a protective capsule , which prevents lysis by complement and by phagocytes , as in Salmonella . Bacteroides species are normally mutualistic bacteria , making up a substantial portion of the mammalian gastrointestinal flora . Some species like B. fragilis for example are opportunistic pathogens , causing infections of the peritoneal cavity inhibit phagocytosis by affecting the phagocytes receptors used to engulf bacteria . They may also mimick host cells so the immune system does not recognize them as foreign . Staphylococcus aureus inhibits the ability of the phagocyte to respond to chemokine signals . M. tuberculosis , Streptococcus pyogenes , and Bacillus anthracis utilize mechanisms that directly kill the phagocyte . Bacteria and fungi may form complex biofilms , protecting from immune cells and proteins ; biofilms are present in the chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia infections characteristic of cystic fibrosis . Viruses ( edit ) Type I interferons ( IFN ) , secreted mainly by dendritic cells , play a central role in antiviral host defense and a cell _́ s antiviral state . Viral components are recognized by different receptors : Toll - like receptors are located in the endosomal membrane and recognize double - stranded RNA ( dsRNA ) , MDA5 and RIG - I receptors are located in the cytoplasm and recognize long dsRNA and phosphate - containing dsRNA respectively . When the cytoplasmic receptors MDA5 and RIG - I recognize a virus the conformation between the caspase - recruitment domain ( CARD ) and the CARD - containing adaptor MAVS changes . In parallel , when toll - like receptors in the endocytic compartments recognize a virus the activation of the adaptor protein TRIF is induced . Both pathways converge in the recruitment and activation of the IKKε / TBK - 1 complex , inducing dimerization of transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7 , which are translocated in the nucleus , where they induce IFN production with the presence of a particular transcription factor and activate transcription factor 2 . IFN then binds to the IFN receptors , inducing hundreds of interferon - stimulated genes to be expressed . This leads to antiviral protein production , such as protein kinase R , which inhibits viral protein synthesis , or the 2 ′ , 5 ′ - oligoadenylate synthetase family , which degrades viral RNA . Some viruses evade this by producing molecules which interfere with IFN production . For example , the Influenza A virus produces NS1 protein , which can bind to single - stranded and double - stranded RNA , thus inhibiting type I IFN production . Influenza A also blocks protein kinase R activation and establishment of the antiviral state . The dengue virus also inhibits type I IFN production by blocking IRF - 3 phosophorylation using NS2B3 protease complex . In other species ( edit ) Prokaryotes ( edit ) Bacteria ( and perhaps other prokaryotic organisms ) , utilize a unique defense mechanism , called the restriction modification system to protect themselves from pathogens , such as bacteriophages . In this system , bacteria produce enzymes , called restriction endonucleases , that attack and destroy specific regions of the viral DNA of invading bacteriophages . Methylation of the host 's own DNA marks it as `` self '' and prevents it from being attacked by endonucleases . Restriction endonucleases and the restriction modification system exist exclusively in prokaryotes . Invertebrates ( edit ) Invertebrates do not possess lymphocytes or an antibody - based humoral immune system , and it is likely that a multicomponent , adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates . Nevertheless , invertebrates possess mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity . Pattern recognition receptors are proteins used by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with microbial pathogens . Toll - like receptors are a major class of pattern recognition receptor , that exists in all coelomates ( animals with a body - cavity ) , including humans . The complement system , as discussed above , is a biochemical cascade of the immune system that helps clear pathogens from an organism , and exists in most forms of life . Some invertebrates , including various insects , crabs , and worms utilize a modified form of the complement response known as the prophenoloxidase ( proPO ) system . Antimicrobial peptides are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response found among all classes of life and represent the main form of invertebrate systemic immunity . Several species of insect produce antimicrobial peptides known as defensins and cecropins . Proteolytic cascades ( edit ) In invertebrates , pattern recognition proteins ( PRPs ) trigger proteolytic cascades that degrade proteins and control many of the mechanisms of the innate immune system of invertebrates -- including hemolymph coagulation and melanization . Proteolytic cascades are important components of the invertebrate immune system because they are turned on more rapidly than other innate immune reactions because they do not rely on gene changes . Proteolytic cascades have been found to function the same in both vertebrate and invertebrates , even though different proteins are used throughout the cascades . Clotting mechanisms ( edit ) In the hemolymph , which makes up the fluid in the circulatory system of arthropods , a gel - like fluid surrounds pathogen invaders , similar to the way blood does in other animals . There are various different proteins and mechanisms that are involved in invertebrate clotting . In crustaceans , transglutaminase from blood cells and mobile plasma proteins make up the clotting system , where the transglutaminase polymerizes 210 kDa subunits of a plasma - clotting protein . On the other hand , in the horseshoe crab species clotting system , components of proteolytic cascades are stored as inactive forms in granules of hemocytes , which are released when foreign molecules , like lipopolysaccharides enter . Plants ( edit ) Members of every class of pathogen that infect humans also infect plants . Although the exact pathogenic species vary with the infected species , bacteria , fungi , viruses , nematodes , and insects can all cause plant disease . As with animals , plants attacked by insects or other pathogens use a set of complex metabolic responses which lead to the formation of defensive chemical compounds that fight infection or make the plant less attractive to insects and other herbivores . ( see : plant defense against herbivory ) . Like invertebrates , plants neither generate antibody or T - cell responses nor possess mobile cells that detect and attack pathogens . In addition , in case of infection , parts of some plants are treated as disposable and replaceable , in ways that very few animals are able to do . Walling off or discarding a part of a plant helps stop spread of an infection . Most plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals sent throughout a plant . Plants use pattern - recognition receptors to recognize conserved microbial signatures . This recognition triggers an immune response . The first plant receptors of conserved microbial signatures were identified in rice ( XA21 , 1995 ) and in Arabidopsis ( FLS2 , 2000 ) . Plants also carry immune receptors that recognize highly variable pathogen effectors . These include the NBS - LRR class of proteins . When a part of a plant becomes infected with a microbial or viral pathogen , in case of an incompatible interaction triggered by specific elicitors , the plant produces a localized hypersensitive response ( HR ) , in which cells at the site of infection undergo rapid programmed cell death to prevent the spread of the disease to other parts of the plant . HR has some similarities to animal pyroptosis , such as a requirement of caspase - 1 - like proteolytic activity of VPEγ , a cysteine protease that regulates cell disassembly during cell death . `` Resistance '' ( R ) proteins , encoded by R genes , are widely present in plants and detect pathogens . These proteins contain domains similar to the NOD Like Receptors and Toll - like receptors utilized in animal innate immunity . Systemic acquired resistance ( SAR ) is a type of defensive response that renders the entire plant resistant to a broad spectrum of infectious agents . SAR involves the production of chemical messengers , such as salicylic acid or jasmonic acid . Some of these travel through the plant and signal other cells to produce defensive compounds to protect uninfected parts , e.g. , leaves . Salicylic acid itself , although indispensable for expression of SAR , is not the translocated signal responsible for the systemic response . Recent evidence indicates a role for jasmonates in transmission of the signal to distal portions of the plant . RNA silencing mechanisms are also important in the plant systemic response , as they can block virus replication . The jasmonic acid response , is stimulated in leaves damaged by insects , and involves the production of methyl jasmonate . See also ( edit ) Apoptosis Innate lymphoid cell NOD - like receptor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grasso , P. ; Gangolli , S. ; Gaunt , Ian ( 2002 ) . Essentials of Pathology for Toxicologists . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 25795 - 4 . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . Our immune system is therefore crucial to our survival . It is currently divided into two categories which are innate ( non-specific ) immunity and acquired ( specific ) immunity . ^ Jump up to : Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walters P ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell ; Fourth Edition . New York and London : Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Janeway , Charles ; Paul Travers ; Mark Walport ; Mark Shlomchik ( 2001 ) . Immunobiology ; Fifth Edition . New York and London : Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 4101 - 6 ... ^ Jump up to : IMMUNOLOGY - CHAPTER ONE - INNATE ( NON-SPECIFIC ) IMMUNITY Gene Mayer , Ph. D. Immunology Section of Microbiology and Immunology On - line . University of South Carolina ^ Jump up to : Stvrtinová , Viera ; Ján Jakubovský ; Ivan Hulín ( 1995 ) . Inflammation and Fever from Pathophysiology : Principles of Disease . Computing Centre , Slovak Academy of Sciences : Academic Electronic Press . Jump up ^ Lotze , MT ; Tracey , KJ ( 2005 ) . `` High - mobility group box 1 protein ( HMGB1 ) : nuclear weapon in the immune arsenal '' . Nature Reviews . Immunology. 5 ( 4 ) : 331 -- 42 . PMID 15803152 . doi : 10.1038 / nri1594 . Jump up ^ Janeway , C.A. ; Travers , P. ; Walport , M. ; Shlomchik , M.J. ( 2005 ) . Immunobiology . ( 6th ed . ) . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 443 - 07310 - 4 . Jump up ^ Janeway , Charles ( 2005 ) . Immunobiology . ( 6th ed . ) . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 443 - 07310 - 4 . Jump up ^ Arai S , Meagher R , Swearingen M , et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Infusion of the allogeneic cell line NK - 92 in patients with advanced renal cell cancer or melanoma : a phase I trial '' . Cytotherapy. 10 : 625 -- 32 . doi : 10.1080 / 14653240802301872 . Jump up ^ Tonn T , Becker S , Esser R , Schwabe D , Seifried E ( 2001 ) . `` Cellular immunotherapy of malignancies using the clonal natural killer cell line NK - 92 '' . J Hematother Stem Cell Res. 10 : 535 -- 44 . doi : 10.1089 / 15258160152509145 . Jump up ^ Gong J , Maki G , Klingemann H ( 1994 ) . `` Characterization of a human cell line ( NK - 92 ) with phenotypical and functional characteristics of activated natural killer cells '' . Leukemia. 8 : 652 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Klingemann H-G . Development and testing of NK cell lines . In Lotze MT & Thompson AW ( eds ) : Natural killer cells - Basic Science and Clinical applications 2010 ; pp169 -- 75 Jump up ^ Tracey , KJ ( 2007 ) . `` Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway '' . The Journal of Clinical Investigation . 117 ( 2 ) : 289 -- 96 . PMC 1783813 . PMID 17273548 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI30555 . Jump up ^ Tracey , KJ ( 2009 ) . `` Reflex control of immunity '' . Nature Reviews . Immunology. 9 ( 6 ) : 418 -- 28 . PMID 19461672 . doi : 10.1038 / nri2566 . ^ Jump up to : Doan , Thao ( 2008 ) . Immunology . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 9543 - 2 . Jump up ^ http://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/5/3357.full.pdf Jump up ^ Kennedy , Alan . `` Immune Evasion by bacteria '' . Jump up ^ Finlay B , McFadden G ( 2006 ) . `` Anti-immunology : evasion of the host immune system by bacterial and viral pathogens '' . Cell. 124 ( 4 ) : 767 -- 82 . PMID 16497587 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2006.01. 034 . Jump up ^ Finlay B , Falkow S ( 1997 ) . `` Common themes in microbial pathogenicity revisited '' ( PDF ) . Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 61 ( 2 ) : 136 -- 69 . PMC 232605 . PMID 9184008 . Jump up ^ Dorland WAN ( editor ) ( 2003 ) . Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary ( 30th ed . ) . W.B. Saunders . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 0146 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kobayashi H ( 2005 ) . `` Airway biofilms : implications for pathogenesis and therapy of respiratory tract infections '' . Treat Respir Med. 4 ( 4 ) : 241 -- 53 . PMID 16086598 . doi : 10.2165 / 00151829 - 200504040 - 00003 . Jump up ^ Le Bon A. ; Tough D.F. ( 2002 ) . `` Links between innate and adaptive immunity via type I interferon '' . Curr . Opin . Immunol. 14 : 432 -- 436 . doi : 10.1016 / s0952 - 7915 ( 02 ) 00354 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Akira S. ; Uematsu S. ; Takeuchi O. ( 2006 ) . `` Pathogen recognition and innate immunity '' . Cell. 124 : 783 -- 801 . PMID 16497588 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2006.02. 015 . Jump up ^ Baum A. ; Garcia - Sastre A. ( 2010 ) . `` Induction of type I interferon by RNA viruses : cellular receptors and their substrates '' . Amino Acids. 38 : 1283 -- 1299 . PMC 2860555 . PMID 19882216 . doi : 10.1007 / s00726 - 009 - 0374 - 0 . Jump up ^ Garcia - Sastre A. ; Egorov A. ; Matassov D. ; Brandt S. ; Levy D.E. ; Durbin J.E. ; Palese P. ; Muster T. ( 1998 ) . `` Influenza A virus lacking the NS1 gene replicates in interferon - deficient systems '' . Virology. 252 : 324 -- 330 . PMID 9878611 . doi : 10.1006 / viro. 1998.9508 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez - Madoz JR , Belicha - Villanueva A , Bernal - Rubio D , Ashour J , Ayllon J , Fernandez - Sesma A ( 2010 ) . `` Inhibition of the type I interferon response in human dendritic cells by dengue virus infection requires a catalytically active NS2B3 complex '' . Journal of Virology. 84 ( 19 ) : 9760 -- 74 . PMC 2937777 . PMID 20660196 . doi : 10.1128 / jvi. 01051 - 10 . Jump up ^ Restriction Enzymes Access Excellence Classic Collection Background Paper . ^ Jump up to : Beck , Gregory and Habicht , Gail S. Immunity and the Invertebrates Scientific American . November 1996 : 60 - 66 . Jump up ^ Imler , JL ; Hoffmann , JA ( 2001 ) . `` Toll receptors in innate immunity '' . Trends in Cell Biology . 11 ( 7 ) : 304 -- 11 . PMID 11413042 . doi : 10.1016 / S0962 - 8924 ( 01 ) 02004 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Cerenius L , Kawabata S , Lee BL , Nonaka M , Söderhäll K ( October 2010 ) . `` Proteolytic cascades and their involvement in invertebrate immunity '' . Trends Biochem. Sci. 35 ( 10 ) : 575 -- 83 . PMID 20541942 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tibs. 2010.04. 006 . ^ Jump up to : Schneider , David ( 2005 ) Plant immune responses Stanford University Department of Microbiology and Immunology . Jump up ^ Song , W.Y. ; et al. ( 1995 ) . `` A receptor kinase - like protein encoded by the rice disease resistance gene , XA21 '' . Science . 270 ( 5243 ) : 1804 -- 1806 . PMID 8525370 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 270.5243. 1804 . Jump up ^ Ronald , P.C. ; Beutler , B ( 2010 ) . `` Plant and animal sensors of conserved microbial signatures '' . Science . 330 ( 6007 ) : 1061 -- 1064 . PMID 21097929 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1189468 . Jump up ^ Gomez - Gomez , L. ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` FLS2 : an LRR receptor - like kinase involved in the perception of the bacterial elicitor flagellin in Arabidopsis '' . Molecular Cell. 5 ( 6 ) : 1003 -- 1011 . PMID 10911994 . doi : 10.1016 / S1097 - 2765 ( 00 ) 80265 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rojo , E. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` VPEgamma exhibits a caspase - like activity that contributes to defense against pathogens '' . Curr Biol. 14 ( 21 ) : 1897 -- 1906 . PMID 15530390 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2004.09. 056 . Jump up ^ Chitosan # Agricultural . 26 Horticultural use Jump up ^ `` Linden , J. , Stoner , R. , Knutson , K. Gardner - Hughes , C. `` Organic Disease Control Elicitors '' . Agro Food Industry Hi - Te ( p12 - 15 Oct 2000 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Baulcombe D ( 2004 ) . `` RNA silencing in plants '' . Nature . 431 ( 7006 ) : 356 -- 63 . PMID 15372043 . doi : 10.1038 / nature02874 . Innate immune system : Pattern recognition receptors Membrane - bound_PRRs Toll - like receptor Mannose receptor Formyl peptide receptor Scavenger receptor Cytoplasmic_PRRs Toll - like receptor NOD - like receptor RIG - I - like receptor Scavenger receptor Secreted_PRRs Complement receptor Collectin Other / ungrouped Immunophilins ( Cyclophilin ) Myeloid innate immune system Myeloid immune response Leukocyte extravasation Mast cell Basophil Eosinophil Phagocytes Neutrophil Macrophage / MPS Phagocytosis Intrinsic immunity Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Innate_immune_system&oldid=798309630 '' Categories : Immune system Insect immunity Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Use dmy dates from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 04 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when is an animal protected by innate immunity
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Stephen Bishop (singer)
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Stephen Bishop ( singer ) - Wikipedia Stephen Bishop ( singer ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Stephen Bishop ( musician ) '' redirects here . For other musicians named Stephen Bishop , see Stephen Bishop ( disambiguation ) . Stephen Bishop Bishop in 1977 Background information Birth name Earl Stephen Bishop ( 1951 - 11 - 14 ) November 14 , 1951 ( age 65 ) Origin San Diego , California , U.S. Genres Blues rock pop rock soft rock Occupation ( s ) Musician , singer - songwriter , actor Instruments Guitar vocals Years active 1975 -- present Labels ABC Warner Bros . MCA Website stephenbishop.com Earl Stephen Bishop ( born November 14 , 1951 ) is an American singer - songwriter , actor , and guitarist . His biggest hits include `` On and On '' , `` It Might Be You '' and `` Save It for a Rainy Day '' . He has appeared in and contributed musically to many motion pictures including National Lampoon 's Animal House . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 1.1 Beginnings 1.2 Recording career 1.3 Other appearances 1.4 Other artists 2 Discography 2.1 Albums 2.2 Collections 2.3 Singles 3 References 4 External links Life and career ( edit ) Beginnings ( edit ) Bishop was born and raised in San Diego , California , and attended Will C. Crawford High School . Originally a clarinetist , he persuaded his brother to buy him a guitar after seeing the Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show . In 1967 , he formed his first group , the Weeds , a British Invasion - styled band . After the Weeds folded , Bishop moved to Los Angeles in search of a solo recording contract . During a lean eight - year period , where he was rejected `` by nearly every label and producer , '' he continued to write songs , eventually landing a $50 - a-week job with a publishing house . Bishop 's break came when a friend , Leah Kunkel , gave Art Garfunkel one of Bishop 's demonstration cassettes . Garfunkel chose two of his songs , `` Looking for the Right One '' and `` The Same Old Tears on a New Background '' , to record for the platinum album Breakaway . Via Garfunkel 's patronage , Bishop finally secured a recording contract with ABC Records in 1976 . Recording career ( edit ) Bishop 's first album , Careless , included two of his biggest hits . The first single released , `` Save It for a Rainy Day '' , introduced Bishop to the listening public and went to number 22 on the Billboard singles chart . The next single , Bishop 's highest charting to date , `` On and On '' , peaked at No. 11 . The album itself rose to number 34 on the Billboard albums chart . Eric Clapton , Art Garfunkel and Chaka Khan all contributed their talents to the album . Careless went gold , as did Bishop 's subsequent album Bish , released in 1978 . Bish included one charting single , `` Everybody Needs Love '' , which made it to number 32 . The album also includes a smooth classic called `` A Fool At Heart '' that features Chaka Khan and Natalie Cole on background vocals . Bishop 's third album , Red Cab to Manhattan , released in 1980 , failed to chart and was his last released in North America for nine years . Bishop has written and performed music for many motion pictures . In 1978 , he contributed the original song `` Dream Girl '' and theme to National Lampoon 's Animal House , which he sang in falsetto . Bishop 's next hit , charting at number 25 in 1982 , was `` It Might Be You '' , the theme from the movie Tootsie , unusual in that it was not penned by Bishop . Written by Dave Grusin , Alan Bergman , and Marilyn Bergman , it was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song . In 1980 , Bishop contributed backing vocals to `` This Must Be Love '' , from Phil Collins ' debut solo album Face Value . Bishop 's composition `` Separate Lives '' , sung by Phil Collins and Marilyn Martin , from the 1985 movie White Nights , was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song , losing to `` Say You , Say Me '' from the same film . Bishop wrote the song about his breakup with actress Karen Allen , who also appeared in Animal House . Bishop said : `` I write much better when I 'm heartbroken and sad or melancholy . '' Other movie music includes : `` Somewhere in Between '' ( written and performed ) from The China Syndrome ( 1979 ) , `` Your Precious Love '' ( performed with Yvonne Elliman ) from Roadie ( 1980 ) , `` If Love Takes You Away '' ( written and performed ) from Summer Lovers ( 1982 ) , `` Unfaithfully Yours ( One Love ) '' ( written and performed ) from Unfaithfully Yours ( 1984 ) , `` Something New in My Life '' ( performed ) from Micki & Maude ( 1984 ) , `` The Heart Is So Willing '' ( performed ) from The Money Pit ( 1986 ) , `` All I Want '' ( performed ) from All I Want for Christmas ( 1991 ) , and `` You Can Do Anything '' ( written and performed by jeff jones and stephen bishop ) from Barney 's Great Adventure ( 1998 ) . In 1989 , Bishop released the album Bowling in Paris with Phil Collins ( co-producer on some songs ) , Eric Clapton and Sting contributing . In 1987 , the Norwegian swing / pop duo Bobbysocks ! recorded the album 's `` Walking on Air '' ( as `` Walkin ' on Air '' ) on their album Walkin ' on Air . Other appearances ( edit ) Bishop has appeared in several motion pictures as a `` charming '' character , including four directed by John Landis . He had a cameo role , billed as `` Charming Guy '' , in The Kentucky Fried Movie ( 1977 ) , appearing as a hustler in the infamous `` Catholic High School Girls in Trouble '' segment . In addition to singing the theme song off - screen , Bishop had a cameo , billed as `` Charming Guy with Guitar '' , in National Lampoon 's Animal House ( 1978 ) , as the aspiring folk singer whose guitar John Belushi smashes . Bishop still keeps the smashed guitar as a memento . He appeared in The Blues Brothers ( 1980 ) , billed as `` Charming Trooper '' , who breaks his watch during the mall chase . He appeared , very briefly , in Twilight Zone : The Movie ( 1983 ) , billed as `` Charming G.I. '' , in the Vietnam War scene . Bishop also appeared , as `` Blue London '' , in Harry Jaglom 's Someone to Love ( 1987 ) , Orson Welles ' last film . Bishop was the musical guest on the March 11 , 1978 , episode of NBC 's Saturday Night Live . Patrick Bateman , the fictional antihero from Bret Easton Ellis ' film American Psycho , is an avowed fan of Bishop . Eric Clapton mentions Bishop in his autobiography as one of his favorite singer - songwriters . Other artists ( edit ) Numerous artists have recorded songs written by Bishop . These include : Art Garfunkel -- `` Looking for the Right One '' , `` The Same Old Tears on a New Background '' , `` Sail on a Rainbow '' , `` One Less Holiday '' , `` Slow Breakup '' , `` King of Tonga '' , `` If Love Takes You Away '' Barbra Streisand -- `` One More Night '' Eric Clapton -- `` Holy Mother '' Four Tops -- `` Save It for a Rainy Day '' Helen Reddy -- `` One More Night '' Phil Collins & Marilyn Martin -- `` Separate Lives '' Johnny Mathis -- `` One More Night '' , `` Let Your Heart Remember '' Kenny Loggins -- `` Give It Half a Chance '' David Crosby -- `` Natalie '' Luciano Pavarotti -- `` Holy Mother '' Steve Perry -- `` Donna Please '' Phoebe Snow -- `` Never Letting Go '' Stephanie Mills -- `` Give It Half a Chance '' Kenny Rankin -- `` On and On '' Aswad -- `` On and On '' Diane Schurr -- `` Red Cab to Manhattan '' Cleo Laine -- `` One More Night '' Frida -- `` Tell Me It 's Over '' Cheryl Ladd -- `` Rock and Roll Slave '' Shelley Duvall -- `` Tiny Pillow '' Yvonne Elliman -- `` Sailing Ships '' Patricia Kaas -- `` When I Was in Love '' James Lee Stanley -- `` Every Minute '' Leah Kunkel -- `` A Fool at Heart '' , `` Under the Jamaican Moon '' Megon McDonough -- `` Not the Same Woman '' Rumer − `` Separate Lives '' Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Careless ( 1976 ) Bish ( 1978 ) Red Cab to Manhattan ( 1980 ) Sleeping with Girls ( 1985 ; Asia only ) Bowling in Paris ( 1989 ; re-released in 2015 with different sequencing and cover ) Blue Guitars ( 1996 ; released in 1994 in Japan with different tracks and cover ) Happy Bishmas ( 2002 ; re-released in 2003 with different cover ) Yardwork ( 2002 ; released in Japan with different cover ) The Demo Album 1 ( 2003 ) The Demo Album 2 ( 2003 ) Fear of Massage : Demo 3 ( 2003 ) Stephen Bishop Live at Duo Music Exchange ( 2006 ; Japan only ) America & Friends : Live at the Ventura Theater ( 2007 ; Japan only ) Saudade ( 2007 ; Target - only release . Re-released worldwide as Romance in Rio ) Romance in Rio ( 2008 ) Be Here Then ( 2014 ) Stephen Bishop Live ( 2014 ; also issued 2015 as The ' 70s : Stephen Bishop with series cover ) Blueprint ( 2016 ) Collections ( edit ) Best of Bish ( 1988 ) On and On : The Hits of Stephen Bishop ( 1994 ) An Introduction to Stephen Bishop ( 1997 ) Back to Back ( 1999 ; split title with Michael Johnson ) The Millennium Collection ( 2002 ) Singles ( edit ) Year Single Chart Positions US AC CAN CAN AC AU NZ UK 1977 `` Save It for a Rainy Day '' 22 6 20 8 -- -- -- 1977 `` On and On '' 11 6 66 29 -- 1977 `` Never Letting Go '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1978 `` Everybody Needs Love '' 32 29 -- -- -- 1979 `` Animal House '' 73 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1979 `` Looking for the Right One '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1980 `` Your Precious Love '' ( w / Yvonne Elliman ) 105 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Send a Little Love My Way '' 108 31 -- -- -- -- -- 1982 `` If Love Takes You Away '' 108 22 -- -- -- -- -- `` It Might Be You '' 25 16 50 99 1984 `` One Love ( Unfaithfully Yours ) '' 87 -- -- -- -- -- 1986 `` The Heart Is So Willing '' -- 31 -- -- -- -- -- `` Something New in My Life '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Walking on Air '' -- 13 -- -- -- -- -- `` Mr. Heartbreak '' -- 42 -- -- -- -- -- 1991 `` All I Want '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` California Birth Index , 1905 -- 1995 '' . Ancestry.com . Jump up ^ San Diego Reader Stephen Bishop entry Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biography '' . stephenbishop.com . ^ Jump up to : Larkin , Colin ( 1999 ) . The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music , Concise 3rd Edition , p. 134 . Virgin Books , London . ISBN 1 - 85227 - 832 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Crowe , Cameron . `` Stephen Bishop : King of the Middle of the Road '' , Rolling Stone , November 16 , 1978 , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2000 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 7th Edition , p. 65 . Billboard Books , New York . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7690 - 3 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1995 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Albums , 3rd Edition , p. 35 . Billboard Books , New York . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7631 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Animal House on IMDb Jump up ^ Tootsie on IMDb Jump up ^ White Nights on IMDb Jump up ^ Separate Lives Songfacts . Retrieved January 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The China Syndrome on IMDb Jump up ^ Roadie on IMDb Jump up ^ Summer Lovers on IMDb Jump up ^ Unfaithfully Yours on IMDb Jump up ^ Micki & Maude on IMDb Jump up ^ The Money Pit on IMDb Jump up ^ All I Want for Christmas on IMDb Jump up ^ Barney 's Great Adventure on IMDb Jump up ^ The Kentucky Fried Movie on IMDb Jump up ^ The Blues Brothers on IMDb Jump up ^ Twilight Zone : The Movie on IMDb Jump up ^ Someone to Love on IMDb Jump up ^ Clapton , Eric ( 2007 ) . Clapton : The Autobiography , p. 318 . Crown , New York . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7679 - 2536 - 5 External links ( edit ) Official website Stephen Bishop on IMDb Audio interview with Stephen Bishop on the Sodajerker On Songwriting podcast Stephen Bishop at AllMusic Fan Site show of February 8 , 2014 ( hide ) Stephen Bishop Studio albums Careless Bish Red Cab to Manhattan Bowling in Paris Blue Guitars Yardwork The Demo Album 1 The Demo Album 2 Fear of Massage : Demo 3 Romance in Rio Be Here Then Compilations Best of Bish Live albums Stephen Bishop Live ( Live in Japan ) ( 2006 ) Stephen Bishop Live ( 2014 ) Songs `` Looking for the Right One '' `` Save It For a Rainy Day '' `` On and On '' `` Everybody Needs Love '' `` It Might Be You '' VIAF : 72656753 LCCN : n78082041 ISNI : 0000 0000 8152 931X GND : 135298229 MusicBrainz : 6cf4f18c - 2455 - 47ed - 9f6c - 953e2f107406 NLA : 36177362 NKC : xx0087021 BNE : XX839483 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Bishop_(singer)&oldid=804573235 '' Categories : 1951 births American male singer - songwriters American singer - songwriters American rock songwriters American male songwriters American rock singers American soft rock musicians American male film actors American male television actors American television personalities Musicians from San Diego Living people Writers from San Diego Male actors from San Diego Singers from California Songwriters from California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles with hCards Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Español فارسی Français Italiano Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 21 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who was the guy playing the guitar in animal house
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Crossword
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Crossword - Wikipedia Crossword For other uses , see Crossword ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Curseword . An American - style crossword grid layout . A crossword is a word puzzle that usually takes the form of a square or a rectangular grid of white - and black - shaded squares . The game 's goal is to fill the white squares with letters , forming words or phrases , by solving clues , which lead to the answers . In languages that are written left - to - right , the answer words and phrases are placed in the grid from left to right and from top to bottom . The shaded squares are used to separate the words or phrases . Contents 1 Types of crossword puzzles 2 Clues : conventions and types 2.1 Orthography 2.2 Straight or quick 2.3 Crossword themes 2.4 Indirect clues 2.5 Cryptic crosswords 2.6 Metapuzzles 2.7 Schrödinger or quantum puzzles 2.8 The first entries 2.9 Double clue lists 2.10 Other clue variations 3 Major crossword variants 3.1 Cipher crosswords 3.2 Diagramless crosswords 3.3 Fill - in crosswords 3.4 Crossnumbers 3.5 Acrostic puzzles 3.6 Arroword 4 History 4.1 Crossword puzzles in World War II 4.2 Crossword records 4.3 Women crossword constructors 5 Crosswords in non-English languages 5.1 Orthography 5.2 Grid design , clues , and conventions 6 Crossword construction 6.1 American - style crosswords 6.2 Cryptic crosswords 7 Software 8 Notation 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Footnotes 10.2 Literature 11 External links Types of crossword puzzles ( edit ) This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( March 2018 ) American - style grid British / South African - style grid Japanese - style grid Swedish - style grid Barred grid where bold bars are used instead of shaded blocks to separate the words Crossword grids such as those appearing in most North American newspapers and magazines feature solid areas of white squares . Every letter is checked ( i.e. is part of both an `` across '' word and a `` down '' word ) and usually each answer must contain at least three letters . In such puzzles shaded squares are typically limited to about one - sixth of the total . Crossword grids elsewhere , such as in Britain , South Africa , India and Australia , have a lattice - like structure , with a higher percentage of shaded squares ( around 25 % ) , leaving about half the letters in an answer unchecked . For example , if the top row has an answer running all the way across , there will often be no across answers in the second row . Another tradition in puzzle design ( in North America , India , and Britain particularly ) is that the grid should have 180 - degree rotational ( also known as `` radial '' ) symmetry , so that its pattern appears the same if the paper is turned upside down . Most puzzle designs also require that all white cells be orthogonally contiguous ( that is , connected in one mass through shared sides , to form a single polyomino ) . The design of Japanese crossword grids often follows two additional rules : that shaded cells may not share a side ( i.e. they may not be orthogonally contiguous ) and that the corner squares must be white . The `` Swedish - style '' grid ( picture crosswords ) uses no clue numbers , as the clues are contained in the cells which do not contain answers . Arrows indicate in which direction the clues have to be answered : vertical or horizontal . This style of grid is also used in several countries other than Sweden , often in magazines , but also in daily newspapers . The grid often has one or more photos replacing a block of squares as a clue to one or several answers , for example , the name of a pop star , or some kind of rhyme or phrase that can be associated with the photo . These puzzles usually have no symmetry in the grid but instead often have a common theme ( literature , music , nature , geography , events of a special year , etc . ) Substantial variants from the usual forms exist . Two of the common ones are barred crosswords , which use bold lines between squares ( instead of shaded squares ) to separate answers , and circular designs , with answers entered either radially or in concentric circles . `` Free form '' crosswords ( `` criss - cross '' puzzles ) , which have simple , asymmetric designs , are often seen on school worksheets , children 's menus , and other entertainment for children . Grids forming shapes other than squares are also occasionally used . Puzzles are often one of several standard sizes . For example , many weekday newspaper puzzles ( such as the American New York Times crossword puzzle ) are 15 × 15 squares , while weekend puzzles may be 21 × 21 , 23 × 23 , or 25 × 25 . The New York Times puzzles also set a common pattern for American crosswords by increasing in difficulty throughout the week : their Monday puzzles are the easiest and the puzzles get harder each day until Saturday . Their larger Sunday puzzle is about the same level of difficulty as a weekday - size Thursday puzzle . This has led U.S. solvers to use the day of the week as a shorthand when describing how hard a puzzle is : e.g. an easy puzzle may be referred to as a `` Monday '' or a `` Tuesday '' , a medium - difficulty puzzle as a `` Wednesday '' , and a truly difficult puzzle as a `` Saturday '' . One of the smallest crosswords in general distribution is a 4 × 4 crossword compiled daily by John Wilmes , distributed online by USA Today as `` QuickCross '' and by Universal Uclick as `` PlayFour '' . Typically clues appear outside the grid , divided into an Across list and a Down list ; the first cell of each entry contains a number referenced by the clue lists . For example , the answer to a clue labeled `` 17 Down '' is entered with the first letter in the cell numbered `` 17 '' , proceeding down from there . Numbers are almost never repeated ; numbered cells are numbered consecutively , usually from left to right across each row , starting with the top row and proceeding downward . Some Japanese crosswords are numbered from top to bottom down each column , starting with the leftmost column and proceeding right . Clues : conventions and types ( edit ) Orthography ( edit ) Capitalization of answer letters is conventionally ignored ; crossword puzzles are typically filled in , and their answer sheets are almost universally published , in all caps , except in the rare cases of ambigrams . This ensures a proper name can have its initial capital letter checked with a non-capitalizable letter in the intersecting clue . Diacritical markings in foreign loanwords ( or foreign - language words appearing in English - language puzzles ) are ignored for similar reasons . Straight or quick ( edit ) Some crossword clues , called straight or quick clues , are simple definitions of the answers . Some clues may feature anagrams , and these are usually explicitly described as such . Often , a straight clue is not in itself sufficient to distinguish between several possible answers , either because multiple synonymous answers may fit or because the clue itself is a homonym ( e.g. , `` Lead '' as in to be ahead in a contest or `` Lead '' as in the element ) , so the solver must make use of checks to establish the correct answer with certainty . For example , the answer to the clue `` PC key '' for a three - letter answer could be ESC , ALT , TAB , DEL , or INS , so until a check is filled in , giving at least one of the letters , the correct answer can not be determined . In most American - style crosswords , the majority of the clues in the puzzle are straight clues , with the remainder being one of the other types described below . Crossword clues are generally consistent with the solutions . For instance , clues and their solutions should always agree in tense , number , and degree . If a clue is in the past tense , so is the answer : thus `` Traveled on horseback '' would be a valid clue for the solution RODE , but not for RIDE . Similarly , `` Family members '' would be a valid clue for AUNTS but not UNCLE , while `` More joyful '' could clue HAPPIER but not HAPPIEST . Some clue examples : Fill - in - the - blank clues are often the easiest in a puzzle and a good place to start solving , e.g. , `` _____ Boleyn '' = ANNE . `` Before and after '' clues feature one word that is part of two phrases , often designated with parentheses and brackets , e.g. , ( Doing ( ____ ) keeper ) = TIME . A question mark at the end of clue usually signals that the clue / answer combination involves some sort of pun or wordplay , e.g. , `` Grateful ? '' = ASHES , since a grate might be full of them . Most widely distributed American crosswords today ( e.g. , The New York Times , The Washington Post , The Boston Globe , USA Today , etc . ) also contain colloquial answers , i.e. , entries in the puzzle grid that try to replicate everyday colloquial language . In such a puzzle one might see phrases such as WHAT 'S UP , AS IF , or WHADDYA WANT . In the hands of any but the most skilled constructors , the constraints of the American - style grid ( in which every letter is checked ) usually require a fair number of answers not to be dictionary words . As a result , the following ways to clue abbreviations and other non-words , although they can be found in `` straight '' British crosswords , are much more common in American ones : Abbreviations , the use of a foreign language , variant spellings , or other unusual word tricks are indicated in the clue . A crossword creator might choose to clue the answer SEN ( as in the abbreviation for `` senator '' ) as `` Washington bigwig : Abbr . '' or `` Member of Cong . '' , with the abbreviation in the clue indicating that the answer is to be similarly abbreviated . The use of `` Var . '' indicates the answer is a variant spelling ( e.g. , EMEER instead of EMIR ) , while the use of foreign language or a foreign place name within the clue indicates that the answer is also in a foreign language . For example , ETE ( été , French for `` summer '' ) might be clued as `` Summer , in the Sorbonne '' . ROMA could be clued as `` Italia 's capital '' , whereas the clue `` Italy 's capital '' would indicate the English spelling Rome . The eight possible abbreviations for a position on a compass , e.g. , NNW ( north - northwest ) or ESE ( east - southeast ) , occur with some frequency . They can be clued as simply `` Compass point '' , where the desired answer is determined by a combination of logic -- since the third letter can be only E or W , and the second letter can be only N or S -- and a process of elimination using checks . Alternatively , compass point answers are more frequently clued as `` XXX to YYY direction '' , where XXX and YYY are two place names . For example , SSW might be clued as `` New York to Washington DC dir '' . Similarly , a clue such as `` Right on the map '' means EAST . A clue could also consist of objects that point a direction , e.g. , `` vane dir . '' or `` windsock dir . '' . Roman numerals , and arithmetic involving them , frequently appear as well ; the clue `` IV times III '' ( 4 × 3 ) would yield XII ( 12 ) . In addition , partial answers are allowed in American - style crosswords , where the answer represents part of a longer phrase . For example , the clue `` Mind your _____ Qs '' gives the answer PSAND ( Ps and ) . Non-dictionary phrases are also allowed in answers . Thus , the clue `` Mocked '' could result in the grid entry LAUGHED AT . Crossword themes ( edit ) Many American crossword puzzles feature a `` theme '' consisting of a number of long entries ( generally three to five in a standard 15 × 15 - square `` weekday - size '' puzzle ) that share some relationship , type of pun , or other element in common . As an example , the New York Times crossword of April 26 , 2005 by Sarah Keller , edited by Will Shortz , featured five themed entries ending in the different parts of a tree : SQUAREROOT , TABLELEAF , WARDROBETRUNK , BRAINSTEM , and BANKBRANCH . The above is an example of a category theme , where the theme elements are all members of the same set . Other types of themes include : Quote themes , featuring a famous quote broken up into parts to fit in the grid ( and usually clued as `` Quote , part 1 '' , `` Quote , part 2 '' , etc . ) Rebus themes , where multiple letters or even symbols occupy a single square in the puzzle ( e.g. , BERMUDAΔ ) Addition themes , where theme entries are created by adding a letter , letters , or word ( s ) to an existing word or phrase . For example , `` Crucial pool shot ? '' = CRITICAL MASSE ( formed by taking the phrase `` critical mass '' and adding an `` e '' on the end . All the theme entries in a given puzzle must be formed by the same process ( so another entry might be `` Greco - Roman buddy ? '' = WRESTLING MATE -- `` wrestling mat '' with an `` e '' added on ) . An example of a multiple - letter addition ( and one that does not occur at the end of the entry ) might be `` Crazy about kitchen storage ? '' = CABINET FEVER ( derived from `` cabin fever '' ) . Subtraction themes , the reverse of the above , where letters are removed to make a new word or phrase . Compound themes , where the starts or ends of the theme entries can all precede or follow another word , which is given elsewhere in the puzzle . For example , a puzzle with theme entries that begin with PAPER , BALL , and WATER and elsewhere in the puzzle , the word BOY clued as `` Word that can follow the start of ( theme entries ) '' . Anniversary or tribute themes , commemorating a specific person , place , or event . For example , on October 7 , 2011 the New York Times crossword commemorated the life of Apple CEO Steve Jobs who had died on October 5 . Theme entries related to Jobs ' life included MACINTOSH , Pixar , THINK DIFFERENT , CREATIVE GENIUS , STEVE JOBS , and APPLE . Synonym themes , where the theme entries all contain synonyms , e.g. , a Los Angeles Times puzzle featuring a set of theme entries that contain the words RAVEN , JET , EBONY , and SABLE , all synonyms for `` black '' Numerous other types have been identified , including spoonerisms , poems , shifted letters , rhyming phrases , puns , homophones , and combinations of two or more of other types of themes . The Simon & Schuster Crossword Puzzle Series has published many unusual themed crosswords . `` Rosetta Stone '' , by Sam Bellotto Jr. , incorporates a Caesar cipher cryptogram as the theme ; the key to breaking the cipher is the answer to 1 Across . Another unusual theme requires the solver to use the answer to a clue as another clue . The answer to that clue is the real solution . Indirect clues ( edit ) Many puzzles feature clues involving wordplay which are to be taken metaphorically or in some sense other than their literal meaning , requiring some form of lateral thinking . Depending on the puzzle creator or the editor , this might be represented either with a question mark at the end of the clue or with a modifier such as `` maybe '' or `` perhaps '' . In more difficult puzzles , the indicator may be omitted , increasing ambiguity between a literal meaning and a wordplay meaning . Examples : `` Half a dance '' could clue CAN ( half of CANCAN ) or CHA ( half of CHACHA ) . If taken literally , `` Start of spring '' could clue MAR ( for March ) , but it could also clue ESS , the spelled - out form of the starting letter S . `` Nice summer ? '' clues ETE , summer in Nice , France ( été being French for `` summer '' ) , rather than a nice ( pleasant ) summer . This clue also takes advantage of the fact that in American - style crosswords , the initial letter of a clue is always capitalized , whether or not it is a proper noun . In this clue , the initial capitalization further obscures whether the clue is referring to `` nice '' as in `` pleasant '' or `` Nice '' as in the French city . `` Pay addition '' , taken literally , clues BONUS . When taken as an indirect clue , however , it could also clue OLA ( the addition of - ola to pay - results in PAYOLA ) . Cryptic crosswords ( edit ) Main article : Cryptic crossword Not to be confused with cryptograms , a different form of puzzle based on a substitution cipher . In cryptic crosswords , the clues are puzzles in themselves . A typical clue contains both a definition at the beginning or end of the clue and wordplay , which provides a way to manufacture the word indicated by the definition , and which may not parse logically . Cryptics usually give the length of their answers in parentheses after the clue , which is especially useful with multi-word answers . Certain signs indicate different forms of wordplay . Solving cryptics is harder to learn than standard crosswords , as learning to interpret the different types of cryptic clues can take some practice . In Great Britain and throughout much of the Commonwealth , cryptics of varying degrees of difficulty are featured in many newspapers . There are several types of wordplay used in cryptics . One is straightforward definition substitution using parts of a word . For example , in one puzzle by Mel Taub , the answer IMPORTANT is given the clue `` To bring worker into the country may prove significant '' . The explanation is that to import means `` to bring into the country '' , the `` worker '' is a worker ant , and `` significant '' means important . Here , `` significant '' is the straight definition ( appearing here at the end of the clue ) , `` to bring worker into the country '' is the wordplay definition , and `` may prove '' serves to link the two . Note that in a cryptic clue , there is almost always only one answer that fits both the definition and the wordplay , so that when one sees the answer , one knows that it is the right answer -- although it can sometimes be a challenge to figure out why it is the right answer . A good cryptic clue should provide a fair and exact definition of the answer , while at the same time being deliberately misleading . Another type of wordplay used in cryptics is the use of homophones . For example , the clue `` A few , we hear , add up ( 3 ) '' is the clue for SUM . The straight definition is `` add up '' , meaning `` totalize '' . The solver must guess that `` we hear '' indicates a homophone , and so a homophone of a synonym of `` A few '' ( `` some '' ) is the answer . Other words relating to sound or hearing can be used to signal the presence of a homophone clue ( e.g. , `` aloud '' , `` audibly '' , `` in conversation '' , etc . ) . The double meaning is commonly used as another form of wordplay . For example , `` Cat 's tongue ( 7 ) '' is solved by PERSIAN , since this is a type of cat , as well as a tongue , or language . This is the only type of cryptic clue without wordplay -- both parts of the clue are a straight definition . Cryptics often include anagrams , as well . The clue `` Ned T. 's seal cooked is rather bland ( 5 , 4 ) '' is solved by NEEDS SALT . The straight definition is `` is rather bland '' , and the word `` cooked '' is a hint to the solver that this clue is an anagram ( the letters have been `` cooked '' , or jumbled up ) . Ignoring all punctuation , `` Ned T. 's seal '' is an anagram for NEEDS SALT . Besides `` cooked '' , other common hints that the clue contains an anagram are words such as `` scrambled '' , `` mixed up '' , `` confused '' , `` baked '' , or `` twisted '' . Embedded words are another common trick in cryptics . The clue `` Bigotry aside , I 'd take him ( 9 ) '' is solved by APARTHEID . The straight definition is `` bigotry '' , and the wordplay explains itself , indicated by the word `` take '' ( since one word `` takes '' another ) : `` aside '' means APART and I 'd is simply ID , so APART and ID `` take '' HE ( which is , in cryptic crossword usage , a perfectly good synonym for `` him '' ) . The answer could be elucidated as APART ( HE ) ID . Another common clue type is the `` hidden clue '' or `` container '' , where the answer is hidden in the text of the clue itself . For example , `` Made a dug - out , buried , and passed away ( 4 ) '' is solved by DEAD . The answer is written in the clue : `` maDE A Dug - out '' . `` Buried '' indicates that the answer is embedded within the clue . There are numerous other forms of wordplay found in cryptic clues . Backwards words can be indicated by words like `` climbing '' , `` retreating '' , or `` ascending '' ( depending on whether it is an across clue or a down clue ) or by directional indicators such as `` going North '' ( meaning upwards ) or `` West '' ( right - to - left ) ; letters can be replaced or removed with indicators such as `` nothing rather than excellence '' ( meaning replace E in a word with O ) ; the letter I can be indicated by `` me '' or `` one ; '' the letter O can be indicated by `` nought '' , `` nothing '' , `` zero '' , or `` a ring '' ( since it visually resembles one ) ; the letter X might be clued as `` a cross '' , or `` ten '' ( as in the Roman numeral ) , or `` an illiterate 's signature '' , or `` sounds like your old flame '' ( homophone for `` ex '' ) . `` Senselessness '' is solved by `` e '' , because `` e '' is what remains after removing ( less ) `` ness '' from `` sense '' . With the different types of wordplay and definition possibilities , the composer of a cryptic puzzle is presented with many different possible ways to clue a given answer . Most desirable are clues that are clean but deceptive , with a smooth surface reading ( that is , the resulting clue looks as natural a phrase as possible ) . The Usenet newsgroup rec. puzzles. crosswords has a number of clueing competitions where contestants all submit clues for the same word and a judge picks the best one . In principle , each cryptic clue is usually sufficient to define its answer uniquely , so it should be possible to answer each clue without use of the grid . In practice , the use of checks is an important aid to the solver . Metapuzzles ( edit ) Some crossword designers have started including a metapuzzle , or `` meta '' for short : a second puzzle within the completed puzzle . After the player has correctly solved the crossword puzzle in the usual fashion , the solution forms the basis of a second puzzle . The designer usually includes a hint to the metapuzzle . For instance , the puzzle Eight Is n't Enough by Matt Gaffney gives the clue `` This week 's contest answer is a three - word phrase whose second word is `` or . '' `` . The crossword solution includes the entries `` BROUGHT TO NAUGHT '' , `` MIGHT MAKES RIGHT '' , `` CAUGHT A STRAIGHT '' , and `` HEIGHT AND WEIGHT '' , which are all three - word phrases with two words ending in - ght . The solution to the meta is a similar phrase in which the middle word is `` or '' : `` FIGHT OR FLIGHT '' . Schrödinger or quantum puzzles ( edit ) Some puzzle grids contain more than one correct answer for the same set of clues . These are called Schrödinger or quantum puzzles , alluding to the Schrödinger 's Cat thought experiment in quantum physics . At least ten Schrödinger puzzles have appeared in The New York Times since the late 1980s , and they have been published by independent constructors as well . The daily New York Times puzzle for November 5 , 1996 , by Jeremiah Farrell , had a clue for 39 Across that read `` Lead story in tomorrow 's newspaper , with 43 Across ( ! ) . '' The answer for 43 Across was ELECTED ; depending on the outcome of that day 's Presidential Election , the answer for 39 Across would have been correct with either CLINTON or BOBDOLE , as would each of the corresponding Down answers . On September 1 , 2016 , the daily New York Times puzzle by Ben Tausig had four squares which led to correct answers reading both across and down if solvers entered either `` M '' or `` F . '' The puzzle 's theme , GENDERFLUID , was revealed at 37 Across in the center of the puzzle : `` Having a variable identity , as suggested by four squares in this puzzle . '' The first entries ( edit ) In the ' Quick ' crossword in The Daily Telegraph newspaper ( Sunday and Daily , UK ) , it has become a convention also to make the first few words ( usually two or three , but can be more ) into a phrase . For example , `` Dimmer , Allies '' would make `` Demoralise '' or `` You , ill , never , walk , alone '' would become `` You 'll never walk alone '' . This generally aids solvers in that if they have one of the words then they can attempt to guess the phrase . This has also become popular among other British newspapers . Double clue lists ( edit ) Sometimes newspapers publish one grid that can be filled by solving either of two lists of clues -- usually a straight and a cryptic . The solutions given by the two lists may be different , in which case the solver must decide at the outset which list they are going to follow , or the solutions may be identical , in which case the straight clues offer additional help for a solver having difficulty with the cryptic clues . For example , the solution APARTHEID might be clued as `` Bigotry aside , I 'd take him ( 9 ) '' in the cryptic list , and `` Racial separation ( 9 ) '' in the straight list . Usually the straight clue matches the straight part of the cryptic clue , but this is not necessarily the case . Every issue of GAMES Magazine contains a large crossword with a double clue list , under the title The World 's Most Ornery Crossword ; both lists are straight and arrive at the same solution , but one list is significantly more challenging than the other . The solver is prompted to fold a page in half , showing the grid and the hard clues ; the easy clues are tucked inside the fold , to be referenced if the solver gets stuck . A variant of the double - clue list is commonly called Siamese Twins : two matching grids are provided , and the two clue lists are merged such that the two clues for each entry are displayed together in random order . Determining which clue is to be applied to which grid is part of the puzzle . Other clue variations ( edit ) Any type of puzzle may contain cross-references , where the answer to one clue forms part of another clue , in which it is referred to by number and direction . E.g. , a puzzle might have 1 - Across clued as `` Central character in The Lord of the Rings '' = FRODO , with 17 - Down clued as `` Precious object for 1 - Across '' = RING . When an answer is composed of multiple or hyphenated words , some crosswords ( especially in Britain ) indicate the structure of the answer . For example , `` ( 3 , 5 ) '' after a clue indicates that the answer is composed of a three - letter word followed by a five - letter word . Most American - style crosswords do not provide this information . Major crossword variants ( edit ) These are common crossword variants that vary more from a regular crossword than just an unusual grid shape or unusual clues ; these crossword variants may be based on different solving principles and require a different solving skill set . Cipher crosswords ( edit ) Cipher crosswords were invented in Germany in the 19th century . Published under various trade names ( including Code Breakers , Code Crackers , and Kaidoku ) , and not to be confused with cryptic crosswords ( ciphertext puzzles are commonly known as cryptograms ) , a cipher crossword replaces the clues for each entry with clues for each white cell of the grid -- an integer from 1 to 26 inclusive is printed in the corner of each . The objective , as any other crossword , is to determine the proper letter for each cell ; in a cipher crossword , the 26 numbers serve as a cipher for those letters : cells that share matching numbers are filled with matching letters , and no two numbers stand for the same letter . All resultant entries must be valid words . Usually , at least one number 's letter is given at the outset . English - language cipher crosswords are nearly always pangrammatic ( all letters of the alphabet appear in the solution ) . As these puzzles are closer to codes than quizzes , they require a different skillset ; many basic cryptographic techniques , such as determining likely vowels , are key to solving these . Given their pangrammaticity , a frequent start point is locating where ' Q ' and ' U ' must appear . Diagramless crosswords ( edit ) In a diagramless crossword , often called a diagramless for short or , in the UK , a skeleton crossword or carte blanche , the grid offers overall dimensions , but the locations of most of the clue numbers and shaded squares are unspecified . A solver must deduce not only the answers to individual clues , but how to fit together partially built - up clumps of answers into larger clumps with properly set shaded squares . Some of these puzzles follow the traditional symmetry rule , others have left - right mirror symmetry , and others have greater levels of symmetry or outlines suggesting other shapes . If the symmetry of the grid is given , the solver can use it to his / her advantage . A variation is the Blankout puzzle in the Daily Mail Weekend magazine . The clues are not individually numbered , but given in terms of the rows and columns of the grid , which has rectangular symmetry . The list of clues gives hints of the locations of some of the shaded squares even before one starts solving them , e.g. there must be a shaded square where a row having no clues intersects a column having no clues . Fill - in crosswords ( edit ) A fill - in crossword ( also known as crusadex or cruzadex ) features a grid and the full list of words to be entered in that grid , but does not give explicit clues for where each word goes . The challenge is figuring out how to integrate the list of words together within the grid so that all intersections of words are valid . Fill - in crosswords may often have longer word length than regular crosswords to make the crossword easier to solve , and symmetry is often disregarded . Fitting together several long words is easier than fitting together several short words because there are fewer possibilities for how the long words intersect together . These types of crosswords are also used to demonstrate artificial intelligence abilities , such as finding solutions to the puzzle based on a set of determined constraints . Crossnumbers ( edit ) A crossnumber ( also known as a cross-figure ) is the numerical analogy of a crossword , in which the solutions to the clues are numbers instead of words . Clues are usually arithmetical expressions , but can also be general knowledge clues to which the answer is a number or year . There are also numerical fill - in crosswords . The Daily Mail Weekend magazine used to feature crossnumbers under the misnomer Number Word . This kind of puzzle should not be confused with a different puzzle that the Daily Mail refers to as Cross Number . Acrostic puzzles ( edit ) Main article : Acrostic ( puzzle ) An acrostic is a type of word puzzle , in eponymous acrostic form , that typically consists of two parts . The first is a set of lettered clues , each of which has numbered blanks representing the letters of the answer . The second part is a long series of numbered blanks and spaces , representing a quotation or other text , into which the answers for the clues fit . In most forms of the puzzle , the first letters of each correct clue answer , read in order from clue A on down the list , will spell out the author of the quote and the title of the work it is taken from ; this can be used as an additional solving aid . Arroword ( edit ) The arroword is a variant of a crossword that does not have as many black squares as a true crossword , but has arrows inside the grid , with clues preceding the arrows . It has been called the most popular word puzzle in many European countries , and is often called the Scandinavian crossword , as it is believed to have originated in Sweden . History ( edit ) Recreation of Arthur Wynne 's original crossword puzzle from December 21 , 1913 . The title for the world 's first crossword puzzle is disputed . Some such puzzles were included in The Stockton Bee ( 1793 -- 1795 ) , an ephemeral publication . The phrase `` cross word puzzle '' was first written in 1862 by Our Young Folks in the United States . Crossword - like puzzles , for example Double Diamond Puzzles , appeared in the magazine St. Nicholas , published since 1873 . Another crossword puzzle appeared on September 14 , 1890 , in the Italian magazine Il Secolo Illustrato della Domenica . It was designed by Giuseppe Airoldi and titled `` Per passare il tempo '' ( `` To pass the time '' ) . Airoldi 's puzzle was a four - by - four grid with no shaded squares ; it included horizontal and vertical clues . Crosswords in England during the 19th century were of an elementary kind , apparently derived from the word square , a group of words arranged so the letters read alike vertically and horizontally , and printed in children 's puzzle books and various periodicals . On December 21 , 1913 , Arthur Wynne , a journalist from Liverpool , England , published a `` word - cross '' puzzle in the New York World that embodied most of the features of the genre as we know it . This puzzle is frequently cited as the first crossword puzzle , and Wynne as the inventor . Later , the name of the puzzle was changed to `` crossword '' . Although Eugene T. Maleska is usually credited with the first crossword phrase ( as opposed to a single word ) in The New York Times , an 1862 puzzle in the Lady 's Book had phrases that are considered modern , such as the expression `` I did it '' . Crossword puzzles became a regular weekly feature in the World , and spread to other newspapers ; the Pittsburgh Press , for example , was publishing them at least as early as 1916 and The Boston Globe by 1917 . A 1925 Punch cartoon about `` The Cross-Word Mania '' . A man phones his doctor in the middle of the night , asking for `` the name of a bodily disorder of seven letters , of which the second letter must be ' N ' '' . By the 1920s , the crossword phenomenon was starting to attract notice . In October 1922 , newspapers published a comic strip by Clare Briggs entitled `` Movie of a Man Doing the Cross-Word Puzzle , '' with an enthusiast muttering `` 87 across ' Northern Sea Bird ' ! ! ? ? ! ? ! ! ? Hm - m-m starts with an ' M ' , second letter is ' U ' ... I 'll look up all the words starting with an ' M-U ... ' mus - musi - mur - murd -- Hot Dog ! Here ' tis ! Murre ! '' In 1923 a humorous squib in The Boston Globe has a wife ordering her husband to run out and `` rescue the papers ... the part I want is blowing down the street . '' `` What is it you 're so keen about ? '' `` The Cross-Word Puzzle . Hurry , please , that 's a good boy . '' In The New Yorker 's first issue , released in 1925 , the `` Jottings About Town '' section wrote , `` Judging from the number of solvers in the subway and `` L '' trains , the crossword puzzle bids fair to become a fad with New Yorkers . '' In 1925 , the New York Public Library reported that `` The latest craze to strike libraries is the crossword puzzle , '' and complained that when `` the puzzle ' fans ' swarm to the dictionaries and encyclopedias so as to drive away readers and students who need these books in their daily work , can there be any doubt of the Library 's duty to protect its legitimate readers ? '' The first book of crossword puzzles appeared in 1924 , published by Simon & Schuster . `` This odd - looking book with a pencil attached to it '' was an instant hit and crossword puzzles became the craze of 1924 . The crossword puzzle fad received extensive attention , not all of it positive : In 1924 , The New York Times complained of the `` sinful waste in the utterly futile finding of words the letters of which will fit into a prearranged pattern , more or less complex . This is not a game at all , and it hardly can be called a sport ... ( solvers ) get nothing out of it except a primitive form of mental exercise , and success or failure in any given attempt is equally irrelevant to mental development . '' A clergyman called the working of crossword puzzles `` the mark of a childish mentality '' and said , `` There is no use for persons to pretend that working one of the puzzles carries any intellectual value with it . '' . However , another wrote a complete `` Bible Cross-Word Puzzle Book '' . Also in 1925 , Time Magazine noted that nine Manhattan dailies and fourteen other big newspapers were carrying crosswords , and quoted opposing views as to whether `` This crossword craze will positively end by June ! '' or `` The crossword puzzle is here to stay ! '' In 1925 , The New York Times noted , with approval , a scathing critique of crosswords by The New Republic ; but concluded that `` Fortunately , the question of whether the puzzles are beneficial or harmful is in no urgent need of an answer . The craze evidently is dying out fast and in a few months it will be forgotten . '' and in 1929 declared , `` The cross-word puzzle , it seems , has gone the way of all fads ... '' In 1930 , a correspondent noted that `` Together with The Times of London , yours is the only journal of prominence that has never succumbed to the lure of the cross-word puzzle '' and said that `` The craze -- the fad -- stage has passed , but there are still people numbering it to the millions who look for their daily cross-word puzzle as regularly as for the weather predictions . '' The New York Times , however , was not to publish a crossword puzzle until 1942 ; today , the Times puzzle is one of the most popular in the country . The term `` crossword '' first appeared in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1933 . Today , there are many popular crosswords distributed in American newspapers and online . The most prestigious ( and among the most difficult to solve ) are the New York Times puzzles . The first editor of the New York Times crossword was Margaret Farrar , who was editor from 1942 to 1969 . She was succeeded by Will Weng , who was succeeded by Eugene T. Maleska . Since 1993 , they have been edited by Will Shortz , the fourth crossword editor in Times . In 1978 Shortz founded and still directs the annual American Crossword Puzzle Tournament . Simon & Schuster continues to publish the Crossword Puzzle Book Series books that it began in 1924 , currently under the editorship of John M. Samson . The original series ended in 2007 after 258 volumes . Since 2008 , these books are now in the Mega series , appearing three times per year and each featuring 300 puzzles . The British cryptic crossword was imported to the US in 1968 by composer and lyricist Stephen Sondheim in New York magazine . Until 2006 , The Atlantic Monthly regularly featured a cryptic crossword `` puzzler '' by Emily Cox and Henry Rathvon , which combines cryptic clues with diabolically ingenious variations on the construction of the puzzle itself . In both cases , no two puzzles are alike in construction , and the intent of the puzzle authors is to entertain with novelty , not to establish new variations of the crossword genre . In the United Kingdom , the Sunday Express was the first newspaper to publish a crossword on November 2 , 1924 , a Wynne puzzle adapted for the UK . The first crossword in Britain , according to Tony Augarde in his Oxford Guide to Word Games ( 1984 ) , was in Pearson 's Magazine for February 1922 . Crossword puzzles in World war II ( edit ) Main article : D - Day Daily Telegraph crossword security alarm In 1944 , Allied security officers were disturbed by the appearance , in a series of crosswords in The Daily Telegraph , of words that were secret code names for military operations planned as part of Operation Overlord . Some cryptologists for Bletchley Park were selected after doing well in a crossword - solving competition . Crossword Records ( edit ) According to Guinness World Records , May 15 , 2007 , the most prolific crossword compiler is Roger Squires of Ironbridge , Shropshire , UK . On May 14 , 2007 , he published his 66,666 th crossword , equivalent to 2 million clues . He is one of only four setters to have provided cryptic puzzles to The Times , The Daily Telegraph , The Guardian , the Financial Times and The Independent . He also holds the record for the longest word ever used in a published crossword -- the 58 - letter Welsh town Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch clued as an anagram . Enthusiasts have compiled a number of record - setting achievements for the New York Times crossword , the most prestigious American - style crossword . The lowest word count in a published weekday - size 15x15 puzzle is the January 21 , 2005 New York Times crossword by Frank Longo , with just 52 words , and was believed by Times crossword editor Will Shortz to be the world record for this type of puzzle . The fewest shaded squares in a 15x15 American crossword is 17 ( leaving 208 white spaces ) , set by the July 27 , 2012 Times crossword by Joe Krozel . The record for most crosswords published in The New York Times is held by Manny Nosowsky , who has had 241 puzzles in that outlet . A.N. Prahlada Rao , based in Bangalore , has composed / constructed some 35,000 crossword puzzles in the language Kannada , including 7,500 crosswords based on films made in Kannada , with a total of 1000 , 000 ( Ten lakhs ) clues. ( 33 ) ( 34 ) His name has recorded in LIMCA BOOK OF RECORDS - 2015 for creating highest crosswords in the Indian Regional Languages . His name has continued in the LIMCA BOOK OF RECORDS - 2015 , 2016 and 2017 also. ( 35 ) Women crossword constructors ( edit ) Women editors such as Margaret Farrar were influential in the first few decades of puzzle - making , and women constructors such as Bernice Gordon and Elizabeth Gorski have each contributed hundreds of puzzles to The New York Times . However , in recent years the number of women constructors has declined , and crossword editors at most major papers are all male . During the years that Will Weng and Eugene Maleska edited the New York Times crossword ( 1969 - 1993 ) , women constructors accounted for 35 % of puzzles , while during the editorship of Will Shortz ( 1993 -- present ) , this percentage has gone down , with women constructors ( including collaborations ) accounting for only 15 % of puzzles in both 2014 and 2015 , 17 % of puzzles published in 2016 , and 13 % -- the lowest in the `` Shortz Era '' -- in 2017 . Several reasons have been given for the decline in women constructors . One explanation is that the gender imbalance in crossword construction is similar to that in related fields , such as journalism , and that more freelance male constructors than females submit puzzles on spec to The New York Times and other outlets . Another explanation is that computer - assisted construction and the increased influence of computational approaches in generating word lists may be making crossword construction more like STEM fields in which women are underrepresented for a number of factors . However , it has also been argued that this explanation risks propagating myths about gender and technology . Some have argued that the relative absence of women constructors and editors has had an influence on the content of the puzzles themselves , and that clues and entries can be insensitive regarding language related to gender and race . Several approaches have been suggested to develop more women in the field , including mentoring novice women constructors and encouraging women constructors to publish their puzzles independently . Crosswords in non-english languages ( edit ) Orthography ( edit ) From their origin in New York , crosswords have spread to many countries and languages . In languages other than English , the status of diacritics varies according to the orthography of the particular language , thus : in Afrikaans all diacritical markings are ignored . Words such as TEË ( meaning opposed ) and TEE ( meaning tea ) are both simply written TEE . The same goes for SÊ ( say ) and SE ( belonging to ) and many others . in Czech and Slovak , diacritics are respected and ch , being considered one letter , occupies one square . in Dutch crosswords , the ij digraph is considered one letter , filling one square , and the IJ and the Y ( see Dutch alphabet ) are considered distinct . Rules may vary in other word games . in Esperanto crosswords , diacritics are respected . As a reference , see the monthly magazine of Esperanto crosswords `` Semajno de enigmoj '' . in French , in Spanish and in Italian , accent marks and most other diacritical markings are ignored , except the tilde in Spanish : for instance , in French , the final E of answer ÊTRE can double as the final É of CONGÉ when written ETRE and CONGE ; but in Spanish , N and Ñ are distinct letters . in German language crosswords , the umlauts ä , ö , and ü are dissolved into ae , oe , and ue , and ß is dissolved into ss . in Hungarian , diacritics are either fully respected , or not respected where it denotes length , that is I / Í , O / Ó , Ö / Ő , U / Ú , Ü / Ű are considered the same , but not A / Á and E / É which mark different sounds ; although the difference between the short / long pairs of letters is a distinctive feature in Hungarian . Digraphs fill two squares . in Irish crosswords , the accents on Á É Í Ó Ú are all respected , so ( for example ) the Í in SÍB can not double as the I in SLIABH . in Latin , diacritics are ignored . Therefore , A is considered the same as Ă or Ā . Ecclesiastical Latin is normally used . See the monthly magazine of Latin crosswords Hebdomada aenigmatum as a reference . in Portuguese , diacritics are ignored with the exception of Ç . Therefore , A could be checked with à or Á . in Romanian , diacritics are ignored . in Russian , Ё doubles as Е but Й is considered different from И ; the soft sign Ь and the hard sign Ъ occupy a separate square , different from that of the previous letter . in Spanish crosswords , the digraphs ch and ll fill two squares , although in some old crosswords ( from prior to the 1996 spelling reform ) they filled one square . See also : Digraph ( orthography ) § Digraphs versus letters , and Diacritic Person solving a Finnish crossword puzzle . Grid design , clues , and conventions ( edit ) A Bengali crossword grid French - language crosswords are smaller than English - language ones , and not necessarily square : there are usually 8 -- 13 rows and columns , totaling 81 -- 130 squares . They need not be symmetric and two - letter words are allowed , unlike in most English - language puzzles . Compilers strive to minimize use of shaded squares . A black - square usage of 10 % is typical ; Georges Perec compiled many 9 × 9 grids for Le Point with four or even three black squares . Rather than numbering the individual clues , the rows and columns are numbered as on a chessboard . All clues for a given row or column are listed , against its number , as separate sentences . This is similar to the notation used in the aforementioned Daily Mail Blankout puzzles . In Italy , crosswords are usually oblong and larger than French ones , 13 × 21 being a common size . As in France , they usually are not symmetrical ; two - letter words are allowed ; and the number of shaded squares is minimized . Nouns ( including surnames ) and the infinitive or past participle of verbs are allowed , as are abbreviations ; in larger crosswords , it is customary to put at the center of the grid phrases made of two to four words , or forenames and surnames . A variant of Italian crosswords does not use shaded squares : words are delimited by thickening the grid . Another variant starts with a blank grid : the solver must insert both the answers and the shaded squares , and Across and Down clues are either ordered by row and column or not ordered at all . Modern Hebrew is normally written with only the consonants ; vowels are either understood , or entered as diacritical marks . This can lead to ambiguities in the entry of some words , and compilers generally specify that answers are to be entered in ktiv male ( with some vowels ) or ktiv haser ( without vowels ) . Further , since Hebrew is written from right to left , but Roman numerals are used and written from left to right , there can be an ambiguity in the description of lengths of entries , particularly for multi-word phrases . Different compilers and publications use differing conventions for both of these issues . In the Japanese language crossword ; because of the writing system , one syllable ( typically katakana ) is entered into each white cell of the grid rather than one letter , resulting in the typical solving grid seeming small in comparison to those of other languages . Any second Yōon character is treated as a full syllable and is rarely written with a smaller character . Even cipher crosswords have a Japanese equivalent , although pangrammaticity does not apply . Crosswords with kanji to fill in are also produced , but in far smaller number as it takes far more effort to construct one . Despite Japanese having three writing forms , hiragana , katakana and kanji , they are rarely mixed in a single crossword puzzle . A.N. Prahlada Rao , based in Bangalore , has composed / constructed some 35,000 crossword puzzles in the language Kannada , including 7,500 crosswords based on films made in Kannada , with a total of 10 , 00,000 ( ten lakhs , or one million ) clues . His name has recorded in LIMCA BOOK OF RECORDS - 2015 for creating highest crosswords in the Indian Regional Languages . His name has continued in the LIMCA BOOK OF RECORDS - 2016 and 2017 also . A five volume set of his puzzles was released in February 2008 In 2013 two more crossword books released . In 2017 his 5 Crossword Books published . Bengali is also well known for its crossword puzzles . Crosswords are published regularly in almost all the Bengali dailies and periodicals . The grid system is quite similar to the British style and two - letter words are usually not allowed . In Poland , crosswords typically use British - style grids , but some do not have shaded cells . Shaded cells are often replaced by boxes with clues -- such crosswords are called Swedish puzzles or Swedish - style crosswords . In a vast majority of Polish crosswords , nouns are the only allowed words . Swedish crosswords are mainly in the illustrated ( photos or drawings ) , in - line clue style typical of the `` Swedish - style grid '' mentioned above . This tradition prospered already in the mid-1900s , in family magazines and sections of newspapers . Then the specialised magazines took off . Around the turn of the millennium , approximately half a dozen Swedish magazine publishers produced specialised crossword magazines , totaling more than twenty titles , often published on a monthly basis . The oldest extant crossword magazine published in Swedish is Krysset ( from Bonnier ) , founded in 1957 . Additionally , nearly all newspapers publish crosswords of some kind , and at weekends often devote specialised sections in the paper to crosswords and similar type of pastime material . Both major evening dailies ( Aftonbladet and Expressen ) publish a weekly crossword supplement , named Kryss & Quiz and Korsord respectively . Both are available as paid supplements on Mondays and Tuesdays , as part of the ongoing competition between the two newspapers . Crossword construction ( edit ) American - style crosswords ( edit ) In typical themed American - style crosswords , the theme is created first , as a set of symmetric long Across answers will be needed around which the grid can be created . Since the grid will typically have 180 - degree rotational symmetry , the answers will need to be also : thus a typical 15 × 15 square American puzzle might have two 15 - letter entries and two 13 - letter entries that could be arranged appropriately in the grid ( e.g. , one 15 - letter entry in the third row , and the other symmetrically in the 13th row ; one 13 - letter entry starting in the first square of the 6th row and the other ending in the last square of the 10th row ) . The theme must not only be funny or interesting , but also internally consistent . In the April 26 , 2005 by Sarah Keller mentioned above , the five themed entries contained in the different parts of a tree : SQUAREROOT , TABLELEAF , WARDROBETRUNK , BRAINSTEM , and BANKBRANCH . In this puzzle , CHARTER OAK would not be an appropriate entry , as all the other entries contain different parts of a tree , not the name of a kind of tree . Similarly , FAMILY TREE would not be appropriate unless it were used as a revealer for the theme ( frequently clued with a phrase along the lines `` ... and a hint to ... '' ) . Given the existing entries , SEED MONEY would also be unacceptable , as all the other theme entries end in the part of a tree as opposed to beginning with it , though the puzzle could certainly be changed to have a mix of words in different positions . Once a consistent , appropriate theme has been chosen , a grid is designed around that theme , following a set of basic principles : Generally , most American puzzles are 15 × 15 squares ; if another size , they typically have an odd number of rows and columns : e.g. , 21 × 21 for `` Sunday - size '' puzzles ; GAMES Magazine will accept 17 × 17 puzzles , Simon & Schuster accepts both 17 × 17 and 19 × 19 puzzles , and The New York Times requires diagramless puzzles to be 17 × 17 . The odd number of squares on a side ensures that achieving symmetry is easier ; with even - numbered puzzles the central block of four squares makes constructing a symmetrical puzzle considerably more difficult . The black squares must be arranged so as to ( 1 ) ensure there are no two - letter words ; ( 2 ) form 180 - degree rotational symmetry ( so that if the grid is turned upside - down , the pattern of black squares remains the same ) ; ( 3 ) ensure that every letter is checked ( appears in both an Across and a Down word ) ; ( 4 ) not occupy too much of the puzzle ( generally speaking , 16 % of the puzzle is considered a rough limit for the percentage of black squares ) ; ( 5 ) ensure that the entire puzzle has `` all - over interlock '' -- that is , that the black squares do not `` cut '' the puzzle into separate sections ; and ( 6 ) ensure that ( generally ) no non-theme entry is longer than any of the theme entries . In addition , it is considered advisable to minimize the number of so - called `` cheater '' black squares , i.e. , black squares whose removal would not change the word count of the puzzle but which make it easier to fill by shortening the length of the words therein . The grid is then filled with suitable words , keeping in mind that ( 1 ) no word can be repeated in the grid ( with the exception of prepositions or articles ) ; ( 2 ) profanity or graphic or `` unpleasant '' words are generally not allowed ; ( 3 ) obscurity is strongly discouraged in easy puzzles and should be kept to a minimum in more difficult puzzles , where two obscure words should never be allowed to cross ( and , ideally , where the obscure word would be of interest to most solvers -- a genus of little - known water bugs would not be a good choice ) ; ( 4 ) uncommon abbreviations and variant foreign spellings should be avoided , as well as the use of crosswordese ( those words that no longer appear in common speech but that occur frequently in crosswords due to their favorable letter combinations , such as the Asian buffalo ANOA ) ; ( 5 ) in modern puzzles , pop figures and corporate and brand names are generally considered acceptable ; ( 6 ) no made - up words are permitted -- there should be a dictionary or other reference that can cite each entry if asked . Modern constructors frequently ( although not always ) use software to speed the task . Several programs are available , of which the most widely accepted is Crossword Compiler . These programs , although they can not create themes and can not distinguish between `` good '' fill ( fun , interesting words vs. dull obscurity ) , do speed up the process and will allow the constructor to realize if he or she has hit a dead end . Crossword puzzle payments for standard 15 × 15 puzzles from the major outlets range from $50 ( GAMES Magazine ) to $300 ( The New York Times ) while payments for 21 × 21 puzzles range from $150 ( Newsday ) to $1,000 ( The New York Times ) . The compensation structure of crosswords generally entails authors selling all rights to their puzzles upon publication , and as a result receiving no royalties from republication of their work in books or other forms . This system has been criticized by American Values Club crossword editor Ben Tausig , among others . Cryptic crosswords ( edit ) See also : Cryptic crossword In cryptics , as fewer of the letters are typically checked and as there is usually no theme , grid construction is far easier , and the constructor focuses instead on the difficult task of creating clues that contain a straight definition , a cryptic definition , and a `` surface '' meaning ( each clue must parse as a phrase ) . Software ( edit ) Software that aids in creating crossword puzzles has been written since at least 1976 ; one popular example was Crossword Magic for the Apple II in the 1980s . The earliest software relied on people to input a list of fill words and clues , and automatically maps the answers onto a suitable grid . This is a search problem in computer science because there are many possible arrangements to be checked against the rules of construction . Any given set of answers might have zero , one , or multiple legal arrangements . In the late 1990s , the transition began from mostly hand - created arrangements to computer - assisted , which creators generally say has allowed authors to produce more interesting and creative puzzles , reducing crosswordese . Crossword Weaver was patented in 1997 . Crossdown and Crossword Compiler for Windows ( which also handles sudoku ) and Crossfire for MacOS are popular for this purpose . Modern software includes large databases of clues and answers , allowing the computer to randomly select words for the puzzle , potentially with guidance from the user as to the theme or a specific set of words to pick with greater probability . Many serious users add words to the database as an expression of personal creativity or for use in a desired theme . Software can also be used to assist the user in finding words for a specific spot in an arrangement by quickly searching through the dictionary for all words that fit . The program Dr. Fill was written in the 2000s to solve crossword puzzles using a similar database of past clues and answers , plus the full contents of a dictionary and Wikipedia . Web sites such as crosswordguru.com make such databases available for people to create or solve puzzles with computer assistance one clue at a time . Notation ( edit ) Originally Petherbridge called the two dimensions of the cross-word puzzle `` Horizontal '' and `` Vertical '' . Among various numbering schemes , the standard became that in which only the start squares of each word were numbered , from left to right and top to bottom . `` 1 Horizontal '' and `` 1 Vertical '' and the like were names for the clues , the cross words , or the grid locations , interchangeably . Later in the Times these terms commonly became `` Across '' and `` Down '' and notations for clues could either use the words or the letters `` A '' and `` D '' , with or without hyphens . See also ( edit ) Cross Sums Crosswordese Merv Griffin 's Crosswords , a crossword - based game show that debuted in fall 2007 . Scrabble ( see also Scrabble variants ) Str8ts Sudoku The Cross-Wits , a crossword - based game show that ran in the 1970s and 1980s . Upwords Wheel of Fortune ( U.S. game show ) , a letter - based game show that incorporated crosswords in 2016 . Word search Wordplay , a 2006 documentary film about crossword puzzles . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( Shortz ) `` How to Solve the New York Times Crossword Puzzle '' Jump up ^ Berry , Patrick ( 2015 ) . Crossword Constructor 's Handbook . pp. 62 -- 80 . Jump up ^ D.S. MacNutt with A. Robins , Ximenes on the art of the crossword , Methuen & Co Ltd , London ( 1966 ) p. 49 . Jump up ^ `` How to Make a Crossword Puzzle '' . crosswordhobbyist.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Identified theme . types '' . Cruciverb.com . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Der , Kevin G. `` New York Times crossword of October 7 , 2011 '' . XWordInfo.com . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Gaffney , Matt . `` Matt Gaffney 's Weekly Crossword Contest Frequently Asked Questions '' . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Gaffney , Matt . `` Eight Is n't Enough '' . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Quantum '' . xwordinfo.com . Jump up ^ Farrell , Jeremiah . `` New York Times puzzle of Tuesday , November 5 , 1996 '' . xwordinfo.com . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Amende , Coral ( 2001 ) . The Crossword Obsession . New York : Berkley Books . ISBN 978 - 0756790868 . Jump up ^ Tausig , Ben . `` New York Times puzzle of Thursday , September 1 , 2016 '' . xwordinfo.com . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeder , Oliver . `` One of the Most Important Crosswords in New York Times History '' . Slate . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Poole , David L. ; Mackworth , Alan K. ( 2010 ) . Artificial Intelligence : Foundations of Computational Agents . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 51900 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Arroword '' . puzzler.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.roteiroromanceado.com/cruzadas/historia/ancestrais/crossword/enigmas/enigmas2.html Jump up ^ `` St. Nicholas . September 1875 '' . Childrenslibrary.org . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Storia delle parole crociate e del cruciverba '' ( in Italian ) . Crucienigmi . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Crossword Puzzle '' . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . August 1997 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Bellis , Mary . `` The History of Crossword Puzzles '' . About.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Cross-Word Puzzle '' . The Pittsburgh Press . June 11 , 1916 . Comic section 's fifth page . Jump up ^ The Boston Globe , April 8 , 1917 , p. 43 contains a puzzle and a solution to a previous week 's puzzle . Jump up ^ `` Movie of a Man Doing the Cross-Word Puzzle , '' by `` Briggs , '' Morning Oregonian , October 3 , 1922 , p. 14 ; also published in several other newspapers Jump up ^ `` There Goes My Crossword Puzzle , Get Up Please . '' The Boston Daily Globe , October 1 , 1923 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Jottings About Town . '' The New Yorker , February 25 , 1925 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Report of the New York Public Library for 1924 ; published by The Library , 1925 Jump up ^ Frederick Lewis Allen ( 1931 ) . Only Yesterday . Harper and Row . , p. 159 of 1964 Perennial Library paperback reprint Jump up ^ `` Topics of the Times . '' The New York Times , November 17 , 1924 , p. 18 Jump up ^ `` Condemns Cross-Word Fad . '' The New York Times , December 23 , 1924 , p. 17 Jump up ^ `` Barometer '' . Time Magazine . January 5 , 1925 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Topics of the Times : Sees Harm , Not Education '' The New York Times , March 10 , 1925 , p. 20 , Jump up ^ `` All About the Insidious Game of Anagrams , '' The New York Times , December 29 , 1929 , p . BR3 Jump up ^ Richard H. ( 1930 ) , `` The Lure of the Puzzle . '' The New York Times , February 4 , 1930 , p. 20 Jump up ^ `` crossword . '' OED Online . March 2017 . Oxford University Press . http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/44952?redirectedFrom=crossword& ( accessed April 28 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ The Daily Telegraph -- 80 Years of Cryptic Crosswords , p. 44 . Jump up ^ ( Pat - Ella ) `` Crossword setter hits puzzling landmark '' , Richard Savill , The Daily Telegraph , May 15 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` XWord Info '' . `` XWord Info '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Friday , July 27 , 2012 crossword by Joe Krozel '' . Xwordinfo.com. 2012 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth C. Gorski '' . xwordinfo.com . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shechtman , Anna ( 2014 ) . `` Puzzle Trouble : Women and Crosswords in the Age of Autofill '' . The American Reader . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , David . `` The Pre-Shortzian Puzzle Project '' . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Women constructors in the Shortz Era '' . xwordinfo.com . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kosman , Joshua ; Picciotto , Henry ( 2014 ) . `` Puzzling Women : Where are the female constructors ? '' . thenation.com . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Tausig , Ben ( 2013 ) . `` The Crossword Puzzle : Where 'd the Women Go ? '' . Thehairpin.com . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elizabeth Gorski : New York Times Crossword Creator '' . Ravishly.com. 2014 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham , Ruth ( 2016 ) . `` Why Is the New York Times Crossword So Clueless About Race and Gender ? '' . Slate.com . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , Adrianne ( 2017 ) . `` The NYT Crossword Is Old and Kind Of Racist '' . The Outline . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Reynaldo , Amy ( 2014 ) . `` Women and Crossword Construction , Part 1 : Why the underrepresentation ? '' . Diary of a Crossword Fiend . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . www.semajnodeenigmoj.com . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Latin crosswords - Cruciverba in latino - Aenigmata latina '' . Latin crosswords - Cruciverba in latino - Aenigmata latina . Jump up ^ `` Histoire des mots croisés . Chapitre VI '' . Homepage.urbanet.ch . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Making clues '' . Thehindubusinessline.in. 2001 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Details '' . www.vijaykarnatakaepaper.com . Jump up ^ `` Limca Book of Records '' . www.limcabookofrecords.in . Jump up ^ `` Karnataka / Bangalore News : Kannada crossword puzzles launched '' . The Hindu . 2008 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Krysset -- klassikern med kvalitet och kunskap . '' Krysset.se . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . ( in Swedish ) Jump up ^ `` Dagens bilaga med Expressen -- Korsord . '' Expressen.se . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . ( in Swedish ) ^ Jump up to : Salomon , Nancy . `` Notes from a Mentor '' . cruciverb.com . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rosen , Mel ( 1995 ) . Random House Puzzlemaker 's Handbook . New York : Random House . ISBN 9780812925449 . ^ Jump up to : Kurzban , Stanley A. ( 1981 ) . The Compleat Cruciverbalist : Or How to Solve and Compose Crossword Puzzles for Fun and Profit . Van Nostrand Reinhold . ISBN 978 - 0442257385 . Jump up ^ `` Publisher Specifications '' . cruciverb.com . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Gore , Molly ( 15 November 2007 ) . `` Math professor and crossword constructor gives puzzle advice '' . The Santa Clara . Santa Clara , California . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Basic Rules '' . cruciverb.com . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Kristin E. ( 29 April 2007 ) . `` A passion to fit words together '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer ( archived at crosswordtournament.com ) . Archived from the original on 20 April 2013 . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Publisher chart '' . cruciverb.com . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Tausig , Ben ( 7 December 2012 ) . `` Fixing the Broken Crossword Puzzle Economy '' . TheAwl.com . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Dr. Fill '' Vies for Crossword Solving Supremacy `` . 19 Sep 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 - 84 Misc '' . 9 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Julie Leibach ( 19 September 2014 ) . `` Inside the Box : Crossword Puzzle Constructing in the Computer Age '' . Jump up ^ `` Do You Know Who Invented the Crossword Puzzle ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Crossdown Puzzle Making Software '' . www.crossdown.com . Literature ( edit ) The Crossword Obsession by Coral Amende ISBN 0 - 425 - 18157 - X Crossworld by Marc Romano ISBN 0 - 7679 - 1757 - X External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crosswords . Why are crossword puzzles symmetrical ? 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Poverty in India
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Poverty in India - Wikipedia Poverty in India Jump to : navigation , search Poverty rate map of India by prevalence in 2012 , among its states and union territories Poverty is a significant issue in India , despite having one of the fastest - growing economies in the world , clocked at a growth rate of 7.6 % in 2015 , and a sizable consumer economy . The World Bank reviewed and proposed revisions in May 2014 , to its poverty calculation methodology and purchasing power parity basis for measuring poverty worldwide , including India . According to this revised methodology , the world had 872.3 million people below the new poverty line , of which 179.6 million people lived in India . In other words , India with 17.5 % of total world 's population , had 20.6 % share of world 's poorest in 2011 . As of 2014 , 58 % of the total population were living on less than $3.10 per day . According to the Modified Mixed Reference Period ( MMRP ) concept proposed by World Bank in 2015 , India 's poverty rate for period 2011 - 12 stood at 12.4 % of the total population , or about 172 million people ; taking the revised poverty line as $1.90 . India Poverty rate since 1993 based on World Bank $1.99 PPP poverty line . The World Bank has been revising its definition and benchmarks to measure up poverty since 1990 , with a $2 per day income on purchasing power parity basis as the definition in use from 2005 to 2013 . Some semi-economic and non-economic indices have also been proposed to measure poverty in India ; for example , the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index placed 33 % weight on number of years spent in school and education and 6.25 % weight on financial condition of a person , in order to determine if that a person is poor . The different definitions and different underlying small sample surveys used to determine poverty in India , have resulted in widely different estimates of poverty from 1950s to 2010s . In 2012 , the Indian government stated 22 % of its population is below its official poverty limit . The World Bank , in 2011 based on 2005 's PPPs International Comparison Program , estimated 23.6 % of Indian population , or about 276 million people , lived below $1.25 per day on purchasing power parity . According to United Nation 's Millennium Development Goals ( MDG ) programme 270 millions or 21.9 % people out of 1.2 billion of Indians lived below poverty line of $1.25 in 2011 - 2012 . From late 19th century through early 20th century , under British colonial rule , poverty in India intensified , peaking in the 1920s . Famines and diseases killed millions each time . After India gained its independence in 1947 , mass deaths from famines were prevented . Rapid economic growth since 1991 , has led to sharp reductions in extreme poverties in India . However , those above poverty line live a fragile economic life . As per the methodology of the Suresh Tendulkar Committee report , that the population below the poverty line in India in 2009 - 2010 was 354 million ( 29.6 % of the population ) and that in 2011 - 2012 was 269 million ( 21.9 % of the population ) . The Rangarajan Committee said in 2014 that the population below the poverty line in 2009 - 2010 was 454 million ( 38.2 % of the population ) and that in 2011 - 2012 was 363 million ( 29.5 % of the population ) . Deutsche Bank Research estimated that there are nearly 300 million people who are middle class . If former trends continue , India 's share of world GDP will significantly increase from 7.3 % in 2016 to 8.5 % by 2020 . In 2015 , around 170 million people , or 12.4 % , lived in poverty ( defined as $1.90 ( Rs 123.5 ) ) , a reduction from 29.8 % in 2009 . The Asian Development Bank estimates India 's population to be at 1.28 billion with an average growth rate , from 2010 - 2015 , at 1.3 % . In 2014 , 49.9 % of the population aged 15 years and above were employed . However , there are still 21.9 % of the population who live below the national poverty line . The World Poverty Clock shows real - time poverty trends in India , which are based on the latest data , of the World Bank , among others . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition of poverty 2 Poverty prevalence and estimates 2.1 After Independence 2.1. 1 1950s 2.1. 2 1960s 2.1. 3 1970s - 1980s 2.1. 4 1990s 2.1. 5 2000s 2.1. 6 Reserve Bank of India ( 2012 ) 2.1. 7 2010s 2.1. 8 Semi-economic measures of poverty 3 Other estimates 4 Economic impact of British imperialism 5 Reduction in poverty 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Definition of poverty ( edit ) Poverty rates are sensitive to definition used . In 2014 , new World Bank benchmarks based on 2011 purchasing power parity basis suggest much lower poverty rates in India , and much higher in other nations . A comparative map of poverty in India and other countries in 2012 , at national poverty line , according to the World Bank . Economic measures There are several definitions of poverty , and scholars disagree as to which definition is appropriate for India . Inside India , both income - based poverty definition and consumption - based poverty statistics are in use . Outside India , the World Bank and institutions of the United Nations use a broader definition to compare poverty among nations , including India , based on purchasing power parity ( PPP ) , as well as nominal relative basis . Each state in India has its own poverty threshold to determine how many people are below its poverty line and to reflect regional economic conditions . These differences in definition yield a complex and conflicting picture about poverty in India , both internally and when compared to other developing countries of the world . As with many countries , poverty was historically defined and estimated in India using a sustenance food standard . This methodology has been revised . India 's current official poverty rates are based on its Planning Commission 's data derived from so - called Tendulkar methodology . It defines poverty not in terms of annual income , but in terms of consumption or spending per individual over a certain period for a basket of essential goods . Further , this methodology sets different poverty lines for rural and urban areas . Since 2007 , India set its official threshold at ₹ 26 a day ( $0.43 ) in rural areas and about ₹ 32 per day ( $0.53 ) in urban areas . While these numbers are lower than the World Bank 's $1.25 per day income - based definition , the definition is similar to China 's US $0.65 per day official poverty line in 2008 . The World Bank 's international poverty line definition is based on purchasing power parity basis , at $1.25 per day . This definition is inspired by the reality that the price of same goods , and services such as a haircut , are quite different in local currencies around the world . A realistic definition and comparison of poverty must consider these differences in costs of living , or must be on purchasing power parity ( PPP ) basis . On this basis , currency fluctuations and nominal numbers become less important , the definition is based on the local costs of a basket of essential goods and services that people can purchase . By World Bank 's 2014 PPP definition , India 's poverty rate is significantly lower than previously believed . Mixed , semi-economic and non-economic measures As with economic measures , there are many mixed or non-economic measures of poverty and experts contest which one is most appropriate for India . For example , Dandekar and Rath in 1971 suggested a measure of poverty rate that was based on number of calories consumed . In 2011 , Alkire et al. suggested a poverty rate measure so - called Multi-dimensional Poverty Index ( MPI ) , which put only 6.25 % weight to assets owned by a person and placed 33 % weight on education and number of years spent in school . These non-economic measures remain controversial and contested as a measure of poverty rate of any nation , including India . National poverty lines comparison ( Note : this is historical data , not current ) Country Poverty line ( per day ) Year Reference India 32 rupees ( $0.5 ) 2017 Argentina 6 pesos ( $0.74 ) 2012 China 6.3 yuan ( $1 ) 2011 Nigeria 65 naira ( $0.4 ) 2011 United States $13 2005 Comparison with alternate international definitions India determines household poverty line by summing up the individual per capita poverty lines of the household members . This practice is similar to many developing countries , but different from developed countries such as the United States that adjust poverty line on an incremental basis per additional household member . For example , in the United States , the poverty line for a household with just one member was set at $11,670 per year for 2014 , while it was set at $23,850 per year for a 4 - member household ( or $5963 per person for the larger household ) . The rationale for the differences arise from the economic realities of each country . In India , households may include surviving grandparents , parents and children . They typically do not incur any or significant rent expenses every month particularly in rural India , unlike housing in mostly urban developed economies . The cost of food and other essentials are shared within the household by its members in both cases . However , a larger portion of a monthly expenditure goes to food in poor households in developing countries , while housing , conveyance and other essentials cost significantly more in developed economies . For its current poverty rate measurements , India calculates two benchmarks . The first includes a basket of goods including food items but does not include the implied value of home , value of any means of conveyance or the economic value of other essentials created , grown or used without a financial transaction , by the members of a household . The second poverty line benchmark adds rent value of residence as well as the cost of conveyance , but nothing else , to the first benchmark . This practice is similar to those used in developed countries for non-cash income equivalents and poverty line basis . India 's proposed but not yet adopted official poverty line , in 2014 , was ₹ 972 ( US $15 ) a month in rural areas or ₹ 1,407 ( US $22 ) a month in cities . The current poverty line is $14 per month ( $0.46 per day ) in rural areas and $17 per month ( $0.56 per day ) in urban areas . India 's nationwide average poverty line differs from each state 's poverty line . For example , in 2011 - 2012 , Puducherry had its highest poverty line of ₹ 1,301 ( US $20 ) a month in rural and ₹ 1,309 ( US $20 ) a month in urban areas , while Odisha had the lowest poverty thresholds of ₹ 695 ( US $11 ) a month for rural and ₹ 861 ( US $13 ) a month for its urban areas . Poverty prevalence and estimates ( edit ) The 19th century and early 20th century saw increasing poverty in India during the colonial era . Over this period , the colonial government de-industrialized India by reducing garments and other finished products manufacturing by artisans in India , importing these from Britain 's expanding industry with 19th century industrial innovations , while simultaneously encouraging conversion of more land into farms , and of agricultural exports from India . Eastern regions of India along the Ganges river plains , such as those now known as eastern Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , Jharkhand and West Bengal , were dedicated to producing poppy and opium , which were then exported to southeast and east Asia particularly China , with the trade an exclusive monopoly first of East India Company , and later the colonial British institutions . The economic importance of this shift from industry to agriculture in India was large ; by 1850 , it created nearly 1,000 square kilometres of poppy farms in India in its fertile Ganges plains , led to two opium wars in Asia , with the second opium war fought between 1856 and 1860 . After China accepted opium trade , the colonial government dedicated more land exclusively to poppy , the opium agriculture in India rose from 1850 through 1900 , when over 500,000 acres of the most fertile Ganges basin farms were devoted to poppy cultivation , opium processing factories owned by colonial officials were expanded in Benares and Patna , and shipping expanded from Bengal to the ports of East Asia such as Hong Kong , all under exclusive monopoly of the British . By early 20th century , 3 out of 4 Indians were employed in agriculture , famines were common , and food consumption per capita declined in every decade . In London , the late 19th century British parliament debated the repeated incidence of famines in India , and the impoverishment of Indians due to this diversion of agriculture land from growing food staples to growing poppy for opium export under orders of the colonial British empire . Poverty was intense during colonial era India . Numerous famines and epidemics killed millions of people each . Upper image is from 1876 - 1879 famine in South of British India that starved and killed over 6 million people , while lower image is of child who starved to death during the Bengal famine of 1943 . These colonial policies moved unemployed artisans into farming , and transformed India as a region increasingly abundant in land , unskilled labour and low productivity , and scarce in skilled labour , capital and knowledge . On an inflation adjusted 1973 Rupee basis , the average income of Indian agrarian labourer was Rs. 7.20 per year in 1885 , against an inflation adjusted poverty line of Rs. 23.90 per year . Thus , not only was the average income below poverty line , the intensity of poverty was severe . The intensity of poverty increased from 1885 to 1921 , then began a reversal . However , the absolute poverty rates continued to be very high through the 1930s . The colonial policies on taxation and its recognition of land ownership claims of zamindars and mansabdars , or Mughal era nobility , made a minority of families wealthy , while it weakened the ability of poorer peasants to command land and credit . The resulting rising landlessness and stagnant real wages intensified poverty . The National Planning Committee of 1936 noted the appalling poverty of undivided India . ( ... ) there was lack of food , of clothing , of housing and of every other essential requirement of human existence ... the development policy objective should be to get rid of the appalling poverty of the people . -- Nehru , The Discovery of India , ( 1946 ) The National Planning Committee , notes Suryanarayana , then defined goals in 1936 to alleviate poverty by setting targets in terms of nutrition ( 2400 to 2800 calories per adult worker ) , clothing ( 30 yards per capita per annum ) and housing ( 100 sq. ft per capita ) . This method of linking poverty as a function of nutrition , clothing and housing continued in India after it became independent from British colonial empire . These poverty alleviation goals were theoretical , with administrative powers resident in the British Empire . Poverty ravaged India . In 1943 , for example , despite rising agricultural output in undivided South Asia , the Bengal famine killed millions of Indians from starvation , disease and destitution . Destitution was so intense in Bengal , Bihar , eastern Uttar Pradesh , Jharkhand and Orissa , that entire families and villages were `` wiped out '' of existence . Village artisans , along with sustenance farming families , died from lack of food , malnutrition and a wave of diseases . The 1943 famine was not an isolated tragedy . Devastating famines impoverished India every 5 to 8 years in late 19th century and the first half of 20th century . Between 6.1 and 10.3 million people starved to death in British India during the 1876 - 1879 famine , while another 6.1 to 8.4 million people died during 1896 - 1898 famine . The Lancet reported 19 million died from starvation and consequences of extreme poverty in British India , between 1896 and 1900 . Sir MacDonnell observed the suffering and poverty in 1900 , and noted , `` people died like flies '' in Bombay . After independence ( edit ) 1950s ( edit ) Year Total Population ( millions ) 50 % lived on ( ₹ / year ) 95 % lived on ( ₹ / year ) 1956 - 57 359 180 443 1961 - 62 445 204 498 1967 - 68 514 222 512 Minhas published his estimates of poverty rates in 1950s India as cyclical and a strong function of each year 's harvest . Minhas disagreed with the practice of using calories as the basis for poverty estimation and proposed a poverty line based on real expenditure per year ( Rs 240 per annum ) . In 1956 - 57 , a good harvest year , he computed India 's poverty rate to be 65 % ( 215 million people ) . For 1960 , Minhas estimated the poverty to be 59 % . 1960s ( edit ) A Working Group was formed in 1962 to attempt to set a poverty line for India . This Working Group used calories required for survival , and income needed to buy those calories in different parts of rural India , to derive an average poverty line of Rs. 20 per month at 1960 - 61 prices . Estimates of poverty in India during the 1960s varied widely . Dandekar and Rath , on the behalf of then Indian government , estimated that the poverty rate in 1960s remained generally constant at 41 % . Ojha , in contrast , estimated that there were 190 million people ( 44 % ) in India below official poverty limit in 1961 , and that this below - poverty line number increased to 289 million people ( 70 % ) in 1967 . Bardhan also concluded that Indian poverty rates increased through the 1960s , reaching a high of 54 % . Those above the 1960s poverty level of Rs 240 per year , were in fragile economic groups as well and not doing well either . Minhas estimated that 95 % of India 's people lived on Rs 458 per year in 1963 - 64 , while the richest 5 % lived on an average of Rs 645 per year ( all numbers inflation adjusted to 1960 - 61 Rupee ) . 1970s - 1980s ( edit ) Dandekar and Rath in 1971 used a daily intake of 2,250 calories per person to define the poverty line for India . Using NSSO data regarding household expenditures for 1960 -- 61 , they determined that in order to achieve this food intake and other daily necessities , a rural dweller required an annual income of ₹ 170.80 per year ( ₹ 14.20 per month , adjusted to 1971 Rupee ) . An urban dweller required ₹ 271.70 per year ( ₹ 22.60 per month ) . They concluded from this study that 40 percent of rural residents and 50 percent of urban residents were below the poverty line in 1960 -- 61 . Poverty alleviation has been a driver for India 's Planning Commission 's Task Force on Projections of Minimum Needs and Effective Consumption Demand of the Perspective Planning Division . This division , in 1979 , took into account differences in calorie requirements for different age groups , activity levels , and sex . They determined that the average rural dweller needed around 2400 calories , and those in urban areas required about 2100 calories per person per day . To satisfy the food requirement , the Task Force estimated that a consumer spending in 1973 -- 74 of Rs. 49.09 per person per month in rural areas and Rs. 56.64 in urban areas was appropriate measure to estimate its poverty line . Poverty remained stubbornly high in India through the 1970s and 1980s . It created slogans such as Garibi Hatao ( literally , abolish poverty ) for political campaigns , during elections in early 1970s through the 1980s . Rural poverty rate exceeded 50 % , using India 's official poverty line for 1970s . 1990s ( edit ) Another Expert Group was instituted in 1993 , chaired by Lakdawala , to examine poverty line for India . It recommended that regional economic differences are large enough that poverty lines should be calculated for each state . From then on , a standard list of commodities were drawn up and priced in each state of the nation , using 1973 -- 74 as a base year . This basket of goods could then be re-priced each year and comparisons made between regions . The Government of India began using a modified version of this method of calculating the poverty line in India . There are wide variations in India 's poverty estimates for 1990s , in part from differences in the methodology and in the small sample surveys they poll for the underlying data . A 2007 report for example , using data for late 1990s , stated that 77 % of Indians lived on less than ₹ 20 a day ( about US $0.50 per day ) . In contrast , Datt estimated India 's national poverty rate to be 35 % in 1994 , at India 's then official poverty line of Rs 49 per capita , with consumer price index adjusted to June 1974 rural prices . 2000s ( edit ) The Saxena Committee report , using data from 1972 to 2000 , separated calorific intake apart from nominal income in its economic analysis of poverty in India , and then stated that 50 % of Indians lived below the poverty line . The Planning Commission of India , in contrast , determined that the poverty rate was 39 % . The National Council of Applied Economic Research estimated that 48 % of the Indian households earn more than ₹ 90,000 ( US $1,403.40 ) annually ( or more than US $ 3 PPP per person ) . According to NCAER , in 2009 , of the 222 million households in India , the absolutely poor households ( annual incomes below ₹ 45,000 ( US $700 ) ) accounted for only 15.6 % of them or about 35 million ( about 200 million Indians ) . Another 80 million households are in the income levels of ₹ 45,000 ( US $700 ) to ₹ 90,000 ( US $1,400 ) per year . These numbers are similar to World Bank estimates of the `` below - the - poverty - line '' households that may total about 100 million ( or about 456 million individuals ) . The Suresh Tendulkar Committee set up to look into the people living under the poverty line in India submitted its report in November 2009 . It provided a new method of calculating the poverty line based on per capita consumption expenditure per month or day . For rural areas , it was Rs 816 per month or Rs 27 per day . For urban areas , it was Rs 1000 per month or Rs 33 per day . Using this methodology , the population below the poverty line in 2009 - 2010 was 354 million ( 29.6 % of the population ) and that in 2011 - 2012 was 269 million ( 21.9 % of the population ) . Reserve Bank of India ( 2012 ) ( edit ) In its annual report of 2012 , the Reserve Bank of India named the state of Goa as having the least poverty of 5.09 % while the national average stood at 21.92 % The table below presents the poverty statistics for rural , urban and combined percentage below poverty line ( BPL ) for each State or Union Territory . The highest poverty statistics for each category column is coloured light red in the table below . ( hide ) State or Union Territory No. of Persons ( Thousands ) Rural % of Persons ( Rural ) below poverty line Poverty line ( Rs ) / month ( Rural ) No. of Persons ( Thousands ) Urban % of Persons ( Urban ) below poverty line Poverty line ( Rs ) / month ( Urban ) No. of Persons ( Thousands ) Combined % of Persons ( Combined ) below poverty line Andhra Pradesh 6180 10.96 860.00 1698 5.81 1009.00 7878 9.20 Arunachal Pradesh 425 38.93 930.00 66 20.33 1060.00 491 34.67 Assam 9206 33.89 828.00 921 20.49 1008.00 10127 31.98 Bihar 32040 34.06 778.00 3775 31.23 923.00 35815 33.74 Chhattisgarh 8890 44.61 738.00 1522 24.75 849.00 10411 39.93 Goa 37 6.81 1090.00 38 4.09 1134.00 75 5.09 Gujarat 7535 21.50 932.00 2688 10.14 1152.00 10223 16.63 Haryana 1942 11.64 1015.00 941 10.28 1169.00 2883 11.16 Himachal Pradesh 529 8.48 913.00 30 4.33 1064.00 559 8.06 Jammu & Kashmir 1073 11.54 891.00 253 7.20 988.00 1327 10.35 Jharkhand 10409 40.84 748.00 2024 24.83 974.00 12433 36.96 Karnataka 9280 24.53 902.00 3696 15.25 1089.00 12976 20.91 Kerala 1548 9.14 1018.00 846 4.97 987.00 2395 7.05 Madhya Pradesh 19095 35.74 771.00 4310 21.00 897.00 23406 31.65 Maharashtra 15056 24.22 967.00 4736 9.12 1126.00 19792 17.35 Manipur 745 38.80 1118.00 278 32.59 1170.00 1022 36.89 Meghalaya 304 12.53 888.00 57 9.26 1154.00 361 11.87 Mizoram 191 35.43 1066.00 37 6.36 1155.00 227 20.40 Nagaland 276 19.93 1270.00 100 16.48 1302.00 376 18.88 Odisha 12614 35.69 695.00 1239 17.29 861.00 13853 32.59 Punjab 1335 7.66 1054.00 982 9.24 1155.00 2318 8.26 Rajasthan 8419 16.05 905.00 1873 10.69 1002.00 10292 14.72 Sikkim 45 9.85 930.00 6 3.66 1226.00 51 8.19 Tamil Nadu 5923 15.83 880.00 2340 6.54 937.00 8263 11.28 Tripura 449 16.53 798.00 75 7.42 920.00 524 14.05 Uttar Pradesh 47935 30.40 768.00 11884 26.06 941.00 59819 29.43 Uttarakhand 825 11.62 880.00 335 10.48 1082.00 1160 11.26 West Bengal 14114 22.52 783.00 4383 14.66 981.00 18498 19.98 Andaman & Nicobar Islands 1.57 - 0 0.00 - 1.00 Chandigarh 0 1.64 - 234 22.31 - 235 21.81 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 115 62.59 - 28 15.38 - 143 39.31 Daman and Diu 0 0.00 - 26 12.62 - 26 9.86 Delhi 50 12.92 1145.00 1646 9.84 1134.00 1696 9.91 Lakshadweep 0 0.00 - 3.44 - 2.77 Puducherry 69 17.06 1301.00 55 6.30 1309.00 124 9.69 All India 216658 25.70 816.00 53125 13.70 1000.00 269783 21.92 2010s ( edit ) The World Bank has reviewed its poverty definition and calculation methodologies several times over the last 25 years . In early 1990s , The World Bank anchored absolute poverty line as $1 per day . This was revised in 1993 , and the absolute poverty line was set at $1.08 a day for all countries on a purchasing power parity ( PPP ) basis , after adjusting for inflation to the 1993 US dollar . In 2005 , after extensive studies of cost of living across the world , The World Bank raised the measure for global poverty line to reflect the observed higher cost of living . Thereafter , the World Bank determined poverty rates from those living on less than US $1.25 per day on 2005 PPP basis , a measure that has been widely used in media and scholarly circles . In May 2014 , after revisiting its poverty definition , methodology and economic changes around the world , the World Bank proposed another major revision to PPP calculation methodology , international poverty line and indexing it to 2011 US dollar . The new method proposes setting poverty line at $1.78 per day on 2011 PPP basis . According to this revised World Bank methodology , India had 179.6 million people below the new poverty line , China had 137.6 million , and the world had 872.3 million people below the new poverty line on an equivalent basis as of 2013 . India , in other words , while having 17.5 % of total world 's population , had 20.6 % share of world 's poor . In October 2015 , the World Bank updated the international poverty line to US $1.90 a day . The Rangarajan Committee set up to look into the poverty line estimation in India submitted its report in June 2014 . It amended the calculation of the poverty line based on per capita consumption expenditure per month or day given by the Tendulkar Committee . The new poverty threshold for rural areas was fixed at Rs 972 per month or Rs 32 per day . For urban areas , it was fixed at Rs 1407 per month or Rs 47 per day . Under this methodology , the population below the poverty line in 2009 - 2010 was 454 million ( 38.2 % of the population ) and that in 2011 - 2012 was 363 million ( 29.5 % of the population ) . Semi-economic measures of poverty ( edit ) Other measures such as the semi-economic Multi-dimensional Poverty Index ( MPI ) , which places 33 % weight on education and number of schooling years in its definition of poverty , and places 6.25 % weight on income and assets owned , suggests there were 650 million people ( 53.7 % of population ) living in MPI - poverty in India . 421 million of MPI - defined poor are concentrated in eight North Indian and East Indian states of Bihar , Chhattisgarh , Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh , Orissa , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal . The table below presents this semi-economic poverty among the states of India based on the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index , using a small sample survey data for Indian states in 2005 . ( show ) MPI rank States Population ( in millions ) 2007 MPI Proportion of MPI - poor Average intensity Contribution to overall MPI - poverty Number of MPI poor ( in millions ) -- India 1,164.7 0.296 55.4 % 53.5 % -- 645.0 Kerala 35.0 0.065 15.9 % 40.9 % 0.6 % 5.6 Goa 1.6 0.094 21.7 % 43.4 % 0.0 % 0.4 Punjab 27.1 0.120 26.2 % 46.0 % 1.0 % 7.1 Himachal Pradesh 6.7 0.131 31.0 % 42.3 % 0.3 % 2.1 5 Tamil Nadu 68.0 0.141 32.4 % 43.6 % 2.6 % 22.0 6 Uttarakhand 9.6 0.189 40.3 % 46.9 % 0.5 % 3.9 7 Maharashtra 108.7 0.193 40.1 % 48.1 % 6.0 % 43.6 8 Haryana 24.1 0.199 41.6 % 47.9 % 1.3 % 10.0 9 Gujarat 98.3 0.205 21.5 % 49.2 % 0.4 % 0.8 10 Jammu and Kashmir 12.2 0.209 43.8 % 47.7 % 0.7 % 5.4 11 Andhra Pradesh 83.9 0.211 44.7 % 47.1 % 5.1 % 37.5 12 Karnataka 58.6 0.223 46.1 % 48.3 % 4.2 % 27.0 13 Northeast Indian States 44.2 0.303 57.6 % 52.5 % 4.0 % 25.5 14 West Bengal 89.5 0.317 58.3 % 54.3 % 8.5 % 52.2 15 Orissa 40.7 0.345 64.0 % 54.0 % 4.3 % 26.0 16 Rajasthan 65.4 0.351 64.2 % 54.7 % 7.0 % 41.9 17 Uttar Pradesh 192.6 0.386 69.9 % 55.2 % 21.3 % 134.7 18 Chhattisgarh 23.9 0.387 71.9 % 53.9 % 2.9 % 17.2 19 Madhya Pradesh 70.0 0.389 69.5 % 56.0 % 8.5 % 48.6 20 Jharkhand 30.5 0.463 77.0 % 60.2 % 4.2 % 23.5 21 Bihar 95.0 0.499 81.4 % 61.3 % 13.5 % 77.3 Other estimates ( edit ) Map of world poverty by country , showing percentage of population living on less than $2 per day in 2008 , according to the World Bank . According to a 2011 poverty Development Goals Report , as many as 320 million people in India and China are expected to come out of extreme poverty in the next four years , with India 's poverty rate projected to drop from 51 % in 1990 to about 22 % in 2015 . The report also indicates that in Southern Asia , only India is on track to cut poverty by half by the 2015 target date . In 2015 , according to United Nation 's Millennium Development Goals ( MGD ) programme , India has already achieved the target of reducing poverty by half , with 24.7 % of its 1.2 billion people in 2011 living below the poverty line or having income of less than $1.25 a day , the U.N. report said . The same figure was 49.4 % in 1994 . India had set a target of 23.9 % to be achieved by 2015 . According to Global Wealth Report 2016 compiled by Credit Suisse Research Institute , India is the second most unequal country in the world with the top one per cent of the population owning 58 % of the total wealth . Global Hunger Index Global Hunger Index ( GHI ) is an index that places a third of weight on proportion of the population that is estimated to be undernourished , a third on the estimated prevalence of low body weight to height ratio in children younger than five , and remaining third weight on the proportion of children dying before the age of five for any reason . According to 2011 GHI report , India has improved its performance by 22 % in 20 years , from 30.4 to 23.7 over 1990 to 2011 period . However , its performance from 2001 to 2011 has shown little progress , with just 3 % improvement . A sharp reduction in the percentage of underweight children has helped India improve its hunger record on the Global Hunger Index ( GHI ) 2014 . India now ranks 55 among 76 emerging economies . Between 2005 and 2014 , the prevalence of underweight children under the age of five fell from 43.5 % to 30.7 % . Poverty : 2011 - 2012 Percentage of people by Caste Findings below are based on a survey conducted during 2011 - 12 . Total population of India 1,276,267,631 Caste Percentage No. of People FC 30.8 % 393M OBC 41.1 % 524M SC 19.7 % 251M ST 8.5 % 108M Poverty in India based on caste . Caste Percentage of Poverty No. of People FC 12.5 % 49.1 M OBC 20.7 % 108.5 M SC 29.4 % 73.8 M ST 43.0 % 46.4 M Poverty in India based on Social and Religious Classes . The Sachar Committee looked at the Poverty by Social and Religious Classes Social and Religious Class Percentage of Living in Poverty Urban Hindus 20.4 % Urban Hindu General 8.3 % Urban Hindu OBC 25.1 % Urban Hindu SC / ST 36.4 % Urban Muslims 38.4 % Urban Other Minorities 12.2 % Rural Hindus 22.6 % Rural Hindu General 9.0 % Rural Hindu OBC 19.5 % Rural Hindu SC / ST 34.8 % Rural Muslims 26.9 % Rural Other Minorities 14.3 % Economic impact of British imperialism ( edit ) The subject of the economic impact of British imperialism on India remains contentious . The issue was raised by British Whig politician Edmund Burke who in 1778 began a seven - year impeachment trial against Warren Hastings and the East India Company on charges including mismanagement of the Indian economy . Contemporary historian Rajat Kanta Ray argues the economy established by the British in the 18th century was a form of plunder and a catastrophe for the traditional economy of Mughal India , depleting food and money stocks and imposing high taxes that helped cause the famine of 1770 , which killed a third of the people of Bengal . Reduction in poverty ( edit ) Since the 1950s , the Indian government and non-governmental organisations have initiated several programs to alleviate poverty , including subsidising food and other necessities , increased access to loans , improving agricultural techniques and price supports , promoting education and family planning . These measures have helped eliminate famines , cut absolute poverty levels by more than half , and reduced illiteracy and malnutrition . Although the Indian economy has grown steadily over the last two decades , its growth has been uneven when comparing social groups , economic groups , geographic regions , and rural and urban areas . For the year 2015 - 16 , the GSDP growth rates of Andhra Pradesh , Bihar and Madhya Pradesh was higher than Maharashtra , Odisha or Punjab . Despite significant economic progress , one quarter of the nation 's population earns less than the government - specified poverty threshold of ₹ 32 per day ( approximately US $ 0.6 ) . According to the 2001 census , 35.5 % of Indian households used banking services , 35.1 % owned a radio or transistor , 31.6 % a television , 9.1 % a phone , 43.7 % a bicycle , 11.7 % a scooter , motorcycle or a moped , and 2.5 % a car , jeep or van ; 34.5 % of the households had none of these assets . According to Department of Telecommunications of India the phone density reached 73.34 % by December 2012 and as an annual growth decreased by − 4.58 % . This tallies with the fact that a family of four with an annual income of ₹ 137,000 ( US $2,100 ) could afford some of these luxury items . The World Bank 's Global Monitoring Report for 2014 - 15 on the Millennium Development Goals says India has been the biggest contributor to poverty reduction between 2008 and 2011 , with around 140 million or so lifted out of absolute poverty . Since the early 1950s , Indian government initiated various schemes to help the poor attain self - sufficiency in food production . These have included ration cards and price controls over the supply of basic commodities , particularly food at controlled prices , available throughout the country . These efforts prevented famines , but did little to eliminate or reduce poverty in rural or urban areas between 1950 and 1980 . One of the main reasons for record decline in Poverty is India 's rapid economic growth rate since 1991 . Another reason proposed is India 's launch of social welfare programs such as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ( MGNREGA ) and Midday Meal Scheme in Government Schools . Klonner and Oldiges , in a 2012 study , conclude that MGNREGA helps reduce rural poverty gap ( intensity of rural poverty ) , seasonal poverty , but not overall poverty . However , there is a disturbing side , as deprivation has tended to increase , and that too among the most deprived sections . According to the latest statistics published by the Census of India ; in scheduled tribe category 44.7 per cent people were farmers working on their own land in 2001 ; however this number came down to 34.5 per cent in 2011 . In case of scheduled castes this number declined from 20 per cent to 14.8 per cent during the same period . This data is corroborated by another data from census , according to which number of people who were working not on their own land but on others ' land ( landless laborers ) , increased from 36.9 per cent in 2001 to 44.4 per cent in SC category and from 45.6 per cent to 45.9 per cent in case of ST category . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Poverty in India . Economic and socio - economic Economy of India Income in India India State Hunger Index Social issues in India Hawker ( trade ) Housing Illegal housing in India List of slums in India Housing in India Pavement dwellers Street children in India Utilities Electricity sector in India Manual scavenging Water supply and sanitation in India Corruption Corruption in India Indian black money Other Family planning in India Malnutrition in India Women in agriculture in India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Homi Kharas ; Laurence Chandy ( 5 May 2014 ) . `` What Do New Price Data Mean for the Goal of Ending Extreme Poverty ? '' . Washington D.C. : Brookings Institution . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shawn Donnan , World Bank eyes biggest global poverty line increase in decades The Financial Times ( 9 May 2014 ) . Jump up ^ `` Poverty & Equity Data '' . povertydata.worldbank.org . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Udit Misra ( 7 October 2015 ) . `` Meaning URP , MRP and MMRP '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India 's poverty rate at 12.4 % in 2011 - 12 '' . Business Standard . 6 October 2015 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why India 's poverty rate has fallen to 12.4 % '' . Rediff. 6 October 2015 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martin Ravallion , Shaohua Chen and Prem Sangraula ( 2008 ) . `` Dollar a Day Revisited '' ( PDF ) . The World Bank . ^ Jump up to : `` Country Briefing : India , Multidimensional Poverty Index ( MPI ) At a Glance '' ( PDF ) . Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line '' . Reserve Bank of India . 2012 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ World Bank 's $1.25 / day poverty measure - countering the latest criticisms The World Bank ( January 2010 ) . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Note : 24.6 % rate is based on 2005 PPP at $1.25 per day , International dollar basis , The World Bank ( 2015 ) . A measured approach to ending poverty and boosting shared prosperity ( PDF ) . World Bank Group . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4648 - 0361 - 1 . Jump up ^ Puja Mehra ( 2 April 2016 ) . `` 8 % GDP growth helped reduce poverty : UN report '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : T. Roy , London School of Economics , Globalization , Factor Prices and Poverty in Colonial India , Australian Economic History Review , Vol. 47 , No. 1 , pp. 73 - 94 ( March 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Maddison , A. ( 1970 ) , The historical origins of Indian poverty , PSL Quarterly Review , 23 ( 92 ) , pp. 31 - 81 . ^ Jump up to : Murton , Brian ( 2000 ) , `` VI. 4 : Famine '' , The Cambridge World History of Food 2 , Cambridge , New York , pp. 1411 -- 27 ^ Jump up to : A Sen ( 1983 ) , Poverty and Famines : An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0198284635 ^ Jump up to : Bhagwati & Panagariya ( 2013 ) , Why Growth Matters : How Economic Growth in India Reduced Poverty and the Lessons for Other Developing Countries , Public Affairs , ISBN 978 - 1610393737 ^ Jump up to : Swaminathan S. Anklesaria Aiyar , The Elephant That Became a Tiger : 20 Years of Economic Reform in India Cato Institute ( 20 July 2011 ) . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ John Burn - Murdoch and Steve Bernard , The Fragile Middle : millions face poverty as emerging economies slow , The Financial Times ( 13 April 2014 ) . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Centre claims poverty has dropped to 21.9 per cent ... but its measure is controversial at best '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 30 % of India is poor , says Rangarajan panel 's new poverty line formula '' . First Post . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The middle class in India '' ( PDF ) . Deutsche Bank Research . 15 February 2010 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India - Data '' . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India 's Poverty Rate Falls To 12.4 % , Electricity Plays Big Role '' . 10 October 2015 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Poverty in India . Asian Development Bank . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Erenstein ( 2011 ) , Livelihood Assets as a Multidimensional Inverse Proxy for Poverty : A District ‐ level Analysis of the Indian Indo ‐ Gangetic Plains , Journal of Human Development and Capabilities , 12 ( 2 ) , pp. 283 - 302 . Jump up ^ Anant Vijay Kala ( 25 July 2013 ) . `` How to read India 's poverty stats ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Krishna & Shariff ( 2011 ) , The irrelevance of national strategies ? Rural poverty dynamics in states and regions of India , 1993 -- 2005 . World Development , 39 ( 4 ) , pp. 533 - 549 . Jump up ^ Chandy , L. , & Gertz , G. ( 2011 ) , Poverty in numbers : The changing state of global poverty from 2005 to 2015 , Brookings Institution Jump up ^ THE DEFINITIONS OF POVERTY The World Bank ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Gordon Fisher , The Development and the history of poverty thresholds Social Security Bulletin , Vol 55 , No 4 ( Winter 1992 ) , US Government . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Panagariya & Mukim ( 2014 ) , A comprehensive analysis of poverty in India . Asian Development Review , 31 ( 1 ) , pp. 1 - 52 . ^ Jump up to : `` Not poor if you earn Rs. 32 a day : Planning Commission '' . India Today . 21 September 2011 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Chen and Ravallion , China is Poorer than we Thought , But No Less Successful in the Fight against Poverty Policy Research Working Paper 4621 , The World Bank ( 2008 ) , page 9 . Jump up ^ Chen & Ravallion ( 2013 ) , More Relatively ‐ Poor People in a Less Absolutely ‐ Poor World , Review of Income and Wealth , 59 ( 1 ) , pp. 1 - 28 . Jump up ^ Alkire & Sumner ( 2013 ) , Multidimensional Poverty and the Post-2015 MDGs , Development , 56 ( 1 ) , pp. 46 - 51 . Jump up ^ Paul , S. ( 1989 ) , A model of constructing the poverty line , Journal of Development Economics , 30 ( 1 ) , pp. 129 - 144 Jump up ^ Sumner ( 2004 ) , Economic Well - being and Non-economic Well - being , A Review of the Meaning and Measurement of Poverty , ISBN 92 - 9190 - 617 - 4 Jump up ^ Appleton ( 2001 ) , ' The Rich Are Just Like Us , Only Richer ' : Poverty Functions or Consumption Functions ? , Journal of African Economies , 10 ( 4 ) , pp. 433 - 469 . Jump up ^ `` The six pesos diet '' . The Economist. 8 September 2012 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ China issues white paper on poverty reduction China ( 16 November 2011 ) Jump up ^ Federal Republic of Nigeria - Study for Poverty Profile ( Africa ) JICA Japan ( March 2011 ) Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ the official poverty line in the United States varies with number of people in a household , $13 per day is per person in a family of four Jump up ^ World Bank 's $1.25 / day poverty measure - countering the latest criticisms The World Bank , quote - `` the official poverty line used in the United States is $13 a day in 2005 ( per person , for a family of four ) . '' ^ Jump up to : 2014 Poverty Guidelines US Department of Health and Human Services ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Food Security and Poverty in Asia and the Pacific Asian Development Bank ( April 2012 ) , ISBN 978 - 92 - 9092 - 666 - 5 , pp. 9 - 11 . Jump up ^ REPORT OF THE EXPERT GROUP TO REVIEW THE METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATION OF POVERTY Govt of India ( 2009 ) , pp. 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gordon Fisher , The Development and the history of poverty thresholds Social Security Bulletin , Vol 55 , No 4 ( Winter 1992 ) , US Government , pp. 9 . Jump up ^ Smeeding et al. , POVERTY , INEQUALTTY , AND FAMILY LIVING STANDARDS IMPACTS ACROSS SEVEN NATIONS : THE EFFECT OF NONCASH SUBSIDIES FOR HEALTH , EDUCATION AND HOUSING Review of Income and Wealth , Series 39 , Number 3 . September 1993 , pp. 229 - 256 . Jump up ^ Raymond Zhong ( 27 July 2014 ) . `` New Poverty Formula Proves Test for India '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Press Note on Poverty Estimates , 2011 - 12 Government of India , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Sarkar ( 1983 ) , The colonial economy , In : S. Sarkar ( Editor ) Modern India : 1885 -- 1947 , Macmillan , ISBN 978 - 0333904251 Jump up ^ Thorner ( 1962 ) , ' Deindustrialization ' in India , 1881 -- 1931 , In : D. Thorner , and A. Thorner ( Editors ) , Land and Labour in India , ISBN 978 - 8180280214 ^ Jump up to : Richard Hunt ( 1997 ) , To End Poverty - The Starvation of the Periphery by the Core , Oxford , UK , ISBN 978 - 0952887201 , pp. 145 - 148 . Jump up ^ These were variously called or were parts of United Provinces , Northwestern Provinces , Oudh , Behar , Bengal and Rewa in 19th century South Asia Jump up ^ Kranton and Swamy , Contracts , Hold - Up , and Exports : Textiles and Opium in Colonial India , American Economic Review , 98 ( 3 ) : 967 - 989 . Jump up ^ Allen ( 1853 ) , The opium trade : a sketch of its history , extent , effects as carried on in India and China at Google Books , J.P. Walker ^ Jump up to : The Parliamentary Debates , Volume 348 , p. 1058 , at Google Books , Hansard 's , HM Government , Great Britain ( 14 August 1890 ) , pp. 1054 - 1061 . Jump up ^ Singh ( 2002 ) , Population And Poverty , Mittal , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7099 - 848 - 8 Jump up ^ Reddy ( 1986 ) , Trends in agricultural wages in some south Indian districts : 1800 -- 1980 , Indian Journal of Labour Economics , 28 , pp. 307 -- 349 Jump up ^ Raychaudhuri ( 1982 ) , Non-agricultural production : Mughal India , In : T. Raychaudhuri , and I. Habib , ( Editors ) , The Cambridge Economic History of India , Cambridge University Press . ^ Jump up to : M.H. Suryanarayana . `` Nutritional Norms for Poverty : Issues and Implications '' ( PDF ) . Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Davis , ( Editors - Richard Peet , Michael Watts ) ( 2004 ) . Liberation Ecologies : Environment , Development and Social Movements . Routledge . pp. 44 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 0415312363 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Davis , Mike ( 2001 ) . Late Victorian Holocausts : El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World . Verso . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1859847398 . Jump up ^ Romesh Dutt ( 1901 ) , Indian Famines , Their Causes and Prevention , London ^ Jump up to : B.S. Minhas , Rural Poverty , Land Redistribution and Development Strategy : Facts and Policy , Indian Economic Review New Series , Vol. 5 , No. 1 ( APRIL 1970 ) , pp. 97 - 128 Jump up ^ B.S. Minhas ( 1974 ) , Planning and the Poor at Google Books , Chand , pp. 71 - 76 . ^ Jump up to : Gary S. Fields , Poverty , Inequality , and Development at Google Books , ISBN 978 - 0521298520 , pp. 204 - 210 Jump up ^ Poverty Puzzle , The Statesman Jump up ^ Arvind Singhal ( 28 August 2008 ) . `` Arvind Singhal : A market at the bottom of the pyramid ? '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Joshi , P.D. ( Department of Statistics , Ministry of Planning and Programme Implementation , India ) . `` Conceptualisation , Measurement and Dimensional Aspects of Poverty in India , by P.D. Joshi , Department of Statistics , Ministry of Planning and Programme Implementation , India '' ( PDF ) . Seminar on Poverty Statistics Santiago 7 -- 9 May 1997 . United Nations Statistical Commission Expert Group on Poverty Statistics . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ P. Sarangi , Consumption , Poverty And Inequality , ISBN 978 - 8183562645 , pp. 188 - 200 Jump up ^ `` Poverty in India '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 6 ( 2 ) . 9 January 1971 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Proceedings of the workshop on forests for poverty reduction : changing role for research , development and training institutions '' . Fao.org . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Report of The Expert Group on Estimation of Proportion and Number of Poor '' ( PDF ) . Perspective Planning Division , Planning Commission . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Banerjee & Somanathan ( 2007 ) , The political economy of public goods : Some evidence from India , Journal of development Economics , 82 ( 2 ) , pp. 287 - 314 Jump up ^ Chen , S. , G. Datt , and M. Ravallion ( 1994 ) , Is poverty increasing in the developing world ? , Review of Income and Wealth , 40 ( 4 ) : 359 -- 376 . ^ Jump up to : Datt ( 1998 ) , Poverty in India and Indian states : An update , IFPRI , Washington D.C. . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` eport of the Expert Group to Recommend the Detailed Methodology for Identification of Families Living Below Poverty Line in the Urban Areas '' ( PDF ) . Planning Commission . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Report on Condition of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the unorganised sector '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Calorie intake criterion puts 50 per cent Indians below poverty line '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 19 September 2009 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Arvind Singhal ( 28 August 2008 ) . `` Arvind Singhal : A market at the bottom of the pyramid ? '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Expert Group on Methodology for Estimation of Poverty '' . Planning Commission . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Poverty Estimates for 2009 - 10 '' . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Rangarajan Report on Poverty '' . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Rangarajan defends poverty estimates '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Three out of ten in India are poor , says Rangarajan panel report '' . India Today . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Country Briefing : India '' ( PDF ) . Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative . 2010 . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` India 's poverty will fall from 51 % to 22 % by 2015 : UN report '' . Times of India . PTI. 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Vibhuti Agarwal ( 5 February 2015 ) . `` India Hits Its U.N. Poverty - Cutting Target , but Misses Others '' . Retrieved 16 August 2017 -- via Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Global Wealth Report 2016 '' . Credit Suisse Research Institute . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India second most unequal country in the world : Wealth Report '' . Hindustan Times . 24 November 2016 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Global Hunger Index Report '' ( PDF ) . International Food Policy Research Institute ( IFPRI ) . pp. 12 , 49 . Jump up ^ Sayantan Bera ( 13 October 2014 ) . `` India betters its rank in Global Hunger Index '' . Mint . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Working Paper No. 2013 - 02. Poverty by Social , Religious & EconomicGroups in India and Its Largest States1993 - 94 to 2011 - 12 Jump up ^ Social , Economic , and Educational Status of the Muslim Community in India Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Rajat Kanta Ray , `` Indian Society and the Establishment of British Supremacy , 1765 -- 1818 , '' in The Oxford History of the British Empire : vol. 2 , The Eighteenth Century ed. by P.J. Marshall , ( 1998 ) , pp 508 -- 29 . Jump up ^ `` Inclusive Growth and Service delivery : Building on India 's Success '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . 2006 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Luis Flores Ballesteros ( 28 September 2010 ) . `` How lack or poor infrastructure shapes inequality and poverty in supernations . A lesson from India '' 54 Pesos Sep. 2010 : 54 Pesos 28 Sep 2010 `` . 54pesos.org . Archived from the original on 3 October 2011 . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AP stands 1st in India in GSDP growth rate '' . The Times of India . TNN. 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Jayati Ghosh ( 4 October 2011 ) . `` India'a official poverty line '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Households Availing Banking Services with Households in India '' ( PDF ) . Town and Country Planning Organisation , Ministry of Urban Affairs . 2001 . Retrieved 31 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Telecom , memo Feb 2013 '' . Department of Telecommunication of India . 2013 . Jump up ^ Manas Chakravarty ( 13 October 2014 ) . `` The World Bank on India 's poverty '' . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India 's Urban Poverty Agenda : Understanding the Poor in Cities and Formulating Appropriate Anti-Poverty Actions '' ( PDF ) . Goa , India . 9 -- 21 January 2000 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 July 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Ravallion & Datt ( 2002 ) , Why has economic growth been more pro-poor in some states of India than others ? , Journal of development economics , 68 ( 2 ) , 381 - 400 Jump up ^ Klonner and Oldiges , Employment Guarantee and its Welfare E § ects in India University of Heidelberg , ( September 2012 ) Jump up ^ Klonner and Oldiges , Safety Net for India 's Poor or Waste of Public Funds ? Poverty and Welfare in the Wake of the World 's Largest Job Guarantee Program University of Heidelberg , Germany ( May 2014 ) Jump up ^ Ashwani Mahajan ( 12 November 2013 ) . `` Depriving the poor '' . Deccan Herald . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Poverty in India , World Bank `` Can India eradicate poverty ? Will India 's economic boom help the poor ? '' Deaton , A. & Kozel , V. ( 2005 ) : Data and Dogma : The Great Indian Poverty Debate . The World Bank Research Observer , Vo. 20 , No. 2 . `` World Hunger -- India '' George , Abraham , Wharton Business School Publications -- Why the Fight Against Poverty is Failing : A Contrarian View Poverty and riches in booming India External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Poverty in India . Poverty in India 2 Expert Group on Methodology for Estimation of Poverty Suresh Tendulkar From poverty to empowerment : India 's imperative for jobs , growth , and effective basic services McKinsey Global Institute ( 2013 ) PERSPECTIVES ON POVERTY IN INDIA , The World Bank ( 2013 ) Chapter 4 - INDIA : DEFINING AND EXPLAINING INCLUSIVE GROWTH AND POVERTY , International Monetary Fund ( 2014 ) Economy of India Companies BSE SENSEX CNX Nifty Government - owned companies List of companies Governance Ministry of Finance Finance ministers Ministry of Commerce and Industry Commerce ministers Finance Commission Economic Advisory Council Central Statistical Office Securities and Exchange Board of India Enforcement Directorate Foreign trade Foreign direct investment Foreign exchange reserves Remittances Taxation Subsidies Industrial licensing Voluntary guidelines NITI Aayog Make in India Currency Indian rupee History Historical exchange rates Coinage Reserve Bank of India Governors India Government Mint Financial services Banking Banks Insurance Bombay Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange Multi Commodity Exchange Bullion Black money Stock exchanges History Economic development Economic liberalisation Licence Raj Green revolution Government initiatives Numbering system People Billionaires Businesspeople Demography Income Poverty Labour law Pensions EPFO NPS PPF States Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mizoram Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Telangana Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Sectors Agriculture Livestock Fishing Automotive Defence Construction Education Energy Nuclear Solar Wind Entertainment Forestry Gambling Healthcare Information technology Media Cinema Television Printing Mining Coal Iron and Steel Pharmaceuticals Retail Science and technology Biotechnology Telecommunications Textiles Tourism Transport Aviation Civil Ports Rail Utilities Electricity Water Commons Wikiquotes Social issues in India Economy Brain drain Communications Famine Farmers ' suicides Labour Land reforms Debt bondage National Pension Scheme Poverty BPL Public Distribution System Remittances Reverse brain drain Slums Standard of living Street vendors Transport Urbanisation Unemployment Widening income gap Education Literacy Ragging School corporal punishment Environment Conservation Global warming Manual scavenging Natural disasters Pollution Water supply and sanitation Water disputes Family Cohabitation Divorce Domestic violence Dowry system Family planning Hindu joint family Infertility Nuclear family Polyandry Polygamy Children Abortion Child labour Child marriage Child prostitution Child trafficking Female foeticide Female infanticide Street children Women Acid throwing Bride burning Devadasi Dowry death Eve teasing Women 's health Feminism Menstrual taboo Prostitution Rape Sati Sexism Widows Caste system Caste politics Caste - 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Dogs Playing Poker
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Dogs Playing poker - wikipedia Dogs Playing poker Jump to : navigation , search His Station and Four Aces by C.M. Coolidge , 1903 . Dogs Playing Poker refers collectively to an 1894 painting , a series of sixteen oil paintings , and a 1910 painting by Cassius Marcellus Coolidge . Brown & Bigelow commissioned the 16 painting series in 1903 to advertise cigars . All eighteen paintings in the series feature anthropomorphized dogs , but the eleven in which dogs are seated around a card table have become well known in the United States as examples of Kitsch art in home decoration . Critic Annette Ferrara has described Dogs Playing Poker as `` indelibly burned into ... the American collective - schlock subconscious ... through incessant reproduction on all manner of pop ephemera '' . The first painting , Coolidge 's 1894 Poker Game , realized $658,000 at a Sotheby 's New York sale on 18 November 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Coolidge paintings 2 In popular culture 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Coolidge paintings ( edit ) Poker Game , oil on canvas , 1894 , sold for $658,000 in 2015 The title of Coolidge 's 1894 painting is Poker Game . The titles in the Brown & Bigelow Dogs Playing Poker series are : A Bachelor 's Dog -- reading the mail A Bold Bluff -- poker ( originally titled Judge St. Bernard Stands Pat on Nothing ) Breach of Promise Suit -- testifying in court A Friend in Need ( 1903 ) -- poker , cheating His Station and Four Aces ( 1903 ) -- poker New Year 's Eve in Dogville -- ballroom dancing One to Tie Two to Win -- baseball Pinched with Four Aces -- poker , illegal gambling Poker Sympathy -- poker Post Mortem -- poker , camaraderie The Reunion -- smoking and drinking , camaraderie Riding the Goat -- Masonic initiation Sitting up with a Sick Friend ( 1905 ) -- poker , gender relations Stranger in Camp -- poker , camping Ten Miles to a Garage -- travel , car trouble , teamwork A Waterloo ( 1906 ) -- poker ( originally titled Judge St. Bernard Wins on a Bluff ) ( 1906 ) These were followed in 1910 by a similar painting , Looks Like Four of a Kind . Some of the compositions in the series are modeled on paintings of human card - players by such artists as Caravaggio , Georges de La Tour , and Paul Cézanne . On February 15 , 2005 , the originals of A Bold Bluff and Waterloo were auctioned as a pair to an undisclosed buyer for US $ 590,400 . The previous top price for a Coolidge was $74,000 . The 2015 sale price of Coolidge 's 1894 Poker Game , $658,000 , is now the highest price paid for a Coolidge . In popular culture ( edit ) A Waterloo , 1906 In the TV sitcom Cheers , Sam Malone loves the paintings ( in particular one of Dogs Playing Blackjack ) while his more sophisticated lover , Diane Chambers , hates them . Sam says that he sees something new every time he looks at it -- such as one of the dogs cheating . The set for the TV show Roseanne had a reproduction of one of the paintings in the family 's living room . The cover of the 1981 album , Moving Pictures , by Rush , features several pictures being moved , one of which is a DPP . The animated television series The Simpsons has made several references to the paintings , such as in `` Treehouse of Horror IV '' when Homer is driven to insanity by his mix of intense fear and intense amusement in response to one of the paintings . The short story `` A Gamble with Wildthyme '' by Steve Lyonsconcerns the cheating taking place in A Friend in Need Dogs Playing Poker TV ads were aired during ESPN Sunday Night Football during the 1998 and 1999 NFL seasons . The videogame Psychonauts has a level named `` Black Velvetopia '' , dedicated to kitsch art . After completing the level , the artist , Edgar Teglee , begins painting a DPP , remarking that `` although it is impossible for dogs to play cards without thumbs , still they go on , a metaphor for life '' . The 1989 computer game Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade features one of the paintings . In the 1993 computer game , Day of the Tentacle , a stylized DPP painting decorates a bedroom . In the Family Guy episode `` Saving Private Brian '' , Mayor West is discovered playing poker with dogs . In the episode `` Road to Rhode Island '' , Stewie comments on the Dogs Playing Poker paintings hanging on a wall , and suggests that since Jesus is alone in one of the other paintings , the dogs should invite him to their card game . In the 2009 animated film Up , several dog characters are briefly seen playing poker , using a pile of Milk - Bones as poker chips . In the play The Foreigner , a character complains that she does not want to be in her motel room because there is a `` Damn picture on the wall of some dogs playin ' poker . '' Sitting up with a Sick Friend ( circa 1905 ) In the television show NewsRadio 's spoof of the film Titanic , characters fleeing the sinking ship / radio broadcasting studio dump famous artworks , but hold on to a Dogs Playing Poker painting , which a character claims is a `` great picture '' . In the 1999 film remake of The Thomas Crown Affair , Banning believes she finds a stolen Monet in Crown 's house . On expert examination it turns out to be a fake painted on top of a Dogs Playing Poker canvas , Poker Sympathy . In an episode of the TV series That ' 70s Show ( `` Hunting '' ) , DPP is parodied by the characters taking the places of the dogs . In an episode of Animaniacs , a young Pablo Picasso 's artistic frustration is demonstrated by his producing a DPP painting . In the TV show The Suite Life of Zack and Cody London gets inspired to buy a copy of the painting for her dogs birthday party . In an episode of White collar the main protagonist , who is considered an expert on art , jokes about hanging a DPP on a wall . In ChalkZone , the picture is shown in the episode `` Portable Portal '' . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic mentions Dogs Playing Poker in his song `` Velvet Elvis '' . In an episode of Courage the Cowardly Dog , Courage goes into a DPP painting and picks up an untouched card hand . He laughs and puts it down , which shocks the other dogs upon seeing that the hand is a royal flush . Courage is then kicked out of the painting by one of the dogs . In an episode of My Gym Partner 's A Monkey Adam is told to look inside his brain , and what he see is reminiscent of a DPP painting . In the Lilo & Stitch : The Series episode `` Finder '' , Stitch ( who was adopted by Lilo as a `` dog '' ) plays a game of poker with his experiment `` cousins '' with cookies in place of poker chips . In a The Far Side cartoon a homeless artist lays in the street , surrounded by unsold paintings similar to DPP but depicting other animals such as giraffes , bugs , chickens and gators . The caption recalls that someone said , `` Hey , have you ever tried dogs playing poker '' ? In the 2004 remake of Around the World in 80 Days , Monique has a painting of Dogs Playing Poker in her sketchbook . In Looney Tunes : Back in Action , a number of dog characters in the series are seen playing poker at Yosemite Sam 's casino . In the TV series Boy Meets World , Eric is cleaning out the garage when he finds one of the Dogs Playing Poker paintings , and holds it up to show his parents . In the indie Game Undertale the dogs who make up the royal canine unit are seen playing poker in a restaurant . In the 2008 video game Wizard 101 , a painting based on A Friend in Need but titled Dogs Playing Cards can be collected . A promo for Cartoon Network 's 20th anniversary features several dog characters , including Huckleberry Hound , Scooby - Doo , Jake from Adventure Time , Courage The Cowardly Dog , Dukey from Johnny Test , and Munroe from The Life and Times of Juniper Lee playing poker . In the 2013 video game Poker Night 2 , Sam from Sam & Max is one of the opponents . Although Sam does n't get the reference , Brock Samson ( from The Venture Bros . ) laughs when he realizes that Sam is a dog playing poker . Similar scenes can be found in the 2012 video game Edna & Harvey : Harvey 's New Eyes and 1994 's Inherit the Earth . In the 2016 film , The Accountant , the Dogs Playing Poker paintings are discussed by the lead characters . Later , a copy of A Friend in Need is used as a cover to hide a Jackson Pollock painting . In the 2016 film , Imperium , a copy of Waterloo can be seen hanging on a wall at Nate Foster 's house . See also ( edit ) A Friend in Need ( 1903 ) William Wegman Animal Century Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dogs Playing Poker '' . Ooo Woo -- Complete Dog Resource . 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Ferrara , Annette ( April 2008 ) . `` Lucky Dog ! '' . Ten by Ten Magazine . Chicago : Tenfold Media . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` That Dogs Playing Poker Painting Just Sold for Over $650,000 '' . GQ . ^ Jump up to : McManus , James . `` Play It Close to the Muzzle and Paws on the Table , '' New York Times ( December 3 , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` A New York auction offers artistic treats for dog lovers , '' San Jose Mercury News ( Feb 11 , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` ' Dogs Playing Poker ' sell for $590 K '' . Money.com . CNN . February 16 , 2005 . Retrieved September 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ DogsPlayingPoker.org : The Simpsons . Accessed on 2009 - 04 - 30 References ( edit ) Harris , Maria Ochoa . `` It 's A Dog 's World , According to Coolidge , '' A Friendly Game of Poker ( Chicago Review Press , 2003 ) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dogs Playing Poker . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dogs_Playing_Poker&oldid=800893869 '' Categories : Modern paintings Anthropomorphic dogs Dogs in popular culture 1903 paintings Painting series Dogs in art American paintings Sports paintings Works about poker Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 10 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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2018 FIFA World Cup
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2018 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup `` 2018 World Cup '' redirects here . For other competitions of that name , see 2018 World Cup ( disambiguation ) . `` FIFA 2018 '' redirects here . For the video game , see FIFA 18 . 2018 FIFA World Cup Чемпионат мира по футболу FIFA 2018 Chempionat mira po futbolu FIFA 2018 2018 FIFA World Cup official logo Tournament details Host country Russia Dates 14 June -- 15 July Teams 32 ( from 5 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 12 ( in 11 host cities ) Final positions Champions France ( 2nd title ) Runners - up Croatia Third place Belgium Fourth place England Tournament statistics Matches played 64 Goals scored 169 ( 2.64 per match ) Attendance 3,031,768 ( 47,371 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Harry Kane ( 6 goals ) Best player Luka Modrić Best young player Kylian Mbappé Best goalkeeper Thibaut Courtois Fair play award Spain ← 2014 2022 → The 2018 FIFA World Cup was the 21st FIFA World Cup , an international football tournament contested by the men 's national teams of the member associations of FIFA once every four years . It took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018 . It was the first World Cup to be held in Eastern Europe , and the 11th time that it had been held in Europe . At an estimated cost of over $14.2 billion , it was the most expensive World Cup . It was also the first World Cup to use the video assistant referee ( VAR ) system . The finals involved 32 teams , of which 31 came through qualifying competitions , while the host nation qualified automatically . Of the 32 teams , 20 had also appeared in the previous tournament in 2014 , while both Iceland and Panama made their first appearances at a FIFA World Cup . A total of 64 matches were played in 12 venues across 11 cities . The final took place on 15 July at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , between France and Croatia . France won the match 4 -- 2 to claim their second World Cup title , marking the fourth consecutive title won by a European team . Contents 1 Host selection 1.1 Criticism 2 Teams 2.1 Qualification 2.2 Draw 2.3 Squads 3 Officiating 3.1 Video assistant referees 4 Venues 4.1 Stadiums 4.2 Team base camps 5 Preparation and costs 5.1 Budget 5.2 Infrastructure spending 5.3 Volunteers 5.4 Transport 6 Schedule 7 Opening ceremony 8 Group stage 8.1 Tiebreakers 8.2 Group A 8.3 Group B 8.4 Group C 8.5 Group D 8.6 Group E 8.7 Group F 8.8 Group G 8.9 Group H 9 Knockout stage 9.1 Bracket 9.2 Round of 16 9.3 Quarter - finals 9.4 Semi-finals 9.5 Third place play - off 9.6 Final 10 Statistics 10.1 Goalscorers 10.2 Discipline 10.3 Awards 10.3. 1 Dream Team 10.3. 2 Prize money 11 Marketing 11.1 Branding 11.2 Mascot 11.3 Ticketing 11.4 Match ball 11.5 Merchandise 11.6 Official song 12 Controversies 12.1 Host selection 12.2 Response to Skripal poisoning 13 Critical reception 14 Broadcasting rights 15 Sponsorship 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 External links Host selection Main article : Russia 2018 FIFA World Cup bid Russian bid personnel celebrate the awarding of the 2018 World Cup to Russia on 2 December 2010 . President Vladimir Putin holding the FIFA World Cup Trophy at a pre-tournament ceremony in Moscow on 9 September 2017 The 100 - ruble commemorative banknote celebrates the 2018 FIFA World Cup . It features an image of Soviet goalkeeper Lev Yashin . The bidding procedure to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup tournaments began in January 2009 , and national associations had until 2 February 2009 to register their interest . Initially , nine countries placed bids for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , but Mexico later withdrew from proceedings , and Indonesia 's bid was rejected by FIFA in February 2010 after the Indonesian government failed to submit a letter to support the bid . During the bidding process , the three remaining non-UEFA nations ( Australia , Japan , and the United States ) gradually withdrew from the 2018 bids , and the UEFA nations were thus ruled out of the 2022 bid . As such , there were eventually four bids for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , two of which were joint bids : England , Russia , Netherlands / Belgium , and Portugal / Spain . The 22 - member FIFA Executive Committee convened in Zürich on 2 December 2010 to vote to select the hosts of both tournaments . Russia won the right to be the 2018 host in the second round of voting . The Portugal / Spain bid came second , and that from Belgium / Netherlands third . England , which was bidding to host its second tournament , was eliminated in the first round . The voting results were as follows : 2018 FIFA bidding ( majority 12 votes ) Bidders Votes Round 1 Round 2 Russia 9 13 Portugal / Spain 7 7 Belgium / Netherlands England Eliminated Criticism The English Football Association and others raised concerns of bribery on the part of the Russian team and corruption from FIFA members . They claimed that four members of the executive committee had requested bribes to vote for England , and Sepp Blatter had said that it had already been arranged before the vote that Russia would win . The 2014 Garcia Report , an internal investigation led by Michael J. Garcia , was withheld from public release by Hans - Joachim Eckert , FIFA 's head of adjudication on ethical matters . Eckert instead released a shorter revised summary , and his ( and therefore FIFA 's ) reluctance to publish the full report caused Garcia to resign in protest . Because of the controversy , the FA refused to accept Eckert 's absolving of Russia from blame , with Greg Dyke calling for a re-examination of the affair and David Bernstein calling for a boycott of the World Cup . Teams Qualification Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time in the history of the FIFA World Cup , all eligible nations -- the 209 FIFA member associations minus automatically qualified hosts Russia -- applied to enter the qualifying process . Zimbabwe and Indonesia were later disqualified before playing their first matches , while Gibraltar and Kosovo , who joined FIFA on 13 May 2016 after the qualifying draw but before European qualifying had begun , also entered the competition . Places in the tournament were allocated to continental confederations , with the allocation unchanged from the 2014 World Cup . The first qualification game , between Timor - Leste and Mongolia , began in Dili on 12 March 2015 as part of the AFC 's qualification , and the main qualifying draw took place at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , on 25 July 2015 . Of the 32 nations qualified to play at the 2018 FIFA World Cup , 20 countries competed at the previous tournament in 2014 . Both Iceland and Panama qualified for the first time , with the former becoming the smallest country in terms of population to reach the World Cup . Other teams returning after absences of at least three tournaments include : Egypt , returning to the finals after their last appearance in 1990 ; Morocco , who last competed in 1998 ; Peru , returning after 1982 ; and Senegal , competing for the second time after reaching the quarter - finals in 2002 . It is the first time three Nordic countries ( Denmark , Iceland and Sweden ) and four Arab nations ( Egypt , Morocco , Saudi Arabia and Tunisia ) have qualified for the World Cup . Notable countries that failed to qualify include four - time champions Italy ( for the first time since 1958 ) , three - time runners - up and third placed in 2014 the Netherlands ( for the first time since 2002 ) , and four reigning continental champions : 2017 Africa Cup of Nations winners Cameroon , two - time Copa América champions and 2017 Confederations Cup runners - up Chile , 2016 OFC Nations Cup winners New Zealand , and 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup champions United States ( for the first time since 1986 ) . The other notable qualifying streaks broken were for Ghana and Ivory Coast , who had both made the previous three tournaments . Note : Numbers in parentheses indicate positions in the FIFA World Rankings at the time of the tournament . AFC ( 5 ) Australia ( 36 ) Iran ( 37 ) Japan ( 61 ) Saudi Arabia ( 67 ) South Korea ( 57 ) CAF ( 5 ) Egypt ( 45 ) Morocco ( 41 ) Nigeria ( 48 ) Senegal ( 27 ) Tunisia ( 21 ) CONCACAF ( 3 ) Costa Rica ( 23 ) Mexico ( 15 ) Panama ( 55 ) CONMEBOL ( 5 ) Argentina ( 5 ) Brazil ( 2 ) Colombia ( 16 ) Peru ( 11 ) Uruguay ( 14 ) OFC ( 0 ) None qualified UEFA ( 14 ) Belgium ( 3 ) Croatia ( 20 ) Denmark ( 12 ) England ( 12 ) France ( 7 ) Germany ( 1 ) Iceland ( 22 ) Poland ( 8 ) Portugal ( 4 ) Russia ( 70 ) ( host ) Serbia ( 34 ) Spain ( 10 ) Sweden ( 24 ) Switzerland ( 6 ) Qualified Did not qualify Disqualified Not a FIFA member Draw Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup seeding The draw was held on 1 December 2017 at 18 : 00 MSK at the State Kremlin Palace in Moscow . The 32 teams were drawn into 8 groups of 4 , by selecting one team from each of the 4 ranked pots . For the draw , the teams were allocated to four pots based on the FIFA World Rankings of October 2017 . Pot 1 contained the hosts Russia ( who were automatically assigned to position A1 ) and the best seven teams , pot 2 contained the next best eight teams , and so on for pots 3 and 4 . This was different from previous draws , when only pot 1 was based on FIFA rankings while the remaining pots were based on geographical considerations . However , teams from the same confederation still were not drawn against each other for the group stage , except that two UEFA teams could be in each group . Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 Russia ( 65 ) ( hosts ) Germany ( 1 ) Brazil ( 2 ) Portugal ( 3 ) Argentina ( 4 ) Belgium ( 5 ) Poland ( 6 ) France ( 7 ) Spain ( 8 ) Peru ( 10 ) Switzerland ( 11 ) England ( 12 ) Colombia ( 13 ) Mexico ( 16 ) Uruguay ( 17 ) Croatia ( 18 ) Denmark ( 19 ) Iceland ( 21 ) Costa Rica ( 22 ) Sweden ( 25 ) Tunisia ( 28 ) Egypt ( 30 ) Senegal ( 32 ) Iran ( 34 ) Serbia ( 38 ) Nigeria ( 41 ) Australia ( 43 ) Japan ( 44 ) Morocco ( 48 ) Panama ( 49 ) South Korea ( 62 ) Saudi Arabia ( 63 ) Squads Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup squads Croatia players after the 2018 World Cup Final against France Initially , each team had to name a preliminary squad of 30 players but , in February 2018 , this was increased to 35 . From the preliminary squad , the team had to name a final squad of 23 players ( three of whom must be goalkeepers ) by 4 June . Players in the final squad may be replaced for serious injury up to 24 hours prior to kickoff of the team 's first match and such replacements do not need to have been named in the preliminary squad . For players named in the 35 - player preliminary squad , there was a mandatory rest period between 21 and 27 May 2018 , except for those involved in the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final played on 26 May . Officiating Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup officials On 29 March 2018 , FIFA released the list of 36 referees and 63 assistant referees selected to oversee matches . On 30 April 2018 , FIFA released the list of 13 video assistant referees , who solely acted in this capacity in the tournament . Referee Fahad Al - Mirdasi of Saudi Arabia was removed in 30 May 2018 over a match - fixing attempt , along with his two assistant referees , compatriots Mohammed Al - Abakry and Abdulah Al - Shalwai . A new referee was not appointed , but two assistant referees , Hasan Al Mahri of the United Arab Emirates and Hiroshi Yamauchi of Japan , were added to the list . Assistant referee Marwa Range of Kenya also withdrew after the BBC released an investigation conducted by a Ghanaian journalist which implicated Marwa in a bribery scandal . show List of officials Confederation Referee Assistant referees Video assistant referees AFC Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) Reza Sokhandan ( Iran ) Mohammadreza Mansouri ( Iran ) Abdulrahman Al - Jassim ( Qatar ) Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) Abdukhamidullo Rasulov ( Uzbekistan ) Jakhongir Saidov ( Uzbekistan ) Mohammed Abdulla Hassan Mohamed ( United Arab Emirates ) Mohamed Al Hammadi ( United Arab Emirates ) Hasan Al Mahri ( United Arab Emirates ) Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Toru Sagara ( Japan ) Hiroshi Yamauchi ( Japan ) Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Yaser Tulefat ( Bahrain ) Taleb Al Maari ( Qatar ) CAF Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) Anouar Hmila ( Tunisia ) Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) Djibril Camara ( Senegal ) El Hadji Samba ( Senegal ) Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) Jean Claude Birumushahu ( Burundi ) Abdelhak Etchiali ( Algeria ) Gehad Grisha ( Egypt ) Redouane Achik ( Morocco ) Waleed Ahmed ( Sudan ) Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) Jerson Dos Santos ( Angola ) Zakhele Siwela ( South Africa ) Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) CONCACAF Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador ) Juan Zumba ( El Salvador ) Juan Carlos Mora ( Costa Rica ) Mark Geiger ( United States ) Frank Anderson ( United States ) Joe Fletcher ( Canada ) Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Corey Rockwell ( United States ) Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) John Pitti ( Panama ) Gabriel Victoria ( Panama ) César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) Marvin Torrentera ( Mexico ) Miguel Hernández ( Mexico ) CONMEBOL Julio Bascuñán ( Chile ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Christian Schiemann ( Chile ) Wilton Sampaio ( Brazil ) Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) Eduardo Cardozo ( Paraguay ) Juan Zorrilla ( Paraguay ) Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) Nicolás Tarán ( Uruguay ) Mauricio Espinosa ( Uruguay ) Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Hernán Maidana ( Argentina ) Juan Pablo Belatti ( Argentina ) Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Emerson de Carvalho ( Brazil ) Marcelo Van Gasse ( Brazil ) Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) Alexander Guzmán ( Colombia ) Cristian de la Cruz ( Colombia ) OFC Matthew Conger ( New Zealand ) Simon Lount ( New Zealand ) Tevita Makasini ( Tonga ) Norbert Hauata ( Tahiti ) Bertrand Brial ( New Caledonia ) UEFA Felix Brych ( Germany ) Mark Borsch ( Germany ) Stefan Lupp ( Germany ) Bastian Dankert ( Germany ) Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Paweł Gil ( Poland ) Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Tiago Martins ( Portugal ) Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) Paolo Valeri ( Italy ) Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Bahattin Duran ( Turkey ) Tarık Ongun ( Turkey ) Sergei Karasev ( Russia ) Anton Averianov ( Russia ) Tikhon Kalugin ( Russia ) Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Sander van Roekel ( Netherlands ) Erwin Zeinstra ( Netherlands ) Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) Paweł Sokolnicki ( Poland ) Tomasz Listkiewicz ( Poland ) Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Pau Cebrián Devís ( Spain ) Roberto Díaz Pérez ( Spain ) Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Milovan Ristić ( Serbia ) Dalibor Đurđević ( Serbia ) Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) Elenito Di Liberatore ( Italy ) Mauro Tonolini ( Italy ) Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) Jure Praprotnik ( Slovenia ) Robert Vukan ( Slovenia ) Clément Turpin ( France ) Cyril Gringore ( France ) Nicolas Danos ( France ) Video assistant referees VAR in use in during the Group D match between Nigeria and Iceland , at Volgograd . Shortly after the International Football Association Board 's decision to incorporate video assistant referees ( VARs ) into the Laws of the Game , on 16 March 2018 , the FIFA Council took the much - anticipated step of approving the use of VAR for the first time in a FIFA World Cup tournament . VAR operations for all games are operating from a single headquarters in Moscow , which receives live video of the games and are in radio contact with the on - field referees . Systems are in place for communicating VAR - related information to broadcasters and visuals on stadiums ' large screens are used for the fans in attendance . VAR had a significant impact in several games . On 15 June 2018 , Diego Costa 's goal against Portugal became the first World Cup goal based on a VAR decision ; the first penalty as a result of a VAR decision was awarded to France in their match against Australia on 16 June and resulted in a goal by Antoine Griezmann . A record number of penalties were awarded in the tournament , with this phenomenon being partially attributed to VAR . Overall , the new technology has been both praised and criticised by commentators . FIFA declared the implementation of VAR a success after the first week of competition . Venues Further information : 2018 FIFA World Cup venues Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stadiums of FIFA World Cup 2018 . Russia proposed the following host cities : Kaliningrad , Kazan , Krasnodar , Moscow , Nizhny Novgorod , Rostov - on - Don , Saint Petersburg , Samara , Saransk , Sochi , Volgograd , Yaroslavl , and Yekaterinburg . Most cities are in European Russia , while Sochi and Yekaterinburg are very close to the Europe - Asia border , to reduce travel time for the teams in the huge country . The bid evaluation report stated : `` The Russian bid proposes 13 host cities and 16 stadiums , thus exceeding FIFA 's minimum requirement . Three of the 16 stadiums would be renovated , and 13 would be newly constructed . '' In October 2011 , Russia decreased the number of stadiums from 16 to 14 . Construction of the proposed Podolsk stadium in the Moscow region was cancelled by the regional government , and also in the capital , Otkrytiye Arena was competing with Dynamo Stadium over which would be constructed first . The final choice of host cities was announced on 29 September 2012 . The number of cities was further reduced to 11 and number of stadiums to 12 as Krasnodar and Yaroslavl were dropped from the final list . Of the 12 stadiums used for the tournament , 3 ( Luzhniki , Yekaterinburg and Sochi ) have been extensively renovated and the other 9 stadiums to be used are brand new ; $11.8 billion has been spent on hosting the tournament . Sepp Blatter stated in July 2014 that , given the concerns over the completion of venues in Russia , the number of venues for the tournament may be reduced from 12 to 10 . He also said , `` We are not going to be in a situation , as is the case of one , two or even three stadiums in South Africa , where it is a problem of what you do with these stadiums '' . Reconstruction of the Yekaterinburg Central Stadium in January 2017 In October 2014 , on their first official visit to Russia , FIFA 's inspection committee and its head Chris Unger visited St Petersburg , Sochi , Kazan and both Moscow venues . They were satisfied with the progress . On 8 October 2015 , FIFA and the Local Organising Committee agreed on the official names of the stadiums used during the tournament . Of the twelve venues used , the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow and the Saint Petersburg Stadium -- the two largest stadiums in Russia -- were used most , both hosting seven matches . Sochi , Kazan , Nizhny Novgorod and Samara all hosted six matches , including one quarter - final match each , while the Otkrytiye Stadium in Moscow and Rostov - on - Don hosted five matches , including one round - of - 16 match each . Volgograd , Kaliningrad , Yekaterinburg and Saransk all hosted four matches , but did not host any knockout stage games . Stadiums Exterior of Otkrytie Arena in Moscow A total of twelve stadiums in eleven Russian cities were built and renovated for the FIFA World Cup . Kaliningrad : Kaliningrad Stadium . The first piles were driven into the ground in September 2015 . On 11 April 2018 the new stadium hosted its first match . Kazan : Kazan Arena . The stadium was built for the 2013 Summer Universiade . It has since hosted the 2015 World Aquatics Championship and the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup . The stadium serves as a home arena to FC Rubin Kazan . Moscow : Luzhniki Stadium . The largest stadium in the country was closed for renovation in 2013 . The stadium was commissioned in November 2017 . Moscow : Spartak Stadium . The stadium is a home arena to its namesake FC Spartak Moscow . In accordance with the FIFA requirements , during the 2018 World Cup it is called Spartak Stadium instead of its usual name Otkritie Arena . The stadium hosted its first match on 5 September 2014 . Nizhny Novgorod : Nizhny Novgorod Stadium . The construction of the Nizhny Novgorod Stadium commenced in 2015 . The project was completed in December 2017 . Rostov - on - Don : Rostov Arena . The stadium is located on the left bank of the Don River . The stadium construction was completed on 22 December 2017 . Saint Petersburg : Saint Petersburg Stadium . The construction of the stadium commenced in 2007 . The project was officially completed on 29 December 2016 . The stadium has hosted games of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and will serve as a venue for UEFA Euro 2020 . Samara : Samara Arena . The construction officially started on 21 July 2014 . The project was completed on 21 April 2018 . Saransk : Mordovia Arena . The stadium in Saransk was scheduled to be commissioned in 2012 in time for the opening of the all - Russian Spartakiad , but the plan was revised . The opening was rescheduled to 2017 . The arena hosted its first match on 21 April 2018 . Sochi : Fisht Stadium . The stadium hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2014 Winter Olympics . Afterwards , it was renovated in preparation for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2018 World Cup . Volgograd : Volgograd Arena . The main arena of Volgograd was built on the demolished Central Stadium site , at the foot of the Mamayev Kurgan memorial complex . The stadium was commissioned on 3 April 2018 . Yekaterinburg : Ekaterinburg Arena . The Central Stadium of Yekaterinburg has been renovated for the FIFA World Cup . The arena 's stands have a capacity of 35,000 spectators . The renovation project was completed in December 2017 . Moscow Saint Petersburg Sochi Luzhniki Stadium Otkritie Arena ( Spartak Stadium ) Krestovsky Stadium ( Saint Petersburg Stadium ) Fisht Olympic Stadium ( Fisht Stadium ) Capacity : 78,011 Capacity : 44,190 Capacity : 64,468 Capacity : 44,287 Volgograd Moscow Saint Petersburg Kaliningrad Nizhny Novgorod Kazan Samara Volgograd Saransk Sochi Rostov - on - Don Yekaterinburg Rostov - on - Don Volgograd Arena Rostov Arena Capacity : 43,713 Capacity : 43,472 Nizhny Novgorod Kazan Nizhny Novgorod Stadium Kazan Arena Capacity : 43,319 Capacity : 42,873 Samara Saransk Kaliningrad Yekaterinburg Samara Arena Mordovia Arena Kaliningrad Stadium Central Stadium ( Ekaterinburg Arena ) Capacity : 41,970 Capacity : 41,685 Capacity : 33,973 Capacity : 33,061 Team base camps Base camps were used by the 32 national squads to stay and train before and during the World Cup tournament . On 9 February 2018 , FIFA announced the base camps for each participating team . Argentina : Bronnitsy , Moscow Oblast Australia : Kazan , Republic of Tatarstan Belgium : Krasnogorsky , Moscow Oblast Brazil : Sochi , Krasnodar Krai Colombia : Verkhneuslonsky , Republic of Tatarstan Costa Rica : Saint Petersburg Croatia : Roshchino , Leningrad Oblast Denmark : Anapa , Krasnodar Krai Egypt : Grozny , Chechen Republic England : Repino , Saint Petersburg France : Istra , Moscow Oblast Germany : Vatutinki , Moscow Iceland : Gelendzhik , Krasnodar Krai Iran : Bakovka , Moscow Oblast Japan : Kazan , Republic of Tatarstan Mexico : Khimki , Moscow Oblast Morocco : Voronezh , Voronezh Oblast Nigeria : Yessentuki , Stavropol Krai Panama : Saransk , Republic of Mordovia Peru : Moscow Poland : Sochi , Krasnodar Krai Portugal : Ramenskoye , Moscow Oblast Russia : Khimki , Moscow Oblast Saudi Arabia : Saint Petersburg Senegal : Kaluga , Kaluga Oblast Serbia : Svetlogorsk , Kaliningrad Oblast South Korea : Saint Petersburg Spain : Krasnodar , Krasnodar Krai Sweden : Gelendzhik , Krasnodar Krai Switzerland : Togliatti , Samara Oblast Tunisia : Pervomayskoye , Moscow Oblast Uruguay : Bor , Nizhny Novgorod Oblast Preparation and costs Budget Scale model of the Volgograd Arena . Construction began in 2015 . At an estimated cost of over $14.2 billion as of June 2018 , it is the most expensive World Cup in history , surpassing the cost of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . The Russian government had originally earmarked a budget of around $20 billion which was later slashed to $10 billion for the preparations of the World Cup , of which half is spent on transport infrastructure . As part of the program for preparation to the 2018 FIFA World Cup , a federal sub-program `` Construction and Renovation of Transport Infrastructure '' was implemented with a total budget of 352.5 billion rubles , with 170.3 billion coming from the federal budget , 35.1 billion from regional budgets , and 147.1 billion from investors . The biggest item of federal spending was the aviation infrastructure ( 117.8 billion rubles ) . Construction of new hotels was a crucial area of infrastructure development in the World Cup host cities . Costs continued to balloon as preparations were underway . Infrastructure spending Platov International Airport in Rostov - on - Don was upgraded with automated air traffic control systems , modern surveillance , navigation , communication , control , and meteorological support systems . Koltsovo Airport in Yekaterinburg was upgraded with radio - engineering tools for flight operation and received its second runway strip . Saransk Airport received a new navigation system ; the city also got two new hotels , Mercure Saransk Centre ( Accor Hotels ) and Four Points by Sheraton Saransk ( Starwood Hotels ) as well as few other smaller accommodation facilities . In Samara , new tram lines were laid . Khrabrovo Airport in Kaliningrad was upgraded with radio navigation and weather equipment . Renovation and upgrade of radio - engineering tools for flight operation was completed in the airports of Moscow , Saint Petersburg , Volgograd , Samara , Yekaterinburg , Kazan and Sochi . On 27 March , the Ministry of Construction Industry , Housing and Utilities Sector of Russia reported that all communications within its area of responsibility have been commissioned . The last facility commissioned was a waste treatment station in Volgograd . In Yekaterinburg , where four matches are hosted , hosting costs increased to over 7.4 billion rubles , over-running the 5.6 billion rubles originally allocated from the state and regional budget . Volunteers Volunteer flag bearers on the field prior to Belgium 's ( flag depicted ) group stage match against Tunisia Volunteer applications to the Russia 2018 Local Organising Committee opened on 1 June 2016 . The 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia Volunteer Program received about 177,000 applications , and engaged a total of 35,000 volunteers . They received training at 15 Volunteer Centres of the Local Organising Committee based in 15 universities , and in Volunteer Centres in the host cities . Preference , especially in the key areas , was given to those with knowledge of foreign languages and volunteering experience , but not necessarily to Russian nationals . Transport Free public transport services were offered for ticketholders during the World Cup , including additional trains linking between host cities , as well as services such as bus service within them . Schedule Launching of a 1,000 days countdown in Moscow The full schedule was announced by FIFA on 24 July 2015 ( without kick - off times , which were confirmed later ) . On 1 December 2017 , following the final draw , six kick - off times were adjusted by FIFA . Russia was placed in position A1 in the group stage and played in the opening match at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow on 14 June against Saudi Arabia , the two lowest - ranked teams of the tournament at the time of the final draw . The Luzhniki Stadium also hosted the second semi-final on 11 July and the final on 15 July . The Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg hosted the first semi-final on 10 July and the third place play - off on 14 July . Opening ceremony Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony Soprano Aida Garifullina and pop singer Robbie Williams singing `` Angels '' at the opening ceremony The opening ceremony took place on Thursday , 14 June 2018 , at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , preceding the opening match of the tournament between hosts Russia and Saudi Arabia . Former Brazilian World Cup - winning striker Ronaldo walked out with a child wearing a Russia 2018 shirt . English pop singer Robbie Williams then performed two songs before he and Russian soprano Aida Garifullina performed a duet while other performers emerged , dressed in the flags of all 32 teams and carrying a sign bearing the name of each nation . Dancers were also present . Ronaldo returned with the official match ball of the 2018 World Cup which was sent into space with the International Space Station crew in March and came back to Earth in early June . Group stage Competing countries were divided into eight groups of four teams ( groups A to H ) . Teams in each group played one another in a round - robin basis , with the top two teams of each group advancing to the knockout stage . Ten European teams and four South American teams progressed to the knockout stage , together with Japan and Mexico . For the first time since 1938 , Germany ( reigning champions ) did not advance past the first round . For the first time since 1982 , no African team progressed to the second round . For the first time , the fair play criteria came into use , when Japan qualified over Senegal due to having received fewer yellow cards . Only one match , France v Denmark , was goalless . Until then there were a record 36 straight games in which at least one goal was scored . All times listed below are local time . Tiebreakers The ranking of teams in the group stage is determined as follows : Points obtained in all group matches ; Goal difference in all group matches ; Number of goals scored in all group matches ; Points obtained in the matches played between the teams in question ; Goal difference in the matches played between the teams in question ; Number of goals scored in the matches played between the teams in question ; Fair play points in all group matches ( only one deduction can be applied to a player in a single match ) : Yellow card : -- 1 points ; Indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : -- 3 points ; Direct red card : -- 4 points ; Yellow card and direct red card : -- 5 points ; Drawing of lots . Group A Pre-match ceremony prior to the opening game , Russia v Saudi Arabia Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Uruguay 0 0 5 0 + 5 9 Advance to knockout stage Russia ( H ) 0 8 + 4 6 Saudi Arabia 0 7 − 5 Egypt 0 0 6 − 4 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers ( H ) Host . 14 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Russia 5 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Gazinsky 12 ' Cheryshev 43 ' , 90 + 1 ' Dzyuba 71 ' Golovin 90 + 4 ' Report Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) 15 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 17 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) Egypt 0 -- 1 Uruguay Report Giménez 89 ' Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance : 27,015 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Russia 3 -- 1 Egypt Fathy 47 ' ( o.g. ) Cheryshev 59 ' Dzyuba 62 ' Report Salah 73 ' ( pen . ) Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,468 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) 20 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Uruguay 1 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Suárez 23 ' Report Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 42,678 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Uruguay 3 -- 0 Russia Suárez 10 ' Cheryshev 23 ' ( o.g. ) Cavani 90 ' Report Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 41,970 Referee : Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Saudi Arabia 2 -- 1 Egypt Al - Faraj 45 + 6 ' ( pen . ) Al - Dawsari 90 + 5 ' Report Salah 22 ' Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance : 36,823 Referee : Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) Group B The first match of the group , Iran 's squad against Morocco in St. Petersburg Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Spain 0 6 5 + 1 5 Advance to knockout stage Portugal 0 5 + 1 5 Iran 0 Morocco 0 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 15 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Morocco 0 -- 1 Iran Report Bouhaddouz 90 + 5 ' ( o.g. ) Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 62,548 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) 15 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Portugal 3 -- 3 Spain Ronaldo 4 ' ( pen . ) , 44 ' , 88 ' Report Costa 24 ' , 55 ' Nacho 58 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 43,866 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) 20 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Portugal 1 -- 0 Morocco Ronaldo 4 ' Report Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) 20 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Iran 0 -- 1 Spain Report Costa 54 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,718 Referee : Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Iran 1 -- 1 Portugal Ansarifard 90 + 3 ' ( pen . ) Report Quaresma 45 ' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance : 41,685 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 20 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) Spain 2 -- 2 Morocco Isco 19 ' Aspas 90 + 1 ' Report Boutaïb 14 ' En - Nesyri 81 ' Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance : 33,973 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) Group C Australia v Peru Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group C Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification France 0 + 2 7 Advance to knockout stage Denmark 0 + 1 5 Peru 0 0 Australia 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 13 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 2 -- 1 Australia Griezmann 58 ' ( pen . ) Behich 81 ' ( o.g. ) Report Jedinak 62 ' ( pen . ) Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 41,279 Referee : Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 19 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Peru 0 -- 1 Denmark Report Poulsen 59 ' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance : 40,502 Referee : Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 16 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Denmark 1 -- 1 Australia Eriksen 7 ' Report Jedinak 38 ' ( pen . ) Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 40,727 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 20 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) France 1 -- 0 Peru Mbappé 34 ' Report Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance : 32,789 Referee : Mohammed Abdulla Hassan Mohamed ( United Arab Emirates ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Denmark 0 -- 0 France Report Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Australia 0 -- 2 Peru Report Carrillo 18 ' Guerrero 50 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,073 Referee : Sergei Karasev ( Russia ) Group D Iceland v Croatia Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group D Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Croatia 0 0 7 + 6 9 Advance to knockout stage Argentina 5 − 2 Nigeria 0 − 1 Iceland 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 16 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Argentina 1 -- 1 Iceland Agüero 19 ' Report Finnbogason 23 ' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 21 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) Croatia 2 -- 0 Nigeria Etebo 32 ' ( o.g. ) Modrić 71 ' ( pen . ) Report Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance : 31,136 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Argentina 0 -- 3 Croatia Report Rebić 53 ' Modrić 80 ' Rakitić 90 + 1 ' Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) 22 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Nigeria 2 -- 0 Iceland Musa 49 ' , 75 ' Report Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance : 40,904 Referee : Matthew Conger ( New Zealand ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Nigeria 1 -- 2 Argentina Moses 51 ' ( pen . ) Report Messi 14 ' Rojo 86 ' Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,468 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Iceland 1 -- 2 Croatia G. Sigurðsson 76 ' ( pen . ) Report Badelj 53 ' Perišić 90 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 43,472 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Group E Brazil v Costa Rica Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group E Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 5 + 4 7 Advance to knockout stage Switzerland 0 5 + 1 5 Serbia 0 − 2 Costa Rica 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 17 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 16 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Costa Rica 0 -- 1 Serbia Report Kolarov 56 ' Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 41,432 Referee : Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) 17 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Brazil 1 -- 1 Switzerland Coutinho 20 ' Report Zuber 50 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 43,109 Referee : César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) 22 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Brazil 2 -- 0 Costa Rica Coutinho 90 + 1 ' Neymar 90 + 7 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,468 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 22 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 20 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) Serbia 1 -- 2 Switzerland Mitrović 5 ' Report Xhaka 52 ' Shaqiri 90 ' Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance : 33,167 Referee : Felix Brych ( Germany ) 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Serbia 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Paulinho 36 ' Thiago Silva 68 ' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Switzerland 2 -- 2 Costa Rica Džemaili 31 ' Drmić 88 ' Report Waston 56 ' Sommer 90 + 3 ' ( o.g. ) Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) Group F Germany v Mexico Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group F Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Sweden 0 5 + 3 6 Advance to knockout stage Mexico 0 − 1 6 South Korea 0 0 Germany 0 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 17 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Germany 0 -- 1 Mexico Report Lozano 35 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) 18 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Sweden 1 -- 0 South Korea Granqvist 65 ' ( pen . ) Report Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 42,300 Referee : Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador ) 23 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 23 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) South Korea 1 -- 2 Mexico Son Heung - min 90 + 3 ' Report Vela 26 ' ( pen . ) Hernández 66 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 43,472 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) 23 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 23 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Germany 2 -- 1 Sweden Reus 48 ' Kroos 90 + 5 ' Report Toivonen 32 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,287 Referee : Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) South Korea 2 -- 0 Germany Kim Young - gwon 90 + 3 ' Son Heung - min 90 + 6 ' Report Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 41,835 Referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 19 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) Mexico 0 -- 3 Sweden Report Augustinsson 50 ' Granqvist 62 ' ( pen . ) Álvarez 74 ' ( o.g. ) Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance : 33,061 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Group G Belgium v Tunisia Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group G Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Belgium 0 0 9 + 7 9 Advance to knockout stage England 0 8 + 5 6 Tunisia 0 5 8 − 3 Panama 0 0 11 − 9 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 18 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Belgium 3 -- 0 Panama Mertens 47 ' Lukaku 69 ' , 75 ' Report Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 43,257 Referee : Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) 18 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Tunisia 1 -- 2 England Sassi 35 ' ( pen . ) Report Kane 11 ' , 90 + 1 ' Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance : 41,064 Referee : Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) 23 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 23 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Belgium 5 -- 2 Tunisia E. Hazard 6 ' ( pen . ) , 51 ' Lukaku 16 ' , 45 + 3 ' Batshuayi 90 ' Report Bronn 18 ' Khazri 90 + 3 ' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) 24 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) England 6 -- 1 Panama Stones 8 ' , 40 ' Kane 22 ' ( pen . ) , 45 + 1 ' ( pen . ) , 62 ' Lingard 36 ' Report Baloy 78 ' Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Gehad Grisha ( Egypt ) 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 20 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) England 0 -- 1 Belgium Report Januzaj 51 ' Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance : 33,973 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Panama 1 -- 2 Tunisia Meriah 33 ' ( o.g. ) Report F. Ben Youssef 51 ' Khazri 66 ' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance : 37,168 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Group H Japan v Poland Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group H Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Colombia 0 5 + 3 6 Advance to knockout stage Japan 0 Senegal 0 Poland 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers Notes : ^ Jump up to : Fair play points : Japan − 4 , Senegal − 6 . 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Colombia 1 -- 2 Japan Quintero 39 ' Report Kagawa 6 ' ( pen . ) Osako 73 ' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance : 40,842 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Poland 1 -- 2 Senegal Krychowiak 86 ' Report Cionek 37 ' ( o.g. ) Niang 60 ' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) 24 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 20 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) Japan 2 -- 2 Senegal Inui 34 ' Honda 78 ' Report Mané 11 ' Wagué 71 ' Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance : 32,572 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) 24 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Poland 0 -- 3 Colombia Report Mina 40 ' Falcao 70 ' Ju . Cuadrado 75 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,873 Referee : César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Japan 0 -- 1 Poland Report Bednarek 59 ' Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance : 42,189 Referee : Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Senegal 0 -- 1 Colombia Report Mina 74 ' Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 41,970 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Knockout stage Russia v Croatia Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage In the knockout stages , if a match is level at the end of normal playing time , extra time is played ( two periods of 15 minutes each ) and followed , if necessary , by a penalty shoot - out to determine the winners . If a match went into extra time , each team was allowed to make a fourth substitution , the first time this had been allowed in a FIFA World Cup tournament . Bracket Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 30 June -- Sochi Uruguay 6 July -- Nizhny Novgorod Portugal Uruguay 0 30 June -- Kazan France France 10 July -- Saint Petersburg Argentina France 2 July -- Samara Belgium 0 Brazil 6 July -- Kazan Mexico 0 Brazil 2 July -- Rostov - on - Don Belgium Belgium 15 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Japan France 1 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Croatia Spain 1 ( 3 ) 7 July -- Sochi Russia ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) Russia 2 ( 3 ) 1 July -- Nizhny Novgorod Croatia ( p ) 2 ( 4 ) Croatia ( p ) 1 ( 3 ) 11 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Denmark 1 ( 2 ) Croatia ( a.e.t. ) 3 July -- Saint Petersburg England Third place play - off Sweden 7 July -- Samara 14 July -- Saint Petersburg Switzerland 0 Sweden 0 Belgium 3 July -- Moscow ( Otkritie ) England England 0 Colombia 1 ( 3 ) England ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) Round of 16 30 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 30 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 4 -- 3 Argentina Griezmann 13 ' ( pen . ) Pavard 57 ' Mbappé 64 ' , 68 ' Report Di María 41 ' Mercado 48 ' Agüero 90 + 3 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,873 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) 30 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 30 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Uruguay 2 -- 1 Portugal Cavani 7 ' , 62 ' Report Pepe 55 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,287 Referee : César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) 1 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Spain 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Russia Ignashevich 12 ' ( o.g. ) Report Dzyuba 41 ' ( pen . ) Penalties Iniesta Piqué Koke Ramos Aspas 3 -- 4 Smolov Ignashevich Golovin Cheryshev Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 1 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Croatia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Denmark Mandžukić 4 ' Report M. Jørgensen 1 ' Penalties Badelj Kramarić Modrić Pivarić Rakitić 3 -- 2 Eriksen Kjær Krohn - Dehli Schöne N. Jørgensen Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 40,851 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) 2 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 02 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Brazil 2 -- 0 Mexico Neymar 51 ' Firmino 88 ' Report Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 41,970 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) 2 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 02 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Belgium 3 -- 2 Japan Vertonghen 69 ' Fellaini 74 ' Chadli 90 + 4 ' Report Haraguchi 48 ' Inui 52 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 41,466 Referee : Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) 3 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Sweden 1 -- 0 Switzerland Forsberg 66 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,042 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) 3 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Colombia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Mina 90 + 3 ' Report Kane 57 ' ( pen . ) Penalties Falcao Ju . Cuadrado Muriel Uribe Bacca 3 -- 4 Kane Rashford Henderson Trippier Dier Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) Quarter - finals 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Uruguay 0 -- 2 France Report Varane 40 ' Griezmann 61 ' Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Brazil 1 -- 2 Belgium Renato Augusto 76 ' Report Fernandinho 13 ' ( o.g. ) De Bruyne 31 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,873 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) 7 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 07 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Sweden 0 -- 2 England Report Maguire 30 ' Alli 59 ' Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 39,991 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 7 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 07 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Croatia Cheryshev 31 ' Fernandes 115 ' Report Kramarić 39 ' Vida 101 ' Penalties Smolov Dzagoev Fernandes Ignashevich Kuzyayev 3 -- 4 Brozović Kovačić Modrić Vida Rakitić Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,287 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Semi-finals 10 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 10 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 1 -- 0 Belgium Umtiti 51 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,286 Referee : Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) 11 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Croatia 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Perišić 68 ' Mandžukić 109 ' Report Trippier 5 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Third place play - off 14 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 14 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Belgium 2 -- 0 England Meunier 4 ' E. Hazard 82 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,406 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) Final Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Final 15 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 4 -- 2 Croatia Mandžukić 18 ' ( o.g. ) Griezmann 38 ' ( pen . ) Pogba 59 ' Mbappé 65 ' Report Perišić 28 ' Mandžukić 69 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Statistics Further information : 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics Goalscorers There were 169 goals scored in 64 matches , for an average of 2.64 goals per match . Twelve own goals were scored during the tournament , doubling the record of six set in 1998 . 6 goals Harry Kane 4 goals Romelu Lukaku Antoine Griezmann Kylian Mbappé Cristiano Ronaldo Denis Cheryshev 3 goals Eden Hazard Yerry Mina Mario Mandžukić Ivan Perišić Artem Dzyuba Diego Costa Edinson Cavani 2 goals Sergio Agüero Mile Jedinak Philippe Coutinho Neymar Luka Modrić Mohamed Salah John Stones Takashi Inui Ahmed Musa Son Heung - min Andreas Granqvist Wahbi Khazri Luis Suárez 1 goal Ángel Di María Gabriel Mercado Lionel Messi Marcos Rojo Michy Batshuayi Nacer Chadli Kevin De Bruyne Marouane Fellaini Adnan Januzaj Dries Mertens Thomas Meunier Jan Vertonghen Roberto Firmino Paulinho Renato Augusto Thiago Silva Juan Cuadrado Radamel Falcao Juan Fernando Quintero Kendall Waston Milan Badelj Andrej Kramarić Ivan Rakitić Ante Rebić Domagoj Vida Christian Eriksen Mathias Jørgensen Yussuf Poulsen Dele Alli Jesse Lingard Harry Maguire Kieran Trippier Benjamin Pavard Paul Pogba Samuel Umtiti Raphaël Varane Toni Kroos Marco Reus Alfreð Finnbogason Gylfi Sigurðsson Karim Ansarifard Genki Haraguchi Keisuke Honda Shinji Kagawa Yuya Osako Javier Hernández Hirving Lozano Carlos Vela Khalid Boutaïb Youssef En - Nesyri Victor Moses Felipe Baloy André Carrillo Paolo Guerrero Jan Bednarek Grzegorz Krychowiak Pepe Ricardo Quaresma Mário Fernandes Yury Gazinsky Aleksandr Golovin Salem Al - Dawsari Salman Al - Faraj Sadio Mané M'Baye Niang Moussa Wagué Aleksandar Kolarov Aleksandar Mitrović Kim Young - gwon Iago Aspas Isco Nacho Ludwig Augustinsson Emil Forsberg Ola Toivonen Josip Drmić Blerim Džemaili Xherdan Shaqiri Granit Xhaka Steven Zuber Dylan Bronn Ferjani Sassi Fakhreddine Ben Youssef José Giménez 1 own goal Aziz Behich ( against France ) Fernandinho ( against Belgium ) Mario Mandžukić ( against France ) Ahmed Fathy ( against Russia ) Edson Álvarez ( against Sweden ) Aziz Bouhaddouz ( against Iran ) Oghenekaro Etebo ( against Croatia ) Thiago Cionek ( against Senegal ) Denis Cheryshev ( against Uruguay ) Sergei Ignashevich ( against Spain ) Yann Sommer ( against Costa Rica ) Yassine Meriah ( against Panama ) Source : FIFA Discipline Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record In total , only four players were sent off in the entire tournament , the fewest since 1978 . International Football Association Board technical director David Elleray stated a belief that this was due to the introduction of VAR , since players would know that they would not be able to get away with anything under the new system . A player is automatically suspended for the next match for the following offences : Receiving a red card ( red card suspensions may be extended for serious offences ) Receiving two yellow cards in two matches ; yellow cards expire after the completion of the quarter - finals ( yellow card suspensions are not carried forward to any other future international matches ) The following suspensions were served during the tournament : Player Offence ( s ) Suspension ( s ) Carlos Sánchez in Group H vs Japan ( matchday 1 ; 19 June ) Group H vs Poland ( matchday 2 ; 24 June ) Yussuf Poulsen in Group C vs Peru ( matchday 1 ; 16 June ) in Group C vs Australia ( matchday 2 ; 21 June ) Group C vs France ( matchday 3 ; 26 June ) Jérôme Boateng in Group F vs Sweden ( matchday 2 ; 23 June ) Group F vs South Korea ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Armando Cooper in Group G vs Belgium ( matchday 1 ; 18 June ) in Group G vs England ( matchday 2 ; 24 June ) Group G vs Tunisia ( matchday 3 ; 28 June ) Michael Amir Murillo in Group G vs Belgium ( matchday 1 ; 18 June ) in Group G vs England ( matchday 2 ; 24 June ) Group G vs Tunisia ( matchday 3 ; 28 June ) Igor Smolnikov in Group A vs Uruguay ( matchday 3 ; 25 June ) Round of 16 vs Spain ( 1 July ) Sebastian Larsson in Group F vs Germany ( matchday 2 ; 23 June ) in Group F vs Mexico ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Switzerland ( 3 July ) Héctor Moreno in Group F vs Germany ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Group F vs Sweden ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Brazil ( 2 July ) Stephan Lichtsteiner in Group E vs Brazil ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Group E vs Costa Rica ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Sweden ( 3 July ) Fabian Schär in Group E vs Brazil ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Group E vs Costa Rica ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Sweden ( 3 July ) Blaise Matuidi in Group C vs Peru ( matchday 2 ; 21 June ) in Round of 16 vs Argentina ( 30 June ) Quarter - finals vs Uruguay ( 6 July ) Casemiro in Group E vs Switzerland ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Round of 16 vs Mexico ( 2 July ) Quarter - finals vs Belgium ( 6 July ) Mikael Lustig in Group F vs Mexico ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) in Round of 16 vs Switzerland ( 3 July ) Quarter - finals vs England ( 7 July ) Michael Lang in Round of 16 vs Sweden ( 3 July ) Suspension served outside tournament Thomas Meunier in Group G vs Panama ( matchday 1 ; 18 June ) in Quarter - finals vs Brazil ( 6 July ) Semi-finals vs France ( 10 July ) Awards Luka Modrić accepting the Golden Ball award from Vladimir Putin Kylian Mbappé receiving the World Cup best young player award from Emmanuel Macron France lifting the World Cup trophy The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament . The Golden Boot ( top scorer ) , Golden Ball ( best overall player ) and Golden Glove ( best goalkeeper ) awards were all sponsored by Adidas . Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball Luka Modrić Eden Hazard Antoine Griezmann Golden Boot Silver Boot Bronze Boot Harry Kane ( 6 goals , 0 assists ) Antoine Griezmann ( 4 goals , 2 assists ) Romelu Lukaku ( 4 goals , 1 assist ) Golden Glove Thibaut Courtois Best Young Player Kylian Mbappé FIFA Fair Play Award Spain Additionally , FIFA.com shortlisted 18 goals for users to vote on as the tournaments ' best . The poll closed on 23 July . The award was sponsored by Hyundai . Goal of the Tournament Goalscorer Opponent Score Round Benjamin Pavard Argentina 2 -- 2 Round of 16 Dream team As was the case during the 2010 and 2014 editions , FIFA did not release an official All - Star Team , but instead invited users of FIFA.com to elect their Fan Dream Team . Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielders Forwards Thibaut Courtois Marcelo Thiago Silva Raphaël Varane Diego Godín Kevin De Bruyne Philippe Coutinho Luka Modrić Harry Kane Kylian Mbappé Cristiano Ronaldo FIFA also published an alternate team of the tournament based on player performances evaluated through statistical data . Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielders Forwards Thibaut Courtois Andreas Granqvist Thiago Silva Raphaël Varane Yerry Mina Denis Cheryshev Philippe Coutinho Luka Modrić Harry Kane Antoine Griezmann Eden Hazard Prize money Prize money amounts were announced in October 2017 . Position Amount ( million USD ) Per team Total Champions 38 38 Runner - up 28 28 Third place 24 24 Fourth place 22 22 5th -- 8th place ( quarter - finals ) 16 64 9th -- 16th place ( round of 16 ) 12 96 17th -- 32nd place ( group stage ) 8 128 Total 400 Marketing The typeface `` Dusha '' used for branding Branding The tournament logo was unveiled on 28 October 2014 by cosmonauts at the International Space Station and then projected onto Moscow 's Bolshoi Theatre during an evening television programme . Russian Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko said that the logo was inspired by `` Russia 's rich artistic tradition and its history of bold achievement and innovation '' , and FIFA President Sepp Blatter stated that it reflected the `` heart and soul '' of the country . For the branding , Portuguese design agency Brandia Central created materials in 2014 , with a typeface called Dusha ( from душа , Russian for soul ) designed by Brandia Central and edited by Adotbelow of DSType Foundry in Portugal . Mascot Main article : Zabivaka Tournament mascot , wolf Zabivaka The official mascot for the tournament was unveiled 21 October 2016 , and selected through a design competition among university students . A public vote was used to select from three finalists -- a cat , a tiger , and a wolf . The winner , with 53 % of approximately 1 million votes , was Zabivaka -- an anthropomorphic wolf dressed in the colours of the Russian national team . Zabivaka 's name is a portmanteau of the Russian words забияка ( `` hothead '' ) and забивать ( `` to score '' ) , and his official backstory states that he is an aspiring football player who is `` charming , confident and social '' . Ticketing The first phase of ticket sales started on 14 September 2017 , 12 : 00 Moscow Time , and lasted until 12 October 2017 . The general visa policy of Russia did not apply to participants and spectators , who were able to visit Russia without a visa right before and during the competition regardless of their citizenship . Spectators were nonetheless required to register for a `` Fan - ID '' , a special photo identification pass . A Fan - ID was required to enter the country visa - free , while a ticket , Fan - ID and a valid passport were required to enter stadiums for matches . Fan - IDs also granted World Cup attendees free access to public transport services , including buses , and train service between host cities . Fan - ID was administered by the Ministry of Digital Development , Communications and Mass Media , who could revoke these accreditations at any time to `` ensure the defence capability or security of the state or public order '' . Match ball Main article : Adidas Telstar 18 Match ball `` Telstar 18 '' Match ball for the knockout stage , `` Telstar Mechta '' . The official match ball of the 2018 World Cup group stage was `` Telstar 18 '' , based on the name and design of the first Adidas World Cup ball from 1970 . It was introduced on 9 November 2017 . After the group stage , `` Telstar Mechta '' was used for the knockout stage . The word mechta ( Russian : мечта ) means dream or ambition . The difference between Telstar 18 and Mechta is the red details on the design . Merchandise See also : FIFA World Cup video games On 30 April 2018 , EA announced a free expansion for FIFA 18 based on the 2018 FIFA World Cup , featuring all 32 participating teams and all 12 stadiums used at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Official song Main article : Live It Up ( Nicky Jam song ) The official song of the tournament was `` Live It Up '' , with vocals from Will Smith , Nicky Jam and Era Istrefi , released on 25 May 2018 . Its music video was released on 8 June 2018 . Controversies Main article : List of 2018 FIFA World Cup controversies Thirty - three footballers who are alleged to be part of the steroid program are listed in the McLaren Report . On 22 December 2017 , it was reported that FIFA fired a doctor who had been investigating doping in Russian football . On 22 May 2018 FIFA confirmed that the investigations concerning all Russian players named for the provisional squad of the FIFA World Cup in Russia had been completed , with the result that insufficient evidence was found to assert an anti-doping rule violation . FIFA 's medical committee also decided that Russian personnel would not be involved in performing drug testing procedures at the tournament ; the action was taken to reassure teams that the samples would remain untampered . Host selection The choice of Russia as host has been challenged . Controversial issues have included the level of racism in Russian football , and discrimination against LGBT people in wider Russian society . Russia 's involvement in the ongoing conflict in Ukraine has also caused calls for the tournament to be moved , particularly following the annexation of Crimea . In 2014 , FIFA President Sepp Blatter stated that `` the World Cup has been given and voted to Russia and we are going forward with our work '' . Allegations of corruption in the bidding processes for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups caused threats from England 's FA to boycott the tournament . FIFA appointed Michael J. Garcia , a US attorney , to investigate and produce a report on the corruption allegations . Although the report was never published , FIFA released a 42 - page summary of its findings as determined by German judge Hans - Joachim Eckert . Eckert 's summary cleared Russia and Qatar of any wrongdoing , but was denounced by critics as a whitewash . Garcia criticised the summary as being `` materially incomplete '' with `` erroneous representations of the facts and conclusions '' , and appealed to FIFA 's Appeal Committee . The committee declined to hear his appeal , so Garcia resigned in protest of FIFA 's conduct , citing a `` lack of leadership '' and lack of confidence in the independence of Eckert . On 3 June 2015 , the FBI confirmed that the federal authorities were investigating the bidding and awarding processes for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups . In an interview published on 7 June 2015 , Domenico Scala , the head of FIFA 's Audit And Compliance Committee , stated that `` should there be evidence that the awards to Qatar and Russia came only because of bought votes , then the awards could be cancelled '' . Prince William , Duke of Cambridge and former British Prime Minister David Cameron attended a meeting with FIFA vice-president Chung Mong - joon in which a vote - trading deal for the right to host the 2018 World Cup in England was discussed . Response to Skripal poisoning In response to the March 2018 poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal , British Prime Minister Theresa May announced that no British ministers or members of the royal family would attend the World Cup , and issued a warning to any travelling England fans . Iceland diplomatically boycotted the World Cup . Russia responded to the comments from the UK Parliament claiming that `` the west are trying to deny Russia the World Cup '' . The Russian Foreign Ministry denounced Boris Johnson 's statements that compared the event to the 1936 Olympics held in Nazi Germany as `` poisoned with venom of hate , unprofessionalism and boorishness '' and `` unacceptable and unworthy '' parallel towards Russia , a `` nation that lost millions of lives in fighting Nazism '' . The British Foreign Office and MPs had repeatedly warned English football fans and `` people of Asian or Afro - Caribbean descent '' travelling to Russia of `` racist or homophobic intimidation , hooligan violence and anti-British hostility '' . English football fans who have travelled have said they have received a warm welcome from ordinary citizens after arriving in Russia . Critical reception Russia received widespread praise as World Cup hosts . Facilities -- such as the refurbished Luzhniki Stadium ( pictured ) -- were one aspect of Russia 's success . At the close of the World Cup Russia was widely praised for its success in hosting the tournament , with Steve Rosenberg of the BBC deeming it `` a resounding public relations success '' for Putin , adding , `` The stunning new stadiums , free train travel to venues and the absence of crowd violence has impressed visiting supporters . Russia has come across as friendly and hospitable : a stark contrast with the country 's authoritarian image . All the foreign fans I have spoken to are pleasantly surprised . '' FIFA President Gianni Infantino stated , `` Everyone discovered a beautiful country , a welcoming country , that is keen to show the world that everything that has been said before might not be true . A lot of preconceived ideas have been changed because people have seen the true nature of Russia . '' Infantino has proclaimed Russia 2018 to be `` the best World Cup ever '' , as 98 % of the stadiums were sold out , there were three billion viewers on TV all around the world and 7 million fans visited the fan fests . Broadcasting rights Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights FIFA , through several companies , sold the broadcasting rights for the 2018 FIFA World Cup to various local broadcasters . In the United States , the 2018 World Cup was the first men 's World Cup whose English rights were held by Fox Sports , and Spanish rights held by Telemundo . The elimination of the US national team in qualifying led to concerns that US interest and viewership of this World Cup would be reduced ( especially among `` casual '' viewers interested in the US team ) , especially noting how much Fox paid for the rights , and that US games at the 2014 World Cup peaked at 16.5 million viewers . During a launch event prior to the elimination , Fox stated that it had planned to place a secondary focus on the Mexican team in its coverage to take advantage of their popularity among US viewers ( factoring Hispanic and Latino Americans ) . Fox stated that it was still committed to broadcasting a significant amount of coverage for the tournament . In February 2018 , Ukrainian rightsholder UA : PBC stated that it would not broadcast the World Cup . This came in the wake of growing boycotts of the tournament among the Football Federation of Ukraine and sports minister Ihor Zhdanov . Additionally , the Football Federation of Ukraine refused to accredit journalists for the World Cup and waived their quota of tickets . However , the Ukrainian state TV still broadcast the World Cup , and more than 4 million Ukrainians watched the opening match . Sponsorship FIFA partners FIFA World Cup sponsors African supporters Asian supporters European supporters Adidas Coca - Cola Gazprom Hyundai -- Kia Qatar Airways Visa Wanda Group Anheuser - Busch InBev Hisense McDonald 's Mengniu Dairy Vivo Egypt -- Experience & Invest Diking Luci Yadea Alfa - Bank Alrosa Rostelecom Russian Railways See also Association football portal Russia portal 2010s portal FIFA World Cup hosts 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup Notes Jump up ^ France will qualify for this tournament as World Cup winners if it takes place . However FIFA has discussed abolishing the competition . References ^ Jump up to : `` Golden consolation for magical Modric '' . FIFA. 15 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 16 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ethics : Executive Committee unanimously supports recommendation to publish report on 2018 / 2022 FIFA World Cup bidding process '' ( Press release ) . FIFA. 19 December 2014 . 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Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- Spain v Morocco '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- France v Australia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- Peru v Denmark '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- Denmark v Australia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- France v Peru '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- Denmark v France '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . 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FIFA.com 2018 website Welcome2018.com 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) 2018 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions France Runners - up Croatia Third place Belgium Fourth place England Quarter - finals Brazil Russia Sweden Uruguay Round of 16 Argentina Colombia Denmark Japan Mexico Portugal Spain Switzerland Group stage Australia Costa Rica Egypt Germany Iceland Iran Morocco Nigeria Panama Peru Poland Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia South Korea Tunisia 2018 FIFA World Cup stadiums Kaliningrad Stadium ( Kaliningrad ) Krestovsky Stadium ( Saint Petersburg ) Luzhniki Stadium ( Moscow ) Otkritie Arena ( Moscow ) Kazan Arena ( Kazan ) Nizhny Novgorod Stadium ( Nizhny Novgorod ) Samara Arena ( Samara ) Volgograd Arena ( Volgograd ) Mordovia Arena ( Saransk ) Rostov Arena ( Rostov - on - Don ) Fisht Olympic Stadium ( Sochi ) Central Stadium ( Yekaterinburg ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . 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Sword
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Sword - wikipedia Sword Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Sword ( disambiguation ) . Swiss longsword , 15th or 16th century A sword is a bladed weapon intended for slashing or thrusting that is longer than a knife or dagger . The precise definition of the term varies with the historical epoch or the geographical region under consideration . A sword consists of a long blade attached to a hilt . The blade can be straight or curved . Thrusting swords have a pointed tip on the blade , and tend to be straighter ; slashing swords have sharpened cutting edge on one or both sides of the blade , and are more likely to be curved . Many swords are designed for both thrusting and slashing . Historically , the sword developed in the Bronze Age , evolving from the dagger ; the earliest specimens date to about 1600 BC . The later Iron Age sword remained fairly short and without a crossguard . The spatha , as it developed in the Late Roman army , became the predecessor of the European sword of the Middle Ages , at first adopted as the Migration period sword , and only in the High Middle Ages , developed into the classical arming sword with crossguard . The word sword continues the Old English , sweord . The use of a sword is known as swordsmanship or ( in an early modern or modern context ) as fencing . In the Early Modern period , western sword design diverged into roughly two forms , the thrusting swords and the sabers . The thrusting swords such as the rapier and eventually the smallsword were designed to impale their targets quickly and inflict deep stab wounds . Their long and straight yet light and well balanced design made them highly maneuverable and deadly in a duel but fairly ineffective when used in a slashing or chopping motion . A well aimed lunge and thrust could end a fight in seconds with just the sword 's point , leading to the development of a fighting style which closely resembles modern fencing . The saber ( sabre ) and similar blades such as the cutlass were built more heavily and were more typically used in warfare . Built for slashing and chopping at multiple enemies , often from horseback , the saber 's long curved blade and slightly forward weight balance gave it a deadly character all its own on the battlefield . Most sabers also had sharp points and double edged blades , making them capable of piercing soldier after soldier in a cavalry charge . Sabers continued to see battlefield use until the early 20th century . The US Navy kept tens of thousands of sturdy cutlasses in their armory well into World War II and many were issued to marines in the Pacific as jungle machetes . Non-European weapons called `` sword '' include single - edged weapons such as the Middle Eastern scimitar , the Chinese dao and the related Japanese katana . The Chinese jian is an example of a non-European double - edged sword , like the European models derived from the double - edged Iron Age sword . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ancient history 1.1. 1 Bronze Age 1.1. 2 Iron Age 1.1. 3 Greco - Roman antiquity 1.1. 4 Persian antiquity 1.1. 5 Chinese antiquity 1.2 Middle Ages 1.2. 1 Europe 1.2. 2 Greater Middle East 1.2. 3 East Asia 1.2. 4 Indian Subcontinent 1.2. 5 Southeast Asia 1.3 Late Middle Ages and Renaissance 1.4 Early Modern period 1.4. 1 Military sword 1.4. 2 Duelling sword 1.5 Modern history 1.5. 1 Military sidearm 1.5. 2 Ceremonial use 1.5. 3 Sword replicas 2 Morphology 2.1 Blade 2.2 Hilt 2.3 Sword scabbards and suspension 3 Typology 3.1 Single and double - edged 3.1. 1 Jian 3.1. 2 Kirpan 3.1. 3 Churika 3.1. 4 Backsword and falchion 3.2 Single vs two - handed use 3.2. 1 Two - handed 3.2. 2 Hand and a half sword 4 Fictional types 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Ancient history ( edit ) The first weapons that can be described as `` swords '' date to around 3300 BC . They have been found in Arslantepe , Turkey , are made from arsenical bronze , and are about 60 cm ( 24 in ) long . Some of them are inlaid with silver . Bronze Age ( edit ) Main article : Bronze Age sword Apa - type swords , 17th - century BC . The swords found together with the Nebra skydisk , ca . 1600 BC . The sword developed from the knife or dagger . A knife is unlike a dagger in that a knife has only one cutting surface , while a dagger has two cutting surfaces . when the construction of longer blades became possible , from the late 3rd millennium BC in the Middle East , first in arsenic copper , then in tin - bronze . Blades longer than 60 cm ( 24 in ) were rare and not practical until the late Bronze Age because the tensile strength of bronze is relatively low , and consequently longer blades would bend easily . The development of the sword out of the dagger was gradual ; the first weapons that can be classified as swords without any ambiguity are those found in Minoan Crete , dated to about 1700 BC , reaching a total length of more than 100 cm . These are the `` type A '' swords of the Aegean Bronze Age . One of the most important , and longest - lasting , types swords of the European Bronze Age was the Naue II type ( named for Julius Naue who first described them ) , also known as Griffzungenschwert ( lit . `` grip - tongue sword '' ) . This type first appears in c. the 13th century BC in Northern Italy ( or a general Urnfield background ) , and survives well into the Iron Age , with a life - span of about seven centuries . During its lifetime , metallurgy changed from bronze to iron , but not its basic design . Naue II swords were exported from Europe to the Aegean , and as far afield as Ugarit , beginning about 1200 BC , i.e. just a few decades before the final collapse of the palace cultures in the Bronze Age collapse . Naue II swords could be as long as 85 cm , but most specimens fall into the 60 to 70 cm range . Robert Drews linked the Naue Type II Swords , which spread from Southern Europe into the Mediterranean , with the Bronze Age collapse . Naue II swords , along with Nordic full - hilted swords , were made with functionality and aesthetics in mind . The hilts of these swords were beautifully crafted and often contained false rivets in order to make the sword more visually appealing . Swords coming from northern Denmark and northern Germany usually contained three or more fake rivets in the hilt . Sword production in China is attested from the Bronze Age Shang Dynasty . The technology for bronze swords reached its high point during the Warring States period and Qin Dynasty . Amongst the Warring States period swords , some unique technologies were used , such as casting high tin edges over softer , lower tin cores , or the application of diamond shaped patterns on the blade ( see sword of Goujian ) . Also unique for Chinese bronzes is the consistent use of high tin bronze ( 17 -- 21 % tin ) which is very hard and breaks if stressed too far , whereas other cultures preferred lower tin bronze ( usually 10 % ) , which bends if stressed too far . Although iron swords were made alongside bronze , it was not until the early Han period that iron completely replaced bronze . In South Asia earliest available Bronze age swords of copper were discovered in the Harappan sites , in present - day Pakistan , and date back to 2300 BC . Swords have been recovered in archaeological findings throughout the Ganges - Jamuna Doab region of India , consisting of bronze but more commonly copper . Diverse specimens have been discovered in Fatehgarh , where there are several varieties of hilt . These swords have been variously dated to times between 1700 -- 1400 BC , but were probably used more notably in the opening centuries of the 1st millennium BC . Iron Age ( edit ) Main article : Iron Age sword Hallstatt swords Iron became increasingly common from the 13th century B.C. Before that the use of swords was less frequent . The iron was not quench - hardened although often containing sufficient carbon , but work - hardened like bronze by hammering . This made them comparable or only slightly better in terms of strength and hardness to bronze swords . They could still bend during use rather than spring back into shape . But the easier production , and the better availability of the raw material for the first time permitted the equipment of entire armies with metal weapons , though Bronze Age Egyptian armies were sometimes fully equipped with bronze weapons . Ancient swords are often found at burial sites . The sword was often placed on the right side of the corpse . However , there are exceptions to this . A lot of times the sword was kept over the corpse . In many late Iron Age graves , the sword and the scabbard were bent at 180 degrees . It was known as killing the sword . Thus they might have considered swords as the most potent and powerful object . Greco - Roman Antiquity ( edit ) Further information : Migration period sword By the time of Classical Antiquity and the Parthian and Sassanid Empires in Iran , iron swords were common . The Greek xiphos and the Roman gladius are typical examples of the type , measuring some 60 to 70 cm ( 24 to 28 in ) . The late Roman Empire introduced the longer spatha ( the term for its wielder , spatharius , became a court rank in Constantinople ) , and from this time , the term longsword is applied to swords comparatively long for their respective periods . Swords from the Parthian and Sassanian Empires were quite long , the blades on some late Sassanian swords being just under a metre long . Swords were also used to administer various physical punishments , such as non-surgical amputation or capital punishment by decapitation . The use of a sword , an honourable weapon , was regarded in Europe since Roman times as a privilege reserved for the nobility and the upper classes . The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea mentions swords of Indian iron and steel being exported from India to Greece . Sri Lankan and Indian Blades made of Damascus steel also found their way into Persia . Persian Antiquity ( edit ) In the first millennium BC the Persian armies used a sword that was originally of Scythian design called the akinaka ( acinaces ) . However , the great conquests of the Persians made the sword more famous as a Persian weapon , to the extent that the true nature of the weapon has been lost somewhat as the name Akinaka has been used to refer to whichever form of sword the Persian army favoured at the time . Darius I of Persia holding an acinaces in his lap It is widely believed that the original akinaka was a 14 to 18 inch double - edged sword . The design was not uniform and in fact identification is made more on the nature of the scabbard than the weapon itself ; the scabbard usually has a large , decorative mount allowing it to be suspended from a belt on the wearer 's right side . Because of this , it is assumed that the sword was intended to be drawn with the blade pointing downwards ready for surprise stabbing attacks . In the 12th century , the Seljuq dynasty had introduced the curved shamshir to Persia , and this was in extensive use by the early 16th century . Chinese Antiquity ( edit ) Chinese steel swords made their first appearance in the later part of the Western Zhou Dynasty , but were not widely used until the 3rd century BC Han Dynasty . The Chinese Dao ( 刀 pinyin dāo ) is single - edged , sometimes translated as sabre or broadsword , and the Jian ( 劍 or 剑 pinyin jiàn ) is double - edged . The zhanmadao ( literally `` horse chopping sword '' ) , an extremely long , anti-cavalry sword from the Song dynasty era . Middle Ages ( edit ) Europe ( edit ) Battle scene from the Morgan Bible of Louis IX showing 13th - century swords Further information : Carolingian sword , Romanesque sword , and Longsword Further information : Oakeshott typology During the Middle Ages sword technology improved , and the sword became a very advanced weapon . It was frequently used by men in battle , particularly during an attack . The spatha type remained popular throughout the Migration period and well into the Middle Ages . Vendel Age spathas were decorated with Germanic artwork ( not unlike the Germanic bracteates fashioned after Roman coins ) . The Viking Age saw again a more standardized production , but the basic design remained indebted to the spatha . Around the 10th century , the use of properly quenched hardened and tempered steel started to become much more common than in previous periods . The Frankish ' Ulfberht ' blades ( the name of the maker inlaid in the blade ) were of particularly consistent high quality . Charles the Bald tried to prohibit the export of these swords , as they were used by Vikings in raids against the Franks . Wootz steel which is also known as Damascus steel was a unique and highly prized steel developed on the Indian subcontinent as early as the 5th century BC . Its properties were unique due to the special smelting and reworking of the steel creating networks of iron carbides described as a globular cementite in a matrix of pearlite . The use of Damascus steel in swords became extremely popular in the 16th and 17th centuries . It was only from the 11th century that Norman swords began to develop the crossguard ( quillons ) . During the Crusades of the 12th to 13th century , this cruciform type of arming sword remained essentially stable , with variations mainly concerning the shape of the pommel . These swords were designed as cutting weapons , although effective points were becoming common to counter improvements in armour , especially the 14th - century change from mail to plate armour . It was during the 14th century , with the growing use of more advanced armour , that the hand and a half sword , also known as a `` bastard sword '' , came into being . It had an extended grip that meant it could be used with either one or two hands . Though these swords did not provide a full two - hand grip they allowed their wielders to hold a shield or parrying dagger in their off hand , or to use it as a two - handed sword for a more powerful blow . In the Middle Ages , the sword was often used as a symbol of the word of God . The names given to many swords in mythology , literature , and history reflected the high prestige of the weapon and the wealth of the owner . Greater Middle East ( edit ) The earliest evidence of curved swords , or scimitars ( and other regional variants as the Arabian saif , the Persian shamshir and the Turkic kilij ) is from the 9th century , when it was used among soldiers in the Khurasan region of Persia . Kilij . Shamshir . East Asia ( edit ) A Japanese wakizashi of the 17th century , with its koshirae and shirasaya . Chinese dao and scabbard of the 17th -- 18th century As steel technology improved , single - edged weapons became popular throughout Asia . Derived from the Chinese Jian or dao , the Korean hwandudaedo are known from the early medieval Three Kingdoms . Production of the Japanese tachi , a precursor to the katana , is recorded from ca . 900 AD ( see Japanese sword ) . Japan was famous for the swords it forged in the early 13th century for the class of warrior - nobility known as the Samurai . The types of swords used by the Samurai included the ōdachi ( extra long field sword ) , tachi ( long cavalry sword ) , katana ( long sword ) , and wakizashi ( shorter companion sword for katana ) . Japanese swords that pre-date the rise of the samurai caste include the tsurugi ( straight double - edged blade ) and chokutō ( straight one - edged blade ) . Japanese swordmaking reached the height of its development in the 15th and 16th centuries , when samurai increasingly found a need for a sword to use in closer quarters , leading to the creation of the modern katana . Western historians have said that Japanese katana were among the finest cutting weapons in world military history . Indian subcontinent ( edit ) Khanda is a double - edge straight sword . It is often featured in religious iconography , theatre and art depicting the ancient history of India . Some communities venerate the weapon as a symbol of Shiva . It is a common weapon in the martial arts in the Indian subcontinent . Khanda often appears in Hindu , Buddhist and Sikh scriptures and art . In Sri Lanka , a unique wind furnace was used to produce the high quality steel . This gave the blade a very hard cutting edge and beautiful patterns . For these reasons it became a very popular trading material . A Khanda sword from India . The Urumi : ( Tamil : சுருள் பட்டாக்கத்தி surul pattai , lit . curling blade ; Sinhalese : එතුණු කඩුව ethunu kaduwa ; Hindi : aara ) is a longsword with a flexible whip - like blade from India . Originating in the country 's southern states , it is thought to have existed as far back as the Maurya dynasty ( 322 -- 185 BC ) . The urumi is considered one of the most difficult weapons to master due to the risk of injuring oneself . It is treated as a steel whip , and therefore requires prior knowledge of that weapon . The Firangi ( / fəˈrɪŋɡiː / ; derived from the Arabic term for a Western European a `` Frank '' ) was a sword type which used blades manufactured in Western Europe and imported by the Portuguese , or made locally in imitation of European blades . Because of its length the firangi is usually regarded as primarily a cavalry weapon . The sword has been especially associated with the Marathas , who were famed for their cavalry . However , the firangi was also widely used by Sikhs and Rajputs . The Talwar : ( Hindi : तलवार ) is a type of curved sword from India and other countries of the Indian subcontinent , it was adopted by communities such as Rajputs , Sikhs and Marathas , who favored the sword as their main weapon . It became more widespread in the medieval era . Talwar Pata Firangi Southeast Asia ( edit ) In Indonesia , the images of Indian style swords can be found in Hindu gods statues from ancient Java circa 8th to 10th century . However the native types of blade known as kris , parang , klewang and golok were more popular as weapons . These daggers are shorter than sword but longer than common dagger . Kampilan from the Philippines . In The Philippines , traditional large swords known as the Kampilan and the Panabas were used in combat by the natives . A notable wielder of the kampilan was Lapu - Lapu , the king of Mactan and his warriors who defeated the Spaniards and killed Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan at the Battle of Mactan on 27 April 1521 . Traditional swords in the Philippines were immediately banned , but the training in swordsmanship was later hidden from the occupying Spaniards by practices in dances . But because of the banning , Filipinos were forced to use swords that were disguised as farm tools . Bolos and baliswords were used during the revolutions against the colonialists not only because ammunition for guns was scarce , but also for concealability while walking in crowded streets and homes . Bolos were also used by young boys who joined their parents in the revolution and by young girls and their mothers in defending the town while the men were on the battlefields . During the Philippine -- American War in events such as the Balangiga Massacre , most of an American company was hacked to death or seriously injured by bolo - wielding guerillas in Balangiga , Samar . When the Japanese took control of the country , several American special operations groups stationed in the Philippines were introduced to the Filipino Martial Arts and swordsmanship , leading to this style reaching America despite the fact that natives were reluctant to allow outsiders in on their fighting secrets . Late Middle Ages and Renaissance ( edit ) Main articles : Longsword and Zweihänder From around 1300 to 1500 , in concert with improved armour , innovative sword designs evolved more and more rapidly . The main transition was the lengthening of the grip , allowing two - handed use , and a longer blade . By 1400 , this type of sword , at the time called langes Schwert ( longsword ) or spadone , was common , and a number of 15th - and 16th - century Fechtbücher offering instructions on their use survive . Another variant was the specialized armour - piercing swords of the estoc type . The longsword became popular due to its extreme reach and its cutting and thrusting abilities . 1548 depiction of a Zweihänder used against pikes in the Battle of Kappel Ceremonial sword of the Rector of the Republic of Dubrovnik ( 15th century ) The estoc became popular because of its ability to thrust into the gaps between plates of armour . The grip was sometimes wrapped in wire or coarse animal hide to provide a better grip and to make it harder to knock a sword out of the user 's hand . A number of manuscripts covering longsword combat and techniques dating from the 13th -- 16th centuries exist in German , Italian , and English , providing extensive information on longsword combatives as used throughout this period . Many of these are now readily available online . In the 16th century , the large zweihänder was used by the elite German and Swiss mercenaries known as doppelsöldners . Zweihänder , literally translated , means two - hander . The zweihänder possesses a long blade , as well as a huge guard for protection . It is estimated that some zweihänder swords were over 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) long , with the one ascribed to Frisian warrior Pier Gerlofs Donia being 7 feet ( 2.13 m ) long . The gigantic blade length was perfectly designed for manipulating and pushing away enemy pole - arms , which were major weapons around this time , in both Germany and Eastern Europe . Doppelsöldners also used katzbalgers , which means ' cat - gutter ' . The katzbalger 's S - shaped guard and 2 - foot - long ( 0.61 m ) blade made it perfect for bringing in when the fighting became too close to use a zweihänder . Civilian use of swords became increasingly common during the late Renaissance , with duels being a preferred way to honourably settle disputes . The practice of civilian duelling , with specifically designed civilian swords such as the Italian Cinquedea and Swiss Baselard , became so popular that according to one scholar : `` In France during the reign of Henry IV ( 1589 -- 1610 ) , more than 4,000 French aristocrats were killed in duels in an eighteen - year period ... During the reign of Louis XIII ( 1610 -- 1643 ) ... in a twenty - year period 8,000 pardons were issued for murders associated with duels . '' The side - sword was a type of war sword used by infantry during the Renaissance of Europe . This sword was a direct descendant of the arming sword . Quite popular between the 16th and 17th centuries , they were ideal for handling the mix of armoured and unarmoured opponents of that time . A new technique of placing one 's finger on the ricasso to improve the grip ( a practice that would continue in the rapier ) led to the production of hilts with a guard for the finger . This sword design eventually led to the development of the civilian rapier , but it was not replaced by it , and the side - sword continued to be used during the rapier 's lifetime . As it could be used for both cutting and thrusting , the term cut and thrust sword is sometimes used interchangeably with side - sword . Also of note is that as rapiers became more popular , attempts were made to hybridize the blade , sacrificing the effectiveness found in each unique weapon design . These are still considered side - swords and are sometimes labeled sword rapier or cutting rapier by modern collectors . Also of note , side - swords used in conjunction with bucklers became so popular that it caused the term swashbuckler to be coined . This word stems from the new fighting style of the side - sword and buckler which was filled with much `` swashing and making a noise on the buckler '' . Within the Ottoman Empire , the use of a curved sabre called the Yatagan started in the mid-16th century . It would become the weapon of choice for many in Turkey and the Balkans . The sword in this time period was the most personal weapon , the most prestigious , and the most versatile for close combat , but it came to decline in military use as technology , such as the crossbow and firearms changed warfare . However , it maintained a key role in civilian self - defence . Early modern period ( edit ) Military sword ( edit ) Further information : Basket - hilted sword , Backsword , and Sabre A single - edged type of sidearm used by the Hussites was popularized in 16th - century Germany under its Czech name Dusack , also known as Säbel auf Teutsch gefasst ( `` sabre fitted in the German manner '' ) . A closely related weapon is the schnepf or Swiss sabre used in Early Modern Switzerland . The cut - and - thrust mortuary sword was used after 1625 by cavalry during the English Civil War . This ( usually ) two - edged sword sported a half - basket hilt with a straight blade some 90 -- 105 cm long . Later in the 17th century , the swords used by cavalry became predominantly single - edged . The so - called walloon sword ( épée wallone ) was common in the Thirty Years ' War and Baroque era . Its hilt was ambidextrous with shell - guards and knuckle - bow that inspired 18th century continental hunting hangers . Following their campaign in the Netherlands in 1672 , the French began producing this weapon as their first regulation sword . Weapons of this design were also issued to the Swedish army from the time of Gustavus Adolphus until as late as the 1850s . Duelling sword ( edit ) Further information : Rapier and Smallsword The rapier is believed to have evolved either from the Spanish espada ropera or from the swords of the Italian nobility somewhere in the later part of the 16th century . The rapier differed from most earlier swords in that it was not a military weapon but a primarily civilian sword . Both the rapier and the Italian schiavona developed the crossguard into a basket - shaped guard for hand protection . During the 17th and 18th centuries , the shorter smallsword became an essential fashion accessory in European countries and the New World , though in some places such as the Scottish Highlands large swords as the basket - hilted broadsword were preferred , and most wealthy men and military officers carried one slung from a belt . Both the smallsword and the rapier remained popular dueling swords well into the 18th century . As the wearing of swords fell out of fashion , canes took their place in a gentleman 's wardrobe . This developed to the gentlemen in the Victorian era to use the umbrella . Some examples of canes -- those known as sword canes or swordsticks -- incorporate a concealed blade . The French martial art la canne developed to fight with canes and swordsticks and has now evolved into a sport . The English martial art singlestick is very similar . With the rise of the pistol duel , the duelling sword fell out of fashion long before the practice of duelling itself . By about 1770 , English duelists enthusiastically adopted the pistol , and sword duels dwindled . However , the custom of duelling with epées persisted well into the 20th century in France . Such modern duels were not fought to the death , the duellists ' aim was instead merely to draw blood from the opponent 's sword arm . Modern history ( edit ) Military sidearm ( edit ) Towards the end of its useful life , the sword served more as a weapon of self - defence than for use on the battlefield , and the military importance of swords steadily decreased during the Modern Age . Even as a personal sidearm , the sword began to lose its preeminence in the early 19th century , reflecting the development of reliable handguns . However , swords were still used in combat , especially in Colonial Wars between native populations and Colonial Empires . For example , during the Aceh War the Acehnese Klewangs , a sword similar to the machete , proved very effective in close quarters combat with Dutch troops , leading the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army to adopt a heavy cutlass , also called klewang ( very similar in appearance to the US Navy Model 1917 Cutlass ) to counter it . Mobile troops armed with carbines and klewangs succeeded in suppressing Aceh resistance where traditional infantry with rifle and bayonet had failed . From that time on until the 1950s the Royal Dutch East Indies Army , Royal Dutch Army , Royal Dutch Navy and Dutch police used these cutlasses called Klewang . British Major Jack Churchill ( far right ) leads Commandos during a training exercise , sword in hand , in World War II . Swords continued in general peacetime use by cavalry of most armies during the years prior to World War I . For example , the British Army formally adopted a completely new design of cavalry sword in 1908 , almost the last change in British Army weapons before the outbreak of the war . At the outbreak of World War I infantry officers in all combatant armies still carried swords as part of their field equipment . On mobilization in August 1914 all serving British Army officers were required to have their swords sharpened as the only peacetime use of the weapon had been for saluting on parade . The high visibility and limited practical use of the sword however led to it being abandoned within weeks , although most cavalry continued to carry sabres throughout the War . It was not until the late 1920s and early 1930s that this historic weapon was finally discarded for all but ceremonial purposes by most remaining horse mounted regiments of Europe and the Americas . In China troops used the long anti-cavalry Miao dao well into the Second Sino - Japanese War . The last units of British heavy cavalry switched to using armoured vehicles as late as 1938 . Swords and other dedicated melee weapons were used occasionally by many countries during World War II , but typically as a secondary weapon as they were outclassed by coexisting firearms . Ceremonial use ( edit ) Graphical documentation of the Szczerbiec , a sword that was traditionally used in the coronation ceremony of Polish kings , 12th - 13th century . Further information : Sword of State Swords are commonly worn as a ceremonial item by officers in many military and naval services throughout the world . Occasions to wear swords include any event in dress uniforms where the rank - and - file carry arms : parades , reviews , courts - martial , tattoos , and changes of command . They are also commonly worn for officers ' weddings , and when wearing dress uniforms to church -- although they are rarely actually worn in the church itself . In the British forces they are also worn for any appearance at Court . In the United States , every Naval officer at or above the rank of Lieutenant Commander is required to own a sword , which can be prescribed for any formal outdoor ceremonial occasion ; they are normally worn for changes of command and parades . For some Navy parades , cutlasses are issued to Petty Officers and Chief Petty Officers . In the U.S. Marine Corps every officer must own a sword , which is prescribed for formal parades and other ceremonies where dress uniforms are worn and the rank - and - file are under arms . On these occasions depending on their billet , Marine Staff Non-Commissioned Officers ( E-6 and above ) may also be required to carry swords , which have hilts of a pattern similar to U.S. Naval officers ' swords but are actually sabres . The USMC Model 1859 NCO Sword is the longest continuously - issued edged weapon in the U.S. inventory The Marine officer swords are of the Mameluke pattern which was adopted in 1825 in recognition of the Marines ' key role in the capture of the Tripolitan city of Derna during the First Barbary War . Taken out of issue for approximately 20 years from 1855 until 1875 , it was restored to service in the year of the Corps ' centennial and has remained in issue since . Sword replicas ( edit ) Main article : Sword replica The production of replicas of historical swords originates with 19th - century historicism . Contemporary replicas can range from cheap factory produced look - alikes to exact recreations of individual artifacts , including an approximation of the historical production methods . Some kinds of swords are still commonly used today as weapons , often as a side arm for military infantry . The Japanese katana , wakizashi and tanto are carried by some infantry and officers in Japan and other parts of Asia and the kukri is the official melee weapon for Nepal . Other swords in use today are the sabre , the scimitar , the shortsword and the machete . In the case of a rat - tail tang , the maker welds a thin rod to the end of the blade at the crossguard ; this rod goes through the grip . In traditional construction , Swordsmiths peened such tangs over the end of the pommel , or occasionally welded the hilt furniture to the tang and threaded the end for screwing on a pommel . This style is often referred to as a `` narrow '' or `` hidden '' tang . Modern , less traditional , replicas often feature a threaded pommel or a pommel nut which holds the hilt together and allows dismantling . In a `` full '' tang ( most commonly used in knives and machetes ) , the tang has about the same width as the blade , and is generally the same shape as the grip . In European or Asian swords sold today , many advertised `` full '' tangs may actually involve a forged rat - tail tang . Morphology ( edit ) Further information : Classification of swords The sword consists of the blade and the hilt . The term scabbard applies to the cover for the sword blade when not in use . Blade ( edit ) Main articles : Sword blade and Oakeshott typology There is considerable variation in the detailed design of sword blades . The diagram opposite shows a typical Medieval European sword . Early iron blades have rounded points due to the limited metallurgy of the time . These were still effective for thrusting against lightly armoured opponents . As armour advanced , blades were made narrower , stiffer and sharply pointed to defeat the armour by thrusting . Dedicated cutting blades are wide and thin , and often have grooves known as fullers which lighten the blade at the cost of some of the blade 's stiffness . The edges of a cutting sword are almost parallel . Blades oriented for the thrust have thicker blades , sometimes with a distinct midrib for increased stiffness , with a strong taper and an acute point . The geometry of a cutting sword blade allows for acute edge angles . It should be noted , however , that an edge with an acuter angle is more inclined to degrade quickly in combat situations than an edge with a more obtuse angle . Also , an acute edge angle is not the primary factor of a blade 's sharpness . The part of the blade between the center of percussion ( CoP ) and the point is called the foible ( weak ) of the blade , and that between the center of balance ( CoB ) and the hilt is the forte ( strong ) . The section in between the CoP and the CoB is the middle . The ricasso or shoulder identifies a short section of blade immediately below the guard that is left completely unsharpened . Many swords have no ricasso . On some large weapons , such as the German Zweihänder , a metal cover surrounded the ricasso , and a swordsman might grip it in one hand to wield the weapon more easily in close - quarter combat . The ricasso normally bears the maker 's mark . The tang is the extension of the blade to which the hilt is fitted . On Japanese blades , the maker 's mark appears on the tang under the grip . Hilt ( edit ) Hilt of a rapier . In this case , with a swept hilt Sword of Caliph Umar , with later hilt . The hilt is the collective term for the parts allowing for the handling and control of the blade ; these consist of the grip , the pommel , and a simple or elaborate guard , which in post-Viking Age swords could consist of only a crossguard ( called a cruciform hilt or quillons ) . The pommel was originally designed as a stop to prevent the sword slipping from the hand . From around the 11th century onward it became a counterbalance to the blade , allowing a more fluid style of fighting . It can also be used as a blunt instrument at close range , and its weight affects the centre of percussion . In later times a sword knot or tassel was sometimes added . By the 17th century , with the growing use of firearms and the accompanying decline in the use of armour , many rapiers and dueling swords had developed elaborate basket hilts , which protect the palm of the wielder and rendered the gauntlet obsolete . In late medieval and Renaissance era European swords , a flap of leather called the chappe or rain guard was attached to a sword 's crossguard at the base of the hilt to protect the mouth of the scabbard and prevent water from entering . Sword scabbards and suspension ( edit ) Main article : Scabbard Common accessories to the sword include the scabbard , as well as the sword belt . Scabbard : The scabbard , also known as the sheath , is a protective cover often provided for the sword blade . Over the millennia , scabbards have been made of many materials , including leather , wood , and metals such as brass or steel . The metal fitting where the blade enters the leather or metal scabbard is called the throat , which is often part of a larger scabbard mount , or locket , that bears a carrying ring or stud to facilitate wearing the sword . The blade 's point in leather scabbards is usually protected by a metal tip , or chape , which on both leather and metal scabbards is often given further protection from wear by an extension called a drag , or shoe . Sword belt : A sword belt is a belt with an attachment for the sword 's scabbard , used to carry it when not in use . It is usually fixed to the scabbard of the sword , providing a fast means of drawing the sword in battle . Examples of sword belts include the Balteus used by the Roman legionary . Typology ( edit ) Main articles : Types of swords and Classification of swords Further information : Sword replica Sword typology is based on morphological criteria on one hand ( blade shape ( cross-section , taper , and length ) , shape and size of the hilt and pommel ) and age and place of origin on the other ( Bronze Age , Iron Age , European ( medieval , early modern , modern ) , Asian ) . The relatively comprehensive Oakeshott typology was created by historian and illustrator Ewart Oakeshott as a way to define and catalogue European swords of the medieval period based on physical form , including blade shape and hilt configuration . The typology also focuses on the smaller , and in some cases contemporary , single - handed swords such as the arming sword . Single and double - edged ( edit ) As noted above , the terms longsword , broad sword , great sword , and Gaelic claymore are used relative to the era under consideration , and each term designates a particular type of sword . Jian ( edit ) In most Asian countries , a sword ( jian 劍 , geom ( 검 ) , ken / tsurugi ( 剣 ) , pedang ) is a double - edged straight - bladed weapon , while a knife or saber ( dāo 刀 , do ( 도 ) , to / katana ( 刀 ) , pisau , golok ) refers to a single - edged object . Kirpan ( edit ) In Sikh history , the sword is held in very high esteem . A single - edged sword is called a kirpan , and its double - edged counterpart a khanda or tega . Churika ( edit ) The South Indian churika is a handheld double - edged sword traditionally used in the Malabar region of Kerala . It is also worshipped as the weapon of Vettakkorumakan , the hunter god in Hinduism . Backsword and falchion ( edit ) European terminology does give generic names for single - edged and double - edged blades but refers to specific types with the term ' sword ' covering them all . For example , the backsword may be so called because it is single - edged but the falchion which is also single - edged is given its own specific name . Single vs two - handed use ( edit ) Two - handed sword , Italy , circa 1623 . A replica of a two - handed sword Two - handed ( edit ) See also : Two - handed sword Two - handed sword may be used to refer to any sword that usually requires two hands to wield . However , in its proper sense it should be used only to refer to the very large swords of the 16th century . Throughout history two - handed swords have generally been less common than their one - handed counterparts , one exception being their common use in Japan . Hand and a half sword ( edit ) A Hand and a half sword , colloquially known as a `` bastard sword '' , was a sword with an extended grip and sometimes pommel so that it could be used with either one or two hands . Although these swords may not provide a full two - hand grip , they allowed its wielders to hold a shield or parrying dagger in their off hand , or to use it as a two - handed sword for a more powerful blow . These should not be confused with a longsword , two - handed sword , or Zweihänder , which were always intended to be used with two hands . Fictional types ( edit ) In fantasy , magic swords often appear , based on their use in myth and legend . The science fiction counterpart to these is known as an energy sword ( sometimes also referred to as a `` beam sword '' or `` laser sword '' ) , a sword whose blade consists of , or is augmented by , concentrated energy . A well known example of this type of sword is the lightsaber , primarily shown in the Star Wars franchise . See also ( edit ) Classification of swords Types of swords List of swords List of sword manufacturers Chinese swords Japanese swords Arabic swords Oakeshott typology Sword making Sword replica Swordsmanship Waster History of the sword List of blade materials References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Pattern - Welding and Damascening of Sword - Blades : Part 1 Pattern - Welding '' ( Maryon 1960 ) A brief review article by the originator of the term `` pattern - welding '' accurately details all the salient points of the construction of pattern - welded blades and of how all the patterns observed result as a function of the depth of grinding into a twisted rod structure . The article also includes a brief description of pattern - welding as encountered in the Malay keris . Damascus steel is also known as watered steel . Citations Jump up ^ cognate to Old High German swert , Old Norse sverð , from a Proto - Indo - European root * swer - `` to wound , to cut '' . Before about 1500 , the spelling swerd ( e ) was much more common than sword ( e ) . The irregular loss of / w / in English pronunciation also dates to about 1500 , and is found in a small number of other words , such as answer ( c.f. swear ) , conquer ( c.f. query ) . Charles Barber , Joan Beal , Philip Shaw , The English Language , Canto Classics , 2nd revised edition , Cambridge University Press , 2012 , p. 206 . Latin had ensis , gladius and spatha ; as the term for the sword used by the Late Roman army , spatha became the source of the words for `` sword '' in Romance languages , such as Italian spada , Iberian espada and French epée . Both gladius and spatha are loanwords in Latin ; ensis was the generic term for `` sword '' in Classical Latin , and was again widely used in Renaissance Latin , while Middle Latin mostly used gladius as the generic term . Jump up ^ `` Oldest Swords Found in Turkey '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Frangipane , M. et.al. 2010 : The collapse of the 4th millennium centralised system at Arslantepe and the far - reaching changes in 3rd millennium societies . ORIGINI XXXIV , 2012 : 237 - 260 . Jump up ^ R. Jung , M. Mehofer , A sword of Naue II type from Ugarit and the Historical Significance of Italian type Weaponry in the Eastern Mediterranean , Aegean Archaeology 8 , 2008 , 111 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Drews , Robert ( 1995 ) . The end of the Bronze Age : changes in warfare and the catastrophe ca . 1200 B.C ( revised ed . ) . Princeton University Press . pp. 197 -- 204 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02591 - 6 . Jump up ^ Melheim , Lene ( June 2014 ) . `` Tales of Hoards and Swordfighters in Early Bronze Age Scandinavia : The Brand New and the Broken '' . Norwegian Archaeological Review 47 . 1 : 18 -- 41 -- via EBSCO host . Jump up ^ Bunnefeld , Jan - Heinrich ( December 2016 ) . `` Crafting Swords . The emergence and production of full - hilted swords in the Early Nordic Bronze Age '' . Praehistorische Zeitschrift. 91 : 384 -- via EBSCO host . Jump up ^ Chang , K.C. ( 1982 ) . `` Studies of Shang Archaeology '' . Yale University Press : 6 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 03578 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Cao , Hangang . `` A Study of Chinese Weapons Cast During Pre-Qin and Han Periods in the Central Plains of China '' . Retrieved 3 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Allchin , pp. 111 -- 114 Jump up ^ Burton , p. 78 Jump up ^ How Ancient Europeans saw the World pg 124 by Peter Wells Jump up ^ Hanson , Victor Davis ( 1993 ) . Hoplites : the classical Greek battle experience . Routledge Publishing . pp. 25 -- 27 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 09816 - 5 . Retrieved 18 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , Adrian Keith ( 1998 ) . The Roman army at war : 100 BC - AD 200 . Oxford University Press . pp. 216 -- 217 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 815090 - 3 . Retrieved 18 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Fields , Nic ( 2009 ) . The Roman Army of the Principate 27 BCE - CE 117 . Osprey Publishing . pp. 30 -- 31 . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 386 - 1 . Retrieved 18 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Mantello , Frank Anthony C. ; Rigg , A.G. ( 1996 ) . Medieval Latin : an introduction and bibliographical guide . CUA Press . pp. 447 -- 449 . ISBN 0 - 8132 - 0842 - 4 . Retrieved 18 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Naish p. 39 ^ Jump up to : Prasad , chapter IX Jump up ^ Laing , Lloyd Robert ( 2006 ) . The archaeology of Celtic Britain and Ireland , c . CE 400 -- 1200 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 93 -- 95 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54740 - 7 Jump up ^ Franklin , Simon ( 2002 ) . Writing society and culture in early Rus , c. 950 -- 1300 . Cambridge University Press . p. 109 . ISBN 0 - 511 - 03025 - 8 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Maryon , Herbert ( February 1960 ) . `` Pattern - Welding and Damascening of Sword - Blades : Part 1 Pattern - Welding '' . Studies in Conservation. 5 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 37 . JSTOR 1505063 . doi : 10.2307 / 1505063 . Jump up ^ Jeep , John M. ( 2001 ) . Medieval Germany : an encyclopedia . Routledge publishing . p. 802 , ISBN 0 - 8240 - 7644 - 3 Jump up ^ Gravett , p. 47 Jump up ^ Cirlot , Juan Eduardo ( 2002 ) . A Dictionary of Symbols . Courier Dover Publications . pp. 323 -- 325 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 42523 - 1 . Jump up ^ James E. Lindsay ( 2005 ) . Daily life in the medieval Islamic world . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32270 - 8 . Jump up ^ Friday , Karl F. ( 2004 ) . Samurai , warfare and the state in early medieval Japan . Routledge publishing . pp. 79 -- 81. , ISBN 0 - 415 - 32962 - 0 Jump up ^ Jeep , John M. ( 1998 ) . The connoisseur 's book of Japanese swords . Kodansha International publishing . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2071 - 6 Jump up ^ Nagayama , Kōkan ( 1998 ) . The connoisseur 's book of Japanese swords . Kodansha International . pp. 59 -- 65 . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2071 - 6 . Retrieved 18 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Stephen Turnbull ( 2012 ) . Katana : The Samurai Sword . Osprey Publishing . p. 4 . ISBN 9781849086585 . Jump up ^ Roger Ford ( 2006 ) . Weapon : A Visual History of Arms and Armor . DK Publishing . pp. 66 , 120 . ISBN 9780756622107 . Jump up ^ Samurai 1550 - 1600 , p49 , Anthony J Bryant , Angus McBride Jump up ^ M.L.K. Murty ( 2003 ) , p91 Jump up ^ Teece , Geoff . Sikhism . Black Rabbit Books . p. 18 . ISBN 1583404694 . Jump up ^ Freese , Brett Leslie . `` Wind - Powered Furnaces '' . archaeology.org . Retrieved 6 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Saravanan , T. ( 2005 ) . `` Valorous Sports Metro Plus Madurai '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ Stone and LaRocca , p. 229 Jump up ^ Evangelista , page 575 Jump up ^ `` Ancient and Awesome Indo - Pakistani Weapons '' . Black Belt . 18 : 34 . March 1980 . ISSN 0277 - 3066 . Jump up ^ `` Kampilan '' . Malay World Edged Weapons . old.blades.free.fr. 13 March 2007 . Retrieved 5 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Guro Tony ( 4 May 2012 ) . `` Traditional Filipino Weapons '' . Philippine Martial Arts Institute . Retrieved 4 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert Rousseau ; About.com Guide ( 4 May 2012 ) . `` A History and Style Guide of Kali '' . About.com . Retrieved 4 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Lindholm , David ; Nicolle , David ( 2007 ) . The Scandinavian Baltic Crusades 1100 -- 1500 . Osprey Publishing . p. 178 . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 988 - 6 . Jump up ^ Tarassuk , Leonid ; Blair , Claude ( 1982 ) . The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms & Weapons : The Most Comprehensive Reference Work Ever Published on Arms and Armour from Prehistoric Times to the Present -- with Over 1,200 Illustrations . Simon & Schuster . p. 491 . ^ Jump up to : McLean , p. 178 ^ Jump up to : `` Transkription von cgm582 '' . Pragmatische Schriftlichkeit . Retrieved 10 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 15th Century English Combat Manuscripts '' . The English Martial Arts Academy . Retrieved 10 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Douglas Miller , John Richards : Landsknechte 1486 -- 1560 , ISBN 3 - 87748 - 636 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Greate Pier fan Wûnseradiel '' ( in Western Frisian ) . Gemeente Wûnseradiel . Retrieved 4 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Douglas ( 1976 ) . The Landsknechts . Osprey Publishing . p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 85045 - 258 - 9 . Jump up ^ Roth , Ariel A ( 1989 ) . `` The Dishonor of Dueling '' . Geoscience Research Institute . Jump up ^ The term cut & thrust is a non-historical classification first used within The Association for Renaissance Martial Arts to differentiate cutting swords with compound hilts from true rapiers . Jump up ^ `` Practical Side Sword '' . Fencing.net . Retrieved 22 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Mortensen , Peder ; Torben Lundbæk ; Kjeld von Folsach ( 1996 ) . Sultan , Shah , and Great Mughal : the history and culture of the Islamic world . National Museum . p. 200 . ISBN 87 - 89384 - 31 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Encyclopædia Britannica - '' Sword `` '' . The Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 10 November 2010 . Jump up ^ In 1579 , Styria records delivery of some 700 Dusäggen by local bladesmiths , besides payment of 40 Dusäggen delivered from Passau , as part of the preparation for the war against the Turks under Archduke Charles II . `` Säbel , ' Dusägge ' , Deutsch Ende 16 . Jahrhundert '' , Waffensammlung Beck , Inv - Nr. : Be 10 . Jump up ^ Claude Blair , `` The Early Basket Hilt in Britain '' in : Scottish Weapons and Fortifications ( ed . David H. Caldwell , 1981 ) Jump up ^ Vladimir Brnardic , Darko Pavlovic , Imperial Armies of the Thirty Years ' War ( 2 ) : Cavalry , Osprey Publishing , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 997 - 3 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Grandy , Bill . `` Pappenheimer Sword '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ UK. , The Fitzwilliam Museum , University of Cambridge , ( 1 January 2012 ) . `` Collections Explorer - Object Detail ( HEN. M. 219 - 1933 , id : 1 ) '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Nathan . `` Walloon Swords '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statens försvarshistoriska museer '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Kirkland p. 17 Jump up ^ Green p. 583 - 584 ^ Jump up to : Oakeshott , Ewart . The Sword in the Age of Chivalry . Boydell Press 1994 . Pages 18 - 19 . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 715 - 7 Jump up ^ Norman , B. ; Vesey , A. ( 1980 ) . The rapier and small - sword , 1460 -- 1820 . Arms and Armour Press . ISBN 0 - 405 - 13089 - 9 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 22 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The last known French duel of public note fought with epées took place in 1967 , when Gaston Defferre insulted René Ribière ( fr ) at the French Parliament and was subsequently challenged to a duel fought with swords . René Ribière lost the duel , having been wounded twice . `` People : Apr. 28 , 1967 '' . Time . 1967 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Moor , Jaap de ; Wesseling , H.L. ( 1989 ) . Imperialism and war : essays on colonial wars in Asia and Africa . BRILL . pp. 69 -- 71 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 08834 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ion , A. Hamish ; Errington , Elizabeth Jane ( 1993 ) . Great powers and little wars : the limits of power . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 60 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 93965 - 0 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson - Latham , John ( 1966 ) . British Military Swords from 1800 to the Present Day . Hutchinson & Co . ISBN 0 - 09 - 081201 - 8 . Jump up ^ Barbara W. Tuchman , p. 229 , `` The Guns of August '' Constable and Co. Ltd 1962 Jump up ^ Johnson , Thomas M. ( 2006 ) . German Swords of World War II -- A Photographic Reference Vol. 3 : DLV , Diplomats , Customs , Police and Fire , Justice , Mining , Railway , Etc . Schiffer Pub Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7643 - 2432 - 2 . Jump up ^ Youens , Michael ; Warner , Philip ( 1973 ) . Japanese Army of World War II . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 0 - 85045 - 118 - 3 . Retrieved 18 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Mike ( 1998 ) . Battles of World War II . ABDO Publishing . ISBN 1 - 56239 - 804 - 0 . Retrieved 18 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Roffe , Michael ( 1972 ) . United States Marine Corps . Osprey Publishing . p. 5 . ISBN 0 - 85045 - 115 - 9 . Jump up ^ Dov M. Gabbay ; Anthonie Meijers ; Paul Thagard ; John Woods ( 2009 ) . Philosophy of Technology and Engineering Sciences . Elsevier Publishing . p. 1208 . ISBN 0 - 444 - 51667 - 0 . Jump up ^ Chappell , Mike ( 1993 ) . The Gurkhas . Osprey Publishing . pp. 31 -- 32 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 357 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Tang Types of a Sword '' . gungfu.com . Archived from the original on 30 October 2006 . Retrieved 7 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Geißler , Robert ( 2014 ) . `` Concerning the Sharpness of Blades '' . HROARR . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Yumoto , John M. ( 1979 ) . The Samurai sword : a handbook . Tuttle Publishing . p. 137 . ISBN 0 - 8048 - 0509 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Loades , Mike ( 2010 ) . Swords and Swordsmen . Great Britain : Pen & Sword Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84884 - 133 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Eduard ( 2004 ) . Swords and daggers : an illustrated handbook . Courier Dover Publications , p. 13 , ISBN 0 - 486 - 43392 - 7 Jump up ^ Burton , p. 124 Jump up ^ Robson , Brian ( 1975 ) . Swords of the British Army : the regulation patterns , 1788 -- 1914 . Arms and Armour Press , p. 10 , ISBN 0 - 901721 - 33 - 6 Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 133 -- 134 Jump up ^ Singh Jiwan Singh , B. Chatter , `` The turban and the sword of the Sikhs : Essence of Sikhism '' , Amritsar , 2001 , ISBN 81 - 7601 - 491 - 5 Jump up ^ Oakeshott , Ewart ( 1980 ) . European Weapons and Armour . Guildford & London : Lutterworth Press . p. 152 . Bibliography Allchin , F.R. in South Asian Archaeology 1975 : Papers from The Third International Conference of The Association of South Asian Archaeologists In Western Europe , Held In Paris ( December 1979 ) edited by J.E. van Lohuizen - de Leeuw . Brill Academic Publishers , Incorporated. 106 -- 118 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 05996 - 2 . Prasad , Prakash Chandra ( 2003 ) . Foreign Trade and Commerce In Ancient India . Abhinav Publications . ISBN 81 - 7017 - 053 - 2 . Edgerton ; et al. ( 2002 ) . Indian and Oriental Arms and Armour . Courier Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 42229 - 1 . Withers , Harvey JS ; ( 2006 ) . World Swords 1400 -- 1945 . Studio Jupiter Military Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9545910 - 1 - 1 . Naish , Camille ( 1991 ) . Death Comes to The Maiden : Sex and Execution , 1431 -- 1933 . Taylor & Francis Publishing . ISBN 0 - 415 - 05585 - 7 . Burton , Richard F ( 2008 ). The Book of The Sword . Cosimo , Inc . ISBN 1 - 60520 - 436 - 6 . Gravett , Christopher ( 1997 ) . German Medieval Armies 1000 - 1300 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 657 - 4 . Wertime , Theodore and Muhly , J.D. ( 1980 ) eds. The Coming of The Age of Iron . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 02425 - 8 . Kirkland , J. Michael ( 2006 ) . Stage Combat Resource Materials : A Selected and Annotated Bibliography . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30710 - 5 . McLean , Will ; Forgeng , Jeffrey L. ( 2008 ) . Daily life in Chaucer 's England . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 0 - 313 - 35951 - 2 . Green , Thomas A. ( 2001 ) . Martial Arts of The World : An Encyclopedia. V. 1 . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 150 - 2 . Evangelista , Nick ( 1995 ) . The encyclopedia of the sword . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 27896 - 2 . Smith , William ( 1843 ) . A dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities . Michigan University Press . Comnena , Anna . ( 1928 ) . The Alexiad . Ed. and trans . Elizabeth A. Dawes . London : Routledge . Available at the Internet History Sourcebook External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sword Look up sword in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Media related to Swords at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Sword types and classifications by region and historical era Swordsmanship Thrusting swords ( Edgeless ) Curved swords ( Single - edge ) Straight swords ( Double - edge ) Europe Prehistory Bronze Age sword Ancient period Iron Age sword Harpe Gladius Xiphos Kopis / Falcata Makhaira Spatha Sica Rhomphaia Falx Post-classical period Viking sword Arming sword Longsword Claymore Falchion Shashka Early modern period Zweihänder Spada da lato Katzbalger Cinquedea Estoc Side - sword Espada ropera Swiss degen Late modern period Rapier Sabre Cutlass Basket - hilted sword Small sword Dueling sword Hunting sword Pistol sword Spadroon Sword bayonet China Ancient Jian Dao Medieval Dadao Hook sword Zhanmadao Ming -- Qing Liuyedao Wodao Changdao Yanmaodao Modern Miaodao Korea Bronze Age -- Gojoseon Liaoning bronze dagger culture Iron Age -- Three Kingdom Era Hwandudaedo Seven - Branched Sword Goryeo and Joseon era Jedok geom Bonguk geom Hwando Wungeom Four Tiger Sword Japan Yayoi -- Nara periods Chokutō Tsurugi Heian -- Kamakura periods Tachi Ōdachi Tantō Muromachi -- Edo periods Wakizashi Uchigatana Katana Meiji period and beyond Guntō Iaitō Ninjatō Shikomizue South Asia Ancient Khanda Urumi Medieval and modern Firangi Kastane Talwar Kayamkulam vaal Pata Western and Central Asia Scimitar type Kilij Shamshir Saif Kaskara Flyssa Yatagan Mameluke sword Indonesia Early period Mandau Niabor Parang Balato Gari Surik Late period Klewang Sundang Langgai Tinggang Parang Nabur Sikin Panjang Philippines Classical Epoch Kampilan Kalis Barong Panabas Gulok Parang Spanish colonization Bolo Balisword Espada y Daga Dahong palay Pinuti Mainland Southeast Asia Classic stage Dha Post-Classic stage Krabi -- krabong Mesoamerica Pre-Columbian era Macuahuitl Macana Africa Ancient Egypt Khopesh Acinaces Mainland Ida Kaskara Nimcha Shotel Billao Takoba Notable swords Historical Eastern Seven - Branched Sword Sugari no Ontachi Sword of Goujian Sword of Osman Sword of Victory Western Blessed swords Colada Curtana Curved saber of San Martín Grunwald Swords Joyeuse Lobera Legbiter Sword of Saint Peter Sword of Saint Wenceslas Sword of Stalingrad Szczerbiec Tizona Ulfberht swords Wallace Sword Mythical or legendary Eastern Asi Cura Si Manjakini Gan Jiang and Mo Ye Kris Mpu Gandring Kris Setan Kober Kris Taming Sari Kusanagi Nandaka Shamshir - e Zomorrodnegar Thuận Thiên Totsuka - no - Tsurugi Zulfiqar Western Almace Caladbolg Carnwennan Claíomh Solais Clarent Crocea Mors Dáinsleif Durendal Dyrnwyn Excalibur ( Caledfwlch ) Fragarach Gram Harpe Hauteclere Hǫfuð Hrotti Hrunting Kladenets Lævateinn Mistilteinn Murgleys Nægling Précieuse Ridill Skofnung Sword of Attila Sword of Damocles Tyrfing Note : some of the existing swords are named after earlier legendary ones . GND : 4053972 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sword&oldid=807699118 '' Categories : Swords Blade weapons Ancient weapons Medieval weapons Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015 CS1 Western Frisian - language sources ( fy ) Webarchive template wayback links Interlanguage link template link number Use dmy dates from July 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from March 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Walon West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 16 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the meaning of sword in english
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"A sword is a bladed weapon intended for slashing or thrusting that is longer than a knife or dagger. The precise definition of the term varies with the historical epoch or the geographical region under consideration. A sword consists of a long blade attached to a hilt. The blade can be straight or curved. Thrusting swords have a pointed tip on the blade, and tend to be straighter; slashing swords have sharpened cutting edge on one or both sides of the blade, and are more likely to be curved. Many swords are designed for both thrusting and slashing."
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"a bladed weapon intended for slashing or thrusting that is longer than a knife or dagger"
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Cobweb model
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Cobweb model - Wikipedia Cobweb model Jump to : navigation , search The cobweb model or cobweb theory is an economic model that explains why prices might be subject to periodic fluctuations in certain types of markets . It describes cyclical supply and demand in a market where the amount produced must be chosen before prices are observed . Producers ' expectations about prices are assumed to be based on observations of previous prices . Nicholas Kaldor analyzed the model in 1934 , coining the term `` cobweb theorem '' ( see Kaldor , 1938 and Pashigian , 2008 ) , citing previous analyses in German by Henry Schultz and Umberto Ricci ( it ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 The model 2 Elasticities versus slopes 3 Role of expectations 3.1 The `` Anpassung nach Unten '' and `` Schraube nach Unten '' argument 4 Evidence 4.1 Livestock herds 4.2 Human experimental data 4.3 Housing sector in Israel 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources The model ( edit ) link = File : Cobweb_theory_ % 28convergent % 29. svg link = File : Cobweb_theory_ % 28divergent % 29. svg The cobweb model is based on a time lag between supply and demand decisions . Agricultural markets are a context where the cobweb model might apply , since there is a lag between planting and harvesting ( Kaldor , 1934 , p. 133 - 134 gives two agricultural examples : rubber and corn ) . Suppose for example that as a result of unexpectedly bad weather , farmers go to market with an unusually small crop of strawberries . This shortage , equivalent to a leftward shift in the market 's supply curve , results in high prices . If farmers expect these high price conditions to continue , then in the following year , they will raise their production of strawberries relative to other crops . Therefore , when they go to market the supply will be high , resulting in low prices . If they then expect low prices to continue , they will decrease their production of strawberries for the next year , resulting in high prices again . This process is illustrated by the diagrams on the right . The equilibrium price is at the intersection of the supply and demand curves . A poor harvest in period 1 means supply falls to Q , so that prices rise to P. If producers plan their period 2 production under the expectation that this high price will continue , then the period 2 supply will be higher , at Q. Prices therefore fall to P when they try to sell all their output . As this process repeats itself , oscillating between periods of low supply with high prices and then high supply with low prices , the price and quantity trace out a spiral . They may spiral inwards , as in the top figure , in which case the economy converges to the equilibrium where supply and demand cross ; or they may spiral outwards , with the fluctuations increasing in magnitude . The cobweb model can have two types of outcomes : If the supply curve is steeper than the demand curve , then the fluctuations decrease in magnitude with each cycle , so a plot of the prices and quantities over time would look like an inward spiral , as shown in the first diagram . This is called the stable or convergent case . If the slope of the supply curve is less than the absolute value of the slope of the demand curve , then the fluctuations increase in magnitude with each cycle , so that prices and quantities spiral outwards . This is called the unstable or divergent case . Two other possibilities are : Fluctuations may also remain of constant magnitude , so a plot of the outcomes would produce a simple rectangle , if the supply and demand curves have exactly the same slope ( in absolute value ) . If the supply curve is less steep than the demand curve near the point where the two curves cross , but more steep when we move sufficiently far away , then prices and quantities will spiral away from the equilibrium price but will not diverge indefinitely ; instead , they may converge to a limit cycle . In either of the first two scenarios , the combination of the spiral and the supply and demand curves often looks like a cobweb , hence the name of the theory . Elasticities versus slopes ( edit ) The outcomes of the cobweb model are stated above in terms of slopes , but they are more commonly described in terms of elasticities . In terms of slopes , the convergent case requires that the slope of the supply curve be greater than the absolute value of the slope of the demand curve : d P S d Q S > d P D d Q D . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dP ^ ( S ) ) ( dQ ^ ( S ) ) ) > \ left ( \ frac ( dP ^ ( D ) ) ( dQ ^ ( D ) ) ) \ right . ) In standard microeconomics terminology , define the elasticity of supply as d Q S / Q S d P S / P S ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dQ ^ ( S ) / Q ^ ( S ) ) ( dP ^ ( S ) / P ^ ( S ) ) ) ) , and the elasticity of demand as d Q D / Q D d P D / P D ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dQ ^ ( D ) / Q ^ ( D ) ) ( dP ^ ( D ) / P ^ ( D ) ) ) ) . If we evaluate these two elasticities at the equilibrium point , that is P S = P D = P > 0 ( \ displaystyle P ^ ( S ) = P ^ ( D ) = P > 0 ) and Q S = Q D = Q > 0 ( \ displaystyle Q ^ ( S ) = Q ^ ( D ) = Q > 0 ) , then we see that the convergent case requires d Q S / Q d P S / P < d Q D / Q d P D / P , ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dQ ^ ( S ) / Q ) ( dP ^ ( S ) / P ) ) < \ left ( \ frac ( dQ ^ ( D ) / Q ) ( dP ^ ( D ) / P ) ) \ right , ) whereas the divergent case requires d Q S / Q d P S / P > d Q D / Q d P D / P . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dQ ^ ( S ) / Q ) ( dP ^ ( S ) / P ) ) > \ left ( \ frac ( dQ ^ ( D ) / Q ) ( dP ^ ( D ) / P ) ) \ right . ) In words , the convergent case occurs when the demand curve is more elastic than the supply curve , at the equilibrium point . The divergent case occurs when the supply curve is more elastic than the demand curve , at the equilibrium point ( see Kaldor , 1934 , page 135 , propositions ( i ) and ( ii ) . ) Role of expectations ( edit ) One reason to be skeptical of this model 's predictions is that it assumes producers are extremely shortsighted . Assuming that farmers look back at the most recent prices in order to forecast future prices might seem very reasonable , but this backward - looking forecasting ( which is called adaptive expectations ) turns out to be crucial for the model 's fluctuations . When farmers expect high prices to continue , they produce too much and therefore end up with low prices , and vice versa . In the stable case , this may not be an unbelievable outcome , since the farmers ' prediction errors ( the difference between the price they expect and the price that actually occurs ) become smaller every period . In this case , after several periods prices and quantities will come close to the point where supply and demand cross , and predicted prices will be very close to actual prices . But in the unstable case , the farmers ' errors get larger every period . This seems to indicate that adaptive expectations is a misleading assumption -- how could farmers fail to notice that last period 's price is not a good predictor of this period 's price ? The fact that agents with adaptive expectations may make ever - increasing errors over time has led many economists to conclude that it is better to assume rational expectations , that is , expectations consistent with the actual structure of the economy . However , the rational expectations assumption is controversial since it may exaggerate agents ' understanding of the economy . The cobweb model serves as one of the best examples to illustrate why understanding expectation formation is so important for understanding economic dynamics , and also why expectations are so controversial in recent economic theory . The `` anpassung nach unten '' and `` schraube nach unten '' argument ( edit ) This article may be confusing or unclear to readers . Please help us clarify the article . There might be a discussion about this on the talk page . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The German concepts which translate literally `` adjustment to lower '' and `` screw to lower '' are known from the works of Hans - Peter Martin and Harald Schumann , the authors of The Global Trap . Martin and Schumann see the process to worsened living standards as screw - shaped . Mordecai Ezekiel 's The Cobweb Theorem ( 1938 ) illustrate a screw - shaped expectations - driven process . Eino Haikala has analyzed Ezekiel 's work among others , and clarified that time constitutes the axis of the screw - shape . Thus Martin and Schumann point out that the cobweb theorem works to worsen standards of living as well . The idea of expectations - variation and thus modeled and induced expectations is shown clearly in Oskar Morgenstern 's Vollkommene Voraussicht und Wirtschaftliches Gleichgewicht . This article shows also that the concept of perfect foresight ( vollkommene Voraussicht ) is not a Robert E. Lucas or rational expectations invention but rests in game theory , Morgenstern and John von Neumann being the authors of Theory of Games and Economic Behavior . This does not mean that rational expectations hypothesis is not game theory or separate from the cobweb theorem , but vice versa . The `` there must be '' a random component claim by Alan A. Walters alone shows that rational ( consistent ) expectations is game theory , since the component is there to create an illusion of random walk . Alan A. Walters ( 1971 ) also claims that `` extrapolators '' are `` unsophisticated '' , thus differentiating between prediction and forecasting . Using induced modeled expectations is prediction , not forecasting , unless these expectations are based on extrapolation . A prediction does not have to even try to be true . To avoid a prediction to be falsified it has to be , according to Franco Modigliani and Emile Grunberg 's article `` The Predictability of Social Events '' , kept private . Thus public prediction serves private one in REH . Haikala ( 1956 ) claims that cobweb theorem is a theorem of deceiving farmers , thus seeing cobweb theorem as a kind of rational or rather , consistent , expectations model with a game - theoretic feature . This makes sense when considering the argument of Hans - Peter Martin and Harald Schumann . The truth - value of a prediction is one measure in differentiating between non-deceiving and deceiving models . In Martin and Schumann 's context , a claim that anti-Keynesian policies lead to a greater welfare of the majority of mankind should be analyzed in terms of truth . One way to do this is to investigate past historical data . This is contrary to the principles of REH , where the measure of policies is an economic model , not reality , and credibility , not truth . The importance of intellectual climate emphasized in Friedmans ' work means that the credibility of a prediction can be increased by manipulating public opinion , despite its lack of truth . Morgenstern ( 1935 ) states that when varying expectations , the expectation of future has always to be positive ( and prediction has to be credible ) . Expectation is a dynamic component in both REH and cobweb theorem , and the question of expectation formation is the key to Hans - Peter Martin 's and Harald Schumann 's argument , which deals with trading current welfare for expected future welfare with actually worsening policies in the middle . This ' in order to achieve that then we have to do this now ' is the key in Bertrand de Jouvenel 's work . Cobweb theorem and the rational ( consistent ) expectations hypothesis are part of welfare economics which according to Martin and Schumann 's argument act now to worsen the welfare of the majority of mankind . Nicholas Kaldor 's work The Scourge of Monetarism is an analysis of how the policies described by Martin and Schumann came to the United Kingdom . Evidence ( edit ) Livestock herds ( edit ) The cobweb model has been interpreted as an explanation of fluctuations in various livestock markets , like those documented by Arthur Hanau in German hog markets ; see Pork cycle . However , Rosen et al. ( 1994 ) proposed an alternative model which showed that because of the three - year life cycle of beef cattle , cattle populations would fluctuate over time even if ranchers had perfectly rational expectations . Human experimental data ( edit ) In 1989 , Wellford conducted twelve experimental sessions each conducted with five participants over thirty periods simulating the stable and unstable cases . Her results show that the unstable case did not result in the divergent behavior we see with cobweb expectations but rather the participants converged toward the rational expectations equilibrium . However , the price path variance in the unstable case was greater than that in the stable case ( and the difference was shown to be statistically significant ) . One way of interpreting these results is to say that in the long run , the participants behaved as if they had rational expectations , but that in the short run they made mistakes . These mistakes caused larger fluctuations in the unstable case than in the stable case . Housing sector in Israel ( edit ) The residential construction sector of Israel was , primarily as a result of waves of immigration , and still is , a principal factor in the structure of the business cycles in Israel . The increasing population , financing methods , higher income , and investment needs converged and came to be reflected through the skyrocketing demand for housing . On the other hand , technology , private and public entrepreneurship , the housing inventory and the availability of workforce have converged on the supply side . The position and direction of the housing sector in the business cycle can be identified by using a cobweb model ( see Tamari , 1981 ) . See also ( edit ) Adaptive expectations Cobweb plot Lotka -- Volterra equation Pork cycle Tatonnement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ezekiel , Mordecai : `` The Cobweb Theorem '' . The Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol. 52 , No. 2 ( Feb. 1938 ) pp. 255 -- 280 . Jump up ^ Haikala , Eino : Maatalouden ominaissuhdanteet ja cobweb - teoria ( 1956 ) . Pellervo . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Oskar : Vollkommene Voraussicht und wirtschaftliches Gleichgewicht . Zeitschrift fur Nationalekonomie Bd. 6 ( 1935 ) pp. 337 -- 357 . Jump up ^ Walters , Alan A. : `` Consistent Expectations , Distributed Lags and the Quantity Theory '' . The Economic Journal 81 ( 322 ) ( Feb. 1971 ) pp. 273 -- 281 . Jump up ^ Modogliani , Franco & Grunberg , Emile : `` The Predictability of Social Events '' . Journal of Political Economy , Vol. 62 , No. 6 ( Dec. 1954 ) pp. 465 -- 478 . Jump up ^ Kydland , Finn E. & Prescott , Edward : Rules Rather than Discretion : The Inconsistency of Optimal Plans . Journal of Political Economy , Vol. 85 , No. 3 ( Jun. 1977 ) pp. 473 -- 492 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Milton & Friedman , Rose : Free to Choose . Jump up ^ Edward Lotterman , `` In shipping , cattle and some careers , cycles play out '' , Twin Cities Pioneer Press , 4 . April 2012 : Real World Economics Sources ( edit ) W. Nicholson , Microeconomic Theory , 7th ed. , Ch. 17 , pp. 524 -- 538 . Dryden Press : ISBN 0 - 03 - 024474 - 9 . Jasmina Arifovic , `` Genetic Algorithm Learning and the Cobweb Model '' , Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control , vol. 18 , Issue 1 , ( January 1994 ) , 3 - 28 . Arthur Hanau ( 1928 ) , `` Die Prognose der Schweinepreise '' . In : Vierteljahreshefte zur Konjunkturforschung , Verlag Reimar Hobbing , Berlin . Mordecai Ezekiel ( February 1938 ) . `` The Cobweb Theorem '' ( PDF ) . Quarterly Journal of Economics . 52 ( 2 ) : 255 -- 280 . doi : 10.2307 / 1881734 . Nicholas Kaldor , `` A Classificatory Note on the Determination of Equilibrium '' , Review of Economic Studies , vol I ( February 1934 ) , 122 - 36 . ( See especially pages 133 -- 135 . ) Marc Nerlove ( 1958 ) . `` Adaptive Expectations and Cobweb Phenomena '' . Quarterly Journal of Economics . 72 ( 2 ) : 227 -- 240 . doi : 10.2307 / 1880597 . C.P. Wellford , ' A Laboratory Analysis of Price Dynamics and Expectations in the Cobweb Model ' , Discussion Paper 89 - 15 ( University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ ) . Muth , J.F. ( 1961 ) . `` Rational Expectations and the Theory of Price Movements '' . Econometrica. 29 ( 3 ) : 315 -- 35 . JSTOR 1909635 . Pashigian , B.P. ( 2008 ) . `` Cobweb Theorem '' . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics ( 2nd ed . ) . Rosen , S. ; Murphy , K. ; Scheinkman , J. ( 1994 ) . `` Cattle Cycles '' . Journal of Political Economy. 102 : 468 -- 92 . doi : 10.1086 / 261942 . Ricci , Umberto ( 1930 ) . `` Die ' synthetische Ökonomie ' von Henry Ludwell Moore '' . Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie. 1 ( 5 ) : 649 -- 668 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01318499 . Schultz , H. Der Sinn der statistischen Nachfragekurven . p. 34 . Tamari , Ben ( 1981 ) . `` Cycles , Prices And Quantities In Israel Housing Market - Cobweb model '' ( PDF ) . update March 2011 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cobweb_model&oldid=794788625 '' Categories : Economics models Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2017 , at 01 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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with the aid of relevant diagrams discuss the types of cobweb model we have
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Sailor Saturn
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Sailor Saturn - wikipedia Sailor Saturn Sailor Saturn Sailor Moon character Sailor Saturn in her original uniform with her Silence Glaive , as drawn by Naoko Takeuchi . First appearance `` Infinity 1 - Premonition '' ( Manga ) `` Who is the True Messiah ? Chaos of Light and Darkness '' ( 1990s series ) `` Infinity 1 Premonition - Part 2 '' ( Sailor Moon Crystal ) Created by Naoko Takeuchi Voiced by Japanese : Yūko Minaguchi Yukiyo Fujii ( Sailor Moon Crystal ) English : Christine Marie Cabanos ( Viz Dub ) Jen Gould ( CWi Dub ) Profile Aliases Hotaru Tomoe Princess Saturn God of Destruction Mysterious Girl ( musicals only ) Kon ( musicals only ) Affiliations Sailor Guardians Death Busters ( As Mistress 9 's host ) Dead Moon Circus ( musicals ) Shadow Galactica ( manga ) Powers and abilities Immense destructive / deathly powers Erection of force fields Minor healing abilities Reincarnation Premonition Sailor Saturn ( セーラー サターン , Sērā Satān ) is a fictional lead character in Naoko Takeuchi 's Sailor Moon media franchise . She is the alternate human identity of Hotaru Tomoe ( 土 萠 ほたる , Tomoe Hotaru ) , and a member of the Sailor Guardians , female supernatural fighters who protect the Solar System from evil . Sailor Saturn is the last of the Sailor Guardians to be discovered , possessing powers associated with destruction , death , and rebirth that made her a potential threat as she can wipe out a planet and even an entire star system or reset its evolution . Contents 1 Profile 2 Aspects and forms 2.1 Sailor Saturn 2.2 Princess Saturn 2.3 Mistress 9 2.4 Mysterious Girl 2.5 Kon 3 Special powers and items 4 Development 5 Actresses 6 Reception and influence 7 See also 8 References Profile ( edit ) Twelve - year - old Hotaru Tomoe , as seen in the original 1990s anime Years prior to the story , Hotaru was eight years old and living with her parents in Tokyo 's Sankakusu District prior to a freak storm which caused a fire that killed her mother Keiko and left her on the verge of death herself . Later admitting that she was meant to die at the time , Hotaru 's life was unnaturally prolonged by both the actions of her father Souichi Tomoe turning her into a cyborg and being made a host to the Daimon Mistress 9 whose presence caused Hotaru 's body to suffer seizures with only the Tairon Crystal appearing to reduce the pain . Wearing clothes to conceal her altered body , unaware of Mistress 9 's existence prior , Hotaru was friendless prior to meeting Chibiusa . By the time Hotaru realized Mistress 9 's existence , she loses her body to the Daimon as she steal Chibiusa 's Legendary Silver Crystal to fully regain her strength . Hotaru is also revealed to be the reincarnation of Sailor Saturn who was responsible for destroying the last remnants of the fallen Moon Kingdom Silver Millenium so it can begin anew of Earth . This fact and her power made her feared by the Outer Guardians as they initially intended to kill Hotaru and seal her soul before she could awaken and destroy Earth . But Hotaru , seemingly destroyed when Mistress 9 ripped herself out of the human 's body , ended up awakening as Saturn when Master Pharaoh appeared and Sailor Moon appeared to have died in a gambit . Though Saturn intended to destroy Earth along with Pharaoh 90 , she stays her hand upon seeing Sailor Moon alive and deemed destroying Earth so it to be renewed for the new Silver Millenium not needed . She then drives Pharaoh 90 to his domain while sacrificing herself to ensure he remains trapped , though Sailor Moon 's restoration brings Hotaru back to Earth as a human infant . With Tomoe dead , Hotaru becomes the adopted daughter of Haruka Tenoh , Michiru Kaioh and Setsuna Meioh as the four of them reside at an Empire Victorian House . In the first anime , Hotaru 's story is mostly the same except that she was not modified into a cyborg and Mistress 9 had a stronger influence that played a role in her being ostracized by her classmates . Her father also survived the Death Busters ' defeat and was allowed to raise her until Sailor Pluto asks for her help in the first part of Sailor Moon Stars . Hotaru 's age fluctuates during the series ; she is first introduced as a 12 - year - old , is reborn as an infant , quickly develops into a young child around 4 , 5 , or 8 then reaches her proper chronological age after a metaphysical epiphany . In the musicals , Professor Tomoe is only present in a few stages , though Sailor Saturn appears in every musical from the third on . In musicals where Tomoe is absent , Hotaru is presented as being in the care of Haruka and Michiru . During Last Dracul Jokyoku , Hotaru is presented in the care of Professor Tomoe , knowing of the existence of the Sailor Soldiers , yet not awakening as Sailor Saturn until halfway through the musical . Naoko Takeuchi , the series creator , describes her as delicate , quiet , precocious , and expressionless . Aspects and forms ( edit ) As a character with different incarnations , special powers , transformations and a long lifetime virtually spanned between the Silver Millennium era and the 30th century , Hotaru gains multiple aspects and aliases as the series progresses . Sailor Saturn ( edit ) Sailor Saturn wears a dark blue - violet Sailor suit and maroon uniform . The initial version of this uniform has petal - shaped sleeves , a windrose brooch and choker with the same kind of windrose , gloves , and knee - high , laced - up stiletto boots . She is given various specific titles , including Soldier of Silence , Soldier of Destruction , and Soldier of Ruin and Birth . Sailor Saturn carries the Silence Glaive , which she may use to bring about the destruction of a world or worlds with a single swing . She also has the ability to heal minor wounds in both her civilian and Soldier forms , having healed Chibiusa when she was attacked by a Daimon , through the process weakens her which was more detrimental while she had Mistress 9 in her body . In her past life , Sailor Saturn lived far from Silver Millennium and only appears during a crisis with the Talismans of the Outer Guardians serving as keys to summon her once the items were brought together . Because of their distance from Silver Millennium and each other , Saturn and the Outer Guardians were not intended to reborn . But as Hotaru theorized , the events caused by the Death Busters played a key role in her awakening when she was originally meant to die and the Outer Guardians allowed to live normal lives . Sailor Saturn gains additional powers as the series progresses , and at key points her uniform changes to reflect this . The first change takes place in Act 39 of the manga , when she obtains the Saturn Crystal and her outfit becomes similar to that of Super Sailor Moon . She is not given a new title . A similar event takes place in Episode 168 of the anime , and she is given the name Super Sailor Saturn . A third , manga - only form appears in Act 42 , also unnamed , but analogous to Eternal Sailor Moon ( sans wings ) . Princess Saturn ( edit ) According to the manga , on Silver Millennium , Sailor Saturn was also the princess of her home planet . She was among those given the duty of protecting the Solar System 's Outer Rim . As Princess Saturn , she dwelt in Titan Castle and wore a purple gown -- she appears in this form in the original manga and in supplementary art . Unlike the other Sailor Guardians , it is stated that Saturn did not awaken on Silver Millennium until after it was destroyed so Princess Saturn 's exact status during that time is unclear . Mistress 9 ( edit ) Main article : Mistress 9 During the third story arc of the manga and the anime adaptations , Hotaru 's body was possessed by parasitic Daimon known as Mistress 9 . Mistress 9 eventually took over Hotaru 's body and distorted it into an adult - like form , eventually destroying it when Mistress rips out of her host body . In the first anime , retaining her sense and defying the parasite like in the manga , Hotaru awakened as Saturn and destroyed Mistress 9 at the cost of her body . Mysterious girl ( edit ) In the musical Yume Senshi - Ai - Eien ni ... and its revision , Yume Senshi - Ai - Eien ni ... Saturn Fukkatsu Hen ! , Hotaru takes the alias of a nameless girl while under the control of the Dead Moon Circus , who beat and ridicule her . Her memories are seemingly erased and she is given the powers to enter and alter people 's dreams . Only Sailors Uranus , Neptune and Pluto realize who she really is . In the original musical , it is only implied that she is Hotaru , and it is stated but not shown that she is Sailor Saturn . Her actual awakening as Saturn is also ambiguous , while implied , it 's not shown and she is simply shown as a normal girl at the end of the musical . In the revision , her identity as Hotaru is stated plainly , and she awakens on - stage as Saturn , after being saved by the other Sailor Soldiers and appears transformed moments later . Kon ( edit ) In all four of the Kaguya Island musicals , Hotaru is possessed by a spirit named Kon , who speaks through Hotaru to the other Sailor Guardians . When Hotaru awakens she has no memory of what happened while Kon possessed her body . Kon is the remnant of stars destroyed by Dark Plasman and the comet Coatl . In the first two of these musicals , she gives her power to Sailor Moon in the final battle to allow her to transform into Eternal Sailor Moon . Kon was given the song `` Hitosuji no Hikari no Kokoro '' in her appearances . Special powers and items ( edit ) Sailor Saturn using the Silence Glaive to perform Death Reborn Revolution in Sailor Moon Crystal . While several Sailor Guardians have unusual powers as civilians , Hotaru 's are numerous and varied . Some of these are portrayed only in the third story arc , such as her past life existing as a secondary personality that unconscious transmits visions to the other Sailor Guardians of uncoming disasters that would lead to her eventual awakening . Prior to her awakening , Hotaru displayed the ability to create involuntary create force - fields and energy beams whenever in danger and heal minor flesh wounds . Her possession by Mistress 9 also revealed her ability to exist as a disembodied soul as long as her body is intact . Due to the destructive nature of her powers , Hotaru would be reborn as an infant immediately upon fulfilling her task as Sailor Saturn in an event that ends with her demise. . The infant Hotaru would later grow to her former within a matter of days should she need to reawaken , with a visitation by the soul of her past life completing the process . Sailors Uranus , Neptune and Pluto gained their second evolved transformation when Hotaru gives them their Sailor Crystals while she regained her teenage body . In the anime , Hotaru is still a baby when her power floods Sailors Uranus , Neptune and Pluto , upgrading them and herself to their evolved Super forms . In both versions , Hotaru has visions of coming events , especially of danger , and can project these visions to other people . When she is a young girl , she creates a small projection of the galaxy which hovers in the air in her room , simulating astronomical history at high speed . However , it is only in the manga that Haruka stays with her while she reproduces these events to help keep her increasingly powerful abilities in check . Hotaru 's transformation into Sailor Saturn is rare . The transformation sequence into her Soldier form is never shown in the main series , although one of the video games included a shortened transformation sequence , which she initiated by raising her hand in the air ( like the other Sailor Soldiers ) and shouting `` Saturn Planet Power , Make up ! '' . In the manga she eventually gains her Saturn Crystal and does transform in front of the other Soldiers , evoking Saturn Crystal Power ! Make Up ! . In the anime , although she does upgrade to Super Sailor Saturn , the command Saturn Crystal Power is never mentioned and her transformation is again not shown on - screen . Sailor Saturn 's powers are mostly based on Roman mythology , in which Saturn is the god of the harvest . In Western astrology , the planet Saturn is known as `` the Greater Malefic '' , `` the Old Taskmaster '' and `` the Grim Reaper . '' Calling herself a `` harbinger of death '' , referred by others as the Forbidden Guardian , Saturn 's primary role is execute total annihilation and is normally summoned as a final resort when all hope is lost . Such an example is Saturn wiping out what remained of Silver Millennium after Metaria destroyed most of it , which made the Outer Guardians greatly fear her as they did not fully understood her purpose at the time . Saturn 's signature weapon is her Silence Glaive , which is referenced by Sailor Neptune as the `` scythe of the God of Death , '' . This is made apparent as a single swing of the Silence Glaive is enough to destroy an entire world . When first awakened during the Mugen Academy incident , a result of Sailor Moon 's apparent demise , Saturn 's first act was deeming Earth beyond salvation while fatally weakening Master Pharaoh 90 with her `` Death Reborn Revolution . '' The kanji used with this maneuver translate to `` Death World Revolution '' ( 死 世界 変革 ) , with the intended pronunciation given in furigana . But when Sailor Moon remerges alive and unharmed , Saturn renounces her intent of destroying Earth and deliberately allows herself to be sealed away in Master Pharaoh 90 's dimension while he is escaping . In the first anime , Saturn will die from using the attack , only to be saved by Super Sailor Moon at the last moment as she defeated Pharaoh 90 . When Sailor Saturn returns near the end of the fourth story arc ( which overflows into the beginning of the fifth anime series ) , several more attacks are introduced . She defends herself and her allies with Silence Wall ( 不動 城壁 , `` Motionless Rampart '' ) , a dome of dark energy that deflects attacks , and attacks with Silence Glaive Surprise ( 沈黙 鎌 奇襲 , `` Silence Sickle Surprise Attack '' ) . In the anime this attack is used against Nehellenia ; seeing no other way to defeat her , Saturn intends to bring down her Glaive and destroy everything and everyone , but before she manages to strike the ground Sailor Chibi Moon throws herself at Saturn to stop her from completing the action and sacrificing her life , nevertheless , the Glaive releases massively destructive power that destroys most of Nehellenia 's palace . In the manga series , the Death Busters use a power source called the Taioron Crystal which is the life source of their homeworld . One fragment somehow ended up in the possession of Hotaru 's late mother , Keiko Tomoe , with Professor Tomoe giving the item to Hotaru in order to ease her seizures while nourishing Mistress 9 until the Daimon stole Chibiusa 's Legendary Silver Crystal . The Saturn Crystal is her Sailor Crystal and the source of all her power , which becomes especially important in the fourth and fifth sagas . Development ( edit ) In the original character sketches , Takeuchi drew Sailor Saturn with a brown staff rather than her Silence Glaive . Her Sailor Uniform was also different with purple sleeves rather than white , there was no windrose on her chest , and the third band on her gloves was sheer with a point . Her choker also differed from the final version having a gold 6 - pointed star rather than the present choker . The kanji of Hotaru 's surname translate as `` earth '' ( 土 , to ) and `` sprouting '' ( 萠 , moe ) . The former comes from the name of her planet in Japanese , Dosei ( 土星 , Earth Star ) . Her given name is in hiragana hotaru ( ほたる ) and so its meaning is not inherent , but the word itself means `` firefly '' ( 蛍 ) , and this meaning is used at least once as a pun . Fireflies are associated with spirits of the dead in Japanese mythology , referring to her status as the Soldier of death and rebirth . Actresses ( edit ) In the Japanese anime series , Hotaru has been voiced by Yūko Minaguchi . In the third season of Sailor Moon Crystal , she is voiced by Yukiyo Fujii . In English , Hotaru is voiced by Jen Gould for the Cloverway Inc. adaptation , and by Christine Marie Cabanos in the Viz Media adaptations . In the stage musicals , Hotaru has been played by ten actresses : Keiko Takeda , Chihiro Imai , Asami Sanpei , Mao Mita , Mario Tomioka , Ayami Kakiuchi , Ruria Nakamura , Yui Iizuka , Eriko Funakoshi , Karin Takahash i and Mirai . Reception and influence ( edit ) The official Sailor Moon popularity polls listed Hotaru Tomoe and Sailor Saturn as separate characters . In 1994 , with fifty one choices , Sailor Saturn was the third most popular character and Hotaru was the fourth . In early 1996 , with fifty one choices , Saturn was the sixth most popular character , and Hotaru was the seventh . It has been suggested that moe comes from a contraction of her last name , but this is considered a false etymology . Tsubame Sanjou of Rurouni Kenshin had her final design based on Hotaru . See also ( edit ) Saturn in fiction Saturn ( mythology ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sailor Moon SuperS Yume Senshi - Ai - Eien ni ... and Sailor Moon SuperS ( Kaiteiban ) Yume Senshi - Ai - Eien ni ... Saturn Fukkatsu Hen ! Jump up ^ 1999 Spring Special Musical Kaguya Shima Densetsu , Shin Kaguya Shima Densetsu , and their revisions . ^ Jump up to : Takeuchi , Naoko ( October 1999 ) . Materials Collection . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 324521 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Takeuchi , Naoko ( February 6 , 1995 ) . `` Act 30 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon . 9 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178797 - 7 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( March 6 , 1996 ) . `` Act 39 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon . 14 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178826 - 4 . Jump up ^ Stated by Luna in Volume 9 Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( July 5 , 1996 ) . `` Act 42 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon . 15 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178835 - 3 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( July 5 , 1996 ) . `` Act 41 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon . 15 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178835 - 3 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( September 1996 ) . Bishoujo Senshi Sailormoon Original Picture Collection . IV . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 324519 - 5 . Jump up ^ Manga Act 33 , first anime Episode 125 . Jump up ^ Sailor Saturn 's transformation is shown in the video game Sailor Moon SuperS - Various Emotion for the Sega Saturn . No transformation device is shown . The same phrase , with no accompanying sequence , is also used in Sailor Moon : Another Story and other video games . Jump up ^ Act 39 , when she acquires her second uniform . No new phrase is used for her third uniform . Jump up ^ In Greek mythology , Saturn is called Cronos . He is not the same as Chronos , god of time . Jump up ^ Donna Cunningham ( 1994 ) . An Astrological Guide to Self - Awareness . Dubois Publishing . ISBN 9780916360573 . Jump up ^ Act 33 . Jump up ^ Act 33 . After Sailor Saturn has banished Pharaoh 90 , the others watch it go , and Sailor Uranus thinks , `` She 'll bring down the silence glaive . Along with the monster , this world will end ! '' Translation by Alex Glover . `` The Manga of Takeuchi Naoko '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Act 33 . Jump up ^ The visual effect of the attack looks like thousands of ribbons , making the name of the attack a pun on `` Reborn '' and `` Ribbon '' , which sound very similar in Japanese . Jump up ^ `` Silence Wall '' in manga Act 39 . First appears in anime Episode 172 , once with the incantation and once without . Appears again in Episodes 196 and 197 , here bearing the name `` Silent Wall . '' The Silent Wall name also appears in the musicals . Jump up ^ Act 39 and Episode 172 . When Eternal Sailor Saturn and the other Soldiers are controlled by Galaxia in Act 50 , she uses Galactica Glaive Surprise . She also joins with a mind - controlled Eternal Sailor Pluto for Galactica Cannon which badly hurt Eternal Sailor Moon and caused her angelic wings to shatter . Jump up ^ First appears in Act 25 . Jump up ^ Episode 115 is titled `` Shadow of Silence ! ? The Pale Glimmer of a Firefly . '' Jump up ^ `` Viz Media Reveals Sailor Moon S Part 1 November Release , Bonus Extras ( Updated With Video ) '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` eternal. legend '' . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( June 6 , 1995 ) . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon . 10 . Kodansha . pp. 138 -- 139 . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178806 - X . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( July 5 , 1996 ) . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon . 15 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178835 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Ask John : What is Moe ? '' . AnimeNation . January 30 , 2004 . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Galbraith , Patrick W. `` Moe and the Potential of Fantasy in Post-Millennial Japan '' . ejcjs . October 31 , 2009 . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rurouni Kenshin Volume 5 ( The Secret Life of Characters , Sanjou Tsubame ) , p. 68 Sailor Moon by Naoko Takeuchi Media Chapters Codename : Sailor V Sailor Moon episodes Season 1 SuperS Sailor Stars films Super S Sailor Moon Crystal episodes Live - action series Musicals Video games Collectible card game Music Soundtracks `` Moonlight Densetsu '' `` Kaze mo Sora mo Kitto ... '' `` Moon Pride '' Characters Protagonists Sailor Moon Tuxedo Mask Sailor Mercury Sailor Mars Sailor Jupiter Sailor Venus Chibiusa Sailor Pluto Sailor Uranus Sailor Neptune Sailor Saturn Antagonists Dark Kingdom Black Moon Clan Death Busters Dead Moon Circus Shadow Galactica Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sailor_Saturn&oldid=852725707 '' Categories : Japanese superheroes Anime and manga characters with accelerated healing Child superheroes Comics characters introduced in 1994 Fictional adoptees Fictional characters with death or rebirth abilities Fictional psychics Sailor Soldiers Saturn in fiction Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Русский ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 23 : 31 ( UTC ) . 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Traveling Wilburys
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Traveling Wilburys - Wikipedia Traveling Wilburys Jump to : navigation , search The Traveling Wilburys The Traveling Wilburys in May 1988 ( top : Jeff Lynne , Tom Petty ; bottom : Roy Orbison , Bob Dylan , George Harrison ) Background information Origin Malibu , California Genres Folk rock , country rock , roots rock Years active 1988 ( 1988 ) -- 1991 ( 1991 ) Labels Wilbury Associated acts The Beatles , Electric Light Orchestra , Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers Website www.travelingwilburys.com Past members George Harrison Jeff Lynne Tom Petty Bob Dylan Roy Orbison The Traveling Wilburys ( sometimes shortened to the Wilburys ) were a British - American supergroup consisting of Bob Dylan , George Harrison , Jeff Lynne , Roy Orbison , and Tom Petty . The band recorded two albums , the first in 1988 and the second in 1990 , though Orbison died before the second was recorded . The project 's work received much anticipation given the diverse nature of the singer - songwriters . Their debut album Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 proved an enduring critical success , in 1989 and 1990 winning accolades such as a Grammy for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 1988 -- 91 1.2. 1 `` Handle with Care '' and band formation 1.2. 2 Debut album 1.2. 3 Orbison 's death , `` Nobody 's Child '' and Vol. 3 1.3 After the Wilburys 2 Legacy and influence 3 Catalogue reissue and Genesis Publications book 4 Line - ups 5 Discography 5.1 Studio albums 5.2 Box sets 5.3 Singles 5.4 Other charted songs 5.5 Collaborations between members 6 Notes 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) None of this would 've happened without him . It was George 's band -- it was always George 's band and it was a dream he had for a long time . -- Tom Petty George Harrison first mentioned the Traveling Wilburys publicly during a radio interview with Bob Coburn on the show Rockline in February 1988 . When asked how he planned to follow up the success of his Cloud Nine album , Harrison replied : `` What I 'd really like to do next is ... to do an album with me and some of my mates ... It 's this new group I got ( in mind ) : it 's called the Traveling Wilburys , I 'd like to do an album with them and then later we can all do our own albums again . '' According to Jeff Lynne , who co-produced Cloud Nine , Harrison introduced the idea of the two of them starting a band together around two months into the sessions for his album , which began in early January 1987 . When discussing who the other members might be , Harrison chose Bob Dylan and Lynne opted for Roy Orbison . The term `` Wilbury '' also originated during the Cloud Nine sessions . Referring to recording errors created by faulty equipment , Harrison jokingly remarked to Lynne , `` We 'll bury ' em in the mix . '' Thereafter , they used the term for any small error in performance . Harrison first suggested `` the Trembling Wilburys '' as the group 's name ; at Lynne 's suggestion , they amended it to `` Traveling Wilburys '' . During his Rockline interview , Harrison voiced his support for Dylan , at a time when the latter was experiencing an artistic and commercial low point in his career . Harrison and Lynne became friends with Tom Petty in October 1987 , when Petty and his band , the Heartbreakers , toured Europe as Dylan 's backing group . The friendship continued in Los Angeles later that year . There , Harrison struck up a musical rapport with Petty based on their shared love of 1950s rock ' n ' roll , and Lynne began collaborating with Petty on what became the latter 's debut solo album , Full Moon Fever , and writing songs with Orbison , Lynne 's longtime musical hero , for his comeback album , Mystery Girl . According to Petty , Harrison 's dream for the Wilburys was to handpick the participants and create `` the perfect little band '' , but the criteria for inclusion was governed most by `` who you could hang out with '' . The five musicians also bonded over a shared appreciation of the English comedy troupe Monty Python . Harrison , who had worked with the members of Monty Python on various productions by his company HandMade Films since the late 1970s , particularly appreciated Orbison 's gift for impersonation and his ability to recite entire sketches by the troupe . 1988 -- 91 ( edit ) `` Handle with Care '' and band formation ( edit ) The band came together in April 1988 , when Harrison was in Los Angeles to oversee the filming of his HandMade production Checking Out . At that time , Warner Bros. Records asked Harrison for a new song to serve as the B - side for the European release of his third single from Cloud Nine , `` This Is Love '' . During a meal with Lynne and Orbison , Harrison asked Lynne to help him record the track and invited Orbison to attend the session , which he then arranged to take place at Dylan 's garage studio in Malibu since no professional studios were available at such short notice . Petty 's involvement came about when Harrison went to retrieve his guitar from Petty 's house and invited him to attend also . Working on a song that Harrison had recently started writing , the ensemble completed the track , which they titled `` Handle with Care '' after a label on a box in Dylan 's garage . When Harrison presented the recording to Warner Bros. , the executives insisted that the song was too good to be used as `` filler '' on a European single . In Petty 's recollection , Harrison and Lynne then decided to realise their idea of forming a Wilburys band , and first invited him to join before phoning Dylan , who also agreed to join . That night , Harrison , Lynne and Petty drove to Anaheim to see Orbison perform at the Celebrity Theatre and recruited him for the group shortly before he went on stage . In Petty 's description , Orbison performed an `` unbelievable show '' , during which `` we 'd punch each other and go , ' He 's in our band , too . ' ... We were all so excited . '' Debut album ( edit ) From my point of view , I just tried to preserve our relationship . I worked so hard to make sure that all the guys who were in that band , and consequently on record and film , that their friendship was n't abused . Just to preserve our friendship -- that was the underlying contribution , I think , that I was trying to do . -- George Harrison The band members decided to create a full album together , Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 . Video footage of the creative process was partly shot by British photographer NJ Latham and later edited by Harrison . The album was recorded primarily over a ten - day period in May 1988 to allow for Dylan 's limited availability as he prepared for his upcoming US tour . These sessions were held in the house of Eurythmics member Dave Stewart , in Los Angeles . The five band members sat in a circle playing acoustic guitars in Stewart 's kitchen ; once each song 's basic track had been written and recorded there ( with accompaniment from a drum machine ) , the group recorded their vocals in another room , usually after dinner each night . Petty recalled that , as a friend but also an avowed fan of Dylan 's , Harrison felt the need to clear the air on the first day by saying to him : `` We know that you 're Bob Dylan and everything , but we 're going to just treat you and talk to you like we would anybody else . '' Dylan replied : `` Well , great . Believe it or not , I 'm in awe of you guys , and it 's the same for me . '' While most of the songs had a primary composer , all of the band members were creative equals . Petty later described Harrison as the Wilburys ' `` leader and manager '' , and credited him with being a bandleader and producer that had a natural instinct for bringing out the best in people and keeping a recording session productive . As the group 's producers , Harrison and Lynne directed the sessions , with Harrison often auditioning each member to decide who should sing a particular lead vocal part . The two producers then flew back to England ; Lynne recalls that , throughout the flight , he and Harrison enthused about how to turn the sparse , acoustic - based tracks into completed recordings . Overdubs and further recording took place at Harrison 's studio , FPSHOT , with `` Sideburys '' Jim Keltner ( drums ) , Jim Horn ( saxophones ) and Ray Cooper ( percussion ) . Harrison described the band 's sound as `` skiffle for the 1990s '' . The album was released on 18 October 1988 . Distributed by Warner Bros. , it appeared on the new Wilbury record label rather than on Harrison 's Dark Horse label , in the interests of maintaining the group identity . Over the months following the end of recording in the summer , contractual issues had been successfully negotiated between Warner 's and the record companies representing Dylan , Petty , Lynne and Orbison . As was the case in 1971 when EMI prepared Harrison 's multi-artist live album from the Concert for Bangladesh for release , Columbia , Dylan 's label , presented the main stumbling block . In the album credits , the `` Wilburys '' joke was extended further , with the band members listed under various pseudonyms and pretending to be half - brothers -- sons of a fictional Charles Truscott Wilbury , Sr. During promotion for the album , Orbison played along with the mock history , saying : `` Some people say Daddy was a cad and a bounder , but I remember him as a Baptist minister . '' Vol. 1 was a critical and commercial success , and revitalised the careers of Dylan , Orbison and Petty . As Harrison had intended , the album defied contemporary musical trends such as hip hop , acid house and synthesised pop ; author Alan Clayson likens its release to `` a Viking longship docking in a hovercraft terminal '' . The album produced two successful singles and went on to achieve triple - platinum certification for sales in the United States . It was nominated for several awards and won the 1990 Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group . Liner notes on the album cover were written by Monty Python 's Michael Palin under a pseudonym . Palin 's essay was based on an idea by Derek Taylor , who wrote an extensive fictional history of the Wilburys family that otherwise went unused . Harrison planned a feature film about the band , to be produced by HandMade and directed by David Leland , but contractual problems ended the project . Orbison 's death , `` Nobody 's Child '' and Vol. 3 ( edit ) Roy Orbison died of a heart attack on 6 December 1988 . In tribute to him , the music video for the band 's second single , `` End of the Line '' , shows Orbison 's guitar rocking in a chair as the rest of the group play . Although there was speculation in the press that Del Shannon or Roger McGuinn might join the Wilburys , the remaining members never considered replacing Orbison . Lynne later said : `` We 'd become this unit , we were all good pals ... We always knew we were going to do another one , and now it 's just the four of us . '' In March 1990 , Harrison , Lynne , Petty and Dylan reunited to work on a second Wilburys album , which they intentionally misnumbered Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3 . It was preceded by a non-album single , a cover of `` Nobody 's Child '' , which the band recorded for Olivia Harrison 's Romanian Angel Appeal charity project . The duration of the main album sessions was again dictated by Dylan 's touring schedule and limited availability . Having asked Dylan to record a lead vocal for all the songs before his departure , Harrison was then loath to replace many of the parts , resulting in a greater prominence for Dylan as a lead singer . Although he ceded his own role as a lead vocalist to Dylan and to Petty , Harrison took over more of the production and contributed more prominently as a lead guitarist than before . Petty described the album as `` a little more rough and ready , a bit more raucous '' than Vol. 1 , while Dylan said the new songs were more developed as compositions relative to the `` scraped up from jam tapes '' approach to the band 's debut . Vol. 3 was released on 29 October 1990 . It was dedicated to Orbison , as `` Lefty Wilbury '' , the pseudonym that Orbison had used in 1988 in honour of his hero Lefty Frizzell . The album met with less success than the previous one . According to Warner Bros. head Mo Ostin , the choice of album title came about through `` George being George '' ; apparently Harrison was making a wry reference to the appearance of a bootleg that served as a sort of Volume 2 . The album 's liner notes were written by Eric Idle , another Python member , who again adopted a pseudonym . For the band 's final single , `` Wilbury Twist '' , they filmed a video in which Idle , John Candy and other comedic actors attempt to master the song 's eponymous dance style . The clip was filmed in Los Angeles and completed on 28 February 1991 . After the Wilburys ( edit ) According to Jim Keltner , the Wilburys ' drummer , the decision on the group 's future after Vol. 3 lay with Harrison . Keltner said that from his conversations with Lynne , Petty and Dylan , they were all keen to reunite , whereas Harrison wavered in his enthusiasm . While Harrison was against the idea of touring , Petty recalled : `` I kept getting down on my knees in front of George , saying , ' Please , it 's so much money ! '' After his 1991 tour of Japan -- his first series of concerts since 1974 -- Harrison spoke of a possible Traveling Wilburys tour : That would be something I 'd like to experience . I 've always played around in my own mind what a Wilburys tour could be . Would each person do a solo set and then do Wilburys at the end , or would we all go right on from beginning to end and make everything Wilburys ? It 's an intriguing thought . We could have a great band up there and the four of us could play acoustic if we wanted to . We could all sing `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' and Bob could sing `` Something '' . Or we could just sing our individual songs and make them Wilbury tunes , as if we 'd recorded them that way . Whatever it was , we could do it . The Wilburys tour never came about . Petty said about the Wilburys touring : I think it would work , if we wanted to do it . I do n't think we ever considered it , really . There were a lot of nights when the conversation would roll around to that . But I do n't think anybody ever took it seriously . I think it would ruin it in a way . Then you 're obligated to be responsible and it 's not in the character of that group . It would make it very formal and that would be the wrong spirit . Legacy and influence ( edit ) One of the most amazing things ever about the Wilburys was this poles - apart thing of Roy ( Orbison ) and Bob Dylan . That 's what I thought was wonderful -- the best singer and the best lyricist , and they 're both in the same group . -- Jeff Lynne In the Rolling Stone Press book The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll , the Traveling Wilburys are described as `` the ultimate supergroup '' , with a line - up that represented four eras of rock music history and included `` three indisputable gods '' in Dylan , Harrison and Orbison . The editors also recognise the band as `` the antithesis of a supergroup '' , however , due to the musicians ' adoption of fraternal alter egos and the humour inherent in the project . AllMusic managing editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine has similarly written : `` It 's impossible to picture a supergroup with a stronger pedigree than that ( all that 's missing is a Rolling Stone ) , but in another sense it 's hard to call the Wilburys a true supergroup , since they arrived nearly two decades after the all - star craze of the ' 70s peaked , and they never had the self - important air of nearly all the other supergroups . That , of course , was the key to their charm ... '' Speaking to music journalist Paul Zollo in 2004 , Petty agreed that humour and self - effacement had been key factors in the Wilburys ' success , adding : `` We wanted to make something good in a world that seemed to get uglier and uglier and meaner and meaner ... And I 'm really proud that I was part of it . Because I do think that it brought a little sunshine into the world . '' Harrison said the project was an opportunity to `` put a finger up to the rules '' by challenging the norms associated with the music industry . Discussing the Wilburys in Peter Bogdanovich 's 2007 documentary Runnin ' Down a Dream , Petty said that one of the strengths behind the concept was that it was free of any intervention from record company , management or marketing concerns , and instead developed naturally from a spirit of co-operation and mutual admiration among five established artists . Author Simon Leng recognises the venture as primarily a channel through which Harrison and Dylan could escape the restrictions of their serious media images , but also , in its guise as a `` phantom band '' , a development by Harrison of the Rutles ' satirical approach to the Beatles ' legacy , in this case by `` de-mythologizing '' rock history . Inspired by the Traveling Wilburys ' success and particularly its benefit to Petty and Orbison as artists , Warner 's executive and staff producer Lenny Waronker encouraged American guitarist Ry Cooder to form the band Little Village . The group , comprising Cooder , Keltner , John Hiatt and Nick Lowe , released a self - titled album in 1992 . Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune described the Notting Hillbillies ' Missing ... Presumed Having a Good Time as a Traveling Wilburys - type side project for Mark Knopfler of Dire Straits . Writing in New York magazine in late 1990 , Elizabeth Wurtzel cited the Notting Hillbillies ' album and the self - titled debut by Hindu Love Gods ( a band consisting of Warren Zevon and members of R.E.M. ) as examples of a trend whereby , following the Wilburys ' Vol. 1 , `` more and more albums seem to be the rock - and - roll equivalents of bowling night . '' Writing in The Encyclopedia of Popular Music , Colin Larkin cites the Wilburys ' contemporary skiffle as evidence of Lonnie Donegan 's continued influence on popular music long after the early 1960s . In his book Lonnie Donegan and the Birth of British Rock & Roll , Patrick Humphries describes the Wilburys as `` a makeshift quintet whose roots were firmly and joyously planted in low - key , low - tech skiffle music '' . He credits the band with inspiring a brief revival of Donegan 's `` DIY skiffle '' , which included Knopfler 's Notting Hillbillies . Catalogue reissue and Genesis Publications book ( edit ) The whole experience was some of the best days of my life , really , and I think it probably was for us all ... The thing I guess would be hardest for people to understand is what good friends we were . It really had very little to do with combining a bunch of famous people . It was a bunch of friends that just happened to be really good at making music . -- Tom Petty in The True History of the Traveling Wilburys In the late 1990s and early 2000s , the two Traveling Wilburys albums had limited availability and were out of print in most areas . Harrison , as primary holder of the rights , did not reissue them before his death . In June 2007 , the two albums were reissued as The Traveling Wilburys Collection , a box set including both albums on CD ( with bonus tracks ) and a DVD featuring a 25 - minute documentary titled The True History of the Traveling Wilburys and a collection of music videos . The box set was released in three editions ; the standard edition , with both CDs and DVD in a double Digipak package and a 16 - page booklet ; a `` deluxe '' boxed edition with the CDs and DVD and an extensive 40 - page booklet , artist postcards , and photographs ; or a `` deluxe '' boxed edition on vinyl . This version omits the DVD , but adds a 12 - inch vinyl disc with rare versions of the songs . The release debuted at number 1 in the UK and Australia , and in other countries . On the US Billboard 200 it reached number 9 . The collection sold 500,000 copies worldwide during the first three weeks and remained in the UK top 5 for seven weeks after its release . In November 2009 , Genesis Publications , a company with which Harrison had been associated since the late 1970s , announced the release of a limited edition fine - bound book titled The Traveling Wilburys . Compiled by Olivia Harrison , the book includes rare photographs , recording notes , handwritten lyrics , sketches , and first - hand commentary on the band 's history , together with a foreword by Lynne . Petty , Lynne , Olivia Harrison , Barbara Orbison , Keltner and Idle were among those who attended the US launch at a Beverly Hills bookshop in March 2010 . In an interview to publicise the book , Lynne expressed his sadness at the deaths of Harrison and Orbison , and reflected : `` The Wilburys was such a wonderful band , such a marvellous thing to be part of . They were the best people I could ever wish to work with . Every day was like , ' Wow ! ' ... it was fun from day one . '' Line - ups ( edit ) Volume 1 `` Nelson Wilbury '' -- George Harrison `` Otis Wilbury '' -- Jeff Lynne `` Lefty Wilbury '' -- Roy Orbison `` Charlie T. Wilbury , Jr . '' -- Tom Petty `` Lucky Wilbury '' -- Bob Dylan Volume 3 `` Spike Wilbury '' -- George Harrison `` Clayton Wilbury '' -- Jeff Lynne `` Muddy Wilbury '' -- Tom Petty `` Boo Wilbury '' -- Bob Dylan Jim Keltner , the session drummer and percussionist , was not listed as a Wilbury on either album . However , he is seen in all of the group 's music videos , and on the DVD released in 2007 , he is given the nickname `` Buster Sidebury '' . Overdubs to the bonus tracks `` Maxine '' and `` Like a Ship '' also credited as `` Ayrton Wilbury '' , a pseudonym for Dhani Harrison . The name Ayrton was used in honour of F1 racer Ayrton Senna . Jim Horn played saxophone on both albums . The lead guitar on the Volume 3 song `` She 's My Baby '' was played by rock guitarist Gary Moore ( `` Ken Wilbury '' ) . Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) Title Details Peak chart positions Certifications ( sales threshold ) US AUS AUT NOR NZ SWE SWI UK Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 Release date : 18 October 1988 Label : Wilbury Records Formats : CD , vinyl , cassette 6 16 CAN : 6 × Platinum UK : Silver US : 3 × Platinum Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3 Release date : 29 October 1990 Label : Wilbury Records Formats : CD , vinyl , cassette 11 14 22 19 5 18 14 CAN : Platinum UK : Platinum US : Platinum The Traveling Wilburys contributed the title track , `` Nobody 's Child '' , to the Romanian Angel Appeal benefit album Nobody 's Child : Romanian Angel Appeal , released on 24 July 1990 . Harrison appeared as Nelson Wilbury on Warner Bros. Records ' 1988 holiday promo album Winter Warnerland ( which also included Paul Reubens as `` Pee Wee Wilbury '' ) . In his capacity as producer , Harrison credited himself as `` Spike and Nelson Wilbury '' on his 1992 live album Live in Japan . The same year , the Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers single `` Christmas All Over Again '' contained a greeting that read `` Merry Christmas from Nelson and Pee Wee Wilbury . '' Box sets ( edit ) Title Details Peak chart positions Certifications ( sales threshold ) US AUS AUT NOR NZ SWE SWI UK The Traveling Wilburys Collection Release date : 11 June 2007 Label : Wilbury Records Formats : CD , vinyl , music download 9 24 45 AUS : 2 × Platinum UK : Platinum US : Gold Singles ( edit ) Year Single Peak chart positions Album US US Main US AC AUS CAN NZ UK 1988 `` Handle with Care '' 45 30 -- 21 Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 1989 `` End of the Line '' 63 28 12 -- 11 52 1990 `` Nobody 's Child '' -- -- -- -- -- 9 44 Nobody 's Child : Romanian Angel Appeal `` She 's My Baby '' -- -- 45 30 -- 79 Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3 1991 `` Wilbury Twist '' -- 46 -- -- 86 -- -- `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart Other charted songs ( edit ) Year Single Peak chart positions Album US Main CAN 1988 `` Last Night '' 5 -- Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 1989 `` Tweeter and the Monkey Man '' 41 -- `` Heading for the Light '' 7 -- 1990 `` Inside Out '' 16 50 Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3 `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart Collaborations between members ( edit ) Year Project Artist Collaborators 1970 `` I 'd Have You Anytime '' Harrison Dylan 1970 New Morning sessions Dylan Harrison 1971 The Concert for Bangladesh Harrison Dylan 1985 Porky 's Revenge ! soundtrack Harrison covered Dylan 's `` I Do n't Want to Do It '' 1986 `` Band of the Hand '' from Band of the Hand Bob Dylan with The Heartbreakers Backup by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers `` Jammin ' Me '' Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Dylan 1988 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Various Dylan , Harrison & others sing `` All Along the Watchtower '' 1989 Mystery Girl Orbison Harrison , Lynne , Petty Full Moon Fever Petty Harrison , Lynne , Orbison `` Cheer Down '' Harrison Lynne , Petty 1990 Work It Out Jim Horn Harrison , Lynne , Petty Armchair Theatre Lynne Harrison , Petty Under the Red Sky Dylan Harrison A Tribute To John Lennon Various ( Ringo Starr ) Lynne , Petty 1991 Into the Great Wide Open Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Lynne Rock On ! Del Shannon Lynne , Petty 1992 The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration Dylan Harrison , Petty `` Christmas All Over Again '' Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Lynne King of Hearts Orbison 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' The Beatles `` Real Love '' Songs and Music from `` She 's the One '' Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Harrison 2001 Zoom Electric Light Orchestra 2002 Brainwashed Harrison Lynne Concert for George Various Lynne & Petty cover some of Harrison 's songs 2006 Highway Companion Petty Lynne 2012 Long Wave Lynne Lynne covered Orbison 's song `` Running Scared '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harrison also stated his intention to form such a band in March 1988 , in response to a suggestion from television show host Michael Aspel that he should `` get a bunch of oldies together '' . Jump up ^ In music journalist Neil Staunton 's description , `` Harrison is acknowledged as the de facto chief Wilbury '' , while Lynne biographer John Van der Kiste describes the Wilburys as `` in effect George 's group '' . In a 2009 interview for Mojo , in response to Mat Snow 's question `` In a band of bandleaders , who was the alpha Wilbury ? '' , Petty said : `` Definitely George . It was his idea , his vision ... Yeah , he 'd only ever been in one band ( the Beatles ) . But he was the best bandleader I ever saw . He was really good at organising things , at knowing who was best at what , delegating what to do . He had a great passion for a band . '' Petty also recalled a subsequent discussion with Dylan when the pair were marvelling at the impact the Wilburys made and Dylan said : `` Well , George is really smart . He was in the Beatles , you know . '' Jump up ^ One of the record company executives reluctantly agreed , conceding that he did not want to be the person blocking the Wilburys venture and `` standing in the way of history being made '' . Jump up ^ According to Harrison 's neighbour and fellow musician Joe Brown , he identified the Wilburys as a skiffle band . Brown added : `` That track ' Rattled ' , that 's a real skiffle thrash - up ; it sounds like a washboard , but it 's Jim Keltner playing all the grilles on the fridge in George 's kitchen . '' Jump up ^ Carl Perkins , Robbie Robertson and Gene Pitney were among the other musicians rumoured to be the new fifth Wilbury . Jump up ^ For its inclusion in the 2007 box set The Traveling Wilburys Collection , the video was re-edited to favour footage of the group miming to the song , with only minimal footage of the guest actors . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Smax 2007 , event occurs between 22 : 49 and 22 : 57 . ^ Jump up to : Van der Kiste 2015 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Interview excerpt from Bob Coburn 's Rockline radio show , February 1988 ^ Jump up to : Clayson 2003 , p. 419 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jeff Lynne : ' Bob Dylan Wanted To Call Us Roy & The Boys ' '' . Mojo. 4 November 2015 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter 2000 , p. 469 . Jump up ^ Zanes 2007 , p. 158 . ^ Jump up to : Ostin , Mo ( 2007 ) . `` The History of the Traveling Wilburys : Introduction '' . The Traveling Wilburys Collection ( CD booklet ) . Traveling Wilburys . Wilbury Records . pp. 2 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Heylin 2011 , p. 625 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2001 , pp. 384 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Zollo 2005 , pp. 111 -- 12 , 233 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Zanes 2007 , pp. 158 , 164 . Jump up ^ Zanes 2007 , pp. 157 , 158 , 164 . Jump up ^ Zollo 2005 , pp. 112 -- 14 , 233 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste 2015 , pp. 116 , 119 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Amburn 1990 , pp. 213 , 218 . Jump up ^ Romanowski & George - Warren 1995 , p. 730 . Jump up ^ Harrison 2011 , p. 355 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Traveling Wilburys -- Limited Edition Book '' . Genesis Publications . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Clayson 2003 , p. 418 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste 2015 , p. 116 . ^ Jump up to : Madinger & Easter 2000 , p. 475 . Jump up ^ Badman 2001 , pp. 406 -- 07 . Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter 2000 , pp. 470 , 475 . Jump up ^ Amburn 1990 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Smax , Willy ( 2007 ) . The True History of the Traveling Wilburys ( DVD ) . Traveling Wilburys ; Willy Smax and Olivia Harrison ( producers ) . Archived from the original on 22 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste 2015 , pp. 112 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Zimmer , Dave ( 5 May 1989 ) . `` Tom Petty : Once In A Full Moon '' . BAM . Available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Smax 2007 , event occurs between 22 : 57 and 23 : 21 . ^ Jump up to : Clayson 2003 , p. 421 . ^ Jump up to : Heylin 2011 , p. 626 . Jump up ^ Smax 2007 , event occurs between 2 : 40 and 3 : 00 . Jump up ^ Clayson 2003 , p. 420 . Jump up ^ Smax 2007 , event occurs between 3 : 40 and 4 : 08 . ^ Jump up to : Zanes 2007 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Zollo 2005 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Clayson 2003 , p. 422 . ^ Jump up to : Zollo 2005 , p. 124 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , Mat ( October 2009 ) . `` Tom Petty '' . Mojo . Available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Staunton , Terry ( July 2007 ) . `` Traveling Wilburys -- The Traveling Wilburys Collection '' . Record Collector . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Van der Kiste 2015 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Zollo 2005 , pp. 123 , 124 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Michael ( November 2011 ) . `` Cry for a Shadow '' . Mojo . p. 85 . Jump up ^ Smax 2007 , event occurs between 18 : 24 and 19 : 05 . Jump up ^ Huntley 2006 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Badman 2001 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ `` Wilburys Streaming Event Honors Father 's Day '' . Georgeharrison.com . Archived from the original on 29 July 2013 . Retrieved 13 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Van der Kiste 2015 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Amburn 1990 , p. 221 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` The Traveling Wilburys The Traveling Wilburys , Vol. 1 '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Clayson 2003 , pp. 421 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Humphries 2012 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Badman 2001 , p. 416 . ^ Jump up to : Clayson 2003 , p. 423 . ^ Jump up to : Van der Kiste 2015 , p. 124 . ^ Jump up to : Madinger & Easter 2000 , p. 478 . Jump up ^ Clayson 2003 , p. 424 . Jump up ^ Huntley 2006 , pp. 229 , 230 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , pp. 267 , 268 . Jump up ^ Zanes 2007 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Badman 2001 , p. 453 . Jump up ^ Clayson 1989 , pp. 206 -- 07 . Jump up ^ Traveling Wilburys Volume 3 , 2002 Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter 2000 , p. 480 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Colin ( 21 June 2007 ) . `` The Traveling Wilburys Collection ( 2007 ) '' . DVD Movie Guide . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huntley 2006 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Smax 2007 , event occurs between 17 : 40 and 17 : 51 . Jump up ^ Romanowski & George - Warren 1995 , p. 1014 . Jump up ^ Zollo 2005 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( 23 February 1992 ) . `` Hey , Let 's Start a Band : For the fortysomething group of Ry Cooder , John Hiatt , Nick Lowe and Jim Keltner , the road to Little Village was n't the natural one '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Romanowski & George - Warren 1995 , pp. 209 , 441 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( 29 March 1990 ) . `` Notting Hillbillies Missing ... Presumed Having a Good ... '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Wurtzel , Elizabeth ( 3 December 1990 ) . `` A Good Time Was Had By All '' . New York . p. 155 . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Larkin 2011 , p. 746 . Jump up ^ Humphries 2012 , pp. 260 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Smax 2007 , event occurs between 22 : 06 and 22 : 34 . Jump up ^ `` Wilburys are UK album number one '' . BBC News . 17 June 2007 . Retrieved 13 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Albums Chart -- Australian Record Industry Association '' . Retrieved 13 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Mark ( 30 June 2007 ) . `` Dad - Rock Debut '' . Billboard . p. 10 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter 2000 , p. 458 . ^ Jump up to : `` News : The Traveling Wilburys Limited - Edition Book From Genesis Publications '' . georgeharrison.com. 11 November 2009 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Heathcote , Charlotte ( 21 March 2010 ) . `` Every day was like wow for Jeff Lynne '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Villarreal , Jose ( ed . ) ( 8 February 2010 ) . `` Genesis Publications Chronicles the Adventures of The Traveling Wilburys '' . ArtDaily . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ THR staff / AP ( 5 March 2010 ) . `` ' Wilburys ' Event Attracts Headliners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ayrton Wilbury nasceu do amor à música e à Fórmula 1 '' Archived 1 April 2014 at Archive.is . Luiz Augusto Lima . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3 , George Harrison.com . Retrieved 31 March 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` The Traveling Wilburys Album & Song Chart History -- Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` australian-charts.com -- Australian charts portal '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` austriancharts.at -- Austria Top 40 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` norwegiancharts.com -- Norwegian charts portal '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` chars.org.nz -- New Zealand charts portal '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` swedishcharts.com -- Swedish charts portal '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Stats -- Traveling Wilburys '' . chartstats.com . Archived from the original on 19 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) : Gold & Platinum '' . Canadian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 30 April 2009 . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` British Phonographic Industry search results '' . British Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original on 24 September 2009 . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA -- Gold & Platinum -- March 4 , 2011 : The Traveling Wilburys certified awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA -- Gold & Platinum -- March 4 , 2011 : Volume 3 certified awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2007 Albums '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA -- Gold & Platinum -- March 4 , 2011 : The Traveling Wilburys Collection certified awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Traveling Wilburys Album & Song Chart History -- Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Traveling Wilburys -- Awards '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on 3 July 2012 . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Traveling Wilburys Album & Song Chart History -- Adult Contemporary '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` australian-charts.com -- Australian charts portal '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Results -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada -- Top Singles '' . RPM . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` charts.org.nz -- New Zealand charts portal '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Del Shannon Biography '' . Delshannon.com . Retrieved 13 April 2012 . Sources ( edit ) Amburn , Ellis ( 1990 ) . Dark Star : The Roy Orbison Story . New York , NY : Carol Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 8184 - 0518 - X . Badman , Keith ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary Volume 2 : After the Break - Up 1970 -- 2001 . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8307 - 6 . Clayson , Alan ( 1989 ) . Only the Lonely : Roy Orbison 's Life and Legacy . London : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 03961 - 1 . Clayson , Alan ( 2003 ) . George Harrison . London : Sanctuary . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 489 - 3 . The Editors of Rolling Stone ( 2002 ) . Harrison . New York , NY : Rolling Stone Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 3581 - 5 . Harrison , Olivia ( 2011 ) . George Harrison : Living in the Material World . New York , NY : Abrams . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 0220 - 4 . Heylin , Clinton ( 2011 ) . Bob Dylan : Behind the Shades ( 20th Anniversary Edition ) . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 27240 - 2 . Humphries , Patrick ( 2012 ) . Lonnie Donegan and the Birth of British Rock & Roll . London : Biteback Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 849544764 . Huntley , Elliot J. ( 2006 ) . Mystical One : George Harrison -- After the Break - up of the Beatles . Toronto , ON : Guernica Editions . ISBN 1 - 55071 - 197 - 0 . Larkin , Colin ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music ( 5th edn ) . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85712 - 595 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Lehman , Peter ( 2010 ) . Roy Orbison : The Invention of an Alternative Rock Masculinity . Philadelphia , PA : Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 439903896 . Leng , Simon ( 2006 ) . While My Guitar Gently Weeps : The Music of George Harrison . Milwaukee , WI : Hal Leonard . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4234 - 0609 - 9 . Madinger , Chip ; Easter , Mark ( 2000 ) . Eight Arms to Hold You : The Solo Beatles Compendium . Chesterfield , MO : 44.1 Productions . ISBN 0 - 615 - 11724 - 4 . Romanowski , Patricia ; George - Warren , Holly ( eds ) ( 1995 ) . The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll . New York , NY : Fireside / Rolling Stone Press . ISBN 0 - 684 - 81044 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Smax , Willy ( dir . ) ( 2007 ) . The True History of the Traveling Wilburys ( DVD ) . Traveling Wilburys ; Willy Smax and Olivia Harrison ( producers ) . Wilbury Record Co . Sounes , Howard ( 2001 ) . Down the Highway : The Life of Bob Dylan . London : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 60125 - 5 . Van der Kiste , John ( 2015 ) . Jeff Lynne : The Electric Light Orchestra , Before and After . Stroud , UK : Fonthill Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78155 - 492 - 0 . Zanes , Warren ( ed . ) ( 2007 ) . Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers : Runnin ' Down a Dream . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 6201 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Zollo , Paul ( 2005 ) . Conversations with Tom Petty . New York , NY : Omnibus Press . ISBN 1 - 84449 - 815 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Book : Traveling Wilburys Official website Official book microsite ( with Wilburys photos , lyric sheets and quotes ) Traveling Wilburys Entry at VH1.com Traveling Wilburys Bob Dylan George Harrison Jeff Lynne Roy Orbison Tom Petty Studio albums Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3 Compilations The Traveling Wilburys Collection Songs and singles `` Handle with Care '' `` Tweeter and the Monkey Man '' `` End of the Line '' `` Nobody 's Child '' `` She 's My Baby '' `` Inside Out '' `` Wilbury Twist '' Related Jim Keltner Dhani Harrison Full Moon Fever Book Category Bob Dylan Studio albums Bob Dylan The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan The Times They Are a-Changin ' Another Side of Bob Dylan Bringing It All Back Home Highway 61 Revisited Blonde on Blonde John Wesley Harding Nashville Skyline Self Portrait New Morning Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid Dylan Planet Waves Blood on the Tracks The Basement Tapes Desire Street - Legal Slow Train Coming Saved Shot of Love Infidels Empire Burlesque Knocked Out Loaded Down in the Groove Oh Mercy Under the Red Sky Good as I Been to You World Gone Wrong Time Out of Mind Love and Theft Modern Times Together Through Life Christmas in the Heart Tempest Shadows in the Night Fallen Angels Triplicate Live albums Before the Flood Hard Rain Bob Dylan at Budokan Real Live Dylan & the Dead The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration MTV Unplugged Live 1961 -- 2000 : Thirty - Nine Years of Great Concert Performances Live at The Gaslight 1962 Live at Carnegie Hall 1963 In Concert -- Brandeis University 1963 The 1966 Live Recordings Compilations Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol. II Masterpieces Biograph Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Volume 3 The Best of Bob Dylan ( 1997 ) The Best of Bob Dylan , Vol. 2 The Essential Bob Dylan Bob Dylan : The Collection The Best of Bob Dylan ( 2005 ) Blues Dylan The Original Mono Recordings The 50th Anniversary Collection Bob Dylan : The Complete Album Collection Vol . One The 50th Anniversary Collection 1963 The 50th Anniversary Collection 1964 Bootlegs Great White Wonder List of Basement Tapes songs ( 1967 , 1975 ) The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 -- 3 ( Rare & Unreleased ) 1961 -- 1991 Volume 4 : The Royal Albert Hall concert Vol. 5 : Bob Dylan Live 1975 , The Rolling Thunder Revue Vol. 6 : Bob Dylan Live 1964 , Concert at Philharmonic Hall Vol. 7 : No Direction Home : The Soundtrack Vol. 8 : Tell Tale Signs : Rare and Unreleased 1989 -- 2006 Vol. 9 : The Witmark Demos : 1962 -- 1964 Vol. 10 : Another Self Portrait ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Vol. 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete Vol. 12 : The Cutting Edge 1965 -- 1966 Vol. 13 : Trouble No More 1979 -- 1981 Concert tours England Tour ( 1965 ) World Tour ( 1966 ) Tour with The Band ( 1974 ) Rolling Thunder Revue ( 1975 -- 1976 ) World Tour ( 1978 ) Gospel Tour ( 1979 -- 1980 ) World Tour ( 1981 ) European Tour ( 1984 ) True Confessions Tour ( 1986 ) Tour with the Grateful Dead ( 1987 ) Temples in Flames Tour ( 1987 ) Never Ending Tour 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 2001 2017 2018 Films Dont Look Back Eat the Document Renaldo and Clara Masked and Anonymous No Direction Home I 'm Not There 65 Revisited The Other Side of the Mirror : Bob Dylan Live at the Newport Folk Festival 1963 -- 1965 Writings Tarantula Writings and Drawings Chronicles : Volume One Books about Dylan The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia Bob Dylan , Performing Artist Invisible Republic The Cambridge Companion to Bob Dylan Related Discography Awards Bibliography Songs written by Dylan The Band Electric Dylan controversy Theme Time Radio Hour Traveling Wilburys Artists who have covered Dylan songs Chimes of Freedom ( album ) The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams Lost on the River : The New Basement Tapes Suze Rotolo The Telegraph magazine Sara Dylan ( first wife ) Carolyn Dennis ( second wife ) Jesse Dylan ( son ) Jakob Dylan ( son ) Book Category Portal George Harrison Studio albums Wonderwall Music Electronic Sound All Things Must Pass Living in the Material World Dark Horse Extra Texture ( Read All About It ) Thirty Three & 1 / 3 George Harrison Somewhere in England Gone Troppo Cloud Nine Brainwashed Live albums The Concert for Bangladesh Live in Japan Compilations The Best of George Harrison Best of Dark Horse 1976 -- 1989 Let It Roll : Songs by George Harrison Early Takes : Volume 1 Box sets The Dark Horse Years 1976 -- 1992 Collaborations ( with Ravi Shankar ) The Apple Years 1968 -- 75 George Harrison -- The Vinyl Collection Books I , Me , Mine Songs by George Harrison Songs by George Harrison 2 Raga Mala ( as editor ) Related Articles Discography Songs Awards and nominations Asian Music Circle Bhaktivedanta Manor The Concert for Bangladesh Concert for George Dark Horse Records Friar Park Harrisongs `` Homer 's Barbershop Quartet '' `` Horse to the Water '' Kinfauns Material World Charitable Foundation Ravi Shankar 's Music Festival from India 1974 North American tour 1991 Japanese tour Wonderful Tonight : George Harrison , Eric Clapton , and Me People John Barham The Beatles Pattie Boyd ( wife ) Eric Clapton Derek and the Dominos Olivia Harrison ( wife ) Dhani Harrison ( son ) Jim Keltner Jeff Lynne A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada The Quarrymen Radha Krishna Temple The Rutles Ravi Shankar Derek Taylor Traveling Wilburys Klaus Voormann Gary Wright Albums Is This What You Want ? That 's the Way God Planned It Doris Troy Encouraging Words The Radha Krsna Temple Joi Bangla ( EP ) Footprint Straight Up Raga Brother In Concert 1972 Shankar Family & Friends The Place I Love Ravi Shankar 's Music Festival from India Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3 Ravi Shankar : In Celebration Chants of India Films HandMade Films All You Need Is Cash Blue Suede Shoes : A Rockabilly Session The Concert for Bangladesh ( film ) Concert for George ( film ) George Harrison : Living in the Material World Little Malcolm Monty Python 's Life of Brian Raga Tributes Songs from the Material World : A Tribute to George Harrison `` Never Without You '' Concert for George ( album ) Harrison on Harrison : Jazz Explorations of George Harrison Tribute To George Fest Book Category Jeff Lynne Studio albums Armchair Theatre ( 1990 ) Long Wave ( 2012 ) Singles `` Doin ' That Crazy Thing '' `` Video ! '' `` Every Little Thing '' `` Lift Me Up '' Compilation A Message from the Country -- The Jeff Lynne Years 1968 / 1973 Mr. Blue Sky : The Very Best of Electric Light Orchestra With The Idle Race The Birthday Party Idle Race Related articles Albums produced by Jeff Lynne Electric Light Orchestra Traveling Wilburys The Move Lynne Me Your Ears Jeff Lynne and the Beatles List of songs produced by Jeff Lynne Book Category Roy Orbison Studio albums Lonely and Blue ( 1961 ) Roy Orbison at the Rock House ( 1961 ) Crying ( 1962 ) In Dreams ( 1963 ) There Is Only One Roy Orbison ( 1965 ) Orbisongs ( 1965 ) The Orbison Way ( 1966 ) The Classic Roy Orbison ( 1966 ) Roy Orbison Sings Don Gibson ( 1967 ) The Fastest Guitar Alive ( 1967 ) Cry Softly Lonely One ( 1967 ) Roy Orbison 's Many Moods ( 1969 ) Big O ( 1970 ) Hank Williams the Roy Orbison Way ( 1970 ) Roy Orbison Sings ( 1972 ) Memphis ( 1972 ) Milestones ( 1973 ) I 'm Still In Love With You ( 1976 ) Regeneration ( 1977 ) Laminar Flow ( 1979 ) In Dreams : The Greatest Hits ( 1987 -- studio re-recordings of earlier hits ) Mystery Girl ( 1989 ) King of Hearts ( 1992 ) One of the Lonely Ones ( 2015 ) Compilations Roy Orbison 's Greatest Hits ( 1962 ) More of Roy Orbison 's Greatest Hits ( 1964 ) Early Orbison ( 1964 ) The Great Songs of Roy Orbison ( 1970 ) The All - Time Greatest Hits of Roy Orbison ( 1972 ) In Dreams : The Greatest Hits ( 1987 ) 16 Biggest Hits ( 1999 ) Collaborations Class of ' 55 ( 1986 ) Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 ( 1988 ) Soundtrack appearances Roadie ( 1980 ) Blue Velvet ( 1986 ) Less Than Zero ( 1987 ) Live A Black & White Night Live ( 1989 ) Related articles Discography Traveling Wilburys Roy Orbison / The Beatles Tour Book Category Tom Petty Studio albums Full Moon Fever ( 1989 ) Wildflowers ( 1994 ) Highway Companion ( 2006 ) Songs `` Stop Draggin ' My Heart Around '' `` I Wo n't Back Down '' `` Runnin ' Down a Dream '' `` Free Fallin ' '' `` A Face in the Crowd '' `` Yer So Bad '' `` You Do n't Know How It Feels '' `` Square One '' `` Saving Grace '' Related articles Discography Songs Awards Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Blue Stingrays Mudcrutch Traveling Wilburys VIAF : 118145970052732250731 ISNI : 0000 0001 2364 2995 GND : 10182861 - 5 BNF : cb13921895h ( data ) MusicBrainz : 4387b544 - e4d0 - 4f18 - b74e - d4a5ba1582ab Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traveling_Wilburys&oldid=815765497 '' Categories : American country rock groups Bands with fictional stage personas British country rock musical groups British folk rock groups Folk rock groups from California Grammy Award winners Musical groups established in 1988 Musical quartets Roots rock music groups Supergroups ( music ) Traveling Wilburys Musical groups disestablished in 1991 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template archiveis links EngvarB from December 2017 Use dmy dates from December 2017 Articles with hCards Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 00 : 18 . 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Buffalo Bills
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Buffalo Bills - wikipedia Buffalo Bills Jump to : navigation , search For the American bison hunter , see Buffalo Bill . For other uses , see Buffalo Bills ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Buffalo Bulls , the collegiate team of the State University of New York at Buffalo . Buffalo Bills Current season Established October 28 , 1959 ; 58 years ago ( October 28 , 1959 ) First season : 1960 Play in and headquartered in New Era Field Orchard Park , New York Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Eastern Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Royal Blue , Red , White , Navy Blue Fight song `` Shout '' , among others Mascot Billy Buffalo Personnel Owner ( s ) Terrence and Kim Pegula CEO Terrence Pegula President Russ Brandon General manager Brandon Beane Head coach Sean McDermott Team history Buffalo Bills ( 1960 -- present ) Championships League championships ( 2 ) AFL Championships ( 2 ) 1964 , 1965 Conference championships ( 4 ) AFC : 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Division championships ( 10 ) AFL East : 1964 , 1965 , 1966 AFC East : 1980 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1993 , 1995 Playoff appearances ( 17 ) AFL : 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 NFL : 1974 , 1980 , 1981 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 Home fields War Memorial Stadium ( 1960 -- 1972 ) New Era Field ( 1973 -- present ) The Buffalo Bills are a professional American football team based in the Buffalo -- Niagara Falls metropolitan area . The Bills compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) , as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division . The team plays their home games at New Era Field in Orchard Park , New York . The Bills are the only NFL team that plays its home games in the state of New York ( the New York Giants and New York Jets play at MetLife Stadium , located in East Rutherford , New Jersey ) . The Bills conduct summer training camp at St. John Fisher College in Pittsford , New York , an eastern suburb of Rochester , New York . The Bills began play as an original franchise of the American Football League ( AFL ) in 1960 . The club joined the NFL as a result of the AFL -- NFL merger for the 1970 season . The 1964 and 1965 Bills were the only teams representing Buffalo that won major league professional sports championships ( `` back - to - back '' American Football League Championships ) . The Bills are the only team to win four consecutive conference championships and are the only NFL team to lose four consecutive Super Bowl games . The team was owned by Ralph Wilson from the team 's founding in 1960 , until his death in 2014 at the age of 95 . After his death , Wilson 's estate reached an agreement to sell the team to Terry and Kim Pegula , which was approved by the other NFL team owners on October 8 , 2014 . The Bills have the longest active playoff drought in any major professional sport : they have not qualified to play in the NFL playoffs since 1999 and are the only team that has not appeared in the playoffs so far in the 21st century . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Logos and uniforms 3 Rivalries 3.1 Divisional Rivalries 3.1. 1 Miami Dolphins 3.1. 2 New England Patriots 3.1. 3 New York Jets 3.2 Other rivalries 3.2. 1 Kansas City Chiefs 3.2. 2 Cleveland Browns 3.2. 3 Dallas Cowboys 4 Playoffs 5 Players 5.1 Retired numbers 5.2 Ralph C. Wilson Jr . Distinguished Service Award Recipients 5.3 Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame 5.4 Pro Football Hall Of Fame 5.5 All - time first round draft picks 5.6 Recent Pro Bowl selections 5.7 CSVA Sports Film and Video Hall of Famers 6 Coaches of note 6.1 Head coaches 6.2 Current staff 7 Current roster 8 Radio and television 9 Training camp sites 10 Mascots , cheerleaders and marching band 11 Supporters 12 In popular culture 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History Main articles : History of the Buffalo Bills and List of Buffalo Bills seasons The Bills began competitive play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League led by head coach Buster Ramsey and joined the NFL as part of the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 . The Bills won two consecutive American Football League titles in 1964 and 1965 , but the club has yet to win a league championship since . Once the AFL -- NFL merger took effect , the Bills became the second NFL team to represent the city ; they followed the Buffalo All - Americans , a charter member of the league . Buffalo had been left out of the league since the All - Americans ( by that point renamed the Bisons ) folded in 1929 ; the Bills were no less than the third professional non-NFL team to compete in the city before the merger , following the Indians / Tigers of the early 1940s and an earlier team named the Bills , originally the Bisons , in the late 1940s in the All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) . In 1947 a contest was held to rename the Bisons , which was owned by James Breuil of the Frontier Oil Company . The winning entry suggested Bills , reflecting on the famous western frontiersman , Buffalo Bill Cody . Carrying the `` frontier '' theme further , the winning contestant offered the team was being supported by Frontier Oil and was `` opening a new frontier in sports in Western New York . '' When Buffalo joined the new American Football League in 1960 , the name of the city 's earlier pro football entry was adopted . After being pushed to the brink of failure in the mid-1980s , the collapse of the United States Football League and a series of high draft picks allowed the Bills to rebuild into a perennial contender in the late 1980s through the mid-1990s , a period in which the team won four consecutive AFC Championships ; the team nevertheless lost all four subsequent Super Bowls , records in both categories that still stand . The rise of the division rival New England Patriots under Tom Brady , along with numerous failed attempts at rebuilding in the 2000s and 2010s , have prevented the Bills from reaching the playoffs since 1999 , a 17 - year drought that is the longest active playoff drought in all major professional sports . On October 8 , 2014 , Buffalo Sabres owners Terry and Kim Pegula received unanimous approval to acquire the Bills during the NFL owners ' meetings , becoming the second ownership group of the team after team founder Ralph Wilson . Logos and uniforms Bills logo , 1962 -- 1973 The Bills ' uniforms in its first two seasons were based on those of the Detroit Lions at the time . The team 's original colors were Honolulu blue , silver and white , and the helmets were silver with no striping . There was no logo on the helmet , which displayed the players ' numbers on each side . In 1962 , the standing red bison was designated as the logo and took its place on a white helmet . In 1962 , the team 's colors also changed to red , white , and blue . The team switched to blue jerseys with red and white `` LSU '' stripes on the shoulders . the helmets were white with a red center stripe . The jerseys again saw a change in 1964 when the shoulder stripes were replaced by a distinctive stripe pattern on the sleeves consisting of four stripes , two thicker inner stripes and two thinner outer stripes all bordered by red piping . By 1965 , red and blue center stripes were put on the helmets . The Bills introduced blue pants worn with the white jerseys in 1973 , the last year of the standing buffalo helmet . The blue pants remained through 1985 . The face mask on the helmet was blue from 1974 through 1986 before changing to white . The standing bison logo was replaced by a blue charging one with a red slanting stripe streaming from its horn . The newer emblem , which is still the primary one used by the franchise , was designed by aerospace designer Stevens Wright in 1974 . In 1984 , the helmet 's background color was changed from white to red , primarily to help Bills quarterback Joe Ferguson distinguish them more readily from three of their division rivals at that time , the Baltimore Colts , the Miami Dolphins , and the New England Patriots , who all also wore white helmets at that point . Ferguson said `` Everyone we played had white helmets at that time . Our new head coach Kay Stephenson just wanted to get more of a contrast on the field that may help spot a receiver down the field . '' ( The Patriots now use a silver helmet , the Colts have since been realigned to the AFC South , and the New York Jets , who switched to green helmets after the 1977 season , have since switched back to white helmets . ) In 2002 , under the direction of general manager Tom Donahoe , the Bills ' uniforms went through radical changes . A darker shade of blue was introduced as the main jersey color , and nickel gray was introduced as an accent color . Both the blue and white jerseys featured red side panels . The white jerseys included a dark blue shoulder yoke and royal blue numbers . The helmet remained primarily red with one navy blue , two nickel , two royal blue , two white stripes , and white face mask . A new logo , a stylized `` B '' consisting of two bullets and a more detailed buffalo head on top , was proposed and had been released ( it can be seen on a few baseball caps that were released for sale ) , but fan backlash led to the team retaining the running bison logo . The helmet logo adopted in 1974 -- a charging royal blue bison , with a red streak , white horn and eyeball -- remained unchanged . In 2005 , the Bills revived the standing bison helmet and uniform of the mid-1960s as a throwback uniform . The Bills usually wore the all - blue combination at home and the all - white combination on the road when not wearing the throwback uniforms . They stopped wearing blue - on - white after 2006 , while the white - on - blue was not worn after 2007 . For the 2011 season , the Bills unveiled a new uniform design , an updated rendition of the 1975 -- 83 design . This change includes a return to the white helmets with `` charging buffalo '' logo , and a return to royal blue instead of navy . Buffalo sporadically wore white at home in the 1980s , but stopped doing so before their Super Bowl years . On November 6 , 2011 , against the New York Jets , the Bills wore white at home for the first time since 1986 . Since 2011 , the Bills have worn white for a home game either with their primary uniform or a throwback set . The Bills ' uniform received minor alterations as part of the league 's new uniform contract with Nike . The new Nike uniform was unveiled on April 3 , 2012 . On November 12 , 2015 , the Bills and the New York Jets became the first two teams to participate in the NFL 's Color Rush uniform initiative , with Buffalo wearing an all - red combination for the first time in team history . A notable use of the Bills ' uniforms outside of football will be in the 2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships , when the United States men 's national junior ice hockey team will use Bills uniforms in their outdoor game against Team Canada on December 29 , 2017 . Rivalries The Bills have rivalries with their three AFC East opponents , and also have had occasional or historical rivalries with other teams such as the Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts ( a former divisional rival ) , Kansas City Chiefs , Houston Oilers / Tennessee Titans , Cleveland Browns , and Dallas Cowboys . They also play an annual preseason game against the Detroit Lions . Divisional rivalries Miami Dolphins Main article : Bills -- Dolphins rivalry This is often considered Buffalo 's most famous rivalry . Though the Bills and Dolphins both originated in the American Football League , the Dolphins did not start playing until 1966 as an expansion team while the Bills were one of the original eight teams . The rivalry first gained prominence when the Dolphins won every match - up against the Bills in the 1970s for an NFL - record 20 straight wins against a single opponent . Fortunes changed in the following decades with the rise of Jim Kelly as Buffalo 's franchise quarterback , and though Kelly and Dolphins quarterback Dan Marino shared a competitive rivalry in the 1980s and 1990s , the Bills became dominant in the 1990s . Things have since cooled down after the retirements of Kelly and Marino and the rise of the Belichick / Brady - led Patriots , but Miami remains a fierce rival of the Bills , coming in second place in a recent poll of Buffalo 's primary rival . Miami leads the overall series 60 - 45 - 1 , but Buffalo has the advantage in the playoffs at 3 - 1 . New England Patriots Main article : Bills -- Patriots rivalry The rivalry with the New England Patriots first started when both teams were original franchises in the American Football League prior to the NFL - AFL merger . After the rise of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady in New England , the Patriots have dominated the AFC East , including the Bills . The Bills - Patriots rivalry in particular has become lopsided as the Patriots are 29 - 5 against the Bills since Belichick became head coach . This has led many fans and players in the 2000s and beyond to replace the Dolphins with the Patriots as Buffalo 's most hated rival . Overall , the Patriots lead the series 70 - 43 - 1 as of 2016 . The rivalry is also notable as numerous players , including Drew Bledsoe , Doug Flutie , Lawyer Milloy , Brandon Spikes , Scott Chandler and Stephon Gilmore have played for both teams at some point in their careers . New York Jets Main article : Bills -- Jets rivalry The Bills and Jets both represent the state of New York , though the Jets actually play their games in East Rutherford , New Jersey . The series started as the Bills and Jets were both original teams in the AFL . Though the rivalry represents the differences between New York City and Upstate New York , it is not as intense as the Bills ' rivalries with the Dolphins and Patriots , and the teams ' fanbases either have begrudging respect or low - key annoyance for each other when not playing one another . Often times the rivalry has become characterized by ugly games and shared mediocrity , but it briefly heated up when former Jets head coach Rex Ryan became head coach of the Bills for two seasons . Buffalo leads the series 61 - 54 as of 2017 , including a playoff win in 1981 . Other rivalries Kansas City Chiefs The Bills and Chiefs were also original teams in the AFL and have had a long history against each other , despite never being in the same division . This rivalry heated up recently as the Bills and Chiefs met in consecutive years from 2008 to 2015 , and will meet again in 2017 . The teams have played three playoff games , including the AFL Championship game that determined the AFL 's ( later AFC ) representative in the first Super Bowl , with Kansas City winning and going on to face the Green Bay Packers in the Super Bowl . Buffalo currently leads the series 25 - 21 - 1 . Cleveland Browns Though the two teams are in different divisions and did not start playing each other until after 1972 , match - ups between the Bills and the Cleveland Browns occasionally get heated up due to the proximity and similarity between the cities of Buffalo and Cleveland . Like the Bills - Jets rivalry , the Bills and Browns often share bad luck and have had their share of ugly games . However , there have been other occasions when both teams have been competitive such as in the 1980s and most recently in 2007 and 2014 . The rivalry also gained heat when former Bills safety Donte Whitner was with the Browns . The Browns currently lead the series 12 - 9 , including a playoff win in 1990 , though the Bills have outscored the Browns in the series . The Browns shared a rivalry with the Bills ' predecessors in the All - America Football Conference , playing them twice in the AAFC playoffs before becoming one of three AAFC teams to join the NFL . The Bills were not selected to join the NFL and folded with the rest of the AAFC , leaving Buffalo without professional football until the current Bills were formed in 1959 . Dallas Cowboys The Bills briefly developed a rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys as the two teams met in consecutive years in the Super Bowl in the 1990s . Playoffs 1963 AFL Eastern Division Playoff : Boston Patriots 26 , Buffalo Bills 8 1964 AFL Championship : Buffalo Bills 20 , San Diego Chargers 7 1965 AFL Championship : Buffalo Bills 23 , San Diego Chargers 0 1966 AFL Championship : Kansas City Chiefs 31 , Buffalo Bills 7 1974 Divisional Playoffs : Pittsburgh Steelers 32 , Buffalo Bills 14 1980 Divisional Playoffs : San Diego Chargers 20 , Buffalo Bills 14 1981 Wild Card Game : Buffalo Bills 31 , New York Jets 27 1981 Divisional Playoffs : Cincinnati Bengals 28 , Buffalo Bills 21 1988 Divisional Playoffs : Buffalo Bills 17 , Houston Oilers 10 1988 AFC Championship : Cincinnati Bengals 21 , Buffalo Bills 10 1989 Divisional Playoffs : Cleveland Browns 34 , Buffalo Bills 30 1990 Divisional Playoffs : Buffalo Bills 44 , Miami Dolphins 34 1990 AFC Championship : Buffalo Bills 51 , Los Angeles Raiders 3 Super Bowl XXV : New York Giants 20 , Buffalo Bills 19 1991 Divisional Playoffs : Buffalo Bills 37 , Kansas City Chiefs 14 AFC Championship : Buffalo Bills 10 , Denver Broncos 7 Super Bowl XXVI : Washington Redskins 37 , Buffalo Bills 24 1992 AFC Wild Card Game : Buffalo Bills 41 , Houston Oilers 38 1992 AFC Divisional Playoffs : Buffalo Bills 24 , 1992 Pittsburgh Steelers 3 1992 AFC Championship : Buffalo Bills 29 , Miami Dolphins 10 Super Bowl XXVII : Dallas Cowboys 52 , Buffalo Bills 17 1993 Divisional Playoffs : Buffalo Bills 29 , Los Angeles Raiders 23 AFC Championship : Buffalo Bills 30 , Kansas City Chiefs 13 Super Bowl XXVIII : Dallas Cowboys 30 , Buffalo Bills 13 1995 Wild Card Game : Buffalo Bills 37 , Miami Dolphins 22 1995 Divisional Playoffs : Pittsburgh Steelers 40 , Buffalo Bills 21 1996 Wild Card Game : Jacksonville Jaguars 30 , Buffalo Bills 27 1998 Wild Card Game : Miami Dolphins 24 , Buffalo Bills 17 1999 Wild Card Game : Tennessee Titans 22 , Buffalo Bills 16 Playoff record : 14 wins , 15 losses Players Retired numbers Buffalo Bills retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure Notes 12 Jim Kelly QB 1986 -- 96 Previously worn by Joe Ferguson , QB , 1973 -- 84 ; and Daryle Lamonica , QB , 1963 -- 66 78 Bruce Smith DE 1985 -- 99 Previously worn by Tom Day , DE , 1961 -- 68 ; Dave Foley , OT , 1972 -- 77 ; Gene Grabosky , OT , 1960 ; and Scott Hutchinson , DE , 1978 -- 80 , 1983 The Buffalo Bills have retired two numbers in franchise history : No. 12 for Jim Kelly and No. 78 for Bruce Smith . Despite the fact that the Bills have only retired two jersey numbers in franchise history , the team has other numbers no longer issued to any player or in reduced circulation . Unofficially retired : 32 O.J. Simpson , RB , 1969 -- 77 34 Thurman Thomas , RB , 1988 -- 99 ; previously worn by Cookie Gilchrist , RB , 1962 -- 64 Reduced circulation : 44 Elbert Dubenion , WR , 1960 -- 68 66 Billy Shaw , OG , 1961 -- 69 83 Andre Reed , WR , 1985 -- 99 ( Lee Evans III wore # 83 by special permission ) Since the earliest days of the team , the number 31 was not supposed to be issued to any other player . The Bills had stationery and various other team merchandise showing a running player wearing that number , and it was not supposed to represent any specific person , but the ' spirit of the team . ' In the first three decades of the team 's existence , the number 31 was only seen once : in 1969 , when reserve running back Preston Ridlehuber damaged his number 36 jersey during a game , equipment manager Tony Marchitte gave him the number 31 jersey to wear while repairing the number 36 . The number 31 was not issued again until 1990 when first round draft choice James ( J.D. ) Williams wore it for his first two seasons . Number 15 was historically only issued sparingly after the retirement of Jack Kemp , but is apparently now in general circulation ; Brandon Tate currently wears the number . Number 1 has also only rarely been used , for reasons never explained . Kicker Mike Hollis , who played one season for the Bills in 2002 , was the most recent to wear the number . Ralph C. Wilson Jr . Distinguished Service Award Recipients 1986 -- Ben Williams 1987 -- Joe DeLamielleure 1988 -- Steve Freeman 1989 -- Jerry Butler 1990 -- Tim Vogler 1991 -- Joe Ferguson 1992 -- Ken Jones 1993 -- Booker Edgerson 1994 -- George `` Butch '' Byrd 1995 -- Tony Greene 1996 -- Frank Lewis 1997 -- Steven Paganelli 1996 -- Roland Hooks 1997 -- Jim Ritcher 1997 -- Charley Ferguson 1998 -- Stew Barber 1998 -- Ed Rutkowski 1999 -- Fred Smerlas 1999 -- Reggie McKenzie 2000 -- Darryl Talley 2000 -- Ernie Warlick 2001 -- Steve Tasker 2001 -- Kent Hull 2002 -- Don Beebe 2003 -- Thurman Thomas 2004 -- Paul Maguire 2005 -- Frank Reich 2006 -- Phil Hansen 2007 -- Lou Piccone 2007 -- Denny Lynch 2008 -- Mark Kelso 2009 -- Andre Reed 2010 -- Ruben Brown 2011 -- Scott Norwood Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame Inducted No . Name Position Tenure 1980 32 O.J. Simpson RB 1969 -- 1977 1984 15 Jack Kemp QB 1962 -- 1969 1985 -- Pat McGroder Contributor GM 1961 -- 1983 70 Tom Sestak DT 1962 -- 1968 1988 66 Billy Shaw OG 1961 -- 1969 1989 -- Ralph C. Wilson Jr . Owner 1959 -- 2014 1992 12 The 12th Man Fans 1960 -- present 1993 44 Elbert Dubenion WR 1960 -- 1968 1994 58 Mike Stratton LB 1962 -- 1972 1995 12 Joe Ferguson QB 1973 -- 1984 -- Marv Levy HC GM 1986 -- 1997 2006 -- 2007 1997 68 Joe DeLamielleure OG 1973 -- 1979 1985 1998 20 Robert James CB 1969 -- 1974 1999 -- Edward Abramoski Trainer 1960 -- 1996 2000 61 Bob Kalsu 1968 26 George Saimes 1963 -- 1969 2001 12 Jim Kelly QB 1986 -- 1996 76 Fred Smerlas DT 1979 -- 1989 2002 67 Kent Hull 1986 -- 1996 2003 56 Darryl Talley LB 1983 -- 1994 51 Jim Ritcher C / G 1980 -- 1993 2005 34 Thurman Thomas RB 1988 -- 1999 2006 83 Andre Reed WR 1985 -- 1999 2007 89 Steve Tasker WR 1986 -- 1997 2008 78 Bruce Smith DE 1985 -- 1999 24 Booker Edgerson DB 1962 -- 1969 2011 90 Phil Hansen DE 1991 -- 2001 2012 -- Bill Polian GM 1984 -- 1992 2014 -- Van Miller Broadcaster 1960 -- 1971 1977 -- 2003 2015 -- Lou Saban Coach 1962 -- 1965 1972 -- 1976 2017 34 Cookie Gilchrist RB 1962 -- 1964 Pro Football Hall Of Fame Buffalo Bills Hall of Famers No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 32 O.J. Simpson RB 1969 -- 1977 1985 66 Billy Shaw OG 1961 -- 1969 1999 -- Marv Levy HC GM 1986 -- 1997 2006 -- 2007 2001 12 Jim Kelly QB 1986 -- 1996 2002 80 James Lofton WR 1989 -- 1992 2003 68 Joe DeLamielleure OG 1973 -- 1979 1985 2003 34 Thurman Thomas RB 1988 -- 1999 2007 78 Bruce Smith DE 1985 -- 1999 2009 -- Ralph Wilson Owner 1959 -- 2014 2009 83 Andre Reed WR 1985 -- 1999 2014 -- Bill Polian GM 1984 -- 1992 2015 All - time first round draft picks Main article : List of Buffalo Bills first - round draft picks Recent Pro Bowl selections Main article : List of Buffalo Bills Pro Bowl selections CSVA Sports Film and Video Hall of Famers Main article : Collegiate Sports Video Association Henry Kunttu ( 2013 ) Coaches of note Head coaches Main article : List of Buffalo Bills head coaches Current staff Buffalo Bills staff Front Office Owner / CEO -- Terry Pegula Owner -- Kim Pegula President -- Russ Brandon General Manager -- Brandon Beane Assistant General Manager -- Joe Schoen Vice President of Player Peronnel -- Brian Gaine College Scouting Director -- Terrance Gray Senior VP of Football Administration -- Jim Overdorf Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Lake Dawson Director of Pro Personnel - Malik Boyd Head Coaches Head Coach -- Sean McDermott Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Rick Dennison Run Game Coordinator / Offensive Line -- Juan Castillo Quarterbacks -- David Culley Running Backs -- Kelly Skipper Wide Receivers -- Phil McGeoghan Tight Ends -- Rob Boras Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Quarterbacks -- Marc Lubick Assistant Offensive Line -- Andrew Dees Offensive Assistant - Chad Hall Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Leslie Frazier Defensive Line -- Mike Waufle Assistant Defensive Line - Bill Teerlinck Linebackers -- Bob Babich Defensive Backs -- Gill Byrd Assistant Defensive Backs - Bobby Babich Defensive Quality Control - John Egorugwu Defensive Assistant - Jim Salgado Special Teams Coaches Special Teams -- Danny Crossman Assistant Special Teams -- Matt Smiley Strength and Conditioning Head Strength and Conditioning -- Eric Ciano Assistant Head Strength and Conditioning -- Hal Luther Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Jason Oszvart Strength and Conditioning Assistant - Mark Loecher → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Current roster Buffalo Bills roster view talk Quarterbacks 2 Nathan Peterman 5 Tyrod Taylor 14 Joe Webb Running backs 39 Travaris Cadet 42 Patrick DiMarco FB 25 LeSean McCoy 35 Mike Tolbert FB Wide receivers 13 Kelvin Benjamin 18 Andre Holmes 11 Zay Jones 89 Brandon Reilly 15 Brandon Tate 10 Deonte Thompson Tight ends 85 Charles Clay 84 Nick O'Leary 88 Khari Lee 82 Logan Thomas Offensive linemen 73 Dion Dawkins T 62 Vladimir Ducasse G 66 Seantrel Henderson T 64 Richie Incognito G 72 Ryan Groy G 68 Conor McDermott T 76 John Miller G 79 Jordan Mills T 70 Eric Wood C Defensive linemen 75 Cap Capi DE 56 Ryan Davis DE 98 Deandre Coleman DT 55 Jerry Hughes DE 91 Cedric Thornton DT 92 Adolphus Washington DT 95 Kyle Williams DT 54 Eddie Yarbrough DE Linebackers 57 Lorenzo Alexander OLB 52 Preston Brown MLB 50 Ramon Humber OLB 44 Deon Lacey OLB 58 Matt Milano OLB 40 Tanner Vallejo MLB Defensive backs 31 Breon Borders CB 36 Trae Elston FS 28 E.J. Gaines CB 23 Micah Hyde SS 24 Leonard Johnson CB 30 Lafayette Pitts CB 21 Jordan Poyer FS 29 Shamarko Thomas SS 27 Tre'Davious White CB 20 Shareece Wright CB Special teams 69 Reid Ferguson LS 4 Steven Hauschka K 6 Colton Schmidt P Reserve lists 33 Colt Anderson FS ( IR ) 17 Jeremy Butler WR ( IR ) 77 Cordy Glenn T ( IR ) 26 Taiwan Jones RB ( IR ) 90 Shaq Lawson DE ( IR ) 87 Jordan Matthews WR ( IR ) 89 Keith Towbridge TE ( IR ) Practice squad 7 Cory Carter P 80 Jason Croom TE 37 Lorenzo Doss CB 16 Malachi Dupre WR 97 Marquavius Lewis DT 31 Dean Marlowe FS 38 L.J. McCray FS 45 Marcus Murphy RB 60 Adam Redmond C 74 De'Ondre Wesley OT Rookies in italics Roster updated December 16 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 7 Inactive , 10 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television Main article : List of Buffalo Bills broadcasters See also : Buffalo Bills Radio Network The Buffalo Bills Radio Network is flagshipped at WGR , AM 550 in Buffalo . John Murphy is the team 's current play - by - play announcer ; he was a color commentator alongside , and eventually succeeded , longtime voice Van Miller after Miller 's retirement at the end of the 2003 NFL season . Mark Kelso serves as the color analyst . The Bills radio network has approximately seventeen affiliates in upstate New York and one affiliate , CJCL 590AM ( The Fan ) in Toronto . As of early 2012 , it is composed mostly of WGR , Entercom 's sister stations WCMF ( 96.5 FM ) and WROC - AM 950 in Rochester , and a fleet of independent AM and FM stations across upstate New York from Jamestown east to Albany . Previous flagship Citadel Broadcasting was purchased by Cumulus Media , who in turn ceased carrying Bills games at the end of the 2011 season , leaving the network without affiliates in Syracuse , Binghamton , and Erie . ( The Syracuse affiliations were later picked up by Galaxy Communications . ) Buffalo is one of ten teams contracted with Compass Media Networks to syndicate selected games nationwide . During the preseason , most games are televised on Buffalo 's ABC affiliate , WKBW - TV channel 7 , with several other affiliates in western New York . These games are simulcast on sister stations WTVH in Syracuse , WICU in Erie , WHAM - TV in Rochester , and for a period , CITY - TV in Toronto . CBS analyst and former Bills special teams player Steve Tasker does color commentary on these games ; the play - by - play position is rotated between his CBS partner Andrew Catalon and Rob Stone . WHAM - TV sports anchor Mike Catalana is the sideline reporter . Since 2008 , preseason games have been broadcast in high definition . Beginning in the 2016 season , as per a new rights deal which covers rights to the team as well as its sister NHL franchise , the Buffalo Sabres , most team - related programming , including studio programming and the coach 's show , was re-located to MSG Western New York -- a joint venture of MSG and the team ownership . Preseason games will continue to air in simulcast on WKBW . In the event regular season games are broadcast by ESPN , WKBW - TV will also hold the broadcast rights to that contest , with the station having won back the rights to cable games after WBBZ - TV held the rights for 2012 and 2013 . Training camp sites 1960 -- 1962 Roycroft Inn , East Aurora , New York 1963 -- 1967 Camelot Hotel , Blasdell , New York 1968 -- 1980 Niagara University , Lewiston , New York 1981 -- 1999 State University of New York at Fredonia , Fredonia , New York 2000 -- present , St. John Fisher College , Pittsford , New York Mascots , cheerleaders and marching band The Bills ' official mascot is Billy Buffalo , an eight - foot tall , anthropomorphic blue American bison who wears the jersey `` number '' BB . The Bills currently do not have cheerleaders . The Bills employed the Buffalo Jills , an independent organization , from 1967 to 2013 ; the Jills suspended operations prior to the 2014 season due to legal actions . The Bills and Jills are currently involved in a legal battle , in which the Jills allege they were employees , not independent contractors , and are seeking back pay . The Bills are one of six teams in the NFL to designate an official marching band or drumline ( the others being the Baltimore Ravens , Washington Redskins , New York Jets , Carolina Panthers and Seattle Seahawks ) . Since the last game of the 2013 season , this position has been served by the Stampede Drumline , known outside of Buffalo as Downbeat Percussion . The Bills have also used the full marching bands from Attica High School , the University of Pittsburgh and Syracuse University at home games in recent years . The Bills have several theme songs associated with them . One is a variation of the Isley Brothers hit `` Shout '' , recorded by Scott Kemper , which served as the Bills ' official promotional song from 1987 through 1990s . It was officially replaced circa 2000 with `` The Power of the Bills '' , although `` Shout '' remains in use . The Bills ' unofficial fight song , `` Go Bills '' , was penned by Bills head coach Marv Levy in the mid-1990s on a friendly wager with his players that he will write the song if the team won a particular game . Supporters The Bills Backers are the official fan organization of the Buffalo Bills . It has over 200 chapters across North America , Europe and Oceania . Also notable is the Bills Mafia , a collection of Bills fans organized via Twitter beginning in 2010 ; the phrase `` Bills Mafia '' had by 2017 grown to unofficially represent the broad community surrounding and encompassing the team as a whole , and players who join the Bills often speak of joining the Bills Mafia . Outsiders often treat the Bills ' fan base in derogatory terms , especially since the 2010s , in part because of negative press coverage of select fans ' wilder antics . The Bills are one of the favorite teams of ESPN announcer Chris Berman , who picked the Bills to reach the Super Bowl nearly every year in the 1990s . Berman often uses the catchphrase `` No one circles the wagons like the Buffalo Bills ! '' Berman gave the induction speech for Bills owner Ralph Wilson when Wilson was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2009 . The Bills were also the favorite team of late NBC political commentator Tim Russert , a South Buffalo native , who often referred to the Bills on his Sunday morning talk show , Meet the Press . ( His son , Luke , is also a notable fan of the team . ) CNN 's Wolf Blitzer , also a Buffalo native , has proclaimed he is also a fan , as has CBS Evening News lead anchor and Tonawanda native Jeff Glor . ESPN anchor Kevin Connors is also a noted Bills fan , dating to his time attending Ithaca College . Actor Nick Bakay , a Buffalo native , is also a well - known Bills fan ; he has discussed the team in segments of NFL Top 10 . Character actor William Fichtner , raised in Cheektowaga , is a fan , and did a commercial for the team in 2014 . In 2015 , Fichtner also narrated the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary on the Bills four Super Bowl appearances , `` Four Falls of Buffalo '' . Former Olympic swimmer Summer Sanders has professed her fandom of the team . Bills fans are particularly well known for their wearing of Zubaz zebra - printed sportswear ; so much is the association between Bills fans and Zubaz that when a revival of the company opened their first brick - and - mortar storefront , it chose Western New York as its first location . In popular culture Buffalo 's rivalry with the Miami Dolphins is referenced on Steve Martin 's 1979 album Comedy Is Not Pretty ! on the track `` How To Meet A Girl . '' On the track , Martin simulates chatter about football at a party , and one `` partier '' expresses disbelief that Buffalo could beat Miami -- at the time of the album 's release , the Dolphins had won 18 straight games over the Bills . In the 1996 X-Files episode `` Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man '' , the titular character , a member of a shadowy government cabal , states that the Buffalo Bills will not win a Super Bowl while he lives . The Buffalo Bills were featured on the direct - to - TV movie Second String , and in the Vincent Gallo drama Buffalo 66 . Actor Dean Cain was briefly a member of the Bills . Because of this , references to the Bills have appeared in the television series Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman , in which Cain played the title character . In the first episode of season four , titled `` Lord of the Flys '' , Clark picks up a blue Buffalo Bills hat with the Charging Buffalo emblem in the center and uses it to help disguise himself . In a later episode , he lets it be known the Metropolis Mammoths are playing the Bills . In an April 2011 episode of the television series 30 Rock , titled `` 100 '' , Alec Baldwin 's character Jack Donaghy discovers that , in an alternate future , he would not only be wealthier and more successful , but he would also be the owner of a `` New York football team . '' He later is disappointed to learn the team is not the New York Giants or New York Jets , but the Buffalo Bills . The Bills are the team that eventually unseats the Orlando Breakers , the fictional NFL team that serves as the focus of the sitcom Coach in later seasons , in the playoffs . In a March 2014 episode of the television series Family Guy entitled `` 3 Acts of God '' , Peter Griffin -- along with his family and friends -- attends a game between the Buffalo Bills and New England Patriots at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , which the Bills win . The episode also features Bills players Mario Williams and C.J. Spiller guest starring as themselves . Several former Buffalo Bills players have earned a name in politics after their playing careers had ended , almost always as members of the Republican Party . The most famous of these was quarterback Jack Kemp , who was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Western New York in 1971 -- two years after his playing career ended and remained there for nearly two decades , serving as the Republican Party nominee for Vice President of the United States under Bob Dole in 1996 . Kemp 's backup , Ed Rutkowski , served as county executive of Erie County from 1979 to 1987 . Former tight end Jay Riemersma , defensive tackle Fred Smerlas and defensive end Phil Hansen have all run for Congress , though all three either lost or withdrew from their respective races . Quarterback Jim Kelly and running back Thurman Thomas have also both been mentioned as potential candidates for political office , although both have declined all requests to date . See also New York portal National Football League portal List of American Football League players Major North American professional sports teams References Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Chris ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` Bills put charge in new uniforms '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Training Camp '' . Buffalo Bills . September 1 , 2015 . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sessler , Marc ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Bills sale to Terry , Kim Pegula unanimously approved '' . National Football League . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rodak , Mike ( September 26 , 2015 ) . `` Bills now have longest playoff drought among major sports '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History : History of NFL franchises , 1920 -- present '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . February 7 , 2010 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise nicknames - Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . ^ Jump up to : Ferrara , Kyle ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` A look back at Bills uniform changes '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warner , Gene ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` Bills logo was artist 's crowning achievement '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Original AFL Decals '' . www.remembertheafl.com . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Miller , Dallas ( April 5 , 2015 ) . `` April 5 in Bills history : Charging Buffalo introduced as Bills logo '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Uni Watch : NFL archival treasures '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Untold uniform stories : Fergie behind helmet color change '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fashion forward : Bills unveil brand - new uniforms for 2011 '' . National Football League . June 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Chris ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Nike unveils new NFL uniforms '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Jets and Bills unveil ' Color Rush ' unis Thursday '' . National Football League . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` USA Hockey unveils Bills - themed jersey for world junior outdoor game in Buffalo '' . 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Buffalo Bills Rivalry Survey '' . www.allcounted.com . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Buffalo Bills Rivalry Survey '' . www.allcounted.com . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills vs. Miami Dolphins Results - The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Jump up ^ `` Patriots named as Bills biggest rival '' . 247Sports.com . July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills vs. New England Patriots Results - The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills vs. New York Jets Results - The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Jump up ^ Galliford , Brian ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Bills vs. Chiefs 2014 : seventh straight year of Buffalo - Kansas City matchup - Buffalo Rumblings '' . SB Nation . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills vs. Kansas City Chiefs Results - The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . ^ Jump up to : Warsinskey , Tim ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Cleveland Browns vs. Buffalo Bills series has seen it all : A championship , a fired coach and blizzard '' . The Plain Dealer . cleveland.com . Jump up ^ `` Twitter oils Rust Belt rivalry between Bills , Browns '' . Football Insiders . November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns vs. Buffalo Bills Results - The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Jump up ^ NFL Record and fact Book ISBN 978 - 1 - 60320 - 833 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Brown , Chris ( June 17 , 2011 ) . `` The untouchable numbers '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sambrotto , Anthony ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Bruce Smith humbled , appreciative as 78 is officially retired '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gaughan , Mark ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` The billboard : A daily dose from Bills training camp '' . The Buffalo News . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bills Pro Football Hall of Fame Players '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ CSVA ( @ CSVA ) ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` Congratulations to Chad Bunn from BYU and Henry Kunttu from the Buffalo Bills. The newest CSVA Hall of Fame inductees ! # CSVATAMPA2013 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . line feed character in title = at position 119 ( help ) Jump up ^ Pergament , Alan ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wide - ranging deal will keep Sabres -- and other Pegula Sports & Entertainment content -- on MSG '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pergament , Alan ( August 9 , 2015 ) . `` Whither the weather coverage in Western New York ? '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Camp History '' . Jump up ^ `` Associated Press News '' . bigstory.ap.org . Jump up ^ Davis , Henry ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Judge Decides Jills Lawsuit Employees Not Independent Contractors '' . Buffalo News . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kwiatkowski - Radlich , Jane ( September 13 , 2014 ) . `` With no Jills to lead cheers , the job of drumming up fan excitement falls to the Stampede '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Buffalo Bills drumline led by Jordan Elbridge , family , friends . Syracuse.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Shei , Tim ( September 13 , 2015 ) . `` He makes you want to ' Shout ! ' : Meet singer of famous Bills jingle '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mooshil , Maria ( December 1 , 2006 ) . `` 10 more things to know about Bears fight song '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bills Backers info page on BuffaloBills.com Jump up ^ BillsMafia information page . Jump up ^ `` Brawls , Balls , and Beer : A Year at The Ralph with Bills Mafia '' . Sports . Jump up ^ `` Why I 'm a Fan : Wolf Blitzer '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` What It Means to Be a Bills Fan '' . BuffaloBills.com . September 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Buffalo Bill ( 11 October 2014 ) . `` Buffalo Bills This Is Our Time 2014 '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Zubaz opens chain 's first brick - and - mortar store at Fashion Outlets '' . 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Dallas ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` Bills make primetime appearance on Family Guy '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buffalo Bills . Official website Voices of Oklahoma interview with former tight end Reuben Gant , June 16 , 2010 Buffalo Bills Founded in 1960 Based and headquartered in Orchard Park , New York Franchise Franchise History Players Seasons Pro Bowl selections First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches Logos and uniforms NFL in Toronto Bills series Stadiums War Memorial Stadium New Era Field Rogers Centre ( Bills Toronto Series ) New Era Field II ( proposed ) Culture Buffalo sports curse Ralph Wilson Billy Buffalo Buffalo Jills Ken `` Pinto Ron '' Johnson Second String Flutie Flakes `` Shout '' ( The Isley Brothers song ) Four Falls of Buffalo Lore AAFC Buffalo Bills Electric Company The Comeback Wide Right Music City Miracle Rivalries Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Division championships ( 10 ) 1964 1965 1966 1980 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1995 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1990 1991 1992 1993 League championships ( 2 ) 1964 1965 Wall of Fame Simpson Kemp McGroder Sestak Shaw Wilson 12th Man Dubenion Stratton Ferguson Levy DeLamielleure James Abramoski Kalsu Saimes Kelly Smerlas Hull Talley Ritcher Thomas Reed Tasker Smith Edgerson Hansen Polian Miller Saban Media Broadcasters Radio Radio Network WGR 550 Television MSG Western New York Personalities : John Murphy Van Miller Mark Kelso Steve Tasker Owners Wilson Pegula family Terry Kim Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush American Football League Eastern Division Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Houston Oilers New York Titans / Jets Miami Dolphins Western Division Denver Broncos Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders Cincinnati Bengals General Seasons Playoffs All - League Teams All - Star game AFL Draft All - Time Team AFL -- NFL merger NFL Thanksgiving Day games Players Officials Broadcasters ABC AFL All - Star Game AFL Championship Game Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Cincinnati Bengals Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs Denver Broncos Houston Oilers NBC Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers Miami Dolphins New York Titans / Jets Oakland Raiders Super Bowl Commissioners Joe Foss Al Davis Milt Woodard ( President ) Pegula Sports and Entertainment Founded in 2011 Teams Buffalo Sabres ( NHL ) ( 2011 -- present ) Buffalo Bills ( NFL ) ( 2014 -- present ) Buffalo Bandits ( NLL ) ( 2011 -- present ) Rochester Americans ( AHL ) ( 2011 -- present ) Venues HarborCenter KeyBank Center ( operator ) New Era Field ( primary lessee ) People Terrence Pegula Kim Pegula Russ Brandon Other Holdings / Brands Black River Entertainment MSG Western New York § Impact Sports Performance 716 Food and Sport One Buffalo psentertainment.com onebuffalo.com § Joint venture with The Madison Square Garden Company Sports teams based in New York State Baseball MLB New York Mets New York Yankees IL Buffalo Bisons Rochester Red Wings Syracuse Chiefs EL Binghamton Rumble Ponies NYPL Auburn Doubledays Batavia Muckdogs Brooklyn Cyclones Hudson Valley Renegades Staten Island Yankees Tri-City ValleyCats ALPB Long Island Ducks CanAm Rockland Boulders EPBL Plattsburgh Redbirds Sullivan Explorers ACBL Hampton Whalers NYCBL Cortland Crush Genesee Rapids Hornell Dodgers Olean Oilers Rochester Ridgemen Rome Generals Sherrill Silversmiths Syracuse Salt Cats Syracuse Spartans Wellsville Nitros PGCBL Jamestown Jammers Elmira Pioneers Basketball NBA Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks WNBA New York Liberty G League Long Island Nets Westchester Knicks PBL Jamestown Jackals WNY Thundersnow NAPB Albany Patroons Rochester Razorsharks IBA Schenectady Legends Entertainment Teams Harlem Wizards Football NFL Buffalo Bills AFL Albany AAL Glens Falls Gladiators Rochester Kings WFA New York Knockout New York Sharks EFL Watertown Red & Black GDFL Albany Metro Mallers Hockey NHL Buffalo Sabres New York Islanders New York Rangers AHL Binghamton Devils Rochester Americans Syracuse Crunch Utica Comets ECHL Adirondack Thunder NWHL Buffalo Beauts FHL Watertown Wolves OJHL Buffalo Jr . Sabres Entertainment Teams Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team Soccer MLS New York City FC NASL New York Cosmos USL Rochester Rhinos WPSL United FC Binghamton Empire United Long Island Fury New York Athletic Club New York Fury PDL F.A. Euro - New York Magic Long Island Rough Riders Westchester Flames NPSL Brooklyn Italians FC Buffalo Greater Binghamton FC Kingston Stockade FC Long Island Academy New York Athletic Club New York Cosmos B Rochester River DogZ FC Syracuse FC MASL Syracuse Silver Knights Lacrosse MLL New York Lizards NLL Buffalo Bandits Rochester Knighthawks UWLX Long Island Sound Roller derby WFTDA Assault City Roller Derby Central New York Roller Derby Gotham Girls Roller Derby Hellions of Troy Hudson Valley Horrors Roller Derby Ithaca League of Women Rollers Long Island Roller Rebels Queen City Roller Girls Roc City Roller Derby Suburbia Roller Derby MRDA New York Shock Exchange Rugby league USARL Brooklyn Kings New York Knights White Plains Wombats Rugby union USAR New York Athletic Club RFC Old Blue Team tennis WTT New York Empire Inline hockey MLRH Buffalo Wings PIHA Suffolk Sting College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Albany Great Danes Army Black Knights Binghamton Bearcats Buffalo Bulls Canisius Golden Griffins Colgate Raiders Columbia Lions Cornell Big Red Fordham Rams Hofstra Pride Iona Gaels LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds Manhattan Jaspers Marist Red Foxes Niagara Purple Eagles St. Bonaventure Bonnies St. Francis Brooklyn Terriers St. John 's Red Storm Siena Saints Stony Brook Seawolves Syracuse Orange Wagner Seahawks See also : Sports in New York City , Sports in Buffalo , Sports in Rochester , Sports in Syracuse , and Sports in New York 's Capital District Buffalo All - Americans / Buffalo Bisons / Buffalo Rangers Defunct National Football League club ( 1915 -- 1929 ) Based in Buffalo , New York The franchise Franchise All - Americans Players Bisons Players Rangers Players Owners Barney Lepper Warren D. Patterson Frank McNeil Tommy Hughitt Head coaches Tommy Hughitt Walt Koppisch Jim Kendrick Dim Batterson Al Jolley Stadiams Buffalo Baseball Park Canisius College Bison Stadium Seasons 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1929 Lore Brunswick - Balke Collender Cup Staley Swindle Buffalo Bills New York Pro Football League Sports in Buffalo Professional Buffalo 716ers Buffalo Bandits Buffalo Beauts Buffalo Bills Buffalo Bisons Buffalo Sabres Buffalo Wings FC Buffalo Collegiate Buffalo Bulls Buffalo State Bengals Canisius Golden Griffins Erie Kats Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buffalo_Bills&oldid=816052146 '' Categories : Pegula Sports and Entertainment Buffalo , New York sports navigational boxes Buffalo Bills National Football League teams American Football League teams American football in Buffalo , New York American football teams in New York ( state ) Western New York Sports clubs established in 1960 Hidden categories : CS1 errors : invisible characters Wikipedia semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 23 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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how many times did the buffalo bills win the super bowl
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"\n\nBuffalo Bills\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished October 28, 1959; 58 years ago (October 28, 1959)[1]\nFirst season: 1960\nPlay in and headquartered in New Era Field\nOrchard Park, New York[2]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nAmerican Football League (1960–1969)\n\nEastern Division (1960–1969)\n\nNational Football League (1970–present)\n\nAmerican Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nAFC East (1970–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nRoyal Blue, Red, White, Navy Blue[3][4]\n \n\n\nFight song\n\"Shout\", among others\n\n\nMascot\nBilly Buffalo\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nTerrence and Kim Pegula\n\n\nCEO\nTerrence Pegula\n\n\nPresident\nRuss Brandon\n\n\nGeneral manager\nBrandon Beane\n\n\nHead coach\nSean McDermott\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nBuffalo Bills (1960–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (2)\n\nAFL Championships (2)\n1964, 1965\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (4)\n\nAFC: 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (10)\n\nAFL East: 1964, 1965, 1966\nAFC East: 1980, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1995\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (17)\n\n\n\n\nAFL: 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966\nNFL: 1974, 1980, 1981, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nWar Memorial Stadium (1960–1972)\nNew Era Field (1973–present)\n\n\n\n"
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The Bishop's Gambit
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The Bishop 's Gambit - wikipedia The Bishop 's Gambit 7th episode of the first season of Yes , Prime Minister `` The Bishop 's Gambit '' Yes , Prime Minister episode Episode no . Series 1 Episode 7 Written by Antony Jay Jonathan Lynn Produced by Sydney Lotterby Original air date 20 February 1986 Guest appearance ( s ) Frank Middlemass William Fox Donald Pickering Diana Hoddinott Episode chronology ← Previous `` A Victory for Democracy '' Next → `` One of Us '' List of Yes Minister and Yes , Prime Minister episodes `` The bishop 's gambit '' may also refer to a variation of the chess opening : the King 's Gambit . `` The Bishop 's Gambit '' is the seventh episode of the BBC comedy series Yes , Prime Minister and was first broadcast 20 February 1986 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Influences 3 Episode cast 4 External links Plot ( edit ) Prime Minister Jim Hacker , Cabinet Secretary Sir Humphrey Appleby , and Bernard Woolley are watching a news report about Fiona McGregor , a British nurse who has been detained in the Islamic state of Kumran . She has been charged with possession of a bottle of whisky , a crime punishable by 10 years imprisonment and 40 lashes . The PM asks if anything can be done to save her . Sir Humphrey tells him that the Kumranis assist Britain by sabotaging OPEC agreements and helping MI6 spy on the KGB in Baathist Iraq . Therefore , the Foreign Office 's advice is to do nothing . Hacker protests that doing nothing will make him look both heartless and feeble . When he snaps that the Foreign Office 's job is to protect British nationals , the Cabinet Secretary corrects him : its purpose is to protect British interests . That evening , Sir Humphrey attends a dinner at his alma mater , Baillie College , Oxford University with the Master and the Bursar . They wish to sound him out about succeeding the current Master upon his retirement ( which will coincide with Sir Humphrey 's retirement from the civil service ) . The only obstacle is the Dean , who hates Sir Humphrey . The only way that he can be removed from Baillie is to offer him a bishopric in the Church of England , and Bury St Edmunds has just fallen vacant . However , Sir Humphrey sadly informs him that the job is taken . Although it 's officially the PM 's decision , the Church Commissioners always put up an impossible second candidate in order to force his hand . The Dean will therefore have to perform some sort of public service to have chance of getting a Diocese . Commenting that he is a scholar of the Koran , Sir Humphrey suggests sending the Dean to Kumran to negotiate on behalf of Fiona McGregor . The next day , Hacker meets with Peter Harding , the spokesman for the Church . Harding provides background information on the two candidates for Bury St. Edmunds . The favoured nominee is Canon Mike Stanford , educated at New College , Oxford , a theological modernist , and whose `` eminently suitable wife '' is the daughter of the Earl of Chichester . The second is a Dr Harvey , whom Harding denigrates for his increasing criticism of State control of the Church . Although Hacker is inclined to pick Harvey , Harding reminds him that the Queen would be unhappy if an opponent of State control were appointed as Bishop . After Harding departs , Bernard warns Hacker against nominating Stanford and leaves to fetch Stanford 's career details . While Bernard is away , the PM asks Sir Humphrey to define `` Modernist '' . The Cabinet Secretary explains that , in Ecclesiastical circles , `` Modernist '' is code for an Atheist . `` An Atheist clergyman , '' he elaborates , `` could n't continue to draw his stipend . So when they stop believing in God , they call themselves Modernist . '' Stunned , the PM demands to know why the Church would recommend an Atheist for Bishop of Bury St. Edmunds . Sir Humphrey explains that the Church of England has nothing to do with Christianity -- it 's `` part of the rich social fabric of this country '' and the ideal Bishop is `` a cross between a socialite and a socialist '' . Then , Bernard returns with Canon Stanford 's record -- the prospective Bishop is not only an Atheist , he is also a Marxist and a militant opponent of the Cold War . What is worse , being Bishop of Bury St. Edmunds will give Canon Stanford a platform in the House of Lords . Calling the Canon `` a political troublemaker '' , the PM announces that he does n't want to approve either candidate . Bernard and Sir Humphrey , however , explain that that would not be advisable . That evening , Hacker 's wife , Annie expresses concern about Fiona McGregor and asks why the Foreign Office does n't do something . Her husband sarcastically remarks that the principal function of the FO is to explain why they ca n't do anything . Then Bernard arrives with news that the Dean of Baillie College is proposing to be sent as an emissary on a `` faith to faith meeting '' . The FO wants him to block the visit , but Hacker tells Bernard that he supports the move . After he leaves , Annie inquires about Bury St. Edmunds and recoils when told of Canon Stanford 's Atheist and Marxist views . Equally disgusted , Hacker complains that he ca n't refuse to appoint the Canon because it `` will look political '' . The devoutly Anglican Annie suggests that , since Canon Stanford does not believe in heaven , hell , the divinity of Jesus Christ , or the Virgin Birth , Hacker can refuse to nominate him on religious grounds . Hacker is overjoyed . Later , Sir Humphrey discusses the news with the Permanent Secretary to the Foreign Office -- Sir Richard Wharton . To Sir Richard 's outrage , the Dean of Baillie has convinced the Kumranis to free Fiona McGregor . Sir Richard complains that the PM should have taken his advice -- Fiona McGregor would have been quietly locked up and soon forgotten by the British press and public . Now the FO looks incompetent . To `` take the heat off '' , he decides to leak to the press that the Dean set off for Kumran at the PM 's insistence . After he leaves , Sir Humphrey tells the Master of Baillie that Canon Stanford has been denied the Bishopric of Bury St. Edmunds and that the Dean now has a fighting chance . The next morning , all the front pages are devoted to the PM 's `` mercy mission '' , much to Hacker 's delight . Bernard reminds him that the Queen is still awaiting his selection for the Bury St. Edmunds Diocese . There are now two new names from which to choose : one is the Dean of Baillie , and the other is Canon Stephen Soames , a theological conservative whom the Church Commissioners hate and whom the PM favours . However , Sir Humphrey describes Soames ' vocal opposition to birth control , abortion , violent television , and pornography . Horrified , the PM explains that these are subjects his Government is determined `` to have no policy '' about . Sir Humphrey then warns that the Dean of Baillie may soon tell the press that his mission to Kumran was not the PM 's idea . Knowing this would humiliate his Government , Hacker decides to appoint the Dean as Bishop to keep him quiet . Then , however , Hacker recalls Sir Humphrey 's Baillie connections and asks whether this is another patronage job . Sir Humphrey explains that he and the Dean detest each other . Deeply impressed , the PM praises Sir Humphrey for giving efficient , impartial , and selfless advice in the `` best traditions of the civil service . '' Sir Humphrey smiles and responds , `` Yes , Prime Minister . '' Influences ( edit ) The Dean of Baillie College bears a marked resemblance to Terry Waite , who at the time of the episode 's broadcast was the Archbishop of Canterbury 's special envoy during the Lebanon hostage crisis . Episode cast ( edit ) Actor Role Paul Eddington Jim Hacker Nigel Hawthorne Sir Humphrey Appleby Derek Fowlds Bernard Woolley Frank Middlemass Master , Baillie College William Fox Bursar , Baillie College Ronnie Stevens Peter Harding Donald Pickering Sir Richard Wharton Diana Hoddinott Annie Hacker Sue Lawley Herself External links ( edit ) `` The Bishop 's Gambit '' on IMDb Yes Minister / Yes , Prime Minister Characters Jim Hacker Sir Humphrey Appleby Bernard Woolley Annie Hacker Sir Arnold Robinson Dorothy Wainwright Sir Frank Gordon Episodes Yes Minister Series 1 Open Government The Official Visit The Economy Drive Big Brother The Writing on the Wall The Right to Know Jobs for the Boys Series 2 The Compassionate Society Doing the Honours The Death List The Greasy Pole The Devil You Know The Quality of Life A Question of Loyalty Series 3 Equal Opportunities The Challenge The Skeleton in the Cupboard The Moral Dimension The Bed of Nails The Whisky Priest The Middle - Class Rip - Off Special Party Games Yes , Prime Minister Series 1 The Grand Design The Ministerial Broadcast The Smoke Screen The Key A Real Partnership A Victory for Democracy The Bishop 's Gambit One of Us Series 2 Man Overboard Official Secrets A Diplomatic Incident A Conflict of Interest Power to the People The Patron of the Arts The National Education Service The Tangled Web Other Hacker Ministry List of fictional places in Yes Minister Politician 's syllogism Ji Mantriji Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bishop%27s_Gambit&oldid=859659206 '' Categories : Christianity and politics Church of England disestablishment Yes , Prime Minister episodes 1986 British television episodes Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Articles with short description Television episode articles with short description for single episodes Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 September 2018 , at 12 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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Preamble to the United States Constitution
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Preamble to the United States Constitution - wikipedia Preamble to the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search `` We the People '' redirects here . For other uses , see We the People ( disambiguation ) . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Preamble to the United States Constitution This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Preamble to the United States Constitution is a brief introductory statement of the Constitution 's fundamental purposes and guiding principles . It states in general terms , and courts have referred to it as reliable evidence of the Founding Fathers ' intentions regarding the Constitution 's meaning and what they hoped the Constitution would achieve . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Drafting 3 Meaning and application 3.1 Judicial relevance 3.2 Examples 3.3 Interpretation 3.3. 1 Aspects of national sovereignty 3.3. 2 People of the United States 3.3. 3 The popular nature of the Constitution 3.3. 4 Where the Constitution is legally effective 3.3. 5 To form a more perfect Union 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Text We the People of the United States , in Order to form a more perfect Union , establish Justice , insure domestic Tranquility , provide for the common defence , promote the general Welfare , and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity , do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America . Drafting The Preamble was placed in the Constitution during the last days of the Constitutional Convention by the Committee on Style , which wrote its final draft , with Gouverneur Morris leading the effort . It was not proposed or discussed on the floor of the convention beforehand . The initial wording of the preamble did not refer to the people of the United States , rather , it referred to people of the various states , which was the norm . In earlier documents , including the 1778 Treaty of Alliance with France , the Articles of Confederation , and the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognizing American independence , the word `` people '' was not used , and the phrase the United States was followed immediately by a listing of the states , from north to south . The change was made out of necessity , as the Constitution provided that whenever the popularly elected ratifying conventions of nine states gave their approval , it would go into effect for those nine , irrespective of whether any of the remaining states ratified . Meaning and application The Preamble serves solely as an introduction , and does not assign powers to the federal government , nor does it provide specific limitations on government action . Due to the Preamble 's limited nature , no court has ever used it as a decisive factor in case adjudication , except as regards frivolous litigation . Judicial relevance The courts have shown interest in any clues they can find in the Preamble regarding the Constitution 's meaning . Courts have developed several techniques for interpreting the meaning of statutes and these are also used to interpret the Constitution . As a result , the courts have said that interpretive techniques that focus on the exact text of a document should be used in interpreting the meaning of the Constitution . Balanced against these techniques are those that focus more attention on broader efforts to discern the meaning of the document from more than just the wording ; the Preamble is also useful for these efforts to identify the `` spirit '' of the Constitution . Additionally , when interpreting a legal document , courts are usually interested in understanding the document as its authors did and their motivations for creating it ; as a result , the courts have cited the Preamble for evidence of the history , intent and meaning of the Constitution as it was understood by the Founders . Although revolutionary in some ways , the Constitution maintained many common law concepts ( such as habeas corpus , trial by jury , and sovereign immunity ) , and courts deem that the Founders ' perceptions of the legal system that the Constitution created ( i.e. , the interaction between what it changed and what it kept from the British legal system ) are uniquely important because of the authority `` the People '' invested them with to create it . Along with evidence of the understandings of the men who debated and drafted the Constitution at the Constitutional Convention , the courts are also interested in the way that government officials have put into practice the Constitution 's provisions , particularly early government officials , although the courts reserve to themselves the final authority to determine the Constitution 's meaning . However , this focus on historical understandings of the Constitution is sometimes in tension with the changed circumstances of modern society from the late 18th century society that drafted the Constitution ; courts have ruled that the Constitution must be interpreted in light of these changed circumstances . All of these considerations of the political theory behind the Constitution have prompted the Supreme Court to articulate a variety of special rules of construction and principles for interpreting it . For example , the Court 's rendering of the purposes behind the Constitution have led it to express a preference for broad interpretations of individual freedoms . Examples An example of the way courts utilize the Preamble is Ellis v. City of Grand Rapids . Substantively , the case was about eminent domain . The City of Grand Rapids wanted to use eminent domain to force landowners to sell property in the city identified as `` blighted '' , and convey the property to owners that would develop it in ostensibly beneficial ways : in this case , to St. Mary 's Hospital , a Catholic organization . This area of substantive constitutional law is governed by the Fifth Amendment , which is understood to require that property acquired via eminent domain must be put to a `` public use '' . In deciding whether the proposed project constituted a `` public use '' , the court pointed to the Preamble 's reference to `` promot ( ing ) the general Welfare '' as evidence that `` ( t ) he health of the people was in the minds of our forefathers '' . `` ( T ) he concerted effort for renewal and expansion of hospital and medical care centers , as a part of our nation 's system of hospitals , is as a public service and use within the highest meaning of such terms . Surely this is in accord with an objective of the United States Constitution : ' * * * promote the general Welfare . ' '' On the other hand , courts will not interpret the Preamble to give the government powers that are not articulated elsewhere in the Constitution . United States v. Kinnebrew Motor Co. is an example of this . In that case , the defendants were a car manufacturer and dealership indicted for a criminal violation of the National Industrial Recovery Act . The Congress passed the statute in order to cope with the Great Depression , and one of its provisions purported to give to the President authority to fix `` the prices at which new cars may be sold '' . The dealership , located in Oklahoma City , had sold an automobile to a customer ( also from Oklahoma City ) for less than the price for new cars fixed pursuant to the Act . Substantively , the case was about whether the transaction in question constituted `` interstate commerce '' that Congress could regulate pursuant to the Commerce Clause . Although the government argued that the scope of the Commerce Clause included this transaction , it also argued that the Preamble 's statement that the Constitution was created to `` promote the general Welfare '' should be understood to permit Congress to regulate transactions such as the one in this case , particularly in the face of an obvious national emergency like the Great Depression . The court , however , dismissed this argument as erroneous and insisted that the only relevant issue was whether the transaction that prompted the indictment actually constituted `` interstate commerce '' under the Supreme Court 's precedents that interpreted the scope of the Commerce Clause . Interpretation Aspects of national sovereignty The Preamble 's reference to the `` United States of America '' has been interpreted over the years to explain the nature of the governmental entity that the Constitution created ( i.e. , the federal government ) . In contemporary international law , the world consists of sovereign states ( or `` sovereign nations '' in modern equivalent ) . A state is said to be `` sovereign , '' if any of its ruling inhabitants are the supreme authority over it ; the concept is distinct from mere land - title or `` ownership . '' While each state was originally recognized as sovereign unto itself , the Supreme Court held that the `` United States of America '' consists of only one sovereign nation with respect to foreign affairs and international relations ; the individual states may not conduct foreign relations . Although the Constitution expressly delegates to the federal government only some of the usual powers of sovereign governments ( such as the powers to declare war and make treaties ) , all such powers inherently belong to the federal government as the country 's representative in the international community . Domestically , the federal government 's sovereignty means that it may perform acts such as entering into contracts or accepting bonds , which are typical of governmental entities but not expressly provided for in the Constitution or laws . Similarly , the federal government , as an attribute of sovereignty , has the power to enforce those powers that are granted to it ( e.g. , the power to `` establish Post Offices and Post Roads '' includes the power to punish those who interfere with the postal system so established ) . The Court has recognized the federal government 's supreme power over those limited matters entrusted to it . Thus , no state may interfere with the federal government 's operations as though its sovereignty is superior to the federal government 's ( discussed more below ) ; for example , states may not interfere with the federal government 's near absolute discretion to sell its own real property , even when that real property is located in one or another state . The federal government exercises its supreme power not as a unitary entity , but instead via the three coordinate branches of the government ( legislative , executive , and judicial ) , each of which has its own prescribed powers and limitations under the Constitution . In addition , the doctrine of separation of powers functions as a limitation on each branch of the federal government 's exercise of sovereign power . One aspect of the American system of government is that , while the rest of the world now views the United States as one country , domestically American constitutional law recognizes a federation of state governments separate from ( and not subdivisions of ) the federal government , each of which is sovereign over its own affairs . Sometimes , the Supreme Court has even analogized the States to being foreign countries to each other to explain the American system of State sovereignty . However , each state 's sovereignty is limited by the U.S. Constitution , which is the supreme law of both the United States as a nation and each state ; in the event of a conflict , a valid federal law controls . As a result , although the federal government is ( as discussed above ) recognized as sovereign and has supreme power over those matters within its control , the American constitutional system also recognizes the concept of `` State sovereignty , '' where certain matters are susceptible to government regulation , but only at the State and not the federal level . For example , although the federal government prosecutes crimes against the United States ( such as treason , or interference with the postal system ) , the general administration of criminal justice is reserved to the States . Notwithstanding sometimes broad statements by the Supreme Court regarding the `` supreme '' and `` exclusive '' powers the State and Federal governments exercise , the Supreme Court and State courts have also recognized that much of their power is held and exercised concurrently . People of the United States The phrase `` People of the United States '' has sometimes been understood to mean `` citizens . '' This approach reasons that , if the political community speaking for itself in the Preamble ( `` We the People '' ) includes only citizens , by negative implication it specifically excludes non-citizens in some fashion . It has also been construed to mean something like `` all under the sovereign jurisdiction and authority of the United States . '' The phrase has been construed as affirming that the national government created by the Constitution derives its sovereignty from the people , ( whereas `` United Colonies '' had identified external monarchical sovereignty ) as well as confirming that the government under the Constitution was intended to govern and protect `` the people '' directly , as one society , instead of governing only the states as political units . The Court has also understood this language to mean that the sovereignty of the government under the U.S. Constitution is superior to that of the States . Stated in negative terms , the Preamble has been interpreted as meaning that the Constitution was not the act of sovereign and independent states . The popular nature of the Constitution The Constitution claims to be an act of `` We the People . '' However , because it represents a general social contract , there are limits on the ability of individual citizens to pursue legal claims allegedly arising out of the Constitution . For example , if a law was enacted which violated the Constitution , not just anybody could challenge the statute 's constitutionality in court ; instead , only an individual who was negatively affected by the unconstitutional statute could bring such a challenge . For example , a person claiming certain benefits that are created by a statute can not then challenge , on constitutional grounds , the administrative mechanism that awards them . These same principles apply to corporate entities , and can implicate the doctrine of exhaustion of remedies . In this same vein , courts will not answer hypothetical questions about the constitutionality of a statute . The judiciary does not have the authority to invalidate unconstitutional laws solely because they are unconstitutional , but may declare a law unconstitutional if its operation would injure a person 's interests . For example , creditors who lose some measure of what they are owed when a bankrupt 's debts are discharged can not claim injury , because Congress ' power to enact bankruptcy laws is also in the Constitution and inherent in it is the ability to declare certain debts valueless . Similarly , while a person may not generally challenge as unconstitutional a law that they are not accused of violating , once charged , a person may challenge the law 's validity , even if the challenge is unrelated to the circumstances of the crime . Where the Constitution is legally effective The Preamble has been used to confirm that the Constitution was made for , and is binding only in , the United States of America . For example , in Casement v. Squier , a serviceman in China during World War II was convicted of murder in the United States Court for China . After being sent to prison in the State of Washington , he filed a writ of habeas corpus with the local federal court , claiming he had been unconstitutionally put on trial without a jury . The court held that , since his trial was conducted by an American court and was , by American standards , basically fair , he was not entitled to the specific constitutional right of trial by jury while overseas . Since the Preamble declares the Constitution to have been created by the `` People of the United States '' , `` there may be places within the jurisdiction of the United States that are no part of the Union . '' The following examples help demonstrate the meaning of this distinction : Geofroy v. Riggs , 133 U.S. 258 ( 1890 ) : the Supreme Court held that a certain treaty between the United States and France which was applicable in `` the States of the Union '' was also applicable in Washington , D.C. , even though it is not a state or a part of a state . De Lima v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 1 ( 1901 ) : the Supreme Court ruled that a customs collector could not , under a statute providing for taxes on imported goods , collect taxes on goods coming from Puerto Rico after it had been ceded to the United States from Spain , reasoning that although it was not a State , it was under the jurisdiction of U.S. sovereignty , and thus the goods were not being imported from a foreign country . However , in Downes v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 244 ( 1901 ) , the Court held that the Congress could constitutionally enact a statute taxing goods sent from Puerto Rico to ports in the United States differently from other commerce , in spite of the constitutional requirement that `` all Duties , Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States , '' on the theory that although Puerto Rico could not be treated as a foreign country , it did not count as part of the `` United States '' and thus was not guaranteed `` uniform '' tax treatment by that clause of the Constitution . This was not the only constitutional clause held not to apply in Puerto Rico : later , a lower court went on to hold that goods brought from Puerto Rico into New York before the enactment of the tax statute held constitutional in Downes , could retroactively have the taxes applied to them notwithstanding the Constitution 's ban on ex post facto laws , even if at the time they were brought into the United States no tax could be applied to the goods because Puerto Rico was not a foreign country . Ochoa v. Hernandez y Morales , 230 U.S. 139 ( 1913 ) : the Fifth Amendment 's requirement that `` no person shall ... be deprived of ... property , without due process of law '' was held , by the Supreme Court , to apply in Puerto Rico , even though it was not a State and thus not `` part '' of the United States . To form a more perfect Union The phrase `` to form a more perfect Union '' has been construed as referring to the shift to the Constitution from the Articles of Confederation . In this transition , the `` Union '' was made `` more perfect '' by the creation of a federal government with enough power to act directly upon citizens , rather than a government with narrowly limited power that could act on citizens ( e.g. , by imposing taxes ) only indirectly through the states . Although the Preamble speaks of perfecting the `` Union , '' and the country is called the `` United States of America , '' the Supreme Court has interpreted the institution created as a government over the people , not an agreement between the States . The phrase has also been interpreted to confirm that state nullification of any federal law , dissolution of the Union , or secession from it , are not contemplated by the Constitution . See also Preamble Liberty Notes Jump up ^ In the handwritten engrossed copy of the Constitution maintained in the National Archives , the spelling `` defence , '' now considered British , is used in the preamble ; in addition the `` d '' is lower case , unlike the other use of `` defence '' in the Constitution ( Article I , Section 8 ) and unlike most of the other nouns in the Preamble . ( See the National Archives transcription and the Archives ' image of the engrossed document . Retrieved both web pages on April 17 , 2016 . ) References Jump up ^ McDonald , Forrest . `` Essay on the Preamble '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schütze , Robert . European Constitutional Law , p. 50 ( Cambridge University Press 2012 ) . Jump up ^ See Jacobson v. Massachusetts , 197 U.S. 11 , 22 ( 1905 ) ( `` Although th ( e ) preamble indicates the general purposes for which the people ordained and established the Constitution , it has never been regarded as the source of any substantive power conferred on the government of the United States , or on any of its departments . '' ) ; see also United States v. Boyer , 85 F. 425 , 430 -- 31 ( W.D. Mo . 1898 ) ( `` The preamble never can be resorted to , to enlarge the powers confided to the general government , or any of its departments . It can not confer any power per se . It can never amount , by implication , to an enlargement of any power expressly given . It can never be the legitimate source of any implied power , when otherwise withdrawn from the constitution . Its true office is to expound the nature and extent and application of the powers actually conferred by the constitution , and not substantively to create them . '' ( quoting 1 JOSEPH STORY , COMMENTARIES ON THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES § 462 ( 1833 ) ) ( internal quotation marks omitted ) ) . Jump up ^ It is difficult to prove a negative , but courts have at times acknowledged this apparent truism . See , e.g. , Boyer , 85 F. at 430 ( `` I venture the opinion that no adjudicated case can be cited which traces to the preamble the power to enact any statute . '' ) . Jump up ^ In Jacobs v. Pataki , 68 F. App'x 222 , 224 ( 2d Cir. 2003 ) , the plaintiff made the bizarre argument that `` the ' United States of America ' that was granted Article III power in the Constitution is distinct from the ' United States ' that currently exercises that power '' ; the court dismissed this contention with 3 words ( `` it is not '' ) and cited a comparison of the Preamble 's reference to the `` United States of America '' with Article III 's vesting of the `` judicial Power of the United States . '' Jump up ^ Legal Tender Cases , 79 U.S. ( 12 Wall . ) 457 , 531 -- 32 ( 1871 ) ( `` ( I ) t ( can not ) be questioned that , when investigating the nature and extent of the powers , conferred by the Constitution upon Congress , it is indispensable to keep in view the objects for which those powers were granted . This is a universal rule of construction applied alike to statutes , wills , contracts , and constitutions . If the general purpose of the instrument is ascertained , the language of its provisions must be construed with reference to that purpose and so as to subserve it . In no other way can the intent of the framers of the instrument be discovered . And there are more urgent reasons for looking to the ultimate purpose in examining the powers conferred by a constitution than there are in construing a statute , a will , or a contract . We do not expect to find in a constitution minute details . It is necessarily brief and comprehensive . It prescribes outlines , leaving the filling up to be deduced from the outlines . '' ) , abrogated on other grounds by Pa . Coal Co. v. Mahon , 260 U.S. 393 ( 1922 ) , as recognized in Lucas v. S.C. Coastal Council , 505 U.S. 1003 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Cf . Badger v. Hoidale , 88 F. 2d 208 , 211 ( 8th Cir. 1937 ) ( `` Rules applicable to the construction of a statute are equally applicable to the construction of a Constitution . '' ( citing Taylor v. Taylor , 10 Minn . 107 ( 1865 ) ) ) . Jump up ^ Examples include the `` plain meaning rule , '' Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. , 158 U.S. 601 , 619 ( 1895 ) ( `` The words of the Constitution are to be taken in their obvious sense , and to have a reasonable construction . '' ) , superseded on other grounds by U.S. CONST . amend . XVI , as recognized in Brushaber v. Union Pac . R.R. , 240 U.S. 1 ( 1916 ) ; McPherson v. Blacker , 146 U.S. 1 , 27 ( 1892 ) ( `` The framers of the Constitution employed words in their natural sense ; and where they are plain and clear , resort to collateral aids to interpretation is unnecessary and can not be indulged in to narrow or enlarge the text ... `` ) , and noscitur a sociis , Virginia v. Tennessee , 148 U.S. 503 , 519 ( 1893 ) ( '' It is a familiar rule in the construction of terms to apply to them the meaning naturally attaching to them from their context . Noscitur a sociis is a rule of construction applicable to all written instruments . Where any particular word is obscure or of doubtful meaning , taken by itself , its obscurity or doubt may be removed by reference to associated words . And the meaning of a term may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used. `` ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Hooven & Allison Co. v. Evatt , 324 U.S. 652 , 663 ( 1945 ) ( `` ( I ) n determining the meaning and application of ( a ) constitutional provision , we are concerned with matters of substance , not of form . '' ) , overruled on other grounds by Limbach v. Hooven & Allison Co. , 466 U.S. 353 ( 1984 ) ; South Carolina v. United States , 199 U.S. 437 , 451 ( 1905 ) ( `` ( I ) t is undoubtedly true that that which is implied is as much a part of the Constitution as that which is expressed . '' ) , overruled on other grounds by Garcia v. San Antonio Metro . Transit Auth. , 469 U.S. 528 ( 1985 ) ; Ex parte Yarbrough , 110 U.S. 651 , 658 ( 1884 ) ( `` ( I ) n construing the Constitution of the United States , ( courts use ) the doctrine universally applied to all instruments of writing , that what is implied is as much a part of the instrument as what is expressed . This principle , in its application to the Constitution of the United States , more than to almost any other writing , is a necessity , by reason of the inherent inability to put into words all derivative powers ... `` ) ; Packet Co. v. Keokuk , 95 U.S. 80 , 87 ( 1877 ) ( '' A mere adherence to the letter ( of the Constitution ) , without reference to the spirit and purpose , may ( sometimes ) mislead. `` ) . Jump up ^ Missouri v. Illinois , 180 U.S. 208 , 219 ( 1901 ) ( `` ( W ) hen called upon to construe and apply a provision of the Constitution of the United States , ( courts ) must look not merely to its language but to its historical origin , and to those decisions of this court in which its meaning and the scope of its operation have received deliberate consideration . '' ) . Jump up ^ United States v. S. - E. Underwriters Ass'n , 322 U.S. 533 , 539 ( 1944 ) ( `` Ordinarily courts do not construe words used in the Constitution so as to give them a meaning more narrow than one which they had in the common parlance of the times in which the Constitution was written . '' ) , superseded on other grounds by statute , McCarran - Ferguson Act , ch. 20 , 59 Stat. 33 ( 1945 ) ( codified as amended at 15 U.S.C. § § 1011 -- 1015 ( 2006 ) ) , as recognized in U.S. Dep 't of the Treasury v. Fabe , 508 U.S. 491 ( 1993 ) ; Ex parte Bain , 121 U.S. 1 , 12 ( 1887 ) ( `` ( I ) n the construction of the language of the Constitution ... , we are to place ourselves as nearly as possible in the condition of the men who framed that instrument . '' ) , overruled on other grounds by United States v. Miller , 471 U.S. 130 ( 1985 ) , and United States v. Cotton , 535 U.S. 625 ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Sanges , 144 U.S. 310 , 311 ( 1892 ) ( `` ( T ) he Constitution ... is to be read in the light of the common law , from which our system of jurisprudence is derived . '' ( citations omitted ) ) ; Smith v. Alabama , 124 U.S. 465 , 478 ( 1888 ) ( `` The interpretation of the Constitution of the United States is necessarily influenced by the fact that its provisions are framed in the language of the English common law , and are to be read in the light of its history . '' ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Wood , 299 U.S. 123 , 142 ( 1936 ) ( `` Whether a clause in the Constitution is to be restricted by a rule of the common law as it existed when the Constitution was adopted depends upon the terms or nature of the particular clause . '' ( citing Cont'l Ill . Nat'l Bank & Trust Co. v. Chi. , Rock Island & Pac . Ry. Co. , 294 U.S. 648 ( 1935 ) ) ) ; Mattox v. United States , 156 U.S. 237 , 243 ( 1895 ) ( `` We are bound to interpret the Constitution in the light of the law as it existed at the time it was adopted , not as reaching out for new guaranties of the rights of the citizen , but as securing to every individual such as he already possessed as a British subject -- such as his ancestors had inherited and defended since the days of Magna Charta . '' ) . Jump up ^ Veazie Bank v. Fenno , 75 U.S. ( 8 Wall . ) 533 , 542 ( 1869 ) ( `` We are obliged ... to resort to historical evidence , and to seek the meaning of the words ( in the Constitution ) in the use and in the opinion of those whose relations to the government , and means of knowledge , warranted them in speaking with authority . '' ) . Jump up ^ McPherson v. Blacker , 146 U.S. 1 , 27 ( 1892 ) ( `` ( W ) here there is ambiguity or doubt ( in the meaning of constitutional language ) , or where two views may well be entertained , contemporaneous and subsequent practical construction are entitled to the greatest weight . '' ) ; Murray 's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. , 59 U.S. ( 18 How . ) 272 , 279 -- 80 ( 1856 ) ( `` ( A ) legislative construction of the constitution , commencing so early in the government , when the first occasion for ( a ) manner of proceeding arose , continued throughout its existence , and repeatedly acted on by the judiciary and the executive , is entitled to no inconsiderable weight upon the question whether the proceeding adopted by it was ' due process of law . ' '' ( citations omitted ) ) . Jump up ^ Fairbank v. United States , 181 U.S. 283 , 311 ( 1901 ) ( `` ( A ) practical construction ( of the Constitution ) is relied upon only in cases of doubt ... Where there was obviously a matter of doubt , we have yielded assent to the construction placed by those having actual charge of the execution of the statute , but where there was no doubt we have steadfastly declined to recognize any force in practical construction . Thus , before any appeal can be made to practical construction , it must appear that the true meaning is doubtful . '' ) ; see Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. ( 1 Cranch ) 137 , 177 ( 1803 ) ( `` It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is . '' ) . Jump up ^ In re Debs , 158 U.S. 564 , 591 ( 1895 ) ( `` Constitutional provisions do not change , but their operation extends to new matters as the modes of business and the habits of life of the people vary with each succeeding generation . '' ) , overruled on other grounds by Bloom v. Illinois , 391 U.S. 194 ( 1968 ) ; R.R. Co. v. Peniston , 85 U.S. ( 18 Wall . ) 5 , 31 ( 1873 ) ( `` ( T ) he Federal Constitution must receive a practical construction . Its limitations and its implied prohibitions must not be extended so far as to destroy the necessary powers of the States , or prevent their efficient exercise . '' ) ; In re Jackson , 13 F. Cas. 194 , 196 ( C.C.S.D.N.Y. 1877 ) ( No. 7124 ) ( `` ( I ) n construing a grant of power in the constitution , it is to be construed according to the fair and reasonable import of its terms , and its construction is not necessarily to be controlled by a reference to what existed when the constitution was adopted . '' ) . Jump up ^ E.g. , Richfield Oil Corp. v. State Bd. of Equalization , 329 U.S. 69 , 77 , 78 ( 1946 ) ( `` ( T ) o infer qualifications does not comport with the standards for expounding the Constitution ... We can not , therefore , read the prohibition against ' any ' tax on exports as containing an implied qualification . '' ) ; Fairbank , 181 U.S. at 287 ( `` The words expressing the various grants ( of power ) in the Constitution are words of general import , and they are to be construed as such , and as granting to the full extent the powers named . '' ) ; Shreveport v. Cole , 129 U.S. 36 , 43 ( 1889 ) ( `` Constitutions ... are construed to operate prospectively only , unless , on the face of the instrument or enactment , the contrary intention is manifest beyond reasonable question . '' ) Jump up ^ Boyd v. United States , 116 U.S. 616 , 635 ( 1886 ) ( `` ( C ) onstitutional provisions for the security of person and property should be liberally construed . A close and literal construction deprives them of half their efficacy , and leads to gradual depreciation of the right , as if it consisted more in sound than in substance . It is the duty of courts to be watchful for the constitutional rights of the citizen , and against any stealthy encroachments thereon . '' ) , recognized as abrogated on other grounds in Fisher v. United States , 425 U.S. 391 ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ 257 F. Supp. 564 ( W.D. Mich . 1966 ). ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Id . at 572 . Jump up ^ Id . at 574 ( emphasis added ) . Jump up ^ 8 F. Supp. 535 ( W.D. Okla . 1934 ) . Jump up ^ Id . at 535 . Jump up ^ U.S. CONST . art . I , § 8 , cl. 3 . ( `` The Congress shall have power ... ( t ) o regulate commerce ... among the several states ... `` ) . Jump up ^ Kinnebrew Motor Co. , 8 F. Supp . at 539 ( `` Reference has been made in the government 's brief to the ' Welfare Clause ' of the Constitution as if certain powers could be derived by Congress from said clause . It is not necessary to indulge in an extended argument on this question for the reason that there is no such thing as the ' Welfare Clause ' of the Constitution . '' ) . Jump up ^ Id . at 544 ( `` The only question which this court pretends to determine in this case is whether or not the sale of automobiles , in a strictly retail business in the vicinity of Oklahoma City , constitutes interstate commerce , and this court , without hesitation , finds that there is no interstate commerce connected with the transactions described in this indictment , and if there is no interstate commerce , Congress has no authority to regulate these transactions . '' ) Jump up ^ See Shapleigh v. Mier , 299 U.S. 468 , 470 , 471 ( 1937 ) ( when certain land passed from Mexico to the United States because of a shift in the Rio Grande 's course , `` ( s ) overeignty was thus transferred , but private ownership remained the same '' ; thus , a decree of a Mexican government official determining title to the land , `` if lawful and effective under the Constitution and laws of Mexico , must be recognized as lawful and effective under the laws of the United States , the sovereignty of Mexico at the time of that decree being exclusive of any other '' ) Jump up ^ Chae Chan Ping v. United States , 130 U.S. 581 , 604 , 606 ( 1889 ) ( `` ( T ) he United States , in their relation to foreign countries and their subjects or citizens , are one nation , invested with powers which belong to independent nations , the exercise of which can be invoked for the maintenance of its absolute independence and security throughout its entire territory . The powers to declare war , make treaties , suppress insurrection , repel invasion , regulate foreign commerce , secure republican governments to the states , and admit subjects of other nations to citizenship are all sovereign powers , restricted in their exercise only by the Constitution itself and considerations of public policy and justice which control , more or less , the conduct of all civilized nations ... For local interests , the several states of the union exist , but for national purposes , embracing our relations with foreign nations , we are but one people , one nation , one power . '' ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Curtiss - Wright Export Corp. , 299 U.S. 304 , 318 ( 1936 ) ( `` ( T ) he investment of the federal government with the powers of external sovereignty did not depend upon the affirmative grants of the Constitution . The powers to declare and wage war , to conclude peace , to make treaties , to maintain diplomatic relations with other sovereignties , if they had never been mentioned in the Constitution , would have vested in the federal government as necessary concomitants of nationality ... As a member of the family of nations , the right and power of the United States in that field are equal to the right and power of the other members of the international family . Otherwise , the United States is not completely sovereign . '' ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Bradley , 35 U.S. ( 10 Pet . ) 343 , 359 ( 1836 ) ( `` ( T ) he United States being a body politic , as an incident to its general right of sovereignty , has a capacity to enter into contracts and take bonds in cases within the sphere of its constitutional powers and appropriate to the just exercise of those powers , ... whenever such contracts or bonds are not prohibited by law , although the making of such contracts or taking such bonds may not have been prescribed by any preexisting legislative act . '' ) ; United States v. Tingey , 30 U.S. ( 5 Pet . ) 115 , 128 ( 1831 ) ( `` ( T ) he United States has ... ( the ) capacity to enter into contracts ( or to take a bond in cases not previously provided for by some law ) . It is in our opinion an incident to the general right of sovereignty , and the United States being a body politic , may , within the sphere of the constitutional powers confided to it , and through the instrumentality of the proper department to which those powers are confided , enter into contracts not prohibited by law and appropriate to the just exercise of those powers ... To adopt a different principle would be to deny the ordinary rights of sovereignty not merely to the general government , but even to the state governments within the proper sphere of their own powers , unless brought into operation by express legislation . '' ) Jump up ^ U.S. CONST . art . I , § 8 , cl. 7 Jump up ^ In re Debs , 158 U.S. 564 , 578 , 582 ( 1895 ) ( `` While , under the dual system which prevails with us , the powers of government are distributed between the State and the Nation , and while the latter is properly styled a government of enumerated powers , yet within the limits of such enumeration , it has all the attributes of sovereignty , and , in the exercise of those enumerated powers , acts directly upon the citizen , and not through the intermediate agency of the State ... The entire strength of the nation may be used to enforce in any part of the land the full and free exercise of all national powers and the security of all rights entrusted by the Constitution to its care . The strong arm of the national government may be put forth to brush away all obstructions to the freedom of interstate commerce or the transportation of the mails . If the emergency arises , the army of the Nation , and all its militia , are at the service of the Nation to compel obedience to its laws . '' ) Jump up ^ In re Quarles , 158 U.S. 532 , 535 ( 1895 ) ( `` The United States are a nation , whose powers of government , legislative , executive and judicial , within the sphere of action confided to it by the Constitution , are supreme and paramount . Every right , created by , arising under or dependent upon the Constitution , may be protected and enforced by such means , and in such manner , as Congress , in the exercise of the correlative duty of protection , or of the legislative powers conferred upon it by the Constitution , may in its discretion deem most eligible and best adapted to attain the object . '' ( citing Logan v. United States , 144 U.S. 263 , 293 ( 1892 ) ) ) ; Dobbins v. Comm'rs of Erie Cnty. , 41 U.S. ( 16 Pet . ) 435 , 447 ( 1842 ) ( `` The government of the United States is supreme within its sphere of action . '' ) , overruled on other grounds by Graves v. New York ex rel . O'Keefe , 306 U.S. 466 ( 1939 ) , and superseded on other grounds by statute , Public Salary Tax Act of 1939 , ch. 59 , 53 Stat. 574 ( codified as amended at 4 U.S.C. § 111 ( 2006 ) ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Butler , 297 U.S. 1 , 68 ( 1936 ) ( `` From the accepted doctrine that the United States is a government of delegated powers , it follows that those not expressly granted , or reasonably to be implied from such as are conferred , are reserved to the states or to the people . To forestall any suggestion to the contrary , the Tenth Amendment was adopted . The same proposition , otherwise stated , is that powers not granted are prohibited . None to regulate agricultural production is given , and therefore legislation by Congress for that purpose is forbidden . '' ( footnote omitted ) ) ; Pac . Ins. Co. v. Soule , 74 U.S. ( 7 Wall . ) 433 , 444 ( 1869 ) ( `` The national government , though supreme within its own sphere , is one of limited jurisdiction and specific functions . It has no faculties but such as the Constitution has given it , either expressly or incidentally by necessary intendment . Whenever any act done under its authority is challenged , the proper sanction must be found in its charter , or the act is ultra vires and void . '' ) ; Briscoe v. President of the Bank of Ky. , 36 U.S. ( 11 Pet . ) 257 , 317 ( 1837 ) ( `` The federal government is one of delegated powers . All powers not delegated to it , or inhibited to the states , are reserved to the states , or to the people . '' ) Jump up ^ See U.S. CONST . art . IV , § 3 , cl. 2 ; United States v. Bd. of Com'rs , 145 F. 2d 329 , 330 ( 10th Cir. 1944 ) ( `` Congress is vested with the absolute right to designate the persons to whom real property belonging to the United States shall be transferred , and to prescribe the conditions and mode of the transfer ; and a state has no power to interfere with that right or to embarrass the exercise of it . Property owned by the United States is immune from taxation by the state or any of its subdivisions . '' ) Jump up ^ Dodge v. Woolsey , 59 U.S. ( 18 How . ) 331 , 347 ( 1885 ) ( `` The departments of the government are legislative , executive , and judicial . They are co ordinate in degree to the extent of the powers delegated to each of them . Each , in the exercise of its powers , is independent of the other , but all , rightfully done by either , is binding upon the others . The constitution is supreme over all of them , because the people who ratified it have made it so ; consequently , anything which may be done unauthorized by it is unlawful . '' ) Jump up ^ See Loan Ass'n v. Topeka , 87 U.S. ( 20 Wall . ) 655 , 663 ( 1875 ) ( `` The theory of our governments , state and national , is opposed to the deposit of unlimited power anywhere . The executive , the legislative , and the judicial branches of these governments are all of limited and defined powers . '' ) ; Hepburn v. Griswold , 75 U.S. ( 8 Wall . ) 603 , 611 ( 1870 ) ( `` ( T ) he Constitution is the fundamental law of the United States . By it the people have created a government , defined its powers , prescribed their limits , distributed them among the different departments , and directed in general the manner of their exercise . No department of the government has any other powers than those thus delegated to it by the people . All the legislative power granted by the Constitution belongs to Congress , but it has no legislative power which is not thus granted . And the same observation is equally true in its application to the executive and judicial powers granted respectively to the President and the courts . All these powers differ in kind , but not in source or in limitation . They all arise from the Constitution , and are limited by its terms . '' ) Jump up ^ Humphrey 's Ex'r v. United States , 295 U.S. 602 , 629 -- 30 ( 1935 ) ( `` The fundamental necessity of maintaining each of the three general departments of government entirely free from the control or coercive influence , direct or indirect , of either of the others has often been stressed , and is hardly open to serious question . So much is implied in the very fact of the separation of the powers of these departments by the Constitution , and in the rule which recognizes their essential coequality . '' ) ; e.g. , Ainsworth v. Barn Ballroom Co. , 157 F. 2d 97 , 100 ( 4th Cir. 1946 ) ( judiciary has no power to review a military order barring servicemen from patronizing a certain dance hall due to separation of powers concerns because `` the courts may not invade the executive departments to correct alleged mistakes arising out of abuse of discretion ( ; ) ... to do so would interfere with the performance of governmental functions and vitally affect the interests of the United States '' ) Jump up ^ Tarble 's Case , 80 U.S. ( 13 Wall . ) 397 , 406 ( 1872 ) ( `` There are within the territorial limits of each state two governments , restricted in their spheres of action but independent of each other and supreme within their respective spheres . Each has its separate departments , each has its distinct laws , and each has its own tribunals for their enforcement . Neither government can intrude within the jurisdiction , or authorize any interference therein by its judicial officers with the action of the other . '' ) Jump up ^ Bank of Augusta v. Earle , 38 U.S. ( 13 Pet . ) 519 , 590 ( 1839 ) ( `` It has ... been supposed that the rules of comity between foreign nations do not apply to the states of this Union , that they extend to one another no other rights than those which are given by the Constitution of the United States , and that the courts of the general government are not at liberty to presume ... that a state has adopted the comity of nations towards the other states as a part of its jurisprudence or that it acknowledges any rights but those which are secured by the Constitution of the United States . The Court thinks otherwise . The intimate union of these states as members of the same great political family , the deep and vital interests which bind them so closely together , should lead us , in the absence of proof to the contrary , to presume a greater degree of comity and friendship and kindness towards one another than we should be authorized to presume between foreign nations ... They are sovereign states , and the history of the past and the events which are daily occurring furnish the strongest evidence that they have adopted towards each other the laws of comity in their fullest extent . '' ) ; Bank of U.S. v. Daniel , 37 U.S. ( 12 Pet . ) 32 , 54 ( 1838 ) ( `` The respective states are sovereign within their own limits , and foreign to each other , regarding them as local governments . '' ) ; Buckner v. Finley , 27 U.S. ( 2 Pet . ) 586 , 590 ( 1829 ) ( '' For all national purposes embraced by the federal Constitution , the states and the citizens thereof are one , united under the same sovereign authority and governed by the same laws . In all other respects , the states are necessarily foreign to and independent of each other . Their constitutions and forms of government being , although republican , altogether different , as are their laws and institutions. `` ) Jump up ^ Angel v. Bullington , 330 U.S. 183 , 188 ( 1947 ) ( `` The power of a state to determine the limits of the jurisdiction of its courts and the character of the controversies which shall be heard in them is , of course , subject to the restrictions imposed by the Federal Constitution . '' ( quoting McKnett v. St. Louis & S.F. Ry. Co. , 292 U.S. 230 , 233 ( 1934 ) ) ( internal quotation marks omitted ) ) ; Ableman v. Booth , 62 U.S. ( 21 How . ) 506 , 516 ( 1856 ) ( `` ( A ) lthough the State ( s ) ... ( are ) sovereign within ( their ) territorial limits to a certain extent , yet that sovereignty is limited and restricted by the Constitution of the United States . '' ) Jump up ^ United Pub . Workers v. Mitchell , 330 U.S. 75 , 95 -- 96 ( 1947 ) ( `` The powers granted by the Constitution to the Federal Government are subtracted from the totality of sovereignty originally in the states and the people . Therefore , when objection is made that the exercise of a federal power infringes upon rights reserved by the Ninth and Tenth Amendments , the inquiry must be directed toward the granted power under which the action of the Union was taken . If granted power is found , necessarily the objection of invasion of those rights , reserved by the Ninth and Tenth Amendments , must fail . '' ) ; Tarble 's Case , 80 U.S. at 406 ( `` The two governments in each state stand in their respective spheres of action in the same independent relation to each other , except in one particular , that they would if their authority embraced distinct territories . That particular consists in the supremacy of the authority of the United States when any conflict arises between the two governments . '' ) . Jump up ^ Worcester v. Georgia , 31 U.S. ( 6 Pet . ) 515 , 570 ( 1832 ) ( `` The powers given ( to the federal government ) are limited ; and no powers , which are not expressly given , can be exercised by ( it ) : but , where given , they are supreme . Within the sphere allotted to them , the co - ordinate branches of the general government revolve , unobstructed by any legitimate exercise of power by the state governments . The powers exclusively given to the federal government are limitations upon the state authorities . But , with the exception of these limitations , the states are supreme ; and their sovereignty can be no more invaded by the action of the general government , than the action of the state governments in arrest or obstruct the course of the national power . '' ) , recognized as abrogated on other grounds in New Mexico v. Mescalero Apache Tribe , 462 U.S. 324 ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Screws v. United States , 325 U.S. 91 , 109 ( 1945 ) ( `` Our national government is one of delegated powers alone . Under our federal system , the administration of criminal justice rests with the States except as Congress , acting within the scope of those delegated powers , has created offenses against the United States . '' ) . Jump up ^ E.g. , Kohl v. United States , 91 U.S. 367 , 372 ( 1876 ) ( `` Th ( e federal ) government is as sovereign within its sphere as the states are within theirs . True , its sphere is limited . Certain subjects only are committed to it ; but its power over those subjects is as full and complete as is the power of the states over the subjects to which their sovereignty extends . '' ) . Taken very literally , statements like this could be understood to suggest that there is no overlap between the State and Federal governments . Jump up ^ Ex parte McNiel , 80 U.S. ( 13 Wall . ) 236 , 240 ( 1872 ) ( `` In the complex system of polity which prevails in this country , the powers of government may be divided into four classes . ( 1 ) Those which belong exclusively to the states . ( 2 ) Those which belong exclusively to the national government . ( 3 ) Those which may be exercised concurrently and independently by both . ( 4 ) Those which may be exercised by the states , but only until Congress shall see fit to act upon the subject . The authority of the state then retires and lies in abeyance until the occasion for its exercise shall recur . '' ) ; People ex rel . Woll v. Graber , 68 N.E. 2d 750 , 754 ( Ill . 1946 ) ( `` The laws of the United States are laws in the several States , and just as binding on the citizens and courts thereof as the State laws are . The United States is not a foreign sovereignty as regards the several States but is a concurrent , and , within its jurisdiction , a paramount authority . '' ) ; Kersting v. Hargrove , 48 A. 2d 309 , 310 ( N.J. Cir . Ct. 1946 ) ( `` The United States government is not a foreign sovereignty as respects the several states but is a concurrent , and within its jurisdiction , a superior sovereignty . Every citizen of New Jersey is subject to two distinct sovereignties ; that of New Jersey and that of the United States . The two together form one system and the two jurisdictions are not foreign to each other . '' ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Dred Scott v. Sandford , 60 U.S. ( 19 How . ) 393 , 410 -- 11 ( 1857 ) ( `` The brief preamble sets forth by whom ( the Constitution ) was formed , for what purposes , and for whose benefit and protection . It declares that ( the Constitution ) ( was ) formed by the people of the United States ; that is to say , by those who were members of the different political communities in the several States ; and its great object is declared to be to secure the blessings of liberty to themselves and their posterity . It speaks in general terms of the people of the United States , and of citizens of the several States , when it is providing for the exercise of the powers granted or the privileges secured to the citizen . It does not define what description of persons are intended to be included under these terms , or who shall be regarded as a citizen and one of the people . It uses them as terms so well understood , that no further description or definition was necessary . But there are two clauses in the Constitution which point directly and specifically to the negro race as a separate class of persons , and show clearly that they were not regarded as a portion of the people or citizens of the Government then formed . '' ( emphasis added ) ) , superseded by constitutional amendment , U.S. CONST . amend . XIV , § 1 , as recognized in Slaughter - House Cases , 83 U.S. ( 16 Wall . ) 36 ( 1873 ) . But see Dredd Scott 60 U.S. 581 -- 82 ( Curtis , J. , dissenting ) ( arguing that `` the Constitution has recognized the general principle of public law , that allegiance and citizenship depend on the place of birth '' and that the `` necessary conclusion is , that those persons born within the several States , who , by force of their respective Constitutions and laws , are citizens of the State , are thereby citizens of the United States '' ) . Jump up ^ Jacobson v. Massachusetts , 197 U.S. 11 , 22 ( 1905 ) ( using this particular phrasing ) . Jump up ^ Cf . Carter v. Carter Coal Co. , 298 U.S. 238 , 296 ( 1936 ) ( `` ( T ) he Constitution itself is in every real sense a law -- the lawmakers being the people themselves , in whom under our system all political power and sovereignty primarily resides , and through whom such power and sovereignty primarily speaks . It is by that law , and not otherwise , that the legislative , executive , and judicial agencies which it created exercise such political authority as they have been permitted to possess . The Constitution speaks for itself in terms so plain that to misunderstand their import is not rationally possible . ' We the People of the United States , ' it says , ' do ordain and establish this Constitution . ' Ordain and establish ! These are definite words of enactment , and without more would stamp what follows with the dignity and character of law . '' ) ; Yick Wo v. Hopkins , 118 U.S. 356 , 370 ( 1886 ) ( `` Sovereignty itself is , of course , not subject to law , for it is the author and source of law ; but in our system , while sovereign powers are delegated to the agencies of government , sovereignty itself remains with the people , by whom and for whom all government exists and acts . '' ( emphasis added ) ) ; Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. ( 1 Cranch ) 137 , 176 ( 1803 ) ( `` That the people have an original right to establish , for their future government , such principles as , in their opinion , shall most conduce to their own happiness , is the basis on which the whole American fabric has been erected ... The principles ... so established are deemed fundamental ... This original and supreme will organizes the government , and assigns to different departments their respective powers . '' ( emphases added ) ) . Jump up ^ Cf . League v. De Young , 52 U.S. ( 11 How . ) 184 , 203 ( 1851 ) ( `` The Constitution of the United States was made by , and for the protection of , the people of the United States . '' ) ; Barron v. Mayor of Balt. , 32 U.S. ( 7 Pet . ) 243 , 247 ( 1833 ) ( `` The constitution was ordained and established by the people of the United States for themselves , for their own government , and not for the government of the individual states ... The people of the United States framed such a government for the United States as they supposed best adapted to their situation and best calculated to promote their interests . '' ) , superseded on other grounds by constitutional amendment , U.S. CONST . amend . XIV , as recognized in Chi. , Burlington & Quincy R.R. v. Chicago , 166 U.S. 226 ( 1897 ) . While the Supreme Court did not specifically mention the Preamble in these cases , it seems apparent that it was expounding on the implications of what it understood reference to `` the People '' in the Preamble to mean . Jump up ^ Chisholm v. Georgia , 2 U.S. ( 2 Dall . ) 419 , 471 ( 1793 ) ( opinion of Jay , C.J. ) ( `` ( I ) n establishing ( the Constitution ) , the people exercised their own rights , and their own proper sovereignty , and conscious of the plenitude of it , they declared with becoming dignity , ' We the people of the United States , do ordain and establish this Constitution . ' Here we see the people acting as sovereigns of the whole country ; and in the language of sovereignty , establishing a Constitution by which it was their will , that the State Governments should be bound , and to which the State Constitutions should be made to conform . Every State Constitution is a compact made by and between the citizens of a State to govern themselves in a certain manner ; and the Constitution of the United States is likewise a compact made by the people of the United States to govern themselves as to general objects , in a certain manner . '' ( emphasis added ) ) . abrogated by constitutional amendment , U.S. CONST . amend . XI , as recognized in Hollingsworth v. Virginia , 3 U.S. ( 3 Dall . ) 378 ( 1798 ) , and abrogated by Hans v. Louisiana , 134 U.S. 1 , 12 ( 1890 ) ; see also United States v. Cathcart , 25 F. Cas. 344 , 348 ( C.C.S.D. Ohio 1864 ) ( No . 14,756 ) ( `` ( The Supreme Court has ) den ( ied ) the assumption that full and unqualified sovereignty still remains in the states or the people of a state , and affirm ( ed ) , on the contrary , that , by express words of the constitution , solemnly ratified by the people of the United States , the national government is supreme within the range of the powers delegated to it ; while the states are sovereign only in the sense that they have an indisputable claim to the exercise of all the rights and powers guarantied to them by the constitution of the United States , or which are expressly or by fair implication reserved to them . '' ) . Jump up ^ See White v. Hart , 80 U.S. ( 13 Wall . ) 646 , 650 ( 1872 ) ( `` The National Constitution was , as its preamble recites , ordained and established by the people of the United States . It created not a confederacy of States , but a government of individuals . '' ) ; Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , 14 U.S. ( 1 Wheat . ) 304 , 324 -- 25 ( 1816 ) ( `` The constitution of the United States was ordained and established , not by the states in their sovereign capacities , but ... , as the preamble of the constitution declares , by ' the people of the United States . ' ... The constitution was not , therefore , necessarily carved out of existing state sovereignties , nor a surrender of powers already existing in state institutions ... `` ) ; cf . M'Culloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheat . ) 316 , 402 -- 03 ( 1819 ) ( rejecting a construction of the Constitution that would interpret it `` not as emanating from the people , but as the act of sovereign and independent states . The powers of the general government ... are delegated by the states , who alone are truly sovereign ; and must be exercised in subordination to the states , who alone possess supreme dominion ; '' instead , `` the ( Constitution ) was submitted to the people . They acted upon it ... by assembling in convention ... ( It ) d ( id ) not , on ... account ( of the ratifying conventions assembling in each state ) , cease to be the ( action ) of the people themselves , or become ( an action ) of the state governments . '' ) . Jump up ^ Ala . State Fed'n of Labor v. McAdory , 325 U.S. 450 , 463 ( 1945 ) ( `` Only those to whom a statute applies and who are adversely affected by it can draw in question its constitutional validity in a declaratory judgment proceeding as in any other . '' ) ; Premier - Pabst Sales Co. v. Grosscup , 298 U.S. 226 , 227 ( 1936 ) ( `` One who would strike down a state statute as obnoxious to the Federal Constitution must show that the alleged unconstitutional feature injures him . '' ) ; Buscaglia v. Fiddler , 157 F. 2d 579 , 581 ( 1st Cir. 1946 ) ( `` It is a settled principle of law that no court will consider the constitutionality of a statute unless the record before it affords an adequate factual basis for determining whether the challenged statute applies to and adversely affects the one who draws it in question . '' ) ; Liberty Nat'l Bank v. Collins , 58 N.E. 2d 610 , 614 ( Ill . 1944 ) ( `` The rule is universal that no one can raise a question as to the constitutionality of a statute unless he is injuriously affected by the alleged unconstitutional provisions . It is an established rule in this State that one may not complain of the invalidity of a statutory provision which does not affect him . This court will not determine the constitutionality of the provisions of an act which do not affect the parties to the cause under consideration , or where the party urging the invalidity of such provisions is not in any way aggrieved by their operation . '' ( citation omitted ) ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Ison v. W. Vegetable Distribs. , 59 P. 2d 649 , 655 ( Ariz . 1936 ) ( `` It is the general rule of law that when a party invokes the benefit of a statute , he may not , in one and the same breath , claim a right granted by it and reject the terms upon which the right is granted . '' ) ; State ex rel . Sorensen v. S. Neb . Power Co. , 268 N.W. 284 , 285 ( Neb . 1936 ) ( `` ( In this case , ) defendants ... invoked the statute , ... relied upon and t ( ook ) advantage of it , and are now estopped to assail the statute as unconstitutional . '' ) . It is important not to read these too broadly . For example , in In re Auditor Gen. , 266 N.W. 464 ( Mich . 1936 ) , certain property had been foreclosed upon for delinquent payment of taxes . A statute changed the terms by which foreclosure sales had to be published and announced in the community . The Michigan Supreme Court held that it was not necessary to question the validity of the taxes whose nonpayment led to the foreclosure , to have standing to question the validity of the procedure by which the foreclosure sale was being conducted . Jump up ^ E.g. , Am. Power & Light Co. v. SEC , 329 U.S. 90 , 107 ( 1946 ) ( a claim that the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 `` is void in the absence of an express provision for notice and opportunity for hearing as to security holders regarding proceedings under that section ( is groundless ) . The short answer is that such a contention can be raised properly only by a security holder who has suffered injury due to lack of notice or opportunity for hearing . No security holder of that type is now before us . The management ( ) of American ... admittedly w ( as ) notified and participated in the hearings ... and ... possess ( es ) no standing to assert the invalidity of that section from the viewpoint of the security holders ' constitutional rights to notice and hearing '' ) ; Virginian Ry. Co. v. Sys . Fed'n No. 40 , Ry . Employees Dep 't , 300 U.S. 515 , 558 ( 1937 ) ( under the Railway Labor Act , a `` railroad can complain only of the infringement of its own constitutional immunity , not that of its employees '' ( citations omitted ) ) . Jump up ^ E.g. , Anniston Mfg. Co. v. Davis , 301 U.S. 337 , 353 ( 1937 ) ( `` Constitutional questions are not to be decided hypothetically . When particular facts control the decision they must be shown . Petitioner 's contention as to impossibility of proof is premature ... For the present purpose it is sufficient to hold , and we do hold , that the petitioner may constitutionally be required to present all the pertinent facts in the prescribed administrative proceeding and may there raise , and ultimately may present for judicial review , any legal question which may arise as the facts are developed . '' ( citation omitted ) ) . Jump up ^ United Pub . Workers v. Mitchell , 330 U.S. 75 , 89 -- 90 ( 1947 ) ( `` The power of courts , and ultimately of this Court , to pass upon the constitutionality of acts of Congress arises only when the interests of litigants require the use of this judicial authority for their protection against actual interference . A hypothetical threat is not enough . '' ) . Jump up ^ Sparks v. Hart Coal Corp. , 74 F. 2d 697 , 699 ( 6th Cir. 1934 ) ( `` It has long been settled that courts have no power per se to review and annul acts of Congress on the ground that they are unconstitutional . That question may be considered only when the justification for some direct injury suffered or threatened , presenting a justiciable issue , is made to rest upon such act . '' ) ; e.g. , Manne v. Comm'r , 155 F. 2d 304 , 307 ( 8th Cir. 1946 ) ( `` A taxpayer alleging unconstitutionality of an act must show not only that the act is invalid , but that he has sustained some direct injury as the result of its enforcement . '' ( citing Massachusetts v. Mellon , 262 U.S. 447 ( 1923 ) ) . Jump up ^ Kuehner v. Irving Trust Co. , 299 U.S. 445 , 452 , 453 ( 1937 ) ( `` While , therefore , the Fifth Amendment forbids the destruction of a contract it does not prohibit bankruptcy legislation affecting the creditor 's remedy for its enforcement against the debtor 's assets , or the measure of the creditor 's participation therein , if the statutory provisions are consonant with a fair , reasonable , and equitable distribution of those assets . The law under consideration recognizes the petitioners ' claim and permits it to share in the consideration to be distributed in reorganization ... It is incorrect to say that Congress took away all remedy under the lease . On the contrary , it gave a new and more certain remedy for a limited amount , in lieu of an old remedy inefficient and uncertain in its result . This is certainly not the taking of the landlord 's property without due process . '' ) ; In re 620 Church St. Bldg . Corp. , 299 U.S. 24 , 27 ( 1936 ) ( `` Here the controlling finding is not only that there was no equity in the property above the first mortgage but that petitioners ' claims were appraised by the court as having ' no value . ' There was no value to be protected . This finding ... ( renders ) the constitutional argument ( that petitioners were deprived of property without due process of law ) unavailing as petitioners have not shown injury . '' ) . Jump up ^ Mauk v. United States , 88 F. 2d 557 , 559 ( 9th Cir. 1937 ) ( `` Since appellant is not indicted under or accused of violating this provision , he has no interest or standing to question its validity . That question is not before us and will not be considered . '' ) . Jump up ^ Morgan v. Virginia , 328 U.S. 373 , 376 -- 77 ( 1946 ) ( person arrested for violating laws segregating buses was `` a proper person to challenge the validity of th ( e ) statute as a burden on commerce '' ; even though she was a mere passenger and not , for example , a bus operator concerned about burdens on interstate commerce , `` ( i ) f it is an invalid burden , the conviction under it would fail . The statute affects appellant as well as the transportation company . Constitutional protection against burdens on commerce is for her benefit on a criminal trial for violation of the challenged statute '' ) . Jump up ^ Downes v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 244 , 251 ( 1901 ) ( `` The Constitution was created by the people of the United States , as a union of states , to be governed solely by representatives of the states . '' ) ; In re Ross , 140 U.S. 453 , 464 ( 1891 ) ( `` By the constitution a government is ordained and established ' for the United States of America , ' and not for countries outside of their limits . The guaranties it affords against accusation of capital or infamous crimes , except by indictment or presentment by a grand jury , and for an impartial trial by a jury when thus accused , apply only to citizens and others within the United States , or who are brought there for trial for alleged offenses committed elsewhere , and not to residents or temporary sojourners abroad . '' ) . Jump up ^ 46 F. Supp. 296 ( W.D. Wash. 1942 ) , aff 'd , 138 F. 2d 909 ( 9th Cir. 1943 ) . Jump up ^ Id . at 296 ( `` Upon his arraignment the ( trial ) court appointed counsel for the petitioner who was without funds and was a member of the armed forces of the United States at Shanghai . The petitioner entered a plea of not guilty and demanded a trial before a jury of Americans , which motion was denied , and he was thereupon tried by the court . The petitioner contends that his constitutional rights were violated by his being denied a jury trial . '' ) . Jump up ^ Id . at 299 ( `` The petitioner does not claim that he was not afforded a fair trial aside from the denial of his demand for a jury . Inasmuch as unquestionably he obtained a trial more to his liking than he would have obtained in Shanghai in other than an American court sitting in Shanghai , and since the Supreme Court of this country has determined that the right of trial by jury does not obtain in an American court sitting in another country pursuant to treaty , it must be held that the allegations of petitioner 's petition do not entitle him to release . '' ) . Jump up ^ Downes , 182 U.S. at 251 ( emphases added ) . Compare , e.g. , Dooley v. United States , 182 U.S. 222 , 234 ( 1901 ) ( `` ( A ) fter the ratification of the treaty ( with Spain ) and the cession of the island to the United States ( , ) Porto Rico then ceased to be a foreign country ... `` ) , and Municipality of Ponce v. Roman Catholic Apostolic Church , 210 U.S. 296 , 310 ( 1908 ) ( '' ( I ) n case of cession to the United States ; laws of the ceded country inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States , so far as applicable , would cease to be of obligatory force ; but otherwise the municipal laws of the acquired country continue . '' ( quoting Ortega v. Lara , 202 U.S. 339 , 342 ( 1906 ) ) ) , with Downes , 182 U.S. at 287 ( `` ( T ) he island of Porto Rico is a territory appurtenant and belonging to the United States , but not a part of the United States ... `` ) . Jump up ^ The fact that this discussion happens to talk mainly about Puerto Rico should not be understood to imply that the Supreme Court held that Puerto Rico was some sort of sui generis jurisdiction . For example , in Goetze v. United States , 182 U.S. 221 ( 1901 ) , the Supreme Court held that this same reasoning ( that a place could be under the jurisdiction of the United States , without being `` part '' of the United States ) applied to Hawaii before it was admitted into the Union as a State . Jump up ^ U.S. CONST . art . I , § 8 , cl. 1 . Jump up ^ De Pass v. Bidwell , 124 F. 615 ( C.C.S.D.N.Y. 1903 ) . Jump up ^ See United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 , 549 -- 50 ( 1876 ) ( `` The separate governments of the separate States , bound together by the articles of confederation alone , were not sufficient for the promotion of the general welfare of the people in respect to foreign nations , or for their complete protection as citizens of the confederated States . For this reason , the people of the United States ... ordained and established the government of the United States , and defined its powers by a constitution , which they adopted as its fundamental law ... '' ( emphasis added ) ) ; Texas v. White , 74 U.S. ( 7 Wall . ) 700 , 724 -- 25 ( 1869 ) ( `` ( The Union , which had existed since colonial times , ) received definite form , and character , and sanction from the Articles of Confederation . By these the Union was solemnly declared to ' be perpetual . ' And when these Articles were found to be inadequate to the exigencies of the country , the Constitution was ordained ' to form a more perfect Union . ' '' ) , overruled on other grounds by Morgan v. United States , 113 U.S. 476 ( 1885 ) ; Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , 14 U.S. ( 1 Wheat . ) 304 , 332 ( 1816 ) ( `` The constitution was for a new government , organized with new substantive powers , and not a mere supplementary charter to a government already existing . '' ) . Jump up ^ See Lane Cnty . v. Oregon , 74 U.S. ( 7 Wall . ) 71 , 76 ( 1869 ) ( `` The people , through ( the Constitution ) , established a more perfect union by substituting a national government , acting , with ample power , directly upon the citizens , instead of the Confederate government , which acted with powers , greatly restricted , only upon the States . '' ) . Jump up ^ Legal Tender Cases , 79 U.S. ( 12 Wall . ) 457 , 545 ( 1871 ) ( `` The Constitution was intended to frame a government as distinguished from a league or compact , a government supreme in some particulars over States and people . '' ) ; id . at 554 -- 55 ( Bradley , J. , concurring ) ( `` The Constitution of the United States established a government , and not a league , compact , or partnership . It was constituted by the people . It is called a government . '' ) . Jump up ^ See Bush v. Orleans Parish Sch . Bd. , 188 F. Supp. 916 , 922 -- 23 ( E.D. La . 1960 ) ( `` Interposition is ... based on the proposition that the United States is a compact of states , any one of which may interpose its sovereignty against the enforcement within its borders of any decision of the Supreme Court or act of Congress , irrespective of the fact that the constitutionality of the act has been established by decision of the Supreme Court ... In essence , the doctrine denies the constitutional obligation of the states to respect those decisions of the Supreme Court with which they do not agree . The doctrine may have had some validity under the Articles of Confederation . On their failure , however , ' in Order to form a more perfect Union , ' the people , not the states , of this country ordained and established the Constitution . Thus the keystone of the interposition thesis , that the United States is a compact of states , was disavowed in the Preamble to the Constitution . '' ( emphasis added ) ( footnote omitted ) ( citation omitted ) ) , aff 'd mem. , 365 U.S. 569 ( 1961 ) . Although the State of Louisiana in Bush invoked a concept it called `` interposition , '' it was sufficiently similar to the concept of `` nullification '' that the court used the latter , more familiar term in a fashion that clearly indicated it viewed the concepts as functionally interchangeable . See id . at 923 n. 7 ( `` ( E ) ven the ' compact theory ' ( of the Constitution ) does not justify interposition . Thus , Edward Livingston , ... though an adherent of th ( e ' compact ) theory ( ' ) , strongly denied the right of a state to nullify federal law or the decisions of the federal courts . '' ( emphases added ) ) . Compare Martin , 14 U.S. ( 1 Wheat . ) at 332 ( `` The confederation was a compact between states ; and its structure and powers were wholly unlike those of the national government . '' ) , with id . ( `` The constitution was an act of the people of the United States to supersede the confederation , and not to be ingrafted on it , as a stock through which it was to receive life and nourishment . '' ) . Jump up ^ White v. Hart , 80 U.S. ( 13 Wall . ) 646 , 650 ( 1871 ) ( `` ( The Constitution ) assumed that the government and the Union which it created , and the States which were incorporated into the Union , would be indestructible and perpetual ; and as far as human means could accomplish such a work , it intended to make them so . '' ) Jump up ^ Texas , 74 U.S. ( 7 Wall . ) at 725 -- 26 ( `` ( W ) hen the ( ) Articles ( of Confederation ) were found to be inadequate to the exigencies of the country , the Constitution was ordained ' to form a more perfect Union . ' It is difficult to convey the idea of indissoluble unity more clearly than by these words . What can be indissoluble if a perpetual Union , made more perfect , is not ? ... The Constitution , in all its provisions , looks to an indestructible Union , composed of indestructible States . When , therefore , Texas became one of the United States , she entered into an indissoluble relation . All the obligations of perpetual union , and all the guaranties of republican government in the Union , attached at once to the State . The act which consummated her admission into the Union was something more than a compact ; it was the incorporation of a new member into the political body . And it was final . The union between Texas and the other States was as complete , as perpetual , and as indissoluble as the union between the original States . There was no place for reconsideration , or revocation , except through revolution , or through consent of the States . '' ) ; United States v. Cathcart , 25 F. Cas. 344 , 348 ( C.C.S.D. Ohio 1864 ) ( No . 14,756 ) ( `` The ( Supreme Court has ) repudiate ( d ) emphatically the mischievous heresy that the union of the states under the constitution is a mere league or compact , from which a state , or any number of states , may withdraw at pleasure , not only without the consent of the other states , but against their will . '' ) . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Preamble to the United States Constitution . 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describe the 5 functions of government as stated in the preamble to the constitution
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Jeep Grand Cherokee
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Jeep Grand Cherokee - wikipedia Jeep Grand Cherokee Jump to : navigation , search Jeep Grand Cherokee Overview Manufacturer Chrysler Corporation ( 1993 - 1998 ) DaimlerChrysler ( 1999 - 2007 ) Chrysler LLC ( 2007 - 2009 ) Chrysler Group LLC ( 2009 - 2014 ) Fiat Chrysler Automobiles ( 2014 - present ) Magna Steyr Production 1992 -- present Model years 1993 -- present Body and chassis Class Mid-size SUV Body style 5 - door SUV Layout Front - engine , rear - wheel - drive or four - wheel drive 1993 - present Wheelbase 2,915 mm ( 114.8 in ) Length 4,822 -- 4,846 mm ( 189.8 -- 190.8 in ) Width 1,943 mm ( 76.5 in ) Height 1,749 -- 1,781 mm ( 68.9 -- 70.1 in ) Curb weight 4,996 -- 5,509 lb ( 2,266 -- 2,499 kg ) Chronology Predecessor Jeep Wagoneer / Grand Wagoneer The Jeep Grand Cherokee is a mid-size luxury SUV produced by the American manufacturer Jeep . While some other SUVs were manufactured with body - on - frame construction , the Jeep Grand Cherokee has always used a unibody chassis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 First generation ( ZJ ; 1993 -- 1998 ) 2.1 Engines 3 Second generation ( WJ ; 1999 -- 2004 ) 3.1 Engines 4 Third generation ( WK ; 2005 -- 2010 ) 4.1 Engines 5 Fourth generation ( WK2 ; 2011 -- present ) 5.1 Engines 6 Sales 7 Safety 7.1 NHTSA 8 Recalls 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Development ( edit ) The Grand Cherokee 's origins date back to 1983 when American Motors Corporation ( AMC ) was designing a successor to the smaller Jeep Cherokee ( XJ ) . Three outside ( non-AMC ) designers -- Larry Shinoda , Alain Clenet , and Giorgetto Giugiaro -- were also under contract with AMC to create and build a clay model of the Cherokee XJ replacement , then known as the `` XJC '' project . However , the basic design for the Cherokee 's replacement was well under way by AMC 's in - house designers and the 1989 Jeep Concept 1 show car foretold the basic design . As AMC began development of the next Jeep in 1985 , management created a business process that is now known as product lifecycle management ( PLM ) . According to François Castaing , Vice President for Product Engineering and Development , the smallest U.S. automaker was looking for a way to speed up its product development process to compete better against its larger competitors . The XJC 's development was aided by computer - aided design ( CAD ) software systems making the engineers more productive while new communication allowed potential conflicts to be resolved faster this reducing costly engineering changes because all drawings and documents were in a central database . The system was so effective that after Chrysler purchased AMC in 1987 , it expanded the system throughout its enterprise , thus connecting everyone involved in designing and building products . The Grand Cherokee thus became the first Chrysler - badged Jeep product . Development work for the new Jeep model continued and Chrysler 's employees ( after the 1987 buyout of AMC ) were eager for a late - 1980s release date ; however , CEO Lee Iacocca was pushing for redesigned Chrysler minivans , thus delaying the Grand Cherokee 's release until late - 1992 as an Explorer competitor . Unlike the Explorer , the Grand Cherokee utilized monocoque ( unibody ) construction , whereas the Explorer was a derivative of the Ranger pickup with a separate body - on - frame . The Grand Cherokee debuted in grand fashion at the 1992 North American International Auto Show in Detroit , Michigan . The vehicle that was driven was a Poppy Red Clear Coat 1993 Grand Cherokee ZJ Laredo with a quartz cloth interior and high - back bucket seats . Then Chrysler president Robert Lutz drove Detroit mayor , Coleman Young , from the Jefferson North Assembly Plant on North Jefferson Avenue via a police escort to Cobo Hall , up the steps of Cobo Hall and through a plate glass window to show off the new vehicle . Sales of the 1993 model year Grand Cherokee began in April 1992 . Production of the Grand Cherokee started shortly afterward in the purpose - built Jefferson North Assembly in Detroit , Michigan . European Grand Cherokees are manufactured in Austria by Magna Steyr . The Grand Cherokee `` played a significant part in reviving Chrysler 's fortunes by moving it into the then nascent market for high - margin sports utility vehicles . '' Upon its introduction , it was the first USA - manufactured automobile using HFC - 134a refrigerant in place of HCFC - 12 for the HVAC system . First generation ( ZJ ; 1993 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) Main article : Jeep Grand Cherokee ( ZJ ) 1993 -- 1998 Jeep Grand Cherokee ( US ) 1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee Laredo ( USA ) The original Grand Cherokee was launched in 1992 as a 1993 model year vehicle in the luxury SUV segment . The `` ZJ '' models , manufactured from 1992 to 1998 , originally came in three trim levels : base ( also known as SE ) , Laredo , and Limited , subsequent trims were added , included Orvis ( 95 -- 98 ) , TSI ( 97 -- 98 ) . The base model included features such as full instrumentation , cloth interior , and a standard five - speed manual transmission , while gaining the moniker `` SE '' name for the 1994 model year . Power windows and locks were not standard equipment on the base trim . The minimal price tag differential resulted in low consumer demand , and as a result , the low - line model was eventually discontinued . Additional standard features included a driver - side air bag ( starting in 96 ) and four - wheel anti-lock braking system ( ABS ) . The Laredo was the mid-scale model with standard features that included power windows , power door locks , cruise control , and a leather wrapped steering wheel . Exterior features included medium - grey plastic paneling on the lower body and five - spoke alloy wheels . The Limited was the premium model , featuring body color lower body paneling , and gold exterior accents . The Limited also boasted standard features such as leather seating , heated mirrors , front power seats , a keyless entry system , wood grain interior appliqué , lace style alloy wheels , a driver information center with compass , digitized climate control , and electrochromic rearview mirror , and Jensen brand stereo with multi-band equalizer . By 1996 the option list grew to include heated seats . Standard was the 4.0 , with the 5.2 V8 ( and 5.9 in 1998 ) being optional . As with other models . Package groups with the various trim levels included : fog lamps , skid plates , as well as convenience , lighting , luxury , power , security , and trailer towing packages . When it was first introduced in April 1992 as an early 1993 model year vehicle , the Grand Cherokee only had one powertrain choice : the 4.0 L AMC - derived straight - six engine that made 190 horsepower . This became the `` volume '' engine for the Grand Cherokee . Transmission choices included a four - speed automatic transmission ( early production ZJs used the AW4 -- the A500SE ( later 42RE ) replaced the AW4 during the latter half of the 1993 model year ) or an Aisin AX15 manual transmission . Low demand for the manual transmission resulted in its discontinuation after 1994 , but European - market ZJs retained it when coupled to the diesel engine ( which was unavailable in North America ) . The drive train choices included rear - wheel drive or four - wheel - drive . In 1995 , the engine dropped 5 horsepower to 185 due to new EPA regulations imposed on the 1996 model year . In 1998 , a variant of the top - level Grand Cherokee Limited , the `` 5.9 Limited '' was introduced . Jeep ads claimed it to be the `` world 's fastest sport utility vehicle '' , verified by third - party testing . The primary improvements in the 5.9 Limited version included a 245 - horsepower 5.9 L OHV V8 engine , heavy - duty 46RE automatic transmission , functional heat - extracting hood louvers , unique wide - slot body - colored grille with mesh inserts , special rocker moldings , low - restriction exhaust with three - inch chrome tip , a low - profile roof rack , and special 16 '' Ultra-Star wheels . The 5.9 Limited also received a 150 amp alternator and a 2 - speed electric cooling fan . Other features include a standard 180 - watt , 10 - speaker Infinity Gold sound system with rear roof - mounted sound bar , standard sunroof , and an interior swaddled with unique `` calf 's nap '' soft leather and faux wood trim . The 5.9 Limited was awarded `` 4x4 of the Year '' for 1998 by Petersen 's 4 - Wheel & Off - Road magazine . Production of this model was 14,286 units . Export models produced at the plant in Graz , Austria , were given the vehicle designation of `` ZG '' . Engines ( edit ) Years Engine Displacement Power Torque Notes 1993 -- 1995 4.0 L Straight - 6 242 CID 190 hp ( 142 kW ) 225 lb ft ( 305 N m ) 1996 -- 1998 4.0 L Straight - 6 242 CID 185 hp ( 138 kW ) 200 lb ft ( 271 N m ) new emission standards introduced 1993 -- 1994 5.2 L V8 318 CID 220 hp ( 164 kW ) 285 lb ft ( 386 N m ) 1995 -- 1998 5.2 L V8 318 CID 220 hp ( 164 kW ) 300 lb ft ( 407 N m ) 1995 -- 1998 2.5 L TURBO DIESEL VM Motori / Detroit Diesel 115 hp ( 86 kW ) 221 lb ft ( 300 N m ) Not Available in North America 1998 5.9 L V8 360 CID 245 hp ( 183 kW ) 345 lb ft ( 468 N m ) . Second generation ( WJ ; 1999 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) Main article : Jeep Grand Cherokee ( WJ ) Second generation ( WJ ) 1999 - 2004 The redesigned WJ 1999 Grand Cherokee shared just 127 parts with its predecessor ( mostly fasteners ) . The European model was coded WG . The spare tire was relocated from the side of the cargo compartment to under the floor . ( Like the 1998 ZJ , the rear tailgate glass opened separately . ) The two heavy pushrod V8 engines were replaced by Chrysler 's then - new PowerTech . The new V8 engine produced less torque than the old pushrods , but was lighter , offered better fuel economy , and provided similar on road performance figures ( the 23 - gallon fuel tank was replaced with one of a 20.5 - gallon capacity ) . The straight - six engine was also updated in 1999 . A redesign of the intake manifold added 10 horsepower ( 7.5 kW ) . While other Jeep vehicles used the Mopar 5 x 4.5 bolt circle , this was the first Jeep following the 1987 Chrysler buyout to receive a wider bolt pattern : -- 5 x 5 . A notable feature available in this generation was the automatic four wheel drive option called Quadra - Drive , which employed the New Venture Gear NV247 transfer case . This two - speed chain - driven transfer case uses a gerotor , a clutch pack coupled to a hydraulic pump , to transfer torque between the front and rear axles . The transfer case contains three modes , 4 - All Time , Neutral , and 4 - Lo . In 4 - All Time , 100 % of torque is sent to the rear axle in normal conditions . If the rear axle starts spinning at a higher rate than the front axle , hydraulic pressure builds up in the gerotor and causes the clutch pack to progressively transfer torque to the front axle until both axles return to the same speed . Neutral mode is intended for towing the vehicle . In 4 - Lo , the front and rear axles are locked together through a 2.72 reduction gear ratio . The NV247 transfer case is mated to front and rear axles containing Jeep 's Vari - Lok differentials . Vari - Lok differentials also use a gerotor to transfer torque between the wheels on either side of the axle . The major advantage of Quadra - Drive was that the combined transfer case and progressive locking differentials in each axle could automatically control traction between all four wheels . However , only the center differential could be permanently locked , and only in 4Lo . The Quadra - Trac II system included the NV247 transfer case with the standard open front and rear differentials . The 45RFE and 545RFE automatic transmission in the WJ was notable . It included three planetary gear sets rather than the two normally used in a four - speed automatic . This gave it six theoretical speeds , and it would have been the first six - speed transmission ever produced in volume , but it was programmed to only use five of these ratios . Four were used for upshifts , with a different second gear for downshifts . Although five of the six ratios were used , Chrysler decided to call it a `` 4 - speed automatic '' . In 2001 , the programming was changed to make use of all six ratios . Rather than have six forward gears , the transmission was programmed to act as a five - speed with the alternate second gear for downshifts . The rpm at 70 miles per hour ( 110 km / h ) on a 545RFE is 2000 rpm , 200 rpm less than the 45RFE programming . 1999 and 2000 model year WJ owners can have their 45RFE transmission 's programming flashed to enable the extra gear as both transmissions are physically the same . ( Must purchase new PCM and ABS module and program them with a fake VIN to make this work . ) The 42RE 4 - speed automatic remained the transmission for the Inline 6 engine . It had slight changes from the previous model Grand Cherokee . The interior was also completely redesigned in 1999 . The redesign allowed for larger rear doors , and more space for rear passengers . Controls for various items like headlights , heated seats , and rear wiper were moved to more convenient locations . The electronic Vehicle Information center was moved from below the radio to above the windshield , and was standard on all 2000 and up models . Limited models included automatic dual - zone climate control . A 10 CD - Changer was also available with the Infinity Audio package . In addition to Jeep 's UniFrame construction , Daimler Chrysler partnered with Porsche to further strengthen the frame . This was done to reduce NVH . UniFrame is an unusual construction scheme , it incorporates all of the strength and durability of a body - on - frame construction into a unitized construction . By adding stiffness and rigidity to the structure , they enhanced the ride and strengthened the network of steel beams , rails and pillars ( or `` safety cage '' ) that surround and protect occupants . More than 70 percent of the underbody is high - strength steel . All Jeep Grand Cherokees feature UniFrame construction . The Grand Cherokee received a minor facelift for 2004 including round fog lamps , a lower front fascia and a new body - color matched inset grille design . Export models produced at the plant in Graz , Austria , were given the vehicle designation of `` WG '' . 4.7 Powertech engine Jeep WJ Engines ( edit ) Years Engine Displacement Power Torque Notes 1999 -- 2002 3.1 L TURBO DIESEL VM Motori 140 hp ( 104 kW ) 271 lb ft ( 367 N m ) Not Available in North America 1999 -- 2004 ( 1999 -- 2005 Outside North America ) 4.0 L Straight - 6 242 CID 195 hp ( 145 kW ) 230 lb ft ( 312 N m ) 1999 -- 2004 ( 1999 -- 2005 Outside North America ) 4.7 L V8 287 CID 235 hp ( 175 kW ) 295 lb ft ( 400 N m ) 2002 -- 2005 2.7 L CRD Diesel Mercedes Benz Diesel 163 hp ( 122 kW ) 295 lb ft ( 400 N m ) Not Available in North America 2002 -- 2004 ( 2002 -- 2005 Outside North America ) 4.7 L H.O. V8 287 CID 265 hp ( 198 kW ) 325 lb ft ( 441 N m ) Third generation ( WK ; 2005 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Jeep Grand Cherokee ( WK ) 2005 -- 2007 Jeep Grand Cherokee ( US ) 2005 Jeep Grand Cherokee ( US ) The all - new WK Grand Cherokee debuted in 2004 for the 2005 model year . It was first unveiled at the 2004 New York International Auto Show . Features available for the first time in a Jeep included Quadra - Drive II four - wheel drive , rear - seat DVD player and optional 5.7 L Hemi V8 . The 3.7 L V6 engine replaced the 4.0 L Straight - 6 . A Mercedes Benz sourced 3.0 V6 Common Rail Diesel ( CRD ) was available outside of North America from launch . The design still emphasizes power and luxury , with significant work done on improving noise , vibration , and harshness ( NVH ) . However , for the first time , Jeep also emphasized on - road performance to a similar extent as the cornerstone of its brand , off - road capability . This newfound emphasis on on - road refinement led Jeep to replace the XJ - era live - axle with leading - arms front suspension ( found in the ZJ and WJ ) with a new design : an independent double - wishbone setup like that which debuted in the 2002 Liberty . The new Jeep changed its philosophy due to what it perceived as increasing demand in the SUV marketplace for on - road performance and decreasing demand for off - road capability . Although classed as a truck - based SUV , the WH / WK Grand Cherokee has more luxuries than a `` crossover '' especially refinement , capability and NVH . The 2007 Jeep Grand Cherokee made its European debut at the Euro Camp Jeep held in Ardèche , France . This Jeep has gained 5 stars in the Euro Ncap crash safety tests conducted in 2005 . The Grand Cherokee received a minor facelift for 2008 . The bottom part of the headlights became rounded and High Intensity Discharge ( HID ) Headlamps with auto leveling were added . The lower portion of the front bumper was still removable as it was from launch to increase the approach angle for off - road use . The 4.7 L was refined , now producing 305 hp ( 227 kW ; 309 PS ) , and 334 lb ft ( 453 N m ) . The 2009 Jeep Grand Cherokee is available with an improved 5.7 L Hemi engine rated at 357 hp ( 266 kW ; 362 PS ) and 389 lb ft ( 527 N m ) of torque . The engine uses variable valve timing to increase fuel economy . Engines ( edit ) Years Engine Displacement Power Torque Notes 2005 -- 2010 3.7 L V6 225 CID ( 3,687 cc ) 215 hp ( 160 kW ) 235 lb ft ( 319 N m ) Base , Laredo , Laredo X , Limited 2005 -- 2007 4.7 L V8 287 CID ( 4,698 cc ) 230 hp ( 172 kW ) 295 lb ft ( 400 N m ) Laredo , Laredo X , Limited 2008 -- 2009 4.7 L V8 287 CID ( 4,698 cc ) 305 hp ( 227 kW ) 334 lb ft ( 453 N m ) Laredo , Laredo X , Limited 2005 -- 2008 5.7 L Hemi V8 345 CID ( 5,654 cc ) 325 hp ( 242 kW ) 369 lb ft ( 500 N m ) Laredo X , Limited , Overland 2009 -- 2010 5.7 L Hemi V8 345 CID ( 5,654 cc ) 357 hp ( 266 kW ) 389 lb ft ( 527 N m ) Laredo X , Limited , Overland 2006 -- 2010 6.1 L Hemi V8 370 CID ( 6,059 cc ) 420 hp ( 313 kW ) 420 lb ft ( 569 N m ) SRT - 8 2005 -- 2010 Europe / 2007 -- 2009 North America 3.0 L Mercedes Benz CRD OM642 V6 182 CID ( 2,988 cc ) 215 hp ( 160 kW ) 376 lb ft ( 510 N m ) CRD , Predator , Model S , Laredo X , Limited , Overland Fourth generation ( WK2 ; 2011 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : Jeep Grand Cherokee ( WK2 ) 2012 Jeep Grand Cherokee Overland The fourth - generation Jeep Grand Cherokee went on sale in summer 2010 as a 2011 model . It was unveiled at the 2009 New York Auto Show . During development of the WK2 Grand Cherokee , it was used as one of the examples of future products by Chrysler management at the time to convince United States federal regulators in 2009 of Chrysler 's future viability in requesting a federal loan , which culminated in the Chrysler Chapter 11 reorganization that same year . The fourth - generation Grand Cherokee retains its classic Jeep styling combined with a modern and sleek body style . The interior features leather trim and real wood accents , plus Bluetooth and uConnect electronics options . With the additional awards for the 2011 Grand Cherokee , the Jeep Grand Cherokee has won 30 awards for off - road capability , luxury , value , best - in - class , and safety , making it the most awarded SUV ever . Among the awards are : Top Safety Pick for 2011 from the IIHS , listed as a Consumers Digest Best Buy for 2011 , Safest SUV in America by MSN Autos , and Truck of the Year for 2011 by The Detroit News . Like the previous generations , the chassis is a steel unibody . Unlike previous models , the new WK2 features four - wheel independent suspension for better on - road handling . The Grand Cherokee ( with the 2011 Durango ) WK2 platform uses a Chrysler designed and engineered platform / chassis that Mercedes - Benz later used for the Mercedes - Benz 's W166 series . The Chrysler - designed platform / chassis was part of the DaimerChrysler engineering projects that was to launch the new Grand Cherokee with the Mercedes - Benz ML to follow . However , due to the subsequent sale and bankruptcy of Chrysler , the Grand Cherokee launch was delayed and the Mercedes ML launched before the WK2 Grand Cherokee . Four wheel drive systems include Quadra - Trac I , Quadra - Trac II , and Quadra - Drive II . Using Selec - Terrain , the driver can select modes for Auto , Sport , Snow , Sand / Mud , and Rock . Optional Quadra - Lift height adjustable air suspension can raise the vehicle 's ground clearance up to 11.1 in ( 282 mm ) . Lift modes include Park , Aero , Normal Ride Height , Off - Road 1 , and Off - Road 2 . Engine choices include the all new 3.6 L Pentastar V6 and 5.7 L Hemi V8 . The Hemi V8 retains the Multiple Displacement System ( MDS ) that shuts down four cylinders in low - power driving situations . The V8 comes with the multi-speed automatic transmission that includes Electronic Range Selection ( ERS ) to manually limit the high gear operating range . Trailer towing is rated 7,400 lb ( 3,400 kg ) for Hemi models and 5,000 lb ( 2,300 kg ) for Pentastar models . A 3.0 L turbocharged diesel V6 developed and built by Fiat Powertrain Technologies and VM Motori ( with Multijet II injection ) rated at 177 kW ( 241 PS ; 237 hp ) and 550 N m ( 410 lb ft ) of torque offered in export markets from mid-2011 . The new 3.0 L CRD turbodiesel engine is available in European markets as 140 kW ( 190 PS ; 188 hp ) low - power version . The new Grand Cherokee SRT8 , which started production on July 16 , 2011 , is equipped with a 470 hp ( 350 kW ; 480 PS ) 6.4 L Hemi V8 engine . Jeep claims the new SRT8 gets 13 percent better fuel economy than its predecessor . To keep the gas mileage respectable , Jeep has employed a new active exhaust system that lets Chrysler 's cylinder - deactivating Fuel Saver Technology operate over a wider rpm band . Chrysler claims that with the larger gas tank , the SUV can now travel up to 500 miles ( 800 km ) on a single tank , while other sources estimate range to be 450 miles ( 720 km ) . The Jeep Grand Cherokee was released in India on 30 August 2016 . Alongside the Wrangler , the Grand Cherokee was the first model to be sold directly by Jeep in the country . Jeeps have been built under licence by Mahindra in India since the 1960s . Engines ( edit ) Years Engine Displacement Power Torque Notes 2011 -- 3.6 L Pentastar V6 220 CID ( 3,604 cc ) 290 hp ( 216 kW ) 260 lb ft ( 353 N m ) Laredo , Laredo X , Limited , Overland , Summit , Altitude , High Altitude 2011 -- 5.7 L Hemi V8 345 CID ( 5,654 cc ) 360 hp ( 268 kW ) 390 lb ft ( 529 N m ) Laredo X ( up to 2013 ) , Limited , Overland , Summit , Altitude , High Altitude 2012 -- 6.4 L Hemi V8 392 CID ( 6,417 cc ) 475 hp ( 354 kW ) 470 lb ft ( 637 N m ) SRT 2017 -- 6.2 L supercharged Hemi V8 376 CID ( 6,166 cc ) 707 hp ( 527 kW ) 645 lb ft ( 875 N m ) Trackhawk 2011 -- 3.0 L CRD V6 182 CID ( 2,988 cc ) 140 kW ( 190 PS ; 188 hp ) 440 N m ( 320 lb ft ) US SPEC Lower output to meet emission standards 2014 -- 3.0 L CRD V6 182 CID ( 2,988 cc ) 179 kW ( 243 PS ; 240 hp ) 569 N m ( 420 lb ft ) Available outside North America from launch . US SPEC Limited , Overland , Summit Sales ( edit ) Calendar Year United States Canada Outside North America Total 238,512 1995 252,168 279,195 260,875 1998 229,135 1999 300,031 2000 271,723 223,612 2002 224,233 2003 207,479 182,313 7,454 2005 213,584 9,166 2006 139,148 7,075 2007 120,937 8,078 2008 73,678 7,617 2009 50,328 6,254 14,869 71,451 84,635 7,255 2011 127,744 10,283 2012 154,734 10,416 165,150 2013 174,275 11,587 69,143 255,005 2014 183,786 13,150 82,631 279,567 2015 195,958 11,605 69,673 277,236 2016 212,273 15,091 Safety ( edit ) NHTSA ( edit ) NHTSA 2017 Jeep Grand Cherokee SUV 4WD : Overall : Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Side Driver : Side Passenger : Side Pole Driver : Rollover : / 16.9 % Recalls ( edit ) In 2010 , the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) launched an investigation into 1993 -- 2004 model year Jeep Grand Cherokees which involves the fuel tanks of these SUVs . Because the gas tanks are mounted between the bumper and rear axle , a rear collision could cause the fuel tank to leak , causing a fire . The NHTSA claims that it has reports of 157 deaths resulting from fires caused by Grand Cherokees crashing . Also affected are 2002 -- 2007 Jeep Liberty models and 1986 -- 2001 Jeep Cherokee models , which totals about 5.1 million affected vehicles . In June , 2013 , Chrysler Corporation responded to the recall , agreeing to recall 2.7 million Jeeps , though eliminating both the 1986 -- 2001 Jeep Cherokee XJ and 1999 -- 2004 Jeep Grand Cherokee WJ from the recall . The recall will include 2.7 million 1993 -- 1998 Jeep Grand Cherokee ZJ and 2002 -- 2007 Jeep Liberty KJ vehicles . Two weeks prior to this recall , Chrysler Corporation claimed that the affected Jeep vehicles were safe , though agreed to recall the affected vehicles later . To remedy the problem , Jeep dealerships will install a trailer hitch onto the rear bumpers of Jeep vehicles that will protect the fuel tank if the vehicle is involved in a rear impact . If an affected vehicle is not currently equipped with a trailer hitch , one will be installed onto it , and older Jeep and non-factory aftermarket trailer hitches will be replaced with one from Chrysler Corporation . Despite the recall , the market for these Jeep vehicles has not suffered . In May 2013 there was a recall of WKs with the Quadra - Drive II and Quadra - Trac II systems . This followed cases of cars rolling away due the transfer case moving into neutral of its own accord , and the owner not having applied the parking brake . The recall revised the Final Drive Control Module ( FDCM ) software . However , following the recall there were widespread reports on enthusiast web sites of both the neutral and low ratio modes of the transfer case ceasing to function , and a survey showed that fewer than 10 % of respondents had experienced no issues with the recall . Attempting to resolve these issues , some dealers subsequently replaced the transfer case actuator , FDCM , and even the transfer case itself , often at customer expense and usually to no avail . The cause of the roll - aways was faulty soldering in the transfer case actuator . It has been deduced that the revised software detects this by noting any deviation in resistance , and thereupon locks the transfer case in high ratio for safety ; but that it is over-reacting to minor resistance variations from other causes . Originally Chrysler dealers claimed that the loss of neutral and low ratio following the recall was co-incidence ; then it claimed that the revised software was revealing pre-existing faults in the system , despite it occurring even with new parts . Chrysler have also claimed that only a small fraction of cars have issues following the recall ; but most users never have occasion to use the low ratio and may never discover the fault . Four years after this recall its issues remain unresolved . In April 2016 , the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) ordered a recall of 2014 and 2015 Jeep Grand Cherokees and other cars that use an electronic gear shifter because it sometimes does not go into ( or does not remain in ) the park position , despite the operator 's best intentions . Consumers reported that they put the car in park and left the engine running , and then were surprised when the car rolled away under power . An investigation by FCA US and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration found some drivers have exited their vehicles without first selecting `` PARK . '' Such behavior may pose a safety risk if a vehicle 's engine is still running . The Company is aware of 41 injuries that are potentially related . The vehicles involved in these events were inspected and no evidence of equipment failure was found . The vehicles also deliver warning chimes and alert messages if their driver - side doors are opened while their engines are still running and `` PARK '' is not engaged . However , investigation suggested these measures may be insufficient to deter some drivers from exiting their vehicles without selecting `` PARK , '' so FCA US will enhance the warnings and transmission - shift strategy on these vehicles . The enhancements will combine warnings with a transmission - shift strategy to automatically prevent a vehicle from moving , under certain circumstances , even if the driver fails to select `` PARK . '' Jeep has now replaced the shifter with a conventional lever which stays in position for late 2016 models . See also ( edit ) Jeep Cherokee ( SJ ) , the similarly named 1974 -- 83 predecessor . References ( edit ) Inline Jump up ^ `` Jeep Grand Cherokee Review '' . Retrieved 10 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The development of the Jeep Grand Cherokee design '' . Archived from the original on 29 July 2010 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Rothenberg , Al ( 1 March 1998 ) . `` Design Debate -- Who 's the father of the Jeep Grand Cherokee ? '' . Ward 's AutoWorld . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Jeep Concept 1 ( Note : shown first in 1989 ) '' . ajeepthing.com. 2006 . Archived from the original on 12 November 2013 . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Shilovitsky , Oleg ( 12 July 2010 ) . `` Commentary : Making PLM and ERP work together '' . onwindows.com . Archived from the original on 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jr. , Sidney ( May 2003 ) . `` How To Be A Trendsetter : Dassault and IBM PLM Customers Swap Tales From The PLM Front '' . COE news net . Archived from the original on 13 February 2009 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick R. ( 2004 ) . The Story of Jeep . Krause Publications . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87349 - 735 - 0 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Jeep Grand Cherokee Introduction '' . King Rose Archives . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Hyde , Charles K. ( 2003 ) . Riding the Roller Coaster : a history of the Chrysler Corporation . Wayne State University Press . p. 296 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3091 - 3 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ National Academy of Engineering . Committee on the Offshoring of Engineering ( 2008 ) . The offshoring of engineering : facts , unknowns , and potential implications . National Academies Press . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 309 - 11483 - 7 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Greasley , Andrew ( 1999 ) . Operations Management in Business . S. Thornes . p. 112 . ISBN 9780748720842 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Jeep Grand Cherokee Gets Powerful Boost from New HEMI Engine and More Premium Amenities '' . jeephorizons.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ulrich , Lawrence ( 2009 - 04 - 08 ) . `` 2011 Jeep Grand Cherokee '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Paukert , Chris ( 2009 - 04 - 08 ) . `` New York : Muscled - up 2011 Jeep Grand Cherokee will take the stairs , thank you '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NAD Finds Chrysler Can Support ' Most Awarded ' Claim For Jeep Grand Cherokee , With Certain Modifications '' . Jump up ^ `` The 2011 Jeep Grand Cherokee '' . Allpar.com. 2010 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Paukert , Chris ( 2009 - 04 - 08 ) . `` New York : 2011 Jeep Grand Cherokee must serve two masters '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` New Jeep Grand Cherokee Now Powered by New 3.0 - liter Turbo Diesel Engine '' . Jeeppress-europe.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` All - new Jeep Grand Cherokee Now Powered by New 3.0 - liter Turbo Diesel Engine '' . chrysler.com. 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Jeep Grand Cherokee '' . jeep.de . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jeep Grand Cherokee WK2 -- 6.4 L SRT8 '' . Wk2jeeps.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Will Jeep storm India despite ' exorbitant ' price tag ? Fiat has fingers crossed '' . Hindustan Times . 2 September 2016 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mahindra Jeeps on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2007 - 01 - 31 . Archived from the original on 1999 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` 2014 Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT -- Specifications '' ( PDF ) . Chrysler Media . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.jeep.com/grand-cherokee/trackhawk.html Jump up ^ Mateja , Jim ( 1997 - 02 - 16 ) . `` Trucks Are Tops '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived May 2 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group Announces Year - End and December Sales '' . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group Reports U.S. December Sales '' . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group Reports December 2003 Sales Increase of 2 Percent '' . Theautochannel.com. 2004 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group 2005 U.S. Sales Rise 5 Percent , Highest Since 2000 ; December Sales Decline In Line with Overall Industry '' . Prnewswire.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Total Chrysler LLC December 2007 Sales Up 1 Percent on the Strength of Retail ; Demand ... '' . Reuters. 2008 - 01 - 03 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler LLC Reports December 2008 U.S. Sales '' . News.prnewswire.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Award - winning Month Drives Chrysler Group LLC 's December U.S. Sales '' . News.prnewswire.com. 2010 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` canada2010 '' . media.chrysler.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group LLC Reports December 2009 Sales Outside North America '' . media.chrysler.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` December 2010 Sales : Chrysler '' . cheersandgears.com. 2011 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler sales shoot up 37 % ( 26 % for 2011 ) '' . allpar.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group LLC Reports December 2012 U.S. Sales Increased 10 Percent '' ( Press release ) . Chrysler Group LLC. 2013 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Canada Finishes Year With Best Sales Since 2000 '' . Media.chrysler.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group LLC Reports December 2013 U.S. Sales Increased 6 Percent -- Best December Sales in Six Years ; Full - Year Sales Up 9 Percent -- Strongest Annual Sales Since 2007 '' . Media.chrysler.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Jeep ® Brand Records New All - time Global Sales Record in 2013 '' . Media.chrysler.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` FCA US LLC Reports December 2014 U.S. Sales Increased 20 Percent -- Best December Sales in a Decade ; Full - Year Sales Up 16 Percent -- Strongest Annual Sales Since 2006 '' . FCA US LLC . January 5 , 2015 . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeep ® Brand Records Fourth Consecutive Global Sales Record '' ( Press release ) . Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=18073&mid=425 Jump up ^ http://media.fcanorthamerica.com/newsrelease.do?id=18075&mid=425 Jump up ^ `` 2017 Jeep Grand Cherokee SUV 4WD '' . Safercar.gov . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Chistopher ( 2013 - 05 - 23 ) . `` Consumer Advocacy Group Calls for a Recall of 5 Million Jeep Grand Cherokees - NYTimes.com '' . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Krisher , Tom ; Durbin , Dee - Ann ( 18 June 2013 ) . `` Chrysler Recalls 2.7 Million Older Jeep Grand Cherokee , Jeep Liberty Vehicles '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jeepforum.com ( for example ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeepforum.com poll '' . Jump up ^ `` Truckyeah website '' . Jump up ^ `` Statement : Shift Strategy '' . FCA US Media Website . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . General Berg , Phil . `` Jeep Grand Cherokee Preview '' . Car and Driver ( August 1998 ) : 69 -- 70 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jeep Grand Cherokee . Jeep Grand Cherokee site Only in a Jeep . Public Domain Jeep promo video . `` previous -- Jeep road vehicle timeline , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 Traditional CJ - 5 CJ - 7 Wrangler ( YJ ) Wrangler ( TJ ) Wrangler ( JK ) Wrangler Unlimited ( LJ ) Wrangler Unlimited ( JK ) Subcompact crossover Renegade ( BU ) Compact crossover Compass ( MK49 ) Compass ( MP ) Patriot ( MK74 ) Mid-size crossover Cherokee ( KL ) Compact SUV Cherokee / Wagoneer ( XJ ) Liberty / Cherokee ( KJ ) Liberty / Cherokee ( KK ) Mid-size SUV Grand Cherokee / Grand Wagoneer ( ZJ ) Grand Cherokee ( WJ ) Grand Cherokee ( WK ) Grand Cherokee ( WK2 ) Commander ( XK ) Full - size SUV Cherokee ( SJ ) Wagoneer / Grand Wagoneer ( SJ ) Compact pickup CJ - 8 ( Scrambler ) Comanche ( MJ ) CJ - 10 Full - size pickup J - Series SRT , a high - performance automobile group within FCA US , 2003 -- present Type 2000s 2010s 5 6 7 8 9 0 SRT - 4 Dodge SRT - 4 Dodge Caliber SRT - 4 SRT - 6 Chrysler Crossfire SRT - 6 SRT - 8 Chrysler 300C SRT - 8 Chrysler 300C 392 SRT - 8 Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT - 8 Jeep Grand Cherokee 392 SRT - 8 Dodge Magnum SRT - 8 Dodge Charger SRT - 8 Dodge Charger 392 SRT - 8 Dodge Challenger SRT - 8 Dodge Challenger 392 SRT - 8 SRT - 10 Dodge Ram SRT - 10 Dodge Viper 8.3 SRT - 10 Dodge Viper 8.4 SRT - 10 SRT Dodge Viper Vehicle is only sold under the SRT brand . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeep_Grand_Cherokee&oldid=800952658 '' Categories : Jeep vehicles Sport utility vehicles All - wheel - drive vehicles Mid-size sport utility vehicles Rear - wheel - drive vehicles 1990s automobiles 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Cars introduced in 1992 Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2014 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from March 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 19 : 08 . 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Godavari River
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Godavari river - wikipedia Godavari river This article is about the river in India . For other uses , see Godavari ( disambiguation ) . Godavari Dakshina Ganga River Dummugudem weir across the Godavari in Bhadradri Kothagudem district Country India States Maharashtra , Telangana , Chhattisgarh , Andhra Pradesh , Puducherry ( Yanam ) Region South India , Western India Tributaries - left Banganga , Kadva , Shivana , Purna , Kadam , Pranahita , Indravati , Taliperu , Sabari - right Nasardi , Darna , Pravara , Sindphana , Manjira , Manair , Kinnerasani Source - location Brahmagiri Mountain , Tryambakeshwar , Nashik , Maharashtra , India - elevation 920 m ( 3,018 ft ) - coordinates 19 ° 55 ′ 48 '' N 73 ° 31 ′ 39 '' E / 19.93000 ° N 73.52750 ° E / 19.93000 ; 73.52750 Mouth - location Antarvedi into Bay of Bengal , East Godavari , Andhra Pradesh , India - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 17 ° 0 ′ N 81 ° 48 ′ E / 17.000 ° N 81.800 ° E / 17.000 ; 81.800 Coordinates : 17 ° 0 ′ N 81 ° 48 ′ E / 17.000 ° N 81.800 ° E / 17.000 ; 81.800 Length 1,465 km ( 910 mi ) Basin 312,812 km ( 120,777 sq mi ) Discharge - average 3,505 m / s ( 123,778 cu ft / s ) Discharge elsewhere ( average ) - Polavaram ( 1901 -- 1979 ) 3,061.18 m / s ( 108,105 cu ft / s ) Path of the Godavari through the South Indian Peninsula The Godavari is India 's second longest river after the Ganga . Its source is in Triambakeshwar , Maharashtra . It flows east for 1,465 kilometres ( 910 mi ) draining the states of Maharashtra ( 48.6 % ) , Telangana ( 18.8 % ) , Andhra Pradesh ( 4.5 % ) , Chhattisgarh ( 10.9 % ) , Madhya Pradesh ( 10.0 % ) , Odisha ( 5.7 % ) , Karnataka ( 1.4 % ) and Puducherry ( Yanam ) and emptying into Bay of Bengal through its extensive network of tributaries . Measuring up to 312,812 km ( 120,777 sq mi ) , it forms one of the largest river basins in the Indian subcontinent , with only the Ganges and Indus rivers having a larger drainage basin . In terms of length , catchment area and discharge , the Godavari river is the largest in peninsular India , and had been dubbed as the Dakshina Ganga -- Ganges of the South . The river has been revered in Hindu scriptures for many millennia and continues to harbour and nourish a rich cultural heritage . In the past few decades , the river has been barricaded by a number of barrages and dams , restricting its flow . The river delta supports 729 persons / km -- nearly twice the density average for the nation , and has been categorized as having substantial to greater risk of flooding with rising sea levels . Contents 1 Source 1.1 Within Maharashtra 1.2 Within Telangana 1.3 Within Andhra Pradesh 2 Tributaries 3 Religious significance 4 Settlements along the Godavari 4.1 Maharashtra 4.2 Telangana 4.3 Andhra Pradesh 4.4 Puducherry 4.5 Places of interest 5 Flora and fauna 6 Waterfalls 7 Crossings 8 Dams 9 Hydro power stations 10 Geology and sediment transfer in the Godavari Drainage Basin 11 Mineral deposits 12 Ecological concerns 13 In popular culture 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Source ( edit ) Godavari river basin . Godavari River delta extending into the Bay of Bengal ( upper river in image ) . Bhadrachalam Temple during 2005 floods The Godavari originates in the Western Ghats of central India near Nashik in Maharashtra , 80 km ( 50 mi ) from the Arabian Sea . It flows for 1,465 km ( 910 mi ) , first eastwards across the Deccan Plateau then turns southeast , entering the West Godavari district and East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh , until it splits into two distributaries that widen into a large river delta and flow into the Bay of Bengal . The Godavari River has a coverage area of 312,812 km ( 120,777 sq mi ) , which is nearly one - tenth of the area of India and is greater than the areas of England and Ireland put together . The river basin is considered to be divided into 3 sections : Upper ( source to confluence with Manjira ) , Middle ( between confluence of Manjira and Pranhita ) and Lower ( Pranhita confluence to mouth ) . These put together account for 24.2 % of the total basin area . The rivers annual average water inflows are nearly 110 billion cubic metres . Nearly 50 % of the water availability is being harnessed . The water allocation from the river among the riparian states are governed by the Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal . The river has highest flood flows in India and experienced recorded flood of 3.6 million cusecs in the year 1986 and annual flood of 1.0 million cusecs is normal . Within Maharashtra ( edit ) In Maharashtra state where it takes origin , the river has an extensive course , the upper basin ( origin to its confluence with Manjira ) of which lies entirely within the state , cumulatively draining an area as large as 152,199 km ( 58,764 sq mi ) -- about half the area of Maharashtra . Within Nashik District the river assumes a north - easterly course till it flows into the Gangapur Reservoir created by a dam of the same name . The reservoir along with the Kashypi Dam provides potable water to Nashik , one of the largest cities located on its banks . The river as it emerges through the dam , some 8 km ( 5.0 mi ) upstream from Nashik , flows on a rocky bed undulated by a series of chasms and rocky ledges , resulting in the formation of two significant waterfalls -- the Gangapur waterfalls and the Someshwar Waterfalls , the latter , located at Someshwar and more popularly known as the Dudhsagar Waterfall About 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) east of Gangapur the river passes the town of Nashik where it collects its effluents in the form of the river Nasardi on its right bank . About 0.5 km ( 0.31 mi ) south direction from Nashik , the river bends sharply to the east , washing the base of a high cliff formerly the site of a Mughal fort , but which is now being eaten away by the action of floods . About 25 km ( 16 mi ) below Nashik is the confluence of the Godavari and one of its tributaries , the Darna river . The stream occupies , for nine months in the year , a small space in a wide and gravelly bed , the greyish banks being 4 to 6 m ( 13 to 20 ft ) high , topped with a deep layer of black soil . A few kilometres after its meeting with the Darna , the Godavari swerves to the north - east , till the Banganga , from the north - west , meets it on the left . The course of the main stream then tends more decidedly south . At Nandur - Madhmeshwar , the Kadva , a second large affluent , brings considerable increase to the waters of the Godavari . The river begins its southeasterly course characteristic of rivers of the Deccan Plateau . The river beyond exits the Niphad Taluka of Nashik and enter the Kopargaon taluka , Ahmednagar District . Within Ahmednagar the river quickly completes its short course , flowing alongside the town of Kopargaon and reaching Puntamba . Beyond this the river has been deployed as a natural boundary between the following districts : Ahmednagar and Aurangabad : Along the boundary here , it receives its first major tributary Pravara River , draining the former district , the confluence located at Pravarasangam . By virtue of a sub-tributary of Pravara -- Mandohol , which originates in Pune District -- the basin impinges the Pune District . The river at Paithan has been impounded by the Jayakwadi Dam forming the NathSagar Reservoir . Kalsubai located in Godavari basin , is the highest peak in Maharashtra . Beed and Jalna Beed and Parbhani : Located along here is its merger with Sindphana , an important tributary which drains a considerably large area within Beed . The sub-tributary river Bindusara forms a landmark at Beed . The river beyond , near the village Sonpeth , flows into Parbhani . Its course is relatively non-significant except for receiving two smaller streams -- Indrayani and Masuli -- merging at its left and right banks respectively . Within the last taluka of the district Parbhani , Purna , the river drains a major tributary of the same name : Purna It then exits into the neighboring district of Nanded where 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) before reaching the town Nanded , is impounded by the Vishnupuri Dam and thus with it , bringing Asia 's largest lift irrigation projects to life . A little downstream from Nanded , the river receives Asna , a small stream , on its left bank.It then runs into the controversial Babli project soon ends its course within Maharashtra , albeit temporarily , at its merger with a major tributary -- Manjira . The river after flowing into Telangana , re-emerges to run as a state boundary separating the Mancherial , Telangana from Gadchiroli , Maharashtra . At the state border , it runs between Sironcha and Somnoor Sangam receiving one tributary at each of those nodal points -- the Pranhita and subsequently the Indravati . Within Telangana ( edit ) Road Bridge over Godavari River at Bhadrachalam Godavari enters into Telangana in Nizamabad district at Kandakurthy where Manjira , Haridra rivers joins Godavari and forms Triveni Sangamam . The river flows along the border between Nirmal and Mancherial districts in the north and Nizamabad , Jagityal , Peddapalli districts to its south . About 12 km ( 7.5 mi ) after entering Telangana it merges with the back waters of the Sriram Sagar Dam . The river after emerging through the dam gates , enjoys a wide river bed , often splitting to encase sandy islands . The river receives a minor but significant tributary Kadam river . It then emerges at its eastern side to act as state border with Maharashtra only to later enter into Bhadradri Kothagudem district . In this district the river flows through an important Hindu pilgrimage town -- Bhadrachalam . The river further swells after receiving a minor tributary Kinnerasani River and exits into Andhra Pradesh . Within Andhra Pradesh ( edit ) The river at Papi Hills in Andhra Pradesh . The river near Yanam . Within the state of Andhra Pradesh , it flows through hilly terrain of the Eastern Ghats known as the Papi hills which explains the narrowing of its bed as it flows through a gorge for a few km , only to re-widen at Polavaram . Before crossing the Papi hills , it receives its last major tributary Sabari River on its left bank . The river upon reaching the plains begins to widen out until it reaches Rajamundry . Arma Konda or Jindhagada Peak ( 1,680 m ( 5,510 ft ) above msl ) located near Paderu is the highest peak in the Godavari river basin as well as in Eastern Ghats . After crossing Rajahmundry , the Godavari splits into two branches which are called Vriddha Gautami ( Gautami Godavari ) and Vasishta Godavari . Again the Gautami branch splits into two branches namely Gautami and Nilarevu . Similarly the Vasishta splits into two branches named Vasishta and Vainateya . These four branches which join the Bay of Bengal at different places , are forming a delta of length 170 km ( 110 mi ) along the coast of the Bay of Bengal and is called the Konaseema region . This delta along with the delta of the Krishna River is called the Rice Granary of South India . Tributaries ( edit ) The major tributaries of the river can be classified as the left bank tributaries which include the Purna , Pranhita , Indravati and Sabari River covering nearly 59.7 % of the total catchment area of the basin and the right bank tributaries Pravara , Manjira , Manair together contributing 16.1 % of the basin . Pranhita is the largest tributary covering about 34 % of its drainage basin . Though the river proper flows only for 113 km ( 70 mi ) , by virtue of its extensive tributaries Wardha , Wainganga , Penganga , the sub-basin drains all of Vidharba region as well as the southern slopes of the Satpura Ranges . Indravati is the 2nd largest tributary , known as the `` lifeline '' of the Kalahandi , Nabarangapur of Odisha & Bastar district of Chhattisgarh . Due to their enormous sub-basins both Indravati and Pranhita are considered rivers in their own right . Manjira is the longest tributary and holds the Nizam Sagar reservoir . Purna is a prime river in the water scarce Marathwada region of Maharashtra . Drainage Basin of Godavari Upper , Middle and Lower Basins of Godavari ( 24.2 % ) Pranhita ( 34.87 % ) Indravati ( 12.98 % ) Manjira ( 9.86 % ) Sabari ( 6.53 % ) Purna ( 4.98 % ) Manair ( 4.18 % ) Pravara ( 2.08 % ) Major Tributaries of Godavari River Tributary Bank Confluence Location Confluence Elevation Length Sub-basin area Pravara Right Pravara Sangam , Nevasa , Ahmednagar , Maharashtra 463 m ( 1,519 ft ) 208 km ( 129 mi ) 6,537 km ( 2,524 sq mi ) Purna Left Jambulbet , Parbhani , Marathwada , Maharashtra 358 m ( 1,175 ft ) 373 km ( 232 mi ) 15,579 km ( 6,015 sq mi ) Manjira Right Kandakurthi , Renjal , Nizamabad , Telangana 332 m ( 1,089 ft ) 724 km ( 450 mi ) 30,844 km ( 11,909 sq mi ) Manair Right Arenda , Manthani , Karimnagar , Telangana 115 m ( 377 ft ) 225 km ( 140 mi ) 13,106 km ( 5,060 sq mi ) Pranhita Left Kaleshwaram , Mahadevpur , Karimnagar , Telangana 99 m ( 325 ft ) 113 km ( 70 mi ) 109,078 km ( 42,115 sq mi ) Indravati Left Somnoor Sangam , Sironcha , Gadchiroli , Maharashtra 82 m ( 269 ft ) 535 km ( 332 mi ) 41,655 km ( 16,083 sq mi ) Sabari Left Kunawaram , East Godavari , Andhra Pradesh 25 m ( 82 ft ) 418 km ( 260 mi ) 20,427 km ( 7,887 sq mi ) Other than these 7 principal ones , it has many smaller but significant ones draining into it . 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Sculpture depicting govu vatsa and gowthama legend about birth of Godavari River A legend has it that the sage Gautama lived in the Brahmagiri Hills at Tryambakeshwar with his wife Ahalya . The couple lived the rest of their lives in the then village called Govuru , known as Kovvur ( `` cow '' ) since the British rule . Ahalya lived in a nearby place called Thagami ( now Thogummi ) . The sage , as a reason for the practice of annadanam ( `` giving away food '' to the needy ) , started cultivating rice crops and other crops . Once , the god Ganesha , on the wish of the munis , sent a miraculous cow maaya - dhenu , which resembled a normal cow . It entered the sage 's abode and started spoiling the rice while he was meditating . Since cattle is sacred to Hindus and shall always be treated with respect , he put the dharbha grass on the cow . But , to his surprise , it fell dead . Seeing what happened before their eyes , the munis and their wives cried out , `` We thought that Gautama - maharishi is a righteous man , but he committed bovicide ( killing of a cow or cattle ) ! '' . The sage wished to atone for this grievous sin . Therefore , he went to Nashik and observed tapas to Lord Tryambakeshwara ( a manifestation of the god Shiva ) , on the advice of the munis , praying for atonement and asking Him to make the Ganges flow over the cow . Shiva was pleased with the sage and diverted the Ganges which washed away the cow and gave rise to the Godavari river in Nashik . The water stream flowed past Kovvur and ultimately merged with the Bay of Bengal . Settlements along the Godavari ( edit ) Trimbakeshwar Maharashtra ( edit ) Nashik ( Holy city and site of Simhastha Kumbha Mela bathing festivals ) Trimbakeshwar ( shrine to the Jyotirlinga of the god Shiva ) Kopargaon Puntamba -- A place of pilgrimage with a number of ancient temples including the last resting place ( Samadhi ) of Sant Changdev in Puntamba . Paithan ( Ancient capital of the Satavahana dynasty ) Gangakhed Nanded ( Location of the Hazur Sahib Nanded Sikh gurdwara ) Sironcha ( Town situated near the confluence of Godavari and Pranahita rivers ) Telangana ( edit ) Kaleshwara Mukteswara Swamy Temple Basara , Nirmal district ( Gnana Saraswati Temple ) Goodem gutta , Adilabad ( Temple ) Luxettipet , Adilabad . Mancherial , Adilabad Nirmal , Nirmal district ( Nirmal Toys ) Chennur , Adilabad Tadpakal , Nizamabad ( Armoor Toys ) Battapur , Nizamabad ( Armoor Toys ) Dharmapuri , Telangana Dharmapuri , Karimnagar ( Narasimha Swamy Temple ) Godavarikhani , Ramagundam , Sripada Yellampalli project Manthani , Peddapalli district ( Gautameshwara Swami ( Siva ) Temple , Sri Rama , Sarswathi Temples ) Kaleshwaram , Jayashankar Bhupalpally district ( Kaleswara Mukhteswara swamy ( Siva ) Temple ) Mahadevpur Jayashankar Bhupalpally district Eturunagaram , Jayashankar Bhupalpally district Bhadrachalam , Bhadradri Kothagudem district Andhra Pradesh ( edit ) Antarvedi temple Sunset view of Godavari river and bridge from Rajahmundry Rajamundry , East Godavari ( Sri Kotilingeswara Alayam ) Mukteswaram , East Godavari ( Sri Kshana Muktheswaraswamivari Devalayam ) Ravulapalem , East Godavari Dowleswaram , East Godavari ( Where the Akhanda Godavari splits into two streams called `` Gautami '' and `` Vashista '' before joining Bay of Bengal ) Kotipalli , East Godavari ( Sri Someswaraswamivari Alayam ) Antarvedi , East Godavari ( Antarvedi is famous for the Sri Laxmi Narasimhaswamivari Mandhiram constructed between the 15th and 16th centuries . There is also a temple of Lord Siva that is older than Narasimha Swamy temple . The temple 's idol of Lord Siva was installed by Lord Srirama . Polavaram , West Godavari ( Sri Bhadrakalisametha Sri Veereswaraswamivari Mandhiram ) Pattiseema , West Godavari ( Sri Veerabhadraswamivari Devalayam ) Kovvur , West Godavari ( Sundareswaraswamivari Alayam ) Tallapudi , West Godavari Narsapur , West Godavari Puducherry ( edit ) Yanam ( Yanam is an enclave located in East Godavari District , where the Gautami joins Bay of Bengal . It belongs to Puducherry Union territory . ) Places of interest ( edit ) Sites of pilgrimage include : Basar ( originally , Vyasara ) -- Sri Gyana Saraswati temple is situated on the banks of Godavari in Adilabad district , Telangana . It is about 210 km ( 130 mi ) from state capital Hyderabad and accessible by road and rail ( nearest major station : Nizamabad , although Basar station also exists ) . It is considered that the sage Vyasa wrote the Mahabharata on the banks of Godavari at this location near Harsha house it is the beautiful scenario , and thus the place came to be known as Vyasara . Kandhakurthi - Thriveni sangamam where three rivers join . Godavari , Manjira River and Haridra River . Bhadrachalam -- Hindu Temple of Lord Rama . Dharmapuri , Telangana -- Hindu Temple of Lord Narasimha . Godavari flows from north to south in Dharmapuri , hence the river is locally called ' Dakshina Vahini ' ( South Flowing ) Kaleshwaram -- Sri Kaleswara Mukhteswara swamy Temple is situated here on the banks of Triveni sangamam of rivers godavari and pranahita . It is 125 kilometres away from Karimnagar city , 115 km away from Warangal city . Trimbakeshwar -- One of the twelve Jyotirlingas and ancient temple of Lord Shiva . Nanded -- Takht Sri Hazur Sahib , one of the five most sacred places in Sikhism . Nashik -- One of the four Sinhastha Kumbh Mela , Hindu pilgrimage place . Paithan -- Saint Eknath 's native place , famous Jayakwadi dam , and a beautiful garden named after Sant Dnyneshwar . Scenic View of Araku Valley in Andhra Pradesh Antarvedi , East Godavari ( Antarvedi is famous for the Laxmi Narasimha Swamy temple constructed between the 15th and 16th centuries . There is also a temple of Lord Siva that is older than Narasimha Swamy temple . The temple 's idol of Lord Siva was installed by Lord Srirama . Konaseema -- Delta of Godavari . Pattiseema -- A village where a Hindu temple is located on a small hill on an island in the river . Kovvur -- A village where cows resided and a place where the maaya - dhenu fell dead . Footprints of the maaya - dhenu were seen even today in the famous place Kovvur called `` Goshpadakshetram '' also called `` Gopadala Revu '' where the footprints of the holy cow are seen near the temple of Lord Shiva . Also a village which is the reason for the birth of river Godavari . Famous for a Sanskrit school which has been built 63 years back . Rajahmundry -- A town known for its role in Telugu culture and birthplace of writers such as Nannaya , one of the Kavitrayam trinity of poets who translated the Mahabharata into Telugu . The Godavari Pushkaralu is a major local festival that is staged every 12 years . Araku Valley which is a popular hill station in Vishakhapatnam District . Lambasingi hill station known for snowfall during winter season in Vishakhapatnam district . Deomali peak located in the Godavari basin is the highest peak ( 1672 m msl ) in Odisha state . Mandasa village in Srikakulam district - famous for Sri Vasudev Perumal temple , famous for sweet `` kova '' , near mahendragiri hill ( highest peak in eastern ghats ) . Flora and fauna ( edit ) See also : Wildlife sanctuaries of India , Tiger reserves of India , and List of national parks of India The Krishna Godavari Basin is one of the main nesting sites of the endangered Olive Ridley sea turtle . Godavari is also a home to the endangered fringed - lipped carp ( Labeo fimbriatus ) . The Coringa mangrove forests in the Godavari delta are the second largest mangrove formation in the country . Part of this has been declared as the Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary , renowned for reptiles . They also provide an important habitat to a wide variety of fish and crustaceans . These forests also act as barriers against cyclones , tropical storms , and storm surges , thus protecting the nearby villages . The Jayakwadi Bird Sanctuary is another haven for birds located near the town of Paithan spread across the back waters of the NathSagar Reservoir formed by impounding the Godavari by the massive Jayakwadi Dam . Its 341 km area is dotted by islands within the reservoir which serve as nesting sites for the birds . The Nandurmadmeshwar Bird Sanctuary is located along the back waters of the Godavari river near Nashik at its confluence with Kadva River . It is known as the Bharatpur of Maharashtra for the wide diversity of bird life that it harbours . The following are few other wildlife sanctuaries located in the river basin . Papikonda Wildlife Sanctuary Indravati National Park Kanger Ghati National Park Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary Pocharam Forest & Wildlife Sanctuary Pranahita Wildlife Sanctuary Tadoba Andhari Tiger Project Pench National Park Bor Wildlife Sanctuary Navegaon National Park Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary Gautala Wildlife Sanctuary Tipeshwar Wildlife Sanctuary Painganga Wildlife Sanctuary Waterfalls ( edit ) See also : List of waterfalls of India Duduma Waterfalls is 175 metres ( 574 ft ) high and one of the highest waterfalls in southern India . It is located on the Sileru river which forms boundary between Andhra Pradesh and Odisha states . The following are few other waterfalls located in the river basin Teerathgarh Chitrakoot Sahastrakunda Kuntala Pochera Bogatha Panoramic view of downstream pond below the Chitrakoote Falls Crossings ( edit ) Havelock Bridge on the left and Godavari Arch Bridge on the right There are 4 bridges spanning the river between East Godavari and West Godavari districts . Old Godavari Bridge ( also known as Havelock bridge , and named after then Madras governor ) Godavari Bridge ( also known as Rail - cum - road bridge and Kovvur - Rajahmundry Bridge ) Godavari Arch Bridge ( also known as New railway bridge ) Fourth Bridge ( also known as new road bridge ) Old Godavari Bridge Construction of this bridge started in 1876 , and was completed in 1897 . It was constructed under the supervision of F.T. Granville Walton who had constructed the Dufferin Bridge over the Ganges , and Granville Mills , both British engineers . Spanning over 3 km in length , it linked the East Godavari and West Godavari districts . The bridge has been a vital link enabling trains to run between Chennai and Howrah . Trains continued over the bridge for a century until 1997 , when train services over the bridge were suspended after the construction of two additional bridges . Godavari Bridge Construction of this bridge started in 1970 , and was completed in 1974 . It serves as both a railway and a roadway between the East Godavari and West Godavari Districts . Godavari Arch Bridge This bridge was completed in 1997 , was built upstream of the earlier bridges . Fourth Bridge This bridge is the newest . It was opened to public from Godavari Pushkaras 2015 . This is a road connectivity bridge link supposed to ease traffic flow between Rajamundry and Kovvur Dams ( edit ) An upstream view of Jayakwadi Dam . Sriram Sagar Dam . Dowleswaram Dam near Rajahmundry on the river . The main Godavari River up to the confluence with Pranhita tributary is dammed fully to utilize the available water for irrigation . However , its main tributaries Pranhita , Indravati and Sabari which join in the lower reaches of the basin , carry three times more water compared to main Godavari . In 2015 , the water surplus Godavari River is linked to the water deficit Krishna River by commissioning the Polavaram right bank canal with the help of Pattiseema lift scheme to augment water availability to the Prakasam Barrage located in Andhra Pradesh . More dams are constructed in the Godavari River basin than in any other river basin of India . The following are the few dams located in the river basin : Gangapur Dam : This is a large earth fill dam with gross water storage of 215.88 million cubic metres , and located 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) upstream from Nashik city . The reservoir known as the Gangapur Bandh Sagar provides drinking water to the Nashik city and also supplies water to the thermal power station situated downstream at Eklahare . Jayakwadi dam : Located near Paithan , it is one of the largest earthen dams in India . This dam was built to address the dual problems of flooding along the banks , during monsoon months , and that of drought , rest of the year , in the Marathwada region . Two ' left ' and ' right ' canals provide the irrigation to fertile land up to Nanded district . This dam has contributed to industrial development of Aurangabad and Jalna , Maharashtra . Majalgaon Dam is also constructed under Jayakwadi stage 2 to expand the irrigation potential further in Parbhani , Nanded and Beed districts . Vishnupuri barrage : Asia 's Largest Lift Irrigation project , the Vishnupuri Prakalp has been constructed on the river at a distance of 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) from the city Nanded . Ghatghar Dam was built for hydro power generation by diverting the water of Pravara tributary outside Godavari river basin to a west flowing river which joins Arabian sea . Upper Vaitarna reservoir was built across west flowing Vaitarna river merging some part of Godavari river catchment area . Godavari water impounded in this reservoir is diverted outside the river basin for Mumbai city drinking water supply after generating hydro power . Sriram Sagar Dam : This is another multipurpose project on the Godavari River on the borders of Adilabad and Nizamabad District . It is near the town of Pochampad , 60 km away from Nizamabad . It has been described by The Hindu as a `` lifeline for a large part of Telangana '' . It serves the irrigation needs in Karimnagar , Warangal , Adilabad , Nalgonda , and Khammam districts and also generates power . Dowleswaram Barrage was built by Sir Arthur Cotton in 1852 . It got damaged in 1987 floods , and rebuilt as a barrage cum roadway soon after and named after him . The roadway connects Dowleswaram in East Godavari and Vijjeswaram in West Godavari . The irrigation canals of this barrage also form part of National Waterway 4 . Hydro power stations ( edit ) Upper Indiravati power house The Godavari River is one of the rivers whose water energy is least harnessed for generating hydro electricity . The 600 MW capacity Upper Indravati hydro power station is the biggest hydro power station which diverts Godavari River water to the Mahanadi River basin . The following is the list of hydro electric power stations excluding small and medium installations . Hydroelectric power stations on Godavari river Name of the project Rated Power ( in MW ) Upper Indravati 600 Machkund 120 Balimela 510 Upper Sileru 240 Lower Sileru 460 Upper Kolab 320 Pench 160 Ghatghar pumped storage 250 Polavaram 960 Geology and sediment transfer in the Godavari drainage basin ( edit ) Generalized Geological Map of Godavari Drainage Basin The primary / initial catchment of the Godavari drainage basin is largely represented by the basalt of the Deccan Volcanic Province ( ~ 50 % of the total basin area ) . This is followed by the Precambrian granites and gneisses of the eastern Dharwar Craton , sandstones , shales and limestones of the Gondwana Supergroup , various sedimentary units of Cuddapah and Vindhyan basins , charnockites and khondalites of the Proterozoic Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt and the sandstones of the Rajahmundry Formation . The Godavari River carries the largest sediment load among the peninsular rivers and the majority of the mass transfer in Godavari occurs during the monsoon . Mineral magnetic studies of the Godavari River sediments suggest that the floodplains in the entire stretch of the river are characterized by a Deccan basalt source . The bed loads on the other hand are of sourced from local bedrock . Influx of Deccan source in the Godavari River up to the delta regions and possibly in the Bay of Bengal off the Godavari , therefore , can be related to the intensive chemical weathering in the Deccan basalts . Abrupt increase in δ C values and decrease in TOC content accompanied with a significant increase in ferrimagnetic mineral concentration in Bay of Bengal sediments from ~ 3.2 to 3.1 cal . ka BP reflected a shift of organic carbon and sediment source and a severe decline in vegetation coverage . Such phenomena indicate intensified deforestation and soil / rock erosion in the Deccan Plateau producing higher ferrimagnetic mineral inputs , which is in agreement with significant expansion of agricultural activities in the Deccan Chalcolithic cultural period . Mineral deposits ( edit ) See also : List of mines in India Godavari river basin is endowed with rich mineral deposits such as oil & gas , coal , iron , lime stone , manganese , copper , bauxite , granite , laterite , etc . The following are the few noted deposits : Krishna Godavari Basin , oil & gas Godavari Valley Coalfield , coal Wardha Valley Coalfield , coal Pench Kanhan Coalfield , coal Bailadila iron , iron Rowghat Mines , iron Araku hills , bauxite Malanjkhand , copper MOIL , manganese Ecological concerns ( edit ) Dried up Godavari exposing flood basalt river bed as seen from the back of Changdev temple in Puntamba The frequent drying up of the Godavari river in the drier months has been a matter of great concern . Indiscriminate damming along the river has been cited as an obvious reason . Within Maharashtra sugarcane irrigation has been blamed as one of the foremost causes . In 2013 , the river was at its all - time low in the Nizamabad district of Telangana . This had hit the growth of fish , making the life of fishermen miserable. The water - level was so low that people could easily walk into the middle of the river . Shortage in rainfall and closure of the controversial Babli project gates in Maharashtra was thought to have affected the water flow in the river and water availability to the Sriram Sagar Project except during above 20 % excess monsoon ( i.e. one out of four years ) years . A study has found that the delta is at a greater risk as the rate of sediment aggradation ( raising the level of the delta through sediment deposition ) no longer exceeds relative sea - level rise . It further states that the suspended sediment load at the delta has reduced from 150 2 million tons during 1970 -- 1979 to 57 2 million tons by 2000 -- 2006 , which translates into a three-fold decline in the past 4 decades . Impacts of this can be seen in destroyed villages like Uppada in Godavari delta , destruction of Mangrove forests and fragmentation of shoreline -- possibly a fallout of dam construction . Said to further epitomise the insensitivity towards Godavari , is the Polavaram Project which is touted to be gigantic -- both in terms of size and violations . Deemed as being pointless and politically driven , the project raises questions about environmental clearance , displacement of upstream human habitations , loss of forest cover , technicalities in the dam design which are said to play down flood threats and unsafe embankments . High alkalinity water is discharged from the ash dump areas of many coal fired power stations into the river which further increases the alkalinity of the river water whose water is naturally of high alkalinity since the river basin is draining vast area of basalt formations . This problem aggravates during the lean flow months in entire river basin . Already the Godavari basin area in Telangana is suffering from high alkalinity and salinity water problem which is converting soils in to unproductive sodic alkali soils . The following are the few coal fired power stations located in the river basin : Thermal power stations in Godavari river basin Name of Power Station Rated Power ( in MW ) Koradi Thermal Power Station 2,600 Khaparkheda Thermal Power Station 1,340 Tirora Thermal Power Station 3,300 Butibori Power Project 600 RattanIndia Nashik TPS 1,350 Chandrapur STPS 3,340 Mauda Super Thermal Power Station 1,000 Parli Thermal Power Station 1,130 Dhariwal Power Station 300 Nashik Thermal Power Station 910 Wardha Warora Power Plant 540 Pench Thermal Power Plant 1,320 Lanco Vidarbha Thermal Power 1,320 NTPC Ramagundam 2,600 Kothagudem Thermal Power Station 1,720 Kakatiya Thermal Power Station 1,100 Ramagundam B Thermal Power Station 60 Manuguru Heavy water plant 's power station N / A Singareni thermal power station 1,800 Bhadradri Thermal Power Plant 1,080 In popular culture ( edit ) One of the ships of the Indian Navy has been named INS Godavari after the river . See also ( edit ) Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal Detailed list of Tributaries Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects Godavari Arch Bridge Godavari Bridge Old Godavari Bridge List of dams and reservoirs in India River basins in Madhya Pradesh Godavari Maha Pushkaram References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Godāvari River at GEOnet Names Server Jump up ^ Kumar , Rakesh ; Singh , R.D. ; Sharma , K.D ( 2005 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Water Resources of India '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . Bengaluru : Current Science Association . 89 ( 5 ) : 794 -- 811 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Sage River Database '' . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Godavari river basin map '' Jump up ^ `` Integrated Hydrological DataBook ( Non-Classified River Basins ) '' ( PDF ) . Central Water Commission . p. 9 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Basins Jump up ^ `` Dakshina Ganga ( Ganga of South India ) -- River Godavari '' . Important India . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.igbp.net/download/18.62dc35801456272b46d4b/1398850074082/NL82-Deltas_infographic.pdf Jump up ^ South Asia Network on Dams Rivers and People ( 2014 ) . `` Shrinking and Sinking Deltas : Major role of Dams in delta subsidence and effective sea level rise '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India : Andhra Pradesh Flood 2005 situation report , 21Sep 2005 '' . 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Godavari basin status report , March 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rivers of Western Ghats '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Spatial variation in water supply and demand across river basins of India '' ( PDF ) . IWMI Research Report 83 . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When Bhadrachalam was under a sheet of water '' . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Water flow data at Polavaram '' . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Dudhsagar Waterfalls , Nashik '' . Nashik Directory . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Beed district '' . Government of Maharashtra . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Subbasin of Godavari '' . Hydrology and Water Resources Information System for India . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Arma Konda , India '' . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mountain peaks database '' . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kakani Nageswara Rao , et al. ; Holocene environmental changes of the Godavari Delta , east coast of India , inferred from sediment core analyses and AMS 14C dating , Geomorphology , 175 -- 176 ( 2012 ) pp. 163 -- 175 Jump up ^ Central Water Commission ( 2012 ) . `` Integrated Hydrological Data Book ( Non-classified river basins ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hydrology and water resources information for India '' . www.nih.ernet.in . National Institute of Hydrology , India . Archived from the original on 21 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Venkateshwarlu , K. ( 2012 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Godavari '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Maharashtra Forest Department . `` Aurangabad Circle '' . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Nashik . `` Nandur Madhmeshwar Bird Sanctuary '' . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Feasibility of coastal reservoir to harness Godavari river surplus waters '' . Retrieved 21 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dams in Godavari basin '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Dams in Nashik District '' . National Informatics Centre ( NIC ) , Collectorate , Nashik . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ vijdiw . `` Jaikwadi Dam and Its Nath Sagar Reservoir '' . authorstream.com . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vishnupuri barrage B00473 '' . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Maharashtra projects hit Sriram Sagar project inflows : BJP . The Hindu , May 16 , 2005 Jump up ^ `` Power Houses in Godavari Basin '' . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Upper Indravati Power_House PH01496 '' . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Kulkarni , Y.R. ; Sangode , S.J. ; Meshram , D.C. ; Patil , S.K. ; Dutt , Yatindra ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Mineral magnetic characterization of the Godavari river sediments : Implications to Deccan basalt weathering '' . Journal of the Geological Society of India . 83 ( 4 ) : 376 -- 384 . doi : 10.1007 / s12594 - 014 - 0054 - x . ISSN 0016 - 7622 . Jump up ^ Bikshamaiah , G. ; Subramanian , V. ( 1980 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Chemical and sediment mass transfer in the Godavari River basin in India '' . Journal of Hydrology. 46 ( 3 ) : 331 -- 342 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 1694 ( 80 ) 90085 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kulkarni , Y.R. ; Sangode , S.J. ; Meshram , D.C. ; Patil , S.K. ; Dutt , Yatindra ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Mineral magnetic characterization of the Godavari river sediments : Implications to Deccan basalt weathering '' . Journal of the Geological Society of India . 83 ( 4 ) : 376 -- 384 . doi : 10.1007 / s12594 - 014 - 0054 - x . ISSN 0016 - 7622 . Jump up ^ Cui , Meng ; Wang , Zhanghua ; Nageswara Rao , Kakani ; Sangode , SJ ; Saito , Yoshiki ; Chen , Ting ; Kulkarni , YR ; Naga Kumar , K Ch V ; Demudu , G ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) . `` A mid - to late - Holocene record of vegetation decline and erosion triggered by monsoon weakening and human adaptations in the south - east Indian Peninsula '' . The Holocene : 0959683617715694 . doi : 10.1177 / 0959683617715694 . ISSN 0959 - 6836 . Jump up ^ Pawar , Yogesh ( 18 March 2013 ) . `` Krishna , Godavari basins drying up '' . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ J. Keller , A. Keller and G. Davids . `` River basin development phases and implications of closure '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ R Prasad . `` Sinking Indian deltas put millions at risk '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ South Asia Network on Dams , Rivers and People ( 2014 ) . `` Godavari 's Story '' . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ B Hema Malini ; K Nageswara Raol ( 10 November 2004 ) . `` Coastal erosion and habitat loss along the Godavari delta front -- a fallout of dam construction ( ? ) '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . p. 1232 . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Mahapatra , Richard ( 2011 ) . `` Polavaram fraud '' . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Times of India ( 5 July 2015 ) . `` Polavaram dam works to begin on Oct. 22 '' . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Rediff News ( 29 May 2014 ) . `` Telangana bandh over Modi govt 's ordinance on Polavaram '' . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Chemical weathering in the Krishna Basin and Western Ghats of the Deccan Traps , India Jump up ^ `` Alkalinity and salinity bane of soil in T state '' . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Godavari River . Gautami Mahatmya ( fourth book of the Brahma - purana ) English translation by G.P. Bhatt , 1955 ( includes glossary ) Godavari basin Rivers Network : Godavari watersheds webmap `` Godavari '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . p. 170 . Nashik City Contrasting Behavior of Osmium in the Godavari River Estuary , India , 2001 Variations of Monsoon Rainfall in Godavari River Basin irfca.org Rivers of India Seven Great Rivers of India Indus . Ganges Yamuna Brahmaputra Krishna Godavari Kaveri Indus River Basin Indus River Panjnad River ( Pakistan ) Sutlej River Beas River Parbati River ( Himachal Pradesh ) Chenab River Ravi River Jhelum River Neelum River or Kishanganga Suru River Dras River Shingo River Yapola River Zanskar River Markha River Khurna River Tsarap River Doda River Hanley River Marutsudha River Ganges River Basin Ganga River Hooghly River Damodar River Barakar River Jahanavi River Jalangi River River Churni Ichamati River Rupnarayan River Ajay River Mayurakshi River Dwarakeswar River Mundeswari River Meghna River Padma River Punarbhaba River Atrai River Mahananda River Kosi River Bagmati River Bhurhi Gandak River Phalgu Gandaki River Son River North Koel River Amanat River Rihand River Gopad River Goini River Neur River Banas River Johilla River Ghaghara River West Rapti River Rohni River Sarda River Ladhiya River Sarayu River Gori Ganga River Darma River Gomati River Sarayan River Kathna River Yamuna River Ban Ganga River Ken River Betwa River Dhasan River Halali River Kaliasote River Sindh River Kwari River Hindon River Karban River Pahuj River Chambal River Kuno River Banas River Berach River Bandi River Mashi River Morel River Kotari River Shipra River Ahar River Kali Sindh River Parbati River ( Madhya Pradesh ) Gambhir River Parbati River ( Rajasthan ) Ramganga River Khoh River Mandal River Alaknanda River Mandakini River Pindar River Nandakini River Dhauliganga River Rishiganga River Bhagirathi River Bhilangna River Jahnavi River Godavari River Basin Purna River Pranahita River Wainganga River Kanhan River Kolar River Pench River Kulbehra River Nag River Wardha River Penganga River Pedda Vagu River Indravati River Bandiya River Sabari River Pravara River Manjira River Manair River Other minor tributaries : Taliperu River Kinnerasani River Darna River Sindphana River Krishna River Basin Krishna River Koyna Venna River Varna River Panch ganga Vedganga river Tillari Bhima Agrani Yerala Varada River Tungabhadra River Tunga River Bhadra River Vedavathi River Suvarnamukhi River Veda River Avathi River Bhima River Sina River Nira River Mula - Mutha River Mula River Mutha River Chandani River Kamini River Moshi River Ambi River Bori River Man River Bhogwati River Indrayani River Kundali River Kumandala River Ghod River Bhama River Pavna River Malaprabha River Ghataprabha River Varma River Venna River Urmodi River Koyna River Pennar River Basin Pennar River Kaveri River Basin Kaveri River ( Cauvery ) Kollidam ( distributary ) Amaravati River Arkavathy River Bhavani River Sarabanga River Noyyal River Hemavati River Kabini River Lakshmana Tirtha River Tapi River Basin Tapi River Tapi River Gomai River Arunavati River Panzara River Kaan River Aner River Girna River Titur River Waghur River Purna River Nalganga River Vaan River Morna River Katepurna River Umaa River Sangiya River Mahi River Basin Mahi River Som River Gomati Riverty 5h65 Sabarmati River Basin Sabarmati River Wakal River Sei River Harnav River Meghna River Basin Meghna River ( in the Bangladesh ) Padma River ( main Ganges Dhaleshwari River Dakatia River Gumti River Feni River ( Old ) Brahmaputra River ( in Bangladesh ) Titas River Surma River Kangsha River , Someshwari River Kushiyara River Manu River Barak River Tuivai River Irang River Costal rivers Subarnarekha River Kharkai River Kangsabati River Bhagirathi Hughli Thenad River Mahananda River , North Bengal Draupadi River Baitarani Bhargavi Brahmani Daya Devi Hasdeo Ib Jonk Kathajodi Koina Kuakhai Kushabhadra Mand North Karo Ong Pairi Sankh Shivnath Sondur Surubalijora South Karo South Koel Tel River Thamirabarani River Palar River Vaigai River Vaippar River Vellar River Vasishta Nadi Swetha River Cooum River Adyar River Ponnaiyar River Kaveri River Noyyal River Vaaniyaar River Kali River Netravati River Sharavathi River Aghanashini River Gangavalli River Periyar River Bharathapuzha River Pamba River Chaliyar River Chandragiri River Karyangod River Shastri River Gad River Vashishti River Savitri River Kundalika River Gandhari River Patalganga River Ulhas River Thane Creek Vasai Creek Mithi River or Mahim River Oshiwara River Dahisar River Tansa River in Thane Vaitarna River Surya River Chenna River Terna river Other major rivers Ghaggar River Musi River Samir River , India / india Luni River Bhavani River Godavari basin Rivers Major tributaries Godavari Pranhita Indravati Sabari Manjira Manair Wardha Wainganga Penganga Minor tributaries Pravara Kinnerasani Purna Sileru Sindphana Taliperu Sub-tributaries Adan Banganga Bindusara Darna Kadva Kanhan Kolar Nasardi Pench Purna Shivana Dams , barrages Jayakwadi Dam Majalgaon Dam Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project Sriram Sagar Project Nizam Sagar Upper Wardha Dam Singur Reservoir Neher water system Dowleswaram Barrage Balimela Reservoir Devadula lift irrigation scheme Upper Dudhana Dam Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects Pattiseema Lift Irrigation Project Geographical features / regions Marathwada Vidarbha Coastal Andhra Konaseema Deccan Plateau Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Riparian districts Maharashtra Nashik Ahmednagar Aurangabad Parbhani Nanded Gadchiroli Beed Amravati Bhandara Gondia Chandrapur Wardha Nagpur Yavatmal Washim Buldhana Hingoli Madhya Pradesh Balaghat Seoni Betul Chhindwara Odisha Kalahandi Koraput Malkangiri Chhattisgarh Bastar Bijapur Karnataka Bidar Telangana Medak Sangareddy Siddipet Nizamabad Kamareddy Adilabad Nirmal Mancherial Komaram Bheem Asifabad Karimnagar Jagtial Peddapalli Rajanna Sircilla Warangal Urban Warangal rural Jayashankar Bhupalpally Jangaon Mahabubabad Bhadradri Kothagudem Khammam Andhra Pradesh West Godavari East Godavari Vishakapatnam Cities Nashik Nagpur Nanded Rajahmundry Warangal Koraput Bastar Bidar Languages / people Indo - Aryan languages Marathi Bhili Khandeshi Andh Banjari Odia Bhunjia Hindi Dravidian languages Kolami Goni Telugu Kannadiga Duruwa Multani Urdu Coalfields Godavari Valley Coalfield Wardha Valley Coalfield Kamptee Coalfield Pench Kanhan Coalfield Oil / gas fields Krishna Godavari Basin Ravva oil field Industries Khaparkheda Thermal Power Station Koradi Thermal Power Station Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station Wardha Warora Power Plant Lanco Vidarbha Power Plant Nashik Thermal Power Station Dhariwal Power Station RattanIndia Nashik Thermal Power Station Kothagudem Thermal Power Station Kakatiya Thermal Power Station Parli Thermal Power Station NTPC Ramagundam NTPC Mauda Super Thermal Power Station Ramagundam B Thermal Power Station Tiroda Thermal Power Station Butibori Power Project Heavy Water Plant at Manuguru Waluj MIDC Shendra MIDC Shendra -- Bidkin Industrial Park Ballarpur Industries HAL Sunabeda NALCO Damanjodi Transport NH 5 National Highway 6 ( India ) ( old numbering ) NH 7 Godavari Bridge Old Godavari Bridge Godavari Arch Bridge Hyderabad - Godavari Valley Railways Visakhapatnam -- Vijayawada section Bilaspur -- Nagpur section Nagpur -- Hyderabad line Pollution concerns , River basin 's sustainable productivity & ecology Algal bloom in reservoirs High alkalinity of river water in the river basin upstream of Pochampadu dam Frequent floods in tail end area of the river basin Alkali salts / high pH water run off from ash / red mud dumps of coal fired power stations / bauxite ore enrichment Excessive silting of reservoirs due to deforestation and mining activities Related topics Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal Other basins Mahanadi -- Brahmani -- Baitarani Damodar Kosi Narmada Son Krishna Penna Hydrography of Maharashtra Rivers Adan Banganga Bhima Bindusara Dahisar Daman Ganga Darna Dnyanganga Girna Godavari Gomai Indravati Indrayani Kadva Karha Kolar Koyna Krishna Kundali Kundalika Mithi Mula Mula - Mutha Mutha Narmada Nira Oshiwara Painganga Panchganga Panzara Patalganga Pavana Poisar Pranahita Purna ( Tapti tributary ) Purna ( Godavari tributary ) Savitri Shahanur Shivana Sindphana Tansa Tapti Tasso Ulhas Vaan Vashishti Wainganga Wardha Waterfalls Kune Devkund Pandavgad Thoseghar Lingmala Dugarwadi Vihigaon Dhobi Marleshwar Amboli Ghat Baneshwar Randha Sahasrakund Lakes Gorewada Khindsi Lonar crater Rankala Salim Ali Shivaji / Shivsagar Talao Pali Upvan Venna Talwat Hidkal Bhigwan Mahakali Sandhur Dams Bhandardara Bhatghar Bhushi Chaskaman Dhom Hetwane Itiadoh Kanher Jayakwadi Khadakwasla Kolkewadi Koyna Mulshi Navegaon Nilwande Panshet Pawna Susri Tansa Temghar Tilari Totladoh Ujjani Vaitarna Varasgaon Veer Vihar Yeldari Waghur Walwan Related topics Godavari basin Narmada basin Krishna basin Hydrography of surrounding areas Gujarat Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Hydrography of Telangana Rivers Godavari Krishna Maner Pranhita Munneru Manjira Musi Palar Tungabhadra Bhima Penganga Wardha Dindi Taliperu Waterfalls Kuntala Bogatha Pochera Mallela Theertham Paarakaphi Savatula Gundam Sirnapally Gayatri Lakes Bhadrakali Himayat Sagar Hussain Sagar Lotus Pond Osman Sagar Pakhal Palair Ramappa Shamirpet Saroornagar Laknavaram Ramanthapur Kapra Safilguda Ramakrishnapuram Edulabad Waddepally Dams Nagarjuna Sagar Srisailam Sriram Sagar Nizam Sagar Singur Jurala Lower Manair Dam LMD Pulichinthala Yellampalli Rajolibanda Dam Icchampally Manjira Related topics Godavari basin Krishna basin Hydrography of surrounding areas Andhra Pradesh Chhattisgarh Karnataka Maharashtra Odisha Tamil Nadu Hydrography of Andhra Pradesh Coastal Bay of Bengal Coromandel Beaches RK Beach Yarada Beach Vodarevu Beach Uppada Beach Suryalanka Beach Mypadu Beach Kalingapatnam Beach Bheemili Beach Manginapudi Beach Rushikonda Beach Estuaries / Creeks Krishna estuary Narava Gedda creek Marshes Coringa Krishna delta mangrove Rivers Arani Bendi Gedda Borramma Gedda Budameru Bahuda Champavathi Cheyyeru Chitravathi Galeru Garibula Gedda Godavari Gosthani Gundlakamma Jhanjavati Kandaleru Kandivalasa Kalangi Kinnerasani Koringa Krishna Kundu Mahendratanaya Madala Maldevi Manneru Munneru Murredu Nadari Nagari Nagavali Narava Gedda Palar Paleru Papagni Pedda Gedda Peddavagu Penna Ponnaiyar Sabari Sileru Sarada Swarnamukhi Tammileru Tandava Tungabhadra Vamsadhara Varaha Vedavathi Yeleru Yerrakaluva Waterfalls Duduma Ethipothala Kailasakona Mallela Theertham Talakona Ubbalamadugu Lakes Pulicat Lake Kolleru Lake Dams Alaganoor Balimela Brahmamsagar Dowleswaram Gandikota Gotta barrage Gundlakamma Jalaput Jeedipalli Kalyani Kandaleru Kanithi Meghadri Mid Penna Mylavaram Nagarjuna Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond Nellore anicut Penna Ahobilam Polavaram Prakasham Pulichinthala Raiwada Rajolibanda Sangam anicut Somasila Srisailam Sunkesula Tatipudi Thotapalli Veligallu Veligonda Veligodu Yeleru Inland waterways National Waterway 4 Ports ( Existing / proposed ) Dugarajapatnam Port Gangavaram Port Kakinada Port Krishnapatnam Port Machilipatnam Port Visakhapatnam Port Islands Sriharikota Nagarjunakonda Bhavani Lanka Hope island Related topics Godavari basin Krishna basin Penna basin Hydrography of surrounding areas Odisha Chhattisgarh Maharashtra Karnataka Tamil Nadu Telangana Hydrography of the Indian subcontinent Inland rivers Beas Betwa Bhagirathi Brahmaputra Chambal Chenab Damodar Godavari Gandaki Ganges Ghaghara Indus Jhelum Kali Kaveri Kosi Krishna Luni Mahanadi Mahaweli Meghna Narmada Padma Ravi Sarasvati Sankosh Sharda Son Sutlej Tapti Yamuna Inland lakes , deltas , etc . Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Indus Delta Dal Lake Pookode Lake Skeleton Lake Chilika Lake Lake Powai Borith Lake Saiful Muluk Gosaikunda Nizam Sagar Red Hills Lake Malampuzha Kerala backwaters Pulicat Lake Coastal Indian Ocean Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Mannar Laccadive Sea Palk Strait Categories Lakes of Bangladesh / India / Nepal / Pakistan Reservoirs and dams in India Rivers of Bangladesh / Bhutan / India / Nepal / Pakistan Western Ghats Rivers Bhadra Bhavani Bhima Chalakudy Chittar Godavari Gurupura Kabini Kali Kallayi Kaveri Koyna Krishna Kundali Malaprabha Manimuthar Netravati Pachaiyar Parambikulam Saraswati Savitri Sharavati Tambaraparani Tapti Tunga Venna Regions Desh , Maharashtra Goa Gap Konkan Malabar Malenadu North Malabar Kongu Nadu Palakkad Gap Tulu Nadu Peaks Agastya Mala Anamudi Anginda Anjaneri Banasura Biligirirangana Betta Brahmagiri Chembra Dhodap Doddabetta Gangamoola Harishchandragad Kalsubai Kemmangundi Kudremukh Kumarikkal Mala Kodachadri Kumara Parvata Meesapulimala Mullayanagiri Marunthuvazh Malai Nedumpara Peak Ponmudi Pushpagiri Paithalmala Raigad Salher Saptashrungi Sispara Sonsogor Tadiandamol Taramati Vavul Mala Vellarimala Ranipuram Vagamon Hills Ambanad Hills Anaimalai Hills Biligiriranga Hills Cardamom Hills Nilgiri mountains Satmala Range Selbari Range Palni Hills Trimbakeshwar Range Waterfalls Abbey Chunchanakatte Dudhsagar Falls Gokak Irupu Jog Kalhatti Mallalli Falls Sathodi Lushington Sivasamudram Athirapally Falls Vazhachal Falls Hogenakkal States Tamil Nadu Gujarat Karnataka Kerala Maharashtra Goa Parks & Reserves Annekal Reserved Forest Anshi National Park Aralam Reserved Forest Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve Agasthyavanam Biological Park Bandipur National Park Bannerghatta National Park Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary Chandoli National Park Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary Dandeli National Park Eravikulam National Park Grass Hills National Park Anamalai Tiger Reserve Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve Karian Shola National Park Karnala Bird Sanctuary Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary Kudremukh National Park Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary Mudumalai National Park Mudumalai Tiger Reserve Mukurthi National Park Nagarhole Rajiv Gandhi National Park New Amarambalam Reserved Forest Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Palani Hills National Park Parambikulam Tiger Reserve Peechi - Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary Periyar National Park Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary SAI Sanctuary Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary Silent Valley National Park Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary Places Bhivpuri Chiplun Chiplun Kalsubai Khandala Kudremukh Kodagu Karjat Kasara Lonavla Lavasa Mahabaleshwar Malshej Ghat Matheran Panchgani Raigad Fort Rajgad Fort Shivneri Fort Tamhini Ghat Ghats Amboli Ghat Bhor Ghat Tamhini Ghat Amba Ghat Bhor Road Ghat Chorla Ghat Goa Gap Kasara Road Ghat Kumbharli Ghat Malshej Ghat Naneghat Charmadi ghat Shiradi ghat Bisle ghat Sampaje ghat Palakkad Gap Varandha Ghat Related Mountains of Kerala Mountains of Maharashtra Portal WorldCat Identities GND : 4654873 - 7 NKC : ge944714 VIAF : 243195749 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Godavari_River&oldid=866440927 '' Categories : Godavari River Godavari basin Rivers of Andhra Pradesh Rivers of Maharashtra Rivers of Telangana Rivers of Chhattisgarh Rivers of Puducherry Rivers of the Western Ghats Ancient Indian rivers South India Environment of Andhra Pradesh Environment of Maharashtra Environment of Telangana Rivers of India Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 61 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 10 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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largest catchment area of river in south india
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"The Godavari is India's second longest river after the Ganga. Its source is in Triambakeshwar, Maharashtra.[4] It flows east for 1,465 kilometres (910 mi) draining the states of Maharashtra (48.6%), Telangana (18.8%), Andhra Pradesh (4.5%), Chhattisgarh (10.9%), Madhya Pradesh (10.0%), Odisha (5.7%), Karnataka (1.4%) and Puducherry (Yanam) and emptying into Bay of Bengal through its extensive network of tributaries.[5] Measuring up to 312,812 km2 (120,777 sq mi), it forms one of the largest river basins in the Indian subcontinent, with only the Ganges and Indus rivers having a larger drainage basin.[6] In terms of length, catchment area and discharge, the Godavari river is the largest in peninsular India, and had been dubbed as the Dakshina Ganga – Ganges of the South.[7]\n"
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Confederate States Army
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Confederate States Army - Wikipedia Confederate States Army Confederate States Army Battle flag of the Confederate States Active February 28 , 1861 -- May 26 , 1865 ( 4 years , 2 months and 4 weeks ) Country Confederate States Type Army Size 1,082,119 total who served 464,646 peak in 1863 Part of C.S. War Department Colors Cadet gray March `` Dixie '' Engagements American Indian Wars Cortina Troubles American Civil War Sumter First Manassas Wilson 's Creek Henry and Donelson Shenandoah South Mills Richmond Harpers Ferry Munfordville Shepherdstown Chambersburg Raid Mississippi River Peninsula Shiloh Jackson 's Valley Campaign Second Manassas Sharpsburg Hartsville Fredericksburg Murfreesborough Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Corydon Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Atlanta Spotsylvania New Hope Church Pickett 's Mill Cold Harbor Sabine Pass Plymouth Fort Pillow Petersburg St. Albans Kennesaw Mountain Jonesborough Franklin Nashville Appomattox Court House Commanders Commander - in - Chief Jefferson Davis General - in - Chief Robert E. Lee The Confederate States Army ( C.S.A. ) was the military land force of the Confederate States of America ( Confederacy ) during the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . On February 28 , 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president , Jefferson Davis . Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy , and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican -- American War . He had also been a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce . On March 1 , 1861 , on behalf of the Confederate government , Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston , South Carolina , where South Carolina state militia besieged Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor , held by a small U.S. Army garrison . By March 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army . An accurate count of the total number of individuals who served in the Confederate Army is not possible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records ; estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men . This does not include an unknown number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army , such as construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons . Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war , they do not represent the size of the army at any given date . These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate States Navy . Although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers , both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription , primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer . In the absence of exact records , estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of United States soldiers who were conscripts . Confederate casualty figures also are incomplete and unreliable . The best estimates of the number of deaths of Confederate soldiers are about 94,000 killed or mortally wounded in battle , 164,000 deaths from disease and between 26,000 and 31,000 deaths in United States prison camps . One estimate of Confederate wounded , which is considered incomplete , is 194,026 . These numbers do not include men who died from other causes such as accidents , which would add several thousand to the death toll . The main Confederate armies , the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee and the remnants of the Army of Tennessee and various other units under General Joseph E. Johnston , surrendered to the U.S. on April 9 , 1865 ( officially April 12 ) , and April 18 , 1865 ( officially April 26 ) . Other Confederate forces surrendered between April 16 , 1865 and June 28 , 1865 . By the end of the war , more than 100,000 Confederate soldiers had deserted , and some estimates put the number as high as one third of Confederate soldiers . The Confederacy 's government effectively dissolved when it fled Richmond in April and exerted no control of the remaining armies . Contents 1 Prelude 2 Establishment 2.1 Control and conscription 3 Morale and motivations 3.1 Religion 3.2 Slavery and white supremacism 3.3 Desertion 4 Organization 4.1 Command 4.2 Personnel organization 4.3 Ranks and insignia 4.4 Armies and prominent leaders 5 Supply and logistics 6 Native Americans and the Confederate army 6.1 Cherokee 6.2 Choctaw 7 African Americans and the Confederate Army 7.1 Using slaves as soldiers 7.1. 1 Opposition from Confederates 7.2 Treatment of black civilians 7.3 Treatment of black prisoners of war 7.3. 1 Prisoner exchanges with the United States 8 Statistics and size 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Further reading 11.1 Historiography 11.2 Primary sources 12 External links Prelude ( edit ) By the time Abraham Lincoln took office as President of the United States on March 4 , 1861 , the seven seceding slave states had formed the Confederate States . The Confederacy seized federal property , including nearly all U.S. Army forts , within its borders . Lincoln was determined to hold the forts remaining under U.S. control when he took office , especially Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston , South Carolina . By the time Lincoln was sworn in as president , the Provisional Confederate Congress had authorized the organization of a large Provisional Army of the Confederate States ( PACS ) . Under orders from Confederate President Jefferson Davis , C.S. troops under the command of General P.G.T. Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12 -- 13 , 1861 , forcing its capitulation on April 14 . The United States were outraged by the Confederacy 's attack and demanded war . It rallied behind Lincoln 's call on April 15 , for all the states to send troops to recapture the forts from the secessionists , to put down the rebellion and to preserve the United States intact . Four more slave states then joined the Confederacy . Both the United States and the Confederate States began in earnest to raise large , mostly volunteer , armies with the objectives of putting down the rebellion and preserving the Union , on the one hand , or of establishing independence from the United States , on the other . Establishment ( edit ) Private Edwin Francis Jemison , whose image became one of the most famous portraits of the young soldiers of the war . The Confederate Congress provided for a Confederate army patterned after the United States Army . It was to consist of a large provisional force to exist only in time of war and a small permanent regular army . The provisional , volunteer army was established by an act of the Provisional Confederate Congress passed on February 28 , 1861 , one week before the act which established the permanent regular army organization , passed on March 6 . Although the two forces were to exist concurrently , very little was done to organize the Confederate regular army . The Provisional Army of the Confederate States ( PACS ) began organizing on April 27 . Virtually all regular , volunteer , and conscripted men preferred to enter this organization since officers could achieve a higher rank in the Provisional Army than they could in the Regular Army . If the war had ended successfully for them , the Confederates intended that the PACS would be disbanded , leaving only the ACSA . The Army of the Confederate States of America ( ACSA ) was the regular army and was authorized to include 15,015 men , including 744 officers , but this level was never achieved . The men serving in the highest rank as Confederate States generals , such as Samuel Cooper and Robert E. Lee , were enrolled in the ACSA to ensure that they outranked all militia officers . ACSA ultimately existed only on paper . The organization of the ACSA did not proceed beyond the appointment and confirmation of some officers . Three state regiments were later denominated `` Confederate '' regiments but this appears to have had no practical effect on the organization of a regular Confederate Army and no real effect on the regiments themselves . Members of all the Confederate States military forces ( the army , the navy , and the marine corps ) are often referred to as `` Confederates '' , and members of the Confederate army were referred to as `` Confederate soldiers '' . Supplementing the Confederate army were the various state militias of the Confederacy : Confederate States State Militias were organized and commanded by the state governments , similar to those authorized by the United States ' Militia Act of 1792 . Control and Conscription ( edit ) A cartoon from the war , showing the Confederates forcibly drafting a Unionist man into the Confederate army . The Unionist man objects , with the Confederates threatening to lynch him if he does not comply . Control and operation of the Confederate army was administered by the Confederate States War Department , which was established by the Confederate Provisional Congress in an act on February 21 , 1861 . The Confederate Congress gave control over military operations , and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the President of the Confederate States of America on February 28 , 1861 , and March 6 , 1861 . On March 8 the Confederate Congress passed a law that authorized Davis to issue proclamations to call up no more than 100,000 men . The War Department asked for 8,000 volunteers on March 9 , 20,000 on April 8 , and 49,000 on and after April 16 . Davis proposed an army of 100,000 men in his message to Congress on April 29 . On August 8 , 1861 , the Confederacy called for 400,000 volunteers to serve for one or three years . In April 1862 , the Confederacy passed the first conscription law in either C.S. or U.S. history , the Conscription Act , which made all able bodied white men between the ages of 18 and 35 liable for a three - year term of service in the PACS . It also extended the terms of enlistment for all one - year soldiers to three years . Men employed in certain occupations considered to be most valuable for the home front ( such as railroad and river workers , civil officials , telegraph operators , miners , druggists and teachers ) were exempt from the draft . The act was amended twice in 1862 . On September 27 , the maximum age of conscription was extended to 45 . On October 11 , the Confederate Congress passed the so - called `` Twenty Negro Law '' , which exempted anyone who owned 20 or more slaves , a move that caused deep resentment among conscripts who did not own slaves . The Confederate Congress made several more amendments over the course of the war to address losses suffered in battle as well as the United States ' greater supply of manpower . In December 1863 , they abolished the practice of allowing a rich drafted man to hire a substitute to take his place in the ranks . Substitution had also been practiced in the United States , leading to similar resentment from the lower classes . In February 1864 , the age limits were extended to between 17 and 50 . Challenges to the subsequent acts came before five state supreme courts ; all five upheld them . Morale and motivations ( edit ) An 1861 Confederate recruiting poster from Virginia , urging men to join the Confederate cause and fight off the U.S. Army , which it refers to as a `` brutal and desperate foe '' . In his 2010 book Major Problems in the Civil War , historian Michael Perman says that historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight , suffer and die over four years : Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology , holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty , Union , or state rights , or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery . Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight , such as the defense of one 's home and family , or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men . Most historians agree that , no matter what he thought about when he went into the war , the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes affected his reasons for continuing to fight . -- Michael Perman , Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2010 ) , p. 178 . Educated soldiers drew upon their knowledge of American history to justify their costs . McPherson says : Confederate and Union soldiers interpreted the heritage of 1776 in opposite ways . Confederates professed to fight for liberty and independence from a too radical government ; Unionists said they fought to preserve the nation conceived in liberty from dismemberment and destruction ... The rhetoric of liberty that had permeated the letters of Confederate volunteers in 1861 , grew even stronger as the war progressed . '' The most popular press coming out of Richmond before and during the Civil War sought to inspire a sense of patriotism , Confederate identity , and moral high ground in the southern population though newspaper media . Religion ( edit ) The southern churches met the shortage of Army chaplains by sending missionaries . The Southern Baptists started in 1862 and had a total of 78 missionaries . Presbyterians were even more active with 112 missionaries and early 1865 . Other missionaries were funded and supported by the Episcopalians , Methodists , and Lutherans . One result was wave after wave of revivals in the Army . Religion played a major part in the lives of Confederate soldiers . Some men with a weak religious affiliation became committed Christians , and saw their military service in terms of God 's wishes . Religion strengthened the soldiers ' loyalty to comrades and the Confederacy . Military historian Samuel J. Watson argues that Christian faith was a major factor in combat motivation . The soldiers ' faith was consoling for the loss of comrades ; it was a shield against fear ; it helped cut down on drinking and fighting ; it enlarged the soldiers community of close friends and helped make up for long - term separation from home . Slavery and white supremacism ( edit ) In his 1997 book For Cause and Comrades , which examines the motivations of the American Civil War 's soldiers , historian James M. McPherson contrasts the views of Confederate soldiers regarding slavery to that of the colonial American revolutionaries of the 18th century . He stated that while the American colonists of the 1770s saw an incongruity with slave ownership and proclaiming to be fighting for liberty , the Confederacy 's soldiers did not , as the Confederate ideology of white supremacy negated any contradiction between the two : Unlike many slaveholders in the age of Thomas Jefferson , Confederate soldiers from slaveholding families expressed no feelings of embarrassment or inconsistency in fighting for their own liberty while holding other people in slavery . Indeed , white supremacy and the right of property in slaves were at the core of the ideology for which Confederate soldiers fought . -- James M. McPherson , For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War ( 1997 ) , p. 106 , emphasis added . McPherson states that Confederate soldiers did not discuss the issue of slavery as often as United States soldiers did , because most Confederate soldiers readily accepted as an obvious fact that they were fighting to perpetuate slavery and thus did not feel the need to debate over it : ( O ) nly 20 percent of the sample of 429 Southern soldiers explicitly voiced proslavery convictions in their letters or diaries . As one might expect , a much higher percentage of soldiers from slaveholding families than from nonslaveholding families expressed such a purpose : 33 percent , compared with 12 percent . Ironically , the proportion of Union soldiers who wrote about the slavery question was greater , as the next chapter will show . There is a ready explanation for this apparent paradox . Emancipation was a salient issue for Union soldiers because it was controversial . Slavery was less salient for most Confederate soldiers because it was not controversial . They took slavery for granted as one of the Southern ' rights ' and institutions for which they fought , and did not feel compelled to discuss it . -- James M. McPherson , For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War ( 1997 ) , pp. 109 -- 110 , emphasis added . Continuing , McPherson also stated that of the hundreds of Confederate soldiers ' letters he had examined , none of them contained any anti-slavery sentiment whatsoever : Although only 20 percent of the soldiers avowed explicit proslavery purposes in their letters and diaries , none at all dissented from that view . -- James M. McPherson , For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War ( 1997 ) , p. 110 , emphasis in original . But McPherson admits flaws in his sampling of letters . Soldiers from slaveholding families were overrepresented by 100 % : Nonslaveholding farmers are underrepresented in the Confederate sample . Indeed , while about one - third of all Confederate soldiers belonged to slaveholding families , slightly more than two - thirds of the sample whose slaveholding status is known did so . -- James M. McPherson , For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War ( 1997 ) , p. ix . In some cases , Confederate men were motivated to join the army in response to the United States ' actions in regards to opposition to slavery . After U.S. President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation , some Confederate soldiers welcomed the move , as they believed it would strengthen pro-slavery sentiment in the Confederacy and thus , lead to greater enlistment of white men into the Confederate army . One Confederate soldier from Texas gave his reasons for fighting for the Confederacy , stating that `` we are fighting for our property '' , contrasting this with the motivations of Union soldiers , who he claimed were fighting for the `` flimsy and abstract idea that a negro is equal to an Anglo '' . One Louisianan artillery soldier stated , `` I never want to see the day when a negro is put on an equality with a white person . There is too many free niggers ... now to suit me , let alone having four millions . '' A North Carolinian soldier stated , `` ( A ) white man is better than a nigger . '' In 1894 , Virginian and former Confederate soldier John S. Mosby , reflecting back on his role in the war , stated in a letter to a friend that `` I 've always understood that we went to war on account of the thing we quarreled with the North about . I 've never heard of any other cause than slavery . '' Desertion ( edit ) Further information : Desertion § American Civil War At many points during the war , and especially near the end , Confederate armies were very poorly fed . Back home their families were in worsening condition and faced starvation and marauders . Many soldiers went home temporarily ( `` absent without official leave '' ) and quietly returned when their family problems had been resolved . By September 1864 , however , President Davis publicly admitted that two thirds of the soldiers were absent , `` most of them without leave . '' The problem escalated rapidly after that , and fewer and fewer men returned . Soldiers who were fighting in defense of their homes realized that they had to desert to fulfill that duty . Historian Mark Weitz argues that the official count of 103,400 deserters is too low . He concludes that most of the desertions came because the soldier felt he owed a higher duty to his own family than to the Confederacy . Confederate policies generally were severe . For example , on August 19 , 1862 General Stonewall Jackson approved the court - martial sentence of execution for three soldiers for desertion . He rejected pleas for clemency from the soldier 's regimental commander . Jackson 's goal was to maintain discipline in a volunteer army whose homes were under threat of enemy occupation . Historians have emphasized how soldiers from poor families deserted because they were urgently needed at home . Local pressures mounted as United States forces occupied more and more of the Confederacy , putting more and more families at risk . One Confederate officer at the time noted , `` The deserters belong almost entirely to the poorest class of non slave - holders whose labor is indispensable to the daily support of their families '' and that `` When the father , husband or son is forced into the service , the suffering at home with them is inevitable . It is not in the nature of these men to remain quiet in the ranks under such circumstances . '' Some soldiers also deserted from ideological motivations . A growing threat to the solidarity of the Confederacy was dissatisfaction in the Appalachian mountain districts caused by lingering unionism and a distrust of the slave power . Many of their soldiers deserted , returned home , and formed a military force that fought off regular army units trying to punish them . North Carolina lost 23 % of its soldiers ( 24,122 ) to desertion . The state provided more soldiers per capita than any other Confederate state , and had more deserters as well . Young Mark Twain deserted long before he became a famous writer and lecturer , but he often commented upon the episode in comic fashion . Beneath his desertion from a Missouri State Guard unit was his deep unease about losing his personal honor , his fear of facing death as a soldier , and his rejection of a Southern identity as a professional author . Organization ( edit ) CSA M1857 Napoleon Artillery Piece Because of the destruction of any central repository of records in Richmond in 1865 and the comparatively poor record - keeping of the time , there can be no definitive number that represents the strength of the Confederate States Army . Estimates range from 500,000 to 2,000,000 men who were involved at any time during the war . Reports from the War Department began at the end of 1861 ( 326,768 men ) , 1862 ( 449,439 ) , 1863 ( 464,646 ) , 1864 ( 400,787 ) , and `` last reports '' ( 358,692 ) . Estimates of enlistments throughout the war were 1,227,890 to 1,406,180 . The following calls for men were issued : March 6 , 1861 : 100,000 volunteers and militia January 23 , 1862 : 400,000 volunteers and militia April 16 , 1862 , the First Conscription Act : conscripted white men ages 18 to 35 for the duration of hostilities September 27 , 1862 , the Second Conscription Act : expanded the age range to 18 to 45 , with implementation beginning on July 15 , 1863 February 17 , 1864 , the Third Conscription Act : ages 17 to 50 March 13 , 1865 , authorized up to 300,000 African American troops but was never fully implemented . The CSA was initially a ( strategically ) defensive army , and many soldiers were resentful when Lee led the Army of Northern Virginia in an invasion of the North in the Antietam Campaign . Command ( edit ) Further information : General officers in the Confederate States Army General Robert Edward Lee , the Confederacy 's most famous general . The army did not have a formal overall military commander , or general - in - chief , until late in the war . The Confederate President , Jefferson Davis , himself a former U.S. Army officer and U.S. Secretary of War , served as commander - in - chief and provided the strategic direction for Confederate land and naval forces . The following men had varying degrees of control : Robert E. Lee was `` charged with the conduct of military operations in the armies of the Confederacy '' from March 13 to May 31 , 1862 . He was referred to as Davis ' military adviser but exercised broad control over the strategic and logistical aspects of the Army , a role similar in nature to the current Chief of Staff of the United States Army . On June 1 , he assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia , which was considered the most important of all the Confederate field armies . Braxton Bragg was similarly `` charged with the conduct of military operations in the armies of the Confederacy '' from February 24 , 1864 ( after he was relieved of field command following the Battle of Chattanooga ) to January 31 , 1865 . This role was a military advisory position under Davis . Lee was formally designated general - in - chief by an act of Congress ( January 23 , 1865 ) and served in this capacity from January 31 to April 9 , 1865 . The lack of centralized control was a strategic weakness for the Confederacy , and there are few instances of multiple armies acting in concert across multiple theaters to achieve a common objective . ( An exception to this was in late 1862 when Lee 's invasion of Maryland was coincident with two other actions : Bragg 's invasion of Kentucky and Earl Van Dorn 's advance against Corinth , Mississippi . All three initiatives were unsuccessful , however . ) Likewise , an extreme example of `` States Rights '' control of C.S. soldiers was Georgia Governor Joseph E. Brown , who not only reportedly tried to keep Georgia troops from leaving the State of Georgia in 1861 but also tried to keep them from C.S. government control when U.S. forces entered Georgia in 1864 . Many of the Confederacy 's senior military leaders ( including Robert E. Lee , Albert Sidney Johnston , James Longstreet ) and even President Jefferson Davis were former U.S. Army and , in smaller numbers , U.S. Navy officers who had been opposed to , disapproved of , or were at least unenthusiastic about secession but resigned their U.S. commissions upon hearing that their states had left the Union . They felt that they had no choice but to help defend their homes . President Abraham Lincoln was exasperated to hear of such men who professed to love their country but were willing to fight against it . Personnel organization ( edit ) As in the U.S. Army , the Confederate army 's soldiers were organized by military specialty . The combat arms included infantry , cavalry and artillery . Although fewer soldiers might comprise a squad or platoon , the smallest infantry maneuver unit in the Army was a company of 100 soldiers . Ten companies were organized into an infantry regiment , which theoretically had 1,000 men . In reality , as disease , desertions and casualties took their toll , and the common practice of sending replacements to form new regiments took hold , most regiments were greatly reduced in strength . By the mid-war , most regiments averaged 300 -- 400 men , with Confederate units slightly smaller on average than their U.S. counterparts . For example , at the pivotal Battle of Chancellorsville , the average U.S. Army infantry regiment 's strength was 433 men , versus 409 for Confederate infantry regiments . Rough unit sizes for CSA combat units during the war : Corps - 24,000 to 28,000 Division - 6,000 to 14,000 Brigade - 800 to 1,700 Regiment - 350 to 400 Company - 35 to 40 Regiments , which were the basic units of army organization through which soldiers were supplied and deployed , were raised by individual states . They were generally referred by number and state , for example 1st Texas , 12th Virginia . To the extent the word `` battalion '' was used to describe a military unit , it referred to a multi-company task force of a regiment or a near - regimental size unit . Throughout the war , the Confederacy raised the equivalent of 1,010 regiments in all branches , including militias , versus 2,050 regiments for the U.S. Army . Four regiments usually formed a brigade , although as the number of men in many regiments became greatly reduced , especially later in the war , more than four were often assigned to a brigade . Occasionally , regiments would be transferred between brigades . Two to four brigades usually formed a division . Two to four divisions usually formed a corps . Two to four corps usually formed an army . Occasionally , a single corps might operate independently as if it were a small army . The Confederate States Army consisted of several field armies , named after their primary area of operation . The largest Confederate field army was the Army of Northern Virginia , whose surrender at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865 marked the end of major combat operations in the US Civil War . Companies were commanded by captains and had two or more lieutenants . Regiments were commanded by colonels . Lieutenant colonels were second in command . At least one major was next in command . Brigades were commanded by brigadier generals although casualties or other attrition sometimes meant that brigades would be commanded by senior colonels or even a lower grade officer . Barring the same type of circumstances which might leave a lower grade officer in temporary command , divisions were commanded by major generals and corps were commanded by lieutenant generals . A few corps commanders were never confirmed as lieutenant generals and exercised corps command for varying periods of time as major generals . Armies of more than one corps were commanded by ( full ) generals . Corporal of the Artillery division of the Confederate States of America Army . Confederate mortar crew at Warrington , Florida in 1861 , across from Fort Pickens . Confederate artillery at Charleston Harbor , 1863 . Ranks and insignia ( edit ) Further information : Ranks and insignia of the Confederate States Officer rank structure of the Confederate Army General Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain First lieutenant Second lieutenant An 1895 illustration showing the uniforms of the Confederate army contrasted with those of the U.S. Army . General ( CSA ) Colonel ( Infantry shown ) Lieutenant - colonel ( Headquarters shown ) Major ( Medical Corps shown ) Captain ( Marine Corps shown ) 1st Lieutenant ( Artillery shown ) 2nd Lieutenant ( Cavalry shown ) There were four grades of general officer ( general , lieutenant general , major general , and brigadier general ) , but all wore the same insignia regardless of grade . This was a decision made early in the conflict . The Confederate Congress initially made the rank of brigadier general the highest rank . As the war progressed , the other general - officer ranks were quickly added , but no insignia for them was created . ( Robert E. Lee was a notable exception to this . He chose to wear the rank insignia of a colonel . ) Only seven men achieved the rank of ( full ) general ; the highest ranking ( earliest date of rank ) was Samuel Cooper , Adjutant General and Inspector General of the Confederate States Army . Officers ' uniforms bore a braid design on the sleeves and kepi , the number of adjacent strips ( and therefore the width of the lines of the design ) denoting rank . The color of the piping and kepi denoted the military branch . The braid was sometimes left off by officers since it made them conspicuous targets . The kepi was rarely used , the common slouch hat being preferred for its practicality in the Southern climate . Enlisted rank structure Sergeant Major Quartermaster Sergeant Ordnance Sergeant First Sergeant Sergeant Corporal Musician Private no insignia no insignia Branch colors were used for color of chevrons -- blue for infantry , yellow for cavalry , and red for artillery . This could differ with some units , however , depending on available resources or the unit commander 's desire . Cavalry regiments from Texas , for example , often used red insignia and at least one Texas infantry regiment used black . The CSA differed from many contemporaneous armies in that all officers under the rank of brigadier general were elected by the soldiers under their command . The Confederate Congress authorized the awarding of medals for courage and good conduct on October 13 , 1862 , but war time difficulties prevented the procurement of the needed medals . To avoid postponing recognition for their valor , those nominated for the awards had their names placed on a Roll of Honor , which would be read at the first dress parade after its receipt and be published in at least one newspaper in each state . Armies and prominent leaders ( edit ) The C.S. Army was composed of independent armies and military departments that were constituted , renamed , and disbanded as needs arose , particularly in reaction to offensives launched by the United States . These major units were generally named after states or geographic regions ( in comparison to the U.S. Army 's custom of naming armies after rivers ) . Armies were usually commanded by full generals ( there were seven in the C.S. Army ) or lieutenant generals . Some of the more important armies and their commanders were : A painting of Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia fighting the U.S. Army at Spotsylvania in 1864 . Army of Arkansas -- Sterling Price , Edmund Kirby Smith Army of Central Kentucky -- Simon B. Buckner , Albert Sidney Johnston Army of East Tennessee -- Edmund Kirby Smith ( later renamed Army of Kentucky ) Army of Eastern Kentucky -- Humphrey Marshall Army of the Kanawha -- Henry A. Wise , John B. Floyd , Robert E. Lee Army of Kentucky -- Edmund Kirby Smith ( eventually commander of all forces West of the Mississippi ) Army of Louisiana -- Braxton Bragg . Paul O. Hébert Army of Mississippi March 1862 -- November 1862 : P.G.T. Beauregard , Albert Sidney Johnston , Braxton Bragg , William J. Hardee , Leonidas Polk , ( also known as the Army of the Mississippi ; redesignated Army of Tennessee on November 20 , 1862 ) December 1862 -- July 1863 : John C. Pemberton , Earl Van Dorn , ( 1863 ) William W. Loring ( also known as Army of Vicksburg ) July 1863 -- June 1864 : William J. Hardee , Leonidas Polk , William W. Loring ( also known as the Army of the Mississippi ; redesignated III Corps , Army of Tennessee in May 1864 , but continued to use its old name ) Army of Middle Tennessee -- John C. Breckinridge Army of Missouri -- Sterling Price Army of Mobile -- Jones M. Withers , Braxton Bragg , John B. Villepigue , Samuel Jones , William L. Powell , John H. Forney Army of New Mexico -- Henry H. Sibley Army of Northern Virginia -- Joseph E. Johnston , Gustavus W. Smith , Robert E. Lee First Corps , Army of Northern Virginia Second Corps , Army of Northern Virginia Third Corps , Army of Northern Virginia Fourth Corps , Army of Northern Virginia , often styled `` Anderson 's Corps '' Cavalry Corps , Army of Northern Virginia Army of the Northwest -- Robert S. Garnett , Henry R. Jackson , William W. Loring , Edward Johnson Army of the Peninsula -- John B. Magruder , Daniel H. Hill Army of Pensacola -- Adley H. Gladden , Braxton Bragg , Samuel Jones Army of the Potomac -- P.G.T. Beauregard , Joseph E. Johnston Army of the Shenandoah -- Joseph E. Johnston Army of Tennessee -- Braxton Bragg , Samuel Gibbs French , William J. Hardee , Daniel H. Hill , John Bell Hood , Joseph E. Johnston , Richard Taylor First Corps , Army of Tennessee Second Corps , Army of Tennessee Third Corps , Army of Tennessee Forrest 's Cavalry Corps -- Nathan Bedford Forrest Army of the Trans - Mississippi -- Thomas C. Hindman , Theophilus Holmes , Edmund Kirby Smith ( also known as the Army of the Southwest ) Army of the Valley ( also known as Second Corps , Army of Northern Virginia ) -- Jubal Early Army of the West -- Earl van Dorn , John P. McCown , Dabney H. Maury , Sterling Price Army of West Tennessee -- Earl Van Dorn Army of Western Louisiana -- Richard Taylor , John G. Walker Some other prominent Confederate generals who led significant units operating sometimes independently in the CSA included Thomas J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson , James Longstreet , J.E.B. Stuart , Gideon Pillow , and A.P. Hill . Supply and logistics ( edit ) A group of Confederate soldiers - possibly an artillery unit captured at Island No. 10 and taken at POW Camp Douglas ( Chicago ) ; photograph possibly by D.F. Brandon . Main article : Confederate States of America § Transportation systems The supply situation for most Confederate armies was dismal , even when they were victorious on the battlefield . The central government was short of money so each state government had to supply its own regiments . The lack of central authority and the ineffective railroads , combined with the frequent unwillingness or inability of Southern state governments to provide adequate funding , were key factors in the Confederate army 's demise . The Confederacy early on lost control of most of its major river and ocean ports to capture or blockade . The road system was poor , and it relied more and more on a heavily overburdened railroad system . U.S. forces destroyed track , engines , cars , bridges and telegraph lines as often as possible , knowing that new equipment was unavailable to the Confederacy . Occasional raids into the North were designed to bring back money and supplies . In 1864 , the Confederates burned down Chambersburg , a Pennsylvania city they had raided twice in the years before , due to its failure to pay an extortion demand . As a result of severe supply problems , as well as the lack of textile factories in the Confederacy and the successful U.S. naval blockade of Southern ports , the typical Confederate soldier was rarely able to wear the standard regulation uniform , particularly as the war progressed . While on the march or in parade formation , Confederate armies often displayed a wide array of dress , ranging from faded , patched - together regulation uniforms ; rough , homespun uniforms colored with homemade dyes such as butternut ( a yellow - brown color ) , and even soldiers in a hodgepodge of civilian clothing . After a successful battle , it was not unusual for victorious Confederate troops to procure U.S. Army uniform parts from captured supplies and dead U.S. soldiers ; this would occasionally cause confusion in later battles and skirmishes . Individual states were expected to supply their soldiers , which led to a lack of uniformity . Some states ( such as North Carolina ) were able to better supply their soldiers , while other states ( such as Texas ) were unable for various reasons to adequately supply their troops as the war continued . Furthermore , each state often had its own uniform regulations and insignia , which meant that the `` standard '' Confederate uniform often featured a variety of differences based on the state the soldier came from . For example , uniforms for North Carolina regiments often featured a colored strip of cloth on their shoulders to designate what part of the service the soldier was in . Confederate soldiers also frequently suffered from inadequate supplies of shoes , tents , and other gear , and would be forced to innovate and make do with whatever they could scrounge from the local countryside . While Confederate officers were generally better - supplied and were normally able to wear a regulation officer 's uniform , they often chose to share other hardships -- such as the lack of adequate food -- with their troops . Confederate troops marching west on East Patrick Street , Frederick , Maryland , September 12 , 1862 . Confederate soldiers were also faced with inadequate food rations , especially as the war progressed . There was plenty of meat in the Confederacy . The unsolvable problem was shipping it to the armies , especially when Lee 's army in Virginia was at the end of a long , tenuous supply line . United States victory at Vicksburg in 1863 shut off supplies from Texas and the west . By 1863 Confederate generals such as Robert E. Lee often spent as much time and effort searching for food for their men as they did in planning strategy and tactics . Individual commanders often had to `` beg , borrow or steal '' food and ammunition from whatever sources were available , including captured U.S. depots and encampments , and private citizens regardless of their loyalties . Lee 's campaign against Gettysburg and southern Pennsylvania ( a rich agricultural region ) was driven in part by his desperate need of supplies , especially food . General Sherman 's total warfare reduced the ability of the South to produce food and ship it to the armies or its cities . Coupled with the U.S. blockade of all ports the devastation of plantations , farms and railroads meant the Confederacy increasingly lost the capacity to feed its soldiers and civilians . Native Americans and the Confederate Army ( edit ) Main article : Native Americans in the American Civil War Native Americans served in both the United States and Confederate military during the American Civil War . They fought knowing they might jeopardize their freedom , unique cultures , and ancestral lands if they ended up on the losing side of the Civil War . During the Civil War 28,693 Native Americans served in the U.S. and Confederate armies , participating in battles such as Pea Ridge , Second Manassas , Antietam , Spotsylvania , Cold Harbor , and in Federal assaults on Petersburg . Many Native American tribes , such as the Creek and the Choctaw , were slaveholders themselves , and thus , found a political and economic commonality with the Confederacy . At the beginning of the war , Albert Pike was appointed as Confederate envoy to Native Americans . In this capacity he negotiated several treaties , one such treaty was the Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws conducted in July 1861 . The treaty covered sixty - four terms covering many subjects like Choctaw and Chickasaw nation sovereignty , Confederate States of America citizenship possibilities , and an entitled delegate in the House of Representatives of the Confederate States of America . The Cherokee , Choctaw , Seminole , Catawba , and Creek tribes were the only tribes to fight on the Confederate side . The Confederacy wanted to recruit Indians east of the Mississippi River in 1862 , so they opened up a recruiting camp in Mobile , Alabama `` at the foot of Stone Street '' . The Mobile Advertiser and Register would advertise for a chance at military service . A Chance for Active Service . The Secretary of War has authorized me to enlist all the Indians east of the Mississippi River into the service of the Confederate States , as Scouts . In addition to the Indians , I will receive all white male citizens , who are good marksmen . To each member , Fifty Dollars Bounty , clothes , arms , camp equipage &c : furnished . The weapons shall be Enfield Rifles . For further information address me at Mobile , Ala . ( Signed ) S.G. Spann , Comm'ing Choctaw Forces . -- Jacqueline Anderson Matte , They Say the Wind Is Red Cherokee ( edit ) Main article : Cherokee in the American Civil War Cherokee confederates reunion in New Orleans , 1903 . Stand Watie , along with a few Cherokee , sided with the Confederate army , in which he was made colonel and commanded a battalion of Cherokee . Reluctantly , on October 7 , 1861 , Chief Ross signed a treaty transferring all obligations due to the Cherokee from the United States to the Confederate States . In the treaty , the Cherokee were guaranteed protection , rations of food , livestock , tools and other goods , as well as a delegate to the Confederate Congress at Richmond . In exchange , the Cherokee would furnish ten companies of mounted men , and allow the construction of military posts and roads within the Cherokee Nation . However , no Indian regiment was to be called on to fight outside Indian Territory . As a result of the Treaty , the 2nd Cherokee Mounted Rifles , led by Col. John Drew , was formed . Following the Battle of Pea Ridge , Arkansas , March 7 -- 8 , 1862 , Drew 's Mounted Rifles defected to the United States forces in Kansas , where they joined the Indian Home Guard . In the summer of 1862 , U.S. troops captured Chief Ross , who was paroled and spent the remainder of the war in Washington and Philadelphia proclaiming Cherokee loyalty to the United States Army . William Holland Thomas , the only white chief of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians , recruited hundreds of Cherokees for the Confederate army , particularly for Thomas ' Legion . The Legion , raised in September 1862 , fought until the end of the War . Choctaw ( edit ) Jackson McCurtain , Lieutenant Colonel of the First Choctaw Battalion in Oklahoma , CSA . Choctaw Confederate battalions were formed in Indian Territory and later in Mississippi in support of the southern cause . The Choctaws , who were expecting support from the Confederates , got little . Webb Garrison , a Civil War historian , describes their response : when Confederate Brigadier General Albert Pike authorized the raising of regiments during the fall of 1860 , Seminoles , Creeks , Chickasaws , Choctaws , and Cherokees responded with considerable enthusiasm . Their zeal for the Confederate cause , however , began to evaporate when they found that neither arms nor pay had been arranged for them . A disgusted officer later acknowledged that `` with the exception of a partial supply for the Choctaw regiment , no tents , clothing , or camp , and garrison equipage was furnished to any of them . '' African Americans and the Confederate Army ( edit ) An 1862 illustration showing Confederates escorting kidnapped African American civilians south into slavery . A similar instance occurred in Pennsylvania , when the Army of Northern Virginia invaded it in 1863 to fight the U.S. at Gettysburg . An 1862 illustration of a Confederate officer forcing slaves at gunpoint to fire a cannon at U.S. soldiers in battle . A similar instance occurred at the first Battle of Bull Run , where slaves were forced by the Confederates to load and fire a cannon at U.S. forces . An 1864 cartoon lampooning the Confederacy 's deliberating on the use of black soldiers , showing them defecting en masse towards U.S. lines if such proposals were adopted . `` Marlboro '' , an African - American bodyservant to a white Confederate soldier . Main article : Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War § Confederacy With so many white males conscripted into the army and roughly 40 % of its population unfree , the work required to maintain a functioning society in the Confederacy ended up largely on the backs of slaves . Even Georgian governor Joseph E. Brown noted that `` the country and the army are mainly dependent upon slave labor for support . '' African American slave labor was used in a wide variety of logistical support roles for the Confederacy , from infrastructure and mining , to teamster and medical roles such as hospital attendants and nurses . Using slaves as soldiers ( edit ) The Confederacy did not allow African Americans to join the army , including both free blacks and slaves . The idea of arming the Confederacy 's slaves for use as soldiers was speculated on from the onset of the war , but such proposals were not seriously considered by Jefferson Davis or others in the Confederate administration until late in the war , when severe manpower shortages were faced . Gary Gallagher says , `` When Lee publicly advocated arming slaves in early 1865 , he did so as a desperate expedient that might prolong Southern military resistance . '' . After acrimonious debate the Confederate Congress agreed in March , 1865 . The war was nearly over by then and very few slaves ended up being enlisted before the Confederate armies all surrendered . Opposition from Confederates ( edit ) As early as November 1864 , some Confederates knew that the chance of securing victory against the U.S. was slim . Despite lacking foreign assistance and recognition and facing slim chances of victory against superior U.S. assets , Confederate newspapers such as the Georgian Atlanta Southern Confederacy continued to maintain their position and oppose the idea of armed black men in the Confederate army , even late in the war as January 1865 . They stated that it was incongruous with the Confederacy 's goals and views regarding African Americans and slavery . The Georgian newspaper opined that using black men as soldiers would be an embarrassment to Confederates and their children , saying that although African Americans should be used for slave labor , they should not be used as armed soldiers , opining that : Such an act on our part , would be a stigma on the imperishable pages of history , of which all future generations of Southrons would be ashamed . These are some of the additional considerations which have suggested themselves to us . Let us put the negro to work , but not to fight . Atlanta Southern Confederacy ( January 20 , 1865 ) Macon , Georgia . Prominent Confederates such as R.M.T. Hunter and Georgian Democrat Howell Cobb opposed arming slaves , saying that it was `` suicidal '' and would run contrary to the Confederacy 's ideology . Opposing such a move , Cobb stated that African Americans were untrustworthy and innately lacked the qualities to make good soldiers , and that using them would cause many Confederates to quit the army . The overwhelming support most Confederates had for maintaining black slavery was the primary cause of their strong opposition to using African Americans as armed soldiers . Maintaining the institution of slavery was the primary goal of the Confederacy 's existence , and thus , using their slaves as soldiers was incongruous with that goal . According to historian Paul D. Escott : ( F ) or a great many of the most powerful southerners the idea of arming and freeing the slaves was repugnant because the protection of slavery had been and still remained the central core of Confederate purpose ... Slavery was the basis of the planter class 's wealth , power , and position in society . The South 's leading men had built their world upon slavery and the idea of voluntarily destroying that world , even in the ultimate crisis , was almost unthinkable to them . Such feelings moved Senator R.M.T. Hunter to deliver a long speech against the bill to arm the slaves . Though most Confederates were opposed to the idea of using black soldiers , a small number suggested the idea . An acrimonious and controversial debate was raised by a letter from Patrick Cleburne urging the Confederacy to raise black soldiers by offering emancipation ; Jefferson Davis refused to consider the proposal and issued instructions forbidding the matter from being discussed . It would not be until Robert E. Lee wrote the Confederate Congress urging them that the idea would take serious traction . On March 13 , 1865 , the Confederate Congress passed General Order 14 by a single vote in the Confederate senate , and Jefferson Davis signed the order into law . The order was issued March 23 , but as it was late in the war , only a few African American companies were raised in the Richmond area before the town was captured by the U.S. Army and placed back under U.S. control . According to historian James M. McPherson in 1994 , `` no black soldiers fought in the Confederate army , unless they were passing as white . '' He noted that some Confederates brought along `` their body servants , who in many cases had grown up with them '' and that `` on occasion some of those body servants were known to have picked up a rifle ... But there was no official recruitment of black soldiers in the Confederate army until the very end of the war '' , when it was brought about only by a `` desperate shortage of manpower . '' Treatment of black civilians ( edit ) In some cases , the Confederates forced their African American slaves to fire upon U.S. soldiers at gunpoint , such as at the first Battle of Bull Run . According to John Parker , one such slave who was forced by the Confederates to fight U.S. soldiers , `` Our masters tried all they could to make us fight ... They promised to give us our freedom and money besides , but none of us believed them ; we only fought because we had to . '' Parker stated that had he been given an opportunity , he would have turned against his Confederate captors , and `` could do it with pleasure '' . According to abolitionist Henry Highland Garnet in 1862 , he had met a slave who `` had unwillingly fought on the side of Rebellion '' , but said slave had since defected to `` the side of Union and universal liberty . '' During the Siege of Yorktown ( 1862 ) , The United States Army 's elite sniper unit , the 1st United States Sharpshooters , was devastatingly effective at shooting Confederate artillerymen defending the city . In response , some Confederate artillery crews started forcing slaves to load the cannons . `` They forced their negroes to load their cannon , '' reported a U.S. officer . `` They shot them if they would not load the cannon , and we shot them if they did . '' In other cases , under explicit orders from their commanders , Confederate armies would often forcibly kidnap free African American civilians during their incursions into U.S. territory , sending them south into Confederate territory and thus enslaving them , as was the case with the Army of Northern Virginia when it invaded Pennsylvania in 1863 . Treatment of black prisoners of War ( edit ) The usage of black men as U.S. soldiers by the U.S. , combined with Abraham Lincoln 's issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation , profoundly angered the Confederacy , with the Confederates calling it uncivilized . As a response , in May 1863 the Confederacy passed a law demanding `` full and ample retaliation '' against the United States , stating that any black person captured in `` arms against the Confederate States '' or giving aid and comfort to their enemies would be turned over to state authorities , where they could be tried as slave insurrectionists ; a capital offense punishable with a sentence of death . However , Confederate authorities feared retaliation , and as such no black prisoner was ever put on trial and executed . James McPherson states that `` Confederate troops sometimes murdered black soldiers and their officers as they tried to surrender . In most cases , though , Confederate officers returned captured black soldiers to slavery or put them to hard labor on southern fortifications . '' African American USCT soldiers were often singled out by the Confederates and suffered extra violence when captured by them . They were often the victims of battlefield massacres and atrocities at the hands of the Confederates , most notably at Fort Pillow in Tennessee and at the Battle of the Crater in Virginia . Prisoner exchanges with the United States ( edit ) The Confederate law declaring black U.S. soldiers as being insurrectionist slaves , combined with the Confederacy 's discriminatory mistreatment of captured black U.S. soldiers , became a stumbling block for prisoner exchanges between the United States and the Confederacy , as the U.S. government in the Lieber Code officially objected to the Confederacy 's discriminatory mistreatment of prisoners of war on basis of color . The Republican Party 's platform of the 1864 presidential election reflected this view , as it too condemned the Confederacy 's discriminatory mistreatment of captured black U.S. soldiers . According to the authors of Liberty , Equality , Power , `` Expressing outrage at this treatment , in 1863 the Lincoln administration suspended the exchange of prisoners until the Confederacy agree to treat white and black prisoners alike . The Confederacy refused . '' Statistics and size ( edit ) Julian Scott 's 1873 painting , Surrender of a Confederate Soldier . Incomplete and destroyed records make an accurate count of the number of men who served in the Confederate army impossible . Historians provide estimates of the actual number of individual Confederate soldiers between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men . The exact number is unknown . Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served in each army at any time during the war , they do not represent the size of the armies at any given date . Confederate casualty figures are as incomplete and unreliable as the figures on the number of Confederate soldiers . The best estimates of the number of deaths of Confederate soldiers appear to be about 94,000 killed or mortally wounded in battle , 164,000 deaths from disease and between 26,000 and 31,000 deaths in U.S. prison camps . In contrast , about 25,000 U.S. soldiers died as a result of accidents , drowning , murder , killed after capture , suicide , execution for various crimes , execution by the Confederates ( 64 ) , sunstroke , other and not stated . Confederate casualties for all these reasons are unavailable . Since some Confederate soldiers would have died for these reasons , more total deaths and total casualties for the Confederacy must have occurred . One estimate of Confederate wounded , which is considered incomplete , is 194,026 ; another is 226,000 . At the end of the war 174,223 men of the Confederate forces surrendered to the U.S. Army . Compared to the U.S. Army at the time , the Confederate army was not very ethnically diverse . Ninety - one percent of Confederate soldiers were native - born white men and only 9 % were foreign - born white men , Irishmen being the largest group with others including Germans , French , Mexicans , and British . A small number of Asian men were forcibly inducted into the Confederate army against their will when they arrived in Louisiana from overseas . See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal Confederate States Navy Blockade runners of the American Civil War General - in - Chief of the Confederate States Army Confederate Government Civil War units Confederate Regular Army officers , list of Confederate States Marine Corps Military of the Confederate States of America Uniforms of the American Civil War Uniforms of the Confederate military Bibliography of the American Civil War Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.civilwar.org/learn/articles/civil-war-facts Jump up ^ C.S. War Dept. , p. 402 . Jump up ^ On February 8 , 1861 , delegates from the first seven Deep South slave states which had already declared their secession from the Union of the United States of America met at Montgomery , the state capital of Alabama , adopted the Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States . Jump up ^ Records of the number of individuals who served in the United States Army are more extensive and reliable , but still are not entirely accurate . Estimates of the number of individual Union soldiers range between 1,550,000 and 2,400,000 , with a number between 2,000,000 and 2,200,000 most likely . Union Army records show slightly more than 2,677,000 enlistments but this number apparently includes many re-enlistments . These numbers do not include sailors who served in United States Navy or United States Marine Corps . These figures represent the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war , not the size of the army at any given date . Jump up ^ Albert Burton Moore , Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy ( 1924 ) . Jump up ^ In comparison , the best estimates of the number of deaths of United States soldiers are 110,100 killed or mortally wounded in battle , 224,580 deaths from disease and 30,192 deaths in Confederate prison camps , although some historians also dispute these figures . The best conjecture for United States Army wounded is 275,175 . Jump up ^ Confederate forces at Mobile , Alabama , and Columbus , Georgia , also had already surrendered on April 14 , 1865 , and April 16 , 1865 , respectively . U.S. and Confederate units fought a battle at Columbus , Georgia , before surrender on April 16 , 1865 , and a small final battle at Palmito Ranch , Texas , on May 12 , 1865 . In areas more distant from the main theaters of operations , Confederate forces in Alabama and Mississippi under Lieutenant General Richard Taylor , in Arkansas under Brigadier General M. Jeff Thompson , in Louisiana and Texas under General E. Kirby Smith and in Indian Territory under Brigadier General Stand Watie surrendered on May 4 , 1865 , May 12 , 1865 , May 26 , 1865 ( officially June 2 , 1865 ) , and June 28 , 1865 , respectively . Jump up ^ Eric Foner ( 1988 ) . Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 - 1877 . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Hamner , Christopher . `` Deserters in the Civil War Teachinghistory.org '' . teachinghistory.org . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Eicher , pp. 70 , 66 . Jump up ^ United States . War Dept ( 1900 ) . Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . p. 134 . Jump up ^ John George Nicolay ; John Hay ( 1890 ) . Abraham Lincoln : A History . The Century Co. p. 264 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , James M. ; Lamb , Brian ( May 22 , 1994 ) . `` James McPherson : What They Fought For , 1861 - 1865 '' . Booknotes . National Cable Satellite Corporation . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foner , Eric ( 1988 ) . Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 -- 1877 . United States of America : Harper & Row . p. 15 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 093716 - 5 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . ( T ) he Confederacy enacted the first conscription laws in American history ... Jump up ^ Civil War Conscription Laws : November 15 , 2012 by Margaret Wood . Jump up ^ Faust , Patricia L. ed Historical Times Encyclopedia of the Civil War : New York , 1986 Jump up ^ Loewen , James W. ( 2007 ) . Lies My Teacher Told Me : Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong . New York : The New Press . pp. 224 -- 226 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 100 - 0 . OCLC 29877812 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Civil War Conscription Laws `` : November 15 , 2012 by Margaret Wood . '' Jump up ^ Mississippi Law Journal ( 2000 ) . `` ' Necessity Knows No Law ' : Vested Rights and Styles of Reasoning in the Confederate Conscription Cases '' ( PDF ) . Mississippi Law Journal . Mississippi ... Jump up ^ Perman , Michael ; Taylor , Amy Murrell ( 2010 ) . Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction . Cengage . p. 178 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James McPherson , For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War ( 1998 ) pp 104 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ayers , edited by Edward L. ; Gallagher , , Gary W. ; Torget , Andrew J. ( 2006 ) . Crucible of the Civil War Virginia from secession to commemoration . Charlottesville : University of Virginia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 3049 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ W. Harrison Daniel , `` Southern Protestantism and Army Missions in the Confederacy . '' Mississippi Quarterly 17.4 ( 1964 ) : 179 + . Jump up ^ Dollar , Kent T. ( 2005 ) . Soldiers of the Cross : Soldier - Christians and the Impact of the War on their Faith . Mercer University Press . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Steven E. ( 2001 ) . While God is Marching On . Jump up ^ Wilson , Charles Reagan ( 1980 ) . Baptized in Blood . Jump up ^ Miller , Randall ; Stout , Harry ; Wilson , Reagan ( 1998 ) . `` Religion and the American Civil War '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Samuel J. Watson , `` Religion and combat motivation in the Confederate armies . '' Journal of Military History 58 # 1 ( 1994 ) : 29 + . Jump up ^ Sheehan - Dean , Aaron ( 2009 ) . Why Confederates Fought : Family and Nation in Civil War Virginia . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 106 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509 - 023 - 3 . OCLC 34912692 . Confederate soldiers from slaveholding families expressed no feelings of embarrassment or inconsistency in fighting for their own liberty while holding other people in slavery . Indeed , white supremacy and the right of property in slaves were at the core of the ideology for which Confederate soldiers fought . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . New York City , New York : Oxford University Press , Inc . pp. 109 -- 110 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509 - 023 - 3 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . It would be wrong , however , to assume that Confederate soldiers were constantly preoccupied with this matter . In fact , only 20 percent of the sample of 429 Southern soldiers explicitly voiced proslavery convictions in their letters or diaries . As one might expect , a much higher percentage of soldiers from slaveholding families than from nonslaveholding families expressed such a purpose : 33 percent , compared with 12 percent . Ironically , the proportion of Union soldiers who wrote about the slavery question was greater , as the next chapter will show . There is a ready explanation for this apparent paradox . Emancipation was a salient issue for Union soldiers because it was controversial . Slavery was less salient for most Confederate soldiers because it was not controversial . They took slavery for granted as one of the Southern ' rights ' and institutions for which they fought , and did not feel compelled to discuss it . Although only 20 percent of the soldiers avowed explicit proslavery purposes in their letters and diaries , none at all dissented from that view . Jump up ^ James M. McPherson , For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War ( 1997 ) , p. ix . `` In both the Union and Confederate samples , foreign - born soldiers are substantially underrepresented . In the Union sample only 9 percent of the men were born abroad compared with 24 percent of all Union soldiers . Unskilled and even skilled laborers are underrepresented in both samples . Nonslaveholding farmers are underrepresented in the Confederate sample . Indeed , while about one - third of all Confederate soldiers belonged to slaveholding families , slightly more than two - thirds of the sample whose slaveholding status is known did so ... Officers are overrepresented in both samples . While some 10 percent of Civil War soldiers served as officers for at least half of their time in the army , 47 percent of the Confederate sample and 35 percent of the Union sample did so . Both samples are also skewed toward those who volunteered in 1861 -- 62 and therefore contain disproportionately few draftees ... '' ^ Jump up to : McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . New York City , New York . p. 107 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509 - 023 - 3 . OCLC 34912692 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . The Proclamation is worth three hundred thousand soldiers to our Government at least ... It shows exactly what this war was brought about for and the intention of its damnable authors . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . New York City , New York : Oxford University Press , Inc. p. 117 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509 - 023 - 3 . OCLC 34912692 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . New York City , New York : Oxford University Press , Inc. p. 109 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509 - 023 - 3 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coski , John M. ( 2005 ) . The Confederate Battle Flag : America 's Most Embattled Emblem . United States of America : First Harvard University Press . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01722 - 6 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lozada , Carlos ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` How people convince themselves that the Confederate flag represents freedom , not slavery : Historian John M. Coski examines the fights over the symbol 's meaning in ' The Confederate Battle Flag : America 's Most Embattled Emblem . ' '' . The Washington Post . Washington , D.C. : Graham Holdings Company . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ David Williams ( 2011 ) . Rich Man 's War : Class , Caste , and Confederate Defeat in the Lower Chattahoochee Valley . University of Georgia Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Mark A. Weitz , A higher duty : desertion among Georgia troops during the Civil War ( U of Nebraska Press , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ K.M.L. `` Stonewall 's Rush to Judgment , '' Civil War Times ( 2010 ) 49 # 2 pp 51 + . Jump up ^ Ella Lonn , Desertion during the Civil War ( 1928 ) . Jump up ^ Peter S. Bearman , `` Desertion as localism : Army unit solidarity and group norms in the US Civil War . '' Social Forces 70 # 2 ( 1991 ) : 321 - 342 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Foner , Eric ( March 1989 ) . `` The South 's Inner Civil War : The more fiercely the Confederacy fought for its independence , the more bitterly divided it became . To fully understand the vast changes the war unleashed on the country , you must first understand the plight of the Southerners who did n't want secession '' . American Heritage . Vol. 40 no . 2 . p. 3 . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Patrick J. ( 2013 ) . `` Understanding the Desertion of South Carolinian Soldiers during the Final Years of the Confederacy '' . Historical Journal . 56 ( 03 ) : 657 -- 679 . doi : 10.1017 / s0018246x13000046 . Jump up ^ Rand Dotson , `` ' The grave and scandalous evil infected to your people ' : The erosion of Confederate loyalty in Floyd County , Virginia . '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography ( 2000 ) : 393 - 434 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Otten , James T. ( 1974 ) . `` Disloyalty in the Upper Districts of South Carolina During the Civil War '' . South Carolina Historical Magazine . 75 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 110 . JSTOR 27567243 . Jump up ^ Scott King - Owen , `` Conditional Confederates : Absenteeism among Western North Carolina Soldiers , 1861 -- 1865 . '' Civil War History 2011 ; 57 ( 4 ) : 349 - 379 . online Jump up ^ Giuffre , Katherine A. ( 1997 ) . `` First in Flight : Desertion as Politics in the North Carolina Confederate Army '' . Social Science History . 21 ( 02 ) : 245 -- 263 . doi : 10.2307 / 1171275 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Neil ( 2007 ) . `` Mark Twain , Traitor '' . Arizona Quarterly . 63 ( 4 ) : 25 -- 37 . doi : 10.1353 / arq. 2007.0025 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series IV , Vol . III , pp. 1161 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Historical times illustrated encyclopedia of the Civil War . Faust , Patricia L. , Delaney , Norman C. , Frank and Virginia Williams Collection of Lincolniana ( Mississippi State University . Libraries ) ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Harper & Row. 1986 . ISBN 0061812617 . OCLC 13796662 . Jump up ^ The Civil War Book of Lists , p. 56 Jump up ^ 1921 - , Boatner , Mark Mayo , ( 1959 ) . The Civil War dictionary . Northrop , Allen C. , , Miller , Lowell I. , . New York : D. McKay Co . ISBN 0679500138 . OCLC 445154 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 807 . There were seven full generals in the CSA ; John Bell Hood held `` temporary full general '' rank , which was withdrawn by the Confederate Congress . Jump up ^ `` The Civil War News & Views Open Discussion Forum '' . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ George Edgar Turner , Victory rode the rails : the strategic place of the railroads in the Civil War ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Everard H. Smith , `` Chambersburg : Anatomy of a Confederate Reprisal . '' American Historical Review 96 # 2 ( 1991 ) : 432 - 455 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Steven G. Collins , `` System in the South : John W. Mallet , Josiah Gorgas , and uniform production at the confederate ordnance department . '' Technology and culture ( 1999 ) 40 # 3 pp : 517 -- 544 in Project MUSE . Jump up ^ Vandiver , Frank E. ( 1944 ) . `` Texas and the Confederate Army 's Meat Problem '' . Southwestern Historical Quarterly . 47 ( 3 ) : 225 -- 233 . JSTOR 30236034 . Jump up ^ Larry J. Daniel , Soldiering in the Army of Tennessee : A Portrait of Life in a Confederate Army ( 2003 ) ch 4 on inadequate rations ^ Jump up to : W. David Baird ; et al. ( January 5 , 2009 ) . `` '' We are all Americans `` , Native Americans in the Civil War '' . Native Americans.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Rodman , Leslie . The Five Civilized Tribes and the American Civil War ( PDF ) . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Native Americans in the Civil War '' . Ethic Composition of Civil War Forces ( C.S & U.S.A. ) . January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rodman , Leslie . The Five Civilized Tribes and the American Civil War ( PDF ) . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Matte , Jacqueline ( 2002 ) . `` Refugees - Six Towns Choctaw , 1830 -- 1890 '' . They Say the Wind is Red . New South Books . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58838 - 079 - 1 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Webb ( 1995 ) . `` Padday Some Day '' . More Civil War Curiosities . Rutledge Hill Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55853 - 366 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Loewen , James W. ( 2007 ) . Lies My Teacher Told Me : Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong . New York : The New Press . p. 193 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 100 - 0 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . White Southerners founded the Confederacy on the ideology of white supremacy . Confederate soldiers on their way to Antietam and Gettysburg , their two main forays into U.S. states , put this ideology into practice : they seized scores of free black people in Maryland and Pennsylvania and sold them south into slavery . Confederates maltreated black U.S. troops when they captured them . Jump up ^ Symonds , Craig L. ( 2001 ) . American Heritage History of the Battle of Gettysburg . New York : HarperCollins . pp. 49 -- 54 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019474 - X . Jump up ^ Loewen , James W. ( 1999 ) . Lies Across America : What American Historic Sites Get Wrong . New York City , New York : Touchstone , Simon & Schuster , Inc. p. 350 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 87067 - 3 . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Lee 's troops seized scores of free black people in Maryland and Pennsylvania and sent them south into slavery . This was in keeping with Confederate national policy , which virtually re-enslaved free people of color into work gangs on earthworks throughout the south . Jump up ^ Simpson , Brooks D. ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` The Soldiers ' Flag ? '' . Crossroads . WordPress . ( T ) he Army of Northern Virginia was under orders to capture and send south supposed escaped slaves during that army 's invasion of Pennsylvania in 1863 . ^ Jump up to : Masur , Kate ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Slavery and Freedom at Bull Run '' . The New York Times . New York : The New York Times Company . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Andy ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Memory : Frederick Douglass ' Black Confederate '' . Dead Confederates : A Civil War Blog . WordPress . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levine , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate at an Extra Session of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia , Convened under the Proclamation of the Governor , March 25 , 1863 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Levine , pp. 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Jaime Amanda Martinez , Confederate Slave Impressment in the Upper South ( U. North Carolina Press , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Levine , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Gary W. Gallagher ( 2002 ) . Lee and His Army in Confederate History . p. 169 . Jump up ^ Davis , William C. ( 2002 ) . Look Away ! : A History of the Confederate States of America . New York : The Free Press . p. 402 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2771 - 9 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Durden , Robert F. ( 1875 ) . The Gray and the Black : The Confederate Debate on Emancipation . Louisiana State University . pp. 156 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Howell Cobb letter to James A. Seddon January 1865 , Cobb , Howell ( January 8 , 1865 ) . `` Letter to James A. Seddon '' . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Andy ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Real Confederates Did n't Know About Black Confederates '' . Dead Confederates : A Civil War Blog . WordPress . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ( E ) arnest and vituperative opposition to the enlistment of slaves in Confederate service was widespread , even as the concussion of U.S. artillery rattled the panes in the windows of the capitol in Richmond . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11 ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levin , Kevin M. ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Pernicious Idea : 150 Years Later '' . Civil War Memory . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Paul D. Escott , After Secession : Jefferson Davis and the Failure of Confederate Nationalism ( 1992 ) , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Vol . LII , Part 2 , pp. 586 -- 92 . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( 1991 ) . `` Chapter 17 : The Decision to Raise a Negro Army , 1864 -- 1865 '' . The Negro 's Civil War : How American Blacks Felt and Acted During the War for the Union . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 48860 - 2 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Durden , Robert F. ( 2000 ) . The Gray and the Black : The Confederate Debate on Emancipation . Louisiana : LSU Press . Jump up ^ `` General Orders No. 14 '' . Civil War on the Western Border : The Missouri - Kansas Conflict , 1855 -- 1865 . Kansas City : The Kansas City Public Library . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . ( I ) t does not extend freedom to the slaves who serve , giving them little personal motivation to support the Southern cause . Ultimately , very few blacks serve in the Confederate armed forces , as compared to hundreds of thousands who serve for the Union . Jump up ^ Arnold , James R. ; Wiener , Roberta ; Weitz , Seth A. ( 2011 ) . `` Congress , Confederate '' . American Civil War : The Essential Reference Guide . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO , LLC . p. 56 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 905 - 9 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Confederate Law authorizing the enlistment of black soldiers , March 13 , 1865 , as promulgated in a military order '' . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ E. Merton Coulter ( 1950 ) . The Confederate States of America , 1861 -- 1865 . LSU Press . pp. 267 -- 68 . Jump up ^ http://www.historynet.com/killers-in-green-coats.htm Jump up ^ David G. Smith , `` Race and Retaliation : The Capture of African Americans During the Gettysburg Campaign . '' in Peter Wallenstein and Bertram Wyatt - Brown , ed. , Virginia 's Civil War ( 2004 ) pp : 122 - 37 . online Jump up ^ Ted Alexander , `` ' A Regular Slave Hunt ' : The Army of Northern Virginia and Black Civilians in the Gettysburg Campaign , '' North & South 4 ( September 2001 ) : 82 -- 89 Jump up ^ Grant , Ulysses ( August 23 , 1863 ) . `` Letter to Abraham Lincoln '' . Cairo , Illinois . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2014 . Retrieved May 3 , 2014 . I have given the subject of arming the Negro my hearty support . This , with the emancipation of the Negro , is the heaviest blow yet given the Confederacy . The South rave a greatdeel about it and profess to be very angry . Jump up ^ Hall , Andy ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Understanding Fort Pillow : ' Full and Ample Retaliation ' '' . Dead Confederates : A Civil War Blog . WordPress . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , George W. , History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880 : Negros as Slaves , as Soldiers , and as Citizens , vol. II , New York : G.P. Putnam Son 's , 1883 , pp. 351 -- 352 . Jump up ^ Congress of the Confederate States of America ( May 1 , 1863 ) . `` No. 5 '' . Joint Resolution on the Subject of Retaliation . Virginia . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carolyn L. Karcher , First Woman in the Republic ... , p. 725 ( n. 153 ) Jump up ^ Murrin , John ; McPherson , James M. ; Johnson , Paul ; Fahs , Alice ; Gerstle , Gary ( 2009 ) . Liberty , Liberty , Equality , Power . Cengage Learning . p. 433 . Jump up ^ Cornish , Dudley Taylor ( 1965 ) . The Sable Arm : Negro Troops in the Union Army , 1861 -- 1865 . New York : W.W. Norton . pp. 173 -- 180 . Jump up ^ Robertson , James I. , Jr. ; Pegram , William . `` The Boy Artillerist '' : Letters of Colonel William Pegram , C.S.A . Jump up ^ The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 98 , no . 2 ( The Trumpet Unblown : The Old Dominion in the Civil War ) , ( 1990 ) , pp. 242 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Murrin , John ; McPherson , James M. ; Johnson , Paul ; Fahs , Alice ; Gerstle , Gary ( 2009 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power : Enhanced Concise Fourth Edition . Belmont , California : Cengage Learning . p. 433 . Confederate troops sometimes murdered black soldiers and their officers as they tried to surrender . In most cases , though , Confederate officers returned captured black soldiers to slavery or put them to hard labor on southern fortifications ... Expressing outrage at this treatment , in 1863 the Lincoln administration suspended the exchange of prisoners until the Confederacy agree to treat white and black prisoners alike . The Confederacy refused . Jump up ^ Townsend , E.D. ( April 24 , 1863 ) . `` SECTION III. -- Deserters -- Prisoners of war -- Hostages -- Booty on the battle - field '' . INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE FIELD . Washington . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2001 . Retrieved April 7 , 2001 . 58 . The law of nations knows of no distinction of color , and if an enemy of the United States should enslave and sell any captured persons of their Army , it would be a case for the severest retaliation , if not redressed upon complaint . Jump up ^ Republican Party of the United States ( June 7 , 1864 ) . `` Republican Party Platform of 1864 '' . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . ( T ) he Government owes to all men employed in its armies , without regard to distinction of color , the full protection of the laws of war -- and that any violation of these laws , or of the usages of civilized nations in time of war , by the Rebels now in arms , should be made the subject of prompt and full redress . Jump up ^ Long , E.B. The Civil War Day by Day : An Almanac , 1861 -- 1865 . Garden City , NY : Doubleday , 1971 . OCLC 68283123 . p. 705 Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : America 's Wars '' . United States Department of Veterans Affairs . November 2008 . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Long , 1971 , p. 711 Jump up ^ Davis , Burke ( 1960 ) . Civil War : Strange and Fascinating Facts . Random House . Jump up ^ Inglish , Patty ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Chinese Soldiers Who Fought in the American Civil War for the Union and the Confederacy '' . HubPages . Interestingly , some Chinese were ' Shanghaied ' into the Confederate Army in New Orleans when they disembarked ships coming into port . They thought they were being invited to games and fun ; and , they were not alone -- other ethnic groups were mustered into the Confederate forces this way ... This seems to have been usual for the 14th Louisiana Infantry , tricking Chinese and Filipino men into service . Because many of the Filipino men had Hispanic surnames , many are lost to history as having been Asian servicemen . In fact , many of them had lived in Mexico . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Further reading ( edit ) Adams , George Worthington ( 1940 ) . `` Confederate Medicine '' . Journal of Southern History . 6 # 2 . JSTOR 2191203 . Allardice , Bruce ( 1997 ) . West Points of the Confederacy : Southern Military Schools and the Confederate Army . Civil War History . 43 # 4 . Bledsoe , Andrew S. Citizen - Officers : The Union and Confederate Volunteer Junior Officer Corps in the American Civil War . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University Press , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 6070 - 1 . Crawford , Martin ( 1991 ) . `` Confederate Volunteering and Enlistment in Ashe County , North Carolina , 1861 -- 1862 '' . Civil War History . 37 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 50 . doi : 10.1353 / cwh. 1991.0031 . Crute Jr , Joseph H. ( 1987 ) . Units of the Confederate States Army ( 2nd ed . ) . Gaithersburg : Olde Soldier Books . ISBN 0 - 942211 - 53 - 7 . Daniel , Larry J. ( 2003 ) . Soldiering in the Army of Tennessee : A Portrait of Life in a Confederate Army . Eicher , David J. ( 2001 ) . Civil War High Commands . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 3641 - 1 . Freemon , Frank R. ( 1987 ) . `` Administration of the Medical Department of the Confederate States Army , 1861 to 1865 '' . Southern Medical Journal . 80 : 630 -- 637 . doi : 10.1097 / 00007611 - 198705000 - 00019 . Faust , Drew ( 1987 ) . Christian Soldiers : The Meaning of Revivalism in the Confederate Army . Haughton , Andrew ( 2000 ) . Training , Tactics and Leadership in the Confederate Army of Tennessee : Seeds of Failure . Jones , Adam Matthew . `` ' The land of my birth and the home of my heart ' : Enlistment Motivations for Confederate Soldiers in Montgomery County , Virginia , 1861 -- 1862 . ' '' ( MA thesis Virginia Tech , 2014 ) . online bibliography , pp 123 -- 30 . Levine , Bruce ( 2005 ) . Confederate Emancipation : Southern Plans to Free and Arm Slaves during the Civil War . Logue , Larry M. ( 1993 ) . `` Who Joined the Confederate Army ? Soldiers , Civilians , and Communities in Mississippi '' . Journal of Social History . 26 # 3 . JSTOR 3788629 . Sheehan - Dean , Aaron . `` Justice Has Something to Do with It : Class Relations and the Confederate Army . '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 113 ( 2005 ) : 340 - 377 . Sheehan - Dean , Aaron . Why Confederates Fought : Family and Nation in Civil War Virginia ( 2007 ) . online Warner , Ezra J. Generals in Gray : Lives of the Confederate Commanders ( LSU Press , 1959 ) . Weinert , Richard P. , Jr. ( 1991 ) . The Confederate Regular Army . White Mane Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 942597 - 27 - 1 . Weitz , Mark A. ( 2005 ) . More Damning than Slaughter : Desertion in the Confederate Army . U of Nebraska Press . Wiley , Bell Irvin . The Life of Johnny Reb : The Common Soldier of the Confederacy ( 1943 ) . Watson , Samuel J ( 1994 ) . `` Religion and combat motivation in the Confederate armies '' . Journal of Military History . 58 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 55 . doi : 10.2307 / 2944178 . Wright , Marcus J. ( 1983 ) . General Officers of the Confederate Army . J.M. Carroll & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8488 - 0009 - 3 . Historiography ( edit ) Sheehan - Dean , Aaron . `` The Blue and Gray in Black and White : Assessing the Scholarship on Civil War Soldiers , '' in ' Aaron Sheehan - Dean , ed. , ' The View from the Ground : Experiences of Civil War Soldiers ( University Press of Kentucky , 2007 ) pp 9 -- 30 . Primary sources ( edit ) Confederate States . War Dept . Regulations for the Army of the Confederate States . Richmond : J.W. Randolph . 1863 . Robson , John S. ( 2007 ) . How A One - Legged Rebel Lives : Reminiscences of the Civil War ; The Story of the Campaigns of Stonewall Jackson . Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84685 - 665 - 5 . U.S. War Department ( 1880 -- 1901 ) , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies , U.S. Government Printing Office External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Confederate States Army . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Confederate States of America Confederate soldiers The American Civil War 's rank insignia A Manual of Military Surgery ( 1863 ) . The manual used by doctors in the CSA . U.S. Civil War Era Uniforms and Accouterments Duke University Libraries Digital Collections -- William Emerson Strong Photograph Album 200 cartes - de-visite depicting officers in the Confederate army and navy , officials in the Confederate government , famous Confederate wives , and other notable figures of the Confederacy . Also included are 64 photographs attributed to Mathew Brady . Confederate and State Regulations at confederateuniforms.org 1st Confederate Battalion , Forney 's Regiment ( Living History Organization ) Black soldiers in the U.S. Civil War Confederate Enlistment Oaths and Discharges of the Army of the State of Georgia Field armies of the Confederate States Central Kentucky Kanawha Kentucky Mississippi Missouri New Mexico Northern Virginia Northwest Peninsula Potomac Shenandoah Tennessee Trans - Mississippi Valley West West Tennessee Western Louisiana Commons American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Fire - Eaters Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union ( USA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy ( CSA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major Campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson 's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan 's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond - Petersburg Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Sherman 's March Carolinas Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson 's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement ( by state or territory ) AL AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY See also : Chronology of military events in the American Civil War Leaders Confederate Military R.H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E.K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath U.S. Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks -- Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Savings Bank Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk - Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Racial violence Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski ( Tennessee ) Riot of 1867 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Confederate refugees Confederados Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 White League post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate monuments and memorials Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Monuments and memorials Union List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Confederate List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials List of memorials to Robert E. Lee List of memorials to Jefferson Davis Annapolis Roger B. Taney Monument Baltimore Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument Confederate Women 's Monument Roger B. Taney Monument Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument Durham , North Carolina Robert E. Lee Monument New Orleans Battle of Liberty Place Monument Jefferson Davis Monument General Beauregard Equestrian Statue Robert E. Lee Monument Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies ' memorial associations U.S. Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers ' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown 's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching through Georgia Maryland , My Maryland When Johnny Comes Marching Home Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confederate_States_Army&oldid=856802259 '' Categories : 1861 establishments in the Confederate States of America 1865 disestablishments in the Confederate States of America Confederate States Army Disbanded armies Military history of the United States Military units and formations established in 1861 Military units and formations disestablished in 1865 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Use mdy dates from January 2018 Use American English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages incorrectly using the quote template Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Brezhoneg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 16 : 36 ( UTC ) . 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List of backward compatible games for Xbox One
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List of backward compatible games for Xbox One - wikipedia List of backward compatible games for Xbox One Jump to : navigation , search The Xbox One gaming console has received updates from Microsoft since its launch in 2013 that enable it to play select games from its two predecessor consoles , Xbox and Xbox 360 . On June 15 , 2015 , backward compatibility with supported Xbox 360 games became available to eligible Xbox Preview program users with a beta update to the Xbox One system software . The dashboard update containing backward compatibility was released publicly on November 12 , 2015 . On October 24 , 2017 , another such update added games from the original Xbox library . The following is a list of all backward compatible games on Xbox One under this functionality . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Xbox 360 1.2 Xbox 2 Xbox One X enhancements 3 List of compatible titles from Xbox 360 4 List of compatible titles from Xbox 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) At its launch in November 2013 , the Xbox One did not have native backward compatibility with original Xbox or Xbox 360 games . Xbox Live director of programming Larry `` Major Nelson '' Hryb suggested users could use the HDMI - in port on the console to pass an Xbox 360 or any other device with HDMI output through Xbox One . Senior project management and planning director Albert Penello explained that Microsoft was considering a cloud gaming platform to enable backward compatibility , but he felt it would be `` problematic '' due to varying internet connection qualities . Xbox 360 ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2015 press conference on June 15 , 2015 , Microsoft announced plans to introduce Xbox 360 backward compatibility on the Xbox One at no additional cost . Supported Xbox 360 games will run within an emulator and have access to certain Xbox One features , such as recording and broadcasting gameplay . Games do not run directly from discs . A ported form of the game is downloaded automatically when a supported game is inserted , while digitally - purchased games will automatically appear for download in the user 's library once available . As with Xbox One titles , if the game is installed using physical media , the disc is still required for validation purposes . Not all Xbox 360 games will be supported ; 104 Xbox 360 games were available for the feature 's public launch on November 12 , 2015 with Xbox One preview program members getting early access . Microsoft stated that publishers will only need to provide permission to the company to allow the repackaging , and they expect the list to grow significantly over time . Unlike the emulation of original Xbox games on the Xbox 360 , the Xbox One does not require game modification , since it emulates an exact replica of its predecessor 's environment -- both hardware and software operating systems . The downloaded game is a repackaged version of the original that identifies itself as an Xbox One title to the console . At Gamescom , Microsoft revealed it has plans to ensure `` all future Xbox 360 Games with Gold titles will be playable on Xbox One . '' On December 17 , 2015 Microsoft made another sixteen Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One , including titles such as Halo : Reach , Fable III and Deus Ex : Human Revolution . On January 21 , 2016 , Microsoft made another ten Xbox 360 games compatible , including The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings and Counter-Strike : Global Offensive . On May 13 , 2016 , Microsoft made Xbox 360 titles with multiple discs compatible , starting with Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut . In January 2016 , Microsoft announced that future titles would be added as they became available , instead of waiting until a specific day each month . Xbox ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2017 press conference on June 11 , 2017 , Microsoft announced that roughly 50 % of Xbox One users had played an Xbox 360 game on Xbox One through the system 's backward - compatibility feature . Based on popular demand , Phil Spencer , Microsoft 's Head of Xbox , announced that Xbox One consoles would be able to play select games made for the original Xbox console , first released in 2001 . The compatibility will work on all consoles in the Xbox One family , including the Xbox One X , and will be available as a free update planned for the fall of 2017 . The functionality will be similar to that for back - compatibility with Xbox 360 games . Users insert the Xbox game disc into their Xbox One console to install the compatible version of the game . While players will not be able to access any old game saves or connect to Xbox Live on these titles , system link functions will remain available . Xbox games will not receive achievement support , although when asked about this component , Spencer responded that they had nothing to announce at the current time . Realizing that game discs for original Xbox consoles could be scarce , Spencer said that plans were in place to make compatible Xbox games available digitally . Spencer also said that such games may also be incorporated into the Xbox Game Pass subscription service . In a later interview , Spencer indicated that the potential library of Xbox titles being playable on Xbox One will be smaller than that currently available from the Xbox 360 library . Spencer noted two reasons for the more limited library were the availability of content rights for the games and the technical difficulties related to the conversion . Xbox One X enhancements ( edit ) Backwards compatible Xbox 360 titles will benefit from becoming Xbox One X enhanced with the following : Improved framerate stability Games utilizing a dynamic resolution will hit their max resolution more often / all the time 16xAF texture filtering will be automatically applied . Forced v - sync Variable refresh rate ( VRR ) compatibility ( when used with a compatible display ) List of compatible titles from Xbox 360 ( edit ) There are currently 455 on this list out of 1234 released for the Xbox 360 . Title Publisher ( s ) Format Date added Notes / References 0 Day Attack on Earth Gulti XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 3D Ultra Minigolf Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 A Kingdom for Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 A World of Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Aegis Wing Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 North America only . Age of Booty Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Alan Wake Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Quantum Break . Alan Wake 's American Nightmare Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Also included as a pre-order bonus with Quantum Break . Alice : Madness Returns Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2017 Alien Hominid Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Altered Beast Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Anomaly : Warzone Earth Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Aqua Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 ARKANOID Live ! Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Army of Two Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed Ubisoft 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Assassin 's Creed II Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed III Ubisoft 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed Rogue Ubisoft 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Assault Heroes 2 Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Asteroids & Deluxe Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Astropop PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Babel Rising Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Band of Bugs Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Banjo - Kazooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Kazooie : Nuts & Bolts Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Tooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Batman : Arkham Origins WB Games Disc Only 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 BattleBlock Theater Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Battlefield 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2017 Battlestations : Midway Square Enix 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Bayonetta Sega 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Beat'n Groovy Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Bejeweled 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bejeweled 3 PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bellator : MMA Onslaught 345 Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Beyond Good & Evil HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bionic Commando Rearmed 2 Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 BioShock 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock 2 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock Infinite 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . Bit. Trip Presents ... Runner2 : Future Legend of Rhythm Alien Aksys Games XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Blazing Angels : Squadrons of WWII Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Blood Knights Kalypso Media XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Blood of the Werewolf Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bloodforge Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 BloodRayne : Betrayal Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Blue Dragon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2016 Bolt Disney Interactive 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Bomberman Live : Battlefest Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 2016 Boom Boom Rocket Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Bound by Flame Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Borderlands 2K Games 000000002015 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2015 All versions of the game , including physical and digital copies , receive all DLC as a free download ( on Xbox One only ) . Borderlands 2 2K Games 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Also available in Borderlands : The Handsome Collection which includes remastered versions of Borderlands 2 and Borderlands : The Pre-Sequel for Xbox One . Braid Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Brain Challenge Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Bullet Soul 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bullet Soul - Infinite Burst - 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bully : Scholarship Edition Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Burnout Paradise Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Cabela 's Alaskan Adventures Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts 2013 Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Hunting Expeditions Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Survival : Shadows of Katmai Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare Activision 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Call of Duty : Black Ops Activision 000000002016 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2016 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2017 Call of Duty : Ghosts Activision 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2017 Call of Duty : World at War Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Call of Duty 2 Activision 000000002016 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2016 Call of Duty 3 Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2016 Call of Juarez : Gunslinger Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Capcom Arcade Cabinet Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Carcassonne Sierra Online XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2016 Cars : Mater - National Championship Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Cars 2 : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Castlevania : Symphony of the Night Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Castle Crashers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 CastleStorm Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Catherine Atlus 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Cave , The The Cave Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Centipede & Millipede Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Child of Eden Ubisoft 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 CLANNAD Prototype 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Japan only . Commanders : Attack of the Genos Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Comic Jumper Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Comix Zone Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Condemned : Criminal Origins Sega 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Costume Quest 2 Midnight City XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Valve Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Crazy Taxi Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Crystal Defenders Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Crystal Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Japan only . Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Oratorio Tangram Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Dark Souls Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Dark Souls 3 on the Xbox store . Dark Void Capcom 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Darksiders THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders : Warmastered Edition for Xbox One . Darksiders 2 THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders II : Deathinitive Edition for Xbox One . Daytona USA Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 de Blob 2 THQ 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Deadly Premonition Marvelous Entertainment 000000002017 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2017 Dead Rising 2 : Case Zero Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Rising 2 : Case West Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Space Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space Ignition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Deadfall Adventures Nordic Games 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior Spike Games XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : Legends 345 Games Spike Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 DeathSpank : Thongs of Virtue Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Defense Grid : The Awakening Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut Square Enix Disc Only 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 First Multi-Disc game made available . Dig Dug Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 DiRT 3 Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 DiRT Showdown Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Discs of Tron Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Domino Master Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Doom Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom II : Hell on Earth Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom 3 BFG Edition Bethesda Softworks Disc Only 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Doritos Crash Course Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Double Dragon Neon Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Dragon Age : Origins Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dragon 's Lair Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Driver San Francisco Ubisoft 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 Available on disc only , but existing digital owners can download it . DuckTales Remastered Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Duke Nukem : Manhattan Project Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Dungeons and Dragons : Chronicles of Mystara Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Dungeon Siege III Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2015 Earth Defense Force : Insect Armageddon D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Earth Defense Force 2017 D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 Earthworm Jim HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard D3 Publisher 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Elder Scrolls IV , The The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion Bethesda 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Encleverment Experiment Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Escape Dead Island Deep Silver 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Every Extend Extra Extreme Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 F1 2014 Codemasters 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Fable Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable II Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Fable II Pub Games Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable III Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Faery : Legends of Avalon Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Fallout 3 Bethesda Softworks 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Fallout 4 . Also , owners of the Xbox 360 Game of the Year Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Fallout : New Vegas Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Owners of the Xbox 360 Ultimate Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Far Cry 2 Ubisoft 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 Far Cry 3 Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2017 Far Cry 3 : Blood Dragon Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2016 Feeding Frenzy PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Feeding Frenzy 2 : Shipwreck Showdown PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Fighting Vipers Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Final Fight : Double Impact Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Flashback Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Flock ! Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Forza Horizon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 Foul Play Mastertronic Group XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Fret Nice Koei Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Frogger Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Frogger 2 Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Frontlines : Fuel of War THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 FunTown Mahjong Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Galaga Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2016 Galaga Legions Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Galaga Legions DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Garou : Mark of the Wolves SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Gatling Gears Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Gears of War Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 2 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Gears of War : Judgment Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2016 Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved 2 Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Geometry Wars 3 : Dimensions Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Ghostbusters : Sanctum of Slime Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Ghostbusters : The Video Game Atari 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Gin Rummy Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Girl Fight Kung Fu Factory XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Go ! Go ! Break Steady Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Goat Simulator Coffee Stain Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Golden Axe Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Golf : Tee It Up ! Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Grand Theft Auto IV Rockstar Games 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2017 Including `` Episodes From Liberty City '' DLC . Grid 2 Codemasters 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Gripshift Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Guardian Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Gunstar Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Guwange CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Gyromancer Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Gyruss Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Half - Minute Hero : Super Mega Neo Climax Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Halo 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo 3 : ODST Campaign Edition Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection via free downloadable content . Halo 4 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Combat Evolved Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Reach Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Halo : Spartan Assault Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Halo Wars Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 Hard Corps : Uprising Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Hardwood Backgammon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Hearts Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Spades Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Harm 's Way Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Haunted House Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Heavy Weapon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Hexic HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 This originally bundled Xbox 360 game can now be downloaded for free in certain regions from the Xbox store here . Hexic 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Hitman : Absolution Square Enix 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2017 Hitman : Sniper Challenge pre-order bonus is also compatible . Hydro Thunder Hurricane Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 I Am Alive Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Ikaruga Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 ilomilo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Injustice : Gods Among Us Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Interpol : The Trail of Dr. Chaos Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2016 Iron Brigade Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Jeremy McGrath 's Offroad D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Jet Set Radio Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Jetpac Refuelled Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Jewel Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Joe Danger : Special Edition Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Joe Danger 2 : The Movie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Joust WB Games XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 2016 Joy Ride Turbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Juju Flying Wild Hog XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Jurassic Park : The Game Telltale Games 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Just Cause 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of successor Just Cause 3 . Kameo : Elements of Power Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Kane & Lynch 2 : Dog Days Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Killer Is Dead XSEED Games 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match , The The King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match , The The King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 KOF Sky Stage SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Lazy Raiders Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Left 4 Dead Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Left 4 Dead 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2016 LEGO Batman : The Videogame WB Games 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures LucasArts 000000002017 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2017 LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 LEGO Star Wars : The Complete Saga Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Limbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2016 Lode Runner Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Lost Odyssey Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Lumines LIVE ! Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Luxor 2 MumboJumbo XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Madballs in Babo : Invasion Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Mad Tracks D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Magic : The Gathering -- Duels of the Planeswalkers 2012 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2013 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2014 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Marlow Briggs and the Mask of Death 505 Games XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2017 Mars : War Logs Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Mass Effect Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 2 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Matt Hazard : Blood Bath and Beyond D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Maw , The The Maw Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Medal of Honor : Airborne Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Meet the Robinsons Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Mega Man 9 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Mega Man 10 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Metal Gear Rising : Revengeance Konami Digital Entertainment 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Metal Slug 3 SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Metal Slug XX SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Midway Arcade Origins Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Might & Magic : Clash of Heroes Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Military Madness : Nectaris Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Mirror 's Edge Electronic Arts 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Missile Command Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monaco : What 's Yours Is Mine Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Monday Night Combat Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monopoly Deal Ubisoft XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Monopoly Plus Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Moon Diver Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Motocross Madness Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Mr. Driller Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Ms. Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Ms. Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Mutant Storm Empire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Mutant Storm Reloaded PomPom Games XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 MX vs. ATV Reflex Nordic Games 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 N+ Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 NBA Jam : On Fire Edition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NeoGeo Battle Coliseum SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 New Rally - X Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 NiGHTS into Dreams ... Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NIN2 - JUMP CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Of Orcs and Men Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Omega Five Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Operation Flashpoint : Dragon Rising Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Operation Flashpoint : Red River Codemasters Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Orange Box , The The Orange Box Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Outland Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Pac - Man Championship Edition Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Championship Edition DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Museum Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Peggle Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Peggle 2 Popcap Games XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2017 Perfect Dark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Perfect Dark Zero Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Persona 4 Arena Atlus 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Phantasy Star II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Phantom Breaker : Battle Grounds Mages . XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pinball FX Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Plants vs. Zombies PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Planets Under Attack Topware Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Portal : Still Alive Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Portal 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Prince of Persia Classic Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pure Disney Interactive Studios Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Putty Squad System 3 Software Limited XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Puzzle Quest 1Puzzle Quest : Challenge of the Warlords D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Puzzle Quest Galactrix D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzle Quest 2 D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzlegeddon Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Qix++ Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Quantum Conundrum Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 R - Type Dimensions Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Radiant Silvergun Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 RAGE Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Raiden IV UFO Interactive Games XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 North America only . Raskulls Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Rayman 3 HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Rayman Legends Ubisoft 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Rayman Origins Ubisoft 000000002016 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2016 Red Dead Redemption Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2016 Standard , `` Game of the Year '' and `` Undead Nightmare '' editions are all compatible . Red Faction : Armageddon THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Red Faction : Battlegrounds THQ XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 RoboBlitz Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Rocket Knight Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Sacred 3 Deep Silver 000000002015 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2015 Sacred Citadel Deep Silver XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Saints Row : The Third THQ 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Saints Row IV Deep Silver 000000002016 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2016 Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Sam & Max Save the World Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Samurai Shodown II SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Scarygirl Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Scrap Metal Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Screamride Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Secret of Monkey Island , The The Secret of Monkey Island : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Secret of Monkey Island 2 , The Monkey Island 2 : LeChuck 's Revenge : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Bass Fishing Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Sega Vintage Collection : Alex Kidd & Co . ( Alex Kidd in Miracle World , Super Hang - On , The Revenge of Shinobi ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Golden Axe ( Golden Axe , II , III ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Monster World ( Wonder Boy in Monster Land , Wonder Boy in Monster World , Monster World IV ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Streets of Rage ( Streets of Rage , 2 , 3 ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2015 Includes all three Streets of Rage games . Sega Vintage Collection : ToeJam & Earl ( ToeJam & Earl ) Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Shadowrun Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shadow Assault : Tenchu From Software XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shadow Complex Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Shadows of the Damned Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Shank 2 Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 2016 Shinobi Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shotest Shogi Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shred Nebula Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Sid Meier 's Civilization Revolution 2K Games 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Silent Hill : Downpour Konami 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Skate 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Skullgirls : Encore MarvelousAQL XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Skydive : Proximity Flight Gaijin Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Slender : The Arrival Midnight City 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Small Arms Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Sniper Elite V2 505 Games 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 Soltrio Solitaire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure Sega 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure 2 Sega 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 Sonic & Knuckles Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic 3 . Sonic & All - Stars Racing Transformed Sega 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Sonic CD Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Fighters Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 2 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic & Knuckles . Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur II HD Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 South Park : The Stick of Truth Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Space Ark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Space Giraffe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Space Invaders Infinity Gene Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Spelunky Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Splatters , The The Splatters Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 ' Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 SSX EA Sports 000000002016 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Stacking THQ XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Ultimate Sith Edition DLC not available . Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Steins ; Gate 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate : Hiyoku Renri no Darling 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate Senkei Kosoku no Phenogram 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Strania Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Stuntman : Ignition Nordic Games 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Super Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Super Meat Boy Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Super Street Fighter IV : Arcade Edition Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Supreme Commander 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Syberia Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Tales from Space : Mutant Blobs Attack Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tecmo Bowl Throwback Tecmo Koei XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Tekken 6 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tekken 7 . Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Texas Hold ' em Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Ticket to Ride Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 TimeShift Sierra Entertainment 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tomb Raider : Underworld Eidos Interactive 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2017 Torchlight Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tour de France 2009 : The Official Game Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Tour de France 2011 Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Tower Bloxx Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Toy Soldiers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Soldiers : Cold War Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Story 3 Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Trials HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Triggerheart Exelica Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 2016 Trine 2 Atlus XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Tron : Evolution Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ugly Americans : Apocalypsegeddon 345 Games Comedy Central XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ultra Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Unbound Saga Activision XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Undertow Chair Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 2 Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 5 : Final Showdown Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Viva Piñata Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Viva Piñata : Trouble in Paradise Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Walking Dead , The The Walking Dead Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Michonne , The The Walking Dead : Michonne Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Season Two , The The Walking Dead : Season Two Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Witcher 2 , The The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings CD Projekt Red 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Wolf of the Battlefield : Commando 3 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Wolfenstein 3D Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Word Puzzle Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Unknown 2K Games 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Within 2K Games 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Yosumin ! Live Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Zuma Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Zuma 's Revenge ! Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . List of compatible titles from Xbox ( edit ) There are currently 13 on this list out of 1048 released for the Xbox . Title Publisher ( s ) Date added Notes Ref ( s ) Black Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 BloodRayne 2 Majesco 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Crimson Skies : High Road to Revenge Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Dead to Rights Namco 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Fuzion Frenzy Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Grabbed by the Ghoulies Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games King of Fighters Neowave , The The King of Fighters Neowave SNK Playmore 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Ninja Gaiden Black Tecmo 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time Ubisoft 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Psychonauts Double Fine Productions 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Red Faction II THQ 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Sid Meier 's Pirates ! 2K Games 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic LucasArts 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 See also ( edit ) Xbox One system software List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360 List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox One References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) . `` New Xbox One Experience and Backward Compatibility Launch Date Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hollister , Sean ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Xbox One will not be backwards compatible with Xbox 360 games '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Audrey , Drake ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One not backwards compatible '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brunner , Grant ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Microsoft confirms that PS4 , Wii U will work with Xbox One HDMI passthrough '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` You can plug an Xbox 360 into the Xbox One , says Major Nelson '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Jon . `` The Xbox One 33 things you need to know '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Future plc . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mannion , Gavin ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Xbox One can play Xbox 360 games ... sort of '' . Lazy Gamer . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Microsoft Talks Digital - Only Future , Kinect , and Why Xbox One is Worth $100 More Than PlayStation 4 , Page 2 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Through Cloud ' Problematic ' '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . ^ Jump up to : Machkovech , Sam ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox 360 backward compatibility coming to Xbox One '' . Ars Technica . Los Angeles , California : Condé Nast . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . If users already purchased the games digitally through Xbox Live , they can simply log in and re-download the game on Xbox One without paying any additional cost . If they own the game as a disc , they 'll have to download the game to their Xbox One hard drive , and the system will then check for the disc before launching the game . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft built an Xbox 360 emulator to make games run on the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( 2013 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Xbox One loses some disc - free play , family game - sharing with revised policies '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox One will play Xbox 360 games , preview members can try it today '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Available games '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft is bringing Xbox 360 games to the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One 's backwards compatibility works because it 's tricking your 360 games '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sayed , Rashid ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Compares Sony 's Exclusive Line - up With Theirs , Comments On Backwards Compatability ( sic ) & More '' . GamingBolt . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stead , Chris ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Complete list of Xbox 360 titles with Xbox One backwards compatibility '' . Finder.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` New Xbox One Backward Compatibility Titles Are Now Available '' . MajorNelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Kohler ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Xbox One Will Get Compatibility With Original Xbox Games ( Update ) '' . kotaku.com . Gizmodo Media Group . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Play three generations of games on Xbox One '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Osborn ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : Xbox One Original Xbox Backwards Compatibility Details Revealed '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eddie Makuch ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft E3 2017 : Xbox One Backwards Compatibility For OG Xbox Games Wo n't Be As Extensive '' . gamespot.com . CBS Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Richard ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Five ways your Xbox One and 360 games will be better on Scorpio '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Larry Hyrb ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One Backward Compatibility List ( Last Update : 20 October 2016 ) '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Backward Compatible Availability Games '' ( PDF ) . Xbox.com . Microsoft . 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Xbox One Quantum Break Bundle Available Next Month '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan McCaffrey ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` 4 Xbox 360 Games Getting Xbox One X Enhancements '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ blog.thebehemoth.com/2015/09/04/ccrreleasedate/ ? linkId = 16823597 Jump up ^ Passalacqua , By Michael . `` Dark Souls Being Added to Xbox One Backwards Compatibility '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Souls Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Officially Confirmed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dark Souls And Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Playable On Xbox One Via Backward Compatibility '' . www.GameInformer.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three More Games Added To Xbox One Backward Compatibility List '' . www.GameInformer.com . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Copeland , By Wesley . `` Get Doom and Doom 2 for Free When You Pre-Order Doom on Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Klepek , Patrick . `` Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut , Frogger 2 , Final Fight : Double Impact , Faery : Legends of A '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Every Gears of War now part of Xbox One remaster thanks to backward compatibility '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three more Xbox 360 classics will be enhanced for Xbox One X '' . Xbox Live 's Major Nelson . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Stillwell , Bill ( @ wcstillwell ) ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Also released Sniper Challenge today . Needed that to be available for those that had the unlock in the main game . pic.twitter.com/xcKyIvUIrd '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 27 March 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` XCOM : Enemy Within and Three More Now Backward Compatible on Xbox One '' . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dead Redemption on Xbox One Backward Compatibility Coming Friday , July 8th '' . rockstargames.com . Rockstar Games . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Next Xbox One Backwards - Compatible Game Arrives '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Stephany Nunneley ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Unleashed 1 and 2 now backwards compatible on Xbox One '' . vg247.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hryb ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Three titles from Steins ; Gate series ( only published in Japan ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan McCaffrey ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` First 13 Original Xbox Games Announced for Xbox One Compatibility '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Xbox One backward compatibility ( Xbox.com ) Xbox One backward compatibility game list ( MajorNelson.com ) ( hide ) Video game products by Microsoft Microsoft Studios Xbox series Xbox Controller Games With HD support Xbox 360 Launch Technical problems System software Applications Controller Accessories HD DVD Player Wireless Headset Wireless Racing Wheel Xbox Live Vision Games With 3D support Kinect Backward - compatible Downloadable Arcade Arcade Kinect Xbox Originals Kinect Fun Labs Xbox One System software Applications Controller Games Best - selling Kinect Xbox One X Enhanced Backward - compatible Xbox Xbox 360 Others Kinect Xbox app Platinum Hits Windows Games for Windows DirectX Games for Windows -- Live Games Games for Windows Windows Games on Demand Xbox on Windows Microsoft SideWinder Other platforms Xbox on Windows Phone Zune games Online services Xbox Live Avatars Games Store Arcade Indie Games Xbox Game Pass Live Anywhere Mixer MSN Games Game Room Games Xbox Play Anywhere games Games with Gold Developer tools Xbox Development Kit XNA XNA Game Studio PartnerNet ID@Xbox Promotions OurColony Official Xbox Magazine Xbox Exhibition `` X '' Show Xbox Rewards Summer of Arcade Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_backward_compatible_games_for_Xbox_One&oldid=821159267 '' Categories : Backward compatibility Video game lists by platform Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 19 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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If You Give a Mouse a Cookie (TV series)
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If You Give a Mouse a Cookie ( tv series ) - wikipedia If You Give a Mouse a Cookie ( tv series ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) If You Give a Mouse a Cookie Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 19 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 30 minutes Production company ( s ) Copernicus Studios Release Original network Amazon Video Original release November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) -- present If You Give a Mouse a Cookie is an American children 's animated television series based on the book of the same name . The series premiered on Amazon Video on November 7 , 2017 . The pilot was originally released on November 4 , 2015 . A Christmas special If You Give a Mouse a Christmas Cookie was released on November 24 , 2016 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Episodes 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) In the If You Give a Mouse a Cookie series , based on the book series by Laura Numeroff and Felicia Bond , the main characters are Mouse , Pig , Moose , Dog and Cat and several humans . The episodes revolve around their adventures . Cast ( edit ) Oliver ( voiced by Mason Mahay ) Mouse ( voiced by Roger Craig Smith ) Cat ( voiced by Lara Jill Miller ) Dog ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) Pig ( voiced by Jessica DiCicco ) Moose ( voiced by Roger Craig Smith ) Episodes ( edit ) Applesauce / Cat and Mouse ( November 5 , 2017 ) Mouse to the Rescue ! / The Amazing Art Chase ( November 7 , 2017 ) The Big Campout / Missing Sock ! ( November 7 , 2017 ) Hoopla ! / Animal Band ( November 7 , 2017 ) Mouse Minds the Store / Captain Mouse ( November 7 , 2017 ) Town Fair / Beach Day ( November 7 , 2017 ) If You Take a Mouse to School / Cookie Factory ( November 7 , 2017 ) Muffin Party / Arcade ( November 7 , 2017 ) A House for Mouse / Delivery Mouse ( November 7 , 2017 ) Something to Squawk About / Sick Day ( November 7 , 2017 ) Dinosaur Mystery / Inventor Fair ( November 7 , 2017 ) Farm Friends / Picnic ( November 7 , 2017 ) Toy Round Up ! / Masked Mouse Mobile ( November 7 , 2017 ) Recycle Races / Change is Good ( June 25 , 2018 ) Dog 's Day Out / Doggie Day Camp ( June 25 , 2018 ) Treasure Hunt ! / A Surprise for Henry ( June 25 , 2018 ) Sledding Adventure / Snowy Sleepover ( June 25 , 2018 ) Mouse Around / Rainy Day ( June 25 , 2018 ) Day at the Museum / Pizza Delivery ( June 25 , 2018 ) References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) If You Give a Mouse a Cookie on IMDb Amazon Video children 's programming Current Creative Galaxy ( since 2013 ) Tumble Leaf ( since 2014 ) Just Add Magic ( since 2015 ) Wishenpoof ! ( since 2015 ) The Stinky & Dirty Show ( since 2015 ) Niko and the Sword of Light ( since 2015 ) Little Big Awesome ( since 2016 ) Lost In Oz ( since 2017 ) If You Give a Mouse a Cookie ( since 2017 ) The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle ( since 2018 ) Former Gortimer Gibbon 's Life on Normal Street ( 2014 -- 16 ) Annedroids ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Kicks ( 2015 -- 16 ) Danger & Eggs ( 2015 -- 17 ) Upcoming Kung Fu Panda : The Paws of Destiny ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_You_Give_a_Mouse_a_Cookie_(TV_series)&oldid=856812964 '' Categories : 2010s American animated television series 2017 American television series debuts American animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters American children 's animated comedy television series American children 's animated fantasy television series Amazon Video original programming Amazon Video children 's programming Television series by DHX Media Fictional cats Fictional dogs Fictional mice and rats Fictional deer and moose Fictional pigs Television programs based on children 's books Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from January 2018 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 17 : 55 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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if you give a mouse a cookie tv series
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Diane Guerrero
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Diane Guerrero - wikipedia Diane Guerrero Jump to : navigation , search Diane Guerrero Guerrero at the 2016 Texas Book Festival . ( 1986 - 07 - 21 ) July 21 , 1986 ( age 31 ) New Jersey , United States Occupation Actress , author , philanthropist Years active 2011 -- present Diane Guerrero ( born July 21 , 1986 ) is an American actress and author . She is known for her roles as inmate Maritza Ramos on the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black and Lina on Jane the Virgin . Among her other roles was a recurring role on Are We There Yet ? Guerrero grew up in Boston and remained there after the rest of her family was deported to Colombia . She is an advocate for immigration reform . Her role on Orange Is the New Black has contributed to three consecutive wins for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series . Guerrero is the author of In the Country We Love : My Family Divided , a memoir about her parents being detained and deported when she was fourteen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 Notes 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Guerrero was born in New Jersey to Colombian parents and raised in Boston , Massachusetts . As the only member of her immediate family with United States citizenship , she remained in the U.S. when her parents and older brother were deported back to Colombia when she was 14 . Her parents had pursued legal citizenship , but their representation failed them . Guerrero was raised in the Jamaica Plain and Roxbury neighborhoods of Boston after being taken in by other Colombian families . She has had an interest in acting since a young age and took advantage of free opportunities in the neighborhood or at school . Then she attended Boston Arts Academy , a performing arts high school , where she was in the music department . Among her high school activities was singing with a jazz group , but she anticipated pursuing political science and communications in college . In 2010 , she appeared in the Faces music video that was shot in Norwood , Massachusetts for Louie Bello . Her first job after college was in a law office . At age 24 , she decided to pursue a career in acting . In 2011 , she moved to New York City and studied acting at the Susan Batson Studios where she met her manager Josh Taylor . Guerrero 's life experience compels her to advocate for immigration reform and is an influence that she draws upon in her acting . Career ( edit ) She auditioned for a role on Devious Maids , but was cast in Orange is the New Black , where she plays a Bronx - bred character that she feels is likely Puerto Rican . For season 2 , she was part of the cast that earned recognition for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards . The cast earned recognition for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series again at the 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards and 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards . She has had a recurring role on Are We There Yet ? . In 2014 , she appeared in Emoticon ; ) , a comedy about a May -- December romance in which her character 's father is involved with a doctoral candidate . Her performance in this film as Amanda ( `` Mandy '' ) Nevins , an adopted teenage child , elicited positive criticism such as a description of a `` well - drawn smaller moment '' that was `` beautifully rendered '' according to Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter and a performance that `` command sympathy '' according to Inkoo Kang of the Los Angeles Times . One of her upcoming roles is as an 1800s Cuban confederate spy , loosely based on the life of Loreta Janeta Velazquez , for Peter and John . She was cast in The CW 's series Jane the Virgin in a recurring role . In February 2015 , Guerrero was cast as the female lead in CBS ' television pilot for Super Clyde , but the show was not picked up for series when CBS announced its fall schedule in May . Guerrero has upcoming film roles in Happy Yummy Chicken , Beyond Control and The Godmother . In 2016 , Guerrero released In the Country We Love : My Family Divided a memoir about her parents being detained and deported when she was fourteen . The book 's written with Michelle Burford and published by Henry Holt and Co . Guerrero is the lead in a CBS drama under development for the 2017 -- 18 United States network television season based on and sharing the title of her memoir , In the Country We Love . Guerrero will portray a successful corporate attorney who takes on pro bono cases for undocumented immigrants after her own past as the child of deported parents is revealed by a family emergency . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 Ashley / Amber Ashley Short film 2011 Festival Ivan Model 2 2012 Open Vacancy Tatiana 2012 Saved by the Pole Princess Short film 2014 Emoticon ;) Amanda Nevins 2014 My Man Is a Loser Malea 2015 Beyond Control Tasha 2015 Love Comes Later Short film 2015 Peter and John Lucia 2016 Happy Yummy Chicken Cheryl Davis TBD Beyond Control Tasha In post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 Body of Proof Sara Gonzales Episode : `` Buried Secrets '' 2012 Are We There Yet ? Stacey 4 episodes 2013 -- present Orange Is the New Black Maritza Ramos Recurring role 2013 Pushing Dreams Lynette Melendez 2013 Blue Bloods Carmen Episode : `` This Way Out '' 2013 Person of Interest Ashley Episode : `` Liberty '' 2014 Taxi Brooklyn Carmen Lopez Episode : `` 1.2 '' 2014 -- present Jane the Virgin Lina Santillan Recurring role 2015 Super Clyde Maddy Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rivera , Zayda ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Diane Guerrero returns for ' Orange is the New Black ' second season '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / dianeguerrero_ : Thank you everyone for the wonderful birthday wishes '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carolina Morneno ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` OITNB 's Diane Guerrero Opens Up About Her Parents ' Deportation '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guerrero , Diane ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` Op - Ed : ' Orange is the New Black ' actress : My parents were deported '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Erazo , Vanessa ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Diane Guerrero of ' Orange is the New Black ' is on the Front Lines of Fighting for More Latinas on TV '' . Remezcla.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tracked Down : Mayor Tom Menino , Doug Flutie , Louie Bello & more ... '' . Boston Herald . March 28 , 2010 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caceres , Juan ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` LatinoBuzz : Emoticon ;) -- Interview with Livia De Paolis & Diane Guerrero '' . Indiewire . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Tanisha L. ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` OITNB 's Diane Guerrero Opens Up About Her Parents ' Deportation '' . Cosmopolitan Latina . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Priscilla ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Diane Guerrero of OITNB Discusses How Her Family Was Deported When She Was 14 '' . Latina . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leeds , Sarene ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` SAG Awards : The Complete 2015 Winners List '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` SAG Awards 2015 : ' Birdman ' feathers its nest as Oscars nears '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 30 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards Winners : Complete List '' . Variety . January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gates , Anita ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` Summer Movie Release Schedule '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scheck , Frank ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Emoticon ; ) : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kang , Inkoo ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Review ' Emoticon ; ) ' attempts to tackle relationships in 140 counts or less '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Fall TV previews : The CW has superheroes and virgins on deck '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trivino , Jesus ( May 31 , 2014 ) . `` # Interview With Diane Guerrero of ' Orange Is The New Black ' '' . Latina . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Diane Guerrero Joins CBS ' ' Super Clyde ' ; Margot Bingham In ABC 's ' Flesh And Blood ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` CBS 2015 - 16 Primetime Schedule : ' Supergirl ' to Monday in November , ' Limitless ' on Tuesday , ' Code Black ' Wednesday , ' CSI ' Finale on September 27 ' Rush Hour ' & ' Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders ' Held for Midseason '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Glen Powell Enlists In ' Sand Castle ' ; Diane Guerrero Joins ' The Godmother ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In the Country We Love : My Family Divided '' . The Book Report Network . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roiz , Jessica Lucia ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Diane Guerrero New Book : How Gina Rodriguez Supports ' Jane The Virgin ' Co-Star Publication '' . Latin Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Diane Guerrero To Star In CBS Immigration Drama From ' Jane the Virgin ' Producers '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Diane Guerrero on IMDb Diane Guerrero at TV.com In the Country We Love : My Family Divided ( hide ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) : Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 2012 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 ( 2013 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 ( 2014 ) : Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland , McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel , Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 ( 2015 ) : Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 ( 2016 ) : Aduba , Aisenberg , Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover , Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diane_Guerrero&oldid=793874990 '' Categories : 1986 births 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Boston Actresses from New Jersey American film actresses American people of Colombian descent American television actresses Hispanic and Latino American actresses Living people Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 Good articles Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2017 , at 13 : 48 . 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who plays nita in orange is the new black
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States headed by Queen Elizabeth II
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States headed by Queen Elizabeth II - wikipedia States headed by Queen Elizabeth II Jump to : navigation , search The realms , territories , and protectorates of Elizabeth II since 1952 Current realms Former realms Current territories and dependencies Former territories , dependencies and protectorates The number of states headed by Queen Elizabeth II has varied during her 65 years on the throne , altogether seeing her as sovereign of a total of 32 independent countries during this period . In her capacity as Queen of the United Kingdom ( including the British overseas territories ) , she is also monarch of three Crown dependencies -- Guernsey , Jersey , and Man -- and , in her capacity as Queen of New Zealand , she is monarch of two associated states -- the Cook Islands and Niue -- since they acquired this status in 1965 and 1974 , respectively . Two situation in two countries differs from the others . The government of the unrecognised state of Rhodesia proclaimed its allegiance to Elizabeth II as queen of Rhodesia from 1965 to 1970 . However , she did not accept either the role or the title and it was not accepted or recognised by any other state . Fiji became a republic through a military coup in 1987 , after which its Great Council of Chiefs continued to recognise Elizabeth II as queen , or Paramount Chief of Fiji , until the council 's de-establishment on 14 March 2012 . However , this was only a ceremonial title , with no role in government at all . Current realms Former realms Ceremonial title ( Fiji ) Unrecognised realm ( Rhodesia ) 1955 1960 1965 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2015 Antigua and Barbuda Australia The Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Ceylon Fiji The Gambia Ghana Grenada Guyana Jamaica Kenya Malawi Malta Mauritius New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan Papua New Guinea Rhodesia Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia St Vincent and the Grenadines Sierra Leone Solomon Islands South Africa Tanganyika Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu Uganda United Kingdom 1955 1960 1965 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2015 See also ( edit ) Commonwealth realms portal Timeline of country and capital changes List of Prime Ministers of Queen Elizabeth II Country Personal union Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ British Overseas Territories , Crown dependencies , Sovereign Base Areas , Australian external territories , and territories and associated states of New Zealand Jump up ^ http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/south-pacific/6573396/Fijis-Great-Council-of-Chiefs-abolished Jump up ^ `` Fiji chiefs say Britain 's Elizabeth still Queen of Fiji '' . Radio New Zealand International . 19 November 2002 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Queen Elizabeth II Monarchies Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica New Zealand Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Solomon Islands Tuvalu United Kingdom Ancestry and family Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh ( husband ) wedding wedding dress Charles , Prince of Wales ( son ) Anne , Princess Royal ( daughter ) Prince Andrew , Duke of York ( son ) Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex ( son ) George VI ( father ) Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ( mother ) Princess Margaret , Countess of Snowdon ( sister ) Accession and coronation Coronation Royal Guests Participants in the procession Coronation gown Medal Honours Award Treetops Hotel Proclamation of accession MacCormick v Lord Advocate Reign Annus horribilis Household Lithgow Plot Marcus Sarjeant incident Michael Fagan incident Personality and image Prime Ministers Operation London Bridge Jubilees Silver Jubilee Events Medal Honours Jubilee Gardens Jubilee line Jubilee Walkway Golden Jubilee Prom at the Palace Party at the Palace Medal Honours Jubilee Odyssey Diamond Jubilee Pageant Armed Forces Parade and Muster Thames Pageant Gloriana Spirit of Chartwell Concert Gibraltar Flotilla Medal Honours Sapphire Jubilee Sapphire Jubilee Commonwealth tours Australia Official openings Canada Ships used HMS Vanguard ( 23 ) SS Gothic ( 1947 ) HMY Britannia State visits Outgoing State visit to Ireland Incoming Pope Benedict XVI President Michael D. Higgins President Xi Jinping Titles and honours Head of the Commonwealth List of things named after Queen Elizabeth II Royal Family Order Elizabeth Cross Queen 's Official Birthday Flags Depictions Documentaries Royal Journey ( 1951 ) A Queen Is Crowned ( 1953 ) The Queen in Australia ( 1954 ) The Royal Tour of the Caribbean ( 1966 ) Royal Family ( 1969 ) Elizabeth R : A Year in the Life of the Queen ( 1992 ) Monarchy : The Royal Family at Work ( 2007 ) The Queen ( TV serial ) The Diamond Queen ( 2012 ) Elizabeth at 90 : A Family Portrait ( 2016 ) Film and television A Question of Attribution ( 1992 TV ) Her Majesty ( 2001 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Happy and Glorious ( 2012 ) A Royal Night Out ( 2015 ) The Crown ( 2016 -- ) Plays A Question of Attribution ( 1988 ) The Audience ( 2013 ) Handbagged Portraits Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II -- An 80th Birthday Portrait Pietro Annigoni 's Portraits The Queen Stamps Machin series ( List ) Wilding series Castle series Canadian domestic rate stamp Country definitives Animals Corgis Dookie Susan Horses Aureole Burmese Carrozza Dunfermline Estimate Height of Fashion Highclere Pall Mall Winston Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=States_headed_by_Queen_Elizabeth_II&oldid=812214236 '' Categories : Elizabeth II Country classifications Monarchy in Canada Canada - related lists British monarchy - related lists Commonwealth realms Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Use dmy dates from January 2012 Use British English from August 2012 Talk About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia Polski Português සිංහල Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 17 : 45 . 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how many countries is queen head of state
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Developmental stage theories
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Developmental stage theories - wikipedia Developmental stage theories Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Human growth and development Stages Human embryogenesis Fetus Infant Toddler Early childhood Child Preadolescence Adolescence Adult Middle age Old age Biological milestones Fertilization Childbirth Walking Language acquisition Puberty Menopause Ageing Death Development and psychology Pre - and perinatal Infant and child Adolescent Youth Young adult Adult Maturity Developmental stage theories Attachment Ecological Psychosocial Psychosexual development Moral Cognitive Cultural - historical Evolutionary Human body portal Developmental stage theories are theories that divide child development into distinct stages which are characterized by qualitative differences in behaviour . There are a number of different views about the way in which psychological and physical development proceed throughout the life span . In addition to individual differences in development , developmental psychologists generally agree that development occurs in an orderly way and in different areas simultaneously . Continuous versus discontinuous development ( edit ) One of the major controversies in developmental psychology centres whether development is continuous or discontinuous . Those psychologists who support the continuous view of development suggest that development involves gradual and ongoing changes throughout the life span , with behaviour in the earlier stages of development providing the basis of skills and abilities required for the next stages . Not all psychologists , however , agree that development is a continuous process . Some view development as a discontinuous process . They believe development involves distinct and separate stages with different kinds of behaviour occurring in each stage . This suggests that the development of certain abilities in each stage , such as specific emotions or ways of thinking , have a definite starting and ending point . However , there is no exact time at which an ability suddenly appears or disappears . Although some types of thinking , feeling or behaving may seem to appear suddenly , it is more than likely that this has been developing gradually for some time . Stage theories of development rest on the assumption that development is a discontinuous process involving distinct stages which are characterized by qualitative differences in behaviour . They also assume that the structure of the stages is not variable according to each individual , however the time of each stage may vary individually . Stage theories can be contrasted with continuous theories , which posit that development is an incremental process . Examples of stage theories ( edit ) There are many stage ( discontinuous ) theories in developmental psychology including : Don Beck and Chris Cowan 's spiral dynamics . Michael Commons ' model of hierarchical complexity . Erik Erikson 's stages of psychosocial development expanded on Freud 's psychosexual stages , he defined eight stages that describe how individuals relate to their social world . James W. Fowler 's stages of faith development theory . Sigmund Freud 's psychosexual stages described the progression of an individual 's unconscious desires . Clare W. Graves ' emergent cyclic levels of existence theory . Judith Rich Harris ' modular theory of social development . Robert Kegan 's subject -- object constructive developmental theory . Lawrence Kohlberg 's stages of moral development described how individuals developed moral reasoning . Jane Loevinger , stages of ego development . Margaret Mahler 's separation - individuation theory of child development contained three phases regarding the child 's object relations . James Marcia 's theory of identity achievement and identity status . Abraham Maslow 's hierarchy of needs . Maria Montessori 's planes of development . Jean Piaget 's theory of cognitive development described how children represent and reason about the world . Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development Rudolf Steiner 's seven - year phases , similar to Piaget 's stage theory but extending into adulthood . While some of these theories focus primarily on the healthy development of children , others propose stages that are characterized by a maturity rarely reached before old age . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hayslip , Bert JR. , et al. ( 2006 ) . Developmental Stage Theories . Chapter in : Michel Hersen & Jay C. Thomas ( ed ) : Comprehensive Handbook Of Personality and Psychopathology . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Grivas J. & Carter L. `` Psychology for South Australia Stage I '' ^ Jump up to : White , F. , Hayes , B. , & Livesey , D. ( 2005 ) . Developmental Psychology : From Infancy to Adulthood . NSW : Pearson Education Australia Jump up ^ Kohlberg , L. ( 1987 ) . The Measurement of Moral Judgement . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 32565 - X . Jump up ^ Maslow , A.H. ( 1987 ) . Motivation and personality ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 041987 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lievegoed , Bernard ( 1997 ) . Phases : the spiritual rhythms of adult life . Forest Row , GB : Rudolf Steiner Press . ISBN 1 - 85584 - 056 - 1 . Human biological and psychological development Before birth Embryo Fetus After birth Infant Toddler Early childhood Childhood Child Preadolescence Adolescence Adulthood Middle age Old age Definitions Minor Age of majority Events and phases Gestational age Prenatal development Birth Child development stages Cognitive development of infants Human development Adult development Puberty Ageing Senescence Death Developmental psychology Antenatal Positive youth development Young adult Positive adult development Maturity Theorists and theories Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) ( Psychosexual development ) Piaget ( 1896 -- 1980 ) ( Theory of cognitive development ) Vygotsky ( 1896 -- 1934 ) ( Cultural - historical psychology ) Erikson ( 1902 -- 1994 ) ( Psychosocial development ) Bowlby ( 1907 -- 1990 ) ( Attachment theory ) Bronfenbrenner ( 1917 -- 2005 ) ( Ecological systems theory ) Kohlberg ( 1927 -- 1987 ) ( Stages of moral development ) Commons ( b . 1939 ) , Fischer ( b . 1943 ) , Kegan ( b . 1946 ) , Demetriou ( b . 1950 ) , and others ( Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development ) Evolutionary developmental psychology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Developmental_stage_theories&oldid=801622902 '' Categories : Human development Developmental psychology Stage theories Talk About Wikipedia Euskara Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 20 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when was adolescence first recognized as a distinct stage of human development
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History of the Philippines
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History of the Philippines - wikipedia History of the Philippines The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten . The reason given is : This lead section reads like a long timeline , and thus needs an introductory overview paragraph , and individual assertions seem to be based on 30 - year - old paradigms which may need to be reassessed in light of present - day scholarship ... Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia 's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on the History of the Philippines Prehistory ( pre -- 900 ) ( show ) Paleolithic age Awidon Mesa Formation Callao Limestone Formation Neolithic age Callao and Tabon peoples Arrival of the Negritos Austronesian expansion Angono Petroglyphs Lal - lo and Gattaran Shell Middens Jade culture Iron age Sa Huyun Culture Society of the Igorot Ancient barangays Events / Artifacts Balangay grave goods Manunggul Jar Prehistoric gems Sa Huyun - Kalanay Complex Maitum Anthropomorphic Pottery Archaic epoch ( 900 -- 1565 ) ( show ) Historically documented city - states / polities ( by geography from North to South ) Samtoy chieftaincy Caboloan Tondo Namayan Rajahnate of Maynila Ma - i Madja - as Chiefdom of Taytay Rajahnate of Cebu Kedatuan of Dapitan Rajahnate of Butuan Sultanate of Maguindanao Lanao confederacy Sultanate of Sulu Legendary Suwarnapumi Chryse Ophir Tawalisi Wāḳwāḳ Sanfotsi Zabag kingdom Ten Bornean Datus Events / Artifacts Maragtas Laguna Copperplate Inscription Butuan Ivory Seal Limestone tombs Batanes citadels Golden Tara Gold Kinnara Ticao Stone Inscription Butuan Silver Paleograph Buddhist art Majapahit conflict Brunei War Colonial period ( 1565 -- 1946 ) ( show ) Spanish era Voyage of Ferdinand Magellan Battle of Mactan Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi Spanish capture of Manila New Spain Captaincy General Spanish East Indies Manila galleon Revolts and uprisings Chinese invasion Sulu Sea pirates Dutch invasions British invasion Propaganda Movement Cavite Mutiny La Liga Filipina Katipunan Cry of Pugad Lawin Philippine Revolution Tejeros Convention Republic of Biak - na - Bato Spanish -- American War Battle of Manila Bay American capture of Manila Declaration of Independence Malolos Congress First Republic Philippine -- American War American colonial period Tagalog Republic Negros Republic Zamboanga Republic Moro Rebellion Insular Government Jones Law Tydings -- McDuffie Act Commonwealth Japanese occupation Fall of Bataan and Corregidor Second Republic Battle of Leyte Gulf Liberation of the Philippines Post-colonial period ( 1946 -- 1986 ) ( show ) Treaty of Manila Third Republic Hukbalahap Rebellion Filipino First policy New Society & Fourth Republic CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Moro Conflict People Power Revolution Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) ( show ) Mount Pinatubo eruption 1997 Asian financial crisis 2000 All - out war against MILF 2001 EDSA Revolution EDSA III Oakwood mutiny Typhoon Yolanda Philippine Drug War By topic ( show ) Ancient religions Rulers List of Queen consorts Military Political Communications Transportation Filipino Americans Timeline Archaeology Philippines portal Part of a series on the Culture of the Philippines History ( show ) Archaeology Prehistory 900 -- 1521 1521 -- 1898 1946 -- 65 1965 -- 86 1986 -- present People Languages Traditions Mythology and folklore ( show ) Mythology folklore Cuisine Festivals Religion Art Literature Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Performing arts Media ( show ) Radio Television Cinema Sport ( show ) basketball volleyball football martial arts rugby union Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Cultural properties Historical markers more Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms Motto Anthem Language Flower Tree Bird Gem Sport Philippines portal The history of the Philippines is believed to have begun with the arrival of the first humans using rafts or boats at least 67,000 years ago as the 2007 discovery of Callao Man suggested . Negrito groups first inhabited the isles . Groups of Austronesians later migrated to the islands . Scholars generally believe that these social groups eventually developed into various settlements or polities with varying degrees of economic specialization , social stratification , and political organization . Some of these settlements ( mostly those located on major river deltas ) achieved such a scale of social complexity that some scholars believe they should be considered early states . This includes the predecessors of modern - day population centers such as Maynila , Tondo , Pangasinan , Cebu , Panay , Bohol , Butuan , Cotabato , Lanao , and Sulu as well as some polities , such as Ma - i , whose possibly location are still the subject of debate among scholars . These polities were either influenced by the Hindu - Buddhist Indian religion , language , culture , literature and philosophy from India through many campaigns from India including the South - East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I , Islam from Arabia or were Sinified tributary states allied to China . These small maritime states flourished from the 1st millennium . These kingdoms traded with what are now called China , India , Japan , Thailand , Vietnam , and Indonesia . The remainder of the settlements were independent barangays allied with one of the larger states . These small states alternated from between being part of or being influenced by larger Asian empires like the Ming Dynasty , Majapahit and Brunei or rebelling and waging war against them . The first recorded visit by Europeans is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan . He sighted Samar Island on March 16 , 1521 and landed the next day on Homonhon Island , now part of Guiuan , Eastern Samar . Spanish colonization began with the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi 's expedition on February 13 , 1565 from Mexico . He established the first permanent settlement in Cebu . Much of the archipelago came under Spanish rule , creating the first unified political structure known as the Philippines . Spanish colonial rule saw the introduction of Christianity , the code of law and the oldest modern university in Asia . The Philippines was ruled under the Mexico - based Viceroyalty of New Spain . After which , the colony was directly governed by Spain . Spanish rule ended in 1898 with Spain 's defeat in the Spanish -- American War . The Philippines then became a territory of the United States . U.S forces suppressed a Philippine Revolution led by Emilio Aguinaldo . The United States established the Insular Government to rule the Philippines . In 1907 , the elected Philippine Assembly was set up with popular elections . The U.S. promised independence in the Jones Act . The Philippine Commonwealth was established in 1935 , as a 10 - year interim step prior to full independence . However , in 1942 during World War II , Japan occupied the Philippines . The U.S. military overpowered the Japanese in 1945 . The Treaty of Manila in 1946 established an independent Philippine Republic . Contents 1 Timeline 2 Prehistory 2.1 The Jade culture 2.2 The Sa Sa Huỳnh Culture 2.3 Timeline of Iron age 3 Pre-colonial period ( 900 AD to 1565 ) 3.1 Initial recorded history 3.2 The Polity of Tondo 3.3 Caboloan ( Pangasinan ) 3.4 The Nation of Ma - i 3.5 The Kedatuan of Dapitan 3.6 The Kedatuan of Madja - as 3.7 The Rajahnate of Cebu 3.8 The Rajahnate of Butuan 3.9 Struggle against Majapahit 3.10 The Sultanate of Sulu 3.11 The Sultanate of Maguindanao 3.12 The Sultanate of Lanao 3.13 The Bruneian Empire and the expansion of Islam 4 Spanish settlement and rule ( 1565 -- 1898 ) 4.1 Early Spanish expeditions and conquests 4.2 Spanish settlement during the 16th and 17th centuries 4.3 Spanish rule during the 18th century 4.3. 1 British invasion ( 1762 -- 1764 ) 4.3. 2 Spanish rule in the second part of the 18th century 4.4 Spanish rule during the 19th century 4.5 Philippine Revolution 5 American rule ( 1898 -- 1946 ) 5.1 Philippine -- American War 5.2 The Tagalog , Negros and Zamboanga Cantonal Republics 5.3 Insular Government ( 1901 -- 1935 ) 5.4 Commonwealth 5.5 World War II and Japanese occupation 5.5. 1 Military 5.5. 2 Home front 6 Postcolonial Philippines and the Third Republic ( 1946 -- 1965 ) 6.1 Administration of Manuel Roxas ( 1946 -- 1948 ) 6.2 Administration of Elpidio Quirino ( 1948 -- 1953 ) 6.3 Administration of Ramon Magsaysay ( 1953 -- 1957 ) 6.4 Administration of Carlos P. Garcia ( 1957 -- 1961 ) 6.5 Administration of Diosdado Macapagal ( 1961 -- 1965 ) 6.5. 1 Land Reform Code 6.5. 2 Maphilindo 7 Marcos era 7.1 Martial law 7.2 Fourth Republic 8 Fifth Republic ( 1986 -- present ) 8.1 Administration of Corazon Cojuangco Aquino ( 1986 -- 1992 ) 8.2 Administration of Fidel Valdez Ramos ( 1992 -- 1998 ) 8.3 Administration of Joseph Ejercito Estrada ( 1998 -- 2001 ) 8.4 Administration of Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo ( 2001 -- 2010 ) 8.5 Administration of Benigno Simeon Aquino III ( 2010 -- 2016 ) 8.6 Administration of Rodrigo Roa Duterte ( 2016 -- present ) 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Timeline ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of Philippine history Prehistory ( edit ) Main article : Prehistory of the Philippines Docking station and entrance to the Tabon Cave Complex Site in Palawan , where one of the oldest human remains was located . Discovery in 2018 of stone tools and fossils of butchered animal remains in Rizal , Kalinga has pushed back evidence of early hominins in the country to as early as 709,000 years . Still , the earliest archeological evidence for man in the archipelago is the 67,000 - year - old Callao Man of Cagayan and the Angono Petroglyphs in Rizal , both of whom appear to suggest the presence of human settlement prior to the arrival of the Negritos and Austronesian speaking people . There are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos . F. Landa Jocano theorizes that the ancestors of the Filipinos evolved locally . Wilhelm Solheim 's Island Origin Theory postulates that the peopling of the archipelago transpired via trade networks originating in the Sundaland area around 48,000 to 5000 BC rather than by wide - scale migration . The Austronesian Expansion Theory states that Malayo - Polynesians coming from Taiwan began migrating to the Philippines around 4000 BC , displacing earlier arrivals . The Negritos were early settlers , but their appearance in the Philippines has not been reliably dated . They were followed by speakers of the Malayo - Polynesian languages , a branch of the Austronesian language family , who began to arrive in successive waves beginning about 4000 BC , displacing the earlier arrivals . Before the expansion out of Taiwan , archaeological , linguistic and genetic evidence had linked Austronesian speakers in Insular Southeast Asia to cultures such as the Hemudu , its successor the Liangzhu and Dapenkeng in Neolithic China . During this neolithic period , a `` jade culture '' is said to have existed as evidenced by tens of thousands of exquisitely crafted jade artifacts found in the Philippines dated to 2000 BC . The jade is said to have originated nearby in Taiwan and is also found in many other areas in insular and mainland Southeast Asia . These artifacts are said to be evidence of long range communication between prehistoric Southeast Asian societies . The Ifugao / Igorot people utilized terrace farming in the steep mountainous regions of northern Philippines over 2000 years ago . By 1000 BC , the inhabitants of the Philippine archipelago had developed into four distinct kinds of peoples : tribal groups , such as the Aetas , Hanunoo , Ilongots and the Mangyan who depended on hunter - gathering and were concentrated in forests ; warrior societies , such as the Isneg and Kalinga who practiced social ranking and ritualized warfare and roamed the plains ; the petty plutocracy of the Ifugao Cordillera Highlanders , who occupied the mountain ranges of Luzon ; and the harbor principalities of the estuarine civilizations that grew along rivers and seashores while participating in trans - island maritime trade . It was also during the first millennium BC that early metallurgy was said to have reached the archipelagos of maritime Southeast Asia via trade with India Around 300 -- 700 AD , the seafaring peoples of the islands traveling in balangays began to trade with the Indianized kingdoms in the Malay Archipelago and the nearby East Asian principalities , adopting influences from both Buddhism and Hinduism . The jade culture ( edit ) Metal lingling - o earrings from Luzon . Existence of a `` Jade culture '' in the Philippines is evidenced by tens of thousands of exquisitely crafted jade artifacts found at a site in Batangas province . Jade artifacts are made from white and green nephrite and dating as far back as 2000 -- 1500 BC , have been discovered at a number of archeological excavations in the Philippines since the 1930s . The artifacts have been both tools like adzes and chisels , and ornaments such as lingling - o earrings , bracelets and beads . Nephrite , otherwise known as Jade , is a mineral widely used throughout Asia as ornaments or for decorative purposes . The oldest jade artefacts in Asia ( 6000 BC ) were found in China where they were used as the primary hardstone of Chinese sculpturing . In 3000 BC , jade production in the Hongsan and Liangzhu cultures of China reached its peak . During this period , the knowledge of jade craftsmanship spread across the sea to Taiwan and eventually to the Philippines . The artefacts discovered in several sites in the Philippines were made from nephrite . Nephrite excavated in the Philippines were of two types : white nephrite and green nephrite . The Sa Sa Huỳnh culture ( edit ) The factual accuracy of part of this article is disputed . The dispute is about the existence of a Sa Huỳnh presence in the Philippines aside from the presence of their trade products . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . See the relevant discussion on the talk page . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Asia in 200 BC , showing Sa Huỳnh cultures in southeast Asia The Sa Huỳnh culture centred on present - day Vietnam , showed evidence of an extensive trade network . Sa Huỳnh beads were made from glass , carnelian , agate , olivine , zircon , gold and garnet ; most of these materials were not local to the region , and were most likely imported . Han dynasty - style bronze mirrors were also found in Sa Sa Huỳnh sites . Conversely , Sa Sa Huỳnh produced ear ornaments have been found in archaeological sites in Central Thailand , Taiwan ( Orchid Island ) , and in the Philippines , in the Palawan , Tabon Caves . One of the great examples is the Kalanay Cave in Masbate ; the artefacts on the site in one of the `` Sa Huyun - Kalanay '' pottery complex sites were dated 400BC -- 1500 AD . The Maitum Anthropomorphic Pottery in the Sarangani Province of southern Mindanao is c. 200 AD . Timeline of Iron age ( edit ) Dates are approximate , consult particular article for details Prehistoric ( or Proto - historic ) Iron Age Historic Iron Age Pre-colonial period ( 900 AD to 1565 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the Philippines ( 900 -- 1521 ) Idjang Maynila Kedatuan of Madja - as Rajahnate of Butuan Sultanate of Sulu Ma - i Kedatuan of Dapitan Sultanate of Maguindanao Rajahnate of Cebu Namayan Tondo Sultanate of Lanao Igorot Plutocracy Cainta Caboloan Ibalon Samtoy Chiefdom of Taytay Locations of pre-colonial polities , kingdoms and sultanates in the Philippine archipelago Initial recorded History ( edit ) During the period of the south Indian Pallava dynasty and the north Indian Gupta Empire , Indian culture spread to Southeast Asia and the Philippines which led to the establishment of Indianized kingdoms . The end of Philippine prehistory is 900 , the date inscribed in the oldest Philippine document found so far , the Laguna Copperplate Inscription . From the details of the document , written in Kawi script , the bearer of a debt , Namwaran , along with his children Lady Angkatan and Bukah , are cleared of a debt by the ruler of Tondo . From the various Sanskrit terms and titles seen in the document , the culture and society of Manila Bay was that of a Hindu -- Old Malay amalgamation , similar to the cultures of Java , Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra at the time . There are no other significant documents from this period of pre-Hispanic Philippine society and culture until the Doctrina Christiana of the late 16th century , written at the start of the Spanish period in both native Baybayin script and Spanish . Other artifacts with Kawi script and baybayin were found , such as an Ivory seal from Butuan dated to the early 11th century and the Calatagan pot with baybayin inscription , dated to the 13th century . Tagalog royal couple belonging to the Maginoo class In the years leading up to 1000 , there were already several maritime societies existing in the islands but there was no unifying political state encompassing the entire Philippine archipelago . Instead , the region was dotted by numerous semi-autonomous barangays ( settlements ranging in size from villages to city - states ) under the sovereignty of competing thalassocracies ruled by datus , wangs , rajahs , sultans or lakans. or by upland agricultural societies ruled by `` petty plutocrats '' . States such as the Kingdom of Maynila , the Kingdom of Taytay in Palawan ( mentioned by Antonio Pigafetta to be where they resupplied when the remaining ships escaped Cebu after Magellan was slain ) , the Chieftaincy of Coron Island ruled by fierce warriors called Tagbanua as reported by Spanish missionaries mentioned by Nilo S. Ocampo , Namayan , the Kingdom of Tondo , the Sinitic wangdom of Pangasinan , the nation of Ma - i , the Kedatuans of Madja - as and Dapitan , the Indianized rajahnates of Butuan and Cebu and the sultanates of Maguindanao , Lanao and Sulu existed alongside the highland societies of the Ifugao and Mangyan . Some of these regions were part of the Malayan empires of Srivijaya , Majapahit and Brunei . The Polity of Tondo ( edit ) Main article : Tondo ( historical polity ) Since at least the year 900 , this thalassocracy centered in Manila Bay flourished via an active trade with Chinese , Japanese , Malays , and various other peoples in Asia . Tondo thrived as the capital and the seat of power of this ancient kingdom , which was led by kings under the title `` Lakan '' which belongs to the caste of the Maharlika , who were the feudal warrior class in ancient Tagalog society . They ruled a large part of what is now known as Luzon from Ilocos to Bicol from possibly before 900 AD to 1571 , becoming the largest pre-colonial Philippine state . The Spaniards called them Hidalgos . The people of Tondo had developed a culture which is predominantly Hindu and Buddhist , they were also good agriculturists , and lived through farming and aquaculture . During its existence , it grew to become one of the most prominent and wealthy kingdom states in pre-colonial Philippines due to heavy trade and connections with several neighboring nations such as China and Japan . The Laguna Copperplate Inscription , c. 900 CE . The oldest known historical record found in the Philippines , which indirectly refers to the polity of Tondo Due to its very good relations with Japan , the Japanese called Tondo as Luzon , even a famous Japanese merchant , Luzon Sukezaemon , went as far as to change his surname from Naya to Luzon . In 900 AD , the lord - minister Jayadewa presented a document of debt forgiveness to Lady Angkatan and her brother Bukah , the children of Namwaran . This is described in the Philippines ' oldest known document , the Laguna Copperplate Inscription . Caboloan ( Pangasinan ) ( edit ) Main article : Caboloan Pangasinan or Feng - chia - hsi - lan in Chinese records , was a sovereign Prehispanic Philippine state , notable for having traded with the Kingdom of Ryukyu , Japan and was a tributary state to Ming Dynasty . The Chinese records of this kingdom began when the first tributary King ( Wang in Chinese ) , Kamayin , sent an envoy offering gifts to the Chinese Emperor . The state occupies the current province of Pangasinan . It was locally known the Luyag na Kaboloan ( also spelled Caboloan ) , with Binalatongan as its capital , existed in the fertile Agno River valley . It flourished around the same period , the Srivijaya and Majapahit empires arose in Indonesia which had extended their influence to much of the Malay Archipelago . Urduja , a legendary woman warrior , is believed to have ruled in Pangasinan around the 14th century . The Luyag na Kaboloan expanded the territory and influence of Pangasinan to what are now the neighboring provinces of Zambales , La Union , Tarlac , Benguet , Nueva Ecija , and Nueva Vizcaya . Pangasinan enjoyed full independence until the Spanish conquest . In the sixteenth century Pangasinan was called the `` Port of Japan '' by the Spanish . The locals wore native apparel typical of other maritime Southeast Asian ethnic groups in addition to Japanese and Chinese silks . Even common people were clad in Chinese and Japanese cotton garments . They also blackened their teeth and were disgusted by the white teeth of foreigners , which were likened to that of animals . Also , used porcelain jars typical of Japanese and Chinese households . Japanese - style gunpowder weapons were also encountered in naval battles in the area . In exchange for these goods , traders from all over Asia would come to trade primarily for gold and slaves , but also for deerskins , civet and other local products . Other than a notably more extensive trade network with Japan and China , they were culturally similar to other Luzon groups to the south . The nation of Ma - i ( edit ) Main article : Ma - i Piloncitos , a type of gold nugget with Baybayin Ma characters which could be a symbol for the nation of Ma - i . Used as one of the early currencies along with gold rings Around 1225 , the nation of Ma - i , a Buddhist pre-Hispanic Philippine island - state centered in Mindoro , flourished as an entrepôt , attracting traders and shipping from the Kingdom of Ryukyu to the Empire of Japan . Chao Jukua , a customs inspector in Fukien province , China wrote the Zhufan Zhi ( `` Description of the Barbarous Peoples '' ) , which described trade with this pre-colonial Philippine state . Its people were noted for their honesty and trustworthiness in trade . The Kedatuan of Dapitan ( edit ) Main article : Kedatuan of Dapitan Around the 12th century , a group of people from Northern Mindanao settled in the strait between mainland Bohol and the island of Panglao . Those people came from a nation in northern Mindanao called Lutao ( probably the animist kingdom of what will soon be the Islamic Lanao ) . Those people established the Kedatuan of Dapitan in western Bohol because the true indigenous people of Bohol in the Anda peninsula and nearby areas were not open to them , forcing them to establish settlement in the western part of the island . The kedatuan was first built with hardwood on the soft seabed . It engaged it trade with nearby areas and some Chinese merchants . The Jesuit Alcina tells tales about a rich nation he called the ' Venice of the Visayas ' , pointing to the Kedatuan of Dapitan at that time . The Jesuit also tells of a Dapitan princess named Bugbung Hamusanum , whose beauty caused her suitor , Datu Sumangga of Leyte , to raid parts of southern China to win her hand . The Kedatuan of Madja - as ( edit ) Main article : Madja - as Images from the Boxer Codex illustrating an ancient kadatuan or tumao ( noble class ) Visayan couple . A royal couple of the Visayans . A Visayan princess . During the 11th century several exiled datus of the collapsing empire of Srivijaya led by Datu Puti led a mass migration to the central islands of the Philippines , fleeing from Rajah Makatunao of the island of Borneo . Upon reaching the island of Panay and purchasing the island from Negrito chieftain Marikudo , they established a confederation of polities and named it the Kedatuan of Madja - as centered in Aklan and they settled the surrounding islands of the Visayas . This confederation reached its peak under Datu Padojinog . During his reign the confederations ' hegemony extended over most of the islands of Visayas . Its people consistently made piratical attacks against Chinese imperial shipping . The Rajahnate of Cebu ( edit ) Main article : Rajahnate of Cebu Trading at Port of Sugbu , Chinese , Anamese , Cambodian , Europeans and Arabs entered and traded at the Cebu Port . Gold , cotton , and slaves were bartered in exchange of silk , porcelain , beads , and other metals . Traders paid tribute to the Rajah of Cebu . The Rajahnate of Cebu was a classical Philippine state which used to exist on Cebu island prior to the arrival of the Spanish . It was founded by Sri Lumay otherwise known as Rajamuda Lumaya , a minor prince of the Hindu Chola dynasty which happened to occupy Sumatra - Indonesia . He was sent by the maharajah to establish a base for expeditionary forces to subdue the local kingdoms but he rebelled and established his own independent Rajahnate instead . This rajahnate warred against the ' magalos ' ( Slave traders ) of Maguindanao and had an alliance with the Rajahnate of Butuan and Indianized Kutai in South Borneo , before it was weakened by the insurrection of Datu Lapu - Lapu . The Rajahnate of Butuan ( edit ) Main article : Rajahnate of Butuan Rajahnate of Butuan The Butuan Ivory Seal , displayed at the National Museum of the Philippines . The Kawi script lettering says `` But - wan '' and the smaller lettering ( similar to Baybayin ) says `` Bu - wa '' ( diacritics for the `` Wan / Ban '' in Kawi and `` Bu / Ba '' in the smaller letters have worn off ) . A silver strip excavated from the 1970s in Butuan inside of a wooden coffin . The characters display a Hindu - Buddhist influence , probably a form of early writing in the Philippines . ( c. 14th -- 15th century ) . By year 1011 , Rajah Sri Bata Shaja , the monarch of the Indianized Rajahnate of Butuan , a maritime - state famous for its goldwork sent a trade envoy under ambassador Likan - shieh to the Chinese Imperial Court demanding equal diplomatic status with other states . The request being approved , it opened up direct commercial links with the Rajahnate of Butuan and the Chinese Empire thereby diminishing the monopoly on Chinese trade previously enjoyed by their rivals , Tondo and the Champa civilization . Evidence of the existence of this rajahnate is given by the Butuan Silver Paleograph . Struggle against Majapahit ( edit ) During the 1300s , the Javanese - centered Hindu empire of Majapahit briefly ruled over Luzon island and the Sulu archipelago as recorded in the epic poem Nagarakretagama , which stated that they had colonies in the Philippines at Saludong ( Manila ) and Solot ( Sulu ) . It even incorporated the Butuan and Cebu Rajahanates ' Bornean ally , Kutai . But they failed to take hold of the Visayas islands , which was populated by Srivijayan loyalists who were waging incessant guerrilla warfare against them . Eventually , the kingdoms of Luzon regained independence from Majapahit during the Battle of Manila ( 1365 ) and Sulu also reestablished independence , and in vengeance , assaulted the Majapahit province of Poni ( Brunei ) before a fleet from the capital drove them out . The subsequent start of the Islamic era ushered the slow death of Majapahit as its provinces eventually seceded and became independent sultanates . With the upsurge of Islam , the remnants of Hindu Majapahit eventually fled to the island of Bali . The Sultanate of Sulu ( edit ) Main article : Sultanate of Sulu The official flag of the Royal Sultanate of Sulu under the guidance of Ampun Sultan Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram of Sulu . In 1380 , Karim ul ' Makdum and Shari'ful Hashem Syed Abu Bakr , an Arab trader born in Johore , arrived in Sulu from Malacca and established the Sultanate of Sulu by converting its previous ruler , the Hindu king , Rajah Baguinda , to Islam and then marrying his daughter . This sultanate eventually gained great wealth due to its diving for fine pearls . The Sultanate of Maguindanao ( edit ) Main article : Sultanate of Maguindanao The bust of Sultan Muhammad Kudarat of Maguindanao at Rizal Park . The Sultanate of Maguindanao rose to prominence at the end of the 15th century , Shariff Mohammed Kabungsuwan of Johor introduced Islam in the island of Mindanao and he subsequently married Paramisuli , an Iranun princess from Mindanao , and established the Sultanate of Maguindanao . It ruled most parts of Mindanao and continued to exist prior to the Spanish colonization until the 19th century . The Sultanate also traded and maintained good relations with the Chinese , Dutch , and the British . The Sultanate of Lanao ( edit ) Main article : Confederation of sultanates in Lanao The Sultanates of Lanao in Mindanao , Philippines were founded in the 16th century through the influence of Shariff Kabungsuan , who was enthroned as first Sultan of Maguindanao in 1520 . Islam was introduced to the area by Muslim missionaries and traders from the Middle East , Indian and Malay regions who propagated Islam to Sulu and Maguindanao . Unlike in Sulu and Maguindanao , the Sultanate system in Lanao was uniquely decentralized . The area was divided into Four Principalities of Lanao or the Pat a Pangampong a Ranao which are composed of a number of royal houses ( Sapolo ago Nem a Panoroganan or The Sixteen ( 16 ) Royal Houses ) with specific territorial jurisdictions within mainland Mindanao . This decentralized structure of royal power in Lanao was adopted by the founders , and maintained up to the present day , in recognition of the shared power and prestige of the ruling clans in the area , emphasizing the values of unity of the nation ( kaiisaisa o bangsa ) , patronage ( kaseselai ) and fraternity ( kapapagaria ) . By the 16th century , Islam had spread to other parts of the Visayas and Luzon . The Bruneian Empire and the expansion of Islam ( edit ) Main article : Bruneian Empire Prior to the usage of the Arabic style merged with Modernist style common in mosque architecture in the Philippines today , the mosques of the Philippines used to be the vernacular hut - style and Pagoda - style , which were common until the late 19th century . During the reign of Sultan Bolkiah in 1485 to 1521 , the recently Islamized Bruneian Empire ( formerly the Majapahit province of Poni that had seceded ) decided to break the Dynasty of Tondo 's monopoly in the China trade by attacking Tondo and defeating Rajah Gambang and then establishing the State of Selurong ( Kingdom of Maynila ) as a Bruneian satellite - state . A new dynasty under the Islamized Rajah Salalila was also established to challenge the House of Lakandula in Tondo . In addition to establishing the satellite state of Manila , Sultan Bolkiah also married Laila Mecana , the daughter of Sulu Sultan Amir Ul - Ombra to expand Brunei 's influence in both Luzon and Mindanao . Furthermore , Islam was further strengthened by the arrival to the Philippines of traders and proselytizers from Malaysia and Indonesia . Concurrent with the spread of Islam in the Philippine archipelago , was the rise of the Lucoes who were the people of Luzon . They rose to prominence by establishing overseas communities all across Southeast Asia and participating in trading ventures , navigation expeditions and military campaigns in Burma , Malacca and East Timor where they were employed as traders and mercenaries . One prominent Luções was Regimo de Raja , who was a spice magnate and a Temenggung ( Jawi : تمڠݢوڠ ) ( Governor and Chief General ) in Portuguese Malacca . He was also the head of an armada which traded and protected commerce between the Indian Ocean , the Strait of Malacca , the South China Sea , and the medieval maritime principalities of the Philippines . Around 1563 AD , at the closing stages of the precolonial era , the Kedatuan of Dapitan in Bohol achieved prominence and it was known to a later Spanish missionary , Alcina , as the `` Venice of the Visayas '' , because it was a wealthy , wooden and floating city - state in the Visayas . However , this kedatuan was eventually attacked and destroyed by soldiers from the Sultanate of Ternate , a state made up of Muslim Papuan people . The survivors of the destruction , led by their datu , Pagbuaya , migrated to northern Mindanao and established a new Dapitan there . Eventually , in vengeance against the Muslims and Portuguese allied to the Ternateans , they aided the Spanish in the conquest of Muslim Manila and in the Spanish expeditions to capture Portuguese Ternate . There was also a simmering territorial conflict between the Polity of Tondo and the Bruneian vassal - state , the Islamic Rajahnate of Maynila , to which the ruler of Maynila , Rajah Matanda , sought military assistance against Tondo from his relatives at the Sultanate of Brunei . The Hindu Rajahnates of Butuan and Cebu also endured slave raids from , and waged wars against the Sultanate of Maguindanao . Simultaneous with these slave - raids , was the rebellion of Datu Lapu - Lapu of Mactan against Rajah Humabon of Cebu . The sparse population and the multiple states competing over the limited territory and people of the islands simplified Spanish colonization by allowing its conquistadors to effectively employ a strategy of divide and conquer for rapid conquest . Spanish settlement and rule ( 1565 -- 1898 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the Philippines ( 1521 -- 1898 ) Early Spanish expeditions and CONQUESTS ( edit ) Main article : Spanish - Moro Conflict Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines in 1521 . Parts of the Philippine Islands were known to Europeans before the 1521 Spanish expedition around the world led by Portuguese - born Spanish explorer Ferdinand Magellan ( the Portuguese conquered Malacca City in 1511 and reached Maluku Islands in 1512 ) . Magellan landed on the island called Homonhon , claiming the islands he saw for Spain , and naming them Islas de San Lázaro . He established friendly relations with some of the local leaders especially with Rajah Humabon and converted some of them to Roman Catholicism . In the Philippines , they explored many islands including the island of Mactan . However , Magellan was killed during the Battle of Mactan against the local datu , Lapu - Lapu . Old Spanish Chart of the Philippine Islands Over the next several decades , other Spanish expeditions were dispatched to the islands . In 1543 , Ruy López de Villalobos led an expedition to the islands and gave the name Las Islas Filipinas ( after Philip II of Spain ) to the islands of Samar and Leyte . The name was then extended to the entire archipelago later on in the Spanish era . A late 17th - century manuscript by Gaspar de San Agustin from the Archive of the Indies , depicting López de Legazpi 's conquest of the Philippines European colonization began in earnest when Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi arrived from Mexico in 1565 and formed the first European settlements in Cebu . Beginning with just five ships and five hundred men accompanied by Augustinian monks , and further strengthened in 1567 by two hundred soldiers , he was able to repel the Portuguese and create the foundations for the colonization of the Archipelago . In 1571 , the Spanish , their Latin - American recruits and their Visayan allies attacked and occupied the kingdom of Tondo as well as Maynila , a vassal - state of the Brunei Sultanate , establishing Manila as the capital of the Spanish East Indies . Monument in Lapu - Lapu City , Cebu in the Philippines . Legazpi built a fort in Maynila and made overtures of friendship to Lakan Dula , Lakan of Tondo , who accepted . However , Maynila 's former ruler , the Muslim rajah , Rajah Sulayman , who was a vassal to the Sultan of Brunei , refused to submit to Legazpi , but failed to get the support of Lakan Dula or of the Pampangan and Pangasinan settlements to the north . When Tarik Sulayman and a force of Kapampangan and Tagalog Muslim warriors attacked the Spaniards in the battle of Bankusay , he was finally defeated and killed . In 1578 , the Castilian War erupted between the Christian Spaniards and Muslim Bruneians over control of the Philippine archipelago . On one side , the newly Christianized Non-Muslim Visayans of the Kedatuan of Madja - as and Rajahnate of Cebu , plus the Rajahnate of Butuan ( which were from northern Mindanao ) , as well as the remnants of the Kedatuan of Dapitan had previously waged war against the Sultanate of Sulu and Kingdom of Maynila , then joined the Spanish in the war against the Bruneian Empire and its allies , the Bruneian puppet - state of Maynila and Sulu which had dynastic links with Brunei . The Spanish and its Visayan allies assaulted Brunei and seized its capital , Kota Batu . This was achieved as a result in part of the assistance rendered to them by two noblemen , Pengiran Seri Lela and Pengiran Seri Ratna . The former had traveled to Manila to offer Brunei as a tributary of Spain for help to recover the throne usurped by his brother , Saiful Rijal . The Spanish agreed that if they succeeded in conquering Brunei , Pengiran Seri Lela would indeed become the Sultan , while Pengiran Seri Ratna would be the new Bendahara . In March 1578 , the Spanish fleet , led by De Sande himself , acting as Capitán General , started their journey towards Brunei . The expedition consisted of 400 Spaniards , 1,500 Filipino natives and 300 Borneans . The campaign was one of many , which also included action in Mindanao and Sulu . Miguel López de Legazpi The Spanish succeeded in invading the capital on April 16 , 1578 , with the help of Pengiran Seri Lela and Pengiran Seri Ratna . Sultan Saiful Rijal and Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan Abdul Kahar were forced to flee to Meragang then to Jerudong . In Jerudong , they made plans to chase the conquering army away from Brunei . The Spanish suffered heavy losses due to a cholera or dysentery outbreak . They were so weakened by the illness that they decided to abandon Brunei to return to Manila on June 26 , 1578 , after just 72 days . Before doing so , they burned the mosque , a high structure with a five - tier roof . Pengiran Seri Lela died in August -- September 1578 , probably from the same illness that had afflicted his Spanish allies , although there was suspicion he could have been poisoned by the ruling Sultan . Seri Lela 's daughter , the Bruneian princess , left with the Spanish and went on to marry a Christian Tagalog , named Agustín de Legazpi of Tondo and had children in the Philippines . In 1587 , Magat Salamat , one of the children of Lakan Dula , along with Lakan Dula 's nephew and lords of the neighboring areas of Tondo , Pandacan , Marikina , Candaba , Navotas and Bulacan , were executed when the Tondo Conspiracy of 1587 -- 1588 failed in which a planned grand alliance with the Japanese Christian - captain , Gayo , and Brunei 's Sultan , would have restored the old aristocracy . Its failure resulted in the hanging of Agustín de Legaspi and the execution of Magat Salamat ( the crown - prince of Tondo ) . Thereafter , some of the conspirators were exiled to Guam or Guerrero , Mexico . Spanish power was further consolidated after Miguel López de Legazpi 's complete assimilation of Madja - as , his subjugation of Rajah Tupas , the Rajah of Cebu and Juan de Salcedo 's conquest of the provinces of Zambales , La Union , Ilocos , the coast of Cagayan , and the ransacking of the Chinese warlord Limahong 's pirate kingdom in Pangasinan . The Spanish also invaded Northern Taiwan and Ternate in Indonesia , using Filipino warriors , before they were driven out by the Dutch . The Spanish and the Moros of the sultanates of Maguindanao , Lanao and Sulu also waged many wars over hundreds of years in the Spanish - Moro conflict , not until the 19th century did Spain succeed in defeating the Sulu Sultanate and taking Mindanao under nominal suzerainty . The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the Reconquista , a centuries - long campaign to retake and rechristianize the Spanish homeland which was invaded by the Muslims of the Umayyad Caliphate . The Spanish expeditions into the Philippines were also part of a larger Ibero - Islamic world conflict that included a rivalry with the Ottoman Caliphate which had a center of operations at its nearby vassal , the Sultanate of Aceh . Spanish settlement during the 16th and 17th centuries ( edit ) The sketch of the Plaza de Roma Manila by Fernando Brambila , a member of the Malaspina Expedition during their stop in Manila in 1792 . Bahay na bato , a typical Filipino urban house during the colonial era The `` Memoria de las Encomiendas en las Islas '' of 1591 , just twenty years after the conquest of Luzon , reveals a remarkable progress in the work of colonization and the spread of Christianity . A cathedral was built in the city of Manila with an episcopal palace , Augustinian , Dominican and Franciscan monasteries and a Jesuit house . The king maintained a hospital for the Spanish settlers and there was another hospital for the natives run by the Franciscans . In order to defend the settlements the Spaniards established in the Philippines , a network of military fortresses called `` Presidios '' were constructed and officered by the Spaniards , and sentried by Latin - Americans and Filipinos , across the archipelago , to protect it from foreign nations such as the Portuguese , British and Dutch as well as raiding Muslims and Wokou . The Manila garrison was composed of roughly four hundred Spanish soldiers and the area of Intramuros as well as its surroundings , were initially settled by 1200 Spanish families . In Cebu City , at the Visayas , the settlement received a total of 2,100 soldier - settlers from New Spain . At the immediate south of Manila , Mexicans were present at Ermita and at Cavite where they were stationed as sentries . In addition , men conscripted from Peru , were also sent to settle Zamboanga City in Mindanao , to wage war upon Muslim pirates . There were also communities of Spanish - Mestizos that developed in Iloilo , Negros and Vigan . Interactions between native Filipinos and immigrant Spaniards , Latin - Americans and their Spanish - Mestizo descendants eventually caused the formation of a new language , Chavacano , a creole of Mexican Spanish . Meanwhile , in the suburb of Tondo , there was a convent run by Franciscan friars and another by the Dominicans that offered Christian education to the Chinese converted to Christianity . The same report reveals that in and around Manila were collected 9,410 tributes , indicating a population of about 30,640 who were under the instruction of thirteen missionaries ( ministers of doctrine ) , apart from the monks in monasteries . In the former province of Pampanga the population estimate was 74,700 and 28 missionaries . In Pangasinan 2,400 people with eight missionaries . In Cagayan and islands Babuyanes 96,000 people but no missionaries . In La Laguna 48,400 people with 27 missionaries . In Bicol and Camarines Catanduanes islands 86,640 people with fifteen missionaries . Based on the tribute counts , the total founding population of Spanish - Philippines was 667,612 people , of which : 20,000 were Chinese migrant traders , 16,500 were Latino soldier - colonists sent from Peru and Mexico , 3,000 were Japanese residents , and 600 were pure Spaniards from Europe , there was also a large but unknown number of Indian Filipinos , the rest were Malays and Negritos . They were under the care of 140 missionaries , of which 79 were Augustinians , nine Dominicans and 42 Franciscans . Maria Clara gown The fragmented and sparsely populated nature of the islands made it easy for Spanish colonization . The Spanish then brought political unification to most of the Philippine archipelago via the conquest of the various small maritime states although they were unable to fully incorporate parts of the sultanates of Mindanao and the areas where the ethnic groups and highland plutocracy of the animist Ifugao of Northern Luzon were established . The Spanish introduced elements of western civilization such as the code of law , western printing and the Gregorian calendar alongside new food resources such as maize , pineapple and chocolate from Latin America . Plaza Santo Tomas in Intramuros , Manila ; where the Santo Domingo Church , Colegio de Santa Rosa and the original University of Santo Tomas were built during the Spanish era . Education played a major role in the socio - economic transformation of the archipelago . The oldest universities , colleges , and vocational schools and the first modern public education system in Asia were all created during the Spanish colonial period , and by the time Spain was replaced by the United States as the colonial power , Filipinos were among the most educated subjects in all of Asia . The Jesuits founded the Colegio de Manila in 1590 , which later became the Universidad de San Ignacio , a royal and pontifical university . They also founded the Colegio de San Ildefonso on August 1 , 1595 . After the expulsion of the Society of Jesus in 1768 , the management of the Jesuit schools passed to other parties . On April 28 , 1611 , through the initiative of Bishop Miguel de Benavides , the University of Santo Tomas was founded in Manila . The Jesuits also founded the Colegio de San José ( 1601 ) and took over the Escuela Municipal , later to be called the Ateneo de Manila University ( 1859 ) . All institutions offered courses included not only religious topics but also science subjects such as physics , chemistry , natural history and mathematics . The University of Santo Tomás , for example , started by teaching theology , philosophy and humanities and during the 18th century , the Faculty of Jurisprudence and Canonical Law , together with the schools of medicine and pharmacy were opened . Wife of José Rizal , wearing Maria Clara gown Outside the tertiary institutions , the efforts of missionaries were in no way limited to religious instruction but also geared towards promoting social and economic advancement of the islands . They cultivated into the natives their innate taste for music and taught Spanish language to children . They also introduced advances in rice agriculture , brought from America maize and cocoa and developed the farming of indigo , coffee and sugar cane . The only commercial plant introduced by a government agency was the plant of tobacco . Church and state were inseparably linked in Spanish policy , with the state assuming responsibility for religious establishments . One of Spain 's objectives in colonizing the Philippines was the conversion of the local population to Roman Catholicism . The work of conversion was facilitated by the disunity and insignificance of other organized religions , except for Islam , which was still predominant in the southwest . The pageantry of the church had a wide appeal , reinforced by the incorporation of indigenous social customs into religious observances . The eventual outcome was a new Roman Catholic majority , from which the Muslims of western Mindanao and the upland tribal and animistic peoples of Luzon remained detached and alienated from ( Ethnic groups such as the Ifugaos of the Cordillera region and the Mangyans of Mindoro ) . At the lower levels of administration , the Spanish built on traditional village organization by co-opting local leaders . This system of indirect rule helped create an indigenous upper class , called the principalía , who had local wealth , high status , and other privileges . This perpetuated an oligarchic system of local control . Among the most significant changes under Spanish rule was that the indigenous idea of communal use and ownership of land was replaced with the concept of private ownership and the conferring of titles on members of the principalía . Around 1608 William Adams , an English navigator contacted the interim governor of the Philippines , Rodrigo de Vivero y Velasco on behalf of Tokugawa Ieyasu , who wished to establish direct trade contacts with New Spain . Friendly letters were exchanged , officially starting relations between Japan and New Spain . From 1565 to 1821 , the Philippines was governed as a territory of the Viceroyalty of New Spain from Mexico , via the Royal Audiencia of Manila , and administered directly from Spain from 1821 after the Mexican revolution , until 1898 . The Manila galleons which linked Manila to Acapulco traveled once or twice a year between the 16th and 19th centuries . The Spanish military fought off various indigenous revolts and several external colonial challenges , especially from the British , Chinese pirates , Dutch , and Portuguese . Roman Catholic missionaries converted most of the lowland inhabitants to Christianity and founded schools , universities , and hospitals . In 1863 a Spanish decree introduced education , establishing public schooling in Spanish . Manila Cathedral Coat of arms of Manila were at the corners of the Cross of Burgundy in the Spanish - Filipino battle standard . In 1646 , a series of five naval actions known as the Battles of La Naval de Manila was fought between the forces of Spain and the Dutch Republic , as part of the Eighty Years ' War . Although the Spanish forces consisted of just two Manila galleons and a galley with crews composed mainly of Filipino volunteers , against three separate Dutch squadrons , totaling eighteen ships , the Dutch squadrons were severely defeated in all fronts by the Spanish - Filipino forces , forcing the Dutch to abandon their plans for an invasion of the Philippines . Spanish rule during the 18th century ( edit ) Colonial income derived mainly from entrepôt trade : The Manila Galleons sailing from the port of Manila to the port of Acapulco on the west coast of Mexico brought shipments of silver bullion , and minted coin that were exchanged for return cargoes of Asian , and Pacific products . A total of 110 Manila galleons set sail in the 250 years of the Manila - Acapulco galleon trade ( 1565 to 1815 ) . There was no direct trade with Spain until 1766 . Fort Santiago Postern of Our Lady of Solitude , Manila , through which on 5 October 1762 , Lieutenant Governor Simón de Anda y Salazar escaped the British bombardment during the conquest of Manila . The Philippines was never profitable as a colony during Spanish rule , and the long war against the Dutch in the 17th century together with the intermittent conflict with the Muslims in the South nearly bankrupted the colonial treasury . The Royal Fiscal of Manila wrote a letter to King Charles III of Spain , in which he advises to abandon the colony . The Philippines survived on an annual subsidy paid by the Spanish Crown , and the 200 - year - old fortifications at Manila had not been improved much since first built by the early Spanish colonizers . This was one of the circumstances that made possible the brief British occupation of Manila between 1762 and 1764 . British invasion ( 1762 -- 1764 ) ( edit ) Main article : British occupation of Manila Britain declared war against Spain on January 4 , 1762 and on September 24 , 1762 a force of British Army regulars and British East India Company soldiers , supported by the ships and men of the East Indies Squadron of the British Royal Navy , sailed into Manila Bay from Madras , India . Manila was besieged and fell to the British on October 4 , 1762 . Outside of Manila , the Spanish leader Simón de Anda y Salazar organized a militia of 10 000 of mostly from Pampanga to resist British rule . Anda y Salazar established his headquarters first in Bulacan , then in Bacolor . After a number of skirmishes and failed attempts to support uprisings , the British command admitted to the War Secretary in London that the Spanish were `` in full possession of the country '' . The occupation of Manila ended in April 1764 as agreed to in the peace negotiations for the Seven Years ' War in Europe . The Spanish then persecuted the Binondo Chinese community for its role in aiding the British . An unknown number of Indian soldiers known as sepoys , who came with the British , deserted and settled in nearby Cainta , Rizal , which explains the uniquely Indian features of generations of Cainta residents . Spanish rule in the second part of the 18th century ( edit ) The Cross of Burgundy served as the flag of the Viceroyalty of New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) Colonial houses of the Philippines In 1766 direct communication was established with Spain and trade with Europe through a national ship based on Spain . Those expeditions were administered since 1785 by the Real Compañía Filipina , which was granted a monopoly of trade between Spain and the islands that lasted until 1834 , when the company was terminated by the Spanish crown due to poor management and financial losses . In 1781 , Governor - General José Basco y Vargas established the Economic Society of the Friends of the Country . The Philippines was administered from the Viceroyalty of New Spain until the independence to Mexico in 1821 necessitated the direct rule from Spain of the Philippines from that year . Spanish rule during the 19th century ( edit ) José Rizal The Philippines was included in the vast territory of the Kingdom of Spain , in the first constitution of Spain promulgated in Cadiz in 1812 . It was never a colony as modern - day historical literature would say , but an overseas region in Asia ( Spanish Constitution 1812 ) . The Spanish Constitution of 1870 provides for the first autonomous community for `` Archipelago Filipino '' where all provinces in the Philippine Islands will be given the semi-independent home rule program . During the 19th century Spain invested heavily in education and infrastructure . Through the Education Decree of December 20 , 1863 , Queen Isabella II of Spain decreed the establishment of a free public school system that used Spanish as the language of instruction , leading to increasing numbers of educated Filipinos . Additionally , the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 cut travel time to Spain , which facilitated the rise of the ilustrados , an enlightened class of Spanish - Filipinos that had been able to enroll in Spanish and European universities . The Philippines has contributed one Prime Minister to Spain , Marcelo Azcarraga , who was born in the Bicol Peninsula in the Philippine Islands , Spain . Holy Rosary Minor Seminary A great number of infrastructure projects were undertaken during the 19th century that put the Philippine economy and standard of living ahead of most of its Asian neighbors and even many European countries at that time . Among them were a railway system for Luzon , a tramcar network for Manila , and Asia 's first steel suspension bridge Puente Claveria , later called Puente Colgante . On August 1 , 1851 the Banco Español - Filipino de Isabel II was established to attend the needs of the rapid economic boom , that had greatly increased its pace since the 1800s as a result of a new economy based on a rational exploitation of the agricultural resources of the islands . The increase in textile fiber crops such as abacá , oil products derived from the coconut , indigo , that was growing in demand , etc. , generated an increase in money supply that led to the creation of the bank . Banco Español - Filipino was also granted the power to print a Philippine - specific currency ( the Philippine peso ) for the first time ( before 1851 , many currencies were used , mostly the pieces of eight ) . Spanish Manila was seen in the 19th century as a model of colonial governance that effectively put the interests of the original inhabitants of the islands before those of the colonial power . As John Crawfurd put it in its History of the Indian Archipelago , in all of Asia the `` Philippines alone did improve in civilization , wealth , and populousness under the colonial rule '' of a foreign power . John Bowring , Governor General of British Hong Kong from 1856 to 1860 , wrote after his trip to Manila : Escolta , Manila in 1899 `` Credit is certainly due to Spain for having bettered the condition of a people who , though comparatively highly civilized , yet being continually distracted by petty wars , had sunk into a disordered and uncultivated state . The inhabitants of these beautiful Islands upon the whole , may well be considered to have lived as comfortably during the last hundred years , protected from all external enemies and governed by mild laws vis - a-vis those from any other tropical country under native or European sway , owing in some measure , to the frequently discussed peculiar ( Spanish ) circumstances which protect the interests of the natives . '' In The Inhabitants of the Philippines , Frederick Henry Sawyer wrote : Santa Lucia Gate , Intramuros , Manila `` Until an inept bureaucracy was substituted for the old paternal rule , and the revenue quadrupled by increased taxation , the Filipinos were as happy a community as could be found in any colony . The population greatly multiplied ; they lived in competence , if not in affluence ; cultivation was extended , and the exports steadily increased . ( ... ) Let us be just ; what British , French , or Dutch colony , populated by natives can compare with the Philippines as they were until 1895 ? . '' The first official census in the Philippines was carried out in 1878 . The colony 's population as of December 31 , 1877 , was recorded at 5,567,685 persons . This was followed by the 1887 census that yielded a count of 6,984,727 , while that of 1898 yielded 7,832,719 inhabitants . The estimated GDP per capita for the Philippines in 1900 , the year Spain left , was $1,033.00 . That made it the second - richest place in all of Asia , just a little behind Japan ( $1,135.00 ) , and far ahead of China ( $652.00 ) and India ( $625.00 ) . In 2006 , the Civil Code of Spain provided that the acquisition of nationalities of Ibero - American countries , Andorra , the Philippines , Equatorial Guinea , Portugal and those of the Sephardic Jews originally from Spain , does not bear the loss of their Spanish nationalities of origin that paved the way for easier route of Spanish Nationality reacquisition by the people of the Philippines . A similar law in the Philippines was enacted later in 1963 that provides `` Natural born citizens of the Philippines who acquired the citizenship of one of the Iberian countries , Ibero - American Countries and United Kingdom will not lose their natural born citizen status . '' Philippine Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Philippine Revolution Andrés Bonifacio , father of the Philippine Revolution . Revolutionary sentiments arose in 1872 after three Filipino priests , Mariano Gómez , José Burgos , and Jacinto Zamora , known as Gomburza , were accused of sedition by colonial authorities and executed by garote . This would inspire the Propaganda Movement in Spain , organized by Marcelo H. del Pilar , José Rizal , Graciano López Jaena , and Mariano Ponce , that clamored for adequate representation to the Spanish Cortes and later for independence . José Rizal , the most celebrated intellectual and radical ilustrado of the era , wrote the novels `` Noli Me Tángere '' , and `` El filibusterismo '' , which greatly inspired the movement for independence . The Katipunan , a secret society whose primary purpose was that of overthrowing Spanish rule in the Philippines , was founded by Andrés Bonifacio who became its Supremo ( leader ) . An early flag of the Filipino revolutionaries . The Philippine Revolution began in 1896 . Rizal was wrongly implicated in the outbreak of the revolution and executed for treason in 1896 . The Katipunan in Cavite split into two groups , Magdiwang , led by Mariano Álvarez ( a relative of Bonifacio 's by marriage ) , and Magdalo , led by Emilio Aguinaldo . Leadership conflicts between Bonifacio and Aguinaldo culminated in the execution or assassination of the former by the latter 's soldiers . Aguinaldo agreed to a truce with the Pact of Biak - na - Bato and Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries were exiled to Hong Kong . Not all the revolutionary generals complied with the agreement . One , General Francisco Makabulos , established a Central Executive Committee to serve as the interim government until a more suitable one was created . Armed conflicts resumed , this time coming from almost every province in Spanish - governed Philippines . Revolutionaries gather during the Malolos Congress of the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines . In 1898 , as conflicts continued in the Philippines , the USS Maine , having been sent to Cuba because of U.S. concerns for the safety of its citizens during an ongoing Cuban revolution , exploded and sank in Havana harbor . This event precipitated the Spanish -- American War . After Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish squadron at Manila , a German squadron arrived in Manila and engaged in maneuvers which Dewey , seeing this as obstruction of his blockade , offered war -- after which the Germans backed down . The German Emperor expected an American defeat , with Spain left in a sufficiently weak position for the revolutionaries to capture Manila -- leaving the Philippines ripe for German picking . The U.S. invited Aguinaldo to return to the Philippines in the hope he would rally Filipinos against the Spanish colonial government . Aguinaldo arrived on May 19 , 1898 , via transport provided by Dewey . On June 12 , 1898 , Aguinaldo declared the independence of the Philippines in Kawit , Cavite . Aguinaldo proclaimed a Revolutionary Government of the Philippines on June 23 . By the time U.S. land forces arrived , the Filipinos had taken control of the entire island of Luzon except for Spanish capitol in the walled city of Intramuros . In the Battle of Manila , on August 13 , 1898 , the United States captured the city from the Spanish . This battle marked an end of Filipino - American collaboration , as Filipino forces were prevented from entering the captured city of Manila , an action deeply resented by the Filipinos . On January 23 , 1899 , the First Philippine Republic was proclaimed under Asia 's first democratic constitution , with Aguinaldo as its President . Spain and the United States had sent commissioners to Paris to draw up the terms of the Treaty of Paris to end the Spanish -- American War . The Filipino representative , Felipe Agoncillo , had been excluded from sessions as Aguinaldo 's government was not recognized by the family of nations . Although there was substantial domestic opposition , the United States decided to annex the Philippines . In addition to Guam and Puerto Rico , Spain was forced in the negotiations cede the Philippines to the U.S. in exchange for US $20,000,000.00 . U.S. President McKinley justified the annexation of the Philippines by saying that it was `` a gift from the gods '' and that since `` they were unfit for self - government , ... there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all , and to educate the Filipinos , and uplift and civilize and Christianize them '' , in spite of the Philippines having been already Christianized by the Spanish over the course of several centuries . The First Philippine Republic resisted the U.S. occupation , resulting in the Philippine -- American War ( 1899 -- 1913 ) . American rule ( 1898 -- 1946 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) 1898 political cartoon showing U.S. President McKinley with a native child . Here , returning the Philippines to Spain is compared to throwing the child off a cliff . Filipinos initially saw their relationship with the United States as that of two nations joined in a common struggle against Spain . However , the United States later distanced itself from the interests of the Filipino insurgents . Emilio Aguinaldo was unhappy that the United States would not commit to paper a statement of support for Philippine independence . Relations deteriorated and tensions heightened as it became clear that the Americans were in the islands to stay . Philippine -- American War ( edit ) Main article : Philippine -- American War Filipino casualties on the first day of war Hostilities broke out on February 4 , 1899 , after two American privates on patrol killed three Filipino soldiers in San Juan , a Manila suburb . This incident sparked the Philippine -- American War , which would cost far more money and take far more lives than the Spanish -- American War . Some 126,000 American soldiers would be committed to the conflict ; 4,234 Americans died , as did 12,000 -- 20,000 Philippine Republican Army soldiers who were part of a nationwide guerrilla movement of at least 80,000 to 100,000 soldiers . The general population , caught between Americans and rebels , suffered significantly . At least 200,000 Filipino civilians lost their lives as an indirect result of the war mostly as a result of the cholera epidemic at the war 's end that took between 150,000 and 200,000 lives . Atrocities were committed by both sides . American troops guarding the bridge over the River Pasig on the afternoon of the surrender . From Harper 's Pictorial History of the War with Spain , Vol. II , published by Harper and Brothers in 1899 . President Emilio Aguinaldo boarding the USS Vicksburg after his capture by American forces . The poorly equipped Filipino troops were easily overpowered by American troops in open combat , but they were formidable opponents in guerrilla warfare . Malolos , the revolutionary capital , was captured on March 31 , 1899 . Aguinaldo and his government escaped , however , establishing a new capital at San Isidro , Nueva Ecija . On June 5 , 1899 , Antonio Luna , Aguinaldo 's most capable military commander , was killed by Aguinaldo 's guards in an apparent assassination while visiting Cabanatuan , Nueva Ecija to meet with Aguinaldo . With his best commander dead and his troops suffering continued defeats as American forces pushed into northern Luzon , Aguinaldo dissolved the regular army on November 13 and ordered the establishment of decentralized guerrilla commands in each of several military zones . Another key general , Gregorio del Pilar , was killed on December 2 , 1899 in the Battle of Tirad Pass -- a rear guard action to delay the Americans while Aguinaldo made good his escape through the mountains . Aguinaldo was captured at Palanan , Isabela on March 23 , 1901 and was brought to Manila . Convinced of the futility of further resistance , he swore allegiance to the United States and issued a proclamation calling on his compatriots to lay down their arms , officially bringing an end to the war . However , sporadic insurgent resistance continued in various parts of the Philippines , especially in the Muslim south , until 1913 . Flag of the United States , 1896 -- 1908 . In 1900 , President McKinley sent the Taft Commission , to the Philippines , with a mandate to legislate laws and re-engineer the political system . On July 1 , 1901 , William Howard Taft , the head of the commission , was inaugurated as Civil Governor , with limited executive powers . The authority of the Military Governor was continued in those areas where the insurrection persisted . The Taft Commission passed laws to set up the fundamentals of the new government , including a judicial system , civil service , and local government . A Philippine Constabulary was organized to deal with the remnants of the insurgent movement and gradually assume the responsibilities of the United States Army . The Tagalog , Negros and Zamboanga cantonal republics ( edit ) During the First Philippine Republic , three other insurgent republics were briefly formed : the Tagalog Republic in Luzon , under Macario Sakay , the Negros Republic in the Visayas under Aniceto Lacson , and the Republic of Zamboanga in Mindanao under Mariano Arquiza . Insular government ( 1901 -- 1935 ) ( edit ) Main article : Insular Government of the Philippine Islands William Howard Taft addressing the audience at the Philippine Assembly . Manuel Luis Quezon , ( center ) , with representatives from the Philippine Independence Mission The Philippine Organic Act was the basic law for the Insular Government , so called because civil administration was under the authority of the U.S. Bureau of Insular Affairs . This government saw its mission as one of tutelage , preparing the Philippines for eventual independence . On July 4 , 1902 the office of military governor was abolished and full executive power passed from Adna Chaffee , the last military governor , to Taft , who became the first U.S. Governor - General of the Philippines . United States policies towards the Philippines shifted with changing administrations . During the early years of territorial administration , the Americans were reluctant to delegate authority to the Filipinos , but an elected Philippine Assembly was inaugurated in 1907 , as the lower house of a bicameral legislature , with the appointive Philippine Commission becoming the upper house . Philippines was a major target for the progressive reformers . A 1907 report to Secretary of War Taft provided a summary of what the American civil administration had achieved . It included , in addition to the rapid building of a public school system based on English teaching , and boasted about such modernizing achievements as : steel and concrete wharves at the newly renovated Port of Manila ; dredging the River Pasig , ; streamlining of the Insular Government ; accurate , intelligible accounting ; the construction of a telegraph and cable communications network ; the establishment of a postal savings bank ; large - scale road - and bridge - building ; impartial and incorrupt policing ; well - financed civil engineering ; the conservation of old Spanish architecture ; large public parks ; a bidding process for the right to build railways ; Corporation law ; and a coastal and geological survey . In 1903 the American reformers in the Philippines passed two major land acts designed to turn landless peasants into owners of their farms . By 1905 the law was clearly a failure . Reformers such as Taft believed landownership would turn unruly agrarians into loyal subjects . The social structure in rural Philippines was highly traditional and highly unequal . Drastic changes in land ownership posed a major challenge to local elites , who would not accept it , nor would their peasant clients . The American reformers blamed peasant resistance to landownership for the law 's failure and argued that large plantations and sharecropping was the Philippines ' best path to development . Elite Filipina women played a major role in the reform movement , especially on health issues . They specialized on such urgent needs as infant care and maternal and child health , the distribution of pure milk and teaching new mothers about children 's health . The most prominent organizations were the La Protección de la Infancia , and the National Federation of Women 's Clubs . Tranvia in Manila during American Era When Democrat Woodrow Wilson became U.S. president in 1913 , new policies were launched designed to gradually lead to Philippine independence . In 1902 U.S. law established Filipinos citizenship in the Philippine Islands ; unlike Hawaii in 1898 and Puerto Rico in 1918 , they did not become citizens of the United States . The Jones Law of 1916 became the new basic law , promised eventual independence . It provide for the election of both houses of the legislature . Manila , Philippines , ca. 1900s In socio - economic terms , the Philippines made solid progress in this period . Foreign trade had amounted to 62 million pesos in 1895 , 13 % of which was with the United States . By 1920 , it had increased to 601 million pesos , 66 % of which was with the United States . A health care system was established which , by 1930 , reduced the mortality rate from all causes , including various tropical diseases , to a level similar to that of the United States itself . The practices of slavery , piracy and headhunting were suppressed but not entirely extinguished . A new educational system was established with English as the medium of instruction , eventually becoming a lingua franca of the Islands . The 1920s saw alternating periods of cooperation and confrontation with American governors - general , depending on how intent the incumbent was on exercising his powers vis - à - vis the Philippine legislature . Members to the elected legislature lobbied for immediate and complete independence from the United States . Several independence missions were sent to Washington , D.C. A civil service was formed and was gradually taken over by Filipinos , who had effectively gained control by 1918 . Philippine politics during the American territorial era was dominated by the Nacionalista Party , which was founded in 1907 . Although the party 's platform called for `` immediate independence '' , their policy toward the Americans was highly accommodating . Within the political establishment , the call for independence was spearheaded by Manuel L. Quezon , who served continuously as Senate president from 1916 until 1935 . World War I gave the Philippines the opportunity to pledge assistance to the US war effort . This took the form of an offer to supply a division of troops , as well as providing funding for the construction of two warships . A locally recruited national guard was created and significant numbers of Filipinos volunteered for service in the US Navy and army . Frank Murphy was the last Governor - General of the Philippines ( 1933 -- 35 ) , and the first U.S. High Commissioner of the Philippines ( 1935 -- 36 ) . The change in form was more than symbolic : it was intended as a manifestation of the transition to independence . Commonwealth ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth of the Philippines Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon with United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt in Washington , D.C. Philippine President Manuel L. Quezon With Manila 's Filipino Hispanic roots , Daniel Burnham developed the Urban planning of Manila through the City Beautiful Movement ; Neo-Classical architecture of Paris through Manila 's Government buildings , Canals of Venice through the Esteros of Manila , Sunset view of Naples through Manila Bay and Winding River of Paris through Pasig River . a fine example of the Burnham plan is the Manila Central Post Office and Jones Bridge Manila circa 1930s . The Great Depression in the early thirties hastened the progress of the Philippines towards independence . In the United States it was mainly the sugar industry and labor unions that had a stake in loosening the U.S. ties to the Philippines since they could not compete with the Philippine cheap sugar ( and other commodities ) which could freely enter the U.S. market . Therefore , they agitated in favor of granting independence to the Philippines so that its cheap products and labor could be shut out of the United States . In 1933 , the United States Congress passed the Hare -- Hawes -- Cutting Act as a Philippine Independence Act over President Herbert Hoover 's veto . Though the bill had been drafted with the aid of a commission from the Philippines , it was opposed by Philippine Senate President Manuel L. Quezon , partially because of provisions leaving the United States in control of naval bases . Under his influence , the Philippine legislature rejected the bill . The following year , a revised act known as the Tydings -- McDuffie Act was finally passed . The act provided for the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with transition to full independence after a ten - year period . The commonwealth would have its own constitution and be self - governing , though foreign policy would be the responsibility of the United States , and certain legislation required approval of the United States president . The Act stipulated that the date of independence would be on July 4 following the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the Commonwealth . A Constitutional Convention was convened in Manila on July 30 , 1934 . On February 8 , 1935 , the 1935 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines was approved by the convention by a vote of 177 to 1 . The constitution was approved by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 23 , 1935 and ratified by popular vote on May 14 , 1935 . On September 17 , 1935 , presidential elections were held . Candidates included former president Emilio Aguinaldo , the Iglesia Filipina Independiente leader Gregorio Aglipay , and others . Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña of the Nacionalista Party were proclaimed the winners , winning the seats of president and vice-president , respectively . The Commonwealth Government was inaugurated on the morning of November 15 , 1935 , in ceremonies held on the steps of the Legislative Building in Manila . The event was attended by a crowd of around 300,000 people . Under the Tydings -- McDuffie Act this meant that the date of full independence for the Philippines was set for July 4 , 1946 , a timetable which was followed after the passage of almost eleven very eventful years . World War II and Japanese occupation ( edit ) Main articles : Japanese occupation of the Philippines , Second Philippine Republic , and Home front during World War II § The Philippines As many as 10,000 American and FIlipino soldiers died in the Bataan Death March Military ( edit ) Japanese Army Tankettes in Manila , Philippines 1942 Japan launched a surprise attack on the Clark Air Base in Pampanga on the morning of December 8 , 1941 , just ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor . Aerial bombardment was followed by landings of ground troops on Luzon . The defending Philippine and United States troops were under the command of General Douglas MacArthur . Under the pressure of superior numbers , the defending forces withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula and to the island of Corregidor at the entrance to Manila Bay . Colonel Nobuhiko Jimbo and Manuel Roxas began and ended the conflict on opposite sides . On January 2 , 1942 , General MacArthur declared the capital city , Manila , an open city to prevent its destruction . The Philippine defense continued until the final surrender of United States - Philippine forces on the Bataan Peninsula in April 1942 and on Corregidor in May of the same year . Most of the 80,000 prisoners of war captured by the Japanese at Bataan were forced to undertake the infamous Bataan Death March to a prison camp 105 kilometers to the north . About 10,000 Filipinos and 1,200 Americans died before reaching their destination . President Quezon and Osmeña had accompanied the troops to Corregidor and later left for the United States , where they set up a government in exile . MacArthur was ordered to Australia , where he started to plan for a return to the Philippines . The Japanese military authorities immediately began organizing a new government structure in the Philippines and established the Philippine Executive Commission . They initially organized a Council of State , through which they directed civil affairs until October 1943 , when they declared the Philippines an independent republic . The Japanese - sponsored republic headed by President José P. Laurel proved to be unpopular to the pro-colonial Filipinos , but very popular to the pro-Asiatic independence Filipinos . Japanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by large - scale underground guerrilla activity . The American - aligned Philippine Army , as well as remnants of the U.S. Army Forces Far East , continued to fight the Japanese and pro-Japanese paramilitary forces in a guerrilla war and was considered an auxiliary unit of the United States Army . Their effectiveness was such that by the end of the war , Japan controlled only twelve of the forty - eight provinces . One element of resistance in the Central Luzon area was furnished by the Hukbalahap , which armed some 30,000 people and extended their control over much of Luzon . Leyte Landing of General Douglas MacArthur to liberate the Philippines from the Empire of Japan The occupation of the Philippines by Japan ended at the war 's conclusion . At the eve of the liberation of the Philippines , the Allied forces and the Japanese Empire waged the largest naval battle in history , by gross tonnage in the Battle of Leyte Gulf . The American army had been fighting the Philippines Campaign since October 1944 , when MacArthur 's Sixth United States Army landed on Leyte . Landings in other parts of the country had followed , and the Allies , with the Philippine Commonwealth troops , pushed toward Manila . However , fighting continued until Japan 's formal surrender on September 2 , 1945 . Approximately 10,000 U.S. soldiers were missing in action in the Philippines when the war ended , more than in any other country in the Pacific or European Theaters . The Philippines suffered great loss of life and tremendous physical destruction , especially during the Battle of Manila . An estimated 1 million Filipinos had been killed , a large portion during the final months of the war , and Manila had been extensively damaged , mainly due to excessive use of artillery by the American forces . Battle of Manila General Tomoyuki Yamashita surrender Home Front ( edit ) As in most occupied countries , crime , looting , corruption , and black markets were endemic . Japan in 1943 proposed independence on new terms , and some collaborators went along with the plan , but Japan was clearly losing the war and nothing became of it . With a view of building up the economic base of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , the Japanese Army envisioned using the islands as a source of agricultural products needed by its industry . For example , Japan had a surplus of sugar from Taiwan but , a severe shortage of cotton , so they tried to grow cotton on sugar lands with disastrous results . They lacked the seeds , pesticides , and technical skills to grow cotton . Jobless farm workers flocked to the cities , where there was minimal relief and few jobs . The Japanese Army also tried using cane sugar for fuel , castor beans and copra for oil , derris for quinine , cotton for uniforms , and abaca ( hemp ) for rope . The plans were very difficult to implement in the face of limited skills , collapsed international markets , bad weather , and transportation shortages . The program was a failure that gave very little help to Japanese industry , and diverted resources needed for food production . The Flag of the United States of America is lowered while the Flag of the Philippines is raised during the Independence Day ceremonies on July 4 , 1946 Living conditions were bad throughout the Philippines during the war . Transportation between the islands was difficult because of lack of fuel . Food was in very short supply , due to inflation . Postcolonial Philippines and the third Republic ( 1946 -- 1965 ) ( edit ) Manuel Roxas , President from 1946 until 1948 . Main article : History of the Philippines ( 1946 -- 1965 ) Administration of Manuel Roxas ( 1946 -- 1948 ) ( edit ) Elections were held in April 1946 , with Manuel Roxas becoming the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines . The United States ceded its sovereignty over the Philippines on July 4 , 1946 , as scheduled . However , the Philippine economy remained highly dependent on United States markets -- more dependent , according to United States high commissioner Paul McNutt , than any single U.S. state was dependent on the rest of the country . The Philippine Trade Act , passed as a precondition for receiving war rehabilitation grants from the United States , exacerbated the dependency with provisions further tying the economies of the two countries . A military assistance pact was signed in 1947 granting the United States a 99 - year lease on designated military bases in the country . Elpidio Quirino , president from 1948 until 1953 . Administration of Elpidio Quirino ( 1948 -- 1953 ) ( edit ) Victoria Quirino - Gonzalez was the second daughter of Philippine President Elpidio Quirino . Since her father was a widower , she served as First Lady of the Philippines , becoming the youngest bearer of the title at the age of 16 . The Roxas administration granted general amnesty to those who had collaborated with the Japanese in World War II , except for those who had committed violent crimes . Roxas died suddenly of a heart attack in April 1948 , and the vice president , Elpidio Quirino , was elevated to the presidency . He ran for president in his own right in 1949 , defeating José P. Laurel and winning a four - year term . World War II had left the Philippines demoralized and severely damaged . The task of reconstruction was complicated by the activities of the Communist - supported Hukbalahap guerrillas ( known as `` Huks '' ) , who had evolved into a violent resistance force against the new Philippine government . Government policy towards the Huks alternated between gestures of negotiation and harsh suppression . Secretary of Defense Ramon Magsaysay initiated a campaign to defeat the insurgents militarily and at the same time win popular support for the government . The Huk movement had waned in the early 1950s , finally ending with the unconditional surrender of Huk leader Luis Taruc in May 1954 . Administration of Ramon Magsaysay ( 1953 -- 1957 ) ( edit ) President and Mrs. Magsaysay with Eleanor Roosevelt at the Malacañan Palace . Supported by the United States , Magsaysay was elected president in 1953 on a populist platform . He promised sweeping economic reform , and made progress in land reform by promoting the resettlement of poor people in the Catholic north into traditionally Muslim areas . Though this relieved population pressure in the north , it heightened religious hostilities . Nevertheless , he was extremely popular with the common people , and his death in an airplane crash in March 1957 dealt a serious blow to national morale . Administration of Carlos P. Garcia ( 1957 -- 1961 ) ( edit ) Carlos P. Garcia , president of the Philippines from 1957 until 1961 . Carlos P. Garcia succeeded to the presidency after Magsaysay 's death , and was elected to a four - year term in the election of November that same year . His administration emphasized the nationalist theme of `` Filipino first '' , arguing that the Filipino people should be given the chances to improve the country 's economy . Garcia successfully negotiated for the United States ' relinquishment of large military land reservations . However , his administration lost popularity on issues of government corruption as his term advanced . Administration of Diosdado Macapagal ( 1961 -- 1965 ) ( edit ) President - elect Diosdado Macapagal departs his mother - in - law 's home , his family in tow , for the Malacañang Palace on the day of his inauguration . In the presidential elections held on November 14 , 1961 , Vice President Diosdado Macapagal defeated re-electionist President Carlos P. Garcia and Emmanuel Pelaez as a Vice President . President Macapagal was the President of the Philippines that changed the independence day of the Philippines from July 4 to June 12 . Land reform Code ( edit ) Main article : Agricultural Land Reform Code See also : Land reform in the Philippines The Agricultural Land Reform Code ( RA 3844 ) was a major Philippine land reform law enacted in 1963 under President Diosdado Macapagal . The code declared that it was State policy To establish owner - cultivatorship and the economic family - size farm as the basis of Philippine agriculture and , as a consequence , divert landlord capital in agriculture to industrial development ; To achieve a dignified existence for the small farmers free from pernicious institutional restraints and practices ; To create a truly viable social and economic structure in agriculture conducive to greater productivity and higher farm incomes ; To apply all labor laws equally and without discrimination to both industrial and agricultural wage earners ; To provide a more vigorous and systematic land resettlement program and public land distribution ; and To make the small farmers more independent , self - reliant and responsible citizens , and a source of genuine strength in our democratic society . and , in pursuance of those policies , established the following An agricultural leasehold system to replace all existing share tenancy systems in agriculture ; A declaration of rights for agricultural labor ; An authority for the acquisition and equitable distribution of agricultural land ; An institution to finance the acquisition and distribution of agricultural land ; A machinery to extend credit and similar assistance to agriculture ; A machinery to provide marketing , management , and other technical services to agriculture ; A unified administration for formulating and implementing projects of land reform ; An expanded program of land capability survey , classification , and registration ; and A judicial system to decide issues arising under this Code and other related laws and regulations . Maphilindo ( edit ) Main article : Maphilindo Maphilindo was a proposed nonpolitical confederation of Malaya , the Philippines , and Indonesia . It was based on concepts developed during the Commonwealth government in the Philippines by Wenceslao Vinzons and by Eduardo L. Martelino in his 1959 book Someday , Malaysia `` . In July 1963 , President Diosdado Macapagal of the Philippines convened a summit meeting in Manila . Maphilindo was proposed as a realization of José Rizal 's dream of bringing together the Malay peoples . However , this was perceived as a tactic on the parts of Jakarta and Manila to delay or prevent the formation of the Federation of Malaysia . The plan failed when Indonesian President Sukarno adopted his plan of Konfrontasi with Malaysia . Marcos era ( edit ) Main article : History of the Philippines ( 1965 -- 1986 ) The leaders of the SEATO nations in front of the Congress Building in Manila , hosted by Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos on October 24 , 1966 . ( L-R :) Prime Minister Nguyen Cao Ky ( South Vietnam ) , Prime Minister Harold Holt ( Australia ) , President Park Chung - hee ( South Korea ) , President Ferdinand Marcos ( Philippines ) , Prime Minister Keith Holyoake ( New Zealand ) , Lt. Gen. Nguyễn Văn Thiệu ( South Vietnam ) , Prime Minister Thanom Kittikachorn ( Thailand ) , President Lyndon B. Johnson ( United States ) Imelda Marcos Macapagal ran for re-election in 1965 , but was defeated by his former party - mate , Senate President Ferdinand Marcos , who had switched to the Nacionalista Party . Early in his presidency , Marcos initiated ambitious public works projects and intensified tax collection which brought the country economic prosperity throughout the 1970s . His administration built more roads ( including a substantial portion of the Pan-Philippine Highway ) than all his predecessors combined , and more schools than any previous administration . Marcos was re-elected president in 1969 , becoming the first president of the Philippines to achieve a second term . Opponents of Marcos , however , blocked the necessary legislation to further implement his expansive agenda . Because of this , optimism faded early in his second term and economic growth slowed . Crime and civil disobedience increased . The Communist Party of the Philippines formed the New People 's Army in response to his shaky hold over the nation and the Moro National Liberation Front continued to fight for an independent Muslim nation in Mindanao . An explosion during the proclamation rally of the senatorial slate of the Liberal Party on August 21 , 1971 prompted Marcos to suspend the writ of habeas corpus , which he restored on January 11 , 1972 after public protests . Martial law ( edit ) Banda Kawayan Pilipinas performing c. 1970 's Amidst the rising wave of lawlessness and the conveniently timed threat of a looming Communist insurgency , Marcos declared martial law on September 21 , 1972 by virtue of Proclamation No. 1081 . The Nacionalista president , ruling by decree , curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties , abolished Congress , closed down major media establishments , ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists , including his staunchest critics : senators Benigno Aquino , Jr. , Jovito Salonga and Jose Diokno . The declaration of martial law was initially well received , given the social turmoil the Philippines was experiencing . Crime rates plunged dramatically after a curfew was implemented . Many political opponents were forced to go into exile . Corazon C. Aquino , the Wife of Benigno Aquino , Jr. replaced Marcos by an Election on 1986 . A constitutional convention , which had been called for in 1970 to replace the colonial 1935 Constitution , continued the work of framing a new constitution after the declaration of martial law . The new constitution went into effect in early 1973 , changing the form of government from presidential to parliamentary and allowing Marcos to stay in power beyond 1973 . Marcos claimed that martial law was the prelude to creating a `` New Society '' based on new social and political values . The economy during the 1970s was robust , with budgetary and trade surpluses . The Gross National Product rose from P55 billion in 1972 to P193 billion in 1980 . Tourism rose , contributing to the economy 's growth . Fourth Republic ( edit ) Manila circa 1980s Marcos officially lifted martial law on January 17 , 1981 . However , he retained much of the government 's power for arrest and detention . Corruption and nepotism as well as civil unrest contributed to a serious decline in economic growth and development under Marcos , whose own health faced obstacles due to lupus . The political opposition decided to boycotted the 1981 presidential elections , which pitted Marcos against retired general Alejo Santos , in protest over his control over the results . Marcos won by a margin of over 16 million votes , which constitutionally allowed him to have another six - year term . Finance Minister Cesar Virata was eventually appointed to succeed Marcos as Prime Minister . In 1983 , opposition leader Benigno Aquino , Jr. was assassinated at the Manila International Airport upon his return to the Philippines after a long period of exile . This coalesced popular dissatisfaction with Marcos and began a succession of events , including pressure from the United States , that culminated in a snap presidential election in February 1986 . The opposition united under Aquino 's widow , Corazon Aquino . The official election canvasser , the Commission on Elections ( Comelec ) , declared Marcos the winner of the election . However , there was a large discrepancy between the Comelec results and that of Namfrel , an accredited poll watcher . The allegedly fraudulent result was rejected by Corazon Aquino and her supporters . International observers , including a U.S. delegation , denounced the official results . General Fidel Ramos and Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile withdrew their support for Marcos . A peaceful civilian - military uprising , now popularly called the People Power Revolution , forced Marcos into exile and installed Corazon Aquino as president on February 25 , 1986 . Fifth Republic ( 1986 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the Philippines ( 1986 -- present ) Further information : 1986 -- 90 Philippine coup attempts Administration of Corazon cojuangco Aquino ( 1986 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) Mount Pinatubo erupted in 1991 . Corazon Aquino immediately formed a revolutionary government to normalize the situation , and provided for a transitional `` Freedom Constitution '' . A new permanent constitution was ratified and enacted in February 1987 . The constitution crippled presidential power to declare martial law , proposed the creation of autonomous regions in the Cordilleras and Muslim Mindanao , and restored the presidential form of government and the bicameral Congress . Progress was made in revitalizing democratic institutions and respect for civil liberties , but Aquino 's administration was also viewed as weak and fractious , and a return to full political stability and economic development was hampered by several attempted coups staged by disaffected members of the Philippine military . Economic growth was additionally hampered by a series of natural disasters , including the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo that left 700 dead and 200,000 homeless . During the Aquino presidency , Manila witnessed six unsuccessful coup attempts , the most serious occurring in December 1989 . In 1991 , the Philippine Senate rejected a treaty that would have allowed a 10 - year extension of the U.S. military bases in the country . The United States turned over Clark Air Base in Pampanga to the government in November , and Subic Bay Naval Base in Zambales in December 1992 , ending almost a century of U.S. military presence in the Philippines . Administration of Fidel valdez Ramos ( 1992 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) In the 1992 elections , Defense Secretary Fidel V. Ramos , endorsed by Aquino , won the presidency with just 23.6 % of the vote in a field of seven candidates . Early in his administration , Ramos declared `` national reconciliation '' his highest priority and worked at building a coalition to overcome the divisiveness of the Aquino years . He legalized the Communist Party and laid the groundwork for talks with communist insurgents , Muslim separatists , and military rebels , attempting to convince them to cease their armed activities against the government . In June 1994 , Ramos signed into law a general conditional amnesty covering all rebel groups , and Philippine military and police personnel accused of crimes committed while fighting the insurgents . In October 1995 , the government signed an agreement bringing the military insurgency to an end . A peace agreement with the Moro National Liberation Front ( MNLF ) , a major separatist group fighting for an independent homeland in Mindanao , was signed in 1996 , ending the 24 - year - old struggle . However , an MNLF splinter group , the Moro Islamic Liberation Front continued the armed struggle for an Islamic state . Efforts by Ramos supporters to gain passage of an amendment that would allow him to run for a second term were met with large - scale protests , leading Ramos to declare he would not seek re-election . On his Presidency the death penalty was revived in the light of the Rape - slay case of Eileen Sarmienta and Allan Gomez in 1993 and the first person to be executed was Leo Echegaray in 1999 . Administration of Joseph ejercito Estrada ( 1998 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) President Joseph Estrada Joseph Estrada , a former movie actor who had served as Ramos ' vice president , was elected president by a landslide victory in 1998 . His election campaign pledged to help the poor and develop the country 's agricultural sector . He enjoyed widespread popularity , particularly among the poor . Estrada assumed office amid the Asian Financial Crisis . The economy did , however , recover from a low − 0.6 % growth in 1998 to a moderate growth of 3.4 % by 1999 . Like his predecessor there was a similar attempt to change the 1987 constitution . The process is termed as CONCORD or Constitutional Correction for Development . Unlike Charter change under Ramos and Arroyo the CONCORD proposal , according to its proponents , would only amend the ' restrictive ' economic provisions of the constitution that is considered as impeding the entry of more foreign investments in the Philippines . However it was not successful in amending the constitution . After the worsening secessionist movement in Midanao in April 2000 , President Estrada declared an `` all - out - war '' against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front ( MILF ) . The government later captured 46 MILF camps including the MILF 's headquarters ' , Camp Abubakar . In October 2000 , however , Estrada was accused of having accepted millions of pesos in payoffs from illegal gambling businesses . He was impeached by the House of Representatives , but his impeachment trial in the Senate broke down when the senate voted to block examination of the president 's bank records . Bonifacio Global City , Metro Manila In response , massive street protests erupted demanding Estrada 's resignation . Faced with street protests , cabinet resignations , and a withdrawal of support from the armed forces , Estrada was forced from office on January 20 , 2001 . Administration of Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) Vice President Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo ( the daughter of President Diosdado Macapagal ) was sworn in as Estrada 's successor on the day of his departure . Her accession to power was further legitimized by the mid-term congressional and local elections held four months later , when her coalition won an overwhelming victory . Arroyo 's initial term in office was marked by fractious coalition politics as well as a military mutiny in Manila in July 2003 that led her to declare a month - long nationwide state of rebellion . Later on in December 2002 she said would not run in May 10 , 2004 presidential election , but she reversed herself in October 2003 and decided to join the race anyway . She was re-elected and sworn in for her own six - year term as president on June 30 , 2004 . In 2005 , a tape of a wiretapped conversation surfaced bearing the voice of Arroyo apparently asking an election official if her margin of victory could be maintained . The tape sparked protests calling for Arroyo 's resignation . Arroyo admitted to inappropriately speaking to an election official , but denied allegations of fraud and refused to step down . Attempts to impeach the president failed later that year . Halfway through her second term , Arroyo unsuccessfully attempted to push for an overhaul of the constitution to transform the present presidential - bicameral republic into a federal parliamentary - unicameral form of government , which critics describe would be a move that would allow her to stay in power as Prime Minister . Numerous other scandals ( such as the Maguindanao massacre , wherein 58 people were killed , and the unsuccessful NBN - ZTE Broadband Deal ) took place in the dawn of her administration . She formally ended her term as president in 2010 ( wherein she was succeeded by Senator Benigno Aquino III ) and ran for a seat in congress the same year ( becoming the second president after Jose P. Laurel to run for lower office following the presidency ) . Administration of Benigno simeon Aquino III ( 2010 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Presidency of Benigno Aquino III Aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan in Tacloban , Leyte Benigno Aquino III began his presidency on June 30 , 2010 , the fifteenth President of the Philippines . He is a bachelor and the son of former Philippines president Corazon C. Aquino . His administration claimed to be focused on major reforms that would bring greater transparency , reduced poverty , reduced corruption , and a booming market which will give birth to a newly industrialized nation . Just as with his predecessor , however , Aquino 's administration has been marked with a mix of success and scandal since his inauguration , beginning with the 2010 Manila hostage crisis that caused deeply strained relations between Manila and Hong Kong for a time ( affecting major events such as Wikimania 2013 ) . The Sultanate of Panay , founded in 2011 , was recognized by the Lanao Advisory Council in 2012 . Tensions regarding Sabah due to the Sultanate of Sulu 's claim gradually rose during the early years of his administration . Standoffs in Sabah between The Sultanate of Sulu 's Royal Army and the Malaysian forces struck in 2013 . In 2012 , the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro was signed to create the Bangsamoro Government in Mindanao . In response , the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters ( BIFF ) was assembled by religious extremists with the goal of seceding from the Philippines . The economy performed well at 7.2 % GDP growth , the second fastest in Asia . In 2013 , Typhoon Haiyan ( Yolanda ) struck the country , leading to massive rehabilitation efforts by foreign world powers sending aid , inevitably devolving into chaos following the revelations that the administration and that the government had not been properly handing out the aid packages and preference for political maneuvering over the safety of the people , leading to mass deterioration of food and medical supplies . Okada Manila In 2014 , the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro was finally signed after 17 years of negotiation with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front ( MILF ) , a move that is expected to bring peace in Mindanao and the Sulu . On April 28 , 2014 , when United States President Barack Obama visited the Philippines , the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement , between the United States of America and the Philippines , was signed . From January 15 to 19 , 2015 , Pope Francis stayed in the Philippines for a series of publicity tours and paid visits to the victims of Typhoon Haiyan . On January 25 , 2015 , 44 members of the Philippine National Police - Special Action Force ( PNP - SAF ) were killed during an encounter between MILF and BIFF in Mamasapano , Maguindanao putting efforts to pass the Bangsamoro Basic Law into law in an impasse . Under his presidency , the Philippines has had controversial clashes with the People 's Republic of China on a number of issues ( such as the standoff in Scarborough Shoal in the South China Sea and the dispute over the Spratly islands ) . This resulted in the proceedings of the Philippines to file a sovereignty case against China in a global arbitration tribunal . Later on in 2014 , the Aquino Administration then filed a memorial to the Arbitration Tribunal in The Hague which challenged Beijing 's claim in the South China Sea after Chinese ships were accused of harassing a small Philippine vessel carrying goods for stationed military personnel in the South Thomas Shoal where an old Philippine ship had been stationed for many years . Under his presidency , for aiming to enhance the educational system in the country , Aquino III signed the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013 , commonly known as K -- 12 program on May 15 , 2013 . On December 20 , 2015 , Pia Wurtzbach won the Miss Universe 2015 , making her the third Filipino to win the Miss Universe title following Gloria Diaz in 1969 and Margarita Moran in 1973 . On January 12 , 2016 , the Philippine Supreme Court upheld the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement paving the way for the return of United States Armed Forces bases into the country . On March 23 , 2016 , Diwata - 1 was launched to the International Space Station ( ISS ) , becoming the country 's first micro-satellite and the first satellite to be built and designed by Filipinos . Administration of Rodrigo roa Duterte ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) Rodrigo Duterte , current President of the Philippines . Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte of PDP -- Laban won the 2016 presidential election , garnering 39.01 % or 16,601,997 of the total votes , becoming the first Mindanaoan to become president . On the other hand , Camarines Sur 3rd District representative Leni Robredo won with the second narrowest margin in history , against Senator Bongbong Marcos . On 30 May , the Congress had proclaimed Rodrigo Duterte , despite his absence , as president - elect and Leni Robredo as vice president - elect . On July 12 , 2016 , the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled in favor of the Philippines in its case against China 's claims in the South China Sea . Duterte 's presidency began following his inauguration on June 30 , 2016 at the Rizal Ceremonial Hall of the Malacañang Palace in Manila , which was attended by more than 627 guests . On August 1 , 2016 , the Duterte administration launched a 24 - hour complaint office accessible to the public through a nationwide hotline , 8888 , and changed the nationwide emergency telephone number from 117 to 911 . After winning the Presidency , Duterte launched an intensified anti-drug campaign to fulfill a campaign promise of wiping out criminality in six months . By March 2017 , the death toll for the Philippine Drug War passed 8,000 people , with 2,679 killed in legitimate police operations and the rest the government claims to be homicide cases . On November 8 , 2016 , the Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled in favor of the burial of the late president Ferdinand Marcos in the Libingan ng Mga Bayani , the country 's official cemetery for heroes , provoking protests from thousands of millennials , Marcos - regime human rights victims , and relatives of people who were tortured , killed , or were still missing due to martial rule . The burial of the late president was a campaign promise of President Rodrigo Duterte , who was supported by voters in Ilocos Norte , the home province of Marcos . In November 18 , 2016 , the remains of Ferdinand Marcos was secretly buried by the Philippine National Police , Armed Forces of the Philippines , and the family and friends of Ferdinand Marcos , despite the Supreme Court order being non-executory due to protocol . Later in the afternoon , the event was made public . On May 23 , 2017 , President Rodrigo Duterte signed Proclamation No. 216 declaring a 60 - day martial law in Mindanao following clashes between government forces and the Maute group in Marawi . See also ( edit ) Philippines portal Ancient Filipino diet and health Archaeology of the Philippines Filipino nationalism Filipino Repatriation Act of 1935 History of Asia History of Southeast Asia List of disasters in the Philippines List of Philippine historic sites List of Presidents of the Philippines List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines Military history of the Philippines National hero of the Philippines Politics of the Philippines Resident Commissioner of the Philippines Sovereignty of the Philippines Timeline of Philippine history Timeline of Philippine sovereignty Dambana Suyat Battles of Manila Battles of the Philippines Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Scott , William Henry ( 1994 ) . Barangay : Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society . Quezon City : Ateneo de Manila University Press . ISBN 971 - 550 - 135 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Junker , Laura Lee ( 1998 ) . `` Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms '' . International Journal of Historical Archaeology. 2 ( 4 ) . ^ Jump up to : Scott 1984 . Jump up ^ `` Callao Man ' Could Redraw Filipino History : Discovery News '' . DNews . Jump up ^ `` Pre-colonial Manila '' . Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library . Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library Araw ng Maynila Briefers . Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library , Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . 23 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 9 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Jocano , F. Landa ( 2001 ) . Filipino Prehistory : Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage . Quezon City : Punlad Research House , Inc . ISBN 971 - 622 - 006 - 5 . Jump up ^ Go , Bon Juan ( 2005 ) . `` Ma'I in Chinese Records - Mindoro or Bai ? An Examination of a Historical Puzzle '' . Philippine Studies . Ateneo de Manila . 53 ( 1 ) : 119 -- 138 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Demetrio , Francisco R. ; Cordero - Fernando , Gilda ; Nakpil - Zialcita , Roberto B. ; Feleo , Fernando ( 1991 ) . The Soul Book : Introduction to Philippine Pagan Religion . GCF Books , Quezon City . ASIN B007FR4S8G . Jump up ^ Thakur , Upendra ( 1986 ) . Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture . Abhinav Publications . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 207 - 9 . Jump up ^ Junker , Laura Lee ( 2000 ) . Raiding , Trading , and Feasting : The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms . Ateneo University Press . ISBN 978 - 971 - 550 - 347 - 1 . Lay summary . Jump up ^ Bisht , Bankoti & 2004 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ `` The Cultural Influences of India , Indonesia , China , Arabia , and Japan '' . philippinealmanac.com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bergreen , Laurence ( October 14 , 2003 ) . `` Over the Edge of the World : Magellan 's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe '' . William Morrow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 621173 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Cebu '' . encyclopedia.com . Jump up ^ Zaide 1994 , p. 281 Jump up ^ `` Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago '' . 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Valmero , Anna ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` Callao man could be ' oldest ' human in Asia Pacific , says Filipino archaeologist '' . Yahoo ! Southeast Asia , loqal.ph . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Severino , Howie G. ( August 1 , 2010 ) . Researchers discover fossil of human older than Tabon Man Archived August 4 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... GMA News . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Morella , Cecil . ( August 3 , 2010 ) . ' Callao Man ' Could Redraw Filipino History . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 from Discovery News . Jump up ^ `` Archaeologists unearth 67,000 - year - old human bone in Philippines '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ The Utrecht Faculty of Education . `` The Philippines -- The Philippines in earlier times -- The First Inhabitants 40,000 years ago '' . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2009 . Retrieved November 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Solheim , Wilhelm G. , II . ( 2006 ) . Archeology and Culture in Southeast Asia . University of the Philippines Press . pp. 57 -- 139 . ISBN 978 - 971 - 542 - 508 - 7 . Jump up ^ Solheim , Wilhelm G. , II . ( January 2006 ) . Origins of the Filipinos and Their Languages ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 3 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Mijares , Armand Salvador B ( 2006 ) . `` The Early Austronesian Migration To Luzon : Perspectives From The Peñablanca Cave Sites '' . Bulletin of the Indo - Pacific Prehistory Association . 26 : 72 -- 78 . doi : 10.7152 / bippa. v26i0. 11995 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Not one roof beam , not one grain of rice , not one pygmy Negrito bone has been recovered . Any theory which describes such details is therefore pure hypothesis and should be honestly presented as such . '' , Scott 1984 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Solheim II , Wilhelm G . `` The Filipinos and their Languages '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 3 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Scott 1984 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Bellwood , Peter ( 2014 ) . The Global Prehistory of Human Migration . p. 213 . Jump up ^ Goodenough , Ward Hunt ( 1996 ) . Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific , Volume 86 , Part 5 . American Philosophical Society . pp. 127 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Goodenough , Ward Hunt ( 1996 ) . Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific , Volume 86 , Part 5 . American Philosophical Society . p. 52 . Jump up ^ `` Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum '' . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sagart , Laurent . `` The expansion of Setaria farmers in East Asia '' . Jump up ^ Li , H ; Huang , Y ; Mustavich , LF ; et al. ( November 2007 ) . `` Y chromosomes of prehistoric people along the Yangtze River '' . Hum . Genet. 122 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 383 -- 8 . doi : 10.1007 / s00439 - 007 - 0407 - 2 . PMID 17657509 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Early Austronesians : Into and Out Of Taiwan '' . ^ Jump up to : Scott , William ( 1984 ) . Prehispanic Source Material . p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Bellwood , Peter ( 2011 ) . Pathos of Origin . pp. 31 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Hsiao - Chun , Hung ( 2007 ) . Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia . Jump up ^ Legarda , Benito , Jr. ( 2001 ) . `` Cultural Landmarks and their Interactions with Economic Factors in the Second Millennium in the Philippines '' . Kinaadman ( Wisdom ) A Journal of the Southern Philippines . 23 : 40 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Munoz , Paul Michael ( 2006 ) . Early kingdoms of the Indonesian archipelago and the Malay peninsula . p. 45 . Jump up ^ Glover , Ian ; Bellwood , Peter , eds. ( 2004 ) . Southeast Asia : From Prehistory to History . Psychology Press . pp. 36 , 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 29777 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Philippines and India -- Dhirendra Nath Roy , Manila 1929 and India and The World -- By Buddha Prakash p. 119 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Cembrano , Margarita R. Patterns of the Past : The Ethno Archaeology of Butuan . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2009 . Retrieved August 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Father Gabriel Casal & Regalado Trota Jose , Jr. , Eric S. Casino , George R. Ellis , Wilhelm G. Solheim II , The People and Art of the Philippines , printed by the Museum of Cultural History , UCLA ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Bellwood , Peter , Hsiao - Chun Hung , and Yoshiyuki Iizuka . `` Taiwan Jade in the Philippines : 3,000 Years of Trade and Long - distance Interaction . '' Paths of Origins : The Austronesian Heritage in the Collections of the National Museum of the Philippines , the Museum Nasional Indonesia , and the Netherlands Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde ( 2011 ) : 31 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Solheim , William ( 1969 ) . `` Prehistoric Archaeology in Eastern Mainland Southeast Asia and the Philippines '' . Asian Perspectives. 3 : 97 -- 108 . hdl : 10125 / 19126 . Jump up ^ Miksic , John N. ( 2003 ) . Earthenware in Southeast Asia : Proceedings of the Singapore Symposium on Premodern Southeast Asian Earthenwares . Singapore : Singapore University Press , National University of Singapore . Jump up ^ Philippine Journal of Linguistics -- 23 -- p. 67 Jump up ^ The Earth and Its Peoples : A Global History by Richard Bulliet , Pamela Crossley , Daniel Headrick , Steven Hirsch , Lyman Johnson p. 186 Jump up ^ Copperplate Archived November 21 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , in The Laguna Copperplate Inscription , bibingka.com Jump up ^ The Butuan Ivory Seal Archived October 10 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , bibingka.com Jump up ^ The Calatagan Pot Archived February 18 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , bibingka.com Jump up ^ Philippine History by Maria Christine N. Halili . `` Chapter 3 : Precolonial Philippines '' ( Published by Rex Bookstore ; Manila , Sampaloc St. Year 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Katutubo , Muslim , Kristyano '' . Salazar at Mendoza - Urban . Jump up ^ The Kingdom of Namayan and Maytime Fiesta in Sta . Ana of new Manila , Traveler On Foot self - published journal . Jump up ^ Volume 5 of A study of the Eastern and Western Oceans ( Japanese : 東 西洋 考 ) mentions that Luzon first sent tribute to Yongle Emperor in 1406 . Jump up ^ `` Akeanon Online -- Aton Guid Ra ! -- Aklan History Part 3 -- Confederation of Madyaas '' . Akeanon.com . March 27 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ The Unconquered Kingdom Archived December 1 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . in The official website of the Royal Hashemite Sultanate of Sulu and the Royal Hashemite Sultanate of Sabah Jump up ^ Munoz 2006 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Background Note : Brunei Darussalam , U.S. State Department . Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . Mangyan Heritage Center . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Scott , William Henry ( 1985 ) . Cracks in the parchment curtain and other essays in Philippine history . New Day Publishers . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 971 - 10 - 0073 - 8 . Jump up ^ The Report : The Philippines 2012 . Oxford Business Group . 2012 . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 907065 - 56 - 9 . Jump up ^ Woods , Damon L. ( 2006 ) . The Philippines : A Global Studies Handbook . ABC - CLIO . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 675 - 6 . Jump up ^ Scott , William Henry ( 1989 ) . `` Filipinos in China in 1500 '' ( PDF ) . China Studies Program . De la Salle University . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Scott 1984 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ `` South East Asia Pottery -- Philippines '' . Seapots.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Old Chinese Book Tells of the World 800 Years Ago ; Chau - Ju - Kua 's Chronicles of the Twelfth Century , Now First Translated , Give a `` Description of Barbarous Peoples '' Picked Up by This Noted Inspector of Foreign Trade and Descendant of Emperors . Jump up ^ Scott 1984 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ History of the Kingdom of Dapitan . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jovito S. Abellana , `` Bisaya Patronymesis Sri Visjaya '' ( Ms. , Cebuano Studies Center , ca . 1960 ) Jump up ^ Maragtas by Pedro Alcantara Monteclaro Jump up ^ Jovito Abellana , Aginid , Bayok sa Atong Tawarik , 1952 Jump up ^ Kinaadman. 2001 . Volume 23 . Xavier University Press . Page 34 . Jump up ^ Scott 1984 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Santos , Hector . ( October 28 , 1996 ) . `` The Butuan Silver Strip '' Archived July 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... A Philippine Leaf . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Santos , Hector . ( October 28 , 1996 ) . `` The Butuan Silver Strip Deciphered '' . A Philippine Leaf . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ History for Brunei 2009 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Barski , p. 46 Jump up ^ 100 Events That Shaped The Philippines ( Adarna Book Services Inc. 1999 Published by National Centennial Commission ) Page 72 `` The Founding of the Sulu Sultanate '' Jump up ^ `` The Maguindanao Sultanate '' , Moro National Liberation Front web site . `` The Political and Religious History of the Bangsamoro People , condensed from the book Muslims in the Philippines by Dr. C.A. Majul . '' ( archived from the original on 2003 - 01 - 26 ) Retrieved January 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Palafox , Queenie . `` The Sultan of the River '' . National Historical Commission . Retrieved 16 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Shinzō Hayase ( 2007 ) . Mindanao Ethnohistory Beyond Nations : Maguindanao , Sangir , and Bagobo Societies in East Maritime Southeast Asia . University of Hawaii Press . p. 117 . ISBN 978 - 971 - 550 - 511 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pusat Sejarah Brunei Archived April 15 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved February 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Santiago , Luciano P.R. , The Houses of Lakandula , Matanda , and Soliman ( 1571 -- 1898 ) : Genealogy and Group Identity , Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 18 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Henson , Mariano A. 1965 . The Province of Pampanga and Its Towns : A.D. 1300 -- 1965 . 4th ed. revised . Angeles City : By the author . Jump up ^ Agoncillo 1990 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Lucoes warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD . At the same time , Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya . SOURCE : Ibidem , page 195 . Jump up ^ The former sultan of Malacca decided to retake his city from the Portuguese with a fleet of ships from Lusung in 1525 AD . SOURCE : Barros , Joao de , Decada terciera de Asia de Ioano de Barros dos feitos que os Portugueses fezarao no descubrimiento dos mares e terras de Oriente ( 1628 ) , Lisbon , 1777 , courtesy of William Henry Scott , Barangay : Sixteenth - Century Philippine Culture and Society , Quezon City : Ateneo de Manila University Press , 1994 , page 194 . Jump up ^ Pigafetta , Antonio ( 1969 ) ( 1524 ) . `` First voyage round the world '' . Translated by J.A. Robertson . Manila : Filipiniana Book Guild . Jump up ^ Pires , Tomé ( 1944 ) . A suma oriental de Tomé Pires eo livro de Francisco Rodriguez : Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesão ( 1512 -- 1515 ) ( in Portuguese ) . Translated by Armando Cortesao . Cambridge : Hakluyt Society . Jump up ^ Lach , Donald Frederick ( 1994 ) . `` Chapter 8 : The Philippine Islands '' . Asia in the Making of Europe . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 46732 - 5 . Jump up ^ Reid , Anthony ( 1995 ) . `` Continuity and Change in the Austronesian Transition to Islam and Christianity '' . In Peter Bellwood ; James J. Fox ; Darrell Tryon . The Austronesians : Historical and comparative perspectives . Canberra : Department of Anthropology , The Australian National University . Jump up ^ Turnbull , C.M. ( 1977 ) . A History of Singapore : 1819 - 1975 . Kuala Lumpur : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 580354 - 9 . Jump up ^ Antony , Robert J. Elusive Pirates , Pervasive Smugglers : Violence and Clandestine Trade in the Greater China Seas . Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press , 2010 . Print , 76 . Jump up ^ Junker , Laura L. Raiding , Trading , and Feasting : The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms . Honolulu : University of Hawaiì Press , 1999 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , R J. An Abridged Malay - English Dictionary ( romanised ) . London : Macmillan and Co , 1948 . Print , 291 . Jump up ^ Pigafetta , Antonio ( 1524 ) . Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo . Jump up ^ Marivir Montebon , Retracing Our Roots -- A Journey into Cebu 's Pre-Colonial Past , p. 15 Jump up ^ Celestino C. Macachor ( 2011 ) . `` Searching for Kali in the Indigenous Chronicles of Jovito Abellana '' . Rapid Journal . 10 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lacsamana 1990 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Lacsamana 1990 , p. 52 Jump up ^ & Kurlansky 1999 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Joaquin 1988 . Jump up ^ Alip 1964 , p. 201,317 . Jump up ^ United States War Dept 1903 p. 379 Jump up ^ McAmis 2002 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Letter from Francisco de Sande to Felipe II , 1578 '' . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Frankham 2008 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Atiyah 2002 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2002 , pp. 54 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2002 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Tomas L. `` Magat Salamat '' . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Fernando A. Santiago , Jr . `` Isang Maikling Kasaysayan ng Pandacan , Maynila 1589 -- 1898 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Peter Borschberg ( 2015 ) . Journal , Memorials and Letters of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge . Security , Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th - Century Southeast Asia . Singapore : NUS Press . pp. 82 , 84 , 126 , 421 . Retrieved 30 Aug 2015 . Jump up ^ Truxillo , Charles A. ( 2012 ) . Crusaders in the Far East : The Moro Wars in the Philippines in the Context of the Ibero - Islamic World War . Jain Publishing Company . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89581 - 864 - 5 . Jump up ^ Peacock Gallop ( 2015 ) `` From Anatolia to Aceh : Ottomans , Turks and Southeast Asia '' . Jump up ^ Jiménez , David Sánchez ( Fall 2010 ) . `` La hispanización y la identidad hispanaen Filipinas ( 1a parte ) '' . Revista Filipina ( in Spanish ) . XIV ( 3 ) . ISSN 1496 - 4538 . Jump up ^ `` Fortress of Empire , Rene Javellana , S.J. 1997 '' . Jump up ^ Barrows , David ( 2014 ) . `` A History of the Philippines '' . Guttenburg Free Online E-books. 1 : 179 . Within the walls , there were some six hundred houses of a private nature , most of them built of stone and tile , and an equal number outside in the suburbs , or `` arrabales , '' all occupied by Spaniards ( `` todos son vivienda y poblacion de los Españoles '' ) . This gives some twelve hundred Spanish families or establishments , exclusive of the religious , who in Manila numbered at least one hundred and fifty , the garrison , at certain times , about four hundred trained Spanish soldiers who had seen service in Holland and the Low Countries , and the official classes . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Expeditions to the Philippines '' . PHILIPPINE-HISTORY.ORG. 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Living in the Philippines : Living , Retiring , Travelling and Doing Business '' . Jump up ^ Galaup `` Travel Accounts '' page 375 . Jump up ^ `` Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World '' By Eva Maria Mehl , page 235 . Jump up ^ Barrows , David ( 2014 ) . `` A History of the Philippines '' . Guttenburg Free Online E-books. 1 : 229 . Reforms under General Arandía. -- The demoralization and misery with which Obando 's rule closed were relieved somewhat by the capable government of Arandía , who succeeded him . Arandía was one of the few men of talent , energy , and integrity who stood at the head of affairs in these islands during two centuries . He reformed the greatly disorganized military force , establishing what was known as the `` Regiment of the King , '' made up very largely of Mexican soldiers ( note : emphasis added ) . He also formed a corps of artillerists composed of Filipinos . These were regular troops , who received from Arandía sufficient pay to enable them to live decently and like an army . Jump up ^ `` SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS , AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER , ST . AUGUSTINE '' ( Zamboanga City History ) `` He ( Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera ) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers , many of them from Peru , as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom . '' Jump up ^ Quinze Ans de Voyage Autor de Monde Vol. II ( 1840 ) Archived 2014 - 10 - 09 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2014 - 7 - 25 from Institute for Research of Iloilo Official Website . Jump up ^ `` The Philippine Archipelago '' By Yves Boquet Page 262 Jump up ^ De la Torre , Visitacion ( 2006 ) . The Ilocos Heritage . Makati City : Tower Book House . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 971 - 91030 - 9 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Unlucky Country : The Republic of the Philippines in the 21St Century By Duncan Alexander McKenzie ( Page xii ) Jump up ^ Carol R. Ember ; Melvin Ember ; Ian A. Skoggard , eds. ( 2005 ) . History . Encyclopedia of Diasporas : Immigrant and Refugee Cultures around the World , Volume 1 . Springer . Jump up ^ Stephanie Mawson , ' Between Loyalty and Disobedience : The Limits of Spanish Domination in the Seventeenth Century Pacific ' ( Univ. of Sydney M. Phil . thesis , 2014 ) , appendix 3 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Christian '' . Philippines : Google map of Paco district of Manila , Philippines . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Spanish Settlers in the Philippines ( 1571 - 1599 ) By Antonio Garcia - Abasalo Jump up ^ Retana , `` Relacion de las Encomiendas existentes en Filipinas el dia 31 de 1.591 '' Archivo del Bibliófilo Filipino IV , p 39 -- 112 Jump up ^ Barrows , David ( 2014 ) . `` A History of the Philippines '' . Guttenburg Free Online E-books. 1 : 139 . Fourth. -- In considering this Spanish conquest , we must understand that the islands were far more sparsely inhabited than they are to - day . The Bisayan islands , the rich Camarines , the island of Luzon , had , in Legaspi 's time , only a small fraction of their present great populations . This population was not only small , but it was also extremely disunited . Not only were the great tribes separated by the differences of language , but , as we have already seen , each tiny community was practically independent , and the power of a dato very limited . There were no great princes , with large forces of fighting retainers whom they could call to arms , such as the Portuguese had encountered among the Malays south in the Moluccas . Jump up ^ Spain ( 1680 ) . Recopilación de las Leyes de Indias . Titulo Quince . De las Audiencias y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias . Madrid . Spanish - language facsimile of the original . Jump up ^ Coleman 2009 , pp. 17 -- 59 Jump up ^ Antonio de Morga ( 1609 ) . Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas . Fondo de Cultura . 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Jump up ^ John Crawfurd , History of the Indian Archipelago , ( 1820 ) , page 445 Jump up ^ John Bowring , `` Travels in the Philippines '' , p. 18 , London , 1875 Jump up ^ Frederic H. Sawyer , `` The inhabitants of the Philippines '' , Preface , London , 1900 Jump up ^ Population of the Philippines Census Years 1799 to 2007 Archived July 4 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... National Statistical Coordination Board , Jump up ^ Jan Lahmeyer ( 1996 ) . `` The Philippines : historical demographical data of the whole country '' . Retrieved July 19 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Voz de Galicia ( 1898 ) . `` CENSOS DE CUBA , PUERTO RICO , FILIPINAS Y ESPAÑA . ESTUDIO DE SU RELACION '' . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NationMaster ( 2010 ) . `` GDP per capita in 1900 by country . Definition , graph and map '' . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philippine History '' . DLSU - Manila . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2006 . Retrieved August 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Destruction of USS Maine '' . U.S. Department of the Navy , Naval Historical Center . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2007 . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wionzek 2000 , p. xiv . Jump up ^ Wionzek 2000 , p. xvi . ^ Jump up to : Lacsamana 1990 , p. 126 Jump up ^ `` Philippines -- The Malolos Constitution and the Treaty of Paris '' . U.S. Library of Congress . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` President McKinley gives his reasons for the U.S. to keep the Philippines '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Woods 2005 , p. 49 Jump up ^ Lacsamana 1990 , p. 135 ^ Jump up to : Dolan & 1991 - 13 ^ Jump up to : Dolan & 1991 - 15 Jump up ^ Deady 2005 , p. 55 ( page 3 of the PDF ) Jump up ^ David Silbey ( 2008 ) . A War of Frontier and Empire : The Philippine -- American War , 1899 -- 1902 . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . pp. 200 -- 01 . ISBN 9780809096619 . Jump up ^ Agoncillo 1990 , p. 222 ; Zaide 1994 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Linn 2000 , p. 148 . 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'' Agricultural History 90 # 4 ( 2016 ) : 459 -- 483 . online Jump up ^ Mina Roces , `` Filipino Elite Women and Public Health in the American Colonial Era , 1906 -- 1940 . '' Women 's History Review 26 # 3 ( 2017 ) : 477 -- 502 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Jose ( 1923 ) . Legislative history of America 's economic policy toward the Philippines . Studies in history , economics and public law . 106 ( 2 ed . ) . Columbia University . pp. 192 of 232 . Jump up ^ Dolan & 1991 - 17 Jump up ^ Page 92 , Volume 32 The Encyclopædia Britannica 1922 edition Jump up ^ Goff , Richard ; Moss , Walter G. ; Terry , Janice ; Upshur , Jiu - Hwa : The Twentieth Century : A Brief Global History , Boston : McGraw - Hill , 1998 , pp. 212 Jump up ^ Agoncillo 1990 , pp. 345 -- 346 ^ Jump up to : Dolan & 1991 - 20 Jump up ^ Super Administrator . `` Corpus Juris -- 1935 Constitution '' . thecorpusjuris.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ `` LIEUTENANT RAMSEY 'S WAR '' by EDWIN PRICE RAMSEY and STEPHEN J. RIVELE. Published by Knightsbride publishing Co , Los Angeles , California Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Dear and Foot , eds . Oxford Companion to World War II pp 877 -- 79 Jump up ^ Ara , Satoshi ( 2008 ) . `` Food supply problem in Leyte , Philippines , during the Japanese Occupation ( 1942 -- 44 ) '' . Journal of Southeast Asian Studies . 39 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 82 . doi : 10.1017 / s0022463408000039 . Jump up ^ Treaty of General Relations between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States of America . Chanrobles law library . July 4 , 1946 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Dolan & 1991 - 23 Jump up ^ `` Balitang Beterano : Facts about Philippine Independence '' . Philippine Headline News Online . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Dolan & 1991 - 26 Jump up ^ `` THE PHILIPPINES : Death of a Friend '' . Time . March 25 , 1957 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Garcia : Unheralded nationalist '' . Philippine News Online . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Lacsamana 1990 , p. 184 Jump up ^ `` Republic Act No. 3844 : The Agricultural Land Reform Code of the Philippines '' . August 8 , 1963 . Jump up ^ Eduardo L. Martelino ( 1959 ) . Someday Malaysia . Pageant Press . Jump up ^ Greg Poulgrain ( 1998 ) . The genesis of konfrontasi : Malaysia , Brunei , Indonesia , 1945 -- 1965 . Crawford House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85065 - 513 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lacsamana 1990 , p. 187 Jump up ^ Dolan & 1991 - 27 ^ Jump up to : Dolan & 1991 - 28 Jump up ^ Lacsamana 1990 , p. 189 Jump up ^ Agoncillo 1990 , pp. 576 -- 577 Jump up ^ Agoncillo 1990 , pp. 574 -- 575 Jump up ^ Celoza , Albert ( 1997 ) . Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines : the political economy of authoritarianism . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 94137 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Dolan & 1991 - 29 Jump up ^ Agoncillo 1990 , p. 585 Jump up ^ Agoncillo 1990 , p. 586 ^ Jump up to : `` Background Notes : Philippines , November 1996 '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Then & Now : Corazon Aquino '' . CNN . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Pinatubo -- Eruption Features '' . National Geophysical Data Center . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Farazmand 1994 , pp. 129 -- 130 ( footnote 18 ) Jump up ^ `` Showdown in Manila '' . Asiaweek . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Joseph Estrada '' . BBC News . October 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Antonio C. Abaya , GMA 's successes , Manila Standard , January 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Philippines ' GDP grows 3.2 pc in 1999 , GNP up 3.6 pc Archived November 17 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Asian Economic News , January 31 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Philippines ' GDP up 4.5 % in 2nd qtr , Asian Economic News , September 4 , 2000 . Jump up ^ The Philippines : Sustaining Economic Growth Momentum In A Challenging Global Environment , Governor Amando M. Tetangco , Jr. , Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas , June 27 , 2008 . ( WebCite archive of the original ) Jump up ^ Speech : THE PHILIPPINES : CONSOLIDATING ECONOMIC GROWTH , Governor Rafael Buenaventura , Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas , March 13 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Philippines : Recent Trends and Prospects , Asian Development Bank , 2001 . ( archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 07 ) ^ Jump up to : Speech of Former President Estrada on the GRP - MORO Conflict ( September 18 , 2008 ) , Human development Network . Jump up ^ In the Spotlight : Moro Islamic Liberation Front Archived September 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Center for Defense Information Terrorism Project , February 15 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Philippine Military Takes Moro Headquarters , People 's Daily , July 10 , 2000 . Jump up ^ AFP - MILF 2000 War in Mindanao Remembered Archived March 8 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ( April 13 , 2006 ) , American Chronicle , May 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country Profile : Philippines , March 2006 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Library of Congress . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Talkasia Transcript '' . CNN . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Dalangin - Fernandez , Lira ( July 20 , 2006 ) . `` People 's support for Charter change ' nowhere to go but up ' '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Duterte , Robredo win 2016 polls '' . ABS - CBN . May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Congress proclaims Duterte , Robredo as new President , VP ; Rody a no - show '' . Inquirer.net . May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Philips , T. ; Holmes , O. ; Bowcott , O. ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Philippines wins South China Sea case against China '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rañada , Pia ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Duterte inauguration guest list now has 627 names '' . Rappler . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Corrales , Nestor ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Duterte administration to launch 24 - hour hotline in August '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dial 8888 , 911 : Gov 't opens complaints , emergency hotlines '' . ABS CBN News . August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Duterte sworn in as Philippines president '' . Reuters. 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Between Duterte and a death squad , a Philippine mayor fights drug - war violence '' . Reuters . March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # RealNumbersPH '' . Philippine Information Agency . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cayetano : PH war on drugs exaggerated by fake news '' . ABS - CBN. 5 May 2017 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ News , RG Cruz , ABS - CBN . `` Martial law survivor asks SC to reverse Marcos burial '' . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Marcos protesters brave rains to condemn burial - The Manila Times Online '' . www.manilatimes.net . Jump up ^ Esguerra , Anthony ; Salaverria , Leila ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Duterte declares martial law in Mindanao '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Agoncillo , Teodoro A. ( 1990 ) ( 1960 ) . History of the Filipino People ( 8th ed . ) . Quezon City : Garotech Publishing . ISBN 971 - 8711 - 06 - 6 . Alip , Eufronio Melo ( 1964 ) . Philippine History : Political , Social , Economic . Atiyah , Jeremy ( 2002 ) . Rough guide to Southeast Asia . Rough Guide . ISBN 978 - 1858288932 . Bisht , Narendra S. ; Bankoti , T.S. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopaedia of the South East Asian Ethnography . Global Vision Publishing Ho . ISBN 978 - 81 - 87746 - 96 - 6 . Coleman , Ambrose ( 2009 ) . The Firars in the Philippines . BiblioBazaar . ISBN 978 - 1 - 113 - 71989 - 8 . Deady , Timothy K. ( 2005 ) . `` Lessons from a Successful Counterinsurgency : The Philippines , 1899 -- 1902 '' ( PDF ) . Parameters . Carlisle , Pennsylvania : United States Army War College . 35 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 68 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` Early History '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` The Early Spanish '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` The Decline of Spanish '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` Spanish American War '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` War of Resistance '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` United States Rule '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` A Collaborative Philippine Leadership '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` Commonwealth Politics '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` World War II '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` Economic Relations with the United States '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` The Magsaysay , Garcia , and Macapagal Administrations '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` Marcos and the Road to Martial Law '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` Proclamation 1081 and Martial Law '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` From Aquino 's Assassination to People Power '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Ellis , Edward S. ( 2008 ) . Library of American History from the Discovery of America to the Present Time . READ BOOKS . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4437 - 7649 - 3 . Duka , Cecilio D. ( 2008 ) . Struggle for Freedom ' 2008 Ed . Rex Bookstore , Inc . ISBN 978 - 971 - 23 - 5045 - 0 . Escalante , Rene R. ( 2007 ) . The Bearer of Pax Americana : The Philippine Career of William H. Taft , 1900 -- 1903 . Quezon City , Philippines : New Day Publishers . ISBN 978 - 971 - 10 - 1166 - 6 . Fish , Shirley ( 2003 ) . When Britain Ruled The Philippines 1762 -- 1764 . 1stBooks . ISBN 1 - 4107 - 1069 - 6 . Frankham , Steven ( 2008 ) . Borneo . Footprint Handbooks . Footprint . ISBN 978 - 1906098148 . Fundación Santa María ( Madrid ) ( 1994 ) . Historia de la educación en España y América : La educación en la España contemporánea : ( 1789 -- 1975 ) ( in Spanish ) . Ediciones Morata . ISBN 978 - 84 - 7112 - 378 - 7 . Joaquin , Nick ( 1988 ) . Culture and history : occasional notes on the process of Philippine becoming . Solar Pub . Corp . ISBN 978 - 971 - 17 - 0633 - 3 . Kurlansky , Mark ( 1999 ) . The Basque history of the world . Walker . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8027 - 1349 - 0 . Lacsamana , Leodivico Cruz ( 1990 ) . Philippine History and Government ( Second ed . ) . Phoenix Publishing House , Inc . ISBN 971 - 06 - 1894 - 6 . Linn , Brian McAllister ( 2000 ) . The Philippine War , 1899 -- 1902 . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1225 - 3 . McAmis , Robert Day ( 2002 ) . Malay Muslims : The History and Challenge of Resurgent Islam in Southeast Asia . Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0802849458 . Munoz , Paul Michel ( 2006 ) . Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula . Editions Didier Millet . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4155 - 67 - 0 . Norling , Bernard ( 2005 ) . The Intrepid Guerrillas of North Luzon . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9134 - 8 . Riggs , Fred W. ( 1994 ) . `` Bureaucracy : A Profound Puzzle for Presidentialism '' . In Farazmand , Ali . Handbook of Bureaucracy . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 9182 - 7 . Saunders , Graham ( 2002 ) . A History of Brunei . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0700716982 . Schirmer , Daniel B. ; Shalom , Stephen Rosskamm ( 1987 ) . The Philippines Reader : A History of Colonialism , Neocolonialism , Dictatorship , and Resistance . South End Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89608 - 275 - 5 . Scott , William Henry ( 1984 ) . Prehispanic source materials for the study of Philippine history . New Day Publishers . ISBN 978 - 971 - 10 - 0227 - 5 . Shafer , Robert Jones ( 1958 ) . The economic societies in the Spanish world , 1763 -- 1821 . Syracuse University Press . Tracy , Nicholas ( 1995 ) . Manila Ransomed : The British Assault on Manila in the Seven Years War . University of Exeter Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85989 - 426 - 5 . Stearns , Peter N. , ed. ( 2002 ) . `` V. ( F ) 2 . The Philippines , 1800 -- 1913 '' . Encyclopedia of World History . Bartleby.com . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 13 . Taft , William ( 1908 ) . Present Day Problems . Ayer Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8369 - 0922 - 7 . Annual report of the Secretary of War . Washington GPO : US Army . 1903 . Wionzek , Karl - Heinz ( 2000 ) . `` Germany , the Philippines , and the Spanish -- American War : four accounts by officers of the Imperial German Navy '' . National Historical Institute . Woods , Ayon kay Damon L. ( 2005 ) . The Philippines . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 675 - 2 . Zaide , Sonia M. ( 1994 ) . The Philippines : A Unique Nation . All - Nations Publishing Co . ISBN 971 - 642 - 071 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Abinales , Patricio N. ; Amoroso , Donna J. ( 2005 ) . State and Society in the Philippines . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 6872 - 3 . Columbia University Press ( 2001 ) . `` Philippines , The '' . Columbia Encyclopedia ( 6th ed . ) . Bartleby.com . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2008 . Barrows , David Prescott ( 1905 ) . A History of the Philippines . Amer . Bk . Company . Corpuz , O.D. ( 2005 ) . Roots of the Filipino Nation . University of the Philippines Press . ISBN 971 - 542 - 461 - 9 . Elliott , Charles Burke ( 1916 ) . The Philippines : To the End of the Military Régime ( pdf ) . The Bobbs - Merrill Company . Elliott , Charles Burke ( 1917 ) . The Philippines : To the End of the Commission Government , a Study in Tropical Democracy ( pdf ) . The Bobbs - Merrill Company . Blair , Emma Helen & Robertson , James Alexander , eds. ( 1903 ) . 1582 -- 1583 . The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1803 . 5 . Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne . Cleveland , Ohio : Arthur H. Clark Company . Explorations by early navigators , descriptions of the islands and their peoples , their history and records of the catholic missions , as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts , showing the political , economic , commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century . Preface to Volume 1 General Preface The entrance of the United States of America into the arena of world - politics , the introduction of American influence into Oriental affairs , and the establishment of American authority in the Philippine archipelago , all render the history of those islands and their , numerous peoples a topic of engrossing interest and importance to the reading public , and especially to scholars , historians , and statesmen . The present work -- its material carefully selected and arranged from a vast mass of printed works and unpublished manuscripts -- is offered to the public with the intention and hope of casting light on the great problems which confront the American people in the Philippines ; and of furnishing authentic and trustworthy material for a thorough and scholarly history of the islands . For this purpose , the Editors reproduce ( mainly in English translation ) contemporaneous documents which constitute the best original sources of Philippine history . Beginning with Pope Alexander VI 's line of demarcation between the Spanish and the Portuguese dominions in the New World ( 1493 ) , the course of history in the archipelago is thus traced through a period of more than three centuries , comprising the greater part of the Spanish régime . In the selection of material , the Editors have sought to make the scope of the work commensurate with the breadth of the field , and to allot to each subject space proportioned to its interest ; not only the political relations , but the social and religious , economic and commercial conditions of the Philippines have received due attention and care . All classes of writers are here represented -- early navigators , officials civil and military , ecclesiastical dignitaries , and priests belonging to the various religious orders who conducted the missions among the Filipino peoples . To the letters , reports , and narratives furnished by these men are added numerous royal decrees , papal bulls and briefs , and other valuable documents . Most of this material is now for the first time made accessible to English - speaking readers ; and the great libraries and archives of Spain , Italy , France , England , Mexico , and the United States have generously contributed to furnish it . In the presentation of these documents , the Editors assume an entirely impartial attitude , free from any personal bias , whether political or sectarian . They aim to secure historical accuracy , especially in that aspect which requires the sympathetic interpretation of each author 's thought and intention ; and to depict faithfully the various aspects of the life of the Filipinos , their relations with other peoples ( especially those of Europe ) , and the gradual ascent of many tribes from barbarism . They invite the reader 's especial attention to the Introduction furnished for this series by Professor Edward Gaylord Bourne , of Yale University -- valuable alike for its breadth of view and for its scholarly thoroughness . The Bibliographical Data at the end of each volume will supply necessary information as to sources and location of the documents published therein ; fuller details , and of broader scope , will be given in the volume devoted to Philippine bibliography , at the end of the series . Blair , Emma Helen & Robertson , James Alexander , eds. ( 1903 ) . 1583 -- 1588 . The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1898 . 6 . Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne . Cleveland , Ohio : Arthur H. Clark Company . Explorations by early navigators , descriptions of the islands and their peoples , their history and records of the catholic missions , as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts , showing the political , economic , commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the close of the nineteenth century . Change of title and extension of scope -- Preface to Volume 6 . Editorial Announcement Facsimile of title page from Volume 43 The Editors desire to announce to their readers an important modification in the scope and contents of this work . As originally planned and hitherto announced , the series was intended to furnish the original sources , printed and documentary , for the history of the Philippine Islands only to the beginning of the nineteenth century . To most of our readers , the reasons for this are obvious : the fact that the classic period of Philippine history is thus bounded ; the comparative rarity and inaccessibility of most material therein to the general public ; the vast extent of the field covered by Philippine history , and the necessary limitations of space imposed upon the selection of material for this work ; the closing of foreign archives to all investigators after an early date in the nineteenth century ; and the greater difficulty , in that later period , of securing a proper historical perspective . But so many and urgent requests have come to us , from subscribers and reviewers , for such extension of this series as shall cover the entire period of Spanish domination , that we have decided to modify the former plan in the manner here briefly indicated . It is our purpose not to exceed the number of volumes already announced , fifty - five . We are able to do this because in our original plan , to avoid a subsequent increase in the number of volumes , a certain amount of space was purposely left for possible future changes as a result of later investigations to be made in foreign archives , or on account of the necessary excision of extraneous or irrelevant matter from the printed works which are to be presented in this series . The new title will be `` The Philippine Islands : 1493 -- 1898 . '' The early and especially important history of the islands will be covered as fully as before . For the history of the nineteenth century , we will present various important decrees , reports , and other official documents ; and provide a clear , careful , and impartial synopsis of some of the best historical matter extant , down to the close of the Spanish régime . Throughout the series will be used , as has been done from the beginning , all the best material available -- historical , descriptive , and statistical -- for reference and annotation . With the copious and carefully - prepared bibliography of Philippine historical literature , and the full analytical index , which will close the series ; the broad and representative character of the material selected throughout ; and the impartial and non-sectarian attitude maintained , the Editors trust that this change will still further enable scholars , historical writers , and general readers alike to study , with reliable and satisfactory material , the history of the Philippine Islands from their first discovery by Europeans to the close of the Spanish régime , and incidentally the history of the entire Orient . Blair , Emma Helen & Robertson , James Alexander , eds. ( 1903 ) . 1588 -- 1591 . The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1898 . 7 . Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne . Cleveland , Ohio : Arthur H. Clark Company . Blair , Emma Helen & Robertson , James Alexander , eds. ( 1903 ) . 1591 -- 1593 . The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1898 . 8 . Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne . Cleveland , Ohio : Arthur H. Clark Company . Blair , Emma Helen & Robertson , James Alexander , eds. ( 1904 ) . 1593 -- 1597 . The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1898 . 9 . Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne . Cleveland , Ohio : Arthur H. Clark Company . Blair , Emma Helen & Robertson , James Alexander , eds. ( 1904 ) . 1604 -- 1605 . The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1898 . 13 . Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne . Cleveland , Ohio : Arthur H. Clark Company . Blair , Emma Helen & Robertson , James Alexander , eds. ( 1905 ) . 1630 -- 1634 . The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1898 . 24 . Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne ; additional translations by Rev T.C. Middleton and Robert W. Haight . Arthur H. Clark Company . Blair , Emma Helen & Robertson , James Alexander , eds. ( 1905 ) . 1635 -- 1636 . The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1898 . 25 . Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord BOURNE ; additional translations by Rev T.C. Middleton and Robert W. Haight . Arthur H. Clark Company . Blair , Emma Helen & Robertson , James Alexander , eds. ( 1906 ) . 1649 -- 1666 . The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1898 . 36 . Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne ; additional translations by Henry B. Lathrop . Cleveland , Ohio : Arthur H. Clark Company . Blair , Emma Helen & Robertson , James Alexander , eds. ( 1906 ) . 1670 -- 1700 . The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1898 . 42 . Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne . Cleveland , Ohio : Arthur H. Clark Company . Millis , Walter ( 1931 ) . The Martial Spirit . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 929587 - 07 - 3 . Kalaw , Maximo M. ( 1927 ) . `` Early Political Life in the Philippines '' . The development of Philippine politics . Oriental commercial . p. 1 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 . Nieva , Gregorio ( September 28 , 1921 ) . `` Now Is The Time To Solve The Philippine Problem : The View Of A Representative Filipino '' . The Outlook . Outlook Publishing Company , Inc. 129 : 135 -- 137 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 30 . Scott , William Henry ( 1992 ) . Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino : And Other Essays in Philippine History . New Day Publishers . ISBN 978 - 971 - 10 - 0524 - 5 . Worcester , Dean Conant ( 1913 ) . The Philippines : Past and Present . New York : The Macmillan company . Worcester , Dean Conant ( 1898 ) . The Philippine Islands and Their People . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of the Philippines . Official government portal of the Republic of the Philippines . National Historical Institute . The United States and its Territories 1870 -- 1925 : The Age of Imperialism . History of the Philippine Islands by Morga , Antonio de in 55 volumes , from Project Gutenberg . Translated into English , edited and annotated by E.H. Blair and J.A. Robertson . Volumes 1 -- 14 and 15 -- 25 indexed under Blair , Emma Helen . Philippine Society and Revolution ( archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 10 ) . 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Jason Morgan (General Hospital)
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Jason Morgan ( General Hospital ) - wikipedia Jason Morgan ( General Hospital ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 6 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Jason Morgan Billy Miller as Jason Morgan General Hospital character Portrayed by Quinn Carlson ( 1982 ) Bryan Beck ( 1982 -- 86 ) Steve Burton ( 1991 -- 2012 ) Billy Miller ( 2014 -- ) Duration 1981 -- 86 1991 -- 2012 2014 -- First appearance November 11 , 1981 Created by Thom Racina and Leah Laiman Introduced by Gloria Monty ( 1981 , 1991 ) Jill Farren Phelps ( 2002 ) Frank Valentini ( 2014 ) Book appearances Robin 's Diary The Secret Life of Damian Spinelli Spin - off appearances General Hospital : Night Shift Classification Present ; regular Profile Other names Jason Moore ( 1981 -- 83 ) Jason Quartermaine ( 1983 -- 96 ) Jake Doe ( 2014 -- 15 ) Jacob `` Jake '' Barnes ( 2015 ) Occupation Mob enforcer ( 1996 -- 2012 , 2015 ) Businessman ( 1996 -- 2012 , 2017 -- ) Coffee importer ( 1996 -- 2012 ) Co-owner of The No Name / Puzzulo 's ( 2009 -- 12 ) Head of ELQ Security ( 2015 ) Media mogul ( 2017 -- ) Co-owner of Aurora Media ( 2017 -- ) Residence Port Charles , New York Steve Burton as Jason Morgan ( show ) Family Family Quartermaine Parents Alan Quartermaine Susan Moore Adoptive mother Monica Quartermaine Stepfather Scott Baldwin ( 1982 -- 83 ) Stepmother Lucy Coe ( 1990 -- 91 ) Brothers Drew Frank Half - brothers A.J. Quartermaine Half - sisters Skye Quartermaine ( adoptive ) Dawn Winthrop ( adoptive ) Emily Quartermaine ( adoptive ) Spouse Brenda Barrett ( 2002 -- 03 ) Courtney Matthews ( 2003 -- 04 ) Sam McCall ( 2011 -- ) Sons Jake Spencer Danny Morgan Daughters Emily Morgan Grandparents Edward Quartermaine Lila Quartermaine Uncles Bradley Ward Jimmy Lee Holt Aunts Tracy Quartermaine Nephews Michael Corinthos Nieces Lila Rae Alcazar ( adoptive ) First cousins Justus Ward Faith Ward Ned Ashton Dillon Quartermaine Jason Morgan is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera , General Hospital . Created by Thom Racina and Leah Laiman , he was most notably played by Daytime Emmy Award - winning actor Steve Burton , who joined the cast in 1991 and vacated the role in 2012 . Jason was born offscreen in September 1981 and the character made his onscreen debut in November 1981 as the son of Dr. Alan Quartermaine ( Stuart Damon ) and his mistress , Susan Moore ( Gail Ramsey ) , later adopted by Alan 's wife Dr. Monica Quartermaine ( Leslie Charleson ) . As one of the longest - running characters on the show , the role was played by various child actors from 1982 to 1986 . The role is currently portrayed by Billy Miller , who joined the cast in 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Casting 1.2 Characterization 2 Storylines 2.1 1980s 2.2 1990s 2.3 2000s 2.4 2010s 3 Reception 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Development ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) The role was originated on November 11 , 1981 , by Quinn Carlson until June 3 , 1982 . Child actor Bryan Beck stepped into the role on September 8 , 1982 to 1986 . On December 19 , 1991 , Burton stepped into the role on a contractual basis as a SORASed Jason Quartermaine . In November 1999 , ABC confirmed that Burton had decided not to renew his contract which expired in December to pursue other opportunities . Burton last appeared on contract on January 27 , 2000 . In June 2000 , ABC confirmed that Burton would reprise his role for a six - week stint starting on August 25 , 2000 until he last appeared on October 10 , 2000 . In December 2000 , it was announced that Burton would return to the series once again and began airing on January 29 , 2001 . In January 2001 , Burton announced that his return was only temporary due to his commitment to film a pilot for his DreamWorks Television development deal . Whether he returned to the role full - time would depend on whether the series was picked up . The pilot was not picked up , Burton landed a role in a major motion picture leading to his departure on April 29 , 2001 . Burton returned to the series on contract in 2002 during May Sweeps . In late 2008 , Burton 's contract expired and forcing to make a decision on re-signing with the show . After months of speculation , he announced in a public appearance that he re-signed with the show . Burton stated that he would be willing to take a pay cut because he understands that money is a lot tighter now than it has been in recent years and stated that he is blessed to have a job right now . In 2011 , rumors began circulating that Burton could depart from the series due to contract negotiations . However , in May 2011 Burton announced via Twitter that he had re-signed with the series again . On August 23 , 2012 , Jamey Giddens of the website Daytime Confidential reported that contract negotiations were not going well and Burton was close to walking away from the series . On August 28 , 2012 , Burton confirmed in an interview with TV Guide 's Michael Logan that he would exit the series and agreed to stay long enough for the producers to write his character out properly . Following the announcement that Sean Kanan ( A.J. Quartermaine ) was returning to the series in an undisclosed role , rumors began circulating that Kanan might be a recast of Jason . Kanan 's resemblance to Burton fed into the rumors . On September 2 , 2014 , executive producer Frank Valentini announced on Twitter that former All My Children and The Young and the Restless actor Billy Miller would join the cast as Jason . On September 30 , 2014 , Miller 's air date as Jason was revealed to be on October 1 . Characterization ( edit ) `` I guess the writers started seeing something that was happening and they had the idea of making me a new character and basically starting from scratch . It has been a great journey for me as an actor and for me , personally . '' -- Burton on Jason Morgan Steve Burton 's early years on the soap as the `` rich , wholesome preppy '' Jason Quartermaine would come to a shocking , and dramatic end in 1995 after a car accident caused by his brother , A.J. leaves the character as a brain damaged amnesiac . Following Jason 's split from the Quartermaines , except for his sister Emily and grandmother Lila Morgan Quartermaine ( Anna Lee ) , and a change of his surname to Morgan , he would become the right - hand man for mob boss , Sonny Corinthos ( Maurice Benard ) . At the time , Burton was considering leaving the show and joked that a producer noted that he played every scene , the same way , as if someone was about to die . Burton 's decision to stay stemmed from a conversation with Benard who gave him advice on how to improve . While still portraying Jason Quartermaine , the writers saw the chemistry between him and Benard and decided to create Jason Morgan . `` Am I a villain ? I guess . If I kill people , then I guess I 'm a villain . The audience knows that it 's been done . But they do n't care . '' -- Burton on his character 's change in direction With a new personality shift , Burton 's Jason went from `` preppy and wholesome '' to `` angry , stoic and emotionless . '' In the early stages of his transformation into Jason Morgan , he would experience fits of rage and was even given the nickname `` anger boy . '' Post accident , as Jason matured the fits of rage subsided , Jason was very light and fun during his relationship with Robin Scorpio . It was n't until after he was hurt multiple times that Jason grew darker and more intense . Jason was seen as `` stone cold , '' and he did n't show much personality , unless it was with his closest loved ones . Despite the drastic change , Burton described his character as `` vulnerable , caring , honest , and honorable '' around those that he loves . Burton welcomed the change in story for his character , noting that it can sometimes become annoying playing `` just plain nice '' all the time . Within the mob and despite constant conflicts with law enforcement , Jason operated as a vigilante often taking down criminals who targeted the Corinthos family and tried to bring illegal substances and weapons into Port Charles , New York . Jason was known to show loyalty and compassion to those he held closest to him . His acts of extreme loyalty and compassion could be seen through his friendships with Sonny and Carly , his romantic relationships and his relationship with his nephew Michael , who he raised for the first year of Michael 's life . The passing years also saw a thaw in Jason 's relationship with the Quartermaines . The death of his father Alan and a shooting that left Michael in a year - long coma opened his eyes to what the Quartermaines suffered after his own accident . For that point on , Jason was shown to be more open to a relationship with his mother Monica , and eventually his grandfather Edward Quartermaine ( John Ingle ) . The extent of the thaw with his family could also be seen through Jason 's decision to name his son , Daniel Edward , after his grandfather . Storylines ( edit ) 1980s ( edit ) Jason was conceived out of his father , Alan Quartermaine 's ( Stuart Damon ) , affair with Susan Moore ( Gail Ramsey ) . Jason was born on September 14 , 1981 at Our Lady of Mercy Hospital in New York City . When Jason was born , Alan supported him financially , but was fighting for custody of his other son , A.J. . Jason lived with his mother and Scott Baldwin ( Kin Shriner ) up until her death , upon which he lived with Susan 's aunt , Alice Grant ( Lieux Dressler ) . Then he moved into the Quartermaine mansion with Alan . Alan 's wife , Monica ( Leslie Charleson ) , initially rejected Jason , but eventually grew to love him and later adopted him . Jason and A.J. were sent off to boarding school as children . In December 1991 , Jason was aged several years , re-establishing his birth year as 1974 . 1990s ( edit ) When a newly SORASed Jason and older brother A.J. return to town , Jason , who is a successful student and athlete , is treated as the family favorite while A.J. is failing and dealing with alcoholism . Jason has relationships with Karen Wexler ( Cari Shayne ) , Brenda Barrett ( Vanessa Marcil ) , Robin Scorpio ( Kimberly McCullough ) and Keesha Ward ( Senait Ashenafi ) . Jason supports Monica through her health crisis with breast cancer and adores his adoptive sister , Emily Quartermaine ( then Amber Tamblyn ) . In December 1995 , an intoxicated A.J. runs his car into a tree . Jason , who was attempting to stop A.J. from driving , is in the passenger seat and hits his head on a large boulder after being ejected from the car . Jason suffers brain injuries that result in total memory loss . Upon waking up from his coma , Jason had no recollection of his past and resented all of the Quartermaines except his grandmother Lila Quartermaine ( Anna Lee ) and sister Emily . His personality drastically changes . Jason eventually turns his back on his family , and changes his surname to Morgan , Lila 's maiden name . Jason meets Robin again on a bridge and they begin a friendship which turns into a romantic relationship . Robin encouraged Jason to develop relationships with Lila , Emily , and Monica , and he stood by Robin at the Nurses Ball , where she shares with Port Charles for the first time that she is HIV positive . Robin leaves for college at Yale University and Jason asks her friend Sonny Corinthos ( Maurice Benard ) for a job . His loyalty and hard work impress Sonny . Jason becomes Sonny 's personal enforcer in his mob business . Robin returns in 1997 and was with Jason when he was shot for the first time by the Tin Man . Jason was operated on and saved . Robin begged Jason to leave his dangerous life behind . When Jason refused Robin begged Sonny to fire Jason . Initially hesitant , Sonny finally relented . Jason was infuriated when Sonny told him he was fired , and knew Robin was to blame . He and Robin broke up , and Robin made plans to leave town again . Jason met Robin on the bridge , and they said a last goodbye . To help Carly Benson ( then Sarah Joy Brown ) , Jason pretends to be the father of her baby . Carly develops postpartum depression after giving birth to her son , Michael , and leaves town . Robin returns to Port Charles and Jason confesses that the child is A.J. 's . Jason and Michael bond with Robin during Carly 's absence . Dr. Tony Jones ( Brad Maule ) kidnaps Michael and Robin . Jason eventually rescues them both . At trial , Carly shoots Tony in a moment of temporary insanity and is remanded to a mental facility . In Carly 's absence , Jason and Robin reunite . After Robin is almost killed in an explosion , Jason leaves the mob . Carly is released from the hospital , which puts a strain on Jason and Robin 's relationship . Robin tells A.J. that he is Michael 's father , and Jason temporarily loses custody of Michael . A.J. and Carly marry , and a judge awards joint custody to Jason , A.J. and Carly . Jason fears his hatred of A.J. will hurt Michael and signs away all rights ; however he remains an integral part of Michael 's life . Jason later comforts Elizabeth Webber ( Rebecca Herbst ) over the supposed death of her boyfriend , Lucky Spencer ( Jonathan Jackson ) . Carly misunderstands their relationship and sleeps with Sonny . Jason is unable to deal with the betrayal of Sonny and Carly , and leaves town . Jason and Elizabeth are later romantically drawn to each other , but a relationship is never established . 2000s ( edit ) Jason marries Brenda to avoid testifying against each other in a murder trial . They are cleared of the charges , and later get divorced . Soon after , Jason ends up falling in love with Sonny 's sister , Courtney Matthews ( Alicia Leigh Willis ) , and they begin a relationship , despite Sonny 's disapproval . Courtney and Jason marry , but a miscarriage and the stress of the mob life tear them apart , and they annul their marriage . When Jason discovers that Sonny 's mistress , Sam McCall ( Kelly Monaco ) , is pregnant , he pretends to be the father of Sam 's baby so Sonny will stay with his wife , Carly . The two bonded as the pregnancy advanced , and Sam wanted Jason to be a part of her baby 's life . Sadly , Sonny and Sam 's daughter is stillborn , but Jason helped Sam cope with the loss , and the two eventually fall in love and got engaged . When all three of Sonny 's children are kidnapped , Jason and Sam rescue them from A.J. , who is killed soon after . Jason takes a drug to remember A.J. 's killer , but later causes memory loss . Sam convinces Jason to go on an experimental drug that Robin finds , to help him regain his memory . The drug works but causes a brain aneurysm . They moved back to Hawaii where they plan to spend the last days of Jason 's life . Jason later changes his mind , and has an operation that saves his life . When Sam is shot and almost dies , Sam 's mother Alexis Davis ( Nancy Lee Grahn ) guilts Jason into breaking up with Sam . Upset at his decision , Sam sleeps with Ric Lansing ( Rick Hearst ) and Jason witnesses the incident . Jason goes home and Elizabeth shows up . Jason and Elizabeth sleep together , and she ends up pregnant . Elizabeth claims Lucky is the father but later tells Jason the truth during the Metro Court hostage crisis , when his father , Alan , dies . Jason regrets all the years he pushed his father away . Elizabeth gives birth to a son , Jacob Martin Spencer . Jake is kidnapped soon after , and Jason rescues him . Sam finds out about Jake 's paternity , and she and Jason break up . After Jake 's paternity is revealed to Lucky , Jason and Elizabeth start dating . When Michael is shot and left in a coma , Jason ends his relationship with Elizabeth . Jason 's relationship with his mother , Monica , becomes increasingly strained after Emily is killed by Diego Alcazar ( Ignacio Serricchio ) , Jason 's enemy . Monica 's self - destructive behavior and drinking leads to her getting hospitalized and arrested ; Jason helps her go to rehab , and they reconcile . Jason denies Sonny access to the organization when he wants it back . In order to regain his power , Sonny becomes head of the Zacchara organization by marrying Claudia Zacchara ( Sarah Joy Brown ) . Jason is offered blanket immunity by Agent Thomas Rayner ( Mark Pinter ) if he provides information on Sonny and Anthony Zacchara ( Bruce Weitz ) . After Damian Spinelli ( Bradford Anderson ) is set up and arrested for his illegal activity , Jason is forced to agree to Rayner 's deal to gain Spinelli 's freedom . Spinelli is freed when Sam , helps destroy the evidence against him . Jason and Sonny reconcile , and Jason gives the business back . Michael wakes up from his year - long coma , and Jason suspects that Claudia is responsible for Michael 's shooting . Jason resumes a friendship with Sam , who has partnered with Spinelli to start a private investigation firm . When Michael and Kristina Davis ( Lexi Ainsworth ) run away to Mexico , Sam and Jason track the siblings but encounter Jerry Jacks ( Sebastian Roché ) . Jason is shot and left to die by Jerry . Sam rescues Jason , and cares for him ; the two reconnect . Jason and Sam find Michael and Kristina , and bring them back to Port Charles . Sam and Jason remain drawn to each other , and start a relationship again . Jason and Sam find the proof they need to confirm Claudia 's involvement in Michael 's shooting . They hand it over to Sonny , who confronts Claudia . Cornered , Claudia takes a pregnant Carly hostage , and escapes . Michael ends up finding them before Jason & Sam can , and kills Claudia to protect Carly and his baby sister , Josslyn . To protect Michael , Jason covers up the crime and makes it look like Claudia disappeared . 2010s ( edit ) Jason and his close ones are stalked by crazed artist Franco ( James Franco ) . When Michael is exposed as the killer , and sent to prison , Jason makes a deal goes to prison to protect him . Michael is released , but Jason is forced to remain in jail . He 's temporarily released to find Franco , before being permanently released . Jake gets hit by a car and dies on the operating table , leaving Jason devastated . Realizing how much he wants a family , Jason proposes to Sam , who accepts . Jason is rushed to the hospital and has to undergo surgery after getting into an accident . Fortunately , he recovers , and marries Sam soon after . During their honeymoon in Hawaii , Sam and Jason are drugged by Franco . He locks Jason in a room and forces him to watch as he apparently rapes Sam . After returning to Port Charles , Jason kills Franco , but Sam finds out she 's pregnant . A paternity test establishes Jason as the father . However , Sam finds out that Franco is Jason 's fraternal twin brother , sold at birth . Sam runs another DNA test and is devastated when it says Franco is the father . Jason has a hard time accepting the news , and they separate . Sam eventually gives birth to a baby boy while trapped by a storm . Jason finds her , and is led to believe her son is dead . Both of them mourn the loss of her son . Unknown to either , Sam 's son was actually switched by Heather Webber ( Robin Mattson ) and Todd Manning ( Roger Howarth ) with the stillborn son of Téa Delgado ( Florencia Lozano ) . It 's revealed that Jason is the baby 's father because Heather switched the paternity test . The baby 's `` death '' causes Jason and Sam 's marriage to deteriorate , and they agree to divorce . Jason eventually figures out that the baby that died was n't Sam 's . He finds out about Téa and her son , and acquires a DNA sample from baby Victor , Téa 's son , but the results are not a match . Elizabeth later confesses to switching the DNA test -- the baby with Téa is Sam 's son . Jason tells Sam , but finds out the baby has been kidnapped by Heather . Jason saves the baby , and he and Sam are reunited with their son , whom they rename Daniel Edward Morgan . Jason goes to help his accountant Bernie Abrahms ( Richard Fancy ) at Pier 52 and shoots Joe Scully Jr . ( Richard Steinmetz ) to protect Bernie . However , Jason is shot by Cesar Faison ( Anders Hove ) , who kicks him into the water ; Jason is presumed dead . Not long after he disappears , Sam finds out Jason is Danny 's biological father . When Victor Cassadine ( Thaao Penghlis ) visits Robin , he reveals that Jason is alive , and tells her to help bring his relatives , the Cassadines , and Jason back to life . She agrees to help Victor for Jason 's sake . Robin succeeds in reviving Jason , but Victor forces her and Jason apart . Jason manages to escape , only to be hit by a car . Jason is brought to General Hospital , as a John Doe . Following multiple reconstructive surgeries to his face , an unconscious Jason ( Billy Miller ) is tended to by Elizabeth . He wakes up with amnesia , and later believes his name to be Jake . Helena uses `` Jake '' through mind control as her soldier to wreak havoc on the town . In the meantime , he and Elizabeth grow closer . When Jason is caught for his crimes , they find a chip inside his head that Helena uses to control him . Jason undergoes surgery to remove the chip , but still ca n't remember his real identity . Hayden Barnes ( Rebecca Budig ) comes to Elizabeth 's house claiming to be `` Jake 's '' wife , but it is really a scheme set up by Ric , Elizabeth 's ex-husband . Carly exposes Hayden and Ric 's fraud . Unknown to `` Jake , '' Nikolas Cassadine ( Tyler Christopher ) tells Elizabeth `` Jake '' 's identity . Elizabeth keeps Jason 's identity a secret to pursue a relationship with him . Elizabeth and Jason 's son , Jake , is found alive and being held captive by Helena . He is rescued by Lucky , and returned to Elizabeth & Jason . `` Jake '' proposes to Elizabeth , and she accepts . He asks Sam for help to figure out his real identity . Spinelli creates a facial reconstruction program that reveals his identity . Carly helps gets confirmation that `` Jake '' is actually Jason . `` Jake '' finds out his true identity from Carly on his wedding day . Jason still ca n't remember his past , and decides to divorce Sam so he can marry Elizabeth . He bonds with both his sons , Jake and Danny , and reconnects with Sonny and Carly . Sam figures out that Elizabeth knew who Jason was . Though Jason does n't believe Sam , he confronts Elizabeth and , cornered , Elizabeth finally admits the truth . Heartbroken , Jason breaks up with Elizabeth . Jason realizes that Nikolas knew about his identity , igniting a feud between the two . Jake , who is upset about his father moving out , is stalked by a mysterious intruder who vandalizes Elizabeth 's home . Jason later realizes it was actually Jake , hoping Jason would come back . Jason and Elizabeth try to get Jake help , but he gets hit by a car . Jake survives , and is treated for his injuries . Jason finds Sam injured and unconscious after she fell trying to help Jake . He saves her life , and the incident brings them closer together . The two slowly start to rebuild their relationship . Sam asks Jason for a divorce , though , hoping to not pressure Jason into remembering their past . Jason reluctantly agrees . Sam investigates Hayden , and figures out that Nikolas tried to kill Hayden to cover up Jason 's true identity . Using this information , Jason blackmails Nikolas into selling him ELQ , which Nikolas had stolen from the Quartermaines , and gives them back the company . Soon after , Jason is in an accident , and ends up falling off his motorcycle . When he regained consciousness , he found Dante Falconeri ( Dominic Zamprogna ) trapped under the van . While trying to rescue Dante , he starts having visions of Robin , Carly , Helena , Sam , and Sonny . Jason manages to rescue Dante , and his memory finally returns . He reconnects with his family and friends ; despite reconnecting with Sonny , Jason decides not to go back into the mob for the sake of his family . When Jason is accused of killing Nikolas , he goes on the run with Sam , and figures out that Nikolas staged his death so he could disappear . He and Sam find Nikolas , but get taken hostage by Valentin Cassadine ( James Patrick Stuart ) . They manage to escape , and return to Port Charles , where Jason is cleared of the murder charges . Jason had a brief malaria scare after returning from Greece , but was treated and released . Afterwards , Sam revealed to Jason that she 's pregnant . Jason was ecstatic , and proposed to Sam ; she accepted , and they remarried soon after . Jason tries to keep a mob war from starting when Sonny 's rival Julian Jerome ( William deVry ) gets acquitted of murder . Soon after , Julian 's car explodes , killing Morgan Corinthos ( Bryan Craig ) , Sonny and Carly 's son . Jason investigates the car bombing , wanting to get answers for Sonny and Carly . When Jason finds out Sonny is not responsible for the hit , he teams up with Curtis Ashford ( Donnell Turner ) to find out who killed Morgan . They figure out the culprit was Olivia St. John ( Tonja Walker ) , Julian 's sister . Trying to find her , Jason realizes that Sam is in danger because Olivia kidnapped her . He rescues her , but Sam goes into labor , and Jason is forced to deliver their daughter , Emily Scout Morgan . Olivia tries to bomb the hospital , but Jason and Curtis are able to thwart her . Reception ( edit ) Burton 's portrayal of Jason Morgan earned him two Soap Opera Digest Awards for Outstanding Younger Lead Actor in 1997 and 1998 . He was nominated for the 1997 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series and won the 1998 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series . He also received a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in 2000 . He won two Soap Opera Digest Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in 2003 and Outstanding Actor in 2005 . Also in 2005 , he received a nomination for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series and in 2012 he received a pre-nomination for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series . With the 2014 casting of Billy Miller , Michael Fairman of On Air , On Soaps questioned : `` Knowing now that Miller is taking on the role , do you think the Jason that comes to life after Robin revived him , will be a hitman , killer , or will he be Jason Quartermaine-esque or none of the above ? '' See also ( edit ) Jason Morgan and Sam McCall Jason Morgan and Elizabeth Webber References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jason and Sam divorced on March 22 , 2016 , but remarried months later on September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ IMDB.com , Steve Burton , Awards . ^ Jump up to : `` Dear Soaps , I have been watching ... '' TV Guide . tvguide.com. 2003 - 02 - 03 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ General Hospital Official Site , Jason Morgan 's Biography . Archived February 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ CurlyQgrl ( December 19 -- 26 , 1991 ) . `` Curlyqgrl 's General Hospital 1991 episodes '' . Angelfire . Lycos . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( November 12 , 1999 ) . `` '' Bigger and better '' things for Steve Burton `` . Soap Central . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2000 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Nine - year GH run ends for Steve Burton '' . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2000 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Steve Burton returns to GH '' . Soap Central . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( December 20 , 2000 ) . `` Steve Burton will return in January '' . Soap Central . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( January 7 , 2001 ) . `` Burton will return , leave again '' . Soap Central . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( March 19 , 2001 ) . `` Steve Burton leaves GH sooner than expected '' . Soap Central . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( April 8 , 2002 ) . `` Steve Burton to once again return to GH '' . Soap Central . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( August 2 , 2009 ) . `` Steve Burton extends his stay on General Hospital '' . Soap Central . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Luke ( May 6 , 2011 ) . `` Steve Burton Re-Signs With GH '' . Daytime Confidential . Zap2it . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Burton re-signs with GH for another year ! '' . On Air , On Soaps . Michael Fairman . May 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` RUMOR REPORT : Is Steve Burton ThisClose to Walking Away From General Hospital ? ! '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( 2012 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Exclusive : Steve Burton Quits General Hospital '' . TV Guide . TVGuide.com . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Simms , Richard M. ( 2012 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Steve Burton Leaving GH ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . ABC.soapsindepth.com . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( 2012 - 08 - 28 ) . `` CONFIRMED : Steve Burton QUITS General Hospital ; Doing a Telenovela With James Franco and Jill Farren Phelps ! '' . Zap2it . Daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Burton Out At GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . Soapoperadigest.com. 2012 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Errol , Lewis ( 2012 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Steve Burton Departing ' General Hospital ' '' . Soap Opera Network . Soapoperanetwork.com . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2012 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Steve Burton quits General Hospital '' . Soap Central . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Sean Kanan Returns to General Hospital '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` Sean Kanan 's Uncanny Similarity to Steve Burton 's Jason Morgan '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ SOD ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` BILLY MILLER JOINS GH ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Simms , Richard M. ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` Billy Miller Is GH 's New Jason ! '' . ABC Soap In Depth . Bauer Media Group . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fairman , Michael ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` CONFIRMED : Billy Miller is Joining The Cast Of General Hospital As Jason Morgan ! '' . On Air , On Soaps . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` WEDNESDAY ON GH : Billy Miller On General Hospital ! Ron Carlivati Tweets : `` Bruised . Battered . Billy . GH Jason His Story Continues ... '' `` . On Air , On Soaps . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` General Hospital : Steve Burton Interview '' . Web.archive.org. 2008 - 10 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Michael Logan ( 2011 - 08 - 11 ) . `` General Hospital 's Steve Burton on Jason 's Life or Death Surgery '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Rossi , Rosemary . `` Jason Reborn '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Maria Cicaccia . `` Jason Morgan : Stone Cold Killer , A Crying Heart '' . About.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Barnert , Deanna ( January 21 , 2013 ) . `` Steve Burton teases ' Young and the Restless ' run '' . MSN . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Morgan 101 '' . ABC.com. 2012 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Curlyqgrl ( September 14 , 1981 ) . `` General Hospital 1981 episodes '' . Angelfire . Lycos . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Elisabeth . `` GH Daily Recaps : April 3 , 2012 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ About GH : Who 's Who in Port Charles Jason Morgan General Hospital @ soapcentral.com ^ Jump up to : `` The Story : A Quartermaine Curse '' . General Hospital Blog . ABC.com. 2012 - 10 - 26 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' General Hospital ' wins Soap Opera awards '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . March 1 , 1997 . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( March 3 , 1998 ) . `` ' General Hospital ' tops in soap opera awards '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 39th Annual Daytime Emmy Pre-Nominations Announced '' . TVSource Magazine . 2012 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Jason Morgan profile at soapcentral.com General Hospital General Hospital characters ( current contract cast only ) Curtis Ashford Jordan Ashford Hayden Barnes Nina Clay Carly Corinthos Jacks Corinthos Sonny Corinthos Alexis Davis Anna Devane Dante Falconeri Olivia Falconeri Hamilton Finn Franco Nelle Hayes Ava Jerome Julian Jerome Kiki Jerome Maxie Jones Andre Maddox Jason Morgan Sam Morgan Griffin Munro Dillon Quartermaine Michael Quartermaine Laura Spencer Lulu Spencer - Falconeri Elizabeth Webber Nathan West General Hospital characters ( recurring cast ) TJ Ashford Ned Ashton Scott Baldwin Spencer Cassadine Lucy Coe Darby Collette Kevin Collins Brad Cooper Kristina Davis Emma Drake Felix DuBois Leo Falconeri Rocco Falconeri Parker Forsyth Max Giambetti Milo Giambetti Alice Gunderson Josslyn Jacks Epiphany Johnson Lucas Jones Molly Lansing Ric Lansing Janice Lomax Rosalie Martinez Matthew Mayes Diane Miller Daniel Morgan Liesl Obrecht Monica Quartermaine Delia Ryan Mac Scorpio Robert Scorpio Felicia Scorpio - Jones Aiden Spencer Bobbie Spencer Cameron Spencer Jake Spencer Valerie Spencer Damian Spinelli Georgie Spinelli Ellie Trout David Walters Heather Webber General Hospital characters ( notable former characters ) Diego Alcazar Lorenzo Alcazar Ruby Anderson Larry Ashton Gail Baldwin Lee Baldwin Tom Baldwin Sr . Brenda Barrett Julia Barrett Amanda Barrington Katherine Bell Jessie Brewer Phil Brewer Shawn Butler Gia Campbell Helena Cassadine Mikkos Cassadine Stavros Cassadine Stefan Cassadine Victor Cassadine Jagger Cates Stone Cates Lois Cerullo Ryan Chamberlain Skye Chandler Mike Corbin Morgan Corinthos Rae Cummings Marco Dane Anna Donely Sean Donely Noah Drake Patrick Drake Bill Eckert Cesar Faison Connie Falconeri Audrey Hardy Tom Hardy Simone Hardy Steve Hardy Tom Hardy Tiffany Hill Paul Hornsby Matt Hunter Jasper Jacks Jerry Jacks Victor Jerome B.J. Jones Frisco Jones Georgie Jones Tania Jones Tony Jones Joe Kelly Duke Lavery Anne Logan Lucille March Courtney Matthews Susan Moore Lisa Niles Blackie Parrish A.J. Quartermaine Alan Quartermaine Edward Quartermaine Emily Quartermaine Lila Quartermaine Tracy Quartermaine Coleman Ratcliffe Madeline Reeves Lily Rivera Sabrina Santiago Robin Scorpio - Drake Kyle Sloane Frank Smith Zander Smith Filomena Soltini Lucky Spencer Luke Spencer Dominique Stanton Holly Sutton - Scorpio Marcus Taggert Diana Taylor Peter Taylor Amy Vining Justus Ward Mary Mae Ward Jeff Webber Lesley Webber Rick Webber Steven Webber Britt Westbourne Karen Wexler Anthony Zacchara Claudia Zacchara Johnny Zacchara Related topics Port Charles ( city ) Luke and Laura Sonny and Carly Patrick and Robin Frisco and Felicia Jason and Sam Lucky and Elizabeth Jason and Elizabeth List of cast members 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Children The Secret Life of Damian Spinelli History of General Hospital Fictional families Cassadine family Corinthos family Cramer family Hardy / Webber family Jerome family Lord family Quartermaine family Scorpio / Jones family Spencer family Spinoffs and specials Twist of Fate Port Charles Night Shift What If ... ( hide ) General Hospital characters Present and future characters Curtis Ashford Jordan Ashford TJ Ashford Franco Baldwin Scott Baldwin Charlotte Cassadine Spencer Cassadine Valentin Cassadine Nina Clay Lucy Coe Brad Cooper Kevin Collins Avery Corinthos Carly Corinthos Michael Corinthos Sonny Corinthos Alexis Davis Kristina Davis Anna Devane Emma Drake Robin Scorpio - Drake Felix DuBois Dante Falconeri Leo Falconeri Olivia Falconeri Rocco Falconeri Hamilton Finn Max Giambetti Milo Giambetti Alice Gunderson Nora Hanen Buchanan Jasper Jacks Josslyn Jacks Ava Jerome Julian Jerome Kiki Jerome Epiphany Johnson Felicia Jones Lucas Jones Maxie Jones Molly Lansing Ric Lansing Andre Maddox Diane Miller Danny Morgan Emily Scout Morgan Jason Morgan Sam Morgan Griffin Munro Liesl Obrecht Dillon Quartermaine Monica Quartermaine Ned Quartermaine Mac Scorpio Aiden Spencer Bobbie Spencer Cameron Spencer Jake Spencer Laura Spencer Lulu Spencer Valerie Spencer Damian Spinelli Georgie Spinelli Elizabeth Webber Heather Webber Nathan West Past characters Diego Alcazar Lorenzo Alcazar Lee Baldwin Hayden Barnes Brenda Barrett Jessie Brewer Phil Brewer Shawn Butler Helena Cassadine Nikolas Cassadine Stone Cates Claudia Zacchara Corinthos Morgan Corinthos Blair Cramer Rae Cummings Marco Dane Téa Delgado Noah Drake Patrick Drake Levi Dunkleman Audrey Hardy Steve Hardy Kate Howard Jerry Jacks Georgie Jones Duke Lavery Ethan Lovett Starr Manning Todd Manning Courtney Matthews John McBain Lisa Niles A.J. Quartermaine Alan Quartermaine Edward Quartermaine Emily Quartermaine Lila Quartermaine Skye Chandler Quartermaine Tracy Quartermaine Madeline Reeves Sabrina Santiago Holly Sutton - Scorpio Jennifer Smith Lucky Spencer Luke Spencer Cole Thornhart Justus Ward Mary Mae Ward Lesley Webber Steven Webber Britt Westbourne Johnny Zacchara Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Children Hardy / Webber Scorpio / Jones Spencer Quartermaine Cassadine Jerome Corinthos Lord Cramer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason_Morgan_(General_Hospital)&oldid=809050213 '' Categories : General Hospital characters General Hospital : Night Shift characters Fictional adoptees Fictional assassins Fictional mobsters Fictional murderers Fictional bodyguards Fictional socialites Fictional vigilantes Fictional businesspeople Fictional characters introduced in 1981 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 20 : 59 . 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Friends - wikipedia Friends This article is about the television sitcom . For the social concept , see Friendship . For other uses , see Friends ( disambiguation ) . `` Central Perk '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Central Park . popular American sitcom created by Marta Kauffman and David Crane Friends Genre Sitcom Created by David Crane Marta Kauffman Starring Jennifer Aniston Courteney Cox Lisa Kudrow Matt LeBlanc Matthew Perry David Schwimmer Theme music composer Michael Skloff Allee Willis Opening theme `` I 'll Be There for You '' by The Rembrandts Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 10 No. of episodes 236 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Crane Marta Kauffman Kevin S. Bright Michael Borkow ( season 4 ) Michael Curtis ( season 5 ) Adam Chase ( seasons 5 -- 6 ) Greg Malins ( seasons 5 -- 7 ) Wil Calhoun ( season 7 ) Scott Silveri ( season 8 -- 10 ) Shana Goldberg - Meehan ( season 8 -- 10 ) Andrew Reich ( seasons 8 -- 10 ) Ted Cohen ( seasons 8 -- 10 ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 20 -- 22 minutes ( per episode ) 22 -- 65 minutes ( extended international TV & DVD episodes ) Production company ( s ) Bright / Kauffman / Crane Productions Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Picture format 480i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) ( original broadcast ) 1080p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) ( 2012 remaster ) Audio format Dolby Surround 2.0 ( original broadcast ) Dolby Digital 5.1 ( 2012 remaster ) Original release September 22 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 22 ) -- May 6 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 06 ) External links ( warnervideo.com/friends15/ Website ) Friends is an American television sitcom , created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman , which aired on NBC from September 22 , 1994 to May 6 , 2004 , lasting ten seasons . With an ensemble cast starring Jennifer Aniston , Courteney Cox , Lisa Kudrow , Matt LeBlanc , Matthew Perry and David Schwimmer , the show revolves around six 20 -- 30 year old friends living in Manhattan , New York City . The series was produced by Bright / Kauffman / Crane Productions , in association with Warner Bros. Television . The original executive producers were Kevin S. Bright , Marta Kauffman , and David Crane . Kauffman and Crane began developing Friends under the title Insomnia Cafe between November and December 1993 . They presented the idea to Bright , and together they pitched a seven - page treatment of the show to NBC . After several script rewrites and changes , including a title change to Six of One , and , Friends Like Us , the series was finally named Friends . Filming of the show took place at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank , California . All ten seasons of Friends ranked within the top ten of the final television season ratings ; ultimately reaching the number one spot in its eighth season . The series finale , aired on May 6 , 2004 , was watched by around 52.5 million American viewers , making it the fifth most - watched series finale in television history , and the most - watched television episode of the 2000s decade . Friends received acclaim throughout its run , becoming one of the most popular television shows of all time . The series was nominated for 62 Primetime Emmy Awards , winning the Outstanding Comedy Series award in 2002 for its eighth season . The show ranked no . 21 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time , and no . 7 on Empire magazine 's The 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time . In 1997 , the episode `` The One with the Prom Video '' was ranked no . 100 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All - Time . In 2013 , Friends ranked no . 24 on the Writers Guild of America 's 101 Best Written TV Series of All Time , and no . 28 on TV Guide 's 60 Best TV Series of All Time . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 3.2 Season 2 3.3 Season 3 3.4 Season 4 3.5 Season 5 3.6 Season 6 3.7 Season 7 3.8 Season 8 3.9 Season 9 3.10 Season 10 4 Production 4.1 Conception 4.2 Casting 4.3 Writing 4.4 Filming 5 Series finale 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Awards 6.3 Ratings 6.4 Syndication 7 Cultural impact 8 Distribution 8.1 Broadcast 8.1. 1 United States 8.1. 2 International 9 Home media 9.1 Streaming 9.2 Blu - ray and DVD 10 Spin - off 10.1 Joey 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Premise Rachel Green flees her wedding day and finds childhood friend Monica Geller , a New York City chef . They become roommates , and Rachel joins Monica 's group of single people in their mid-20s : Struggling actor Joey Tribbiani , business professional Chandler Bing , masseuse and musician Phoebe Buffay , and newly divorced palaeontologist Ross Geller , Monica 's older brother . Rachel becomes a waitress at fictitious Manhattan coffee house Central Perk ; when not there , the group is usually at Monica and Rachel 's nearby West Village apartment , or Joey and Chandler 's across the hall . Episodes depict the friends ' comedic and romantic adventures and career issues , such as Joey auditioning for roles or Rachel seeking jobs in the fashion industry . The six characters each have many dates and serious relationships , such as Monica with Richard Burke and Ross with Emily Waltham . Ross and Rachel 's intermittent relationship is the most often - recurring storyline ; during the ten seasons of the show they repeatedly date and break up , while Ross briefly marries Emily , he and Rachel have a child , Chandler and Monica date and marry each other , and Phoebe marries Mike Hannigan . Other frequently recurring characters include Ross and Monica 's parents , Jack and Judy , from Long Island ; Ross 's ex-wife , Carol and their son , Ben ; Central Perk barista Gunther ; Chandler 's ex-girlfriend Janice ; and Phoebe 's twin sister Ursula . Cast and characters Main article : List of Friends characters The main cast of Friends . From top to bottom : Aniston , Cox , Kudrow , LeBlanc , Perry , and Schwimmer . Jennifer Aniston as Rachel Green : A fashion enthusiast and Monica Geller 's best friend from childhood . Rachel first moves in with Monica in season one after nearly marrying Barry Farber . Rachel and Ross Geller are later involved in an on - again - off - again relationship throughout the series . Rachel dates other men during the series , such as an Italian neighbour , Paolo , in season one ; Joshua Bergin , a client from Bloomingdale 's , in season four ; Tag Jones , her assistant , in season seven ; and Joey Tribbiani in season ten . Rachel 's first job is as a waitress at the coffee house Central Perk , but she later becomes an assistant buyer at Bloomingdale 's in season three , and a buyer at Ralph Lauren in season five . Rachel and Ross have a daughter named Emma in `` The One Where Rachel Has a Baby , Part Two '' at the end of season eight . In the final episode of the series , Ross and Rachel confess their love for each other , and Rachel gives up a job in Paris to be with him . Courteney Cox as Monica Geller : The mother hen of the group and a chef , known for her perfectionist , bossy , competitive , and obsessive - compulsive nature . Monica was overweight as a child . She works as a chef in various restaurants throughout the show . Monica 's first serious relationship is with long - time family friend Richard Burke , who is twenty - one years her senior . The couple maintains a strong relationship for some time until Richard expresses that he does not want to have children . Monica and Chandler Bing later start a relationship after spending a night with each other in London in the season four finale , leading to their marriage in season seven and adoption of twins at the end of the series . Lisa Kudrow as Phoebe Buffay : A masseuse and self - taught musician . As a child , Phoebe lived in uptown New York with her mother , until she committed suicide and Phoebe took to the streets . She writes and sings her own quirky songs , accompanying herself on the guitar . She has an identical twin named Ursula , who shares Phoebe 's quirkiness . Phoebe has three serious relationships over the show 's run : David , a scientist , in season one , whom she breaks up with when he moves to Minsk on a research grant ; Gary , a police officer whose badge she finds , in season five ; and an on - and - off relationship with Mike Hannigan in seasons nine and ten . In season nine , Phoebe and Mike break up due to his desire not to marry . David returns from Minsk , leading to the two getting back together , but she eventually rejects him for Mike when both of them propose to her . Phoebe and Mike marry in season ten . Matt LeBlanc as Joey Tribbiani : A struggling actor and food lover who becomes famous for his role on soap opera Days of Our Lives as Dr. Drake Ramoray . Joey has many short - term girlfriends . Despite his womanizing , Joey is innocent , caring , and well - intentioned . Joey often uses the catchphrase pick - up line `` How you doin ' ? '' in his attempts to win over most of the women he meets . Joey rooms with his best friend Chandler for years , and later with Rachel . He falls in love with Rachel in season eight , but Rachel politely tells Joey that she does not share his feelings . They eventually date briefly in season ten , but after realizing it will not work due to their friendship and Rachel 's complicated relationship with Ross , they return to being friends . Matthew Perry as Chandler Bing : An executive in statistical analysis and data reconfiguration for a large , multinational corporation . Chandler hates this job , although it pays well . He attempts to quit during season one , but is lured back with a new office and a pay raise . He eventually quits this job in season nine due to a transfer to Tulsa . He becomes a junior copywriter at an advertising agency later that season . Chandler has a peculiar family history being the son of an erotic novelist mother and a gay , cross-dressing Las Vegas star father . Chandler is known for his sarcastic sense of humor and bad luck in relationships . Chandler marries Monica in season seven , and they adopt twins at the end of the series . Before his relationship with Monica , Chandler dated Janice Hosenstein in season one and subsequently broke up with her many times . David Schwimmer as Ross Geller : Monica Geller 's older brother , a palaeontologist working at the Museum of Natural History , and later a tenured professor of palaeontology at the New York University . Ross is involved in an on - again , off - again relationship with Rachel throughout the series . He has three failed marriages during the series : Carol Willick , a lesbian who is also the mother of his son , Ben ; Emily Waltham , who divorces him after he accidentally says Rachel 's name instead of hers during their wedding vows ; and Rachel , as the two drunkenly marry in Las Vegas . His divorces become a running joke within the series . Following a one - night stand , he and Rachel have a daughter , Emma , by the end of season eight . They finally confess that they are still in love with each other in the series finale . In their original contracts for the first season , cast members were paid $22,500 per episode . The cast members received different salaries in the second season , beginning from the $20,000 range to $40,000 per episode . Before their salary negotiations for the third season , the cast decided to enter collective negotiations , despite Warner Bros . ' preference for individual deals . The actors were given the salary of the least paid cast member , meaning Aniston and Schwimmer had their salaries reduced . The stars were paid $75,000 per episode in season three , $85,000 in season four , $100,000 in season five , $125,000 in season six , $750,000 in seasons seven and eight , and $1 million in seasons nine and ten , making Aniston , Cox , and Kudrow the highest - paid TV actresses of all time . The cast also received syndication royalties beginning in 2000 after renegotiations . At the time , that financial benefit of a piece of the show 's lucrative back - end profits had only been given out to stars who had ownership rights in a show , like Jerry Seinfeld and Bill Cosby . Series creator David Crane wanted all six actors to be equally prominent , and the series was lauded as being `` the first true ' ensemble ' show . '' The cast members made efforts to keep the ensemble format and not allow one member to dominate ; they entered themselves in the same acting categories for awards , opted for collective salary negotiations , and asked to appear together on magazine cover photos in the first season . The cast members also became best friends off - screen , so much so that recurring guest star Tom Selleck reported that he sometimes felt left out . The cast remained good friends after the series run , most notably Cox and Aniston , with Aniston being godmother to Cox and David Arquette 's daughter , Coco . In the official farewell commemorative book Friends ' Til the End , each separately acknowledged in interviews that the cast had become their family . Episodes Main article : List of Friends episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 24 September 22 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 22 ) May 18 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 18 ) 8 15.6 24 September 21 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 21 ) May 16 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 16 ) 18.7 25 September 19 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 19 ) May 15 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 15 ) 16.8 24 September 25 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 25 ) May 7 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 07 ) 16.1 5 24 September 24 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 20 ) 15.7 6 25 September 23 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 23 ) May 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 18 ) 5 14.0 7 24 October 12 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 12 ) May 17 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 17 ) 5 12.6 8 24 September 27 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) 15.0 9 24 September 26 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 15 ) 13.9 10 18 September 25 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 25 ) May 6 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 06 ) 13.6 Season 1 Main article : Friends ( season 1 ) The first season introduces the six main characters : Rachel , Monica , Phoebe , Joey , Chandler , and Ross . Rachel arrives at Central Perk after running away from her wedding to her fiancé Barry and moves into an apartment with her friend Monica from high school . Ross , who has had a crush on Rachel since the two of them were in high school , constantly attempts to tell her how he feels about her . However , many obstacles stand in his way , such as the fact that he is expecting a baby with his lesbian ex-wife , Carol . Joey is shown to be a bachelor and struggling actor , while Phoebe works as a masseuse and portrays a slightly `` crazy '' attribute to her personality based on her troubles as a child after her mother committed suicide . However , the rest of the group loves her regardless . Chandler breaks up with his girlfriend , Janice ( Maggie Wheeler ) , who frequently returns in later seasons . Carol delivers a baby boy who is named Ben . At the end of the season , Chandler accidentally reveals that Ross loves Rachel , who realizes that she feels the same way . The season ends with Rachel waiting at the airport for Ross ' arrival from a trip . Season 2 Main article : Friends ( season 2 ) The second season begins with Rachel waiting at the gate for Ross to declare her love for him . However , she discovers that he is dating Julie ( Lauren Tom ) , someone he knew from graduate school . Rachel 's attempts to tell Ross she likes him mirror his failed attempts in the first season , although the characters eventually begin a relationship . Joey gets cast in a part in a fictional version of the soap opera , Days of Our Lives , but his character is killed off after conflicts with the show 's writers , rooting from him claiming that he writes many of his own lines . Chandler gets back with Janice , his ex-girlfriend from season one . Monica begins dating Richard ( Tom Selleck ) , a recently divorced family friend and 21 years her senior but they eventually break up . Season 3 Main article : Friends ( season 3 ) Season three takes on a significantly greater serialized format . Rachel begins working at Bloomingdale 's , an upscale department store chain , and Ross becomes jealous of her colleague , Mark . Rachel decides to take a break from their relationship ; and Ross , hurt and drunk sleeps with Chloe , `` the hot girl from the Xerox place '' , causing Rachel to break up with him . In the meantime , Chandler has a hard time dealing with their breakup because it reminds him of his parents ' divorce . After believing she has no family except her twin sister Ursula ( Lisa Kudrow ) , Phoebe becomes acquainted with her half - brother ( Giovanni Ribisi ) and birth mother ( Teri Garr ) . Joey develops a relationship with his acting partner Kate ( Dina Meyer ) , and Monica begins a relationship with millionaire Pete Becker ( Jon Favreau ) which ends because of the disagreements between the two . Season 4 Main article : Friends ( season 4 ) In the fourth - season premiere , Ross and Rachel briefly reconcile after Ross pretends to read a long letter that Rachel wrote for him , but continues to insist that the two were on a break so they break up again . Joey dates Kathy ( Paget Brewster ) , a girl that Chandler has a crush on . Kathy and Chandler later kiss , which causes drama between Chandler and Joey . Joey forgives Chandler only after he spends a day in a box as punishment . Phoebe becomes a surrogate mother for her brother and his wife Alice ( Debra Jo Rupp ) . Monica and Rachel are forced to switch apartments with Joey and Chandler after losing a bet during a quiz game , but , manage to switch back by bribing them with Knicks season tickets and a one - minute kiss ( off - screen ) between the Rachel and Monica . Ross begins dating an English woman named Emily ( Helen Baxendale ) , and the season finale features their wedding in London . Chandler and Monica sleep together , and Rachel decides to attend Ross and Emily 's wedding . While saying his vows , Ross uses the wrong name at the altar ( Rachel 's ) , to the shock of his bride and the guests . Season 5 Main article : Friends ( season 5 ) Season five starts with Ross and Emily 's wedding in London . The season features Monica and Chandler trying to keep their new relationship a secret from their friends . Phoebe gives birth to triplets in the show 's 100th episode . She gives birth to a boy , Frank Jr . Jr. , and two girls : Leslie and Chandler . Emily states that the only condition in which she would remain married to Ross is if he stops all communication with Rachel . Ross agrees , but during a last dinner with all six main characters together , Emily phones Ross and , upon discovering Rachel is there , realizes she does not trust him , which ends the marriage . Phoebe begins a relationship with a police officer , Gary ( Michael Rapaport ) , after finding his badge and using it as her own . Monica and Chandler go public with their relationship , to the surprise and happiness of their friends . They decide to get married on a trip to Las Vegas , but , change their plans after witnessing Ross and Rachel drunkenly stumble out of the wedding chapel . Season 6 Main article : Friends ( season 6 ) In the sixth - season premiere , Ross and Rachel 's marriage is established to be a drunken mistake . Ross and Rachel try to get an annulment because he does not want to have three divorces . However , he realizes he could not do so and tries to keep their wedding a secret from Rachel . Nonetheless , they divorce several episodes later . Monica and Chandler move in together , causing Rachel to move in with Phoebe . Joey lands a role on a cable television series called Mac and C.H.E.E.S.E. , where he stars alongside a robot . Ross gets a job lecturing at New York University and starts dating one of his students , Elizabeth ( Alexandra Holden ) . The relationship ends because of their maturity differences . Phoebe and Rachel 's apartment catches fire , and Rachel moves in with Joey , while Phoebe moves in with Chandler and Monica . Chandler proposes to Monica , who says yes even though her ex-boyfriend Richard confesses his love for her . Season 7 Main article : Friends ( season 7 ) The seventh season mainly follows the various antics of Monica and Chandler , who begin to plan their wedding and run into financial problems which are quickly fixed by Chandler 's secret funds . Joey 's television series Mac and C.H.E.E.S.E is cancelled , but he is offered his job back on Days of Our Lives . Meanwhile , Ross tries to introduce Ben to Hanukkah with the help of an Armadillo costume . Phoebe 's apartment is fixed , but it is rebuilt with only one large bedroom instead of the original two , so Rachel decides to stay with Joey . The season ends just prior to Monica and Chandler 's wedding , with Phoebe and Rachel finding a positive pregnancy test in the bathroom at Monica and Chandler 's apartment . Season 8 Main article : Friends ( season 8 ) In the eighth season , it is revealed at Monica and Chandler 's wedding reception that the positive pregnancy test found in the bathroom at Monica and Chandler 's apartment belongs to Rachel . Rachel takes another pregnancy test , which Phoebe at first claims is negative , in order to find Rachel 's real emotions on the realization of being pregnant . Rachel projects feelings of sadness when she thinks she 's not pregnant , so Phoebe tells her the truth . The two of them and Monica then rejoice in the bathroom . The season revolves around Rachel 's pregnancy ; Ross is revealed to be the father after an investigation involving a red sweater . Rachel and Ross decide to have the baby but do not resume their romantic relationship . Joey develops romantic feelings for Rachel , but she does not reciprocate them . Rachel gives birth to baby Emma in the season finale . At the hospital , Ross 's mother offers him an engagement ring because she wants him to marry Rachel . Ross does not intend to ask Rachel to marry him , but he takes the ring anyway and puts it in his jacket pocket . Meanwhile , in the post-delivery room , Joey looks for some tissue for an upset Rachel , picks up Ross 's jacket , and the ring falls to the floor . He kneels to pick it up and turns to Rachel , still on his knees and still holding the ring . Rachel accepts what she thinks is his proposal of marriage . Season 9 Main article : Friends ( season 9 ) Season nine begins with Ross and Rachel living together as roommates with their daughter Emma . Monica and Chandler try to conceive a baby of their own but find out that they are unable to , due to health restrictions . Phoebe begins dating Mike Hannigan ( Paul Rudd ) and chooses to be with him over her ex-boyfriend David ( Hank Azaria ) . Rachel and Emma move in with Joey in the middle of the season , and Rachel develops infatuation towards him , while the rest of the `` friends '' try hard to get Ross and Rachel back together . The group travels to Barbados in the finale to hear Ross give a keynote speech at a palaeontology conference , where they stay at a hotel . Joey and his girlfriend Charlie ( Aisha Tyler ) break up , and she begins a relationship with Ross . Upon seeing Ross and Charlie kiss each other , Joey goes to Rachel 's hotel room , and the finale ends with them kissing . Season 10 Main article : Friends ( season 10 ) The tenth season closes several long - running storylines . Charlie breaks up with Ross to get back together with her ex-boyfriend . Joey and Rachel try to contend with Ross ' feelings about them being together and decide it would be best to remain friends . Phoebe and Mike get married mid-season outside the Central Perk coffee house . Monica and Chandler apply to adopt a child and are chosen by Erica ( Anna Faris ) . In the series finale , Erica gives birth to twins , to the surprise of Monica and Chandler -- a boy and a girl . Monica and Chandler prepare to move to the suburbs , and Joey becomes upset with the changes in his life . Rachel gets fired from her job and accepts a new offer in Paris . Ross tries to get her job back by secretly meeting her boss but eventually gives up after realizing that the Paris job is her dream job . Rachel says a tearful goodbye to everyone but Ross . A hurt and angry Ross confronts Rachel , and they end up sleeping together . Rachel leaves , and Ross , realizing he loves her , chases after her to the airport . Rachel realizes she loves him too , and cancels her flight to Paris , agreeing to stay with him . The series ends with all friends plus Monica and Chandler 's new babies leaving the apartment , heading to Central Perk for a final cup of coffee . The finale dialogue used in this series is by Chandler , making a joke for the last time . The camera 's last view is of all of the characters ' keys to the apartment on the counter table , finishing with a shot of the apartment 's purple door . Production Conception It 's about sex , love , relationships , careers , a time in your life when everything 's possible . And it 's about friendship because when you 're single and in the city , your friends are your family . -- The original treatment used by Crane , Kauffman and Bright to pitch the series to NBC , . David Crane and Marta Kauffman began developing three new television pilots that would premiere in 1994 after their sitcom Family Album was cancelled by CBS in 1993 . Kauffman and Crane decided to pitch the series about `` six people in their 20s making their way in Manhattan '' to NBC since they thought it would fit best there . Crane and Kauffman presented the idea to their production partner Kevin Bright , who had served as executive producer on their HBO series Dream On . The idea for the series was conceived when Crane and Kauffman began thinking about the time when they had finished college and started living by themselves in New York ; Kauffman believed they were looking at a time when the future was `` more of a question mark . '' They found the concept to be interesting , as they believed `` everybody knows that feeling '' , and because it was also how they felt about their own lives at the time . The team titled the series Insomnia Cafe and pitched the idea as a seven - page treatment to NBC in December 1993 . At the same time , Warren Littlefield , the then - president of NBC Entertainment , was seeking a comedy involving young people living together and sharing expenses . Littlefield wanted the group to share memorable periods of their lives with friends , who had become `` new , surrogate family members . '' However , Littlefield found difficulty in bringing the concept to life and found the scripts developed by NBC to be terrible . When Kauffman , Crane and Bright pitched Insomnia Cafe , Littlefield was impressed that they knew who their characters were . NBC bought the idea as a put pilot , meaning they risked financial penalties if the pilot was not filmed . Kauffman and Crane took three days to write the pilot script for a show they titled Friends Like Us . Littlefield wanted the series to `` represent Generation X and explore a new kind of tribal bonding '' , but the rest disagreed . Crane argued that it was not a series for one generation , and wanted to produce a series that everyone would enjoy watching . NBC liked the script and ordered the series . They changed the title to Six of One , mainly because they felt Friends Like Us was too similar to the ABC sitcom These Friends of Mine . Casting See also : The Pilot ( Friends ) The producers wanted Courteney Cox ( pictured ) to portray Rachel , and Jennifer Aniston as Monica ; However , Cox and Aniston disagreed , so Cox was cast as Monica and Aniston as Rachel Once it became apparent that the series was a favored project at NBC , Littlefield reported that he was getting calls from every agent in town , wanting their client to be a part of the series . Auditions for the lead roles took place in New York and Los Angeles . The casting director shortlisted 1,000 actors who had applied for each role down to 75 . Those who received a callback read again in front of Crane , Kauffman and Bright . At the end of March , the number of potential actors had been reduced to three or four for each part , and were asked to read for Les Moonves , then - president of Warner Bros. Television . Having worked with David Schwimmer in the past , the series creators wrote the character of Ross with him in mind , and he was the first actor cast . Cox wanted to play the role of Monica , but the producers had her in mind to play Rachel because of her `` cheery , upbeat energy '' , which was not how they envisioned Monica ; after Cox 's audition , though , Kauffman agreed with Cox , and she got the role . When Matt LeBlanc auditioned for Joey , he put a `` different spin '' on the character . He played Joey more simple - minded than intended and gave the character heart . Although Crane and Kauffman did not want LeBlanc for the role at the time , they were told by the network to cast him . Jennifer Aniston , Matthew Perry and Lisa Kudrow were cast based on their auditions . More changes occurred to the series 's storylines during the casting process . The writers found that they had to adjust the characters they had written to suit the actors , and the discovery process of the characters occurred throughout the first season . Kauffman acknowledged that Joey 's character became `` this whole new being '' , and that `` it was n't until we did the first Thanksgiving episode that we realized how much fun Monica 's neuroses are . '' Writing In the weeks after NBC 's pick up of Friends , Crane , Kauffman and Bright reviewed sent - in scripts that writers had originally prepared for other series , mainly unproduced Seinfeld episodes . Kauffman and Crane hired a team of seven young writers because `` When you 're 40 , you ca n't do it anymore . The networks and studios are looking for young people coming in out of college . '' The creators felt that using six equal characters , rather than emphasizing one or two , would allow for `` myriad storylines and give the show legs . '' The majority of the storyline ideas came from the writers , although the actors added ideas . Although the writers originally planned the big love story to be between Joey and Monica , the idea of a romantic interest between Ross and Rachel emerged during the period when Kauffman and Crane wrote the pilot script . During the production of the pilot , NBC requested that the script be changed to feature one dominant storyline and several minor ones , but the writers refused , wanting to keep three storylines of equal weight . NBC also wanted the writers to include an older character to balance out the young ones . Crane and Kauffman were forced to comply and wrote a draft of an early episode that featured `` Pat the Cop . '' who would be used to provide advice to the other characters . Crane found the storyline to be terrible , and Kauffman joked , `` You know the kids ( sic ) book , Pat the Bunny ? We had Pat the Cop . '' NBC eventually relented and dropped the idea . Each summer ( June , July , and August in the US ) , the producers would outline the storylines for the subsequent season . Before an episode went into production , Kauffman and Crane would revise the script written by another writer , mainly if something concerning either the series or a character felt foreign . Unlike other storylines , the idea for a relationship between Joey and Rachel was decided on halfway through the eighth season . The creators did not want Ross and Rachel to get back together so soon , and while looking for a romantic impediment , a writer suggested Joey 's romantic interest in Rachel . The storyline was incorporated into the season ; However , when the actors feared that the storyline would make their characters unlikable , the storyline was wrapped up , until it again resurfaced in the season 's finale . For the ninth season , the writers were unsure about the amount of storyline to give to Rachel 's baby , as they wanted the show neither to revolve around a baby nor pretend there to be none . Crane said that it took them a while to accept the idea of a tenth season , which they decided to do because they had enough stories left to tell to justify the season . Kauffman and Crane would not have signed on for an eleventh season , even if all the cast members had wanted to continue . The episode title format -- `` The One ... '' -- was created when the producers realized that the episode titles would not be featured in the opening credits , and therefore would be unknown to most of the audience . Episode titles officially begin with `` The One ... '' except the title of the pilot episode and the series finale `` The Last One . '' Filming The Greenwich Village building , 90 Bedford Street , used as the friends ' apartment block in establishing shots The first season was shot on Stage 5 at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank , California . NBC executives had worried that the coffee house setting was too hip and asked for the series to be set in a diner , but , eventually consented to the coffee house concept . The opening title sequence was filmed in a fountain at the Warner Bros. Ranch at 4 : 00 am , while it was particularly cold for a Burbank morning . At the beginning of the second season , production moved to the larger Stage 24 , which was renamed `` The Friends Stage '' after the series finale . Filming for the series began during the summer ( June , July , and August in the US ) of 1994 in front of a live audience , who were given a summary of the series to familiarize themselves with the six main characters ; a hired comedian entertained the studio audience between takes . Each 22 - minute episode took six hours to film -- twice the length of most sitcom tapings -- mainly due to the several retakes and rewrites of the script . Although the producers always wanted to find the right stories to take advantage of being on location , Friends was never shot in New York . Bright felt that filming outside the studio made episodes less funny , even when shooting on the lot outside , and that the live audience was an integral part of the series . When the series was criticized for incorrectly depicting New York , with the financially struggling group of friends being able to afford huge apartments , Bright noted that the set had to be big enough for the cameras , lighting , and `` for the audience to be able to see what 's going on '' ; the apartments also needed to provide a place for the actors to execute the funny scripts . The fourth - season finale was shot on location in London because the producers were aware of the series 's popularity in the UK . The scenes were shot in a studio with three audiences each made up of 500 people . These were the show 's largest audiences throughout its run . The fifth - season finale , set in Las Vegas , was filmed at Warner Bros. Studios , although Bright met people who thought it was filmed on location . Series finale Main article : The Last One ( Friends ) The cast became very emotional while filming the final episode . Jennifer Aniston explained , `` We 're like very delicate china right now , and we 're speeding toward a brick wall . '' The series 's creators completed the first draft of the hour - long finale in January 2004 , four months before its original airing . Crane , Kauffman and Bright watched the finales of other sitcoms to prepare the episode 's outline , paying attention to what worked and what did not . They liked the ones that stayed true to the series , citing the finale of The Mary Tyler Moore Show as the gold standard . Crane , Kauffman , and Bright had difficulty writing the finale . They did not want to do `` something high concept , or take the show out of the show . '' The most critical parts of the finale were shot without an audience , and with a minimum number of crew members . The main cast enjoyed the finale and were confident that the fans would react similarly : It 's exactly what I had hoped . We all end up with a sense of a new beginning and the audience has a sense that it 's a new chapter in the lives of all these characters . -- David Schwimmer on the series finale. , NBC heavily promoted the series finale , which was preceded by weeks of media hype . Local NBC affiliates organized viewing parties around the U.S. , including an event at Universal CityWalk featuring a special broadcast of the finale on an outdoor Astrovision screen . The finale was the subject of two episodes of Dateline NBC , a weekly television newsmagazine , one of which ran for two hours . A one - hour retrospective of clips from previous episodes was shown before to the airing of the episode . Following the finale , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno was filmed on the set of the Friends ' Central Perk coffee house , which featured the series 's cast as guests . The advertising rates for the finale averaged $2 million for 30 seconds of commercial time , breaking the record held by the Seinfeld finale at $1.7 million . In the U.S. , 52.5 million viewers watched the finale on May 6 , 2004 , making it the most - watched entertainment telecast since the Seinfeld finale in 1998 . Although not the most - watched episode of the series , the finale was the fourth most - watched series finale in television history , only behind the finales of M * A * S * H , Cheers and Seinfeld , which were respectively watched by 105 , 80.4 and 76.2 million viewers . The retrospective episode was watched by fewer than 36 million viewers , and the finale was the second most - watched television broadcast of the year in the United States , only behind the Super Bowl . Following the finales of Friends and Frasier , media critics speculated about the fate of the sitcom genre . Expressed opinions varied between a signalling of the end of the sitcom genre , a small decline in the large history of the genre , and a general reduction of scripted television in favor of reality shows . Reception Critical reception It may have been impossible for any one episode to live up to the hype and expectations built up around the Friends finale , but this hour probably came as close as fans could have reasonably hoped . Ultimately , the two - hour package did exactly what it was supposed to do . It wrapped up the story while reminding us why we liked the show and will miss it . -- Robert Bianco of USA Today on the series finale. , Early reviews of the series were mixed ; and it holds a Metacritic score of 59 out of 100 , based on 20 sampled reviews , indicating `` mixed to average reviews . '' Tom Feran of The Plain Dealer wrote that the series traded `` vaguely and less successfully on the hanging - out style of Seinfeld '' , while Ann Hodges of the Houston Chronicle called it `` the new Seinfeld wannabe , but it will never be as funny as Seinfeld . '' In the Los Angeles Daily News , Ray Richmond named the series as `` one of the brighter comedies of the new season '' , and the Los Angeles Times called it `` flat - out the best comedy series of the new season . '' Chicago Sun - Times ' Ginny Holbert found Joey and Rachel 's characteristics to be underdeveloped , while Richmond commended the cast as a `` likeable , youth ensemble '' with `` good chemistry . '' Robert Bianco of USA Today was complimentary of Schwimmer , calling him `` terrific . '' He also praised the female leads , but was concerned that Perry 's role as Chandler was `` undefined '' and that LeBlanc was `` relying too much on the same brain - dead stud routine that was already tired the last two times he tried it . '' The authors of Friends Like Us : The Unofficial Guide to Friends thought that the cast was `` trying just a little too hard '' , in particular , Perry and Schwimmer . As the series progressed , reviews became more positive , and Friends became one of the most popular sitcoms of its time . It is now often ranked among the all - time best TV shows . Critics commended the series as having consistently sharp writing and the chemistry between the main actors . Noel Holston of Newsday , who had dismissed the pilot as a `` so - so Seinfeld wannabe '' in 1994 , repudiated his earlier review after rewatching the episode and felt like writing an apology to the writers . Heather Havrilesky of Salon.com thought that the series `` hit its stride '' in the second season . Havrilesky found the character - specific jokes and situations `` could reliably make you laugh out loud a few times each episode '' , and the quality of writing allowed the stories to be `` original and innovative . '' Bill Carter of The New York Times called the eighth season a `` truly stunning comeback . '' Carter found that by `` generating new hot storylines and high - decibel laughs '' , the series made its way `` back into the hearts of its fans . '' However , Liane Bonin of Entertainment Weekly felt that the direction of the ninth season was a `` disappointing buzzkill '' , criticizing it for the non-stop celebrity guest spots and going into jump the shark territory . Although disappointed with the season , Bonin noted that `` the writing ( was ) still sharp . '' Havrilesky thought that the tenth season was `` alarmingly awful , far worse than you would ever imagine a show that was once so good could be . '' Friends was featured on Time 's list of `` The 100 Best TV Shows of All - Time '' , saying , `` the well - hidden secret of this show was that it called itself Friends , and was really about family . '' Reviews of the series finale were mixed . USA Today 's Robert Bianco described the finale as entertaining and satisfying and praised it for deftly mixing emotion and humor while highlighting each of the stars . Sarah Rodman of the Boston Herald praised Aniston and Schwimmer for their acting , but felt that their characters ' reunion was `` a bit too neat , even if it was what most of the show 's legions of fans wanted . '' Roger Catlin of the Hartford Courant felt that newcomers to the series would be `` surprised at how laughless the affair could be , and how nearly every strained gag depends on the sheer stupidity of its characters . '' Ken Parish Perkins , writing for Fort Worth Star - Telegram , pointed out that the finale was `` more touching than comical , more satisfying in terms of closure than knee - slappingly funny . '' Awards Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Friends To maintain the series 's ensemble format , the main cast members decided to enter themselves in the same acting categories for awards . Beginning with the series 's eighth season , the actors decided to submit themselves in the lead actor balloting , rather than in the supporting actor fields . The series was nominated for 62 Primetime Emmy Awards , winning six . Aniston and Kudrow are the only main cast members to win an Emmy , while Cox is the only actor not to be nominated . The series won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in 2002 , receiving nominations in 1995 , 1996 , 1999 , 2000 , and 2003 . The series also won an American Comedy Award , one GLAAD Media Award , one Golden Globe Award , three Logie Awards , six People 's Choice Awards , one Satellite Award , and one Screen Actors Guild Award . Ratings The table below shows the ratings of Friends in the United States , where it consistently ranked within the top ten of the final television season ratings . `` Rank '' refers to how well Friends rated compared to other television series that aired during primetime hours of the corresponding television season . It is shown in relation to the total number of series airing on the then - six major English - language networks in a given season . `` Viewers '' refers to the average number of viewers for all original episodes , broadcast during the television season in the series 's regular timeslot . The `` season premiere '' is the date that the first episode of the season aired , and the `` season finale '' is the date that the final episode of the season aired . So far , Friends has been the last sitcom to reach the no . 1 spot on television , as its successors were CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , American Idol , NBC Sunday Night Football and NCIS . Ratings table Season Timeslot Season premiere Season finale TV season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Most - watched episode Title Viewers ( in millions ) Thursday 8 : 30 pm ( 1 -- 16 ) Thursday 9 : 30 pm ( 17 -- 24 ) September 22 , 1994 May 18 , 1995 1994 -- 95 8 24.3 `` The One Where Rachel Finds Out '' 31.3 Thursday 8 : 00 pm September 21 , 1995 May 16 , 1996 1995 -- 96 29.4 `` The One After the Superbowl '' 52.9 September 19 , 1996 May 15 , 1997 1996 -- 97 24.9 `` The One Where Chandler Ca n't Remember Which Sister '' 29.8 September 25 , 1997 May 7 , 1998 1997 -- 98 24.0 `` The One with Ross 's Wedding '' 31.6 5 September 24 , 1998 May 20 , 1999 1998 -- 99 23.5 `` The One After Ross Says Rachel '' 30.9 6 September 23 , 1999 May 18 , 2000 1999 -- 2000 5 20.7 `` The One with the Proposal '' 30.7 7 October 12 , 2000 May 17 , 2001 2000 -- 01 5 20.2 `` The One with Monica and Chandler 's Wedding '' 30.1 8 September 27 , 2001 May 16 , 2002 2001 -- 02 24.5 `` The One Where Rachel Has a Baby '' 34.9 9 September 26 , 2002 May 15 , 2003 2002 -- 03 21.8 `` The One Where No One Proposes '' 34.0 10 September 25 , 2003 May 6 , 2004 2003 -- 04 22.8 `` The Last One '' 52.5 Syndication Because of syndication revenue , Friends continues to generate approximately $1 billion each year for Warner Bros. That translates into about $20 million in annual residuals each for Jennifer Aniston , Courteney Cox , Lisa Kudrow , Matt LeBlanc , Matthew Perry and David Schwimmer , who each get 2 % of syndication income for Friends . The series has a syndication deal through multiple networks including Nickelodeon , TBS , and Paramount ( formerly known as Spike ) . Cultural impact Set of Central Perk at Warner Bros. Studios Although the producers thought of Friends as `` only a TV show '' , numerous psychologists investigated the cultural impact of Friends during the series 's run . Aniston 's hairstyle was nicknamed `` The Rachel '' and copied around the world . Joey 's catchphrase , `` How you doin ' ? '' , became a popular part of Western English slang , often used as a pick - up line or when greeting friends . The series also influenced the English language , according to a study by the University of Toronto that found that the characters used the emphasized word `` so '' to modify adjectives more often than any other intensifier . Although the preference had already made its way into the American vernacular , usage on the series may have accelerated the change . Chandler 's habit of ending a sentence unfinished for sarcasm also influenced viewers ' speech . Following the September 11 attacks , ratings increased 17 % over the previous season . Friends is parodied in the twelfth season Murder , She Wrote episode `` Murder Among Friends . '' In the episode , amateur sleuth Jessica Fletcher ( Angela Lansbury ) investigates the murder of a writer for Buds , a fictional television series about the daily lives of a group of city friends . The episode was devised after CBS moved Murder , She Wrote from its regular Sunday night timeslot to a Thursday night timeslot directly opposite Friends on NBC ; Angela Lansbury was quoted by Bruce Lansbury , her brother and Murder , She Wrote 's supervising producer , as having `` a bit of an attitude '' about the move to Thursday , but he saw the plot as `` a friendly setup , no mean - spiritedness . '' Jerry Ludwig , the writer of the episode , researched the `` flavor '' of Buds by watching episodes of Friends . The Central Perk coffee house , one of the principal settings of the series , has inspired various imitations worldwide . In 2006 , Iranian businessman Mojtaba Asadian started a Central Perk franchise , registering the name in 32 countries . The decor of the coffee houses is inspired by Friends , featuring replica couches , counters , neon signage and bricks . The coffee houses also contain paintings of the various characters from the series , and televisions playing Friends episodes . James Michael Tyler , who plays the Central Perk manager in the series , Gunther , attended the grand opening of the Dubai cafe , where he worked as a waiter . Central Perk was rebuilt as part of a museum exhibit at Warner Bros. Studios and was shown on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in October 2008 . Jennifer Aniston revisited the set for the first time since the series finale in 2004 . From September 24 to October 7 , 2009 , a Central Perk replica was based at Broadwick Street , Soho , London . The coffee house sold real coffee to customers and featured a display of Friends memorabilia and props , such as the Geller Cup from the season three episode `` The One with the Football . '' In Beijing , business owner Du Xin opened a coffee shop named Central Perk in March 2010 . In India , there are six Friends themed cafes , located in Chandigarh ( named Central Perk ) , Kolkata ; West Bengal ( named F.R.I.E.N.D.S. Cafe ) which features many icons from the original T.V. series for example , Chandler and Joey 's ugly dog statue , the orange sofa , the purple door of Monica and Rachel 's apartment and Phoebe 's pink bicycle . The other three cafes are located in Delhi , Gurgaon ; Bhubaneswar , Odisha ; and Pune , Maharashtra . There are two Friends themed cafes in Pakistan as well -- one in Lahore , Punjab known as `` Friends Cafe '' and the other in Peshawar , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa called `` Central Perk '' . Both of those cafes have an iconic couch , a guitar and foosball table , quotes from the show on the walls and even episode reruns on a projector . They 're also planning to have their own Gunther at the bar . In 2016 , a Central Perk replica was opened in Outram , Singapore . It is the only Central Perk that has been given the intellectual property rights by Warner Bros. outside of the United States . The cafe also includes feature walls , replicating the walls of the main characters 's apartments and memorabilia and props used on the show . Friends has also developed an alternative family lifestyle by representing young people that live unconventional domestic lives . It presents the idea that `` all you need is good friends '' and can construct families through choice . The audience is able to identify with the program through the troubles seen on weekly episodes . It portrays a new way of living life and developing relationships which are not normally seen in conventional society . According to a pop - culture expert at the University at Buffalo , Friends is `` one of those rare shows that marked a change in American culture . '' The images of youth and the roles they portray are better defined and represent a lifestyle that centres around creating and sustaining relationships between friends running their own lives and seeking help from each other . Vox stated that Friends impacted the creation of other conflictless `` hangout sitcoms '' , with groups of adult friends who are funny and have similar character traits . One example of this is How I Met Your Mother , which The Guardian 's TV and radio blog notes also shares its setting with Friends , Manhattan . Other examples include The Big Bang Theory , New Girl , and Happy Endings . Readers of TV Guide voted the cast of Friends their Best Comedy cast of all time , ranking at 29 % of the votes , beating Seinfeld , which registered 18 % . A poll undertaken by 60 Minutes and Vanity Fair named Friends the third greatest sitcom of all time . In 2014 , the series was ranked by Mundo Estranho the Best TV Series of All Time . Distribution Broadcast United States After the produced pilot lived up to NBC 's hopes , the series premiered with the name Friends on September 22 , 1994 , in the coveted Thursday 8 : 30 p.m. timeslot . The pilot aired between Mad About You and Seinfeld , and was watched by almost 22 million American viewers . The series was a huge success throughout its run and was a staple of NBC 's Thursday night line - up , dubbed by the network as Must See TV . When Crane told reporters in 2001 that the ninth season was a possibility , critics believed that he was posturing and that at least two of the cast members would not sign on for another season . When it was confirmed that Friends would return for a ninth season , the news was mainly about the amount of money -- $7 million per episode -- that it took to bring the series back for another season . After year - long expectations that the ninth season would be the series 's last , NBC signed a deal in late December 2002 to bring the series back for a final tenth season . The series 's creative team did not want to extend negotiations into the next year and wanted to start writing the rest of the ninth - season episodes and a potential series finale . NBC agreed to pay $10 million to Warner Bros. for the production of each tenth - season episode , the highest price in television history for a 30 - minute series . Although NBC was unable to bring in enough advertising revenue from commercials to cover the costs , the series was integral to the Thursday night schedule , which brought high ratings and profits to the other television series . The cast demanded that the tenth season be reduced from the usual 24 episodes to 18 episodes to allow them to work on outside projects . In fall 2001 , Warner Bros. Domestic Cable made a deal with sister network TBS ( both are owned by Time Warner ) to air the series in rerun syndication . Warner Bros. Domestic Cable announced that it had sold additional cable rights to Friends to Nick at Nite which began airing in the fall of 2011 ( unlike the TBS and broadcast syndication airings , Nick at Nite broadcasts of the series , which began airing as part of a seven - night launch marathon on September 5 , 2011 , replace the end credit tag scenes with marginalized credits featuring promotions for the series and other Nick at Nite programs ) . Warner Bros. was expected to make $200 million in license fees and advertising from the deal . Nick at Nite paid $500,000 per episode to air the episodes after 6 p.m. ET for six years through fall 2017 . In syndication until 2005 , Friends had earned $4 million per episode in cash license fees for a total of $944 million . Beginning on March 5 , 2012 , high definition versions of all 236 Friends episodes were made available to local broadcast stations , starting with the pilot episode . For the remastered episodes , Warner Bros. restored previously cropped images on the left and right sides of the screen , using the original 35 mm film source , to use the entire 16 : 9 widescreen frame . These masters had been airing in New Zealand on TV2 since January 2011 . Netflix added all ten seasons of Friends in high definition to their streaming service in the United States on January 1 , 2015 . International Friends has aired on different channels in the UK in their original , unedited international versions prior to their being re-edited for US broadcast and syndication . These versions , with additional footage not seen domestically , have aired on such stations as Channel 4 , Sky1 , E4 , and Comedy Central UK . On September 4 , 2011 , Friends officially ended on E4 after the channel re-ran the series since 2004 . Comedy Central took over the rights to air the program from October 2011 . In the Republic of Ireland , each season of the show made its European debut on RTÉ2 . After 2004 RTÉ2 began to repeat the series from the start before moving over to TV3 and its digital channel 3e in 2010 . As of February 2015 , repeats of the show have returned to RTÉ2 while also broadcasting on Comedy Central Ireland . Friends has aired in Australia on the Seven Network ( season 1 only ) , Nine Network ( season 2 -- 10 ) , Network Ten ( 2007 -- 09 , repeats ) , on GEM ( a sub-channel of the Nine Network ) , and on pay TV channel TV Hits formerly aired on Arena , 111 Hits . The show is broadcast on TV2 in New Zealand . In Canada , the series was broadcast on Global . In later years , it was syndicated on several of its cable sibling networks , including Slice , DTour , and TVTropolis , its previous incarnation . In India , the show is broadcast by Comedy Central at various times . It is the most - watched English language show in the country . In the Philippines , the show was originally aired on ABC - 5 from 1996 to 2005 and ETC from 2005 to 2014 . In Greece , the show was broadcast on Star Channel . In Cyprus , Friends aired on CyBC 2 while reruns air on TVOne . In Albania , the show was originally broadcast by Top Channel . Reruns were broadcast by A1 Report . Home media Streaming In October 2014 , Warner Bros. chairman and chief executive officer , Kevin Tsujihara , announced that the company had licensed the North American streaming rights of all ten seasons of Friends to Netflix , in a deal said to be worth around $500,000 an episode , or about $120 million in total . The show became available on Netflix from January 1 , 2015 . The Netflix airings are in the versions as aired on NBC rather than the longer international versions , as discussed below . Blu - ray and DVD All ten seasons have been released on DVD individually and as a box set . Each Region 1 season release contains special features and are presented in their aforementioned original international broadcast versions , although Region 2 releases are as originally aired domestically . For the first season , each episode is updated with color correction and sound enhancement . A wide range of Friends merchandise has been produced by various companies . In September 1995 , WEA Records released the first album of music from Friends , the Friends Original TV Soundtrack , containing music featured in previous and future episodes . The soundtrack debuted on the Billboard 200 at number 46 , and sold 500,000 copies in November 1995 . In 1999 , a second soundtrack album entitled Friends Again was released . Other merchandise includes a Friends version of the DVD game `` Scene It ? '' , and a quiz video game for PlayStation 2 and PC entitled Friends : The One with All the Trivia . On September 28 , 2009 , a box set was released in the UK celebrating the series 's 15th anniversary . The box set contained extended episodes , an episode guide , and original special features . Warner Home Video released a complete series collection on Blu - ray on November 13 , 2012 . The collection does not feature the extra deleted scenes and jokes that were included on prior DVD releases , and are therefore presented in their NBC broadcast versions . DVD name Eps DVD release dates Blu - ray release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B UK Region B Australia The Complete First Season 24 April 30 , 2002 May 29 , 2000 October 4 , 2006 April 30 , 2013 The Complete Second Season 24 September 3 , 2002 May 29 , 2000 October 4 , 2006 April 30 , 2013 The Complete Third Season 25 April 1 , 2003 May 29 , 2000 October 4 , 2006 The Complete Fourth Season 24 July 15 , 2003 May 29 , 2000 October 4 , 2006 The Complete Fifth Season 24 November 4 , 2003 May 29 , 2000 October 4 , 2006 The Complete Sixth Season 25 January 27 , 2004 July 17 , 2000 October 4 , 2006 The Complete Seventh Season 24 April 6 , 2004 October 25 , 2004 October 4 , 2006 The Complete Eighth Season 24 November 9 , 2004 October 25 , 2004 October 4 , 2006 The Complete Ninth Season 24 March 8 , 2005 October 25 , 2004 October 4 , 2006 The Complete Tenth Season 18 November 15 , 2005 October 25 , 2004 October 4 , 2006 The Complete Series 236 November 15 , 2005 November 14 , 2006 ( re-issue ) April 16 , 2013 ( re-issue 2013 ) October 2 , 2006 November 12 , 2007 ( re-issue ) September 28 , 2009 ( 15th Anniversary Edition ) November 13 , 2012 November 12 , 2012 November 21 , 2012 ( JB Hi - Fi exclusive ) August 21 , 2013 Spin - off LeBlanc hoped that by having his own show , Joey , `` probably the least evolved character '' on Friends , would become more developed . Joey Main article : Joey ( TV series ) After the series finale in 2004 , LeBlanc signed on for the spin - off series , Joey , following Joey 's move to Los Angeles to pursue his acting career . Kauffman and Crane were not interested in the spin - off , although Bright agreed to executive produce the series with Scott Silveri and Shana Goldberg - Meehan . NBC heavily promoted Joey and gave it Friends ' Thursday 8 : 00 pm timeslot . The pilot was watched by 18.60 million American viewers , but ratings continually decreased throughout the series 's two seasons , averaging 10.20 million viewers in the first season and 7.10 million in the second . The final broadcast episode on March 7 , 2006 , was watched by 7.09 million viewers ; NBC cancelled the series on May 15 , 2006 , after two seasons . Bright blamed the collaboration between NBC executives , the studio and other producers for quickly ruining the series : On Friends , Joey was a womanizer , but we enjoyed his exploits . 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The Ultimate Friends Companion . London : Channel 4 Books . pp. 102 -- 103 . ISBN 0 - 7522 - 7231 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wild , p. 215 ^ Jump up to : Kolbert , Elizabeth ( May 9 , 1994 ) . `` The Conception and Delivery of a Sitcom : Everyone 's a Critic '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friends : Kevin Bright '' . USA Today . April 23 , 2004 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kolbert , Elizabeth ( April 6 , 1994 ) . `` Finding the Absolutely Perfect Actor : The High - Stress Business of Casting Archived October 8 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , The New York Times . Retrieved on January 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Couric , Katie ( May 5 , 2004 ) . `` Can David Schwimmer leave Ross Geller behind ? '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Friends Til the end : The Official Celebration of all Ten years . Time Home Entertainment . 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Holston , Noel . `` Friends that were like family '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Kolbert , Elizabeth ( May 23 , 1994 ) . `` A Sitcom is Born : Only Time Will Tell the Road to Prime Time '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shayne , Bob ( June 10 , 2001 ) . `` No Experience Wanted '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bauder , David ( May 15 , 2002 ) . `` Baby episode could make Friends TV 's top show '' . Seattle Times . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved January 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Have yourself a mocha latte and reminisce a bit '' . Ocala.com . May 5 , 2004 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Endrst , James ( February 23 , 1995 ) . `` Friends wins friends with caffeine - fueled energy '' . Austin American - Statesman . Retrieved January 3 , 2009 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Pollak , Michael ( November 27 , 2005 ) . `` F.Y.I. '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` 52 millon friends see off Friends '' . China Daily . May 8 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2009 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Suzanne C. ( December 7 , 2006 ) . `` Friendly art of funny '' . The Age . Melbourne , Australia . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2009 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( January 15 , 2004 ) . `` Friends end painful , cast says '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hartlaub , Peter ( January 15 , 2004 ) . `` Friends challenge - finding right words to say goodbye '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved December 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shales , Tom ( May 7 , 2004 ) . `` A Big Hug Goodbye to Friends and Maybe to the Sitcom '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friends heads for much - hyped farewell '' . The Indian Express . May 5 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2009 . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estimated 51.1 M Tune in for Friends Finale '' . Fox News Channel . May 7 , 2004 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved December 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( May 5 , 2004 ) . `` And now , the one where Friends says goodbye '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Friends timeline '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 6 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bianco , Robert ( May 7 , 2004 ) . `` Rachel stays , so Friends are able to leave together '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends Season 1 '' . CBS Interactive Inc . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Feran , Tom ( September 22 , 1994 ) . `` New Series Softens Dabney Coleman -- A Little '' , The Plain Dealer , Newhouse Newspapers . Retrieved on January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hodges , Ann ( September 22 , 1994 ) . `` NBC sitcoms make Thursday less funny Archived February 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , Houston Chronicle , Hearst Newspapers . Retrieved on January 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Richmond , Ray ( September 22 , 1994 ) . `` Season Premiere of Friends Leaves Room to Grow '' , ( Registration required ) . Los Angeles Daily News , Los Angeles Newspaper Group . Retrieved on January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Howard ( September 22 , 1994 ) . `` NBC 's Strongest Evening of the Week Has Its Weak Spot Archived April 2 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , The Los Angeles Times , Tribune Company . Retrieved on January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Holbert , Ginny ( September 22 , 1994 ) . `` X Marks Spot For Friends On Thursday . '' ( Registration required ) . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved on January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( September 22 , 1994 ) . `` Six Friends Sittin ' Around , Talking '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ Sangster , p. 14 ^ Jump up to : `` Friends climax watched by 51m '' . BBC News . May 7 , 2004 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Havrilesky , Heather ( May 7 , 2004 ) . `` Never forget your Friends '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Bill ( February 18 , 2002 ) . `` Plot Twists Paid Off For Friends '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2007 . Retrieved November 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Bonin , Liane ( January 9 , 2003 ) . `` Is Friends overstaying its welcome ? '' . CNN . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Friends - The 100 Best TV Shows of All '' . Time . August 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rodman , Sarah ( May 7 , 2004 ) . `` Six pals depart on a classy note '' . Boston Herald . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Catlin , Roger ( May 7 , 2004 ) . `` The Long Farewell is Over ; Lots of Fans , Little Fanfare for Mich - Anticipated Finale of Friends '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Perkins , Ken Parish ( May 7 , 2004 ) . `` Farewell to Friends : The finale to the 10 - year series wraps up all the loose ends '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 19 , 2002 ) . `` Its Coffin Overflows '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Friends Archived October 10 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . emmys.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Advanced Primetime Awards Search '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Type `` Friends '' in the `` Program '' field , select `` 1993 '' and `` 2008 '' in `` Year range '' field , and select `` NBC '' in `` Network '' field . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( June 2 , 2005 ) . `` Kudrow back in the fold '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 15 years of recognition '' . TelevisionWeek. April 25 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` HPFA - Jennifer Aniston '' . Golden Globe Award . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fed : Logie Award winners '' . Australian Associated Press . May 12 , 2003 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Fed : Full list of Logies winners '' . Australian Associated Press . April 19 , 2004 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Awards Database '' . Los Angeles Times . pp. 2 -- 3 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Allen Wins Twice at Awards '' . Rocky Mountain News . March 6 , 1995 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` 2001 5th Annual Satellite Awards '' . Satellite Awards . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Select the `` Television '' field . Jump up ^ `` The 2nd Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . February 24 , 1996 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ratings for Friends by television seasons : Season 1 : `` TV Season Rankings 1994 -- 95 '' . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2015 . Season 2 : `` How Twitter is Changing Television '' . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2015 . Season 3 : `` A Milestone Year '' . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2015 . Season 4 : `` What Ranked and What Tanked '' . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2015 . Season 5 : `` TV Winners & Losers '' . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2009 . Season 6 : `` Nielsen Ratings for 1999 -- 2000 '' . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2014 . Season 7 : `` Friends Or Foes ? '' . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2015 . Season 8 : `` How Did Your Favorite Show Rate ? '' . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2015 . Season 9 : `` A Look at the Good Ol ' Days of Broadcast Primetime TV : You Know , 2003 '' . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2015 . Season 10 : `` Nielsen TV Index Ranking 2003 -- 04 '' . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` You Wo n't Believe What America 's Favorite `` Friends '' Episodes Are `` . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2015 . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings ( December 1996 -- January 1997 ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` You 'll never believe how much money the ' Friends ' cast STILL earns today '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Anne , S. ( December 27 , 2004 ) . `` Take it easy yaar ! '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Crook , John ( May 2 , 2004 ) . `` Going ' Friends ' - less / Long - running show drops the curtain '' . Toledo Blade . Zap2It . pp. V3 . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Littlefield , Kinney ( February 7 , 1996 ) . `` ' Murder , She Wrote ' parodies ' Friends ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved October 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kalsi , Jyoti ( May 8 , 2006 ) . `` Where Friends hang out '' . Gulf News . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2008 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ellen DeGeneres ( host ) ( October 16 , 2008 ) . `` The Ellen DeGeneres Show : Lisa Kudrow / Natasha Bedingfield / Jalen Testerman '' . The Ellen DeGeneres Show . Season 6 . Episode 29 . NBC . Jump up ^ Thorley , Chantelle ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` London to celebrate 15 years of Friends with Central Perk pop - up '' . Event . Haymarket Media . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2010 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hong , Haolan and Jo Ling Kent . `` ' Friends ' in China : ' Central Perk ' hits Beijing Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' CNN . July 2 , 2010 . Retrieved on July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ These Cafes in India Are Based On Your Favourite ' Friends ' TV Show , August 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Tiwari , Shwali ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` India Now Has 5 F.R.I.E.N.D.S Themed Cafes , But There 's A Catch '' . India Times . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A real - life version of Central Perk from F.R.I.E.N.D.S in Peshawar '' . The Good Times -- Unique Pakistan . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Quek , Eunice ( 28 November 2016 ) . `` F.R.I.E.N.D.S - themed cafe Central Perk opens for business '' . AsiaOne . Jump up ^ Singson , Ysa ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Central Perk , The Cafe From ' Friends , ' Just Opened In Singapore '' . Cosmopolitan Philippines . Jump up ^ Katzman , David M. ( Summer 1998 ) . `` TV and American Culture '' . American Studies . 2 . 39 : 5 -- 12 . Jump up ^ DellaContrada , John ( April 16 , 2004 ) . `` '' Friends '' Reflected Change in American Society , Among First TV Shows to Portray `` Youth on Their Own , '' says UB Pop - Culture Expert `` . Buffalo News . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( 13 January 2016 ) . `` Friends was a great show -- that just happened to ruin TV comedy '' . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pickard , Anna ( 9 September 2009 ) . `` How I met Neil Patrick Harris '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Daniel ( 19 September 2016 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory : show returns for 10th season , but is it time it went bust ? '' . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret . `` Happy Endings : Wait , Which Friends Clone Is That Again ? '' . Nymag.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Your Favorite TV Casts '' , TV Guide , January 3 , 2011 , page 11 Jump up ^ `` Is ' Seinfeld ' The Greatest Sitcom Ever ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . December 3 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Melhores Séries da História , segundo jornalistas brasileiros ! '' ( in Portuguese ) . Ligado em Série . October 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Welsh , James ( January 15 , 2004 ) . `` NBC elaborates on Friends finale plans '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2009 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Bill ( December 21 , 2002 ) . `` NBC Close to a Deal to Keep Friends for Another Season '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved December 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dempsey , John ( July 11 , 2005 ) . `` Friends of Friends '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Albiniak , Paige ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` With Friends Like These , Who Needs Standard - Def ? '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The One With the High Definition '' . ScreenScribe . January 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ross and Phoebe `` quitting Friends '' `` . BBC News . December 23 , 1999 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Channel 4 's £ 100m Friends deal '' . BBC News . December 16 , 1999 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Channel 4 to stop showing Friends after 15 years '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . February 10 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2010 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Friends finale draws record 8.6 m '' . BBC News . May 29 , 2004 . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Same time , different channel '' . Comedy Central . September 2 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2011 . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` European debut of Friends finale on RTÉ '' . Raidió Teilifís Éireann . May 11 , 2004 . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2008 . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV3 Friends '' . tv3.ie . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TV -- Friends -- entertainment.ie '' . entertainment.ie . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friends -- CCUK '' . Jump up ^ Warneke , Ross ( November 18 , 2004 ) . `` Rewind '' . The Age . Melbourne , Australia . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Channel Ten seriously in trouble at 7 pm timeslot '' . news.com.au . The Daily Telegraph ( Sydney ) . November 7 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Friends '' . TV2 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Global Television Network -- Friends Bumper version 1 . YouTube . November 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friends '' . slice.ca . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Choudhary , Vidhi ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Friends most watched English show on Indian TV in January -- June '' . Live Mint . New Delhi : HT Media Ltd . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Κωμωδία Τα Φιλαρακια ( Friends ) Star Tv '' . Star Channel . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Friends - Τα Φιλαρακια '' . TVOne . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Friends ' Licensed To Netflix In Warner Bros Deal -- VIDEO '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Liz ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Friends Is Coming to Netflix ! '' . TV Guide . tvguide.com . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Heyman , Jessie ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Seinfeld vs. Friends : Breaking Down the Economics of Two Beloved ' 90s Sitcoms '' . Vogue . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( January 1 , 2015 ) . `` Every episode of Friends is now on Netflix '' . The Verge . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dretzka , Gary ( November 2 , 1995 ) . `` Hit Show , Hit Soundtrack : It 's No Longer An Accident '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2009 . Retrieved January 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( December 27 , 1995 ) . `` Friends Theme Leads Pack of Hot - Selling TV Soundtracks '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2009 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Friends Again : Various Artists '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends : The One With All the Trivia '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends : The One With All the Trivia '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends -- Season 1 -- 10 Complete Collection 15th Anniversary DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Jennifer Aniston , Courteney Cox , Lisa Kudrow , Matt LeBlanc , Matthew Perry , David Schwimmer , James Michael Tyler , Elliott Gould , Maggie Wheeler , Christina Pickles , Paul Rudd , Jane Sibbett , David Crane , Marta Kauffman : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ TVShowsonDVD.com ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` Friends -- Warner Home Video Press Release Announces The Complete Series on Blu - ray Disc ! '' . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Friends : The Complete First Season Review '' . DVDfile.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Nick ( May 27 , 2000 ) . `` Videos to buy '' . The Sun . News Group Newspapers . p. 47 . Jump up ^ `` Friends ( Season 1 ) ( 4 DVD Set ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends - The Complete Second Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends ( Season 2 ) ( 4 DVD Set ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends - The Complete Third Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends ( Season 3 ) ( 4 DVD Set ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends - The Complete Fourth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends ( Season 4 ) ( 4 DVD Set ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends - The Complete Fifth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends ( Season 5 ) ( 4 DVD Set ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends - The Complete Sixth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Nick ( July 15 , 2000 ) . `` Video view '' . The Sun . News Group Newspapers . p. 40 . Jump up ^ `` Friends ( Season 6 ) ( 4 DVD Set ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends - The Complete Seventh Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends : Complete Season 7 - New Edition ( 1995 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends ( Season 7 ) ( 4 DVD Set ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends - The Complete Eighth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends : Complete Season 8 - New Edition ( 1995 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends ( Season 8 ) ( 4 DVD Set ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends - The Complete Ninth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends : Complete Season 9 - New Edition ( 1995 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends ( Season 9 ) ( 4 DVD Set ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends - The One with All Ten Seasons ( Limited Edition ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends : Complete Season 10 - New Edition ( 1995 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friends ( Season 10 ) ( 4 DVD Set ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Endrst , James ( September 5 , 2004 ) . `` Matt LeBlanc 's Joey goes West to seek fame & fortune '' . Daily News . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( July 24 , 2003 ) . `` NBC has sitcom plans for Friends pal Joey '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Joey finds new friends on NBC '' . CNN . September 10 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Joanne ( July 11 , 2004 ) . `` Joey co-star looking for sitcom laughs '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2006 . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Moraes , Lisa de ( September 11 , 2004 ) . `` Joey & The Apprentice : Downright Unfriendly '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . March 21 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bauder , David ( May 15 , 2006 ) . `` NBC Betting on Aaron Sorkin 's New Drama '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Further reading Articles concerning the cultural influence of the programme : Allen , Samantha ( 2014 ) . The Best Reason to Love ' Friends ' Is the One We Never Realized at the Time . Mic . United States . Ihnat , Gwen ( 2014 ) . How Friends Changed The Sitcom Landscape . AV Club . United States . Harrison , Andrew ( 2014 ) . The Hunting Of The Snark . New Statesman . United Kingdom . External links Friends portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Friends ( TV series ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Friends ( TV series ) . Friends on IMDb Friends at TV.com Friends at Rotten Tomatoes Friends at Curlie An oral history from Vanity Fair http://friendsfest.co.uk/ Preceded by Extreme 1995 Friends Super Bowl lead - out program Succeeded by The X-Files Friends Characters Chandler Bing Phoebe Buffay Monica Geller Ross Geller Rachel Green Joey Tribbiani Episodes Season 1 `` The Pilot '' ( 1.01 ) `` The One with the Sonogram at the End '' ( 1.02 ) Season 2 `` The One with the Lesbian Wedding '' ( 2.11 ) `` The One After the Superbowl '' ( 2.12 -- 2.13 ) `` The One with the Prom Video '' ( 2.14 ) `` The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' ( 2.18 ) Season 3 `` The One with the Princess Leia Fantasy '' ( 3.01 ) `` The One Where No One 's Ready '' ( 3.02 ) `` The One with the Morning After '' ( 3.16 ) Season 4 `` The One with the Embryos '' ( 4.12 ) `` The One with Ross 's Wedding '' ( 4.23 -- 4.24 ) Season 5 `` The One After Ross Says Rachel '' ( 5.01 ) `` The One Hundredth '' ( 5.03 ) `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' ( 5.08 ) `` The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey '' ( 5.15 ) `` The One Where Rachel Smokes '' ( 5.18 ) `` The One Where Ross Ca n't Flirt '' ( 5.19 ) `` The One with the Ride - Along '' ( 5.20 ) Season 6 `` The One After Vegas '' ( 6.01 ) `` The One with the Apothecary Table '' ( 6.11 ) `` The One with the Proposal '' ( 6.24 -- 6.25 ) Season 7 `` The One with Monica and Chandler 's Wedding '' ( 7.23 -- 7.24 ) Season 8 `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' ( 8.05 ) `` The One with the Rumor '' ( 8.09 ) Season 9 -- Season 10 `` The Last One '' ( 10.17 -- 10.18 ) Related articles Music `` I 'll Be There for You '' Joey Mad About You Awards and nominations Friends ... ' Til the End Hello Friends Awards for Friends Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series The Red Skelton Show ( 1952 ) I Love Lucy ( 1953 ) I Love Lucy ( 1954 ) Make Room for Daddy ( 1955 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1956 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1957 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1958 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1959 ) The Art Carney Special ( 1960 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1961 ) The Bob Newhart Show ( 1962 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1963 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1964 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1965 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1966 ) The Monkees ( 1967 ) Get Smart ( 1968 ) Get Smart ( 1969 ) My World and Welcome to It ( 1970 ) All in the Family ( 1971 ) All in the Family ( 1972 ) All in the Family ( 1973 ) M * A * S * H ( 1974 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1975 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1976 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1977 ) All in the Family ( 1978 ) Taxi ( 1979 ) Taxi ( 1980 ) Taxi ( 1981 ) Barney Miller ( 1982 ) Cheers ( 1983 ) Cheers ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years ( 1988 ) Cheers ( 1989 ) Murphy Brown ( 1990 ) Cheers ( 1991 ) Murphy Brown ( 1992 ) Seinfeld ( 1993 ) Frasier ( 1994 ) Frasier ( 1995 ) Frasier ( 1996 ) Frasier ( 1997 ) Frasier ( 1998 ) Ally McBeal ( 1999 ) Will & Grace ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) Friends ( 2002 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2005 ) The Office ( 2006 ) 30 Rock ( 2007 ) 30 Rock ( 2008 ) 30 Rock ( 2009 ) Modern Family ( 2010 ) Modern Family ( 2011 ) Modern Family ( 2012 ) Modern Family ( 2013 ) Modern Family ( 2014 ) Veep ( 2015 ) Veep ( 2016 ) Veep ( 2017 ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ( 2018 ) GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Comedy Series 1990s Doctor Doctor ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Roseanne ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Dream On ( 1994 ) Roseanne / Friends ( 1995 ) Spin City ( 1997 ) Ellen ( 1998 ) Will & Grace ( 1999 ) 2000s Will & Grace ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Sex and the City ( 2004 ) Will & Grace ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Ugly Betty ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2009 ) 2010s Glee ( 2010 ) Glee / Modern Family ( 2011 ) Modern Family ( 2012 ) The New Normal ( 2013 ) Orange Is the New Black ( 2014 ) Transparent ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( 2018 ) People 's Choice Awards for Favorite New TV Comedy The Love Boat ( 1978 ) Mork & Mindy ( 1979 ) Too Close for Comfort ( 1981 ) Private Benjamin ( 1982 ) Cheers ( 1983 ) Webster ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) ALF ( 1987 ) A Different World / My Two Dads ( 1988 ) Roseanne ( 1989 ) Doogie Howser , M.D. ( 1990 ) In Living Color / The Simpsons ( 1991 ) Home Improvement ( 1992 ) Mad About You ( 1993 ) Frasier / Grace Under Fire ( 1994 ) Ellen / Friends ( 1995 ) Caroline in the City ( 1996 ) Cosby ( 1997 ) Veronica 's Closet / Dharma & Greg ( 1998 ) Jesse / Will & Grace ( 1999 ) Stark Raving Mad ( 2000 ) Ed ( 2001 ) My Wife and Kids ( 2002 ) 8 Simple Rules ( 2003 ) Two and a Half Men ( 2004 ) Joey ( 2005 ) My Name Is Earl ( 2006 ) The Class ( 2007 ) Samantha Who ? ( 2008 ) Gary Unmarried ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) $ h * ! My Dad Says ( 2011 ) 2 Broke Girls ( 2012 ) The New Normal ( 2013 ) Super Fun Night ( 2014 ) Jane the Virgin ( 2015 ) Scream Queens ( 2016 ) Man with a Plan ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 1994 -- 1999 ) Seinfeld , season 5 / season 6 ( 1994 ) : Alexander ; Louis - Dreyfus ; Richards ; Seinfeld Friends , season 1 / season 2 ( 1995 ) : Aniston ; Cox ; Kudrow ; LeBlanc ; Perry ; Schwimmer Seinfeld , season 7 / season 8 ( 1996 ) : Alexander ; Louis - Dreyfus ; Richards ; Seinfeld Seinfeld , season 8 / season 9 ( 1997 ) : Alexander ; Louis - Dreyfus ; Richards ; Seinfeld Ally McBeal , season 1 / season 2 ( 1998 ) : Bellows ; Carson ; de Rossi ; Flockhart ; Germann ; Krakowski ; Liu ; MacNicol ; Shepard ; Thorne - Smith Frasier , season 6 / season 7 ( 1999 ) : Butler ; Gilpin ; Grammer ; Leeves ; Mahoney ; Pierce Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) TCA Heritage Award The Simpsons ( 2002 ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 2003 ) 60 Minutes ( 2004 ) Nightline ( 2005 ) The West Wing ( 2006 ) The Sopranos ( 2007 ) The Wire ( 2008 ) ER ( 2009 ) M * A * S * H ( 2010 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 2011 ) Cheers ( 2012 ) All in the Family ( 2013 ) Saturday Night Live ( 2014 ) Late Show / Late Night with David Letterman ( 2015 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 2016 ) Seinfeld ( 2017 ) Friends ( 2018 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Comedy Series Friends ( 1999 ) Friends ( 2000 ) Friends ( 2001 ) Friends ( 2002 ) Friends ( 2003 ) Friends ( 2004 ) Gilmore Girls ( 2005 ) High School Musical ( 2006 ) Hannah Montana ( 2007 ) Hannah Montana ( 2008 ) Hannah Montana ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Glee ( 2011 ) Glee ( 2012 ) Glee ( 2013 ) The Big Bang Theory ( 2014 ) The Big Bang Theory ( 2015 ) Fuller House ( 2016 ) Fuller House ( 2017 ) The Big Bang Theory ( 2018 ) Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 -- 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 -- 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 -- 14 , 14 -- 15 , 15 -- 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football 17 -- 18 : The Big Bang Theory ( S11 ) BNF : cb131904957 ( data ) GND : 4719613 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friends&oldid=866418206 '' Categories : Friends 1994 American television series debuts 2004 American television series endings 1990s American sitcoms 1990s American romantic comedy television series 2000s American sitcoms 2000s American romantic comedy television series BAFTA winners ( television series ) English - language television programs NBC network shows Nielsen ratings winners Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series winners Television series about friendship Television series about siblings Television series by Warner Bros. 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Headquarters of the United Nations
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Headquarters of the United Nations - wikipedia Headquarters of the United Nations Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the physical offices of the United Nations in New York City . For the organization itself , see United Nations . Headquarters of the United Nations View from Roosevelt Island Location within New York City Alternative names Headquarters of the United Nations ( in English ) مقر الأمم المتحدة ( in Arabic ) संयुक्त राष्ट्र का मुख्यालय ( in Hindi ) 联合国 总部 大楼 ( in Chinese ) Siège des Nations unies ( in French ) Штаб - квартира Организации Объединенных Наций ( in Russian ) Sede de las Naciones Unidas ( in Spanish ) General information Architectural style International Style Location New York City ( International territory ) Address 760 United Nations Plaza , Manhattan , New York City Coordinates 40 ° 44 ′ 58 '' N 73 ° 58 ′ 5 '' W / 40.74944 ° N 73.96806 ° W / 40.74944 ; - 73.96806 Coordinates : 40 ° 44 ′ 58 '' N 73 ° 58 ′ 5 '' W / 40.74944 ° N 73.96806 ° W / 40.74944 ; - 73.96806 Construction started 1948 Completed October 9 , 1952 ( 1952 - 10 - 09 ) Cost $65,000,000 ( in adjusted inflation $586,221,805 ) Owner United Nations Height 155.3 meters ( 510 ft ) Technical details Floor count 39 Design and construction Architect Oscar Niemeyer Le Corbusier Harrison & Abramovitz Main contractor Fuller , Turner , Slattery , and Walsh The United Nations is headquartered in New York City , in a complex designed by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer . The complex has served as the official headquarters of the United Nations since its completion in 1952 . It is located in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Manhattan , on spacious grounds overlooking the East River . Its borders are First Avenue on the west , East 42nd Street to the south , East 48th Street on the north and the East River to the east . The term `` Turtle Bay '' is occasionally used as a metonym for the UN headquarters or for the United Nations as a whole . The United Nations has three additional , subsidiary , regional headquarters , or headquarters districts . These were opened in Geneva ( Switzerland ) in 1946 , Vienna ( Austria ) in 1980 , and Nairobi ( Kenya ) in 1996 . These adjunct offices help represent UN interests , facilitate diplomatic activities , and enjoy certain extraterritorial privileges , but only the main headquarters in New York City contains the seats of the principal organs of the UN , including the General Assembly and Security Council . All fifteen of the United Nations ' specialized agencies are located outside New York City at these other headquarters or in other cities : the Food and Agriculture Organization and International Fund for Agricultural Development in Rome , the International Civil Aviation Organization in Montreal , the International Labour Organization , International Telecommunication Union , World Health Organization , World Intellectual Property Organization , World Trade Organization and World Meteorological Organization in Geneva , the International Maritime Organization in London , the International Monetary Fund and World Bank Group in Washington , D.C. , the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization in Paris , the United Nations Industrial Development Organization in Vienna , the United Nation Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific in Bangkok , Thailand and the World Tourism Organization in Madrid . Although it is situated in New York City , the land occupied by the United Nations Headquarters and the spaces of buildings that it rents are under the sole administration of the United Nations and not the U.S. government . They are technically extraterritorial through a treaty agreement with the U.S. government . However , in exchange for local police , fire protection and other services , the United Nations agrees to acknowledge most local , state , and federal laws . The United Nations Headquarters complex was constructed in stages with the core complex completed between 1948 and 1952 . The Headquarters occupies a site beside the East River , on between 17 and 18 acres ( 6.9 and 7.3 ha ) of land purchased from the real estate developer , William Zeckendorf , Sr. Nelson Rockefeller arranged this purchase , after an initial offer to locate it on the Rockefeller family estate of Kykuit was rejected as being too isolated from Manhattan . The US $8.5 million ( adjusted by inflation US $84.7 million ) purchase was then funded by his father , John D. Rockefeller , Jr. , who donated it to the city . The Rockefeller family owned the Tudor City Apartments across First Avenue from the site . Wallace Harrison , the personal architectural adviser for the Rockefeller family and brother - in - law to a Rockefeller daughter , served as the Director of Planning for the United Nations Headquarters . His firm , Harrison and Abramovitz , oversaw the execution of the design . Contents ( hide ) 1 Planning and construction 1.1 Design 1.2 Proposed alternatives 1.3 Construction 2 International character 3 Structures 3.1 General Assembly building 3.2 Conference Building 3.3 Secretariat Building 3.4 Dag Hammarskjöld Library 3.5 Art collection 3.6 Other buildings 3.7 Additional main aspects 4 Maintenance 5 Relocation proposals 6 Public gatherings 7 Security 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 Further reading 11 References 12 External links Planning and construction ( edit ) Design ( edit ) Map of the United Nations headquarters in Dutch . The green rectangle is the Dag Hammarskjöld Library , the purple rectangle is the Secretariat , the blue trapezoid is the Conference Building , and the grey shape is the General Assembly Building The property was originally a slaughterhouse before the donation took place , bordered on one side by Tudor City . While the United Nations had dreamed of constructing an independent city for its new world capital , multiple obstacles soon forced the organization to downsize their plans . The diminutive site on the East River necessitated a Rockefeller Center - type vertical complex , thus , it was a given that the Secretariat would be housed in a tall office tower . During daily meetings from February to June 1947 , the collaborative team produced at least 45 designs and variations . Rather than hold a competition for the design of the facilities for the headquarters , the UN decided to commission a multinational team of leading architects to collaborate on the design . The American architect Wallace K. Harrison was named as Director of Planning , and a Board of Design Consultants was composed of architects , planners and engineers nominated by member governments . The board consisted of N.D. Bassov of the Soviet Union , Gaston Brunfaut ( Belgium ) , Ernest Cormier ( Canada ) , Le Corbusier ( France ) , Liang Seu - cheng ( China ) , Sven Markelius ( Sweden ) , Oscar Niemeyer ( Brazil ) , Howard Robertson ( United Kingdom ) , G.A. Soilleux ( Australia ) , and Julio Vilamajó ( Uruguay ) . Niemeyer met with Corbusier at the latter 's request shortly after the former arrived in New York City . Corbusier had already been lobbying hard to promote his own scheme 23 , and thus , requested that Niemeyer not submit a design , lest he further confuse the contentious meetings of the Board of Design . Instead , he asked the younger architect to assist him with his project . Niemeyer began to absent himself from the meetings . Only after Wallace Harrison and Max Abramovitz repeatedly pressed him to participate did Niemeyer agree to submit his own project . Niemeyer 's project 32 was finally chosen , but as opposed to Corbusier 's project 23 , which consisted of one building containing both the Assembly Hall and the councils in the center of the site ( as it was hierarchically the most important building ) , Niemeyer 's plan split the councils from the Assembly Hall , locating the first alongside the river , and the second on the right side of the secretariat . This would not split the site , but on the contrary , would create a large civic square . UN Secretary - General Dag Hammarskjöld in front of the General Assembly building ( 1950s ) After much discussion , Harrison , who coordinated the meetings , determined that a design based on Niemeyer 's project 32 and Le Corbusier 's project 23 would be developed for the final project . Le Corbusier 's project 23 consisted of a large block containing both the Assembly Hall and the Council Chambers near the center of the site with the Secretariat tower emerging as a slab from the south . Niemeyer 's plan was closer to that actually constructed , with a distinctive General Assembly building , a long low horizontal block housing the other meeting rooms , and a tall tower for the Secretariat . The complex as built , however , repositioned Niemeyer 's General Assembly building to the north of this tripartite composition . This plan included a public plaza as well . Wallace Harrison 's assistant , architect George Dudley , later stated : `` It literally took our breath away to see the simple plane of the site kept open from First Avenue to the River , only three structures on it , standing free , a fourth lying low behind them along the river 's edge ... ( Niemeyer ) also said , ' beauty will come from the buildings being in the right space ! ' . The comparison between Le Corbusier 's heavy block and Niemeyer 's startling , elegantly articulated composition seemed to me to be in everyone 's mind ... '' Later on , Corbusier came once again to Niemeyer and asked him to reposition the Assembly Hall back to the center of the site . Such modification would destroy Niemeyer 's plans for a large civic square . However , he finally decided to accept the modification : `` I felt ( Corbusier ) would like to do his project , and he was the master . I do not regret my decision . '' Together , they submitted the scheme 23 -- 32 , which was built and is what can be seen today . Along with suggestions from the other members of the Board of Design Consultants , this was developed into project 42G . This late project was built with some reductions and other modifications . Proposed alternatives ( edit ) Flags of the member states , arranged in alphabetical order Many cities vied for the honor of hosting the UN Headquarters site , prior to the selection of New York City . The selection of the East River site came after over a year of protracted study and consideration of many sites in the United States . A powerful faction among the delegates advocated returning to the former League of Nations complex in Geneva , Switzerland . Suggestions came from far and wide including such fanciful suggestions as a ship on the high seas to housing the entire complex in a single tall building . Amateur architects submitted designs , local governments offered park areas , but the determined group of New York City boosters that included such luminaries as Grover Whalen , Thomas J. Watson , and Nelson Rockefeller , coordinated efforts with the powerful Coordinator of Construction , Robert Moses , and Mayor William O'Dwyer , to assemble acceptable interim facilities . Their determined courtship of the UN Interim Site committee resulted in the early meetings taking place at multiple locations throughout the New York area . Sites in San Francisco ( including the Presidio ) , Marin County , California , Philadelphia , Boston , Chicago , Fairfield County , CT , Westchester County , NY , and Flushing Meadows - Corona Park in Queens , were among those sites given serious consideration before Manhattan was finally selected . The Manhattan site was selected after John D. Rockefeller , Jr. , offered to donate $8.5 million to purchase the land . In 1945 -- 46 London hosted the first meeting of the General Assembly in Methodist Central Hall , and the Security Council in Church House . The third and sixth General Assembly sessions , in 1948 and 1951 , met in the Palais de Chaillot in Paris . Prior to the construction of the current complex , the UN was headquartered at a temporary location at the Sperry Corporation 's offices in Lake Success , New York , an eastern suburb of the city in Nassau County on Long Island , from 1946 to 1952 . The Security Council also held sessions on what was then the Bronx campus of Hunter College ( now the site of Lehman College ) from March to August 1946 . The UN also met at what is now the Queens Museum , built as the New York City Pavilion for the 1939 New York World 's Fair in Flushing Meadows - Corona Park . The General Assembly met at what had previously been the ice skating rink , and the Long Island Rail Road reopened the former World 's Fair station as United Nations station . After the UN moved to its new Manhattan headquarters , the building was remodeled and briefly used as a pavilion for the 1964 New York World 's Fair , after which it reverted to use as a skating rink until 2008 , when the entire building began a long - term renovation to create expanded museum facilities . Construction ( edit ) Per an agreement with the city , the buildings met some but not all local fire safety and building codes . Construction on the initial buildings began in 1948 , with the cornerstone laid on October 24 , 1949 , and was completed in 1952 . The Dag Hammarskjöld Library Building , designed by Harrison and Abramovitz , was added in 1961 . The construction of the headquarters was financed by an interest - free loan of $65 million made by the United States government , and the cost of construction was also reported as $65 million . International character ( edit ) View from First Avenue towards the library , Secretariat and General Assembly buildings The site of the UN headquarters has extraterritoriality status . This affects some law enforcement where UN rules override the laws of New York City , but it does not give immunity to those who commit crimes there . In addition , the United Nations Headquarters remains under the jurisdiction and laws of the United States , although a few members of the UN staff have diplomatic immunity and so can not be prosecuted by local courts unless the diplomatic immunity is waived by the Secretary - General . In 2005 , Secretary - General Kofi Annan waived the immunity of Benon Sevan , Aleksandr Yakovlev , and Vladimir Kuznetsov in relation to the Oil - for - Food Programme , and all were charged in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York . Benon Sevan later fled the United States to Cyprus , while Aleksandr Yakovlev and Vladimir Kuznetsov decided to stand trial . The currency in use at the United Nations headquarters ' businesses is the U.S. dollar . The UN 's stamps are issued in denominations of the U.S. dollar . U.S. postal rates must be followed . The UN identifies Arabic , Chinese , English , French , Russian and Spanish as its six official languages . Delegates speaking in any of these languages will have their words simultaneously translated into all of the others , and attendees are provided with headphones through which they can hear the translations . A delegate is allowed to make a statement in a non-official language , but must provide either an interpreter or a written copy of his / her remarks translated into an official language . English and French are the working languages of the United Nations Secretariat , as most of the daily communication within the Secretariat and most of the signs in the UN headquarters building are in those languages . The complex has a street address of United Nations Headquarters , New York , NY 10017 , USA . For security reasons , all mail sent to this address is sterilized , so items that may be degraded can be sent by courier . The United Nations Postal Administration issues stamps , which must be used on stamped mail sent from the building . Journalists , when reporting from the complex , often use `` United Nations '' rather than `` New York City '' as the identification of their location in recognition of the extraterritoriality status . For award purposes , amateur radio operators consider the UN headquarters a separate `` entity '' under some award programs such as DXCC . For communications , UN organizations have their own internationally recognized ITU prefix , 4U . However , only contacts made with the UN Headquarters in New York , and the ITU count as separate entities . Other UN organizations such as the World Bank count for the state or country they are located in . The UN Staff Recreation Council operates amateur radio station 4U1UN , and occasionally use special callsigns with prefix 4U and ending in UN to commemorate various events at the UN . Structures ( edit ) The complex includes a number of major buildings . While the Secretariat building is most predominantly featured in depictions of the headquarters , it also includes the domed General Assembly building , the Dag Hammarskjöld Library , as well as the Conference and Visitors Center , which is situated between the General Assembly and Secretariat buildings , and can be seen only from FDR Drive or the East River . Just inside the perimeter fence of the complex stands a line of flagpoles where the flags of all 193 UN member states , plus the UN flag , are flown in English alphabetical order . General Assembly building ( edit ) United Nations General Assembly hall The General Assembly building , housing the United Nations General Assembly , holds the General Assembly Hall which has a seating capacity of 1,800 . At 165 ft ( 50 m ) long by 115 ft ( 35 m ) wide , it is the largest room in the complex . The Hall has two murals by the French artist Fernand Léger . At the front of the chamber , is the rostrum containing the green marble desk for the President of the General Assembly , Secretary - General and Under - Secretary - General for General Assembly Affairs and Conference Services and matching lectern for speakers . Behind the rostrum is the UN emblem on a gold background . Flanking the rostrum is a paneled semi-circular wall that tapers as it nears the ceiling and surrounds the front portion of the chamber . In front of the paneled walls are seating areas for guests and within the wall are windows which allow translators to watch the proceedings as they work . The ceiling of the hall is 75 ft ( 23 m ) high and surmounted by a shallow dome ringed by recessed light fixtures . The entrance to the hall bears an inscription from the Gulistan by Iranian poet Saadi . The General Assembly Hall was last altered in 1980 when capacity was increased to accommodate the increased membership . Each of the 192 delegations has six seats in the hall with three at a desk and three alternate seats behind them . Conference building ( edit ) The Conference Building faces the East River between the General Assembly Building and the Secretariat . The Conference Building holds the Security Council Chamber , which was a gift from Norway and was designed by the Norwegian architect Arnstein Arneberg . The oil canvas mural depicting a phoenix rising from its ashes by Norwegian artist Per Krogh hangs at the front of the room . Secretariat building ( edit ) Main article : United Nations Secretariat Building The 39 - story Secretariat Building was completed in 1952 . It houses offices for the Secretary General , the Under - Secretary - General for Legal Affairs and United Nations Legal Counsel , the Under - Secretary - General for Political Affairs and Office of Disarmament Affairs , and the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management ( DGACM ) . Dag Hammarskjöld Library ( edit ) Dag Hammarskjöld Library Main article : Dag Hammarskjöld Library The library was founded with the United Nations in 1946 . It was originally called the United Nations Library , later the United Nations International Library . In the late 1950s the Ford Foundation gave a grant to the United Nations for the construction of a new library building ; Dag Hammarskjöld was also instrumental in securing the funding for the new building . The Dag Hammarskjöld Library was dedicated and renamed on November 16 , 1961 . The building was a gift from the Ford Foundation and is located next to the Secretariat at the southwest corner of the headquarters campus . The library holds 400,000 books , 9,800 newspapers and periodical titles , 80,000 maps and the Woodrow Wilson Collection containing 8,600 volumes of League of Nations documents and 6,500 related books and pamphlets . The library 's Economic and Social Affairs Collection is housed in the DC - 2 building . Art Collection ( edit ) Japanese Peace Bell , made out of coins donated by children Non-Violence sculpture in front of UN headquarters Main article : United Nations Art Collection The complex is also notable for its gardens and outdoor sculptures . Iconic sculptures include the `` Knotted Gun '' , called Non-Violence , a statue of a Colt Python revolver with its barrel tied in a knot , which was a gift from the Luxembourg government and `` Let Us Beat Swords into Plowshares '' , a gift from the Soviet Union . The latter sculpture is the only appearance of the `` swords into plowshares '' quotation , from Isaiah 2 : 4 , within the complex . Contrary to popular belief , the quotation is not carved on any UN building . Rather , it is carved on the `` Isaiah Wall '' of Ralph Bunche Park across First Avenue . A piece of the Berlin Wall also stands in the UN garden . Other prominent artworks on the grounds include a Marc Chagall stained glass window memorializing the death of Dag Hammarskjöld , the Japanese Peace Bell which is rung on the vernal equinox and the opening of each General Assembly session , a Chinese ivory carving made in 1974 ( before the ivory trade was largely banned in 1989 ) , and a Venetian mosaic depicting Norman Rockwell 's painting The Golden Rule . A full - size tapestry copy of Pablo Picasso 's Guernica , by Jacqueline de la Baume Dürrbach ( Wikidata ) , on the wall of the United Nations building at the entrance to the Security Council room . In 1952 , two Léger murals were installed in the General Assembly Hall . The works are meant to merely be decorative with no symbolism . One is said to resemble cartoon character Bugs Bunny and U.S. President Harry S. Truman dubbed the other work Scrambled Eggs . Two huge murals by Brazilian artist Cândido Portinari , entitled Guerra e Paz ( War and Peace ) are located at the delegates hall . The works are a gift from the United Nations Association of the United States of America and Portinari intended to execute them in the United States . However , he was denied a visa due to his communist convictions and decided to paint them in Rio de Janeiro . They were later assembled in the headquarters . After their completion in 1957 , Portinari , who was already ill when he started the masterpiece , succumbed to lead poisoning from the pigments his doctors advised him to abandon . Other buildings ( edit ) While outside of the complex , the headquarters also includes two large office buildings that serve as offices for the agencies and programmes of the organization . These buildings , known as DC - 1 and DC - 2 , are located at 1 and 2 UN Plaza respectively . DC1 was built in 1976 . There is also an identification office at the corner of 46th Street , inside a former bank branch , where pre-accredited diplomats , reporters , and others receive their grounds passes . UNICEF House ( 3 UN Plaza ) and the UNITAR Building ( 807 UN Plaza ) are also part of headquarters . In addition , the Church Center for the United Nations ( 777 UN Plaza ) is a private building owned by the United Methodist Church as an interfaith space housing the offices of several non-governmental organizations . The Office of Internal Oversight Services ( OIOS ) is located at 380 Madison Avenue . Additional main aspects ( edit ) Besides the actual and outer structures that make up and surround the United Nations Headquarters are the inner groups that play a role as well . The Security Council containing 5 permanent and 10 temporary for a total of 15 members , ensures the stabilization of peace and security whether in terms of threats or simple adjustments . A heavier focus on actual activities like debating in policymaking , and reflecting in and out of the environment , is conducted by the Economic and Social Council . Maintenance ( edit ) The headquarter 's buildings have come to need extensive renovation , including the need to install sprinklers , fix leaks , and remove asbestos . Expansion has also come to be needed . On July 28 , 2007 , UN officials announced the complex would undergo a $1 billion renovation starting in the fall . Swedish firm Skanska AB won a bid to overhaul the buildings which including the Conference , General Assembly and Secretariat buildings . The renovations , which will be the first since the complex opened in 1950 , are expected to take about 7 years to complete . When completed the complex is also expected to be more energy efficient and have improved security . Work began on May 5 , 2008 but the project was delayed for a while . By 2009 the cost of the work had risen from $1.2 billion to $1.6 billion with some estimates saying it would take up to $3 billion . Officials hope the renovated buildings will achieve a LEED Silver rating . Despite some delays and rises in construction costs , renovation on the entire UN headquarters is progressing rapidly . As of 2012 , the installation of the new glass facade of the Secretariat Building is completed . The new glass wall will retain the look of the original facade but it will be more energy efficient . The renovation of the Secretariat building has been complete and the UN staff moved into the new building in July 2012 . Alternative sites were considered as temporary holding locations during renovations . In 2005 , officials investigated establishing a new temporary site be created at the old Lake Success location . Brooklyn was also suggested as a temporary site . Another alternative for a temporary headquarters or a new permanent facility was the World Trade Center site . Once again , these plans met resistance both within the UN and from the United States and New York governments and were abandoned . In October 2011 city and state officials announced an agreement in which the UN would be allowed to build a long - sought new office tower adjacent to the existing campus on the current Robert Moses Playground , which would be relocated . In exchange , the United Nations would allow the construction of an esplanade along the East River that would complete the East River Greenway , a waterfront pedestrian and bicycle pathway . While host nation authorities have agreed to the provisions of the plan , it needs the approval of the United Nations in order to be implemented . The plan is similar in concept to an earlier proposal that had been announced in 2000 but did not move forward . The renovations are nearing completion in 2016 , with the cost having risen to $2.15 billion . After the multi-year process , the UN Headquarters now includes new electronics , audio and language systems , heating and cooling installments , and is said to be more safe as well as more energy efficient compared to before . With these new additions , general public visitations have increased and guided tours are even available . Hours of operation include : Monday -- Friday : 9 : 00am to 4 : 30pm Saturday & Sunday : 10 : 00am to 4 : 30pm Relocation proposals ( edit ) United Nations Logo in Headquarters Due to the significance of the organization , proposals have occasionally been discussed to relocate its headquarters . Complaints about its current location include diplomats who find it difficult to obtain visas from the United States and local residents complaining of inconveniences whenever the surrounding roads are closed due to visiting dignitaries as well as the high costs to the city . A telephone survey in 2001 found that 67 % of respondents favor moving the United Nations headquarters out of the country . Countries critical of the USA , such as Iran and Russia , are especially important in questioning the current location of the United Nations . Arguing that the United States government could manipulate the work of the General Assembly through selective access to politicians from other countries , with the aim of having an advantage over rival countries . Due to accusations of espionage by the United States , the subject of the relocation of the UN headquarters was again discussed , this time for security reasons . Among the cities that have been proposed to house the headquarters of the United Nations are Saint Petersburg , Montreal , Dubai , Jerusalem , and Nairobi . Critics of the relocation say that the idea would be expensive and would also involve the withdrawal of the United States from the organization , and with it much of the agency 's funding . They also state that the proposals have never gone from being mere declarations . Public gatherings ( edit ) Large scale protests , demonstrations , and other gatherings directly on First Avenue are rare . Some gatherings have taken place in Ralph Bunche Park , but it is too small to accommodate large demonstrations . The closest location where the New York City Police Department usually allows demonstrators is Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza at 47th Street and First Avenue , one block away from the visitors ' entrance , four blocks away from the entrance used by top - level diplomats , and five blocks away from the general staff entrance . Excluding gatherings solely for diplomats and academics , there are a few organizations which regularly hold events at the UN . The United Nations Association of the United States of America ( UNA - USA ) , a non-governmental organization , holds an annual `` member 's day '' event in one of the conference rooms . Model United Nations conferences sponsored by UNA - USA , the National Collegiate Conference Association ( NCCA / NMUN ) , and the International Model UN Association ( IMUNA / NHSMUN ) hold part of their sessions in the General Assembly chamber . Seton Hall University 's Whitehead School of Diplomacy hosts its UN summer study program at the headquarters as well . Security ( edit ) United Nations Security officers are generally responsible for security within the UN Headquarters . They are equipped with weapons and handcuffs and may be mistaken for NYPD officers , due to similarity in uniforms . The NYPD 's 17th Precinct patrols the area around and near the complex , but does not have jurisdiction inside the UN headquarters themselves since the headquarters are considered international property . In popular culture ( edit ) View of the headquarters in the 1959 MGM thriller North by Northwest by Alfred Hitchcock See also : United Nations in popular culture Due to its role in international politics , the United Nations Headquarters is often featured in movies and other pop culture . The only film actually shot on location in the UN headquarters is The Glass Wall ( 1953 ) by legendary Hollywood writer / director / producer Ivan Tors . When he was unable to obtain permission to film in the UN Headquarters , director Alfred Hitchcock covertly filmed Cary Grant arriving for the 1959 feature North by Northwest . After the action within the building , another scene shows Grant leaving across the plaza looking down from the building 's roof . This was created using a painting . In the 1976 comedy film The Pink Panther Strikes Again , the building is vaporised by Dreyfus with a doomsday device . The final Roadblock of the 21st season of the American version of The Amazing Race also took place inside the gates of this building and had teams associating national flags with the different `` hellos '' and `` goodbyes '' they heard during the race . The building is seen in the 2008 game Grand Theft Auto IV , but called the Civilization Committee Building ( CC ) . The building is also in the racing game The Crew in the New York City area of the game . See also ( edit ) United Nations portal New York City portal Architecture portal International Court of Justice , The Hague Palace of Nations , Geneva Queens Museum U Thant Island United Nations Office at Geneva United Nations Office at Nairobi United Nations Office at Vienna UN City , Copenhagen UN Campus , Bonn , Germany Further reading ( edit ) Charlene Mires ( 2013 ) . Capital of the World : The Race to Host the United Nations . NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0814707944 . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Sources vary on whether the site is 17 acres ( 6.9 ha ) or 18 acres ( 7.3 ha ) . Citations ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , Thomas J. ( October 10 , 1952 ) . `` Work Completed on U.N. Buildings '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Visitors Centre '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2010 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Turtle Bay blog '' . Foreign Policy . foreignpolicy.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.unon.org/ Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the United Nations Office at Vienna ! '' . United Nations . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . referring to the office at Vienna as `` the third United Nations Headquarters Jump up ^ Kelsen , Hans ( 1950 ) . The law of the United Nations : a critical analysis of its fundamental problems . The Lawbook Exchange , Ltd. p. 350 . ISBN 1 - 58477 - 077 - 5 . Jump up ^ https://www.un.org/ga/60/booklet/intro.pdf Jump up ^ Boland , Ed Jr . ( June 8 , 2003 ) . `` F.Y.I. '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Phipps , Linda S. `` ' Constructing ' the United Nations Headquarters : Modern Architecture as Public Diplomacy '' PhD Thesis , Harvard University , 1998 . Phipps ' account affords a detailed overview of the site acquisition , the selection of architects , the design of the complex and its reception . ^ Jump up to : `` Fact Sheet : United Nations Headquarters '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Niemeyer and the United Nations Headquarters ( 1947 -- 1949 ) '' . United Nations . December 2014 . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Philippou S. , Curves of Irreverence , YALE Jump up ^ Niemeyer , A Vida é um Sopro , Fabiano Maciel Jump up ^ Dudley , George A. , A Workshop for Peace : Designing the United Nations Headquarters , ( Cambridge , MA and London , England : MIT Press and the Architectural History Foundation , 1994 ) p. 314 . Dudley provides an accurate and detailed account of the Design meetings as well as discussing the evolution of the final design . Jump up ^ Phipps , Linda S. , `` ' Constructing ' the United Nations Headquarters : Modern Architecture as Public Diplomacy , '' Ph. D. thesis , Harvard University , 1998 ; Chapters 1 and 2 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Success : A Reluctant Host to the United Nations '' . Newsday . New York . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2006 . Retrieved March 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About Lehman College '' . Lehman College . Archived from History of Lehman College the original Check url = value ( help ) on October 9 , 2007 . Retrieved March 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of United Nations Headquarters '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Ice Skating in New York City Parks '' . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Station '' . Arrt 's Arrchives . August 14 , 2004 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Childers , Erskine ( September 29 , 1995 ) . `` Financing the UN '' . Global Policy Forum . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of United Nations Headquarters '' . United Nations . July 2006 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UN / Volcker Report '' . United Nations . August 8 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Oil - for - food scandal '' . BBC News . September 7 , 2005 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://unstamps.org/about-unpa/history/ Jump up ^ `` Official language '' United Nations website Jump up ^ `` Security Notice -- United Nations Headquarters '' . United Nations . 2001 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2009 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ For example , Richard Roth is CNN 's UN correspondent , while Ian Williams is his counterpart at The Nation and Carola Hoyos is the UN correspondent for the Financial Times . Jump up ^ Endrst , Elsa B. ( December 1992 ) . `` So proudly they wave ... flags of the United Nations '' . UN Chronicle . findarticles.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . ( at the time the article was printed , there were only 179 member states ) Jump up ^ Serpentinite from Val d'Aoste http://planet-terre.ens-lyon.fr Jump up ^ `` The General Assembly '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2011 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Axworthy , Michael ( 2010 ) . Iran : Empire of the Mind . Basic Books . p. 110 . Jump up ^ `` The Security Council '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2013 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Thomas J. ( October 10 , 1953 ) . `` Work Completed on U.N. Buildings '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Office of Legal Affairs '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Disarmament '' . United Nations . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DGACM '' . United Nations . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hammarskjold Library Dedicated '' . The New York Times . November 17 , 1961 . p. 5 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Collections '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Mission to the UN '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Swords into Plowshares '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jewett , Robert ; Lawrence , John Shelton ( January 2003 ) . Captain America and the Crusade Against Evil : The Dilemma Of Zealous Nationalism . William B. Erdmans Publishing Co. p. book jacket . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 6083 - 5 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Piece of Berlin Wall , a gift of Germany , unveiled at UN garden '' . United Nations . April 4 , 2002 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chagall Stained Glass '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Peace Bell '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Ivory Carving '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Norman Rockwell Mosaic '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2011 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` In praise of ... Guernica '' . The Guardian . 2009 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cohen , David ( February 6 , 2003 ) . `` Hidden Treasures : What 's so controversial about Picasso 's Guernica ? '' . Slate.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marks , Ed ( Winter 1998 ) . `` Art ... at home in the United Nations '' . UN Chronicle . Findarticles.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` An ' element of inspiration and calm ' at UN Headquarters -- art in the life of the United Nations '' . UN Chronicle . FindArticles.com . December 1990 . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Investigations Hotline '' . United Nations . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hodge , Warren ( November 28 , 2007 ) . `` After 10 Years and 3 Plans , U.N. Renovation Is in Sight '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Farley , Maggie ( May 6 , 2008 ) . `` ' A time of rebirth ' at U.N. site '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.N. Renovation Cost Jumps $400 M '' . CBS News . Associated Press . February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Capital Master Plan : Current Status '' . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Capital Master Plan : Timeline '' . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.N. may move to Brooklyn temporarily '' . USA Today . Associated Press . May 10 , 2005 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ New York Daily News , Fred A. Bernstein : `` United Nations Should Move to World Trade Center Site . '' November 6 , 2001 , column archived at Bernstein 's website . Archived November 7 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kjelstad , Carina ( May 16 , 2006 ) . `` Without Action Now , the UN Capital Master Plan Is Not Going Anywhere Anytime Soon '' . Global Policy Forum . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MAYOR BLOOMBERG ANNOUNCES HISTORIC AGREEMENT TO CLOSE LAST MAJOR GAP IN THE MANHATTAN GREENWAY AND ENABLE MODERNIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ' NEW YORK CITY PRESENCE '' . Press Release . City of New York . October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Foderaro , Lisa ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Land Deal With U.N. Would Fill a Big Gap in the Waterfront Greenway '' . news article . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Haberman , Clyde ( February 25 , 2005 ) . `` Act Globally , Get Stuck Locally '' . The New York Times . Global Policy Forum . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UN Makeover Sacrifices Hammarskjold Library for Security '' . New York Times . 3 September 2015 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ admin ( 2013 - 12 - 11 ) . `` Hours '' . visit.un.org . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Evo Morales pidió cambiar sede de Asamblea General de la ONU '' . El Espectador ( in Spanish ) . Bogotá : Comunican S.A. September 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Park , Katrin ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` New York and the United Nations : Time for a divorce '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Merits of Moving the UN HQ to Baghdad '' . Laetus in Praesens. April 12 , 2003 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iran pursues relocation of UN HQs '' . WilayahNews.com . Jump up ^ `` ' NYC far & expensive ' : Russian MP says UN headquarters must be moved from America '' . RT . Moscow : TV - Novosti . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Lawmaker : Move United Nations Headquarters To Neutral Country Like Switzerland '' . HNGN . August 31 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Morales says UN headquarters must move from ' bully ' US '' . Inside Costa Rica . September 26 , 2013 . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Russia may call for moving U.N. from New York to St Petersburg '' . Johnson 's Russia List . May 14 , 2001 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DeWolf , Christopher ( October 25 , 2007 ) . `` Will the UN move to Montreal -- and how will it affect the waterfront ? '' . Spacing Montreal . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Salama , Vivian ; AlKhalisi , Zahraa ( January 14 , 2010 ) . `` UN Is Invited to Relocate to Dubai , Government Says '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kotkin , Joel ; Cristiano , Robert ( January 12 , 2010 ) . `` Move The U.N. To Dubai '' . Forbes . Forbes Media . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bird , Eugene ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` The UN can bring peace to Jerusalem by moving its headquarters there '' . Mondoweiss . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castillo , Diego ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Evo Morales pide cambiar sede de la ONU , idea es viable pero falta una propuesta '' . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . San José : Grupo Nación . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saulny , Susan ( February 11 , 2003 ) . `` Court Bans Peace March in Manhattan '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seton Hall Summer Study Program UNA - USA '' . UNAUSA . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Photo '' . Unmultimedia.org . September 10 , 2003 . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ U.S. Mission to the United Nations , 799 United Nations Plaza , New York , NY 10017 : Environmental Impact Statement. 2001 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Thill , Scott ( December 6 , 2009 ) . `` 8 Reasons Hitchcock 's North by Northwest Still Rules '' . Wired . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Other sources Mires , Charlene . Capital of the World : The Race to Host the Unite Nations . New York : New York University Press , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Headquarters of the United Nations . UN Visitors Centre UN : Building an International Headquarters in New York -- historical overview , on the UN 60th Anniversary webpage Agreement Establishing the UN headquarters -- with information on legal status United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. 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List of Olympic Games host cities
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List of Olympic Games host cities - wikipedia List of Olympic Games host cities Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games , both summer and winter , since the modern Olympics began in 1896 . Since then , summer games have usually -- but not always -- celebrated a four - year period known as an Olympiad . There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 24 cities , and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities . In addition , three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war : Berlin ( summer ) in 1916 ; Tokyo / Helsinki ( summer ) and Sapporo / Garmisch - Partenkirchen ( winter ) in 1940 ; and London ( summer ) and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ( winter ) in 1944 . The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens . However , in 1949 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games . Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games : Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics , Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics , Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics , and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics . In 2022 , Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games . Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once : Athens ( 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics ) , Paris ( 1900 , 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics ) , London ( 1908 , 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics ) , St. Moritz ( 1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics ) , Lake Placid ( 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics ) , Los Angeles ( 1932 , 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics ) , Innsbruck ( 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics ) , Tokyo ( 1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics ) and Beijing ( 2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics ) . In addition , Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics . London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics . Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics , followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028 . The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games , more than any other country , followed by France with five editions . Canada , Germany , Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games . The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe ( 36 editions ) and North America ( 12 editions ) ; eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania . In 2016 , Rio de Janeiro became South America 's first Olympic host city , while the African continent has yet to hold the Games . Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East , the Indian subcontinent , the Caribbean , and Southeast Asia . Host cities are selected by the IOC membership , usually seven years in advance . The selection process lasts approximately two years . In the first stage , any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city . After 10 months , the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications . In a second stage , the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission , which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection . The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session , a general meeting of IOC members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Olympic Games host cities 1.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games 1.2 Number of Olympic Games by country 1.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent 1.4 Unsuccessful cities 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Olympic Games host cities ( edit ) For individual summer and winter lists , see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games . City Country Continent Summer ( Olympiad ) Winter Year Opening Ceremony Closing Ceremony Athens Greece Europe S005 I 1896 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 Paris France Europe S005 II 1900 000000002018 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 St. Louis United States North America S005 III 1904 000000002018 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 000000002018 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 London United Kingdom Europe S005 IV 1908 000000002018 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 000000002018 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Stockholm Sweden Europe S005 V 1912 000000002018 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 000000002018 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 Berlin Germany Europe S006 VI 1916 Cancelled due to WWI Antwerp Belgium Europe S007 VII 1920 000000002018 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 000000002018 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 Chamonix France Europe W001 I 1924 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 Paris France Europe S008 VIII 000000002018 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 St. Moritz Switzerland Europe W002 II 1928 000000002018 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Amsterdam Netherlands Europe S009 IX 000000002018 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Lake Placid United States North America W003 III 1932 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Los Angeles United States North America S010 X 000000002018 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Nazi Germany Europe W004 IV 1936 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 Berlin Nazi Germany Europe S011 XI 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 000000002018 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 Sapporo Garmisch - Partenkirchen Empire of Japan Nazi Germany Asia Europe W005a V 1940 Cancelled due to WWII Tokyo Helsinki Empire of Japan Finland Asia Europe S012 XII Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe W005b V 1944 London United Kingdom Europe S013 XIII St. Moritz Switzerland Europe W005c V 1948 000000002018 - 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Number of Olympic Games by country ( edit ) Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics 5 times 4 times ( no entry ) 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics 4 times or more 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games Rank Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total United States North America 5 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 4 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 2002 ) 9 France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 3 ( 1924 , 1968 , 1992 ) 6 Japan Asia 2 ( 1940 , 1964 , 2020 ) 2 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 ) United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1944 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Canada North America 1 ( 1976 ) 2 ( 1988 , 2010 ) Italy Europe 1 ( 1960 ) 2 ( 1944 , 1956 , 2006 ) German Empire / Nazi Germany / West Germany / Germany Europe 2 ( 1916 , 1936 , 1972 ) 1 ( 1936 , 1940 ) 8 China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) South Korea Asia 1 ( 1988 ) 1 ( 2018 ) Soviet Union / Russia Europe 1 ( 1980 ) 1 ( 2014 ) Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Australia Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 Norway Europe 0 2 ( 1952 , 1994 ) Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1940 , 1948 ) Sweden Europe 2 ( 1912 , 1956 ( equestrian events only ) ) 0 17 Brazil South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 Spain Europe 1 ( 1992 ) 0 SFR Yugoslavia / Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0 1 ( 1984 ) Mexico North America 1 ( 1968 ) 0 Finland Europe 1 ( 1940 , 1952 ) 0 Netherlands Europe 1 ( 1928 ) 0 Belgium Europe 1 ( 1920 ) 0 Number of Olympic Games by continent ( edit ) Rank Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total Europe 17 ( 1896 , 1900 , 1908 , 1912 , 1920 , 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1960 , 1972 , 1980 , 1992 , 2004 , 2012 , 2024 ) 14 ( 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 ) 31 North America 7 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 6 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 1988 , 2002 , 2010 ) 13 Asia 4 ( 1940 , 1964 , 1988 , 2008 , 2020 ) 4 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 , 2018 , 2022 ) 8 Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 5 South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 6 Africa 0 0 0 Unsuccessful cities ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Country City Bids United States Detroit 7 Hungary Budapest 6 Turkey Istanbul 5 Spain Madrid Argentina Buenos Aires Switzerland Lausanne United States Philadelphia 5 United States Chicago United States Minneapolis Cuba Havana Belgium Brussels Azerbaijan Baku Qatar Doha Spain Seville Yugoslavia Belgrade Puerto Rico San Juan Australia Brisbane Slovakia Poprad United States Boston See also ( edit ) Olympics portal List of Commonwealth Games host cities Notes ( edit ) Originally awarded to Chicago , but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World 's Fair . The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held , and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949 The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome , but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted . The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend , Belgium and in Amsterdam , Netherlands . The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo , but were moved to Garmisch - Partenkirchen before being cancelled . The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo , but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled . Equestrian events were held in Stockholm , Sweden . Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately ; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies , just like the regular Summer Olympics . Russia / Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia . However , the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees . Also , Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia . ( Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary , being just south of the Greater Caucasus ' western end ; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe . ) Equestrian events were held in China 's Hong Kong SAR . Although Hong Kong 's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition , it was an integral part of the Beijing Games ( unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid , separate flame , etc . ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . Jump up ^ Group , Taylor Francis ( 2003 ) . The Europa World Yearbook . Taylor and Francis Group . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Choice of the Host City '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Durántez , Conrado ( April -- May 1997 ) . `` The Olympic Movement , a twentieth - century phenomenon '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review . XXVI ( 14 ) : 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Antwerp 1920 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chamonix 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paris 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St Louis 1904 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis gets Olympic Games ; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World 's Fair in 1904 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 1903 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906 , Karl Lennartz , Journal of Olympic History , Dec. 2001 / Jan. 2002 Jump up ^ `` Rome Games moved to London '' . realclearsports.com . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stockholm / Melbourne 1956 '' . Swedish Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tim Pile ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Beijing Olympic home page '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 04 . External links ( edit ) `` The Olympic Games '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St. Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : None 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : None 1944 : None 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 : TBD Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities&oldid=843272486 '' Categories : Olympics - related lists Lists of host cities Lists of Olympic venues Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Ελληνικά فارسی Français Қазақша Latviešu Македонски Norsk Português Română Русский தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 01 : 40 . 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where is the next summer olympics held at
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"This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games, both summer and winter, since the modern Olympics began in 1896. Since then, summer games have usually – but not always – celebrated a four-year period known as an Olympiad. There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 24 cities, and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities. In addition, three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war: Berlin (summer) in 1916; Tokyo/Helsinki (summer) and Sapporo/Garmisch-Partenkirchen (winter) in 1940; and London (summer) and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy (winter) in 1944. The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens. However, in 1949, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games.[1] Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games: Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics, Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics, Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics, and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics."
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"Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics"
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Three Men in a Boat
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Three Men in a Boat - wikipedia Three Men in a Boat Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Three Men in a Boat ( disambiguation ) . Three Men in a Boat Author Jerome Klapka Jerome Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Comedy novel Publisher J.W. Arrowsmith Publication date 1889 ISBN 0 - 7653 - 4161 - 1 OCLC 213830865 Followed by Three Men on the Bummel Three Men in a Boat ( To Say Nothing of the Dog ) , published in 1889 , is a humorous account by English writer Jerome K. Jerome of a two - week boating holiday on the Thames from Kingston upon Thames to Oxford and back to Kingston . The book was initially intended to be a serious travel guide , with accounts of local history along the route , but the humorous elements took over to the point where the serious and somewhat sentimental passages seem a distraction to the comic novel . One of the most praised things about Three Men in a Boat is how undated it appears to modern readers -- the jokes seem fresh and witty even today . The three men are based on Jerome himself ( the narrator Jerome K. Jerome ) and two real - life friends , George Wingrave ( who would become a senior manager at Barclays Bank ) and Carl Hentschel ( the founder of a London printing business , called Harris in the book ) , with whom Jerome often took boating trips . The dog , Montmorency , is entirely fictional but , `` as Jerome admits , developed out of that area of inner consciousness which , in all Englishmen , contains an element of the dog '' . The trip is a typical boating holiday of the time in a Thames camping skiff . This was just after commercial boat traffic on the Upper Thames had died out , replaced by the 1880s craze for boating as a leisure activity . Following the overwhelming success of Three Men in a Boat , Jerome later published a sequel , about a cycling tour in Germany , titled Three Men on the Bummel ( also known as Three Men on Wheels , 1900 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Reception 3 In popular culture 3.1 Audio 3.2 Film and television 3.3 Theatre 3.4 Art 3.5 Other works of literature 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Summary ( edit ) Three Men in a Boat - map of tour The story begins by introducing George , Harris , Jerome ( always referred to as `` J . '' ) , and Jerome 's dog , named Montmorency . The men are spending an evening in J. 's room , smoking and discussing illnesses from which they fancy they suffer . They conclude that they are all suffering from `` overwork '' , and need a holiday . A stay in the country and a sea trip are both considered . The country stay is rejected because Harris claims that it would be dull , the sea - trip after J. describes bad experiences of his brother - in - law and a friend on sea trips . The three eventually decide on a boating holiday up the River Thames , from Kingston upon Thames to Oxford , during which they will camp , notwithstanding more of J. 's anecdotes about previous mishaps with tents and camping stoves . They set off the following Saturday . George must go to work that day , so J. and Harris make their way to Kingston by train . They can not find the right train at Waterloo station ( the station 's confusing layout was a well - known theme of Victorian comedy ) so they bribe a train driver to take his train to Kingston , where they collect the hired boat and start the journey . They meet George further up river at Weybridge . The remainder of the story describes their river journey and the incidents that occur . The book 's original purpose as a guidebook is apparent as J. , the narrator , describes passing landmarks and villages such as Hampton Court Palace , Hampton Church , Magna Carta Island and Monkey Island , and muses on historical associations of these places . However , he frequently digresses into humorous anecdotes that range from the unreliability of barometers for weather forecasting to the difficulties encountered when learning to play the Scottish bagpipes . The most frequent topics of J. 's anecdotes are river pastimes such as fishing and boating and the difficulties they present to the inexperienced and unwary and to the three men on previous boating trips . The book includes classic comedy set pieces , such as the Plaster of Paris trout in chapter 17 , and the `` Irish stew '' in chapter 14 -- made by mixing most of the leftovers in the party 's food hamper : I forget the other ingredients , but I know nothing was wasted ; and I remember that , towards the end , Montmorency , who had evinced great interest in the proceedings throughout , strolled away with an earnest and thoughtful air , reappearing , a few minutes afterwards , with a dead water - rat in his mouth , which he evidently wished to present as his contribution to the dinner ; whether in a sarcastic spirit , or with a genuine desire to assist , I can not say . -- Chapter 16 Other memorable sections include chapter 3 's description of the author 's Uncle Podger creating chaos while hanging a picture , and chapter 4 's discussion of `` Advantages of cheese as a travelling companion '' . Reception ( edit ) One might have imagined ... that the British Empire was in danger. ... The Standard spoke of me as a menace to English letters ; and The Morning Post as an example of the sad results to be expected from the over-education of the lower orders. ... I think I may claim to have been , for the first twenty years of my career , the best abused author in England . -- Jerome K. Jerome , My Life and Times ( 1926 ) The reception by critics varied between lukewarm and hostile . The use of slang was condemned as `` vulgar '' and the book was derided as written to appeal to `` ' Arrys and ' Arriets '' -- then common sneering terms for working - class Londoners who dropped their Hs when speaking . Punch magazine dubbed Jerome `` ' Arry K. ' Arry '' . Modern commentators have praised the humour , but criticised the book 's unevenness , as the humorous sections are interspersed with more serious passages written in a sentimental , sometimes purple , style . Yet the book sold in huge numbers . `` I pay Jerome so much in royalties '' , the publisher told a friend , `` I can not imagine what becomes of all the copies of that book I issue . I often think the public must eat them . '' The first edition was published in August 1889 and serialised in the magazine Home Chimes in the same year . The first edition remained in print from 1889 until March 1909 , when the second edition was issued . During that time , 202,000 copies were sold . In his introduction to the 1909 second edition , Jerome states that he 'd been told another million copies had been sold in America by pirate printers . The book was translated into many languages . The Russian edition was particularly successful and became a standard school textbook . Jerome later complained in a letter to The Times of Russian books not written by him , published under his name to benefit from his success . Since its publication , Three Men in a Boat has never been out of print . It continues to be popular , with The Guardian ranking it No. 33 of The 100 Greatest Novels of All Time in 2003 , and no . 25 in 2015 and Esquire ranking it No. 2 in the 50 Funniest Books Ever in 2009 . In 2003 , the book was listed on the BBC 's survey The Big Read . In popular culture ( edit ) The river trip is easy to recreate , following the detailed description , and this is sometimes done by fans of the book . Much of the route remains unchanged . For example , all the pubs and inns named are still open . Audio ( edit ) Audiobooks of the book have been released many times , with different narrators , including Sir Timothy Ackroyd ( 2013 ) , Hugh Laurie ( 1999 ) , Nigel Planer ( 1999 ) , Martin Jarvis ( 2005 ) and Steven Crossley ( 2011 ) . The BBC has broadcast on radio a number of dramatisations of the story , including a musical version in 1962 starring Kenneth Horne , Leslie Phillips and Hubert Gregg , a three - episode version in 1984 with Jeremy Nicholas playing all of the characters and a two - part adaptation for Classic Serial in 2013 with Hugh Dennis , Steve Punt and Julian Rhind - Tutt . Film and television ( edit ) Three Men in a Boat , a 1920 silent British film with Lionelle Howard as J. , H. Manning Haynes as Harris and Johnny Butt as George . Three Men in a Boat a 1933 British film with William Austin , Edmund Breon , and Billy Milton . Three Men in a Boat a 1956 British film with David Tomlinson as J. , Jimmy Edwards as Harris and Laurence Harvey as George . Drei Mann in einem Boot , a 1961 German film very loosely based on the book . Three Men in a Boat , a 1975 BBC produced a version for television adapted by Tom Stoppard and directed by Stephen Frears , with Tim Curry as J. , Michael Palin as Harris , and Stephen Moore as George . Three Men in a Boat ( Russian : Трое в лодке , не считая собаки ) , a 1979 , musical comedy filmed by Soviet television , with Andrei Mironov as J. , Aleksandr Shirvindt as Harris and Mikhail Derzhavin as George . Peter Lovesey 's Victorian detective novel Swing , Swing Together ( 1976 ) , partly based on the book , featured as the second episode of the television series Cribb ( 1980 ) . In 2005 the comedians Griff Rhys Jones , Dara Ó Briain , and Rory McGrath embarked on a recreation of the novel for what was to become a regular yearly BBC TV series , Three Men in a Boat . Their first expedition was along the Thames from Kingston upon Thames to Oxford , recreating the original novel . After this , the trio embarked on a trip from London to the Isle of Wight in Jones 's yacht where they would race her against her sister yacht . The following year , Three Men in More Than One Boat saw the three borrowing , stealing , and hitchhiking on numerous vessels to make their way from Plymouth to the Isles of Scilly . For their 2009 adventure , the trio take to the waterways of Ireland , making their way from Dublin to Limerick with Dara 's greyhound Snip Nua , and the first episode of Three Men Go to Scotland was broadcast at the end of 2010 . Theatre ( edit ) A stage adaptation earned Jeremy Nicholas a Best Newcomer in a Play nomination at the 1981 Laurence Olivier Awards . The book was adapted by Clive Francis for a 2006 production that toured the UK . Art ( edit ) A sculpture of a stylised boat was created in 1999 to commemorate Three Men in a Boat on the Millennium Green in New Southgate , London , where the author lived as a child . In 2012 a mosaic of a dog 's head was put onto the same Green to commemorate Montmorency . Other works of literature ( edit ) In 1891 , Three Women in One Boat - A River Sketch by Constance MacEwen was published . This book relates the journey of three young university women who set out to emulate the river trip in Three Men in a Boat in an effort to raise the spirits of one of them , who is about to be expelled from university . To take the place of Montmorency , they bring a cat called Tintoretto . Three Men in a Boat is referenced in the 1956 parody novel on mountaineering , The Ascent of Rum Doodle , where the head porter Bing is said to spend `` much of his leisure immersed in a Yogistani translation of it . In Have Space Suit -- Will Travel , by Robert A. Heinlein , the main character 's father is an obsessive fan of the book , and spends much of his spare time repeatedly re-reading it . The book Three Men ( Not ) in a Boat : and Most of the Time Without a Dog ( 1983 , republished 2011 ) by Timothy Finn is a loosely related novel about a walking trip . A re-creation in 1993 by poet Kim Taplin and companions resulted in the travelogue Three Women in a Boat . Gita sul Tevere is an Italian humorous book inspired by this famous English novel . Science - fiction author Connie Willis paid tribute to Jerome 's novel in her own 1997 Hugo Award - winning book To Say Nothing of the Dog . Her time - travelling protagonist also takes an ill - fated voyage on the Thames with two humans and a dog as companions , and encounters George , Harris , ' J ' and Montmorency . The title of Willis ' novel refers to the full title of the original book . Fantasy author Harry Turtledove has written a set of stories where Jerome 's characters encounter supernatural creatures : `` Three Men and a Vampire '' and `` Three Men and a Werewolf , '' announced to be published in Some Time Later : Fantastic Voyages in Alternate Worlds , by A.J. Sikes , B.J. Sikes , and Dover Whitecliff ( 2017 ) . A preview audio version of the first story was made available here . See also ( edit ) Novels portal Skiffing Locks on the River Thames Thames meander , a long - distance journey over all or part of the River Thames Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Penguin edition punctuates the title differently : Three Men in a Boat : To Say Nothing of the Dog ! Jump up ^ The boat is called a double sculling skiff in the book -- that is , a boat propelled by two people , each using a pair of one - handed oars ( sculls ) . A camping skiff is a boat with an easily erected canvas cover . This effectively turns the boat into a floating tent for overnight use . Jump up ^ Home Chimes was published 1884 -- 1894 by Richard Willoughby , London , price 1 / - . It was a ( first weekly , then monthly ) miscellany , mostly fiction by little - known authors . See Magazine Data File Jump up ^ The Blue Posts , 81 Newman Street , London ; The Royal Stag and the Manor House at Datchet ; The Crown at Marlow ; The George and Dragon at Wargrave ; The Bull at Sonning ; The Swan at Pangbourne ; The Bull at Streatley ; and The Barley Mow at Clifton Hampden . The Bells of Ouseley at Old Windsor still exists , but the building was demolished and rebuilt in 1936 . It is now part of the Harvester chain . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jeremy Lewis ' introduction to the Penguin edition . ^ Jump up to : Geoffrey Harvey ( 1998 ) . `` Introduction '' , Oxford World 's Classics edition of Three Men in a Boat ; Three Men on the Bummel . Jump up ^ Jerome , Jerome ( 1926 ) . My Life and Times . Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 4089 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jerome , Jerome ( 1982 ) . `` Afterward '' . Three Men in a Boat , Annotated and Introduced by Christopher Matthew and Benny Green . Michael Joseph . ISBN 0 - 907516 - 08 - 4 . Jump up ^ Jerome , Jerome ( 1909 ) . `` Publisher 's Introduction '' . Three Men in a Boat ( 2nd ed . ) . Bristol : JW Arrowsmith . ISBN 0 - 9548401 - 7 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jerome , Jerome ( 1909 ) . `` Author 's Introduction '' . Three Men in a Boat ( 2nd ed . ) . Bristol : JW Arrowsmith . ISBN 0 - 9548401 - 7 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jerome , Jerome ( 8 July 1902 ) . `` Literary Piracy in Russia '' . The Times ( 36814 ) . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 greatest novels of all time : The list '' . The Guardian . 12 October 2003 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 best novels written in English : the full list '' . The Guardian . 17 August 2015 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Funniest books '' . Esquire . March 2009 . p. 142 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 , Retrieved 11 November 2012 Jump up ^ Three Men in a Boat ( 1920 ) Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Three Men in a Boat ( 1933 ) Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Three Men in a Boat ( 1956 ) Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Drei Mann in einem Boot on IMDb Jump up ^ Three Men in a Boat ( 1975 ) Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Troye v lodke , ne schitaya sobaki ( 1979 ) Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ First broadcast : 27 Dec 2010 BBC Two . Retrieved 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Sutton , Katharine ( October 31 , 2006 ) . `` Three men in a boat '' . BBC . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Constance MacEwen ( 1891 ) . Three Women in One Boat - A River Sketch . London : F.V. White & Company . OCLC 156765043 . Jump up ^ `` Rowing Women as Belles des Bateaux , or To Say Nothing of the Cat '' . Buckhorn , Göran R. Friends of Rowing History . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Bowman , W.E. ( 1956 ) . The Ascent of Rum Doodle . Max Parrish . p. 50 . ISBN 0099317702 . ^ Jump up to : McCarty , Michael ; Koontz , Dean R. ; Neil Gaiman ( July 2003 ) . `` Connie Willis '' . Giants of the Genre . Wildside Press LLC . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59224 - 100 - 2 . Jump up ^ Taplin , Kim ( 1993 ) . Three Women in a Boat . Impact Books . ISBN 1 - 874687 - 13 - 7 . Bibliography ( edit ) Jerome , Jerome K. Three Men in a Boat ( To Say Nothing of the Dog ) . Bristol : Arrowsmith , 1889 . Jerome , Jerome K. Three Men in a Boat , To Say Nothing of the Dog ! Wordsworth Classics . ISBN 1 - 85326 - 051 - 7 , with Boulter 's Lock by Edward John Gregory on the cover , 1993 . Jerome , Jerome K. , Jeremy Lewis . Three Men in a Boat : To Say Nothing of the Dog ! and Three Men on the Bummel . Penguin classics . London : Penguin Books , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 0437509 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Three Men in a Boat Wikimedia Commons has media related to Three Men in a Boat . Three Men in a Boat at Internet Archive ( scanned books original editions color illustrated ) Three Men in a Boat at Project Gutenberg ( plain text ; transcribed from the 1889 J.W. Arrowsmith edition by David Price , Second proof by Margaret Price . ) Three Men in a Boat public domain audiobook at LibriVox Three Men in a Boat , illustrated epub via Mobileread IMDb search Works by Jerome K. Jerome Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow ( 1886 ) Three Men in a Boat ( 1889 ) Diary of a Pilgrimage ( 1891 ) Three Men on the Bummel ( 1900 ) Paul Kelver ( 1902 ) All Roads Lead to Calvary ( 1919 ) Jerome K. Jerome 's Three Men in a Boat ( 1889 ) Adaptations Three Men in a Boat ( 1920 ) Three Men in a Boat ( 1933 ) Three Men in a Boat ( 1956 ) Drei Mann in einem Boot ( 1961 ) Three Men in a Boat ( 1975 ) Three Men in a Boat ( 1979 ) Sequel Three Men on the Bummel Inspiration Three in Norway ( by two of them ) ( 1882 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_Men_in_a_Boat&oldid=826445890 '' Categories : 1889 British novels British novels adapted into films Novels by Jerome K. Jerome Novels set in Berkshire Novels set in Oxfordshire British comedy novels Victorian novels Novels set in Oxford Culture associated with the River Thames J.W. Arrowsmith books Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Română Русский Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 04 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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review of novel three man in a boat
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List of FIFA World Cup finals
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List of FIFA World Cup finals - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup finals For a list of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals , see List of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals . List of FIFA World Cup finals France celebrating after their win against Croatia in the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final Founded 1930 Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 204 ( qualifiers ) 32 ( finals ) Current champions France ( 2nd title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930 . It is contested by the men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The tournament has taken place every four years , except in 1942 and 1946 , when the competition was cancelled due to World War II . The most recent World Cup , hosted by Russia in 2018 , was won by France , who beat Croatia 4 -- 2 in regulation time . The World Cup final match is the last of the competition , and the result determines which country is declared world champions . If after 90 minutes of regular play the score is a draw , an additional 30 - minute period of play , called extra time , is added . If such a game is still tied after extra time , it is then decided by a penalty shoot - out . The team winning the penalty shoot - out are then declared champions . The tournament has been decided by a one - off match on every occasion except 1950 , when the tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil was the decisive match ( and one of the last two matches of the tournament ) which put them ahead on points and ensured that they finished top of the group as world champions . Therefore , this match is regarded by FIFA as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . In the 21 tournaments held , 79 nations have appeared at least once . Of these , 13 have made it to the final match , and eight have won . With five titles , Brazil is the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have participated in every World Cup finals tournament . Italy and Germany have four titles . Current champion France , along with past champions Uruguay and Argentina , have two titles each , while England and Spain have one each . The team that wins the finals receive the FIFA World Cup Trophy , and their name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy . The 1970 and 1994 , along with the 1986 , 1990 and 2014 games are to date the only matches competed by the same teams ( Brazil -- Italy and Argentina -- Germany respectively ) . As of 2018 , the 1934 final remains the latest final to have been between two teams playing their first final . The final match of the most recent tournament in Russia took place at the country 's biggest sports complex , the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow . The 1930 and the 1966 games are the only ones that did not take place on a Sunday . The former did on a Wednesday and the latter on a Saturday . As of 2018 , only nations from Europe and South America have competed in a World Cup final . Six nations have won the final as host : Uruguay , Italy , England , Germany , Argentina and France . Two nations have lost the final as host : Brazil and Sweden . Contents 1 List of finals 2 Results 3 Footnotes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links List of finals ( edit ) 1930 1978 1950 , 2014 1962 1966 1938 , 1998 2006 1934 , 1990 2002 1970 , 1986 1982 1958 1954 1994 2018 2022 Locations of FIFA World Cup finals Key to the list of finals Match was won during extra time Match was won on a penalty shoot - out The `` Year '' column refers to the year the World Cup was held , and wikilinks to the article about that tournament . The wikilinks in the `` Final score '' column point to the article about that tournament 's final game . Links in the `` Winners '' and `` Runners - up '' columns point to the articles for the national football teams of the countries , not the articles for the countries . List of finals matches , their venues and locations , the finalists , and final scores Year Winners Final score Runners - up Venue Location Attendance References 1930 Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina Estadio Centenario Montevideo , Uruguay 80,000 1934 Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Stadio Nazionale PNF Rome , Italy 50,000 1938 Italy 4 -- 2 Hungary Stade Olympique de Colombes Paris , France 45,000 1950 Uruguay 2 -- 1 Brazil Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 199,854 1954 West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary Wankdorf Stadium Bern , Switzerland 60,000 1958 Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden Råsunda Stadium Solna , Sweden 51,800 1962 Brazil 3 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Estadio Nacional Santiago , Chile 69,000 1966 England 4 -- 2 West Germany Wembley Stadium London , England 93,000 1970 Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 107,412 West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Olympiastadion Munich , West Germany 75,200 1978 Argentina 3 -- 1 Netherlands Estadio Monumental Buenos Aires , Argentina 71,483 1982 Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Madrid , Spain 90,000 1986 Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 114,600 1990 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Stadio Olimpico Rome , Italy 73,603 1994 Brazil 0 -- 0 Italy Rose Bowl Pasadena , United States 94,194 1998 France 3 -- 0 Brazil Stade de France Saint - Denis , France 80,000 2002 Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany International Stadium Yokohama , Japan 69,029 2006 Italy 1 -- 1 France Olympiastadion Berlin , Germany 69,000 Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands Soccer City Johannesburg , South Africa 84,490 2014 Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 74,738 2018 France 4 -- 2 Croatia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow , Russia 78,011 Upcoming finals Year Team 1 Team 2 Venue Location Attendance References 2022 Lusail Iconic Stadium Lusail , Qatar 2026 TBD United States Results ( edit ) Map of winning countries Results by nation National team Wins Runners - up Total finals Years won Years runners - up Brazil 5 7 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 1950 , 1998 Germany 8 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 Italy 6 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 1970 , 1994 Argentina 5 1978 , 1986 1930 , 1990 , 2014 France 1998 , 2018 2006 Uruguay 0 1930 , 1950 -- England 0 1966 -- Spain 0 -- Netherlands 0 -- 1974 , 1978 , 2010 Czechoslovakia 0 -- 1934 , 1962 Hungary 0 -- 1938 , 1954 Sweden 0 -- 1958 Croatia 0 -- 2018 Results by confederation Confederation Appearances Winners Runners - up UEFA 28 12 16 CONMEBOL 14 9 5 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This follows FIFA 's consideration that the national teams of West Germany / Germany , Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic , Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro / Serbia , and USSR / Russia are combined respectively for record - keeping . Jump up ^ Technically the 1958 final was also between two first timers , but Brazil 's 1950 group game defeat is generally counted as a previous `` final '' appearance for the team . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ The 1950 FIFA World Cup did not have a final , rather , the tournament was decided by a 4 - team round robin phase . Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage . Jump up ^ Score was 2 -- 2 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 120 minutes . Brazil won 3 -- 2 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 120 minutes . Italy won 5 -- 3 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . See also ( edit ) List of FIFA World Cup opening matches FIFA World Cup referees References ( edit ) Book : FIFA World Cup General `` World Cup 1930 -- 2014 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Laws of the Game '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 3 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All - time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930 - 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Spotlight on Brazil '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Taça da Copa do Mundo chega ao Brasil ( World Cup trophy arrives in Brazil ) '' . Globo TV . 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/11174070/Russias-Luzhniki-Stadium-ahead-of-schedule-for-2018-World-Cup-Final.html Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1934 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 23 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Italy 1934 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1938 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Janela , Mike ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` World Cup Rewind : Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Brazil 1950 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 FIFA World Cup Switzerland '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Switzerland 1954 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Sweden 1958 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Chile 1962 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1966 FIFA World Cup England '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- England 1966 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1970 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- West Germany 1974 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 12 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Argentina 1978 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Spain 1982 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1986 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Italy 1990 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1994 FIFA World Cup USA '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- USA 1994 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1998 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Japan & South Korea 2002 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zidane off as Italy win World Cup '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netherlands 0 -- 1 Spain ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estadio Do Maracana , Rio de Janeiro '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website FIFA World Cup champions 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup Final venues Estadio Centenario ( 1930 ) Stadio Nazionale PNF ( 1934 ) Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir ( 1938 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 1950 ) Wankdorf Stadium ( 1954 ) Råsunda Stadium ( 1958 ) Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos ( 1962 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1966 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1970 ) Olympiastadion ( 1974 ) Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti ( 1978 ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( 1982 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1986 ) Stadio Olimpico ( 1990 ) Rose Bowl ( 1994 ) Stade de France ( 1998 ) International Stadium Yokohama ( 2002 ) Olympiastadion ( 2006 ) FNB Stadium ( 2010 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 2014 ) Luzhniki Stadium ( 2018 ) Lusail Iconic Stadium ( 2022 ) TBA ( 2026 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals&oldid=854075621 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup - winning countries Lists of FIFA World Cup matches Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 20 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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has any team won all world cup games
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My Morning Straitjacket
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My Morning Straitjacket - wikipedia My Morning Straitjacket Jump to : navigation , search `` My Morning Straitjacket '' American Dad ! episode Episode no . Season 6 Episode 7 Directed by Chris Bennett Written by Mike Barker Production code 4AJN22 Original air date November 22 , 2009 Guest appearance ( s ) Zach Galifianakis as heavyset man / Norman Jim James as himself Episode chronology ← Previous `` Shallow Vows '' Next → `` G - String Circus '' American Dad ! ( season 6 ) List of American Dad ! episodes `` My Morning Straitjacket '' is the seventh episode of the sixth season and the eighty fourth overall episode of the animated comedy series American Dad ! . It aired on Fox in the United States on November 22 , 2009 , and is written by Mike Barker and directed by Chris Bennett . In the episode , when Stan crashes a My Morning Jacket concert to drag Hayley out of it , he decides that he likes the band so much so that he becomes a groupie and follows them on the road . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 Music 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Stan gets angry when Hayley is not at the dinner table because she has gone to a rock concert , which he considers to be a bad influence . Stan decides to scare Hayley straight by dressing up as a spider when she comes home , but Hayley defends herself against Stan and says that she is going to see My Morning Jacket when they play the next evening . Stan swallows Hayley 's ticket , but Francine later retrieves it from Stan 's body using tongs , then reminisces with Hayley about her own concert - going days , remarking on how hard she had to work to get backstage . While Hayley is at the concert Francine has Roger dress up as Hayley . Stan does not notice at first , but the ruse fails when Francine calls Roger by name . Stan races to the concert , only to find himself entranced by the music . Stan becomes obsessed with My Morning Jacket and decides to meet Jim James , believing they are soul mates and that James is writing the music specifically for him . Disguised as a reporter for Rolling Stone ( an allusion to the film Almost Famous ) , Stan follows My Morning Jacket on tour , accompanied by Roger . Roger manages to get Stan backstage at a show and onto the tour bus , but when Stan tells a bogus story about freebasing cocaine with ' Tina Jivestrong ' & ' the black guy from The Beatles ' , they get thrown off the bus . Roger steals a car to get them to the next concert in Albany , New York . However , Stan does not get through the backstage entrance after Roger abandons him . Deciding to help Stan and end his quest , Francine turns up , dressed as a groupie . She effortlessly flirts and flashes her way through numerous security checkpoints , progressing from a simple hair - flip through lifting her shirt to lifting her skirt and finally making out with the last guard , a woman . Stan meets Jim James , who , after being freaked out by Stan , points out the flaws in his logic and tells him that he could not possibly be writing his songs just for him , seeing as how they never knew each other , and that Francine is the one who truly understands him . The episode ends with Francine and Stan rekindling their passion for each other ( still in Jim James 's dressing room ) with the female security guard coming in the room to join them , closing the door behind her . Production ( edit ) In a November 2009 , interview the episode 's writer Mike Barker spoke about how an experience at the 2008 Bonnaroo Music Festival inspired the episode , saying : `` At Bonnaroo , I 'm watching these guys create this lush , intense sound as the rain is washing over them ... and as the sheet of rain attacks the stage , the raindrops are being illuminated by the multi-colored stage lights , and it was just ... biblical . And it was one of those moments -- and by moment I do n't mean during a certain chorus or something , I mean the entire time the guys are playing -- it was one of those moments where everyone in attendance realized they were witnessing something really special . No one 's worried about getting wet , or getting their shoes muddy , or needing to sit down after standing shoulder to shoulder with wet strangers for four straight hours . And I actually remember having the thought , `` If lightning strikes these guys dead , there 's not a thing tragic about that . '' Seriously , can you tell me a better way for a musician to go ? Because I ca n't think of it . But during the show , I start to become aware of how intensely I loved this music , and by extension , these guys for playing it . And I thought to myself , `` What if I try to share this experience through the characters in American Dad ? Is it possible to translate how much I love this music to a large portion of American Dad 's audience that presently has no idea that this band even exists ? '' That would be my way of giving back , I suppose . My Morning Jacket is one of the greatest bands of all time , so why would n't I try to share that fact ? '' American Dad ! co-creator Mike Barker wrote the episode . He also spoke about producing the episode , saying : `` I was definitely conscious of the fact that the band could end up hating this episode and resenting me for not delivering like I had assured them I would . I mean , it 's tricky . Normally when we ( the writers ) make our episodes , our primary rule is that we have to make ourselves laugh . We have to find the episode interesting and funny . Because if we 're laughing , then there 's a good chance our audience is laughing , too . But with this episode ... well , suddenly there 's this entirely new segment of people that will be watching the show , many of them for the first time , and that 's the My Morning Jacket fans . And the fans have certain thoughts and feelings about both the music , as well as the guys making it . The last thing I want is for my episode -- which is really a pretty personal creative experiment -- is for it to somehow reflect negatively back on the band . Jim and the guys were really great at respecting my autonomy throughout the process . This is a story I wanted to tell , and basically they took a big leap of faith by entrusting me , this absolute stranger , with their music , their voices , and ultimately , their image . So perhaps the most important thing for me in regards to the band was to do everything in my power to make sure that the episode did n't suck . Because if it 's bad , or embarrassing , then that leads to questions from the fans like `` Why would MMJ do this ? '' and suddenly this incredibly thoughtful and principled band is on the firing line for selling out or something . '' He also spoke about if the band had any input on their character designs , saying : `` We gave the band customary consultation and they signed off on all of the artwork we ran by them . It 's always tricky animating real people . Because you 're not just animating them to resemble who they are in real life , you also have to make sure they resemble characters that live in the American Dad universe , and that carries with it a whole host of challenging parameters for our animators . But I think our character designers did a great job at capturing Jim and the guys . '' Reception ( edit ) Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B+ , saying `` Good old reliable American Dad was again the best of the bunch , though I suspect I would have liked this episode a lot more if I had any real knowledge about My Morning Jacket , a band I always mean to get into but never do . The show seems to do a lot of plots where Stan is introduced to some new craze by one of the supporting characters and then he goes nuts for it , but it 's usually funny because Stan is such a straitlaced character . So his obsession with the band , which seemed like it would stop being funny roughly a minute after it was introduced , kept getting weirder and weirder and funnier and funnier . '' The episode was watched by a total of 5.52 million people , this made it the fourth most watched show on Animation Domination that night , losing to The Cleveland Show , The Simpsons and Family Guy with 7.38 million . Music ( edit ) The songs featured in the episode are `` Touch Me I 'm Going to Scream Part 2 '' , `` I 'm Amazed '' , `` Remnants '' , and `` Highly Suspicious '' from the album Evil Urges , and `` Phone Went West '' from At Dawn . The song most prominently featured in the episode is `` Wordless Chorus '' from Z . A live performance of the song taken from the concert film Okonokos plays over the ending credits . References were also made to the songs `` I Will Sing You Songs '' and `` Mahgeetah '' from the album It Still Moves . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` American Dad ! Episode Guide 2009 Season 5 - My Morning Straitjacket , Episode 7 '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Dad -- My Morning Jacket Interview '' . Rollogrady.com. 2009 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Todd VanDerWerff ( 2009 - 11 - 23 ) . `` '' Pranks and Greens `` / '' A Brown Thanksgiving `` / '' Jerome Is the New Black `` / '' My Morning Straitjacket `` '' . Avclub.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 23 , 2009 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : American Music Awards Rivals Football ; Cold Case No Better At 9 pm '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) `` My Morning Straitjacket '' on IMDb `` My Morning Straitjacket '' at TV.com American Dad ! Characters Stan Smith Francine Smith Steve Smith Hayley Smith Roger Klaus Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` All About Steve '' `` Stan of Arabia : Part 1 '' `` Stan of Arabia : Part 2 '' `` Stannie Get Your Gun '' `` Finances with Wolves '' Season 3 `` Camp Refoogee '' `` The American Dad After School Special '' `` Lincoln Lover '' Season 4 `` The Vacation Goo '' `` Surro-Gate '' `` Tearjerker '' Season 5 `` The One That Got Away '' `` Pulling Double Booty '' Season 6 `` In Country ... Club '' `` Moon Over Isla Island '' `` My Morning Straitjacket '' `` G - String Circus '' `` Rapture 's Delight '' `` Do n't Look a Smith Horse in the Mouth '' `` Cops and Roger '' `` Bully for Steve '' Season 7 `` Best Little Horror House in Langley Falls '' `` Stan 's Food Restaurant '' `` White Rice '' `` For Whom the Sleigh Bell Tolls '' `` Fart - Break Hotel '' `` Stanny Boy and Frantastic '' `` A Piñata Named Desire '' `` You Debt Your Life '' `` I Am the Walrus '' `` Jenny Fromdabloc '' `` Home Wrecker '' `` Flirting with Disaster '' Season 8 `` Hot Water '' `` Hurricane ! '' `` A Ward Show '' `` Virtual In - Stanity '' `` The Scarlett Getter '' `` Ricky Spanish '' `` Toy Whorey '' Season 9 `` National Treasure 4 : Baby Franny : She 's Doing Well : The Hole Story '' `` The Missing Kink '' `` Lost in Space '' `` Da Flippity Flop '' Season 10 `` Minstrel Krampus '' Season 11 `` Blagsnarst , a Love Story '' Season 12 Season 13 `` The Two Hundred '' Season 14 Season 15 Related Night of the Hurricane Family Guy The Cleveland Show Animation Domination My Morning Jacket Jim James Tom Blankenship Patrick Hallahan Carl Broemel Bo Koster Danny Cash J. Glenn Chris Guetig Johnny Quaid Studio albums The Tennessee Fire ( 1999 ) At Dawn ( 2001 ) It Still Moves ( 2003 ) Z ( 2005 ) Evil Urges ( 2008 ) Circuital ( 2011 ) The Waterfall ( 2015 ) Live albums Okonokos iTunes Live from Las Vegas Exclusively at the Palms Celebración de la Ciudad Natal Compilations Early Recordings EPs Heartbreakin Man My Morning Jacket Does Xmas Fiasco Style Split EP Chocolate and Ice Sweatbees Acoustic Citsuoca Singles `` One Big Holiday '' `` Off the Record '' `` I 'm Amazed '' `` Holdin on to Black Metal '' `` Big Decisions '' Related articles Discography `` My Morning Straitjacket '' Ouroboros ( Ray LaMontagne album ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Morning_Straitjacket&oldid=824640224 '' Categories : 2009 American television episodes American Dad ! ( season 6 ) episodes My Morning Jacket Hidden categories : Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 16 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who does zach galifianakis play in american dad
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"\n\n\"My Morning Straitjacket\"\n\n\nAmerican Dad! episode\n\n\nEpisode no.\nSeason 6\nEpisode 7\n\n\nDirected by\nChris Bennett\n\n\nWritten by\nMike Barker\n\n\nProduction code\n4AJN22\n\n\nOriginal air date\nNovember 22, 2009\n\n\nGuest appearance(s)\n\n\n\n\n\nZach Galifianakis as heavyset man/Norman\nJim James as himself\n\n\n\n\n\nEpisode chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n← Previous\n\"Shallow Vows\"\nNext →\n\"G-String Circus\"\n\n\n\n\n\nAmerican Dad! (season 6)\nList of American Dad! episodes\n\n"
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Cabinet of the United Kingdom
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Cabinet of the United Kingdom - wikipedia Cabinet of the United Kingdom United Kingdom This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the United Kingdom Constitution ( show ) Constitution Cabinet Manual Erskine May Taxation The Crown ( show ) British Monarchy Monarch Queen Elizabeth II Heir apparent The Prince of Wales Royal family Succession to the British throne Royal prerogative Executive ( show ) HM Government Prime Minister Theresa May Cabinet Current ministry Her Majesty 's Civil Service Departments Executive agencies Public bodies Privy Council Crown - in - Council Queen Elizabeth II Legislature ( show ) Parliament ( 56th Parliament ) Crown - in - Parliament Queen Elizabeth II House of Lords Lord Speaker The Lord Fowler House of Commons Speaker John Bercow Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition Shadow Cabinet Member of Parliament ( MP ) State Opening of Parliament Prime Minister 's Questions Act of Parliament Acts of Parliament relating to the EU Statutory Instruments English law Reserved matters Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court President The Baroness Hale of Richmond Deputy President The Lord Mance Judges of the Supreme Court Courts of the United Kingdom Courts of England and Wales Courts of Scotland Courts of Northern Ireland Devolution ( show ) Joint Ministerial Committee Legislative Consent Motion Scotland Government Parliament Act of the Scottish Parliament Scottish statutory instrument Scottish law Wales Government National Assembly Act of the National Assembly for Wales Welsh law Northern Ireland Executive Assembly Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly Northern Ireland law England Greater London Authority Executive Mayor Mayoral cabinet Assembly London Plan Combined Authorities Metro Mayors Cornwall Council Administrative geography ( show ) England Subdivisions of England Local government in England Scotland Subdivisions of Scotland Local government in Scotland Wales Local government in Wales Northern Ireland Local government in Northern Ireland Elections ( show ) Parliament constituencies Political parties Last election Next election Referendums Foreign relations ( show ) History Foreign policy UK and the United Nations Politics of the European Union Commonwealth of Nations United Kingdom portal Other countries Atlas The Cabinet of the United Kingdom is the collective decision - making body of Her Majesty 's Government of the United Kingdom , composed of the Prime Minister and 21 cabinet ministers , the most senior of the government ministers . Ministers of the Crown , and especially Cabinet ministers , are selected primarily from the elected members of House of Commons , and from the House of Lords , by the Prime Minister . Cabinet ministers are heads of government departments , mostly with the office of `` Secretary of State for ( function ; e.g. , Defence ) '' . The collective co-ordinating function of the Cabinet is reinforced by the statutory position that all the Secretaries of State jointly hold the same office , and can exercise the same powers . The Cabinet is the ultimate decision - making body of the executive within the Westminster system of government in traditional constitutional theory . This interpretation was originally put across in the work of nineteenth century constitutionalists such as Walter Bagehot , who described the Cabinet as the `` efficient secret '' of the British political system in his book The English Constitution . The political and decision - making authority of the cabinet has been gradually reduced over the last several decades , with some claiming its role has been usurped by a `` prime ministerial '' government . In the modern political era , the Prime Minister releases information concerning Cabinet rank ; a list detailing the seniority of all Cabinet ministers . The Cabinet is the executive committee of Her Majesty 's Privy Council , a body which has legislative , judicial and executive functions , and whose large membership includes members of the Opposition . Its decisions are generally implemented either under the existing powers of individual government departments , or by Orders in Council . Contents 1 History 2 Composition 3 Meetings of the cabinet 4 Location of Cabinet meetings 5 Parliamentary accountability 6 Current cabinet 7 Shadow Cabinet 8 See also 8.1 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Until at least the 16th century , individual Officers of State had separate property , powers and responsibilities granted with their separate offices by Royal Command , and the Crown and the Privy Council constituted the only co-ordinating authorities . In England , phrases such as `` cabinet counsel '' , meaning advice given in private , in a cabinet in the sense of a small room , to the monarch , occur from the late 16th century , and , given the non-standardised spelling of the day , it is often hard to distinguish whether `` council '' or `` counsel '' is meant . The OED credits Francis Bacon in his Essays ( 1605 ) with the first use of `` Cabinet council '' , where it is described as a foreign habit , of which he disapproves : `` For which inconveniences , the doctrine of Italy , and practice of France , in some kings ' times , hath introduced cabinet counsels ; a remedy worse than the disease '' . Charles I began a formal `` Cabinet Council '' from his accession in 1625 , as his Privy Council , or `` private council '' , and the first recorded use of `` cabinet '' by itself for such a body comes from 1644 , and is again hostile and associates the term with dubious foreign practices . Since the reign of King George I the Cabinet has been the principal executive group of British government . Both he and George II made use of the system , as both were not native English speakers , unfamiliar with British politics , and thus relied heavily on selected groups of advisers . The term `` minister '' came into being since the royal officers `` ministered '' to the sovereign . The name and institution have been adopted by most English - speaking countries , and the Council of Ministers or similar bodies of other countries are often informally referred to as cabinets . The modern Cabinet system was set up by Prime Minister David Lloyd George during his premiership , 1916 -- 1922 , with a Cabinet Office and Secretariat , committee structures , unpublished minutes , and a clearer relationship with departmental Cabinet ministers . The formal procedures , practice and proceedings of the Cabinet remain largely unpublished . This development grew out of the exigencies of the First World War , where faster and better co-ordinated decisions across Government were seen as a crucial part of the war effort . Decisions on mass conscription , co-ordination worldwide with other governments across international theatres , and armament production tied into a general war strategy that could be developed and overseen from an inner `` War Cabinet '' . The country went through successive crises after the war : the 1926 United Kingdom general strike ; the Great Depression of 1929 -- 32 ; the rise of Bolshevism after 1917 and Fascism after 1922 ; the Spanish Civil War 1936 onwards ; the invasion of Abyssinia 1936 ; the League of Nations Crisis which followed ; and the re-armament and resurgence of Germany from 1933 , leading into another World War . All these demanded a highly organised and centralised Government centred on the Cabinet . This centralisation enhanced the power of the Prime Minister , who moved from being the primus inter pares of the Asquith Cabinets of 1906 onwards , to the dominating figures of David Lloyd George , Stanley Baldwin and Winston Churchill . Composition ( edit ) Cabinet ministers , like all ministers , are appointed and may be dismissed by the monarch without notice or reason , on the advice of the Prime Minister . The allocation and transfer of responsibilities between ministers and departments is also generally at the Prime Minister 's discretion . The Cabinet has always been led by the Prime Minister , whose originally unpaid office as such was traditionally described as merely primus inter pares ( first among equals ) , but today the Prime Minister is the preeminent head of government , with the effective power to appoint and dismiss Cabinet ministers and to control the Cabinet 's agenda . The extent to which the Government is collegial varies with political conditions and individual personalities . Any change to the composition of the Cabinet involving more than one appointment is customarily referred to as a reshuffle ; a routine reshuffle normally occurs every summer . The total number of ministers allowed to be paid as `` Cabinet ministers '' is limited by the Ministerial and Other Salaries Act 1975 , but there may be regular attendees at Cabinet who are not paid as Cabinet ministers . The number in addition to the Prime Minister is currently 21 , total cabinet composition fluctuating between 21 and 23 . The Cabinet Secretary does not have a political appointment such as Secretary of State and is not a member of the Cabinet , but is the professional Head of Her Majesty 's Civil Service . ( The Cabinet Secretaries of the devolved Scottish Government are Scottish Ministers , unrelated to the U.K. Cabinet ) . In formal constitutional terms , the Cabinet is a committee of Her Majesty 's Most Honourable Privy Council . All Cabinet members are made Privy Counsellors shortly after appointment if not already Privy Counsellors , but only selected Privy Counsellors are appointed to the Cabinet or invited to attend . MPs and peers in the Cabinet use the style `` the Right Honourable '' ( abbr . the Rt Hon . ) The Cabinet has come to be made up almost entirely of members of the House of Commons . The Leader of the House of Lords is a member of the House of Lords . Otherwise it is rare for a peer to sit in the Cabinet . The Lord Chancellor was formerly the presiding officer of the House of Lords , but since 2007 need not be a member of the Lords , and members of the House of Commons have been appointed . Until the re-appointment to the cabinet of Lord Mandelson on 3 October 2008 , the old Leader of the Lords , Lady Amos , was the last peer to sit in any other Cabinet post , as Secretary of State for International Development from May to October 2003 . Before then , the last Secretary of State for a major department drawn from the Lords was Lord Young of Graffham , serving between 1985 and 1989 as Secretary of State for Employment until 1987 and Secretary of State for Trade and Industry until 1989 . The number of junior ministers who are peers has increased since 1997 . Occasionally cabinet members are selected from outside the Houses of Parliament and if necessary granted a peerage . Harold Wilson appointed Frank Cousins and Patrick Gordon Walker to the 1964 cabinet despite their not being MPs at the time . On 3 October 2008 Peter Mandelson , at the time of appointment not a member of either House , became Secretary of State for Business , Enterprise and Regulatory Reform and was immediately made a life peer . During the First World War , the South African politician Jan Smuts served in Lloyd George 's War Cabinet without ever becoming a member of either house of the British parliament . There are some 100 junior members of the Government who are not members of the Cabinet , including Ministers of State and Parliamentary Under - Secretaries of State ; and unpaid Parliamentary Private Secretaries are in practice apprentice ministers on the payroll vote . Some of them may be Privy Counsellors , or may be appointed to the Privy Council as a mark of distinction , without becoming Cabinet ministers . Equally , some junior ministers below Cabinet level may be invited to all Cabinet meetings as a matter of course . The Attorney General for England and Wales together with the chair of the governing political party , are customarily included , and other members of the Government can be invited at the Prime Minister 's discretion , either regularly or ad hoc . Since the end of the twentieth century more non-members of Her Majesty 's Government were permitted by the Prime Minister to attend Cabinet meetings on a regular basis , notably Alastair Campbell in his capacity as Director of Communications and Strategy between 1997 and 2003 , and Jonathan Powell , the Chief of Staff to the Prime Minister , under Tony Blair , with a distinctly separate role from the Cabinet Secretary / Head of the Civil Service . A photograph is taken of each new Cabinet in the garden or drawing room at 10 Downing Street . Meetings of the Cabinet ( edit ) The Cabinet table The Cabinet meets on a regular basis , usually weekly on a Thursday morning notionally to discuss the most important issues of government policy , and to make decisions . Despite the custom of meeting on a Thursday , after the appointment of Gordon Brown as Prime Minister the meeting day was switched to Tuesday . However , when David Cameron became prime minister , he held his cabinet meetings on Thursdays again . The length of meetings varies according to the style of the Prime Minister and political conditions , but today meetings can be as short as 30 minutes , which suggests announcement or ratification of decisions taken in committee , by informal groups , or in bi-lateral discussions between the Prime Minister and individual colleagues , with discussion in Cabinet itself very limited . The Prime Minister normally has a weekly audience with the Queen thereafter . The Cabinet has numerous sub-committees which focus on particular policy areas , particularly ones which cut across several ministerial responsibilities , and therefore need coordination . These may be permanent committees or set up for a short duration to look at particular issues ( `` ad hoc committees '' ) . Junior ministers are also often members of these committees , in addition to Secretaries of State . The transaction of government business through meetings of the Cabinet and its many committees is administered by a small secretariat within the Cabinet Office . Consequent Orders in Council are normally made by the Queen - in - Council with a quorum of the Privy Council , which meets monthly or ad hoc . The Institute for Government claims that the reduced number of full Cabinet meetings signify `` that the role of Cabinet as a formal decision - making body has been in decline since the war . '' . This view has been contradicted by Vernon Bogdanor , a British constitutional expert , who claims that `` the Cabinet has , in fact , been strengthened by the decline in full meetings , as it allows more matters to be transferred to cabinet committees . Thus , business is done more efficiently . '' Most Prime Ministers have had a so - called `` kitchen cabinet '' consisting of their own trusted advisers who may be Cabinet members but are often non-cabinet trusted personal advisers on their own staff . In recent governments , generally from Margaret Thatcher , and especially in that of Tony Blair , it has been reported that many or even all major decisions have been made before cabinet meetings . This suggestion has been made by former ministers including Clare Short and Chris Smith , in the media , and was made clear in the Butler Review , where Blair 's style of `` sofa government '' was censured . Location of Cabinet meetings ( edit ) Cabinet meetings are usually held in the Cabinet Room of 10 Downing Street , the Prime Minister 's official residence . Cabinet meetings have also been held at Chequers , and in one case at the Grand Hotel , Brighton . In September 1921 , under David Lloyd George , a Cabinet meeting was held at Inverness Town House in the Scottish Highlands to discuss the Irish Problem , the only meeting outside England . Parliamentary accountability ( edit ) There are two key constitutional conventions regarding the accountability of cabinet ministers to the Parliament of the United Kingdom , cabinet collective responsibility , and individual ministerial responsibility . These are derived from the fact the members of the cabinet are Members of Parliament , and therefore accountable to the House of which they are a member . The Queen will only appoint a Prime Minister whose Government can command the support of the House of Commons , which alone can grant supply to a Government by authorising taxes ; and the House of Commons expects all ministers to be personally accountable to Parliament . In practice , Cabinet ministers will usually have a junior minister to represent their department in the House of Lords . Cabinet collective responsibility means that members of the cabinet make major decisions collectively , and are therefore collectively responsible for the consequences of these decisions . Therefore , no minister may speak against government decisions , and if a vote of no confidence is passed in Parliament , every minister and government official drawn from Parliament is expected to resign from the executive . Cabinet ministers who disagree with major decisions are expected to resign , Robin Cook being a recent example over the decision to go to war with Iraq in 2003 . The principle of collective responsibility is not impaired by the fact that decisions may be made in a cabinet committee rather than by the full cabinet . Individual ministerial responsibility is the convention that in their capacity as head of department , a minister is personally responsible for the actions and failings of their department . Under circumstances of gross failure in their department , a minister is expected to resign ( and may be forced to do so by the Prime Minister ) , while their civil servants remain permanent and anonymous . This is relatively rare in practice , perhaps because administrative failure is of less interest to the media than personal scandal , and less susceptible to unequivocal proof . The closest example in recent years is perhaps Estelle Morris , who resigned as Secretary of State for Education and Skills in 2002 following severe problems and inaccuracies in the marking of A-level exams . The circumstances under which this convention is followed are not possible to define strictly , and depend on many other factors . If a minister 's reputation is seen to be tarnished by a personal scandal ( for example when it was luridly revealed that David Mellor had an extramarital affair ) they very often resign . This often follows a short period of intense media and opposition pressure for them to do so . In general , despite numerous scandals , in Britain known cases of serious corruption ( e.g. acceptance of bribes ) are relatively rare in comparison with many other democracies . One reason is the strength of the whip system , political parties and the civil service , in comparison to individual politicians . This means MPs and ministers have little capacity to be influenced by improper pressure . Parliamentary Questions can be tabled for ministers in either house of Parliament for either written or oral reply . These may be `` planted '' questions for the advantage of the Government , or antagonistic questions from the Opposition , or may genuinely seek information . Cabinet ministers must respond , either themselves or through a deputy , although the answers do not always fully answer the question . Written answers , which are usually more specific and detailed than oral questions are usually written by a civil servant . Answers to written and oral questions are published in Hansard . Parliament can not dismiss individual ministers ( though members or a House may call for their resignation , or formally resolve to reduce their salary by a nominal amount ) , but the House of Commons is able to determine the fate of the entire Government . If a vote of no confidence in the Government passes , then the Queen will seek to restore confidence either by a dissolution of Parliament and the election of a new one , or by the acceptance of the resignation of her entire government . In the United Kingdom 's parliamentary system , the executive is not separate from the legislature , since Cabinet members are drawn from Parliament . Moreover , the executive tends to dominate the legislature for several reasons : the first - past - the - post voting system ( which tends to give a large majority to the governing party ) the power of the Government Whips ( whose role is to ensure party members vote in accordance with the party line ) the `` payroll vote '' ( a term which refers to the fact that members of parliament of the majority party will wish to be promoted to an executive position , and then be on the government 's payroll ) . collective ministerial responsibility requires members of the government to vote with the government on whipped votes , or else resign their position . The combined effect of the Prime Minister 's ability to control Cabinet by circumventing effective discussion in Cabinet and the executive 's ability to dominate parliamentary proceedings places the British Prime Minister in a position of great power , that has been likened to an elective dictatorship ( a phrase coined by Lord Hailsham in 1976 ) . The relative inability of Parliament to hold the Government of the day to account is often cited by the UK media as a justification for the vigour with which they question and challenge the Government . This is often controversial as some people believe that Individual Media Corporations have had key influence upon certain components of British elections . The classic view of Cabinet Government was laid out by Walter Bagehot in The English Constitution ( 1867 ) in which he described the prime minister as the primus ‐ inter ‐ pares ( `` first among equals '' ) . The view was questioned by Richard Crossman in The Myths of Cabinet Government ( 1972 ) and by Tony Benn . They were both members of the Labour governments of the 1960s and thought that the position of the Prime Minister had acquired more power so that Prime Ministerial Government was a more apt description . Crossman stated that the increase the power of the prime minister resulted from power of centralised political parties , the development of a unified civil service , and the growth of the Prime Minister 's private office and Cabinet secretariat . Graham Allen ( a Government Whip during Tony Blair 's first government ) makes the case in The Last Prime Minister : Being Honest About the UK Presidency ( 2003 ) that in fact the office of prime minister has presidential powers , as did Michael Foley in The British Presidency ( 2000 ) . However the power that a prime minister has over his or her cabinet colleagues is directly proportional to the amount of support that they have with their political parties and this is often related to whether the party considers them to be an electoral asset or liability . Also when a party is divided into factions a Prime Minister may be forced to include other powerful party members in the Cabinet for party political cohesion . The Prime Minister 's personal power is also curtailed if their party is in a power - sharing arrangement , or a formal coalition with another party ( as happened in the coalition government of 2010 to 2015 ) . Current cabinet ( edit ) As of July 2018 : Main article : Second May ministry Portfolio Minister Term Cabinet ministers Prime Minister First Lord of the Treasury Minister for the Civil Service Theresa May MP 2016 -- present Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster Minister for the Cabinet Office David Lidington CBE MP 2018 -- present Chancellor of the Exchequer Second Lord of the Treasury Philip Hammond MP 2016 -- present Secretary of State for the Home Department Sajid Javid MP 2018 -- present Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Jeremy Hunt MP 2018 -- present Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union Dominic Raab MP 2018 -- present Secretary of State for Defence Gavin Williamson CBE MP 2017 -- present Secretary of State for Justice Lord Chancellor David Gauke MP 2018 -- present Secretary of State for Health and Social Care Matthew Hancock MP 2018 -- present Secretary of State for Education Damian Hinds MP 2018 -- present Secretary of State for International Trade President of the Board of Trade Dr Liam Fox MP 2016 -- present Secretary of State for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy Greg Clark MP 2016 -- present Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Michael Gove MP 2017 -- present Secretary of State for Transport Chris Grayling MP 2016 -- present Secretary of State for Housing , Communities and Local Government James Brokenshire MP 2018 -- present Leader of the House of Lords Lord Privy Seal Baroness Evans of Bowes Park PC 2016 -- present Secretary of State for Scotland David Mundell MP 2015 -- present Secretary of State for Wales Alun Cairns MP 2016 -- present Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Karen Bradley MP 2018 -- present Secretary of State for International Development Penny Mordaunt MP 2017 -- present Secretary of State for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport Jeremy Wright QC MP 2018 -- present Secretary of State for Work and Pensions Esther McVey MP 2018 -- present Chairman of the Conservative Party ( unpaid ) Minister without portfolio Brandon Lewis MP 2018 -- present Also attending cabinet meetings Leader of the House of Commons Lord President of the Council Andrea Leadsom MP 2017 -- present Chief Secretary to the Treasury Elizabeth Truss MP 2017 -- present Chief Whip in the House of Commons Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury Julian Smith MP 2017 -- present Attorney General Geoffrey Cox QC MP 2018 -- present Minister of State for Immigration Caroline Nokes MP 2018 -- present Minister of State for Energy and Clean Growth Claire Perry MP 2017 -- present Shadow Cabinet ( edit ) Main article : Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet ( United Kingdom ) The Official Opposition ( the non-government party with the largest number of elected Members of Parliament -- in practice either the Labour or the Conservative Party ) is led by the Shadow Cabinet , supported by numerous junior Opposition frontbenchers . The Scottish National Party , as of 2015 the third - largest party , has a set of spokesmen in the House of Commons , known by their leader 's name as the Frontbench Team of Ian Blackford . See also ( edit ) British Government frontbench List of British ministries Category : Members of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom United Kingdom cabinet committee Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ministers of the Crown Act 1975 s 3 Jump up ^ Cabinet Manual , 1.14 ^ Jump up to : OED Cabinet Jump up ^ Bacon , Essay `` On Counsel '' Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Cabinet '' . Number10.gov.uk . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How do you address a Lord ? '' . www.parliament.uk . UK Parliament . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Rt Hon. should be used when a Lord is a member of the Privy Council . Jump up ^ Cabinet Office Precedent Book Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , 1992 , page 79 . Jump up ^ Jones , George ( 2 July 2007 ) . `` Cabinet moves to Tuesdays '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` David Cameron coalition team in first cabinet meeting '' . news.bbc.co.uk . BBC News . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 30 October 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` PRIME MINISTER . Cabinet meeting held at Grand Hotel , Brighton , 4 October 1966 : request ... '' discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk . The National Archives . Jump up ^ `` Newspaper support in general elections '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : Fairclough , Paul ( 2002 ) . `` 6.1 The Primemister '' . Advanced Government and Politics . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 913434 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Andy ( 1998 ) . `` Prime ministerial government '' . UK Government & Politics . Heinemann . pp. 113 -- 114 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 435 - 33158 - 0 . Jump up ^ Allen , Graham ( 14 February 2017 ) . The Last Prime Minister : Being Honest About the UK Presidency . Andrews UK Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84540 - 609 - 7 . Jump up ^ Foley , Michael ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 1 : The Blair revolution and presidential standard '' . The British Presidency . Manchester University Press . pp. 1 - 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 5016 - 9 . Jump up ^ Palekar , S.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Position of the Prime Minister '' . Comparative Politics and Government . PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 203 - 3335 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Ministerial appointments : January 2018 '' . gov.uk ( Press release ) . British Government . 9 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 13 January 2018 . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Her Majesty 's Government '' . parliament.uk . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Archived from the original on 13 July 2018 . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Members of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom . Cabinet Office - Main Site Cabinet Office - UK Executive Cabinet Office - List of Cabinet Ministers Cabinet Papers , 1915 - 1981 ( National Archives ) BBC news website - The Cabinet First May Cabinet Cabinet members Theresa May Karen Bradley James Brokenshire Alun Cairns Greg Clark David Davis Natalie , Baroness Evans of Bowes Park Michael Fallon Liam Fox Chris Grayling Damian Green Justine Greening Philip Hammond Jeremy Hunt Sajid Javid Boris Johnson Andrea Leadsom David Lidington Patrick McLoughlin David Mundell Priti Patel Amber Rudd Elizabeth Truss Also attend meetings David Gauke Ben Gummer Robert Halfon Gavin Williamson Jeremy Wright Downing Street Buildings 9 Downing Street Chief Whip 's Office 10 Downing Street 11 Downing Street 12 Downing Street Privy Council Office Residence First Lord of the Treasury Prime Minister Second Lord of the Treasury ( Chancellor of the Exchequer ) Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury Government Chief Whip Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office Prime Minister 's Office Chief of Staff Principal Private Secretary Parliamentary Private Secretary Director of Communications Press Secretary Director of Policy Prime Minister 's Official Spokesperson Incidents Provisional IRA mortar attack ( 1991 ) Plebgate ( 2012 ) Privy Council of the United Kingdom Positions Lord President of the Council Clerk of the Privy Council Membership Current Royal Senior Longest - serving By year of appointment 1679 -- 1714 1714 -- 1820 1820 -- 1837 1837 -- 1901 1901 -- 1910 1910 -- 1936 1936 -- 1952 1952 -- present Committees of the Privy Council Current Judicial Committee of the Privy Council Board of Trade Cabinet of the United Kingdom Historical Lord President 's Committee Court of Star Chamber Other Order in Council Order of Council List of Privy Council Orders Privy Council Office See also Protector 's Privy Council Privy Council of Scotland Privy Council of Northern Ireland Privy Council of Ireland United Kingdom articles History Chronology Formation Georgian era Victorian era Edwardian era First World War Interwar Second World War UK since 1945 ( social history ) By topic Economic Empire Maritime Military Geography Administrative Countries of the United Kingdom Crown dependencies Overseas territories City status Towns Former colonies Physical British Isles terminology Great Britain Coastline Geology Lakes and lochs Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Resources Agriculture Energy / Renewable energy Biodiesel Coal Geothermal Hydraulic frac . Hydroelectricity Marine North Sea oil Solar Wind Fishing English Scottish Hunting Materials Flora Forestry Mining Politics Constitution Courts Devolution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Judiciary Law Law enforcement Legislation Monarchy monarchs Nationality Parliament House of Commons House of Lords Political parties Government Cabinet list Civil service Departments Prime Minister list Military Royal Navy Army Royal Air Force Weapons of mass destruction Economy Banks Bank of England Budget Economic geography Manufacturing Pound ( currency ) Stock Exchanges ( London Exchange ) Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transport British Rail Society Affordability of housing Crime Demography Drug policy Education Ethnic groups Health Immigration Innovation Languages Poverty Prostitution Public holidays Social care Social structure Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Cultural icons Identity Literature Media Music Religion Sport Symbols Theatre Countries of the United Kingdom England History social timeline Geography Politics Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Northern Ireland History Geography Politics Assembly Executive First Minister and deputy Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Scotland History timeline Geography Politics Parliament Government First Minister Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Wales History Geography Welsh Government Politics Assembly First Minister Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Outline Index Book Portal National cabinets of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=856305526 '' Categories : Theresa May cabinet templates Cabinet of the United Kingdom Lists of government ministers of the United Kingdom Cabinet Office ( United Kingdom ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 Use dmy dates from February 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 08 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who appoints the junior ministers in the uk government
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Jezebel
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Jezebel - Wikipedia Jezebel `` Jezabel '' redirects here . For the band , see The Jezabels . For the website , see Jezebel ( website ) . For other uses , see Jezebel ( disambiguation ) . Jezebel , Queen of Israel ( / ˈdʒɛzəbəl / , Hebrew : אִיזֶבֶל , Modern : Izével , Tiberian : ʾÎzéḇel ) 19th - century painting by John Liston Byam Shaw Personal c. 842 BC Spouse King Ahab Children Ahaziah , Jehoram , and Athaliah Parents Ithobaal I Jezebel is a figure of the Hebrew Bible , described in the Book of Kings ( 1 Kings 16 : 31 ) as a queen who was the daughter of Ithobaal I of Sidon and the wife of Ahab , King of Israel . According to the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible , Jezebel incited her husband King Ahab to abandon the worship of Yahweh and encourage worship of the deities Baal and Asherah instead . Jezebel persecuted the prophets of Yahweh , and fabricated evidence of blasphemy against an innocent landowner who refused to sell his property to King Ahab , causing the landowner to be put to death . For these transgressions against the God and people of Israel , Jezebel met a gruesome death -- thrown out of a window by members of her own court retinue , and the flesh of her corpse eaten by stray dogs . In the biblical story , Jezebel became associated with false prophets . In some interpretations , her dressing in finery and putting on makeup led to the association of the use of cosmetics with `` painted women '' or prostitutes . Contents 1 Meaning of name 2 Biblical account 2.1 Elijah 2.2 Naboth 2.3 Death 3 Historicity 4 Cultural symbol 5 In popular culture 6 References 7 External links Meaning of name ( edit ) Jezebel is the Anglicized transliteration of the Hebrew אִיזָבֶל ( ' Izevel / ' Izavel ) . The Oxford Guide to People & Places of the Bible states that the name is `` best understood as meaning ' Where is the Prince ? ' '' , a ritual cry from worship ceremonies in honor of Baal during periods of the year when the god was considered to be in the underworld . Biblical account ( edit ) Jezabel and Ahab ( c. 1863 ) by Frederic Leighton Jezebel and Ahab meeting Elijah , print by Sir Francis Dicksee ( 1853 - 1928 ) The Death of Jezebel , by Gustave Doré Queen Jezebel Being Punished by Jehu , by Andrea Celesti Jezebel 's story is told in the Books of Kings . She was a Phoenician princess , the daughter of Ethbaal , king of Tyre ( 1 Kings 16 : 31 says she was `` Sidonian '' , which is a biblical term for Phoenicians in general ) . According to genealogies given in Josephus and other classical sources , she was the great - aunt of Dido , Queen of Carthage . Jezebel married King Ahab of the Northern Kingdom ( i.e. Israel during the time when ancient Israel was divided into Israel in the north and Judah in the south ) . Ahab was the son of King Omri , who had brought the northern Kingdom of Israel to great power , established Samaria as his capital , and whose historical existence is confirmed by ancient inscriptions on the Mesha Stele and the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III . This marriage was the culmination of the friendly relations existing between Israel and Phoenicia during Omri 's reign , and possibly cemented important political designs of Ahab . Jezebel , like the foreign wives of Solomon , required facilities for carrying on her form of worship , so Ahab made an altar for Baal in the house of Baal , which he had built in Samaria . Jezebel went so far as to require that her religion should be the national religion of Israel . She organized and maintained guilds of prophets , 450 of Baal , and 400 of Asherah . She also destroyed such prophets of Israel as she could reach . Obadiah , the faithful overseer of Ahab 's house , rescued one hundred of these , hid them , and secretly fed them in a cave . Geoffrey Bromiley points out that it was Phoenician practice to install a royal woman as a priestess of Astarte . As such she would have a more active role in temple and palace relations than was customary in the Hebrew monarchy . Elijah ( edit ) During Jezebel 's reign official royal support for Yahwism had weakened . According to 1 Kings 18 Jezebel killed the prophets of Yahweh ( 1 Kings 18 : 13 ) and used royal provisions to support the prophets of Baal during the famine in Samaria ( 1 Kings 18 : 19 ) . Elijah confronted the prophets of Baal on Carmel to show the power of Yahweh . Two altars were set up on Mt . Carmel , one dedicated to Baal , one to Yahweh , and a bull sacrificed upon each altar . When Baal 's supporters called upon their god to send fire and consume the sacrifice , nothing happened . When Elijah called on Yahweh , fire came down from heaven immediately and consumed the offering . Elijah ordered the people to seize the prophets of Baal and Asherah , and they were all slaughtered . After the prophets were slain , Elijah fled from Jezebel 's wrath ( 1 Kings 19 : 1 - 3 ) . Elijah fled for his life to the wilderness , where he mourned the devotion of Israel to Baal and the lack of worshipers of Israel 's God . Naboth ( edit ) Naboth owned a vineyard near the royal palace in the city of Jezreel . Wishing to acquire Naboth 's vineyard so that he could expand his own gardens , Ahab offered to purchase Naboth 's vineyard or to give him a better one in exchange , but Naboth refused , saying he could not part with ancestral land . When Jezebel saw that her husband was depressed by this , she arranged for the elders to falsely accuse Naboth of blasphemy and stone him to death . When Ahab took possession of Naboth 's vineyard , he was again confronted by Elijah , who prophesied that , owing to the way Ahab and Jezebel had plotted to have Naboth killed , Ahab would die , his royal line would be obliterated , and Jezebel would be eaten by dogs . Death ( edit ) Three years later , Ahab died in battle . His son Ahaziah inherited the throne , but died as the result of an accident and Ahaziah was succeeded by his brother , Joram . Elisha , Elijah 's successor , commanded one of his disciples to anoint Jehu , commander of Joram 's army , as king , in order that he might destroy Ahab 's descendants as a punishment for the way Jezebel had treated God 's prophets and his people . Jehu killed Joram and next went to the royal palace at Jezreel , where Jezebel was the last formal obstacle to his kingship . Knowing that he was coming , Jezebel put on make - up and a formal wig with adornments and looked out of a window . Bromiley says that it should be looked at less as an attempt at seduction than the public appearance of the queen mother , invested with the authority of the royal house and cult , confronting a rebellious commander . In his two - volume Guide to the Bible ( 1967 and 1969 ) , Isaac Asimov describes Jezebel 's last act : dressing in all her finery , make - up , and jewelry , as deliberately symbolic , indicating her dignity , royal status , and determination to go out of this life as a queen . Jehu ordered Jezebel 's servants to throw her from the window . Her blood splashed on the wall and horses , and Jehu 's horse trampled her corpse . He entered the palace where , after he ate and drank , he ordered Jezebel 's body to be taken for burial . His servants discovered only her skull , her feet , and the palms of her hands -- her flesh had been eaten by stray dogs , just as the prophet Elijah had prophesied . Edwin R. Thiele dates Jezebel 's death around 850 BC . Historicity ( edit ) According to Israel Finkelstein , the marriage of King Ahab to the daughter of the ruler of the Phoenician empire was a sign of the power and prestige of Ahab and the northern Kingdom of Israel . He termed it a `` brilliant stroke of international diplomacy . '' He says that the inconsistencies and anachronisms in the biblical stories of Jezebel and Ahab mean that they must be considered `` more of a historical novel than an accurate historical chronicle . '' Among these inconsistencies , 1 Kings 20 states that `` Ben - Hadad king of Aram '' invaded Samaria during Ahab 's reign , but this event did not take place until later in the history of Israel . The two books of Kings are part of the Deuteronomistic history , compiled more than two hundred years after the death of Jezebel . Finkelstein notes that these accounts are `` obviously influenced by the theology of the seventh century BCE writers '' . The compilers of the biblical accounts of Jezebel and her family were writing in the southern kingdom of Judah centuries after the events from a perspective of strict monolatry . These writers considered the polytheism of the members of the Omride dynasty to be sinful . In addition , they were hostile to the northern kingdom and its history , as its center of Samaria was a rival to Jerusalem . According to Dr J Bimson , of Trinity College , Bristol 1 and 2 Kings are not `` a straightforward history but a history which contains its own theological commentary '' . He points to verses like 1 Kings 14 : 19 that show the author of Kings was drawing on other earlier sources . A seal from the 9th century BCE , discovered in 1964 , has a partially damaged inscription of `` Y Z B L '' which could have once read , `` belonging to Jezebel '' . However , there are some issues with this theory . Whereas on the seal it appears the inscription begins with the letter yodh , Jezebel 's name starts with an aleph , which is lacking on the seal ; furthermore , the possessive lamedh which would translate to the prerequisite `` belonging to ( ... ) '' is also missing from the seal . However , it is entirely possible these letters simply could have been located where the seal is damaged . Regardless , scholars do not agree on whether the seal is evidence for the historicity of the biblical character . Some scholars have also said that the size and intricacy of the seal could mean it was used by royalty . Cultural symbol ( edit ) According to Geoffrey Bromiley , the depiction of Jezebel as `` the incarnation of Canaanite cultic and political practices , detested by Israelite prophets and loyalists , has given her a literary life far beyond the existence of a ninth - century Tyrian princess . '' Through the centuries , the name Jezebel came to be associated with false prophets . By the early 20th century , it was also associated with fallen or abandoned women . In Christian lore , a comparison to Jezebel suggested that a person was a pagan or an apostate masquerading as a servant of God . By manipulation and / or seduction , she misled the saints of God into sins of idolatry and sexual immorality . In particular , Christians associated Jezebel with promiscuity . In the Middle Ages , the chronicler Matthew Paris criticised Isabella of Angoulême , the queen consort of John , King of England , by writing that she was `` more Jezebel than Isabel '' . In modern usage , the name of Jezebel is sometimes used as a synonym for sexually promiscuous and / or controlling women , especially as a racist stereotype of Black women , the Jezebel stereotype . In popular culture ( edit ) Bette Davis as Julie in the film Jezebel Bette Davis starred as a plantation - era Southern belle named Julie in the film Jezebel ( 1938 ) . Her aunt says a series of Julie 's transgressive actions has caused her to draw the comparison between Julie and `` Jezebel , a woman who did evil in the sight of the Lord '' . The American gospel vocal group Golden Gate Quartet released a single called `` Jezebel '' in 1941 which narrates the story of Jezebel . Frankie Laine recorded `` Jezebel '' ( 1951 ) , written by Wayne Shanklin , which became a hit song . The song begins : If ever the Devil was born without a pair of horns It was you , Jezebel , it was you If ever an angel fell Jezebel , it was you , Jezebel , it was you ! Iron & Wine included a song `` Jezebel '' on his 2005 EP Woman King . It contains many references to the biblical Jezebel , in particular the dogs associated with her death . Paulette Goddard starred as Jezebel in the film Sins of Jezebel ( 1953 ) . The Gawker offshoot blog Jezebel ( launched 2007 ) concerns mostly feminist issues and women 's interests . In the speculative fiction novel The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1985 ) by Margaret Atwood , the brothel is called `` Jezebel 's '' and prostitutes are referred to as `` Jezebels '' . In the Hulu original series ( 2017 ) Handmaids deemed a risk ( corrupting influence ) to the reformed culture of Gilead were given two options : servitude as a Jezebel to the culture 's elite , or banishment to the toxic colonies . The popular historian Lesley Hazleton wrote a revisionist account , Jezebel : The Untold Story of the Bible 's Harlot Queen ( 2004 ) , presenting Jezebel as a sophisticated queen engaged in mortal combat with the fundamentalist prophet Elijah . American Jezebel : The Uncommon Life of Anne Hutchinson , the Woman Who Defied the Puritans ( 2004 ) , by Eve LaPlante , references the Biblical figure in telling the story of Anne Hutchinson , who was charged with sedition and heresy by the Massachusetts General Court in 1637 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , Second Edition ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Knowles , `` Jezebel '' , The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable , OUP 2006 Jump up ^ 2 Kings 9 : 30 ^ Jump up to : Hackett , Jo Ann ( 2004 ) . Metzger , Bruce M ; Coogan , Michael D , eds . The Oxford Guide to People & Places of the Bible . Oxford University Press . pp. 150 -- 151 . ISBN 978 - 0195176100 . ^ Jump up to : Finkelstein , Israel ; Silberman , Neil Asher ( 2001 ) . The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology 's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts . Simon and Schuster . pp. 169 -- 195 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 86912 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jezebel '' , Jewish Encyclopedia ^ Jump up to : Bromiley , Geoffrey M. , `` Jezebel '' , International Standard Bible Encyclopedia , Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , 1995 ISBN 9780802837820 Jump up ^ Bromiley , Geoffrey William ( 2009 ) . The International standard Bible encyclopedia . Grand Rapids , Mich. : W.B. Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3785 - 1 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Athalya . `` Jezebel : Bible '' , Jewish Women 's Archive Jump up ^ Asimov , Isaac ( 1988 ) . Asimov 's Guide to the Bible : Two Volumes in One , the Old and New Testaments ( reprint ed . ) . Wings . ISBN 978 - 0517345825 . Jump up ^ 2 Kings 9 : 35 - 36 Jump up ^ Edwin Thiele , The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings , ( 1st ed. ; New York : Macmillan , 1951 ; 2d ed. ; Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1965 ; 3rd ed. ; Grand Rapids : Zondervan / Kregel , 1983 ) . ISBN 0 - 8254 - 3825 - X Jump up ^ Israel Finkelstein ; Neil Asher Silberman ( 6 March 2002 ) . The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology 's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts . Simon and Schuster . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 2338 - 6 . Jump up ^ IVP New Bible Commentary 21st Century Edition , pp 335 Jump up ^ Korpel , Marjo C.A. `` Fit for a Queen : Jezebel 's Royal Seal '' . Biblical Archaeology Society . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Cook , Stanley Arthur ( 1911 ) . `` Jezebel '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 411 . Jump up ^ The New Testament , Book of Revelation . , Ch. 2 , vs. 20 - 23 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Vincent ' John 's Jezebel ' 1999 Jump up ^ `` Meaning # 2 : `` an impudent , shameless , or morally unrestrained woman '' `` . Merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Pilgrim , David . `` Jezebel Stereotype '' . Jim Crow Museum . Ferris State University . Archived from the original on 28 July 2011 . Retrieved 29 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jezebel '' . Cosmopolis . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Young , Alan ( 1997 ) . Woke Me Up This Morning : Black Gospel Singers and the Gospel Life . University Press of Mississippi . p. 50 . ISBN 0878059431 . Jump up ^ Jezebel at AllMusic Jump up ^ Frankie Laine 's hits in the years 1947 - 1952 . Jump up ^ `` Jezebel lyrics '' . Frankie Laine lyrics . Metro Lyrics . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Leahey , Andrew . `` Iron & Wine , `` Jezebel '' `` . americansongwriter.com . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` At The Imperial : `` Jezebel '' Color Spectacle Stars Paulette Goddard In Title Role `` . The News and Eastern Townships Advocate. 14 January 1954 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Stephanie D. ; Carmon , Irin ( 21 May 2007 ) . `` Memo Pad : Winners And Loosers ... Going Home ... Fool 's Gold ... '' . Women 's Wear Daily . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Jezebel : The Untold Story of the Bible 's Harlot Queen , by Lesley Hazleton '' . Kirkus reviews . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Jezebel : The Uncommon Life of Anne Hutchinson , the Woman Who Defied the Puritans by Eve LaPlante '' . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Jezebel at Wikimedia Commons Book of Revelation Bible Revelation 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Bible portal Places Armageddon Asia Babylon Egypt Ephesus Euphrates Jerusalem Laodicea Patmos Pergamum Philadelphia Sardis Smyrna Sodom Thyatira Persons Asher Balak Balaam Benjamin David Gad Issachar Jesus Christ Jezebel Joseph Judah Levi Manasseh Michael Naphtali Reuben Simeon Zebulun Terms / Phrases Abaddon / Apollyon Alpha and Omega Beast Book of Life Events Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Four Living Creatures Lake of Fire Last Judgment Millennialism Number of the Beast Revelation 12 sign prophecy Seven bowls Seven churches of Asia Seven seals Seven trumpets Whore of Babylon ( Scarlet woman ) Woman of the Apocalypse Wormwood Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Epistle of Jude WorldCat Identities BNF : cb17077899c ( data ) GND : 118710893 SUDOC : 100808786 VIAF : 141474362 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jezebel&oldid=864926560 '' Categories : 840s BC deaths 9th - century BC women Biblical murder victims Biblical murderers Books of Kings People executed by defenestration Female murderers Monarchs of the Hebrew Bible Phoenician people 9th - century BC deaths Ancient princesses Queens consort of Israel and Judah 1st - millennium BC executions Women in the Hebrew Bible Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Use dmy dates from July 2014 Articles containing Hebrew - language text Pages using infobox religious biography without religion parameter Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Year of birth unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Lumbaart Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 13 : 55 ( UTC ) . 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Eye of the Tiger
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Eye of the Tiger - wikipedia Eye of the Tiger This article is about the song by Survivor . For other uses , see Eye of the Tiger ( disambiguation ) . `` Eye of the Tiger '' Single by Survivor from the album Rocky III and Eye of the Tiger B - side `` Take You on a Saturday '' Released 1982 Format 7 - inch single 12 - inch single ( 45 rpm ) Genre Hard rock Length 4 : 04 ( album version ) 3 : 45 ( single version ) Label EMI Scotti Brothers Songwriter ( s ) Frankie Sullivan Jim Peterik Producer ( s ) Frankie Sullivan Jim Peterik Survivor singles chronology `` Summer Nights '' ( 1982 ) `` Eye of the Tiger '' ( 1982 ) `` American Heartbeat '' ( 1982 ) Audio sample file help Music video Eye of the Tiger on YouTube `` Eye of the Tiger '' is a song composed by American rock band Survivor . It was released as a single from their third album of the same name Eye of the Tiger and was also the theme song for the film Rocky III , which was released a day before the single . The song was written by Survivor guitarist Frankie Sullivan and keyboardist Jim Peterik , and was recorded at the request of Rocky III star , writer , and director Sylvester Stallone , after Queen denied him permission to use `` Another One Bites the Dust '' , the song Stallone intended as the Rocky III theme . The version of the song that appears in the movie is the demo version of the song . The movie version also contained tiger growls , something that did not appear on the album version . It features original Survivor singer Dave Bickler on lead vocals . It gained tremendous MTV and radio airplay and topped charts worldwide during 1982 . In the United States , it held No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for six consecutive weeks and was the No. 2 single of 1982 , behind Olivia Newton - John 's `` Physical '' . It spent fifteen consecutive weeks in the top ten , the second longest run of 1982 , behind `` Hurts So Good '' by John Cougar ( which was prevented from reaching the top of the Hot 100 by `` Eye of the Tiger '' ) . This top ten run is tied with the aforementioned `` Another One Bites the Dust '' as well as `` Physical '' as the longest run in the top ten for a number one song during the entire 1980 's decade . The band won a 1982 Grammy Award for `` Best Rock Performance by Duo or Group With Vocal '' at the 25th Annual Grammy Awards . In September 1982 , it also peaked at No. 1 in the United Kingdom , remaining at the top of the UK Singles Chart for four consecutive weeks . The song is also the title song to the 1986 film of the same name . It was certified platinum in August 1982 by the RIAA , signifying sales of 2 million vinyl copies . The song had sold over 4.1 million in digital downloads in the United States alone by February 2015 . It was voted VH1 's 63rd greatest hard rock song . Combined sales of original vinyl release and digital downloads total over 9 million copies . Contents 1 Background 2 Accolades 3 Cover versions 3.1 Covers 3.2 Parodies 4 Lawsuits 4.1 Newt Gingrich campaign 4.2 Mike Huckabee 's campaign 5 Credits and personnel 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Certifications 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) In an interview with Songfacts , co-writer Jim Peterik , who shared writing credit with Frankie Sullivan , explained the song 's title . At first , we wondered if calling it `` Eye of the Tiger '' was too obvious . The initial draft of the song , we started with `` It 's the eye of the tiger , it 's the thrill of the fight , rising up to the spirit of our rival , and the last known survivor stalks his prey in the night , and it all comes down to survival . '' We were going to call the song `` Survival '' . In the rhyme scheme , you can tell we had set up `` rival '' to rhyme with `` survival '' . At the end of the day , we said , `` Are we nuts ? '' That hook is so strong , and `` rival '' does n't have to be a perfect rhyme with the word `` tiger '' . We made the right choice and went with `` Eye of the Tiger '' . Accolades ( edit ) The song was nominated for the 1982 Academy Award for Best Original Song , the only Oscar nomination for Rocky III . It lost to `` Up Where We Belong '' from An Officer and a Gentleman . The song was also nominated for the 1983 Grammy Award for Song of the Year , but lost to the Willie Nelson hit `` Always on My Mind '' . Cover versions ( edit ) Covers ( edit ) Frank Bruno , a British world Heavyweight champion boxer , covered it in 1995 , the year of his championship coronation , reaching number 28 in the British music charts . American metalcore band Devil You Know covered it in the 2015 album They Bleed Red . Parodies ( edit ) `` Theme from Rocky XIII ( The Rye or the Kaiser ) '' , by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic in his 1984 album `` Weird Al '' Yankovic in 3 - D . `` I Have to Die First '' , by ApologetiX . `` Eye of the Potato '' in Sesame Street '' Eye of the Spider '' , by Itsoo1 Lawsuits ( edit ) Newt Gingrich campaign ( edit ) In 2012 , Survivor sued Republican presidential candidate Newt Gingrich in Illinois federal court for using `` Eye of the Tiger '' without authorization as entrance music at his political rallies going back as far as 2009 . The suit was later settled out of court . The same year Sullivan also demanded that Mitt Romney , also a Republican candidate for president , stop using `` Eye of the Tiger '' at his campaign rallies . Romney agreed to drop the song from the campaign 's playlists . Mike Huckabee 's campaign ( edit ) Frankie Sullivan 's company Rude Music filed a lawsuit in federal court in Chicago , Illinois , on November 18 , 2015 , against the former Governor of Arkansas and Republican presidential candidate Mike Huckabee 's campaign organization for using `` Eye of the Tiger '' at a political rally without permission . The rally took place on September 8 , 2015 , when Kim Davis , a Kentucky county clerk , was released from jail after spending five days there for refusing to issue marriage licenses to same - sex couples in Kentucky . In June 2016 it was reported by CNN that Huckabee had agreed , in a confidential , out - of - court settlement with Sullivan 's Rude Music , to pay $25,000 in compensation . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the album Eye of the Tiger . Dave Bickler -- lead vocals Frankie Sullivan -- lead and rhythm guitars , vocals Jim Peterik -- grand piano , electric guitar , vocals Stephan Ellis -- bass Marc Droubay -- drums Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Denmark ( IFPI ) 8 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( IFOP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 13 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Oricon International Chart ) Japan ( Oricon Singles Chart ) 10 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Adult Contemporary 27 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 59 US Billboard Top Tracks US Cash Box Year Chart Peak position 2006 US Billboard Hot Ringtones 9 2007 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 80 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 47 2008 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 83 2009 Canada ( Hot Canadian Digital Singles ) 43 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 77 US Billboard Hot Digital Songs 64 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 50 2011 France ( SNEP ) 62 2012 France ( SNEP ) 162 2013 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 74 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 95 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 28 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 72 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 65 2015 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 66 2017 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 54 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 18 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 28 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Italy ( FIMI ) 23 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 27 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 39 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 30 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Chart ( 1983 ) Rank France ( IFOP ) 11 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 200,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 877,300 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 30,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) 244,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) ( Digital ) Gold 100,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 1,650,293 United States ( RIAA ) ( Digital ) Platinum 4,100,000 United States ( RIAA ) ( Mastertone ) Gold 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) ( Physical ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 Total available sales : 9,511,300 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1980s List of Top 25 singles for 1982 in Australia List of best - selling singles List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1982 List of Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one songs of the 1980s List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1982 List of number - one singles of 1982 ( Canada ) List of number - one singles of 1982 ( Ireland ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1980s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( July 28 , 1982 ) . `` The Pop Life ; RCA Gambling on Kenny Rogers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Guitarist Jim Peterik Talks ' Tiger ' and the New Pride of Lions Album , ' Immortal ' '' . Guitar World . October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Blair R. ( June 2010 ) . `` Who 's Left ? '' . Spin . Vol. 26 no . 5 . p. 74 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Survivor '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eye of the Tiger ( 1986 ) -- Soundtracks '' . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` The 15 Most Downloaded Songs in Rock History '' . Yahoo ! Music . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Winistorfer , Andrew ( January 5 , 2009 ) . `` VH1 's 100 Greatest Hard Rock Songs list only slightly less annoying than their hip - hop list '' . VH1 . Prefix Magazine . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Survivor -- Eye of the Tiger '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH `` Canadian single certifications -- Survivor -- Eye of the Tiger '' . Music Canada . `` Les Meilleures Ventes `` Tout Temps '' de 45 T. / Singles / Téléchargement '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . `` Italian single certifications -- Survivor -- Eye of the Tiger '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . `` List of best - selling international singles in Japan '' ( in Japanese ) . Homepage1.nifty.com. 2002 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : ( in Japanese ) `` レコード 協会 調べ 3 月度 有料 音楽 配信 認定 < 略称 : 3 月度 認定 > '' . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2014 ... Recording Industry Association of Japan . Jump up ^ `` Eye of the Tiger by Survivor '' . Songfacts . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Bruno '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DiVita , Joe . `` Devil You Know Unveil Hard - Hitting Cover of Survivor 's ' Eye of the Tiger ' '' . Loudwire . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Newt Gingrich Sued For Using Survivor 's ' Eye of the Tiger ' at Rallies '' . Rolling Stone . 31 January 2012 . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Christian ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Rock band Survivor has been going after GOP politicians over the years for using their song `` Eye of the Tiger '' without permission `` . Newsy . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCaskill , Nolan D. ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Huckabee sued for playing ' Eye of the Tiger ' at Kim Davis rally '' . Politico . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Mike Huckabee Owes Survivor $25,000 for Playing ' Eye of the Tiger ' At Rally '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Mike Huckabee Settles ' Eye of the Tiger ' Lawsuit for $25,000 '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eye of the Tiger ( liner notes ) . Survivor . Scotti Bros. 1982 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australia No. 1 hits -- 1980 's '' . World Charts . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6557 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard. 94 ( 41 ) : 79 . October 16 , 1982 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Nyman , Jake ( 2005 ) . Suomi soi 4 : Suuri suomalainen listakirja ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 951 - 31 - 2503 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Le Détail par Artiste '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Select `` Survivor '' from the artist drop - down menu . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Eye of the Tiger '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` I singoli più venduti del 1982 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan # 1 IMPORT DISKS by Oricon Hot Singles '' . Hbr3.sakura.ne.jp . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Survivor - Eye Of The Tiger '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' . VG - lista . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( S ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Survivor -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending JULY 31 , 1982 '' . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Survivor : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tedenska lestvica '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Survivor -- Eye Of The Tiger '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts -- 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 1982 '' ( in German ) . Austriancharts.at . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1982 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 1982 '' . RPM . Vol. 37 no . 19 . December 25 , 1982 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1982 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1982 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1982 '' . Recorded Music New Zealand . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Hit Singles of 1982 '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rees , Dafydd ; Lazell , Barry ; Jones , Alan ( 1983 ) . `` The Top 100 UK Singles '' . Chart File Volume 2 . London , England : Virgin Books . pp. 80 -- 81 . ISBN 0 - 907080 - 73 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1982 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1982 '' . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` TOP -- 1983 '' ( in French ) . Top-france.fr . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Survivor -- Eye of the Tiger '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Les Singles / Titres Certifiés `` Or '' '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Les Meilleures Ventes `` Tout Temps '' de 45 T. / Singles / Téléchargement '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Survivor -- Eye of the Tiger '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` List of best - selling international singles in Japan '' ( in Japanese ) . Homepage1.nifty.com. 2002 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Survivor -- Eye of the Tiger '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Eye of the Tiger in the search field and then press Enter . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold & Platinum -- Survivor -- Eye of the Tiger '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Survivor Frankie Sullivan Billy Ozzello Walter Tolentino Ryan Sullivan Cameron Barton Jim Peterik Dave Bickler Dennis Keith Johnson Gary Smith Marc Droubay Stephan Ellis Jimi Jamison Bill Syniar Mickey Curry Kyle Woodring Klem Hayes Randy Riley Chris Grove Gordon Patriarca Barry Dunaway Robin McAuley Michael Young Mitchell Sigman Studio albums Survivor Premonition Eye of the Tiger Caught in the Game Vital Signs When Seconds Count Too Hot to Sleep Reach Compilations Greatest Hits Ultimate Survivor The Best of Survivor Singles `` Eye of the Tiger '' `` I Ca n't Hold Back '' `` The Search Is Over '' `` Burning Heart '' `` How Much Love '' `` Man Against the World '' Related articles The Ides of March Pride of Lions Book : Survivor Rocky Films Rocky ( 1976 ) Rocky II ( 1979 ) Rocky III ( 1982 ) Rocky IV ( 1985 ) Rocky V ( 1990 ) Rocky Balboa ( 2006 ) Creed ( 2015 ) Creed II ( 2018 ) Characters Rocky Balboa Adonis Creed Apollo Creed Ivan Drago Tony `` Duke '' Evers Mickey Goldmill Clubber Lang Adrian Pennino Paulie Pennino Music Rocky `` Gonna Fly Now '' `` Eye of the Tiger '' Rocky IV `` Burning Heart '' `` Heart 's on Fire '' `` Living in America '' Rocky V Rocky Balboa : The Best of Rocky Rocky the Musical ( 2012 ) Creed Video games Rocky Super Action Boxing ( 1983 ) Rocky ( 1987 ) Rocky ( 2002 ) Rocky Legends ( 2004 ) Rocky Balboa ( 2007 ) CREED : Rise to Glory ( 2018 ) Related Anderson v. Stallone Rocky Steps Rocky statue in Žitište Chuck Wepner Chuck 2016 film Rocky VI ( 1986 ) Ricky 1 ( 1988 ) Grudge Match ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eye_of_the_Tiger&oldid=856836624 '' Categories : 1982 songs 1982 singles 1995 singles EMI Records singles Survivor ( band ) songs Songs from Rocky Songs written by Frankie Sullivan Songs written by Jim Peterik Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Finland Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in South Africa Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Scotti Brothers Records singles Boxing culture Songs about animals Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles with Japanese - language external links CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKchartarchive Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 20 : 46 ( UTC ) . 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who did the song eye of the tiger
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"\"Eye of the Tiger\" is a song composed by American rock band Survivor. It was released as a single from their third album of the same name Eye of the Tiger and was also the theme song for the film Rocky III, which was released a day before the single. The song was written by Survivor guitarist Frankie Sullivan and keyboardist Jim Peterik, and was recorded at the request of Rocky III star, writer, and director Sylvester Stallone, after Queen denied him permission to use \"Another One Bites the Dust\", the song Stallone intended as the Rocky III theme.[2] The version of the song that appears in the movie is the demo version of the song. The movie version also contained tiger growls, something that did not appear on the album version. It features original Survivor singer Dave Bickler on lead vocals.[3]\n"
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Thailand
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Thailand - wikipedia Thailand `` Siam '' redirects here . For other uses , see Siam ( disambiguation ) . Constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia Coordinates : 15 ° 24 ′ N 101 ° 18 ′ E / 15.4 ° N 101.3 ° E / 15.4 ; 101.3 Kingdom of Thailand ราช อาณาจักร ไทย ( Thai ) Ratcha - anachak Thai Flag Emblem Anthem : Phleng Chat Thai ( English : `` Thai National Anthem '' ) Royal anthem : Sansoen Phra Barami ( English : `` Glorify His prestige '' ) Location of Thailand ( green ) in Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( dark grey ) -- ( Legend ) Capital and largest city Bangkok 13 ° 45 ′ N 100 ° 29 ′ E / 13.750 ° N 100.483 ° E / 13.750 ; 100.483 Official languages Thai Spoken languages Isan Kam Mueang Pak Tai Ethnic groups ( 2009 ; 2011 ) Thai ∟ 34.1 % Central Thai ∟ 24.9 % Khon Isan ∟ 9.9 % Khon Muang ∟ 7.5 % Southern Thai 14 % Thai Chinese 12 % Others ( incl . Karen , Malay , Mon , Khmer , `` Hill tribes '' ) Religion 94.50 % Buddhism 4.29 % Islam 1.17 % Christianity 0.03 % Hinduism 0.01 % Unaffiliated Demonym Thai Siamese ( archaic ) Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy under a military junta Monarch Maha Vajiralongkorn Prime Minister Prayut Chan - o - cha Legislature National Legislative Assembly ( acting as National Assembly ) Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives Formation Sukhothai Kingdom 1238 -- 1448 Ayutthaya Kingdom 1351 -- 1767 Thonburi Kingdom 1768 -- 1782 Rattanakosin Kingdom 6 April 1782 Constitutional monarchy 24 June 1932 Current constitution 6 April 2017 Area Total 513,120 km ( 198,120 sq mi ) ( 50th ) Water ( % ) 0.4 ( 2,230 km ) Population 2016 estimate 68,863,514 ( 20th ) 2010 census 64,785,909 Density 132.1 / km ( 342.1 / sq mi ) ( 88th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $1.323 trillion Per capita $19,126 GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $490 billion Per capita $7,084 Gini ( 2013 ) 37.8 medium HDI ( 2017 ) 0.755 high 83rd Currency Baht ( ฿ ) ( THB ) Time zone UTC + 7 ( ICT ) Driving side left Calling code + 66 ISO 3166 code TH Internet TLD . th . ไทย You may need rendering support to display the Thai text in this article correctly . Thailand ( / ˈtaɪlænd / TY - land ) , officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , is a country at the center of the Southeast Asian Indochinese peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th largest country by total area and the 21st-most - populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . Although nominally a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup in 2014 established a de facto military dictatorship . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon , the Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as Ngoenyang , the Sukhothai Kingdom , Lan Na and the Ayutthaya Kingdom , which rivaled each other . European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656 -- 88 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in 1767 in a war with Burma . Taksin quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short - lived Thonburi Kingdom . He was succeeded in 1782 by Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke , the first monarch of the Chakri dynasty and founder of the Rattanakosin Kingdom , which lasted into the early 20th century . Through the 18th and 19th centuries , Siam faced pressure from France and the United Kingdom , including forced concessions of territory , but nevertheless it remained the only Southeast Asian country to avoid direct Western rule . Following a bloodless revolution in 1932 , Siam became a constitutional monarchy and changed its official name to `` Thailand '' . While it joined the Allies in World War I , Thailand was an Axis satellite in World War II . In the late 1950s , a military coup revived the monarchy 's historically influential role in politics . Thailand became a major ally of the United States and played a key anti-communist role in the region . Apart from a brief period of parliamentary democracy in the mid 1970s , Thailand has periodically alternated between democracy and military rule . In the 21st century , Thailand endured a political crisis that culminated in two coups and the establishment of its current and 20th constitution by the military junta . Thailand is a unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy under a military junta . Thailand is a founding member of Association of Southeast Asian Nations and remains a major ally of the US . Despite its comparatively sporadic changes in leadership , it is considered a regional power in Southeast Asia and a middle power in global affairs . With a high level of human development , the second largest economy in Southeast Asia , and the 20th largest by PPP , Thailand is classified as a newly industrialized economy ; manufacturing , agriculture , and tourism are leading sectors of the economy . Contents 1 Etymology 1.1 Etymology of `` Siam '' 1.2 Etymology of `` Thailand '' 2 History 2.1 Prehistory 2.2 Early states 2.3 Ayutthaya Kingdom 2.4 Modernization and centralization 2.5 Constitutional monarchy , World War II , and Cold War 2.6 Contemporary history 3 Politics and government 3.1 Human rights 4 Geography 4.1 Climate 4.2 Environment 4.3 Wildlife 5 Administrative divisions 5.1 Regions 5.2 Southern region 6 Foreign relations 7 Armed forces 8 Education 9 Science and technology 9.1 Internet 10 Economy 10.1 Recent economic history 10.2 Income , poverty and wealth 10.3 Exports and manufacturing 10.4 Tourism 10.5 Agriculture 10.6 Energy 10.7 Transportation 10.8 Informal Economy 11 Demographics 11.1 Ethnic groups 11.2 Population centres 11.3 Language 11.4 Religion 12 Health 13 Culture 13.1 Cuisine 13.2 Media 13.3 Units of measurement 14 Sports 14.1 Sporting venues 15 International rankings 16 See also 17 References 17.1 Bibliography 18 External links Etymology Thailand ( / ˈtaɪlænd / TY - land or / ˈtaɪlənd / TY - lənd ; Thai : ประเทศไทย , RTGS : Prathet Thai , pronounced ( prathêːt thaj ) ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Thailand ( Thai : ราช อาณาจักร ไทย , RTGS : Ratcha - anachak Thai ( râːtt͡ɕhaʔaːnaːt͡ɕàk thaj ) ( listen ) , Chinese : 泰国 ) , formerly known as Siam ( Thai : สยาม , RTGS : Sayam ( sajǎːm ) ) , is a country at the centre of the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia . Etymology of `` Siam '' The country has always been called Mueang Thai by its citizens . By outsiders prior to 1949 , it was usually known by the exonym Siam ( Thai : สยาม RTGS : Sayam , pronounced ( sajǎːm ) , also spelled Siem , Syâm , or Syâma ) . The word Siam may have originated from Pali ( suvaṇṇabhūmi , `` land of gold '' ) or Sanskrit श्याम ( śyāma , `` dark '' ) or Mon ရာမည ( rhmañña , `` stranger '' ) . The names Shan and A-hom seem to be variants of the same word . The word Śyâma is possibly not its origin , but a learned and artificial distortion . Another theory is the name derives from Chinese : `` Ayutthaya emerged as a dominant centre in the late fourteenth century . The Chinese called this region Xian , which the Portuguese converted into Siam . '' ( Baker and Phongpaichit , A History of Thailand , 8 ) A further possibility is that Mon - speaking peoples migrating south called themselves ' syem ' as do the autochthonous Mon - Khmer - speaking inhabitants of the Malay Peninsula . SPPM Mongkut Rex Siamensium , King Mongkut 's signature The signature of King Mongkut ( r . 1851 -- 1868 ) reads SPPM ( Somdet Phra Poramenthra Maha ) Mongkut King of the Siamese , giving the name `` Siam '' official status until 24 June 1939 when it was changed to Thailand . Thailand was renamed to Siam from 1946 to 1948 , after which it again reverted to Thailand . Etymology of `` Thailand '' According to George Cœdès , the word Thai ( ไทย ) means `` free man '' in the Thai language , `` differentiating the Thai from the natives encompassed in Thai society as serfs '' . A famous Thai scholar argued that Thai ( ไท ) simply means `` people '' or `` human being '' , since his investigation shows that in some rural areas the word `` Thai '' was used instead of the usual Thai word `` khon '' ( คน ) for people . According to Michel Ferlus , the ethnonyms Thai / Tai ( or Thay / Tay ) would have evolved from the etymon * k ( ə ) ri : ' human being ' through the following chain : * kəri : > * kəli : > * kədi : / * kədaj > * di : / * daj > * daj ( Proto - Southwestern Tai ) > thaj ( in Siamese and Lao ) or > taj ( in the other Southwestern and Central Tai languages classified by Li Fangkuei ) . Michel Ferlus ' work is based on some simple rules of phonetic change observable in the Sinosphere and studied for the most part by William H. Baxter ( 1992 ) . While Thai people will often refer to their country using the polite form prathet Thai ( Thai : ประเทศไทย ) , they most commonly use the more colloquial term mueang Thai ( Thai : เมือง ไทย ) or simply Thai ; the word mueang , archaically referring to a city - state , is commonly used to refer to a city or town as the centre of a region . Ratcha Anachak Thai ( Thai : ราช อาณาจักร ไทย ) means `` kingdom of Thailand '' or `` kingdom of Thai '' . Etymologically , its components are : ratcha ( Sanskrit राजन् , rājan , `` king , royal , realm '' ) ; - ana - ( Pali āṇā `` authority , command , power '' , itself from the Sanskrit आज्ञा , ājñā , of the same meaning ) - chak ( from Sanskrit चक्र cakra - `` wheel '' , a symbol of power and rule ) . The Thai National Anthem ( Thai : เพลง ชาติ ) , written by Luang Saranupraphan during the extremely patriotic 1930s , refers to the Thai nation as prathet Thai ( Thai : ประเทศไทย ) . The first line of the national anthem is : prathet thai ruam lueat nuea chat chuea thai ( Thai : ประเทศไทย รวม เลือดเนื้อ ชาติ เชื้อ ไทย ) , `` Thailand is the unity of Thai flesh and blood . '' History Main article : History of Thailand Prehistory. Main articles : Prehistoric Thailand , Early history of Thailand , and Tai peoples Map showing geographic distribution of Tai - Kadai linguistic family . Arrows represent general pattern of the migration of Tai - speaking tribes along the rivers and over the lower passes . There is evidence of continued human habitation in present - day Thailand dated to 20,000 years before present . Earliest evidence of rice growing was dated 2,000 BCE . Bronze appeared during 1,250 -- 1,000 BCE . The site of Ban Chiang in Northeast Thailand currently ranks as the earliest known center of copper and bronze production in Southeast Asia . Iron appeared around 500 BCE . Kingdom of Funan was the first and most powerful South East Asian kingdom at the time ( 2nd century BCE ) . Mon people established principalities of Dvaravati and kingdom of Hariphunchai in the 6th century . Khmer people established Khmer empire centered in Angkor in the 9th century . Tambralinga , a Malay state controlling trade through Malacca Strait , rose in the 10th century . Indochina peninsula was heavily influenced by the culture and religions of India , starting with the Kingdom of Funan to the Khmer Empire . Thai people are in Tai ethnic group , which were characterized by common linguistic roots . Chinese chronicles first mentioned Tai peoples in 6th century BC . While there are many assumptions regarding the origin of Tai peoples , David K. Wyatt , a prominent historian on Thailand , argued that their ancestors which at the present inhabit Laos , Thailand , Myanmar , India and China came from Điện Biên Phủ area around 5th and 8th century . Thai people began migrating into present - day Thailand around 11th century , which Mon and Khmer people occupied at the time . Thus Thai culture was influenced by Indian , Mon and Khmer cultures . According to French historian George Cœdès , `` The Thai first enter history of Farther India in the eleventh century with the mention of Syam slaves or prisoners of war in '' Champa epigraphy , and `` in the twelfth century , the bas - reliefs of Angkor Wat '' where `` a group of warriors '' are described as Syam . Early states Main article : Initial states of Thailand States in the Indochinese peninsula in the late 13th century . After the decline of the Khmer Empire and Kingdom of Pagan in the early 13th century , various states thrived in their place . The domains of Tai people existed from the northeast of present - day India to the north of present - day Laos and to the Malay peninsula . During the 13th century , Tai people have already settled in the core land of Dvaravati and Lavo Kingdom to Nakhon Si Thammarat in the south . There are , however , no records detailing the arrival of the Tais . Around 1240s , Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao , a local Tai ruler , rallied the people to rebel against the Khmer . He later crowned himself the first king of Sukhothai Kingdom in 1238 . Mainstream Thai historians count Sukhothai as the first kingdom of Thai people . Sukhothai expanded furthest during the reign of Ram Khamhaeng ( 1279 -- 98 ) . However , it was mostly a network of local lords who swore fealty to Sukhothai , not directly controlled by it . He is believed to invent Thai script and Thai ceramics was an important export goods in his era . Sukhothai embraced Theravada Buddhism in the reign of Maha Thammaracha I ( 1347 -- 68 ) . To the north , Mangrai who descended from a local ruler linage of Ngoenyang , founded the kingdom of Lan Na in 1292 , centered in Chiang Mai . He unified the surrounding area and his dynasty would rule the kingdom continuously for the next two centuries . He also created a network of alliance through political alliance to the east and north of Mekong . While in the port in Lower Chao Phraya Basin , a federation around Phetchaburi , Suphan Buri , Lopburi and Ayutthaya area was created in the 11th century . Ayutthaya Kingdom Main articles : Ayutthaya Kingdom and Thonburi Kingdom According to the most widely accepted version of its origin , Ayutthaya Kingdom rose from the earlier , nearby Lavo Kingdom and Suvarnabhumi with Uthong as its first king . Ayutthaya was a patchwork of self - governing principalities and tributary provinces owing allegiance to the king of Ayutthaya under mandala system . Its initial expansion is through conquest and political marriage . Before the end of the 15th century , Ayutthaya invaded Khmer Empire twice and sacked its capital Angkor . Ayutthaya then became a regional great power in place of Khmer Empire . Borommatrailokkanat brought about bureaucratic reforms which lasted into the 20th century and created a system of social hierarchy called Sakdina , where common male was conscripted into corvée for six months a year . Ayutthaya was interested in Malay peninsula but failed to conquer Malacca Sultanate which was supported by Chinese Ming Dynasty . Siamese envoys presenting letter to Pope Innocent XI , 1688 European contact and trade started in the early 16th century , with the envoy of Portuguese duke Afonso de Albuquerque in 1511 , followed by the French , Dutch , and English . Ayutthaya then was at war with Burmese Taungoo Dynasty . Multiple wars starting in the 1540s were ultimately ended with capture of the capital in 1570 . Then was a period of brief vassalage to Burma until Naresuan proclaimed independence in 1584 . Ayutthaya was an important trade center which was known to trade with China , India , Persia , and Arab lands . The kingdom especially prospered during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656 -- 88 ) . Some European travelers regarded Ayutthaya as Asian great powers alongside China and India . However , growing French influence later in his reign was met with nationalist sentiment and led eventually to the revolution of 1688 . Trade with the West declined afterwards , even though overall relations remain stable with French missionaries still active in preaching Christianity . After that , there was a period of relative peace but the kingdom 's influence gradually waned , partly because of bloody struggles over each succession , until the capital Ayutthaya was utterly destroyed in 1767 by Burma 's new Alaungpaya dynasty . Anarchy followed destruction of the former capital , with its territories split into five different factions , each controlled by a warlord . Taksin rose to power and proclaimed Thonburi as temporary capital in the same year . He also quickly subdued the other warlords . His forces engaged in wars with Burma , Laos , and Cambodia , which successfully drove the Burmese out of Lan Na in 1775 , captured Vientiane in 1778 and tried to install a pro-Thai king in Cambodia in the 1770s . In his final years there was a coup which was caused by his supposedly `` insanity , '' and eventually Taksin and his sons were executed by longtime companion General Chao Phraya Chakri ( future Rama I ) . He was the first king of the ruling Chakri Dynasty and founder of Bangkok ( Rattanakosin Kingdom ) on April 6 , 1782 . Modernization and centralization Main article : Rattanakosin Kingdom Siamese territorial concessions to Britain and France by year Under Rama I , Rattanakosin successfully defended against Burmese attacks and put an end to Burmese invasion . He also created overlordship over large portions of Laos and Cambodia . In 1821 , John Crawfurd was sent on a mission to negotiate a new trade agreement with Siam -- the first sign of an issue which was to dominate 19th - century Siamese politics . Bangkok signed Burney Treaty in 1826 , after the British victory in First Anglo - Burmese War . Anouvong of Vientiane , who misunderstood that Britain was about to attack Bangkok , started the Lao rebellion in 1826 and was defeated . Vientiane was destroyed and a large number of Lao people was relocated to Khorat Plateau as the result . Bangkok also waged multiple wars with Vietnam , where Bangkok successfully regained influence over Cambodia . European pressure mounted and in 1855 , during Mongkut 's reign , a British mission led by Sir John Bowring , Governor of Hong Kong , led to the conclusion of Bowring Treaty , first of many unequal treaties with Western countries . However , Thailand is the only Southeast Asian nation to never have been colonized by any Western power , in part because Britain and France agreed in 1896 to make the Chao Phraya valley their buffer state . Western influence nevertheless led to many reforms in the 19th century . Chulalongkorn introduced the Monthon system , where centralized officials were sent to oversee the entire land , thus effectively ending the power of all local dynasties . He also abolished corvée system and slavery in Siam , his best - known act . There were also major concessions to France and Britain , most notably the loss of a large protectorate territory east of the Mekong composed of present - day Laos and Cambodia and the ceding of four Malay provinces to Britain in Anglo - Siamese Treaty of 1909 . In 1917 , Siam joined the Allies of World War I and is counted as one of the victors of World War I . Constitutional monarchy , World War II , and cold War Main articles : Thailand in World War II and History of Thailand ( 1932 -- 73 ) Phraya Manopakorn Nititada addressing the crowd at Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall after the 1932 revolution . The bloodless revolution took place in 1932 carried out by the Khana Ratsadon group of military and civilian officials resulted in a transition of power , when King Prajadhipok was forced to grant the people of Siam their first constitution , thereby ending centuries of absolute monarchy . His conflicting view with the government led to abdication . The government selected Ananda Mahidol to be the new king . Later that decade , the military wing of Khana Ratsadon came to dominate Siamese politics . Field Marshall Plaek Phibunsongkhram built fascism , and decreed cultural mandates which changed the name of the kingdom to `` Thailand '' and affected many aspects of daily life . After France was conquered by Nazi Germany in June 1940 , Thailand took the opportunity to retake territories conceded to the French many decades earlier , which Thailand won the majority of the battles . The conflict came to an end with Japanese mediation . On December 7 , 1941 , the Empire of Japan launched an invasion of Thailand , and fighting broke out shortly before Phibun ordered an armistice . Japan was granted free passage , and on December 21 , Thailand and Japan signed a military alliance with a secret protocol , wherein Tokyo agreed to help Thailand regain territories lost to the British and French . Subsequently , Thailand declared war on the United States and the United Kingdom on January 25 , 1942 , and while the government undertook to `` assist '' Japan , some people launched an active anti-Japanese Free Thai Movement . After the war , most Allied powers did not recognize Thailand 's declaration of war . Coronation of Bhumibol Adulyadej . In June 1946 , young King Ananda was found dead under mysterious circumstances . His younger brother Bhumibol Adulyadej succeeded the throne . In 1954 , Thailand signed Southeast Asia Treaty Organization ( SEATO ) to became an active ally of the United States . Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat launched a coup in 1957 , which removed Khana Ratsadon from politics . He also revived the monarchy 's role in politics . Military dictatorships at the time were supported by US government , and Thailand joined anti-communist measures in the region alongside the US , most notably participation in the Vietnam War between 1965 and 1971 . The period brought about increasing modernisation and Westernisation . Internal conflict regarding economic difficulties which began in 1968 led to 1973 Thai popular uprising , an important event in Thai modern history . Contemporary History See also : History of Thailand since 1973 United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship , Red Shirts , protest in 2010 Constant unrest and instability , as well as fear of communist takeover after Fall of Saigon , made some ultra-right groups brand increasingly leftist students as communists . This culminated in Thammasat University massacre in October 1976 . A coup d'état on that very day brought Thailand a new ultra-right government , which oppressed many media outlets , officials , and intellectuals , and fueled the Communist insurgency further . Another coup in the following year installed a more moderate government , which offered amnesty to communist fighters in 1978 . The Party abandoned the insurgency by 1983 . Thailand had its first elected Prime Minister in 1988 . Suchinda Kraprayoon , who was the coup leader in 1991 and said he would not seek to become Prime Minister , was nominated as one by majority coalition government after the 1992 general election . This caused a popular demonstration in Bangkok , which ended with a military crackdown . Bhumibol intervened in the event and Suchinda then resigned . The 1997 Asian financial crisis originated in Thailand and forced the country to take an IMF loan with unpopular provisions . The populist Thai Rak Thai party , led by prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra , governed from 2001 until 2006 . A South Thailand insurgency escalated starting from 2004 . The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami hit the country , mostly in the south . Massive protests against Thaksin , led by the People 's Alliance for Democracy ( PAD ) , ended with a coup d'état in 2006 . In 2007 , a civilian government led by the Thaksin - allied People 's Power Party ( PPP ) was elected . Another protest led by PAD ended with the dissolution of PPP , and the Democrat Party led a coalition government in its place . The pro-Thaksin United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship ( UDD ) protested both in 2009 and in 2010 . After the general election of 2011 , the populist Pheu Thai Party won a majority and Yingluck Shinawatra , Thaksin 's younger sister , became Prime Minister . The People 's Democratic Reform Committee organized another anti-Shinawatra protest , which ended with another coup d'état in 2014 . The National Council for Peace and Order , a military junta led by General Prayut Chan - o - cha , has led the country since . The referendum and adoption of Thailand 's current constitution happened under the junta 's rule . In 2016 Bhumibol , the longest reigning Thai king , died , and his son Vajiralongkorn ascended the throne . Politics and government Main articles : Politics of Thailand , Constitutions of Thailand , Law of Thailand , and Government of Thailand Thailand 's Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra was removed from office on 7 May 2014 by a controversial Constitutional Court decision . Prior to 1932 , all legislative powers were vested in the monarch . This had been the case since the foundation of the Sukhothai Kingdom in the 12th century as the king was seen as a `` Dharmaraja '' or `` king who rules in accordance with Dharma '' , ( the Buddhist law of righteousness ) . Modern absolute monarchy was established by Chulalongkorn when he transformed the decentralized protectorate system into a unitary state . On 24 June 1932 , Khana Ratsadon ( People 's Party ) carried out a bloodless revolution which ended the absolute rule . The politics of Thailand is conducted within the framework of a constitutional monarchy , whereby the Prime Minister is the head of government and a hereditary monarch is head of state . The judiciary is supposed to be independent of the executive and the legislative branches , although judicial rulings are suspected of being based on political considerations rather than on existing law . However , since May 2014 , Thailand has been ruled by a military junta , the National Council for Peace and Order . Bangkok 's Democracy Monument : a representation of the 1932 Constitution sits on top of two golden offering bowls above a turret . Thailand has had 20 constitutions and charters since 1932 , including the latest and current 2017 Constitution . Throughout this time , the form of government has ranged from military dictatorship to electoral democracy , but all governments have acknowledged a hereditary monarch as the head of state . Thailand have had the 4th most coups in the world . `` Uniformed or ex-military men have led Thailand for 55 of the 83 years '' between 1932 and 2009 . The legislative according to 2007 Constitution was the bicameral National Assembly composed of the Senate , the 150 - member upper house , and House of Representatives , the 350 - member lower house . Since 2014 coup , it was replaced by a rubber stamp , unicameral National Legislative Assembly . The current King of Thailand is Vajiralongkorn ( or Rama X ) since October 2016 . Under the constitution the king is given very little power , but remains a figurehead and symbol of the Thai nation . As the head of state , however , he is given some powers and has a role to play in the workings of government . According to the constitution , the king is head of the armed forces . He is required to be Buddhist as well as the defender of all faiths in the country . The king also retained some traditional powers such as the power to appoint his heirs , the power to grant pardons , and the royal assent . The king is aided in his duties by the Privy Council of Thailand . Since the 2000s , two political parties dominated Thai general elections : one was Pheu Thai Party ( which was a successor of People 's Power Party and Thai Rak Thai Party respectively ) and the other was Democrat Party . The political parties which support Thaksin Shinawatra won the most representatives every general election since 2001 . Human Rights See also : Human rights in Thailand and Lèse majesté in Thailand The 2007 constitution was partially abrogated by the military dictatorship that came to power in May 2014 . Thailand 's kings are protected by lèse - majesté laws which allows critics to be jailed for three to fifteen years . After the 2014 Thai coup d'état , Thailand had the highest number of lèse - majesté prisoners in the nation 's history . In 2017 , the military court in Thailand sentenced a man to 35 years in prison for violating the country 's lèse - majesté law . Thailand has been rated not free on the Freedom House Index since 2014 . Geography Main article : Geography of Thailand View of the Luang Prabang Range , which straddles the Thai - Lao border , in Nan Province , Northern Thailand Totalling 513,120 square kilometres ( 198,120 sq mi ) , Thailand is the 50th - largest country by total area . It is slightly smaller than Yemen and slightly larger than Spain . Thailand comprises several distinct geographic regions , partly corresponding to the provincial groups . The north of the country is the mountainous area of the Thai highlands , with the highest point being Doi Inthanon in the Thanon Thong Chai Range at 2,565 metres ( 8,415 ft ) above sea level . The northeast , Isan , consists of the Khorat Plateau , bordered to the east by the Mekong River . The centre of the country is dominated by the predominantly flat Chao Phraya river valley , which runs into the Gulf of Thailand . A typical limestone island in Thailand Southern Thailand consists of the narrow Kra Isthmus that widens into the Malay Peninsula . Politically , there are six geographical regions which differ from the others in population , basic resources , natural features , and level of social and economic development . The diversity of the regions is the most pronounced attribute of Thailand 's physical setting . The Chao Phraya and the Mekong River are the indispensable water courses of rural Thailand . Industrial scale production of crops use both rivers and their tributaries . The Gulf of Thailand covers 320,000 square kilometres ( 124,000 sq mi ) and is fed by the Chao Phraya , Mae Klong , Bang Pakong , and Tapi Rivers . It contributes to the tourism sector owing to its clear shallow waters along the coasts in the southern region and the Kra Isthmus . The eastern shore of the Gulf of Thailand is an industrial centre of Thailand with the kingdom 's premier deepwater port in Sattahip and its busiest commercial port , Laem Chabang . Phi Phi Islands The Andaman Sea is a precious natural resource as it hosts the most popular and luxurious resorts in Asia . Phuket , Krabi , Ranong , Phang Nga and Trang , and their islands , all lay along the coasts of the Andaman Sea and , despite the 2004 tsunami , they remain a tourist magnet for visitors from around the world . Plans have resurfaced for a canal which would connect the Andaman Sea to the Gulf of Thailand , analogous to the Suez and the Panama Canals . The idea has been greeted positively by Thai politicians as it would cut fees charged by the Ports of Singapore , improve ties with China and India , lower shipping times , and eliminate pirate attacks in the Strait of Malacca , and support the Thai government 's policy of being the logistical hub for Southeast Asia . The canal , it is claimed , would improve economic conditions in the south of Thailand , which relies heavily on tourism income , and it would also change the structure of the Thai economy by making it an Asia logistical hub . The canal would be a major engineering project and has an expected cost of US $20 -- 30 billion . Climate Thailand map of Köppen climate classification Thailand 's climate is influenced by monsoon winds that have a seasonal character ( the southwest and northeast monsoon ) . The southwest monsoon , which starts from May until October is characterized by movement of warm , moist air from the Indian Ocean to Thailand , causing abundant rain over most of the country . The northeast monsoon , starting from October until February brings cold and dry air from China over most of Thailand . In southern Thailand , the northeast monsoon brings mild weather and abundant rainfall on the eastern coast of that region . Most of Thailand has a `` tropical wet and dry or savanna climate '' type ( Köppen 's Tropical savanna climate ) . The south and the eastern tip of the east have a tropical monsoon climate . Satellite image of flooding in Thailand , Oct 2011 during the 2011 Thailand floods Thailand is divided into three seasons . The first is the rainy or southwest monsoon season ( mid -- May to mid -- October ) which prevails over most of the country . This season is characterized by abundant rain with August and September being the wettest period of the year . This can occasionally lead to floods . In addition to rainfall caused by the southwest monsoon , the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) and tropical cyclones also contribute to producing heavy rainfall during the rainy season . Nonetheless , dry spells commonly occur for 1 to 2 weeks from June to early July . This is due to the northward movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone to southern China . Winter or the northeast monsoon starts from mid -- October until mid -- February . Most of Thailand experiences dry weather during this season with mild temperatures . The exception is the southern parts of Thailand where it receives abundant rainfall , particularly during October to November . Summer or the pre -- monsoon season runs from mid -- February until mid -- May and is characterized by warmer weather . Due to its inland nature and latitude , the north , northeast , central and eastern parts of Thailand experience a long period of warm weather . During the hottest time of the year ( March to May ) , temperatures usually reach up to 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) or more with the exception of coastal areas where sea breezes moderate afternoon temperatures . In contrast , outbreaks of cold air from China can bring colder temperatures ; in some cases ( particularly the north and northeast ) close to or below 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) . Southern Thailand is characterized by mild weather year - round with less diurnal and seasonal variations in temperatures due to maritime influences . Most of the country receives a mean annual rainfall of 1,200 to 1,600 mm ( 47 to 63 in ) . However , certain areas on the windward sides of mountains such as Ranong province in the west coast of southern Thailand and eastern parts of Trat Province receive more than 4,500 mm ( 180 in ) of rainfall per year . The driest areas are on the leeward side in the central valleys and northernmost portion of south Thailand where mean annual rainfall is less than 1,200 mm ( 47 in ) . Most of Thailand ( north , northeast , central and east ) is characterized by dry weather during the northeast monsoon and abundant rainfall during the southwest monsoon . In the southern parts of Thailand , abundant rainfall occurs in both the northeast and southwest monsoon seasons with a peak in September for the western coast and a peak in November -- January on the eastern coast . Environment Recently cleared forest land in Chiang Mai Province Thailand has a mediocre but improving performance in the global Environmental Performance Index ( EPI ) with an overall ranking of 91 out of 180 countries in 2016 . This is also a mediocre rank in the Asia Pacific region specifically , but ahead of countries like Indonesia and China . The EPI was established in 2001 by the World Economic Forum as a global gauge to measure how well individual countries perform in implementing the United Nations ' Sustainable Development Goals . The environmental areas where Thailand performs worst ( i.e. highest ranking ) are air quality ( 167 ) , environmental effects of the agricultural industry ( 106 ) and the climate and energy sector ( 93 ) , the later mainly because of a high CO2 emission per KWh produced . Thailand performs best ( i.e. lowest ranking ) in water resource management ( 66 ) , with some major improvements expected for the future too , and sanitation ( 68 ) . Wildlife Main article : List of species native to Thailand The population of Asian elephants in Thailand 's wild has dropped to an estimated 2,000 -- 3,000 . The elephant is Thailand 's national symbol . Although there were 100,000 domesticated elephants in Thailand in 1850 , the population of elephants has dropped to an estimated 2,000 . Poachers have long hunted elephants for ivory and hides , and now increasingly for meat . Young elephants are often captured for use in tourist attractions or as work animals , although their use has declined since the government banned logging in 1989 . There are now more elephants in captivity than in the wild , and environmental activists claim that elephants in captivity are often mistreated . Poaching of protected species remains a major problem . Hunters have decimated the populations of tigers , leopards , and other large cats for their valuable pelts . Many animals ( including tigers , bears , crocodiles , and king cobras ) are farmed or hunted for their meat , which is considered a delicacy , and for their supposed medicinal properties . Although such trade is illegal , the famous Bangkok market Chatuchak is still known for the sale of endangered species . The practice of keeping wild animals as pets threatens several species . Baby animals are typically captured and sold , which often requires killing the mother . Once in captivity and out of their natural habitat , many pets die or fail to reproduce . Affected populations include the Asiatic black bear , Malayan sun bear , white - handed lar , pileated gibbon and binturong . Administrative divisions Main articles : Organization of the government of Thailand and Provinces of Thailand Thailand is divided into 76 provinces ( จังหวัด , changwat ) , which are gathered into five groups of provinces by location . There are also two specially - governed districts : the capital Bangkok ( Krung Thep Maha Nakhon ) and Pattaya . Bangkok is at provincial level and thus often counted as a province . Each province is divided into districts and the districts are further divided into sub-districts ( tambons ) . As of 2017 there were 878 districts ( อําเภอ , amphoe ) and the 50 districts of Bangkok ( เขต , khet ) , which is further divided into 7,255 subdistricts ( ตําบล , tambon ) in the 76 provinces or Bangkok 's subdistricts ( แขวง , khwaeng ) . Some parts of the provinces bordering Bangkok are also referred to as Greater Bangkok ( ปริมณฑล , pari monthon ) . These provinces include Nonthaburi , Pathum Thani , Samut Prakan , Nakhon Pathom and Samut Sakhon . The name of each province 's capital city ( เมือง , mueang ) is the same as that of the province . For example , the capital of Chiang Mai Province ( Changwat Chiang Mai ) is Mueang Chiang Mai or Chiang Mai . A clickable map of Thailand exhibiting its provinces . Regions Thailand four - region division Main article : Regions of Thailand Thai provinces are administrated by regions . The regions that Thailand uses to divide the provinces is the four - region division system . It divides the country into the four regions : Northern Thailand , Northeastern Thailand , Central Thailand and Southern Thailand . Each region has its own different historical background , culture , language and people . In contrast to the administrative divisions of the Provinces of Thailand , Thailand is a Unitary state , the provincial Governors , district chiefs , and district clerks are appointed by the central government . The regions themselves do not have an administrative character , but are used for geographical , statistical , geological , meteorological or touristic purposes . Southern region See also : South Thailand insurgency Southern provinces of Thailand showing the Malay - Muslim majority areas Thailand controlled the Malay Peninsula as far south as Malacca in the 15th century and held much of the peninsula , including Temasek ( Singapore ) , some of the Andaman Islands , and a colony on Java , but eventually contracted when the British used force to guarantee their suzerainty over the sultanate . Mostly the northern states of the Malay Sultanate presented annual gifts to the Thai king in the form of a golden flower -- a gesture of tribute and an acknowledgement of vassalage . The British intervened in the Malay State and with the Anglo - Siamese Treaty tried to build a railway from the south to Bangkok . Thailand relinquished sovereignty over what are now the northern Malay provinces of Kedah , Perlis , Kelantan , and Terengganu to the British . Satun and Pattani Provinces were given to Thailand . The Malay peninsular provinces were occupied by the Japanese during World War II , and infiltrated by the Malayan Communist Party ( CPM ) from 1942 to 2008 , when they sued for peace with the Malaysian and Thai governments after the CPM lost its support from Vietnam and China subsequent to the Cultural Revolution . Recent insurgent uprisings may be a continuation of separatist fighting which started after World War II with Sukarno 's support for the PULO . Most victims since the uprisings have been Buddhist and Muslim bystanders . Foreign relations Main article : Foreign relations of Thailand King Bhumibol Adulyadej in a meeting with U.S. President Barack Obama , 18 November 2012 Royal Thai Embassy in Wellington , New Zealand The foreign relations of Thailand are handled by the Minister of Foreign Affairs . Thailand participates fully in international and regional organisations . It is a major non-NATO ally and Priority Watch List Special 301 Report of the United States . The country remains an active member of ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations . Thailand has developed increasingly close ties with other ASEAN members : Indonesia , Malaysia , the Philippines , Singapore , Brunei , Laos , Cambodia , Myanmar , and Vietnam , whose foreign and economic ministers hold annual meetings . Regional co-operation is progressing in economic , trade , banking , political , and cultural matters . In 2003 , Thailand served as APEC ( Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation ) host . Dr. Supachai Panitchpakdi , the former Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand , currently serves as Secretary - General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) . In 2005 Thailand attended the inaugural East Asia Summit . In recent years , Thailand has taken an increasingly active role on the international stage . When East Timor gained independence from Indonesia , Thailand , for the first time in its history , contributed troops to the international peacekeeping effort . Its troops remain there today as part of a UN peacekeeping force . As part of its effort to increase international ties , Thailand has reached out to such regional organisations as the Organization of American States ( OAS ) and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe ( OSCE ) . Thailand has contributed troops to reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq . Thaksin initiated negotiations for several free trade agreements with China , Australia , Bahrain , India , and the US . The latter especially was criticised , with claims that uncompetitive Thai industries could be wiped out . Thaksin also announced that Thailand would forsake foreign aid , and work with donor countries to assist in the development of neighbours in the Greater Mekong Sub-region . Thaksin sought to position Thailand as a regional leader , initiating various development projects in poorer neighbouring countries like Laos . More controversially , he established close , friendly ties with the Burmese dictatorship . Thailand joined the US - led invasion of Iraq , sending a 423 - strong humanitarian contingent . It withdrew its troops on 10 September 2004 . Two Thai soldiers died in Iraq in an insurgent attack . Abhisit appointed Peoples Alliance for Democracy leader Kasit Piromya as foreign minister . In April 2009 , fighting broke out between Thai and Cambodian troops on territory immediately adjacent to the 900 - year - old ruins of Cambodia 's Preah Vihear Hindu temple near the border . The Cambodian government claimed its army had killed at least four Thais and captured 10 more , although the Thai government denied that any Thai soldiers were killed or injured . Two Cambodian and three Thai soldiers were killed . Both armies blamed the other for firing first and denied entering the other 's territory . Armed forces Main article : Royal Thai Armed Forces The HTMS Chakri Naruebet , an aircraft carrier of the Royal Thai Navy A Royal Thai Air Force F - 16 Fighting Falcon The Royal Thai Armed Forces ( กองทัพ ไทย ; RTGS : Kong Thap Thai ) constitute the military of the Kingdom of Thailand . It consists of the Royal Thai Army ( กองทัพ บก ไทย ) , the Royal Thai Navy ( กองทัพ เรือ ไทย ) , and the Royal Thai Air Force ( กองทัพ อากาศ ไทย ) . It also incorporates various paramilitary forces . The Thai Armed Forces have a combined manpower of 306,000 active duty personnel and another 245,000 active reserve personnel . The head of the Thai Armed Forces ( จอมทัพ ไทย , Chom Thap Thai ) is the king , although this position is only nominal . The armed forces are managed by the Ministry of Defence of Thailand , which is headed by the Minister of Defence ( a member of the cabinet of Thailand ) and commanded by the Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters , which in turn is headed by the Chief of Defence Forces of Thailand . In 2011 , Thailand 's known military expenditure totalled approximately US $5.1 billion . Thailand ranked 16th worldwide in the Military Strength Index based on the Credit Suisse report in September 2015 . Royal Thai Army firing M198 howitzer during training According to the constitution , serving in the armed forces is a duty of all Thai citizens . However , only males over the age of 21 , who have not gone through reserve training of the Territorial Defence Student , are given the option of volunteering for the armed forces , or participating in the random draft . The candidates are subjected to varying lengths of training , from six months to two years of full - time service , depending on their education , whether they have partially completed the reserve training course , and whether they volunteered prior to the draft date ( usually 1 April every year ) . Candidates with a recognised bachelor 's degree serve one year of full - time service if they are conscripted , or six months if they volunteer with the military officer at their district office ( สัสดี , satsadi ) . Likewise , the training length is also reduced for those who have partially completed the three - year reserve training course of the Territorial Defence Students ( ร. ด. , ro do ) . A person who completed one year out of three will only have to serve full - time for one year . Those who completed two years of reserve training will only have to do six months of full - time training , while those who complete three years or more of reserve training will be exempted entirely . Royal Thai Armed Forces Day is celebrated on 18 January , commemorating the victory of Naresuan of the Ayutthaya Kingdom in battle against the crown prince of the Taungoo Dynasty in 1593 . Education Main article : Education in Thailand Primary - school students in Thailand In 2014 the literacy rate was 93.5 % . Education is provided by a well - organized school system of kindergartens , primary , lower secondary and upper secondary schools , numerous vocational colleges , and universities . The private sector of education is well developed and significantly contributes to the overall provision of education which the government would not be able to meet with public establishments . Education is compulsory up to and including age 14 , with the government providing free education through to age 17 . Chulalongkorn University , established in 1917 , is the oldest university in Thailand . Teaching relies heavily on rote learning rather than on student - centred methodology . The establishment of reliable and coherent curricula for its primary and secondary schools is subject to such rapid changes that schools and their teachers are not always sure what they are supposed to be teaching , and authors and publishers of textbooks are unable to write and print new editions quickly enough to keep up with the volatility . Issues concerning university entrance has been in constant upheaval for a number of years . Nevertheless , Thai education has seen its greatest progress in the years since 2001 . Most of the present generation of students are computer literate . Thailand was ranked 54th out of 56 countries globally for English proficiency , the second - lowest in Asia . Students in ethnic minority areas score consistently lower in standardised national and international tests . This is likely due to unequal allocation of educational resources , weak teacher training , poverty , and low Thai language skill , the language of the tests . Extensive nationwide IQ tests were administered to 72,780 Thai students from December 2010 to January 2011 . The average IQ was found to be 98.59 , which is higher than previous studies have found . IQ levels were found to be inconsistent throughout the country , with the lowest average of 88.07 found in the southern region of Narathiwat Province and the highest average of 108.91 reported in Nonthaburi Province . The Ministry of Public Health blames the discrepancies on iodine deficiency and steps are being taken to require that iodine be added to table salt , a practice common in many Western countries . In 2013 , the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology announced that 27,231 schools would receive classroom - level access to high - speed internet . Science and Technology Main article : List of Thai inventions and discoveries The National Science and Technology Development Agency is an agency of the government of Thailand which supports research in science and technology and its application in the Thai economy . The Synchrotron Light Research Institute ( SLRI ) is a Thai synchrotron light source for physics , chemistry , material science , and life sciences . It is at the Suranaree University of Technology ( SUT ) , in Nakhon Ratchasima , about 300 kilometres ( 190 miles ) northeast of Bangkok . The institute , financed by the Ministry of Science and Technology ( MOST ) , houses the only large scale synchrotron in Southeast Asia . It was originally built as the SORTEC synchrotron in Japan and later moved to Thailand and modified for 1.2 GeV operation . It provides users with regularly scheduled light . Internet In Bangkok , there are 23,000 free public Wi - Fi Internet hotspots . The Internet in Thailand includes 10 Gbit / s high speed fibre - optic lines that can be leased and ISPs such as KIRZ that provide residential Internet services . The Internet is censored by the Thai government , making some sites unreachable . The organisations responsible are the Royal Thai Police , the Communications Authority of Thailand , and the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology ( MICT ) . Economy Main article : Economy of Thailand Economic indicators Nominal GDP ฿ 14.53 trillion ( 2016 ) GDP growth 3.9 % ( 2017 ) Inflation Headline Core 0.7 % ( 2017 ) 0.6 % ( 2017 ) Employment - to - population ratio 68.0 % ( 2017 ) Unemployment 1.2 % ( 2017 ) Total public debt ฿ 6.37 trillion ( Dec. 2017 ) Poverty 8.61 % ( 2016 ) Net household worth ฿ 20.34 trillion ( 2010 ) Thailand is an emerging economy and is considered a newly industrialised country . Thailand had a 2013 GDP of US $673 billion ( on a purchasing power parity ( PPP ) basis ) . Thailand is the 2nd largest economy in Southeast Asia after Indonesia . Thailand ranks midway in the wealth spread in Southeast Asia as it is the 4th richest nation according to GDP per capita , after Singapore , Brunei , and Malaysia . Thailand functions as an anchor economy for the neighbouring developing economies of Laos , Myanmar , and Cambodia . In the third quarter of 2014 , the unemployment rate in Thailand stood at 0.84 % according to Thailand 's National Economic and Social Development Board ( NESDB ) . Recent economic History The MahaNakhon skyscraper in Bangkok Thailand experienced the world 's highest economic growth rate from 1985 to 1996 -- averaging 12.4 % annually . In 1997 increased pressure on the baht , a year in which the economy contracted by 1.9 % , led to a crisis that uncovered financial sector weaknesses and forced the Chavalit Yongchaiyudh administration to float the currency . Prime Minister Chavalit Yongchaiyudh was forced to resign after his cabinet came under fire for its slow response to the economic crisis . The baht was pegged at 25 to the US dollar from 1978 to 1997 . The baht reached its lowest point of 56 to the US dollar in January 1998 and the economy contracted by 10.8 % that year , triggering the Asian financial crisis . Thailand 's economy started to recover in 1999 , expanding 4.2 -- 4.4 % in 2000 , thanks largely to strong exports . Growth ( 2.2 % ) was dampened by the softening of the global economy in 2001 , but picked up in the subsequent years owing to strong growth in Asia , a relatively weak baht encouraging exports , and increased domestic spending as a result of several mega projects and incentives of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra , known as Thaksinomics . Growth in 2002 , 2003 , and 2004 was 5 -- 7 % annually . The BTS Skytrain passes through Sathon , the business district of Bangkok , the capital of Thailand and the country 's largest commercial and financial centre . Growth in 2005 , 2006 , and 2007 hovered around 4 -- 5 % . Due both to the weakening of the US dollar and an increasingly strong Thai currency , by March 2008 the dollar was hovering around the 33 baht mark . While Thaksinomics has received criticism , official economic data reveals that between 2001 and 2011 , Isan 's GDP per capita more than doubled to US $1,475 , while , over the same period , GDP in the Bangkok area increased from US $7,900 to nearly US $13,000 . With the instability surrounding major 2010 protests , the GDP growth of Thailand settled at around 4 -- 5 % , from highs of 5 -- 7 % under the previous civilian administration . Political uncertainty was identified as the primary cause of a decline in investor and consumer confidence . The IMF predicted that the Thai economy would rebound strongly from the low 0.1 % GDP growth in 2011 , to 5.5 % in 2012 and then 7.5 % in 2013 , due to the monetary policy of the Bank of Thailand , as well as a package of fiscal stimulus measures introduced by the former Yingluck Shinawatra government . Following the Thai military coup of 22 May 2014 , the AFP global news agency published an article that claimed that the nation was on the verge of recession . The article focused on the departure of nearly 180,000 Cambodians from Thailand due to fears of an immigration clampdown , but concluded with information on the Thai economy 's contraction of 2.1 % quarter - on - quarter , from January to the end of March 2014 . Income , poverty and wealth Thais have median wealth per one adult person of $1,469 in 2016 , increasing from $605 in 2010 . In 2016 , Thailand was ranked 87th in Human Development Index , and 70th in the inequality - adjusted HDI . In 2017 , median household income was ฿ 26,946 per month . Top quintile household had 45.0 % share of all income , while bottom quintile household had 7.1 % . There were 26.9 million persons who had the bottom 40 % of income earning less than ฿ 5,344 per person per month . During 2013 -- 2014 Thai political crisis , a survey found that anti-government PDRC mostly ( 32 % ) had a monthly income of more than ฿ 50,000 , while pro-government UDD mostly ( 27 % ) had between ฿ 10,000 and ฿ 20,000 . In 2014 , Credit Suisse reported that Thailand was the world 's third most unequal country , behind Russia and India . Top 10 % richest held 79 % of the country 's asset . Top 1 % richest held 58 % worth of the economy . Thai 50 richest families had a total net worth accounting to 30 % of GDP . In 2016 , Thailand 's 5.81 million people lived in poverty , or 11.6 million people ( 17.2 % of population ) if `` near poor '' is included . Proportion of the poor relative to total population in each region was 12.96 % in the Northeast , 12.35 % in the South , and 9.83 % in the North . In 2017 , there were 14 million people who applied for social welfare ( yearly income of less than ฿ 100,000 was required ) . At the end of 2017 , Thailand 's total household debt was ฿ 11.76 trillion . In 2010 , 3 % of all household were bankrupt . In 2016 , there were estimated 30,000 homeless persons in the country . Exports and manufacturing A proportional representation of Thailand 's exports The economy of Thailand is heavily export - dependent , with exports accounting for more than two - thirds of gross domestic product ( GDP ) . Thailand exports over US $105 billion worth of goods and services annually . Major exports include cars , computers , electrical appliances , rice , textiles and footwear , fishery products , rubber , and jewellery . Substantial industries include electric appliances , components , computer components , and vehicles . Thailand 's recovery from the 1997 -- 1998 Asian financial crisis depended mainly on exports , among various other factors . As of 2012 , the Thai automotive industry was the largest in Southeast Asia and the 9th largest in the world . The Thailand industry has an annual output of near 1.5 million vehicles , mostly commercial vehicles . Most of the vehicles built in Thailand are developed and licensed by foreign producers , mainly Japanese and South Korean . The Thai car industry takes advantage of the ASEAN Free Trade Area ( AFTA ) to find a market for many of its products . Eight manufacturers , five Japanese , two US , and Tata of India , produce pick - up trucks in Thailand . Thailand is the second largest consumer of pick - up trucks in the world , after the US . In 2014 , pick - ups accounted for 42 % of all new vehicle sales in Thailand . Tourism Further information : Tourism in Thailand Wat Phra Kaew in Bangkok An Airbus A380 of the national carrier Thai Airways Tourism makes up about 6 % of the economy . Thailand was the most visited country in Southeast Asia in 2013 , according to the World Tourism Organisation . Estimates of tourism receipts directly contributing to the Thai GDP of 12 trillion baht range from 9 percent ( 1 trillion baht ) ( 2013 ) to 16 percent . When including the indirect effects of tourism , it is said to account for 20.2 percent ( 2.4 trillion baht ) of Thailand 's GDP . The Tourism Authority of Thailand ( TAT ) uses the slogan `` Amazing Thailand '' to promote Thailand internationally . In 2015 , this was supplemented by a `` Discover Thainess '' campaign . Asian tourists primarily visit Thailand for Bangkok and the historical , natural , and cultural sights in its vicinity . Western tourists not only visit Bangkok and surroundings , but in addition many travel to the southern beaches and islands . The north is the chief destination for trekking and adventure travel with its diverse ethnic minority groups and forested mountains . The region hosting the fewest tourists is Isan in the northeast . To accommodate foreign visitors , the Thai government established a separate tourism police with offices in the major tourist areas and its own central emergency telephone number . Thailand 's attractions include diving , sandy beaches , hundreds of tropical islands , nightlife , archaeological sites , museums , hill tribes , flora and bird life , palaces , Buddhist temples and several World Heritage sites . Many tourists follow courses during their stay in Thailand . Popular are classes in Thai cooking , Buddhism and traditional Thai massage . Thai national festivals range from Thai New Year Songkran to Loy Krathong . Many localities in Thailand also have their own festivals . Among the best - known are the `` Elephant Round - up '' in Surin , the `` Rocket Festival '' in Yasothon , Suwannaphum District , Phanom Phrai District both district are located in Roi Et Province and the `` Phi Ta Khon '' festival in Dan Sai . Thai cuisine has become famous worldwide with its enthusiastic use of fresh herbs and spices . Bangkok shopping malls offer a variety of international and local brands . Towards the north of the city , and easily reached by skytrain or underground , is the Chatuchak Weekend Market . It is possibly the largest market in the world , selling everything from household items to live , and sometimes endangered , animals . The `` Pratunam Market '' specialises in fabrics and clothing . The night markets in the Silom area and on Khaosan Road are mainly tourist - oriented , selling items such as T - shirts , handicrafts , counterfeit watches and sunglasses . In the vicinity of Bangkok one can find several floating markets such as the one in Damnoen Saduak . The `` Sunday Evening Walking Street Market '' , held on Rachadamnoen Road inside the old city , is a shopping highlight of a visit to Chiang Mai up in northern Thailand . It attracts many locals as well as foreigners . The `` Night Bazaar '' is Chiang Mai 's more tourist - oriented market , sprawling over several city blocks just east of the old city walls towards the river . Prostitution in Thailand and sex tourism also form a de facto part of the economy . Campaigns promote Thailand as exotic to attract tourists . Cultural milieu combined with poverty and the lure of money have caused prostitution and sex tourism in particular to flourish in Thailand . One estimate published in 2003 placed the trade at US $4.3 billion per year or about 3 % of the Thai economy . According to research by Chulalongkorn University on the Thai illegal economy , prostitution in Thailand in the period between 1993 and 1995 , made up around 2.7 % of the GDP . It is believed that at least 10 % of tourist dollars are spent on the sex trade . Thailand is at the forefront of the growing practice of sex - reassignment surgery ( SRS ) . Statistic taken from 2014 , illustrated the country 's medical tourism industry attracting over 2.5 million visitors per year . In 1985 -- 1990 , only 5 % of foreign transsexual patients visited Thailand for sex - reassignment surgery . In more recent years , 2010 -- 2012 , more than 90 % of the visitors traveled to Thailand for SRS . Agriculture Further information : Agriculture in Thailand Thailand had long been one of the largest rice exporters in the world . Forty - nine percent of Thailand 's labour force is employed in agriculture . Forty - nine per cent of Thailand 's labour force is employed in agriculture . This is down from 70 % in 1980 . Rice is the most important crop in the country and Thailand had long been the world 's leading exporter of rice , until recently falling behind both India and Vietnam . Thailand has the highest percentage of arable land , 27.25 % , of any nation in the Greater Mekong Subregion . About 55 % of the arable land area is used for rice production . Agriculture has been experiencing a transition from labour - intensive and transitional methods to a more industrialised and competitive sector . Between 1962 and 1983 , the agricultural sector grew by 4.1 % per year on average and continued to grow at 2.2 % between 1983 and 2007 . The relative contribution of agriculture to GDP has declined while exports of goods and services have increased . Energy Further information : Energy in Thailand 75 % of Thailand 's electrical generation is powered by natural gas in 2014 . Coal - fired power plants produce an additional 20 % of electricity , with the remainder coming from biomass , hydro , and biogas . Thailand produces roughly one - third of the oil it consumes . It is the second largest importer of oil in SE Asia . Thailand is a large producer of natural gas , with reserves of at least 10 trillion cubic feet . After Indonesia , it is the largest coal producer in SE Asia , but must import additional coal to meet domestic demand . Transportation Main articles : Transport in Thailand and List of airports in Thailand Informal economy Thailand has an diverse and robust informal labor sector -- in 2012 , it was estimated that informal workers comprised 62.6 % of the Thai workforce . The Ministry of Labor defines informal workers to be individuals who work in informal economies and do not have employee status under a given country 's Labor Protection Act ( LPA ) . The informal sector in Thailand has grown significantly over the past 60 years over the course of Thailand 's gradual transition from an agriculture - based economy to becoming more industrialized and service - oriented . Between 1993 -- 1995 , ten percent of the Thai labor force moved from the agricultural sector to urban and industrial jobs , especially in the manufacturing sector . It is estimated that between 1988 -- 1995 , the number of factory workers in the country doubled from two to four million , as Thailand 's GDP tripled . While the Asian Financial Crisis that followed in 1997 hit the Thai economy hard , the industrial sector continued to expand under widespread deregulation , as Thailand was mandated to adopt a range of structural adjustment reforms upon receiving funding from the IMF and World Bank . These reforms implemented an agenda of increased privatization and trade liberalization in the country , and decreased federal subsidization of public goods and utilities , agricultural price supports , and regulations on fair wages and labor conditions . These changes put further pressure on the agricultural sector , and prompted continued migration from the rural countryside to the growing cities . Many migrant farmers found work in Thailand 's growing manufacturing industry , and took jobs in sweatshops and factories with few labor regulations and often exploitative conditions . Those that could not find formal factory work , including illegal migrants and the families of rural Thai migrants that followed their relatives to the urban centers , turned to the informal sector to provide the extra support needed for survival -- under the widespread regulation imposed by the structural adjustment programs , one family member working in a factory or sweatshop made very little . Scholars argue that the economic consequences and social costs of Thailand 's labor reforms in the wake of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis fell on individuals and families rather than the state . This can be described as the `` externalization of market risk '' , meaning that as the country 's labor market became increasingly deregulated , the burden and responsibility of providing an adequate livelihood shifted from employers and the state to the workers themselves , whose families had to find jobs in the informal sector to make up for the losses and subsidize the wages being made by their relatives in the formal sector . The weight of these economic changes hit migrants and the urban poor especially hard , and the informal sector expanded rapidly as a result . Today , informal labor in Thailand is typically broken down into three main groups : subcontracted / self employed / home - based workers , service workers ( including those that are employed in restaurants , as street vendors , masseuses , taxi drivers , and as domestic workers ) , and agricultural workers . Not included in these categories are those that work in entertainment , nightlife , and the sex industry . Individuals employed in these facets of the informal labor sector face additional vulnerabilities , including recruitment into circles of sexual exploitation and human trafficking . In general , education levels are low in the informal sector . A 2012 study found that 64 % of informal workers had not completed education beyond primary school . Many informal workers are also migrants , only some of which have legal status in the country . Education and citizenship are two main barriers to entry for those looking to work in formal industries , and enjoy the labor protections and social security benefits that come along with formal employment . Because the informal labor sector is not recognized under the Labor Protection Act ( LPA ) , informal workers are much more vulnerable labor to exploitation and unsafe working conditions than those employed in more formal and federally recognized industries . While some Thai labor laws provide minimal protections to domestic and agricultural workers , they are often weak and difficult to enforce . Furthermore , Thai social security policies fail to protect against the risks many informal workers face , including workplace accidents and compensation as well as unemployment and retirement insurance . Many informal workers are not legally contracted for their employment , and many do not make a living wage . As a result , labor trafficking is common in the region , affecting children and adults , men and women , and migrants and Thai citizens alike . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Thailand Population pyramid 2016 Population in Thailand Year Million 1950 20.7 2000 62.9 2016 68.9 Thailand had a population of 68,863,514 as of 2016 . Thailand 's population is largely rural , concentrated in the rice - growing areas of the central , northeastern , and northern regions . Thailand had an urban population of 45.7 % as of 2010 , concentrated mostly in and around the Bangkok Metropolitan Area . Thailand 's government - sponsored family planning program resulted in a dramatic decline in population growth from 3.1 % in 1960 to around 0.4 % today . In 1970 , an average of 5.7 people lived in a Thai household . At the time of the 2010 census , the average Thai household size was 3.2 people . Ethnic groups Further information : Ethnic groups in Thailand A procession during the Hae Pha Khuen That festival of Wat Phra Mahathat Hmong people in Thailand Thai nationals make up the majority of Thailand 's population , 95.9 % in 2010 . The remaining 4.1 % of the population are Burmese ( 2.0 % ) , others 1.3 % , and unspecified 0.9 % . According to the Royal Thai Government 's 2011 Country Report to the UN Committee responsible for the International Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination , available from the Department of Rights and Liberties Promotion of the Thai Ministry of Justice , 62 ethnic communities are officially recognised in Thailand . Twenty million Central Thai ( together with approximately 650,000 Khorat Thai ) make up approximately 20,650,000 ( 34.1 percent ) of the nation 's population of 60,544,937 at the time of completion of the Mahidol University Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand data ( 1997 ) . The 2011 Thailand Country Report provides population numbers for mountain peoples ( ' hill tribes ' ) and ethnic communities in the Northeast and is explicit about its main reliance on the Mahidol University Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand data . Thus , though over 3.288 million people in the Northeast alone could not be categorised , the population and percentages of other ethnic communities circa 1997 are known for all of Thailand and constitute minimum populations . In descending order , the largest ( equal to or greater than 400,000 ) are a ) 15,080,000 Lao ( 24.9 percent ) consisting of the Thai Lao ( 14 million ) and other smaller Lao groups , namely the Thai Loei ( 400 -- 500,000 ) , Lao Lom ( 350,000 ) , Lao Wiang / Klang ( 200,000 ) , Lao Khrang ( 90,000 ) , Lao Ngaew ( 30,000 ) , and Lao Ti ( 10,000 ; b ) six million Khon Muang ( 9.9 percent , also called Northern Thais ) ; c ) 4.5 million Pak Tai ( 7.5 percent , also called Southern Thais ) ; d ) 1.4 million Khmer Leu ( 2.3 percent , also called Northern Khmer ) ; e ) 900,000 Malay ( 1.5 % ) ; f ) 500,000 Ngaw ( 0.8 percent ) ; g ) 470,000 Phu Thai ( 0.8 percent ) ; h ) 400,000 Kuy / Kuay ( also known as Suay ) ( 0.7 percent ) , and i ) 350,000 Karen ( 0.6 percent ) . Thai Chinese , those of significant Chinese heritage , are 14 % of the population , while Thais with partial Chinese ancestry comprise up to 40 % of the population . Thai Malays represent 3 % of the population , with the remainder consisting of Mons , Khmers and various `` hill tribes '' . The country 's official language is Thai and the primary religion is Theravada Buddhism , which is practised by around 95 % of the population . Increasing numbers of migrants from neighbouring Myanmar , Laos , and Cambodia , as well as from Nepal and India , have pushed the total number of non-national residents to around 3.5 million as of 2009 , up from an estimated 2 million in 2008 , and about 1.3 million in 2000 . Some 41,000 Britons live in Thailand . Population centres Further information : List of cities in Thailand Largest municipalities in Thailand See template Rank Name Province Pop . Rank Name Province Pop . Bangkok Nonthaburi City Bangkok Bangkok 5,686,646 11 Pattaya City Chonburi 117,371 Pak Kret City Hat Yai City Nonthaburi City Nonthaburi 255,793 12 Nakhon Si Thammarat City Nakhon Si Thammarat 104,948 Pak Kret City Nonthaburi 189,258 13 Nakhon Sawan City Nakhon Sawan 84,122 Hat Yai City Songkhla 159,627 14 Laem Chabang City Chonburi 82,960 5 Chaophraya Surasak City Chonburi 132,172 15 Rangsit City Pathum Thani 81,084 6 Nakhon Ratchasima City Nakhon Ratchasima 131,286 16 Phuket City Phuket 78,923 7 Udon Thani City Udon Thani 131,192 17 Nakhon Pathom City Nakhon Pathom 77,651 8 Chiang Mai City Chiang Mai 131,091 18 Ubon Ratchathani City Ubon Ratchathani 77,306 9 Surat Thani City Surat Thani 130,114 19 Chiang Rai City Chiang Rai 74,226 10 Khon Kaen City Khon Kaen 120,045 20 Phitsanulok City Phitsanulok 68,898 Language Main article : Languages of Thailand An ethnolinguistic map of Thailand . The official language of Thailand is Thai , a Tai -- Kadai language closely related to Lao , Shan in Myanmar , and numerous smaller languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Yunnan south to the Chinese border . It is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout the country . The standard is based on the dialect of the central Thai people , and it is written in the Thai alphabet , an abugida script that evolved from the Khmer alphabet . Sixty - two languages were recognised by the Royal Thai Government in the 2011 Country Report to the UN Committee responsible for the International Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination , which employed an ethnolinguistic approach and is available from the Department of Rights and Liberties Promotion of the Thai Ministry of Justice . Southern Thai is spoken in the southern provinces , and Northern Thai is spoken in the provinces that were formerly part of the independent kingdom of Lan Na . For the purposes of the national census , which does not recognise all 62 languages recognised by the Royal Thai Government in the 2011 Country Report , four dialects of Thai exist ; these partly coincide with regional designations . The largest of Thailand 's minority languages is the Lao dialect of Isan spoken in the northeastern provinces . Although sometimes considered a Thai dialect , it is a Lao dialect , and the region where it is traditionally spoken was historically part of the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang . In the far south , Kelantan - Pattani Malay is the primary language of Malay Muslims . Varieties of Chinese are also spoken by the large Thai Chinese population , with the Teochew dialect best - represented . Numerous tribal languages are also spoken , including many Austroasiatic languages such as Mon , Khmer , Viet , Mlabri and Orang Asli ; Austronesian languages such as Cham and Moken ; Sino - Tibetan languages like Lawa , Akha , and Karen ; and other Tai languages such as Tai Yo , Phu Thai , and Saek . Hmong is a member of the Hmong -- Mien languages , which is now regarded as a language family of its own . English is a mandatory school subject , but the number of fluent speakers remains low , especially outside cities . Religion Main article : Religion in Thailand Religion in Thailand ( 2015 ) Religion Percent Buddhism 94.50 % Islam 4.29 % Christianity 1.17 % Hinduism 0.03 % Unaffiliated / Others 0.01 % Worshippers making offerings to a chedi at Wat Doi Suthep , Chiang Mai Thai Malays are Muslims Thailand 's prevalent religion is Theravada Buddhism , which is an integral part of Thai identity and culture . Active participation in Buddhism is among the highest in the world . According to the 2000 census , 94.6 % and 93.58 % in 2010 of the country 's population self - identified as Buddhists of the Theravada tradition . Muslims constitute the second largest religious group in Thailand , comprising 4.9 % of the population . Islam is concentrated mostly in the country 's southernmost provinces : Pattani , Yala , Satun , Narathiwat , and part of Songkhla Chumphon , which are predominantly Malay , most of whom are Sunni Muslims . Christians represent 0.9 % ( 2000 ) and 1.17 % ( 2015 ) of the population , with the remaining population consisting of Hindus and Sikhs , who live mostly in the country 's cities . There is also a small but historically significant Jewish community in Thailand dating back to the 17th century . According to the 2015 census , 67,328,562 Thailand residents belonged to the following religious groups : Religion Number ( 2010 ) , Percentage Number ( 2016 ) Percentage Buddhism 61,746,429 93.58 % 63,620,298 94.50 % Islam 3,259,340 4.94 % 2,892,311 4.29 % Christianity 789,376 1.20 % 787,589 1.17 % Hinduism 41,808 0.06 % 22,110 0.03 % No religion 46.122 0.07 % 2,925 0.005 % Other religions 70.742 0.11 % 1,583 0.002 % Sikhism 11,124 0.02 % 1,030 0.001 % Confucianism 16,718 0.02 % 716 0.001 % According to the 2015 census , 67,328,562 Thailand residents by Region belonged to the following religious groups : Religion Bangkok % Central Region % Northern Region % Northeastern Region % Southern Region % Buddhism 8,197,188 93.95 % 18,771,520 97.57 % 11,044,018 96.23 % 18,698,599 99.83 % 6,908,973 75.45 % Islam 364,855 4.18 % 247,430 1.29 % 35,561 0.31 % 16,851 0.09 % 2,227,613 24.33 % Christianity 146,592 1.68 % 214,444 1.11 % 393,969 3.43 % 13,825 0.07 % 18,759 0.21 % Hinduism 16,306 0.19 % 5,280 0.03 % 207 0.002 % 318 0.001 % - Sikhism - 0.00 % - 0.00 % 378 0.003 % - 0.00 % 491 0.005 % No religion 289 0.00 % 473 0.002 % 1,001 0.01 % 436 0.002 % 726 0.008 % Other religions - 0.00 % 294 0.00 % 1,808 0.16 % - 0.00 % 359 0.004 % Health Main articles : Health in Thailand and HIV / AIDS in Thailand Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok , the oldest and largest hospital in Thailand . Health and medical care is overseen by the Ministry of Public Health ( MOPH ) , along with several other non-ministerial government agencies , with total national expenditures on health amounting to 4.3 percent of GDP in 2009 . Non-communicable diseases form the major burden of morbidity and mortality , while infectious diseases including malaria and tuberculosis , as well as traffic accidents , are also important public health issues . The current Minister for Public Health is Prof. Emeritus Piyasakol Sakolsatayadorn , M.D. and the Permanent Secretary of Ministry of Public Health is Jedsada Chokdamrongsuk , M.D. Somsak Chunharas , MD , MPH , was once Deputy Minister for Public Health and is currently a Senior Leadership Fellow at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston . Culture Main article : Culture of Thailand See also : Music of Thailand , Isan , and Cinema of Thailand Theravada Buddhism , highly practised in Thailand Thai culture has been shaped by many influences , including Indian , Lao , Burmese , Cambodian , and Chinese . Its traditions incorporate a great deal of influence from India , China , Cambodia , and the rest of Southeast Asia . Thailand 's national religion , Theravada Buddhism , is central to modern Thai identity . Thai Buddhism has evolved over time to include many regional beliefs originating from Hinduism , animism , as well as ancestor worship . The official calendar in Thailand is based on the Eastern version of the Buddhist Era ( BE ) , which is 543 years ahead of the Gregorian ( Western ) calendar . Thus the year 2015 is 2558 BE in Thailand . Several different ethnic groups , many of which are marginalised , populate Thailand . Some of these groups spill over into Myanmar , Laos , Cambodia and Malaysia and have mediated change between their traditional local culture , national Thai , and global cultural influences . Overseas Chinese also form a significant part of Thai society , particularly in and around Bangkok . Their successful integration into Thai society has allowed for this group to hold positions of economic and political power . Thai Chinese businesses prosper as part of the larger bamboo network , a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties . Khon show is the most stylised form of Thai performance . The traditional Thai greeting , the wai , is generally offered first by the younger of the two people meeting , with their hands pressed together , fingertips pointing upwards as the head is bowed to touch face to fingertips , usually coinciding with the spoken words `` sawatdi khrap '' for male speakers , and `` sawatdi kha '' for females . The elder may then respond in the same way . Social status and position , such as in government , will also have an influence on who performs the wai first . For example , although one may be considerably older than a provincial governor , when meeting it is usually the visitor who pays respect first . When children leave to go to school , they are taught to wai their parents to indicate their respect . The wai is a sign of respect and reverence for another , similar to the namaste greeting of India and Nepal . As with other Asian cultures , respect towards ancestors is an essential part of Thai spiritual practice . Thais have a strong sense of hospitality and generosity , but also a strong sense of social hierarchy . Seniority is paramount in Thai culture . Elders have by tradition ruled in family decisions or ceremonies . Older siblings have duties to younger ones . Taboos in Thailand include touching someone 's head or pointing with the feet , as the head is considered the most sacred and the foot the lowest part of the body . Cuisine Further information : Cuisine of Thailand The art of vegetable carving is thought to have originated in the Sukhothai Kingdom nearly 700 years ago Thai cuisine blends five fundamental tastes : sweet , spicy , sour , bitter , and salty . Common ingredients used in Thai cuisine include garlic , chillies , lime juice , lemon grass , coriander , galangal , palm sugar , and fish sauce ( nam pla ) . The staple food in Thailand is rice , particularly jasmine variety rice ( also known as `` hom Mali '' rice ) which forms a part of almost every meal . Thailand was long the world 's largest exporter of rice , and Thais domestically consume over 100 kg of milled rice per person per year . Over 5,000 varieties of rice from Thailand are preserved in the rice gene bank of the International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) , based in the Philippines . The king of Thailand is the official patron of IRRI . Media Further information : Media of Thailand Thai society has been influenced in recent years by its widely available multi-language press and media . There are some English and numerous Thai and Chinese newspapers in circulation . Most Thai popular magazines use English headlines as a chic glamour factor . Many large businesses in Bangkok operate in English as well as other languages . Thailand is the largest newspaper market in Southeast Asia with an estimated circulation of over 13 million copies daily in 2003 . Even upcountry , out of Bangkok , the media flourish . For example , according to Thailand 's Public Relations Department Media Directory 2003 -- 2004 , the nineteen provinces of Isan , Thailand 's northeastern region , hosted 116 newspapers along with radio , TV , and cable . Since then , another province , Bueng Kan , was incorporated , totalling twenty provinces . In addition , a military coup on 22 May 2014 led to severe state restrictions on all media and forms of expression . Units of measurement Further information : Thai units of measurement Thailand generally uses the metric system , but traditional units of measurement for land area are used , and imperial units of measurement are occasionally used for building materials , such as wood and plumbing fixtures . Years are numbered as B.E. ( Buddhist Era ) in educational settings , civil service , government , contracts , and newspaper datelines . However , in banking , and increasingly in industry and commerce , standard Western year ( Christian or Common Era ) counting is the standard practice . Sports See also : Thailand at the Olympics , Rugby union in Thailand , Golf in Thailand , Football in Thailand , and List of sporting events held in Thailand Muay Thai , Thailand 's signature sport Muay Thai ( Thai : มวยไทย , RTGS : Muai Thai , ( muaj thaj ) , lit . `` Thai boxing '' ) is a native form of kickboxing and Thailand 's signature sport . It incorporates kicks , punches , knees and elbow strikes in a ring with gloves similar to those used in Western boxing and this has led to Thailand gaining medals at the Olympic Games in boxing . Association football has overtaken muay Thai as the most widely followed sport in contemporary Thai society . Thailand national football team has played the AFC Asian Cup six times and reached the semifinals in 1972 . The country has hosted the Asian Cup twice , in 1972 and in 2007 . The 2007 edition was co-hosted together with Indonesia , Malaysia and Vietnam . It is not uncommon to see Thais cheering their favourite English Premier League teams on television and walking around in replica kit . Another widely enjoyed pastime , and once a competitive sport , is kite flying . Rajamangala National Stadium Volleyball is rapidly growing as one of the most popular sports . The women 's team has often participated in the World Championship , World Cup , and World Grand Prix Asian Championship . They have won the Asian Championship twice and Asian Cup once . By the success of the women 's team , the men team has been growing as well . Takraw ( Thai : ตะกร้อ ) is a sport native to Thailand , in which the players hit a rattan ball and are only allowed to use their feet , knees , chest , and head to touch the ball . Sepak takraw is a form of this sport which is similar to volleyball . The players must volley a ball over a net and force it to hit the ground on the opponent 's side . It is also a popular sport in other countries in Southeast Asia . A rather similar game but played only with the feet is buka ball . Snooker has enjoyed increasing popularity in Thailand in recent years , with interest in the game being stimulated by the success of Thai snooker player James Wattana in the 1990s . Other notable players produced by the country include Ratchayothin Yotharuck , Noppon Saengkham and Dechawat Poomjaeng . Rugby is also a growing sport in Thailand with the Thailand national rugby union team rising to be ranked 61st in the world . Thailand became the first country in the world to host an international 80 welterweight rugby tournament in 2005 . The national domestic Thailand Rugby Union ( TRU ) competition includes several universities and services teams such as Chulalongkorn University , Mahasarakham University , Kasetsart University , Prince of Songkla University , Thammasat University , Rangsit University , the Thai Police , the Thai Army , the Thai Navy and the Royal Thai Air Force . Local sports clubs which also compete in the TRU include the British Club of Bangkok , the Southerners Sports Club ( Bangkok ) and the Royal Bangkok Sports Club . Thailand has been called the golf capital of Asia as it is a popular destination for golf . The country attracts a large number of golfers from Japan , Korea , Singapore , South Africa , and Western countries who come to play golf in Thailand every year . The growing popularity of golf , especially among the middle classes and immigrants , is evident as there are more than 200 world - class golf courses nationwide , and some of them are chosen to host PGA and LPGA tournaments , such as Amata Spring Country Club , Alpine Golf and Sports Club , Thai Country Club , and Black Mountain Golf Club . Basketball is a growing sport in Thailand , especially on the professional sports club level . The Chang Thailand Slammers won the 2011 ASEAN Basketball League Championship . The Thailand national basketball team had its most successful year at the 1966 Asian Games where it won the silver medal . Other sports in Thailand are slowly growing as the country develops its sporting infrastructure . The success in sports like weightlifting and taekwondo at the last two summer Olympic Games has demonstrated that boxing is no longer the only medal option for Thailand . Sporting venues Thammasat Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Bangkok . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium holds 25,000 . It is on Thammasat University 's Rangsit campus . It was built for the 1998 Asian Games by construction firm Christiani and Nielsen , the same company that constructed the Democracy Monument in Bangkok . Rajamangala National Stadium is the biggest sporting arena in Thailand . It currently has a capacity of 65,000 . It is in Bang Kapi , Bangkok . The stadium was built in 1998 for the 1998 Asian Games and is the home stadium of the Thailand national football team . The well - known Lumpini Boxing Stadium will host its final Muay Thai boxing matches on 7 February 2014 after the venue first opened in December 1956 . Managed by the Royal Thai Army , the stadium was officially selected for the purpose of muay Thai bouts following a competition that was staged on 15 March 1956 . From 11 February 2014 , the stadium will relocate to Ram Intra Road , due to the new venue 's capacity to accommodate audiences of up to 3,500 . Foreigners typically pay between 1,000 -- 2,000 baht to view a match , with prices depending on the location of the seating . International rankings Main article : International rankings of Thailand Organisation Survey Ranking The Heritage Foundation Indices of Economic Freedom 60 of 179 A.T. Kearney / Foreign Policy magazine Global Services Location Index 2011 7 of 50 Reporters Without Borders Worldwide Press Freedom Index , 2014 130 of 180 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 80 of 179 United Nations Development Programme Human Development Index 89 of 187 World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report ( 2008 ) 34 of 134 World Gold Council Gold reserve ( 2010 ) 24 of 111 HSBC International Expat Explorer Survey ( 2012 ) 2 of 30 See also Thailand portal Asia portal Index of Thailand - related articles Outline of Thailand References ^ Jump up to : Thailand Archived 3 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , The World Factbook . ^ Jump up to : Draper , John ; Kamnuansilpa , Peerasit ( 2016 ) . `` The Thai Lao Question : The Reappearance of Thailand 's Ethnic Lao Community and Related Policy Questions '' . Asian Ethnicity. 19 : 81 -- 105 . doi : 10.1080 / 14631369.2016. 1258300 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2016 . 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Jump up ^ สถิติ ที่ ไม่ น่า ภูมิใจ เมื่อ ไทย ติดอันดับ ที่ 4 ประเทศ ที่ มี การ รัฐประหาร บ่อย ที่สุด ใน โลก Siam Intelligence ( in Thai ) Jump up ^ Gray , Denis D. ( 22 August 2015 ) . `` Deadly bombing in military - ruled Thailand adds to mounting woes in one - time ' Land of Smiles ' '' . U.S. News & World Report . Associated Press . Retrieved 23 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand 's constitution : New era , new uncertainties '' . BBC News . 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Champion , Paul ( 25 September 2007 ) . `` Professor in lese majeste row '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 13 October 2007 . Jump up ^ 2014 coup marks the highest number of lèse - majesté prisoners in Thai history . Prachatai . ^ Jump up to : `` Thailand jails man for 35 years for insulting the monarchy on Facebook '' . The Independent . 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand '' . freedomhouse.org . ^ Jump up to : `` The Climate of Thailand '' ( PDF ) . Thai Meteorological Department . 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Singapore was third , Malaysia 28th , and Korea 46th : The Sorry State of Thai Education -- Part 4 : Dismal English - language education Archived 23 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , Reuters & The Korea Herald , 23 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Draper , John ( 2012 ) , `` Revisiting English in Thailand '' , Asian EFL Journal , 14 ( 4 ) : 9 -- 38 , ISSN 1738 - 1460 , archived from the original on 12 March 2014 Jump up ^ OECD ( 2013 ) , Structural Policy Country Notes : Thailand ( PDF ) , OECD , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 March 2014 Jump up ^ Khaopa , Wannapa ( 12 December 2012 ) . `` Thai students drop in world maths and science study '' . The Nation . Archived from the original on 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Draper , John ( 12 December 2011 ) . `` Solving Isaan 's education problem '' . The Isaan Record . Archived from the original on 26 February 2013 . 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Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board . Retrieved 23 เม. ย. 61 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` ภาวะ เศรษฐกิจ ไทย ไตรมาส ที่ สี่ ทั้ง ปี 2560 และ แนวโน้ม ปี 2561 '' . สํานัก ยุทธศาสตร์ และ การ วางแผน เศรษฐกิจ มหภาค. 2561 . Retrieved 23 / 4 / 61 . Check date values in : access - date = , date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` ภาวะ สังคม ไทย ไตรมาส สี่ และ ภาพ รวม ปี 2560 '' ( PDF ) . สํานักงาน คณะ กรรมการ พัฒนาการ เศรษฐกิจ และ สังคม แห่ง ชาติ . Retrieved 23 เม. ย. 61 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ ข้อมูล หนี้ สาธารณะ คง ค้าง . สํานักงาน บริหาร หนี้ สาธารณะ . สืบค้น 18 - 2 - 2561 . ^ Jump up to : เสรี วร วิทย์ กุล , ชนา ภร ณ์ ; รุ่ง เจริญ กิจ กุล , ภูริ ชัย ( กรกฎาคม 2554 ) . `` ฐานะ ทาง การเงิน ของ ภาค ครัวเรือน และ ผล ของ ความ มั่งคั่ง ต่อ การ บริโภค '' ( PDF ) . ธนาคาร แห่ง ประเทศไทย . Retrieved 24 เม. ย. 61 . Check date values in : access - date = , date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` GDP ( Purchasing Power Parity ) '' . The World Factbook . US CIA . Archived from the original on 25 June 2014 . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NESDB : Thailand facing unemployment problem '' . Pattaya Mail . 25 November 2014 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2015 . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Aidan Jones ( 31 January 2014 ) . `` Thai northeast vows poll payback to Shinawatra clan '' . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Phisanu Phromchanya ( 24 February 2012 ) . `` Thailand Economy To Rebound Strongly In 2012 , '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 15 October 2015 . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cambodian exodus from Thailand jumps to nearly 180,000 '' . Agence France - Presse. 17 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 17 June 2014 . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Global Wealth Report 2016 . Zurich : Credit Suisse AG . November 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Table 3 : Inequality - adjusted Human Development Index '' . Human Development Report Office , United Nations Development Programme . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` บท สรุป ผู้ บริหาร การ สํารวจ ภาวะ เศรษฐกิจ และ สังคม ของ ครัวเรือน พ. ศ. 2560 '' ( PDF ) . สํานักงาน สถิติ แห่ง ชาติ . Retrieved 25 เม. ย. 2561 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` รายงาน การ วิเคราะห์ สถานการณ์ ความ ยากจน และ ความ เหลื่อม ล้า ใน ประเทศไทย ปี 2559 '' ( PDF ) . ส้า นัก พัฒนา ฐาน ข้อมูล และ ตัว ชี้ วัด ภาวะ สังคม ส้า นักงาน คณะ กรรมการ พัฒนาการ เศรษฐกิจ และ สังคม แห่ง ชาติ. 2559 . Retrieved 24 เม. ย. 61 . Check date values in : access - date = , date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Profile of the Protestors : A Survey of Pro and Anti-Government Demonstrators in Bangkok on November 30 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Asia Foundation . December 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : พงศ์ พิพัฒน์ บัญชา นนท์ ( 18 มิถุนายน 2017 ) . `` ยิ่ง นาน ยิ่ง ถ่าง ช่อง ว่าง ทาง ราย ได้ ปัญหา ใหญ่ ที่ รอ ค ส ช . แก้ '' . บี บี ซี ไทย . Retrieved 25 เมษายน 2018 . Check date values in : access - date = , date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ส ส ส . เผย สถานการณ์ คน ไร้ บ้าน ทั่ว ประเทศ กว่า 3 หมื่น คน '' . โพ ส ต์ ทู เดย์. 16 มิ. ย. 2560 . Retrieved 25 เม. ย. 2561 . Check date values in : access - date = , date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Santivimolnat , Santan ( 18 August 2012 ) . `` 2 - million milestone edges nearer '' . Bangkok Post . Jump up ^ Languepin , Olivier ( 3 January 2013 ) . `` Thailand poised to Surpass Car Production target '' . Thailand Business News . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Production Statistics '' . OICA ( International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers ) . Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Chokrungvaranont , Prayuth , Gennaro Selvaggi , Sirachai Jindarak , Apichai Angspatt , Pornthep Pungrasmi , Poonpismai Suwajo , and Preecha Tiewtranon . `` The Development of Sex Reassignment Surgery in Thailand : A Social Perspective '' . The Scientific World Journal . Hindawi Publishing Corporation , 2014 . Web . 23 Mar. 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Henri Leturque and Steve Wiggins 2010 . Thailand 's progress in agriculture : Transition and sustained productivity growth Archived 27 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... London : Overseas Development Institute Jump up ^ International Grains Council . `` Grain Market Report ( GMR444 ) '' Archived 2 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , London , 14 May 2014 . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CIA World Factbook -- Greater Mekong Subregion '' . Cia.gov . Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rice Around The World . Thailand '' . Irri.org . 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Martin Kessler Books , Free Press . pp. 4 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82289 - 1 . Archived from the original on 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Thai Fruit and Vegetable Carving '' . Archived from the original on 25 November 2015 . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cooperation of IRRI and Thailand '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 June 2005 . ( 38.7 KB ) Jump up ^ `` Weights and measures in Thailand '' . Cockatoo.com. 17 December 1923 . Archived from the original on 10 October 2017 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Guy ( 18 April 1993 ) . `` Snooker : A storm coming in from the East : Thailand does n't boast many world - beating sportsmen . But over the next fortnight James Wattana might just become one '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Goyder , James ( 11 January 2014 ) . `` South East Asians proving high earners on the tables '' . thenational.ae . Archived from the original on 15 March 2015 . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` International Rugby Board -- THAILAND '' . International Rugby Board . Archived from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ The Nation Archived 25 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , 19 July 2005 Jump up ^ `` Golf in Thailand by '' . Golfasia.com . Archived from the original on 1 May 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Chawadee Nualkhair ( 10 July 2009 ) . `` Thailand woos foreign golfers with sun , sand traps '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 15 July 2009 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Why to book with golf2thailand.com : Thailand Golf Courses Thailand Golf Packages '' . Golf2thailand.com . Archived from the original on 15 June 2006 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chang Thailand Slammers -- AirAsia ASEAN Basketball League '' . aseanbasketballleague.com . Archived from the original on 5 June 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand Basketball '' . best-basketball-tips.com . Archived from the original on 1 May 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` End of an era for Muay Thai at Lumpini '' . Bangkok Post . 6 February 2014 . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Global Services Location Index -- A.T. Kearney '' . 3 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Global Competitiveness Report 2008 -- 2009 '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum . weforum.org. 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 March 2009 . Retrieved 12 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Expat Explorer Survey 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Expat . HSBC Group . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 October 2012 . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . Bibliography Cœdès , George ( 1968 ) . Walter F. Vella , ed . The Indianized States of Southeast Asia . trans. Susan Brown Cowing . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 0368 - 1 . 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Thailand entry in Library of Congress Country Studies . 1987 Thailand from UCB Libraries GovPubs Thailand at Curlie Thailand from the BBC News Thailand Encyclopædia Britannica entry Wikimedia Atlas of Thailand Longdo Map -- Thailand maps in English and Thai Key Development Forecasts for Thailand from International Futures 2010 Thailand population census by Economic and Social statistics Bureau Travel Tourism Authority of Thailand -- official tourism website Other Thailand Country Fact Sheet from the Common Language Project Southeast Asia Visions . `` Browse the Southeast Asia Visions Collection '' . Cornell University Library . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . 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what is the country of siam called today
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"Thailand (/ˈtaɪlænd/ TY-land), officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam, is a country at the center of the Southeast Asian Indochinese peninsula composed of 76 provinces. At 513,120 km2 (198,120 sq mi) and over 68 million people, Thailand is the world's 50th largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country. The capital and largest city is Bangkok, a special administrative area. Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest. Although nominally a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, the most recent coup in 2014 established a de facto military dictatorship.\n"
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"Thailand"
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Grown Ups 2
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Grown Ups 2 - wikipedia Grown Ups 2 Jump to : navigation , search Grown Ups 2 Theatrical release poster Directed by Dennis Dugan Produced by Adam Sandler Jack Giarraputo Written by Fred Wolf Adam Sandler Tim Herlihy Starring Adam Sandler Kevin James Chris Rock David Spade Salma Hayek Maya Rudolph Maria Bello Nick Swardson Music by Rupert Gregson - Williams Cinematography Theo van de Sande Edited by Tom Costain Production company Happy Madison Productions Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing Release date July 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 12 ) Running time 101 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $247 million Grown Ups 2 is a 2013 American comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan and co-produced by Adam Sandler , who also starred in the film . It is the sequel to the 2010 film Grown Ups . The film co-stars Kevin James , Chris Rock , David Spade , Nick Swardson , and Salma Hayek . The film is produced by Adam Sandler 's production company Happy Madison Productions and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing . The film was released on July 12 , 2013 . The film grossed roughly $247 million on an $80 million budget . It was nominated for nine Razzies at the 2014 Golden Raspberry Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 The Feder family 2.3 The McKenzie family 2.4 Other characters 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Accolades 4.4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Three years after the events of the first film , Lenny Feder has relocated his family back to his Connecticut hometown of Stanton where he and his friends grew up . In the film 's opening in the Feder household , Lenny wakes up to find a wild deer standing next to his bed . Lenny tries to get his wife Roxanne to open the window . She wakes up in anger and startles the deer , causing it to urinate all over the bed and on Lenny . The deer runs down the hall and crashes into the bathroom where it runs into Lenny 's eldest son Greg showering scaring him and making the deer urinate on him . It turns out that Lenny 's younger daughter , Becky , left the door open overnight for any animals that wanted to come in . Lenny is able to get the deer out of the house by using Becky 's monkey doll , which rips it apart , devastating her . Greg , Keith , and Becky then go to their last day of school . Roxanne brings up the idea of their family having another baby , but Lenny says their family is perfect as is , upsetting Roxanne . At the Lamonsoff household , Eric Lamonsoff and his wife Sally are at odds with each other over how to raise their children - Sally believes in unwavering support while Eric prefers to be more practical with them , as proven for their son 's bad math skills and daughter 's rambuncious sense in fashion . At the McKenzie household , Kurt surprises his wife Deanne with a thoughtful anniversary present , only to find that she has completely forgotten . Meanwhile , Marcus Higgins is waiting at a train station after receiving a letter from an old girlfriend , who tells him that he has a seventeen - year - old son Braden . Marcus is stunned to see a tattooed , six - foot - tall boy , who turns out to be Braden . Marcus tries to be nice and takes him to school , but Braden shows an immediate dislike toward him , believing that he abandoned him and his mother . After dropping off their kids , Lenny , Eric , Kurt , and Marcus spend the day roaming around town , reminiscing about the amazing summers they used to have when they were kids and Lenny 's childhood bully , Tommy Cavanaugh . Lenny argues that he could take Tommy as a kid and he can still take him . Eventually , the friends go to see Becky 's ballet recital , where Lenny runs into Tommy , whom Lenny is visibly terrified of . Tommy threatens that if Lenny ever lies again about being able to beat him up , he 'll publicly beat Lenny up . Once the kids are out of school , Lenny , Eric , Kurt , and Marcus decide to visit the old quarry , where they used to swim as kids . However , they run into a gang of partying frat boys who force them to jump into the quarry lake naked . Braden , who was partying with the frat boys , witnesses this and goes off to vandalize their frat house . When the frat boys return , they swear to take revenge . Lenny arrives home to help Roxanne set up for a 1980s - themed party for their friends . Meanwhile , Marcus begins to bond with Braden . As all of their friends begin to arrive , Roxanne urges Lenny to consider having another baby . Lenny continues to protest the idea and is left dumbfounded when Roxanne reveals that she is pregnant . Lenny , feeling overwhelmed by this discovery , goes off to drink with his friends . The Feder 's party goes well most of the night until Tommy Cavanaugh shows up and disrespects Lenny in front of everyone , so Lenny challenges Tommy to a fight . In a surprising turn , Tommy decides to take a dive so that Lenny can look tough for his own bullied son , and the two develop a mutual respect . Soon after , the angry frat boys arrive at the house looking for retribution for the damage to their frat house . When they go on to insult the local town residents , Dickie Bailey , Lenny 's old nemesis , points out that Lenny accomplished more in his life than the entire frat put together , inciting a fight . The locals hold their own against the frat boys and eventually send them running away defeated . After all the commotion dies down , the four friends , plus Bailey , have pancakes at Eric 's mom 's house . After sharing an embarrassing photo of him and Bailey in kindergarten ( they had been childhood friends before their personal lives drove them apart ) , Mrs. Lamonsoff reassures Lenny that a new baby is a wonderful thing and eventually he will never be able to imagine life with just three kids ( and also mentions that Eric was an accidental baby because she and her husband had sex in the bathroom at a New England Patriots game ) . Lenny has a change of heart and returns home , telling Roxanne he is sorry and excited about the new baby , and they reconcile . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Adam Sandler as Lenny Feder Kevin James as Eric Lamonsoff Chris Rock as Kurt McKenzie David Spade as Marcus Higgins The Feder family ( edit ) Salma Hayek as Roxanne Feder Cameron Boyce as Keith Feder Jake Goldberg as Greg Feder Alexys Nycole Sanchez as Becky Feder The McKenzie family ( edit ) Maya Rudolph as Deanne McKenzie China Anne McClain as Charlotte McKenzie Nadji Jeter as Andre McKenzie Other characters ( edit ) Nick Swardson as Nick Hilliard Maria Bello as Sally Lamonsoff Alexander Ludwig as Braden Higgins Steve Buscemi as Wiley Tim Meadows as Malcolm Fluzoo Colin Quinn as Dickie Bailey Cheri Oteri as Penny Allen Covert as Hippie Teacher Jonathan Loughran as Robideaux Peter Dante as Officer Dante Shaquille O'Neal as Officer Fluzoo David Henrie as Frat Boy Zac Taylor Lautner as Frat Boy Andy Patrick Schwarzenegger as Frat Boy Cooper Milo Ventimiglia as Frat Boy Milo Jimmy Tatro as Frat Boy Jimmy Steve Austin as Tommy Cavanaugh Oliver Hudson as Kyle Jon Lovitz as Squats Fitness Janitor Chris Berman as The Great Rinaldo Dan Patrick as Gym Teacher Michael Kay as football coach Dennis Dugan as the Doctor Halston Sage as Nancy Arbuckle Norm Crosby as K - Mart associate Ellen Cleghorne as Mary Fluzoo April Rose as Hot Dance Teacher Andy Samberg , Taran Killam , Bobby Moynihan , Will Forte , Jorma Taccone , Akiva Schaffer as Male Cheerleaders Production ( edit ) Filming of Grown Ups 2 began on May 2 , 2012 , in Massachusetts , United States and ended on July 15 , 2012 . Columbia Pictures and Happy Madison Productions distributed the film . The film was written by Adam Sandler , Fred Wolf and Tim Herlihy and directed by Dennis Dugan , Sandler 's longtime collaborator . The film was released on July 12 , 2013 in the United States . It was released on August 9 , 2013 in the United Kingdom . Rob Schneider did not reprise his role from the first film because of scheduling conflicts and his wife was pregnant during production . The film is the first film sequel that Adam Sandler has starred in . The movie also has a role played by WWE hall of famer Steve Austin . Stand - up comedian Chris Hardwick confirmed a cameo as an ice cream vendor via his Facebook page . Additionally , the film features a cameo appearance by sportscaster Michael Kay and includes Shaquille O'Neal as a cop . On July 10 , 2012 , it was announced Arnold Schwarzenegger 's son , Patrick , would be appearing as one of the frat brothers . Oliver Cooper was offered a role as one of the fraternity brothers but had to back out due to scheduling conflicts . Release ( edit ) The first trailer for the film was released on April 2 , 2013 . The film was released on July 12 , 2013 in United States . Box Office ( edit ) Grown Ups 2 grossed $133.7 million in North America and $113.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $247 million , against a budget of $80 million . It made a net profit of $48 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film . In North America , the film earned $16.3 million on its opening day , and opened to number two in its first weekend , with $41,508,572 , behind Despicable Me 2 . In its second weekend , the film dropped to number four in the United States , grossing an additional $19.9 million . In its third weekend , the film dropped to number five in the United States , grossing $11.6 million . In its fourth weekend , the film dropped to number six , grossing $7.9 million . Critical response ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , reports that 7 % of 108 critics gave the film a positive review ; the average rating is 2.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` While it 's almost certainly the movie event of the year for filmgoers passionate about deer urine humor , Grown Ups 2 will bore , annoy , and disgust audiences of nearly every other persuasion . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 19 out of 100 based on 28 critics , indicating `` overwhelming dislike '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale , the same grade earned by its predecessor . John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter said , `` Throughout , gags are cartoonishly broad and afforded so little time for setup and delivery we seem to be watching less a story than a catalog of tossed - out material . '' Andrew Barker of Variety said , `` Among the slackest , laziest , least movie - like movies released by a major studio in the last decade , `` Grown Ups 2 '' is perhaps the closest Hollywood has yet come to making Ow ! My Balls ! seem like a plausible future project . '' Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film one out of four stars , saying , `` The temptation arises to say something nice about `` Grown Ups 2 '' just because it does n't cause injury . But no , it 's a bad movie , just old - school bad , the kind that 's merely lousy and not an occasion for migraines or night sweats . '' Linda Barnard of the Toronto Star gave the film zero out of four stars , saying , `` Adam Sandler scrapes the bottom of the barrel -- and then he pukes into it -- with Grown Ups 2 , a lazily cribbed - together swamp of pointless and unfunny sketches that makes 2010 's Grown Ups look like Citizen Kane . '' Matt Patches of Time Out New York gave the film one out of five stars , saying , `` In the first five minutes , a deer walks into the star 's bedroom and urinates on his face . It 's all downhill from there . '' Rafer Guzman of Newsday gave the film one out of four stars , saying , `` For all its warm and fuzzy notions of family and community , Grown Ups 2 ... has a desperate reliance on nasty jokes about pee , poo and -- with surprising frequency -- gay panic . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly , who gave the film a B , said , `` In certain ways , Grown Ups 2 marks a return to classically Sandlerian infantile anarchy . '' Mark Olsen of the Los Angeles Times gave the film one and a half stars out of five , saying , `` Grown Ups 2 looks like it was a lot of fun to make . And the last laugh is on us . '' Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News gave the film two out of five stars , saying , `` Like most Adam Sandler movies , it 's exactly like most Adam Sandler movies ... This movie stars all Sandler 's buddies and gleefully embraces lowbrow crudity even while promoting loving family values . '' Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club gave the film a D -- , saying , `` Largely free of Sandler 's usual schmaltz and lame romance , it 's pure plotless , grotesque high jinks , bizarre and inept in a way that 's fascinating without ever being all that funny . '' Nick Schager of The Village Voice gave the film a negative review , saying `` A few decent one - liners notwithstanding , the movie comes off as willfully uninspired . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film one star out of four , saying , `` Mystifyingly , the movie manages to emerge plot - free . Instead , it offers a succession of humorless gross - out gags , fat jokes , suggestive posturing , bullying , belches and pratfalls . Life is simple -- and gross -- in Sandlerville . '' Sara Stewart of the New York Post gave the film half a star out of four , saying , `` The movie lurches from one gross - out scene to another , flipping the bird at continuity and logic . It honestly seems as if Sandler and his team descended on a random suburb , halfheartedly improvising and moving on when they got bored . '' Stephanie Merry of The Washington Post gave the film one and a half stars out of four , saying , `` Grown Ups 2 is n't merely mindless . At times it seems to actually drain IQ points from its viewers while wasting a talented cast of `` Saturday Night Live '' alums , who are all capable of being much smarter and so much funnier . '' Andy Webster of The New York Times gave the film one out of five stars , saying , `` This is pap , plain and simple : scattered raunch - lite devoid of emotional resonance . At best , it sells itself on the spectacle of a TV show 's cast reunion -- and even then it disappoints . With the debacles of That 's My Boy and Jack and Jill , Mr. Sandler has increasingly squandered his comic capital . His onetime SNL brethren do themselves few favors -- beyond a paycheck -- by working in his orbit . '' Peter Keough of The Boston Globe gave the film one and a half stars out of four , saying , `` Apparently the world demanded another family - friendly version of The Hangover , one that combined scatological comedy with smarmy sentimentality . '' Connie Ogle of the Miami Herald gave the film one out of four stars , saying , `` Nobody escapes untainted by the foul stench of Grown Ups 2 ; it 's bad enough to make you look askance at Salma Hayek , Maria Bello , and Maya Rudolph , all of whom deserve a chance to do something funny other than pose as wives exuding various degrees of sexiness . '' Richard Roeper gave the film one and a half stars , saying , `` When Taylor Lautner is the funniest thing in a movie starring Adam Sandler and Chris Rock , we 're in trouble . '' Randy Cordova of The Arizona Republic gave the film one out of five stars , saying , `` In its own way , `` Grown Ups 2 '' sets the bar really high . After all , it 's hard to imagine another comedy coming along this year that is this abrasive and free of laughs . It 's like everyone involved intentionally tried to create a horrible movie . '' Alonso Duralde of The Wrap wrote , `` Yes , it 's time for another visit to the Adam Sandler Death - of - Cinema Fun Factory , the big - screen version of a terrible sitcom where laugh tracks are replaced by the co-stars chuckling at their own awful material . '' Adam Nayman of The Globe and Mail gave the film two out four stars , saying , `` None of the stars are trying very hard , and so the most memorable presences are the cameos : If nothing else , Grown Ups 2 will go down as the only film in history to find room for Steve Buscemi alongside `` Stone Cold '' Steve Austin . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result 2014 Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Picture Grown Ups 2 Nominated Worst Director Dennis Dugan Worst Actor Adam Sandler Worst Supporting Actor Taylor Lautner Nick Swardson Worst Supporting Actress Salma Hayek Worst Screenplay Adam Sandler , Tim Herlihy and Fred Wolf Worst Screen Combo The entire cast of Grown Ups 2 Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel Grown Ups 2 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Adam Sandler Won Home media ( edit ) Grown Ups 2 was released on DVD and Blu - ray on November 5 , 2013 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Grown Ups 2 '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` GROWN UPS 2 ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` With ' Grown Ups 2 ' poised for strong debut , will ' Pacific Rim ' flop ? '' . latimes.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All these towns have to do is act naturally - North '' . The Boston Globe . June 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grown Ups Sequel Planned '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Where Is Your God Now : GROWN UPS 2 Set for July 12 , 2013 Collider Page 137713 '' . Collider . January 15 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Schneider : ' Sandler Left Me Out Of Grown Ups 2 ′ `` CBS Houston '' . Houston.cbslocal.com. 2012 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Photo : `` Stone Cold '' Steve Austin In Grown Ups 2 Movie Poster `` . PWMania . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grown Ups 2 Clip : Adam Sandler vs. Taylor Lautner '' . Movie Fanatic . June 11 , 2013 . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First Look : Shaquille O'Neal in `` Grown Ups 2 '' `` . WorstPreviews.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Lautner , Patrick Schwarzenegger In Grown Ups 2 Trailer '' . ETonline.com. April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arnold Schwarzenegger 's Son Joins `` Grown Ups '' Sequel `` . Worstpreviews.com . July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Trailer for Grown Ups 2 is Here ! '' . ComingSoon.net. April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Hack Reveals Top - Secret Profitability of 2013 Movies '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Pacific Rim ' Grosses $14.6 m , ' Grown Ups 2 ' Grosses $16.3 m '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for July 12 - 14 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for July 19 - 21 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekend Box Office Results for July 26 - 28 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grown Ups 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ DeFore , John ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Grown Ups 2 : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Grown Ups 2 ′ Review : Adam Sandler Stars in Tasteless , Storyless Sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mick LaSalle . `` ' Grown Ups 2 ' review : Gang 's back - minus the laughs - San Francisco Chronicle '' . Sfchronicle.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ July 12 , 2013 12 : 04 AM EDT Facebook Twitter RSS ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Adam Sandler 's Grown Ups 2 a gross and lazy no - star flop : review Toronto Star '' . Thestar.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matt Patches ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Grown Ups 2 : movie review review , synopsis , book tickets , showtimes , movie release date Time Out New York '' . Timeout.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grown Ups 2 ' review : Gross - out humor '' . Newsday.com . July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman . `` Grown Ups 2 Movie Review Movie Reviews and News Summer Movies - Calendar , Trailers , Movie Photos , Movie Clips , Movie Guide '' . EW.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Mark ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Review : ' Grown Ups 2 ' refuses to leave the sandbox '' . latimes.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grown Ups 2 ' : movie review '' . New York : NY Daily News . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vishnevetsky , Ignatiy ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Grown Ups 2 Film Movie Review '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nick Schager ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Grown Ups 2 Has No Real Plot to Speak of - Page 1 - Movies - New York '' . Village Voice . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Grown - Ups 2 ' is groan - inducingly bad '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Sara ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Grown Ups 2 ' movie review '' . NYPOST.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Grown Ups 2 ' review : Adam Sandler and friends up to more immature idiocy '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The New York Times Jump up ^ Keough , Peter . `` Growing up is hard to do - Movies '' . Boston.com . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ogle , Connie . `` ' Grown Ups 2 ' ( PG - 13 ) '' . miami.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grown - Ups 2 Review '' . RichardRoeper.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Arizona Republic '' . Azcentral.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso . `` ' Grown Ups 2 ' Review : See Adam Sandler , Chris Rock Chuckle at Their Own Moronic Jokes The Wrap Movies '' . Thewrap.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adam Nayman ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Grown Ups 2 : Sandler 's buddies comedy is sincere , if not a little lazy and indifferent '' . Toronto : The Globe and Mail . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 34th Annual Razzie Awards Announced '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grown Ups 2 Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website Grown Ups 2 on IMDb Grown Ups 2 at Box Office Mojo Grown Ups 2 at Metacritic ( hide ) Films directed by Dennis Dugan Problem Child ( 1990 ) Brain Donors ( 1992 ) The Shaggy Dog ( 1994 ) Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) Beverly Hills Ninja ( 1997 ) Big Daddy ( 1999 ) Saving Silverman ( 2001 ) National Security ( 2003 ) The Benchwarmers ( 2006 ) I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry ( 2007 ) You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) Grown Ups ( 2010 ) Just Go with It ( 2011 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grown_Ups_2&oldid=809401753 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2010s buddy films 2010s comedy films 2010s road movies 2010s sequel films American films American buddy films American comedy films American road movies American sequel films Films about vacationing Films set in Connecticut Films shot in Massachusetts Midlife crisis films Happy Madison films Columbia Pictures films Film scores by Rupert Gregson - Williams Films directed by Dennis Dugan Films produced by Adam Sandler Screenplays by Adam Sandler Screenplays by Tim Herlihy Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 21 : 46 . 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Income taxes in Canada
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Income taxes in Canada - wikipedia Income taxes in Canada Jump to : navigation , search Taxation An aspect of fiscal policy Policies ( show ) Government revenue Tax revenue Non-tax revenue Tax law Tax bracket Tax threshold Exemption Credit Deduction Tax shift Tax cut Tax holiday Tax advantage Tax incentive Tax reform Tax harmonization Tax competition Double taxation Representation Unions Medical savings account Tax , tariff and trade Economics ( show ) Price effect Excess burden Tax incidence Laffer curve Optimal tax Theory Optimal capital income taxation Collection ( show ) Revenue service Revenue stamp Tax assessment Taxable income Tax lien Tax refund Tax shield Tax residence Tax preparation Tax investigation Tax shelter Private tax collection Tax farming Noncompliance ( show ) Tax avoidance Tax evasion Tax resistance Tax haven Smuggling Black market Transfer mispricing Unreported employment Tax shelter Distribution ( show ) Tax rate Progressive Regressive Proportional Types ( show ) Direct Indirect Per unit Ad valorem In rem Capital gains Carbon Consumption Dividend Ecotax Excise Fuel Georgist Gift Gross receipts Income Inheritance ( estate ) Land value Payroll Pigovian Property Sales Sin Single Stamp Steering Turnover Value - added ( VAT ) Corporate profit Excess profits Windfall profits Negative ( income ) Flat Wealth International ( show ) Financial transaction tax Currency transaction tax Tobin tax Spahn tax Tax equalization Tax treaty Permanent establishment Transfer pricing European Union FTT Foreign revenue rule Trade ( show ) Custom Duty Tariff Import Export Tariff war Free trade Free trade zone Trade agreement Religious ( show ) Church tax Eight per thousand Teind Tithe Fiscus Judaicus Leibzoll Temple tax Tolerance tax Jizya Kharaj Khums Nisab Zakat By country ( show ) List of countries by tax rates Tax revenues as % GDP Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Bulgaria BVI Canada China Colombia Denmark France Germany Greece Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Lithuania Malta Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Palestine Peru Philippines Poland Russia Singapore South Africa Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania United Kingdom United States Uruguay Income taxes in Canada constitute the majority of the annual revenues of the Government of Canada , and of the governments of the Provinces of Canada . In the fiscal year ending 31 March 2015 , the federal government collected nearly three and a half times more revenue from personal income taxes than it did from corporate income taxes . Tax collection agreements enable different governments to levy taxes through a single administration and collection agency . The federal government collects personal income taxes on behalf of all provinces and territories except Quebec and collects corporate income taxes on behalf of all provinces and territories except Alberta and Quebec . Canada 's federal income tax system is administered by the Canada Revenue Agency ( CRA ) . Canadian federal income taxes , both personal and corporate are levied under the provisions of the Income Tax Act . Provincial and territorial income taxes are levied under various provincial statutes . The Canadian income tax system is a self - assessment regime . Taxpayers assess their tax liability by filing a return with the CRA by the required filing deadline . CRA will then assess the return based on the return filed and on information it has obtained from employers and financial companies , correcting it for obvious errors . A taxpayer who disagrees with CRA 's assessment of a particular return may appeal the assessment . The appeal process starts when a taxpayer formally objects to the CRA assessment . The objection must explain , in writing , the reasons for the appeal along with all the related facts . The objection is then reviewed by the appeals branch of CRA . An appealed assessment may either be confirmed , vacated or varied by the CRA . If the assessment is confirmed or varied , the taxpayer may appeal the decision to the Tax Court of Canada and then to the Federal Court of Appeal . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Constitutional authority 3 Personal income taxes 3.1 Basic calculation 3.2 Provincial and territorial personal income taxes 3.2. 1 Quebec 3.3 Personal federal marginal tax rates 3.4 Income not taxed 4 Corporate income taxes 4.1 Corporation types 4.2 Provincial / territorial corporate income taxes 5 Integration of corporate and personal income taxes 6 International comparison ( personal income tax ) 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Unlike the United Kingdom and the United States , Canada avoided charging an income tax prior to the First World War . The lack of income tax was seen as a key component in Canada 's efforts to attract immigrants as Canada offered a lower tax regime compared to almost every other country . Prior to the war , Canadian federal governments relied on tariffs and customs income under the auspices of the National Policy for most of their revenue , while the provincial governments sustained themselves primarily through their management of natural resources ( the Prairie provinces being paid subsidies by the federal government as Ottawa retained control of their natural resources for the time being ) . The federal Liberal Party considered the probable need to introduce an income tax should their negotiation of a free trade agreement with the United States in the early 20th century succeed , but the Conservatives defeated the Liberals in 1911 over their support of free trade . The Conservatives ( Tories ) opposed income tax as they wanted to attract immigrants primarily from the United Kingdom and the United States , and they wanted to give immigrants some incentive to come to Canada . Canadian finance minister Sir Thomas White 's new temporary `` income war tax act '' Bill went into Committee of the Whole on July 25 , 1917 but faced resistance . Wartime expenses forced the Tories to re-consider their options and in 1918 , the wartime government under Sir Robert Borden , imposed a `` temporary '' income tax to cover expenses . Despite the new tax the Canadian government ran up considerable debts during the war and were unable to forgo income tax revenue after the war ended . With the election of the Liberal government of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King , much of the National Policy was dismantled and income tax has remained in place ever since . Constitutional authority ( edit ) The constitutional authority for the federal income tax is found in section 91 paragraph 3 of the Constitution Act , 1867 , which assigns to the federal Parliament power over `` The raising of Money by any Mode or System of Taxation '' . The constitutional authority for the various provincial income taxes is found in section 92 paragraph 2 of the Constitution Act , 1867 , which assigns to the legislature of each province the power of `` Direct Taxation within the Province in order to the raising of a Revenue for Provincial Purposes '' . The courts have held that `` an income tax is the most typical form of direct taxation '' . Personal income taxes ( edit ) Canada levies personal income tax on the worldwide income of individual residents in Canada and on certain types of Canadian - source income earned by non-resident individuals . The Income Tax Act , Part I , subparagraph 2 ( 1 ) , states : `` An income tax shall be paid , as required by this Act , on the taxable income for each taxation year of every person resident in Canada at any time in the year . '' After the calendar year , Canadian residents file a T1 Tax and Benefit Return for individuals . It is due April 30 , or June 15 for self - employed individuals and their spouses , or common - law partners . It is important to note , however , that any balance owing is due on or before April 30 . Outstanding balances remitted after April 30 may be subject to interest charges , regardless of whether the taxpayer 's filing due date is April 30 or June 15 . The amount of income tax that an individual must pay is based on the amount of their taxable income ( income earned less allowed expenses ) for the tax year . Personal income tax may be collected through various means : deduction at source - where income tax is deducted directly from an individual 's pay and sent to the CRA . installment payments - where an individual must pay his or her estimated taxes during the year instead of waiting to settle up at the end of the year . payment on filing - payments made with the income tax return arrears payments - payments made after the return is filed Employers may also deduct Canada Pension Plan / Quebec Pension Plan ( CPP / QPP ) contributions , Employment Insurance ( EI ) and Provincial Parental Insurance ( PPIP ) premiums from their employees ' gross pay . Employers then send these deductions to the taxing authority . Individuals who have overpaid taxes or had excess tax deducted at source will receive a refund from the CRA upon filing their annual tax return . Generally , personal income tax returns for a particular year must be filed with CRA on or before April 30 of the following year . Basic calculation ( edit ) An individual taxpayer must report his or her total income for the year . Certain deductions are allowed in determining `` net income '' , such as deductions for contributions to Registered Retirement Savings Plans , union and professional dues , child care expenses , and business investment losses . Net income is used for determining several income - tested social benefits provided by the federal and provincial / territorial governments . Further deductions are allowed in determining `` taxable income '' , such as capital losses , half of capital gains included in income , and a special deduction for residents of northern Canada . Deductions permit certain amounts to be excluded from taxation altogether . `` Tax payable before credits '' is determined using five tax brackets and tax rates . Non-refundable tax credits are then deducted from tax payable before credits for various items such as a basic personal amount , dependents , Canada / Quebec Pension Plan contributions , Employment Insurance premiums , disabilities , tuition and education and medical expenses . These credits are calculated by multiplying the credit amount ( e.g. , the basic personal amount of $11,038 in 2013 ) by the lowest tax rate . This mechanism is designed to provide equal benefit to taxpayers regardless of the rate at which they pay tax . A non-refundable tax credit for charitable donations is calculated at the lowest tax rate for the first $200 in a year , and at the highest tax rate for the portion in excess of $200 . Donations can result in a reduction in taxes of between 40 -- 60 % of the donation depending on the province of the taxpayer and type of property donated . This tax credit is designed to encourage more generous charitable giving . Certain other tax credits are provided to recognize tax already paid so that the income is not taxed twice : the dividend tax credit provides recognition of tax paid at the corporate level on income distributed from a Canadian corporation to individual shareholders ; and the foreign tax credit recognizes tax paid to a foreign government on income earned in a foreign country . Provincial and territorial personal income taxes ( edit ) Provinces and territories that have entered into tax collection agreements with the federal government for collection of personal income taxes ( `` agreeing provinces '' , i.e. , all provinces and territories except Quebec ) must use the federal definition of `` taxable income '' as the basis for their taxation . This means that they are not allowed to provide or ignore federal deductions in calculating the income on which provincial tax is based . Provincial and territorial governments provide both non-refundable tax credits and refundable tax credits to taxpayers for certain expenses . They may also apply surtaxes and offer low - income tax reductions . Canada Revenue Agency collects personal income taxes for agreeing provinces / territories and remits the revenues to the respective governments . The provincial / territorial tax forms are distributed with the federal tax forms , and the taxpayer need make only one payment -- to CRA -- for both types of tax . Similarly , if a taxpayer is to receive a refund , he or she receives one cheque or bank transfer for the combined federal and provincial / territorial tax refund . Information on provincial rates can be found on the Canada Revenue Agency 's website . Individuals in Canada generally pay income taxes on employment and investment income to the province in which they reside on December 31 of the tax year . This ensures that taxpayers who live in one province and work in another , or who move from one province to another in most cases only have to file a tax return for one province . Individuals with business income have to pay tax on the business income to the province in which it was earned . If it was earned in more than one province , it is allocated based on a formula in the Income Tax Regulations . In addition to the income tax levied as a percentage of taxable income , two provinces , Prince Edward Island and Ontario , levy surtaxes as a percentage of tax over a certain threshold . 2017 Provincial Personal Income Tax Rates Province / Territory Bracket ( Rate and Income ) Surtax ( % of tax ) Alberta $0 -- $126,625 $126,625 -- $151,950 $151,950 -- $202,600 $202,600 -- $303,900 over $303,900 10 % 12 % 13 % 14 % 15 % British Columbia $0 -- $38,898 $38,898 -- $77,797 $77,797 -- $89,320 $89,320 -- $108,460 over $108,460 5.06 % 7.7 % 10.5 % 12.29 % 14.7 % Manitoba $0 -- $31,465 $31,465 -- $68,005 over $68,005 10.8 % 12.75 % 17.4 % New Brunswick $0 -- $41,059 $41,059 -- $82,119 $82,119 -- $133,507 $133,507 -- $152,100 over $152,100 9.68 % 14.82 % 16.52 % 17.84 % 20.3 % Newfoundland and Labrador $0 -- $35,851 $35,851 -- $71,701 $71,701 -- $128,010 $128,010 -- $179,214 over $179,214 8.7 % 14.5 % 15.8 % 17.3 % 18.3 % Northwest Territories $0 -- $41,585 $41,585 -- $83,172 $83,172 -- 135,219 over $135,219 5.9 % 8.6 % 12.2 % 14.05 % Nova Scotia $0 -- $29,590 $29,590 -- $59,180 $59,180 -- $93,000 $93,000 -- $150,000 over $150,000 8.79 % 14.95 % 16.67 % 17.5 % 21 % Nunavut $0 -- $43,780 $43,780 -- $87,560 $87,560 -- $142,353 over $142,353 4 % 7 % 9 % 11.5 % Ontario $0 -- $42,201 $42,201 -- $84,404 $84,404 -- $150,000 $150,000 -- $220,000 over $220,000 $4484 - $5739 Over $5739 5.05 % 9.15 % 11.16 % 12.16 % 13.16 % 36 % 56 % Prince Edward Island $0 -- $31,984 $31,984 -- $63,969 over $63,969 over $12,500 9.8 % 13.8 % 16.7 % 10 % Quebec $0 -- $42,705 $42,705 -- $85,405 $85,405 -- $103,915 over $103,915 15 % 20 % 24 % 25.75 % Saskatchewan $0 -- $45,225 $45,225 -- $129,214 over $129,214 11 % 13 % 15 % Yukon $0 -- $45,916 $45,916 -- $91,831 $91,831 -- $142,353 $142,353 -- $500,000 over $500,000 6.4 % 9 % 10.9 % 12.8 % 15 % Quebec ( edit ) Quebec administers its own personal income tax system , and therefore is free to determine its own definition of taxable income . To maintain simplicity for taxpayers , however , Quebec parallels many aspects of and uses many definitions found in the federal tax system . Quebec chooses to receive part of its health and social transfers in tax points instead of cash . To compensate for this , federal personal income taxes on income earned in Quebec are reduced by 16.5 % of federal tax . This is referred to as the Quebec Abatement . Personal federal marginal tax rates ( edit ) The following historical federal marginal tax rates of the Government of Canada come from the website of the Canada Revenue Agency . They do not include applicable provincial income taxes . Data on marginal tax rates from 1998 to 2016 are publicly available . Data on basic personal amounts ( personal exemption taxed at 0 % ) can be found on a year by year basis is also available . Their values are contained on line 300 of either the document `` Schedule 1 - Federal Tax '' , or `` General Income Tax and Benefit Guide '' , of each year by year General Income Tax and Benefit Package listed . The personal exemption is listed as it always applies . Additional deductions may be applied depending on eligibility , see . The most common additional deductions are Canada Pension Plan ( CPP ) , Employment Insurance ( EI ) and employment credit . Exempt amounts are calculated , multiplied by the lowest tax rate and the result is tax credits that reduce the total amount of tax owed . Year Personal Amount Canadian federal marginal tax rates of taxable income 2017 $11,635 $0 -- $45,916 $45,916 - $91,831 $91,831 - $142,353 $142,353 - $202,800 over $202,800 0 % 15 % 20.5 % 26 % 29 % 33 % 2016 $11,474 $0 -- $45,282 $45,282 - $90,563 $90,563 - $140,388 $140,388 - $200,000 over $200,000 0 % 15 % 20.5 % 26 % 29 % 33 % 2015 $11,327 $0 -- $44,701 $44,701 - $89,401 $89,401 - $138,586 over $138,586 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2014 $11,138 $0 -- $43,953 $43,954 - $87,907 $87,908 - $136,270 over $136,270 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2013 $11,038 $0 -- $43,561 $43,562 - $87,123 $87,124 - $135,054 over $135,055 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2012 $10,822 $0 -- $42,706 $42,707 - $85,413 $85,414 - $132,405 over $132,406 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2011 $10,527 $0 -- $41,544 $41,544 - $83,088 $83,088 - $128,800 over $128,800 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % $10,382 $0 -- $40,970 $40,971 - $81,941 $81,942 - $127,021 over $127,021 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2009 $10,320 $0 -- $40,726 $40,727 - $81,452 $81,453 - $126,264 over $126,264 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2008 $9,600 $0 -- $37,885 $37,886 - $75,769 $75,770 - $123,184 over $123,184 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2007 $9,600 $0 -- $37,178 $37,178 - $74,357 $74,357 - $120,887 over $120,887 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2006 $8,839 $0 -- $36,378 $36,378 - $72,756 $72,756 - $118,285 over $118,285 0 % 15.25 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2005 $8,648 $0 -- $35,595 $35,595 - $71,190 $71,190 - $115,739 over $115,739 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % $8,012 $0 -- $35,000 $35,000 - $70,000 $70,000 - $113,804 over $113,804 0 % 16 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2003 $7,756 $0 -- $32,183 $32,183 - $64,368 $64,368 - $104,648 over $104,648 0 % 16 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2002 $7,634 $0 -- $31,677 $31,677 - $63,354 $63,354 - $103,000 over $103,000 0 % 16 % 22 % 26 % 29 % $7,412 $0 -- $30,754 $30,754 - $61,509 $61,509 - $100,000 over $100,000 0 % 16 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2000 $7,231 $0 -- $30,004 $30,004 - $60,009 over $60,009 0 % 17 % 25 % 29 % 1999 $6,794 $0 -- $29,590 $29,590 - $59,180 over $59,180 0 % 17 % 26 % 29 % 1998 $6,456 $0 -- $29,590 $29,590 - $59,180 over $59,180 0 % 17 % 26 % 29 % Income not taxed ( edit ) The following types of income are not taxed in Canada ( this list is not exhaustive ) : gifts and inheritances ; death benefits paid from a life insurance policy ; lottery winnings ; winnings from betting or gambling for simple recreation or enjoyment ; strike pay ; income earned within a Tax - Free Savings Account ; compensation paid by a province or territory to a victim of a criminal act or a motor vehicle accident * ; certain civil and military service pensions ; income from certain international organizations of which Canada is a member , such as the United Nations and its agencies ; war disability pensions ; RCMP pensions or compensation paid in respect of injury , disability , or death * ; income of First Nations , if situated on a reserve ; capital gain on the sale of a taxpayer 's principal residence ; provincial child tax credits or benefits and Québec family allowances ; Working income tax benefit ; the Goods and Services Tax or Harmonized Sales Tax credit ( GST / HST credit ) , Quebec Sales Tax credit or Saskatchewan Sales Tax Credit ; and the Canada Child Tax Benefit . Note that , the method by which these forms of income are not taxed can vary significantly , which may have tax and other implications ; some forms of income are not declared , while others are declared and then immediately deducted in full . Some of the tax exemptions are based on statutory enactments , others ( like the non-taxability of lottery winnings ) are based on the non-statutory common law concept of `` income '' . In certain cases , the deduction may require off - setting income , while in other cases , the deduction may be used without corresponding income . Income which is declared and then deducted , for example , may create room for future Registered Retirement Savings Plan ( RRSP ) deductions . But then the RRSP contribution room may be reduced with a pension adjustment if you are part of another plan , reducing the ability to use RRSP contributions as a deduction . Deductions which are not directly linked to non-taxable income exist , which reduce overall taxable income . A key example is RRSP contributions , which is a form of tax - deferred savings account ( income tax is paid only at withdrawal , and no interim tax is payable on account earnings ) . * Quebec changed its rules in 2004 and , legally , this may be taxed or may not -- Courts have yet to rule . Corporate income taxes ( edit ) Corporate taxes include taxes on corporate income in Canada and other taxes and levies paid by corporations to the various levels of government in Canada . These include capital and insurance premium taxes ; payroll levies ( e.g. , employment insurance , Canada Pension Plan , Quebec Pension Plan and Workers ' Compensation ) ; property taxes ; and indirect taxes , such as goods and services tax ( GST ) , and sales and excise taxes , levied on business inputs . Corporations are subject to tax in Canada on their worldwide income if they are resident in Canada for Canadian tax purposes . Corporations not resident in Canada are subject to Canadian tax on certain types of Canadian source income ( Section 115 of the Canadian Income Tax Act ) . Effective January 1 , 2012 , the net federal corporate income tax rate in Canada was 15 % , or 11 % for corporations able to claim the small business deduction ; in addition , corporations are subject to provincial income tax that may range from zero to 16 % , depending on the province and the size of the business . Corporation types ( edit ) The taxes payable by a Canadian resident corporation depend on the type of corporation that it is : A Canadian - controlled private corporation , which is defined as a corporation that is : resident in Canada and either incorporated in Canada or resident in Canada from June 18 , 1971 , to the end of the taxation year ; not controlled directly or indirectly by one or more non-resident persons ; not controlled directly or indirectly by one or more public corporations ( other than a prescribed venture capital corporation , as defined in Regulation 6700 ) ; not controlled by a Canadian resident corporation that lists its shares on a prescribed stock exchange outside of Canada ; not controlled directly or indirectly by any combination of persons described in the three preceding conditions ; if all of its shares that are owned by a non-resident person , by a public corporation ( other than a prescribed venture capital corporation ) , or by a corporation with a class of shares listed on a prescribed stock exchange , were owned by one person , that person would not own sufficient shares to control the corporation ; and no class of its shares of capital stock is listed on a prescribed stock exchange . A private corporation , which is defined as a corporation that is : resident in Canada ; not a public corporation ; not controlled by one or more public corporations ( other than a prescribed venture capital corporation , as defined in Regulation 6700 ) ; not controlled by one or more prescribed federal Crown corporations ( as defined in Regulation 7100 ) ; and not controlled by any combination of corporations described in the two preceding conditions . A public corporation , defined as a corporation that is resident in Canada and meets either of the following requirements at the end of the taxation year : it has a class of shares listed on a prescribed Canadian stock exchange ; or it has elected , or the Minister of National Revenue has designated it , to be a public corporation and the corporation has complied with prescribed conditions under Regulation 4800 ( 1 ) on the number of its shareholders , the dispersing of the ownership of its shares , the public trading of its shares , and the size of the corporation . If a public corporation has complied with certain prescribed conditions under Regulation 4800 ( 2 ) , it can elect , or the Minister of National Revenue can designate it , not to be a public corporation . Other types of Canadian resident corporations include Canadian subsidiaries of public corporations ( which do not qualify as public corporations ) , general insurers and Crown corporations . Provincial / territorial corporate income taxes ( edit ) Corporate income taxes are collected by the CRA for all provinces and territories except Quebec and Alberta . Provinces and territories subject to a tax collection agreement must use the federal definition of `` taxable income '' , i.e. , they are not allowed to provide deductions in calculating taxable income . These provinces and territories may provide tax credits to companies , often in order to provide incentives for certain activities such as mining exploration , film production , and job creation . Quebec and Alberta collect their own corporate income taxes , and therefore may develop their own definitions of taxable income . In practice , these provinces rarely deviate from the federal tax base in order to maintain simplicity for taxpayers . Ontario negotiated a tax collection agreement with the federal government under which its corporate income taxes would be collected on its behalf by the CRA starting in 2009 . Integration of corporate and personal income taxes ( edit ) In Canada , corporate income is subject to corporate income tax and , on distribution as dividends to individuals , personal income tax . To avoid this `` double taxation '' of the same income , the personal income tax system , through the gross - up and dividend tax credit ( DTC ) mechanisms , provides recognition for corporate taxes , based notional federal - provincial corporate tax rates , to taxable individuals resident in Canada who receive dividends from Canadian corporations . A dividend from a small business ( `` Canadian - controlled private corporation '' ) is grossed - up by 17 per cent , meaning that the shareholder includes 117 per cent of the dividend amount in income , to reflect the pre-tax income of the small business out of which it has paid the dividend . This income is taxed at the shareholder 's personal income tax rate , but a part of the tax is offset by a 10.5217 % dividend tax credit ( for 2017 ) to reflect the federal tax paid at the corporate level . There are also provincial dividend tax credits at different rates in different provinces . For dividends from other Canadian corporations , i.e. , `` eligible dividends '' , the gross - up is 38 % and the dividend tax credit is 15.0198 % ( for 2017 ) , reflecting the higher corporate income tax rate paid by larger corporations . Provincial and territorial governments also provide dividend tax credits to reflect provincial / territorial corporate income tax . International comparison ( personal income tax ) ( edit ) Comparison of total taxes paid by a household earning the country 's average wage ( as of 2005 ) , including personal income tax , employee and employer social security contributions , payroll taxes and cash benefits . It does NOT include local income tax levied by states and cities . ( source : Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ) . Country Single no children Married 2 children Country Single no children Married 2 children Australia 28.3 % 16.0 % Korea 17.3 % 15.2 % Austria 47.4 % 35.5 % Luxembourg 35.3 % 12.2 % Belgium 55.4 % 40.3 % Mexico 18.2 % 18.2 % Canada 31.6 % 21.5 % Netherlands 38.6 % 29.1 % Czech Republic 43.8 % 27.1 % New Zealand 20.5 % 14.5 % Denmark 41.4 % 29.6 % Norway 37.3 % 29.6 % Finland 44.6 % 38.4 % Poland 43.6 % 42.1 % France 50.1 % 41.7 % Portugal 36.2 % 26.6 % Germany 51.8 % 35.7 % Slovakia 38.3 % 23.2 % Greece 38.8 % 39.2 % Spain 39.0 % 33.4 % Hungary 50.5 % 39.9 % Sweden 47.9 % 42.4 % Iceland 29.0 % 11.0 % Switzerland 29.5 % 18.6 % Ireland 25.7 % 8.1 % Turkey 42.7 % 42.7 % Isle of Man 10 % 10 % United Kingdom 33.5 % 27.1 % Italy 45.4 % 35.2 % United States 29.1 % 11.9 % Japan 27.7 % 24.9 % See also ( edit ) Canada portal Book : Canada Taxation in Canada Comparison of Canadian tax software Canadian federal budget Foreign Accrual Property Income Harmonized Sales Tax References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fiscal Reference Tables September 2015 Jump up ^ Income Tax Act Jump up ^ Duhaime , Lloyd ( 2017 ) . `` Canadian Legal History : 1917 , Birth of Income Tax 1917 , Birth of Income Tax '' . Lloyd Duhaime , Barrister , Solicitor , Attorney and Lawyer ( and Notary Public ! ) . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Forbes v. A. - G. Man . ( 1937 ) A.C. 260,268 Jump up ^ `` T1 Tax and Benefit Return '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Canada Revenue Agency Jump up ^ Finance Canada Quebec Abatement Jump up ^ `` Previous - years ' income tax rates in Canada '' . Canada Revenue Agency . Jump up ^ `` Tax packages '' . Canada Revenue Agency . Jump up ^ `` Latest TD1 Form '' . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Tax Rates , '' Canada Revenue Agency , 15 March 2013 , accessed 14 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Canada Revenue Agency External links ( edit ) Income Tax Act The Canadian Tax Foundation The Department of Finance , Canada - responsible for Canadian tax policy Canada Revenue Agency - collects income other certain other taxes for the federal , provincial and territorial governments ( except Quebec ) CRA tax rates by year - Federal and provincial income tax rates ( except Quebec ) Revenu Quebec Income tax rates Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Income_taxes_in_Canada&oldid=828108041 '' Categories : Taxation in Canada Income taxes Income tax in Canada Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 16 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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FIFA World Cup top goalscorers
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FIFA World Cup top goalscorers - wikipedia FIFA World Cup top goalscorers Miroslav Klose celebrating his record - breaking 16th World Cup goal More than 2,500 goals have been scored at the 21 editions of the FIFA World Cup final tournaments , not counting penalties scored during shoot - outs . Since the first goal scored by French player Lucien Laurent at the 1930 FIFA World Cup , more than 1,250 footballers have scored goals at the World Cup , of which just 97 have scored at least five . Number of goalscorers Goals ≥ 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Total No players 7 6 9 7 8 26 34 > 50 > 90 > 200 > 750 > 1,250 Ronaldo is the player with the second most goals , scoring 15 . The top goalscorer of the inaugural competition was Argentina 's Guillermo Stábile with eight goals . Since then , only 22 players have scored more at all the games played at the World Cup than Stábile did throughout the 1930 tournament . The first was Hungary 's Sándor Kocsis with eleven in 1954 . At the next tournament , France 's Just Fontaine improved on this record with 13 goals in only six games . Gerd Müller scored 10 for West Germany in 1970 and broke the overall record when he scored his 14th goal at the World Cup during West Germany 's win at the 1974 final . His record stood for more than three decades until Ronaldo 's 15 goals between 1998 and 2006 for Brazil . Germany 's Miroslav Klose went on to score a record 16 goals across four consecutive tournaments between 2002 and 2014 . Only two other players have surpassed 10 goals at the World Cup : Pelé with 12 between 1958 and 1970 for Brazil , and Jürgen Klinsmann with 11 between 1990 and 1998 for Germany . Of all the players who have played at the World Cup , only six have scored , on average , at least two goals per game played : Kocsis , Fontaine , Stábile , Russia 's Oleg Salenko , Switzerland 's Josef Hügi , and Poland 's Ernst Wilimowski -- the latter scored four in his single World Cup game in 1938 . The top 97 goalscorers have represented 28 nations , with 14 players scoring for Brazil , and another 14 for Germany or West Germany . In total , 64 footballers came from UEFA ( Europe ) , 29 from CONMEBOL ( South America ) , and only four from elsewhere : Cameroon , Ghana , Australia , and the United States . Fontaine holds the record for the most goals scored at a single tournament , with 13 goals in 1958 . The players that came closest to this record were Kocsis in 1954 , Müller in 1970 and Portugal 's Eusébio in 1966 , with 11 , 10 and 9 , respectively . The lowest scoring tournament 's top scorer was in 1962 , when six players tied at only four goals each . Across the 21 editions of the World Cup , 30 footballers have been credited with the most tournament goals , and no one has achieved this feat twice . Nine of them scored at least seven goals in a tournament , while Brazil 's Jairzinho became the only footballer to score at least seven goals without being the top goalscorer of that tournament in 1970 . These 30 top goalscorers played for 19 nations , the most ( five ) for Brazil . Another five came from other South American countries , with the remaining 20 coming from Europe . Excluding the 2010 edition , all the top tournament scorers won the Golden Boot . Contents 1 Overall top goalscorers 1.1 Timeline 2 Top goalscorers for each tournament 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Overall top goalscorers ( edit ) Table key Denotes national top scorers at the World Cup # Denotes players who played for their national teams at the most recent tournament in 2018 ( ) Denotes tournaments where the player was part of the squad , but did not play in a match ( ) Denotes tournaments where the player played in a match , but did not score a goal Gerd Müller ( right ) scored 14 goals for West Germany . Pelé ( right ) scored 12 goals for Brazil . Thomas Müller has scored 10 goals for Germany . Grzegorz Lato ( left ) scored 10 goals for Poland . David Villa ( left ) is the top World Cup goalscorer for Spain , with nine goals . Jairzinho ( upper right ) and Roberto Rivellino ( center ) have scored nine and six goals , respectively , for Brazil . Landon Donovan is the first player from the United States to score five goals . Players with at least 5 goals at the FIFA World Cup tournaments Rank Player Team Goals scored Matches played Goals per game Tournaments Notes Miroslav Klose Germany 16 24 0.67 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Ronaldo Brazil 15 19 0.79 ( 1994 ) , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 list Gerd Müller West Germany 14 13 1.08 1970 , 1974 list Just Fontaine France 13 6 2.17 1958 list 5 Pelé Brazil 12 14 0.86 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 list 6 Sándor Kocsis Hungary 11 5 2.20 1954 list Jürgen Klinsmann West Germany Germany 17 0.65 1990 , 1994 , 1998 list 8 Helmut Rahn West Germany 10 10 1.00 1954 , 1958 list Gary Lineker England 12 0.83 1986 , 1990 list Gabriel Batistuta Argentina 12 0.83 1994 , 1998 , 2002 list Teófilo Cubillas Peru 13 0.77 1970 , 1978 , ( 1982 ) list Thomas Müller Germany 16 0.63 2010 , 2014 , ( 2018 ) list Grzegorz Lato Poland 20 0.50 1974 , 1978 , 1982 list 14 Eusébio Portugal 9 6 1.50 1966 list Christian Vieri Italy 9 1.00 1998 , 2002 list Vavá Brazil 10 0.90 1958 , 1962 David Villa Spain 12 0.75 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Paolo Rossi Italy 14 0.64 1978 , 1982 , ( 1986 ) list Jairzinho Brazil 16 0.56 ( 1966 ) , 1970 , 1974 list Roberto Baggio Italy 16 0.56 1990 , 1994 , 1998 list Karl - Heinz Rummenigge West Germany 19 0.47 1978 , 1982 , 1986 list Uwe Seeler West Germany 21 0.43 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 23 Guillermo Stábile Argentina 8 2.00 1930 list Leônidas Brazil 5 1.60 1934 , 1938 list Ademir Brazil 6 1.33 1950 list Óscar Míguez Uruguay 7 1.14 1950 , 1954 Rivaldo Brazil 14 0.57 1998 , 2002 list Rudi Völler West Germany Germany 15 0.53 1986 , 1990 , 1994 list Diego Maradona Argentina 21 0.38 1982 , 1986 , ( 1990 ) , 1994 list 30 Oldřich Nejedlý Czechoslovakia 7 6 1.17 1934 , 1938 Lajos Tichy Hungary 8 0.88 1958 , 1962 , ( 1966 ) list Careca Brazil 9 0.78 1986 , 1990 Johnny Rep Netherlands 13 0.54 1974 , 1978 Andrzej Szarmach Poland 13 0.54 1974 , 1978 , 1982 Luis Suárez Uruguay 13 0.54 2010 , 2014 , 2018 list Hans Schäfer West Germany 15 0.47 1954 , 1958 , ( 1962 ) Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal 17 0.41 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , 2018 list 38 Josef Hügi Switzerland 6 2.00 1954 Oleg Salenko Russia 2.00 1994 list György Sárosi Hungary 5 1.20 1934 , 1938 Max Morlock West Germany 5 1.20 1954 Erich Probst Austria 5 1.20 1954 Harry Kane England 6 1.00 2018 list Salvatore Schillaci Italy 7 0.86 1990 list Davor Šuker Yugoslavia Croatia 8 0.75 ( 1990 ) , 1998 , ( 2002 ) list James Rodríguez Colombia 8 0.75 2014 , ( 2018 ) list Helmut Haller West Germany 9 0.67 ( 1962 ) , 1966 , ( 1970 ) Hristo Stoichkov Bulgaria 10 0.60 1994 , ( 1998 ) list Diego Forlán Uruguay 10 0.60 2002 , 2010 , ( 2014 ) list Neymar Brazil 10 0.60 2014 , 2018 list Asamoah Gyan Ghana 11 0.55 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Dennis Bergkamp Netherlands 12 0.50 1994 , 1998 list Rob Rensenbrink Netherlands 13 0.46 1974 , 1978 Rivellino Brazil 15 0.40 1970 , 1974 , ( 1978 ) Bebeto Brazil 15 0.40 ( 1990 ) , 1994 , 1998 list Arjen Robben Netherlands 15 0.40 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Zbigniew Boniek Poland 16 0.38 1978 , 1982 , ( 1986 ) list Thierry Henry France 17 0.35 1998 , ( 2002 ) , 2006 , ( 2010 ) list Wesley Sneijder Netherlands 17 0.35 ( 2006 ) , 2010 , 2014 list Robin van Persie Netherlands 17 0.35 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Mario Kempes Argentina 18 0.33 ( 1974 ) , 1978 , ( 1982 ) list Lionel Messi Argentina 19 0.32 2006 , ( 2010 ) , 2014 , 2018 list Lothar Matthäus West Germany Germany 25 0.24 ( 1982 ) , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , ( 1998 ) 64 Pedro Cea Uruguay 5 1.25 1930 list Silvio Piola Italy 1.25 1938 Gyula Zsengellér Hungary 1.25 1938 Peter McParland Northern Ireland 5 1.00 1958 list Tomáš Skuhravý Czechoslovakia 5 1.00 1990 Juan Alberto Schiaffino Uruguay 6 0.83 1950 , 1954 Geoff Hurst England 6 0.83 1966 , 1970 list Jon Dahl Tomasson Denmark 6 0.83 2002 , 2010 list Alessandro Altobelli Italy 7 0.71 1982 , 1986 Kennet Andersson Sweden 7 0.71 1994 list Fernando Morientes Spain 7 0.71 1998 , 2002 list Romário Brazil 8 0.63 ( 1990 ) , 1994 list Marc Wilmots Belgium 8 0.63 ( 1990 ) , ( 1994 ) , 1998 , 2002 list Mario Mandžukić Croatia 8 0.63 2014 , 2018 list Valentin Ivanov Soviet Union 9 0.56 1958 , 1962 list Emilio Butragueño Spain 9 0.56 1986 , ( 1990 ) list Roger Milla Cameroon 9 0.56 ( 1982 ) , 1990 , 1994 Tim Cahill Australia 9 0.56 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , ( 2018 ) list Hans Krankl Austria 10 0.50 1978 , 1982 list Romelu Lukaku Belgium 10 0.50 2014 , 2018 list Ivan Perišić Croatia 10 0.50 2014 , 2018 list Raúl Spain 11 0.45 1998 , 2002 , 2006 list Garrincha Brazil 12 0.42 ( 1958 ) , 1962 , 1966 Johan Neeskens Netherlands 12 0.42 1974 , ( 1978 ) Fernando Hierro Spain 12 0.42 ( 1990 ) , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 list Zinedine Zidane France 12 0.42 1998 , ( 2002 ) , 2006 Landon Donovan United States 12 0.42 2002 , ( 2006 ) , 2010 list Henrik Larsson Sweden 13 0.38 1994 , 2002 , 2006 list Michel Platini France 14 0.36 1978 , 1982 , 1986 Zico Brazil 14 0.36 1978 , 1982 , ( 1986 ) Gonzalo Higuaín Argentina 14 0.36 2010 , 2014 , ( 2018 ) list Edinson Cavani Uruguay 14 0.36 2010 , 2014 , 2018 list Lukas Podolski Germany 15 0.33 2006 , 2010 , ( 2014 ) list Franz Beckenbauer West Germany 18 0.28 1966 , 1970 , ( 1974 ) list Timeline ( edit ) Progressive list of footballers that have held the record for most goals scored at the FIFA World Cup final tournaments Goals Date Player Team Match Opponent Previous goals Ref July 13 , 1930 Lucien Laurent France 1930 -- Group stage Mexico N / A Bart McGhee United States 1930 -- Group stage Belgium Marcel Langiller France 1930 -- Group stage Mexico André Maschinot France Mexico Tom Florie United States 1930 -- Group stage Belgium Bert Patenaude United States Belgium Juan Carreño Mexico 1930 -- Group stage France André Maschinot France Mexico 1930 vs Mexico July 16 , 1930 Carlos Vidal Chile 1930 -- Group stage Mexico 1930 vs Mexico July 17 , 1930 Ivan Bek Yugoslavia 1930 -- Group stage Bolivia 1930 vs Brazil Bert Patenaude United States 1930 -- Group stage Paraguay 1930 vs Belgium , Paraguay July 22 , 1930 Guillermo Stábile Argentina 1930 -- Group stage Chile 1930 vs Mexico ( 3 ) 5 6 July 26 , 1930 1930 -- Semi-final United States 7 8 July 30 , 1930 1930 -- Final Uruguay June 19 , 1938 Leônidas Brazil 1938 -- 3rd place Sweden 1934 vs Spain 1938 vs Poland ( 3 ) , Czechoslovakia , Czechoslovakia , Sweden ( 2 ) July 13 , 1950 Ademir Brazil 1950 -- Final round Spain 1950 vs Mexico ( 2 ) , Yugoslavia , Sweden ( 3 ) , Spain June 27 , 1954 Sándor Kocsis Hungary 1954 -- Quarter - final Brazil 1954 vs South Korea ( 3 ) , West Germany ( 4 ) 9 10 June 30 , 1954 1954 -- Semi-final Uruguay 11 June 28 , 1958 Just Fontaine France 1958 -- 3rd place West Germany 1958 vs Paraguay ( 3 ) , Yugoslavia ( 2 ) , Scotland , Northern Ireland ( 2 ) , Brazil , West Germany 12 13 July 3 , 1974 Gerd Müller West Germany 1974 -- Second round Poland 1970 vs Morocco , Bulgaria ( 3 ) , Peru ( 3 ) , England , Italy ( 2 ) 1974 vs Australia , Yugoslavia 14 July 7 , 1974 1974 -- Final Netherlands June 22 , 2006 Ronaldo Brazil 2006 -- Group stage Japan 1998 vs Morocco , Chile ( 2 ) , Netherlands 2002 vs Turkey , China , Costa Rica ( 2 ) , Belgium , Turkey , Germany ( 2 ) 2006 vs Japan 15 June 27 , 2006 2006 -- Round of 16 Ghana June 21 , 2014 Miroslav Klose Germany 2014 -- Group stage Ghana 2002 vs Saudi Arabia ( 3 ) , Ireland , Cameroon 2006 vs Costa Rica ( 2 ) , Ecuador ( 2 ) , Argentina 2010 vs Australia , England , Argentina ( 2 ) 16 July 8 , 2014 2014 -- Semi-final Brazil Top goalscorers for each tournament ( edit ) Just Fontaine scored a record 13 goals at the 1958 FIFA World Cup . Eusébio scored nine goals for Portugal at the 1966 World Cup . James Rodríguez scored six goals for Colombia at the 2014 World Cup . Top goalscorers at each FIFA World Cup final tournament World Cup Player Team Goals scored Matches played Golden Boot Other FIFA Awards Uruguay 1930 Guillermo Stábile Argentina 8 Silver Ball Italy 1934 Oldřich Nejedlý Czechoslovakia 5 Bronze Ball France 1938 Leônidas Brazil 7 5 Golden Ball Brazil 1950 Ademir Brazil 8 6 Bronze Ball Switzerland 1954 Sándor Kocsis Hungary 11 5 Silver Ball Sweden 1958 Just Fontaine France 13 6 Bronze Ball Chile 1962 Garrincha Brazil 6 Golden Ball Vavá Brazil 6 Leonel Sánchez Chile 6 Bronze Ball Flórián Albert Hungary Best Young Player Valentin Ivanov Soviet Union Dražan Jerković Yugoslavia 6 England 1966 Eusébio Portugal 9 6 Bronze Ball Mexico 1970 Gerd Müller West Germany 10 6 Best Young Player , Bronze Ball West Germany 1974 Grzegorz Lato Poland 7 7 Argentina 1978 Mario Kempes Argentina 6 7 Golden Ball Spain 1982 Paolo Rossi Italy 6 7 Golden Ball Mexico 1986 Gary Lineker England 6 5 Italy 1990 Salvatore Schillaci Italy 6 7 Golden Ball USA 1994 Hristo Stoichkov Bulgaria 6 7 Bronze Ball Oleg Salenko Russia France 1998 Davor Šuker Croatia 6 7 Silver Ball South Korea and Japan 2002 Ronaldo Brazil 8 7 Silver Ball Germany 2006 Miroslav Klose Germany 5 7 South Africa 2010 Thomas Müller Germany 5 6 Best Young Player David Villa Spain 7 Silver Boot , Bronze Ball Wesley Sneijder Netherlands 7 Bronze Boot , Silver Ball Diego Forlán Uruguay 7 Golden Ball Brazil 2014 James Rodríguez Colombia 6 5 Russia 2018 Harry Kane England 6 6 See also ( edit ) List of FIFA World Cup goalscorers List of FIFA World Cup hat - tricks List of FIFA World Cup own goals All - time table of the FIFA World Cup Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Outside this list is Ernst Wilimowski of Poland , the player with the highest goals - to - games ratio in the World Cup . His ratio is 4.00 as he scored four goals in his only World Cup appearance , in 1938 . Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Leônidas with eight goals in the 1938 tournament , but in November 2006 , FIFA revised it to seven ( he scored one additional goal in the 1934 tournament ) . Jump up ^ There was a controversy regarding the number of goals scored by Ademir in 1950 because of incomplete data from the final group round game against Spain , that ended in a 6 -- 1 victory for Brazil . The fifth Brazilian goal was credited to Jair , but is now credited to Ademir . Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Nejedlý with only four goals in 1934 . However , FIFA changed it to five goals in November 2006 , meaning he scored a total of seven goals overall ( he scored two goals in 1938 ) . Jump up ^ Davor Šuker was part of Yugoslavia 's squad in the 1990 FIFA World Cup but did not play any games . After the breakup of Yugoslavia , he joined the Croatian national team . Jump up ^ The two initial games of the 1930 FIFA World Cup ( France -- Mexico and United States -- Belgium ) were played at the same time , as seven players scored , with André Maschinot scoring two goals . The order in which these players are listed reflects the actual elapsed time in the games when their goals were scored . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Second - half surge sees Tunisia bow out in style '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ FIFA World Cup -- Milestone Goals ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FIFA . October 2007 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup -- All - time Topscorers '' . WorldFootball.net . HEIM : SPIEL Medien GmbH & Co . KG . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Players Statistics -- Players with the Most Goals Scored '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Owsianski , Jaroslaw ( 2014 - 07 - 24 ) . `` World Cup 1930 -- 2014 -- Final Tournaments -- Top - 100 Goal Scorers '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Players Statistics '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup All Time Statistics -- All editions '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` More goals than caps '' . FIFA. 2009 - 06 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 18 . The Golden Shoe may have eluded Ernest Wilimowski , but he does boast the best goals - to - games ratio in World Cup history at 400 per cent . Indeed , in his solitary appearance -- an unforgettable match at France 1938 -- he scored four of Poland 's goals in a 6 - 5 defeat by Brazil in the first round . Jump up ^ `` Miroslav Klose '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gerd Mueller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Just Fontaine '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pelé ( Edson Arantes do Nascimento ) '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Sandor Kocsis '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Juergen Klinsmann '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Helmut Rahn '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Lineker '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gabriel Batistuta '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Teofilo Cubillas '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Mueller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM -- Players -- Thomas Mueller '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Grzegorz Lato '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Eusebio ( Eusebio da Silva Ferreira ) '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Vieri '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Vava '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` David Villa '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Paolo Rossi '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Jairzinho '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Baggio '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Karl - Heinz Rummenigge '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Uwe Seeler '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Guillermo Stabile '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Bert Patenaude credited with first hat trick in FIFA World Cup history '' . FIFA. 2006 - 11 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Leonidas '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2005 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Obituary -- Jair da Rosa Pinto '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil -- Brazil 6 : 1 Spain '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ademir '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Miguez '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rivaldo '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rudi Voeller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Diego Maradona '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Oldrich Nejedly '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lajos Tichy '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Careca '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Rep '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Andrzej Szarmach '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Suarez '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Goals Scored '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Hans Schaeffer '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . FIFA. 2018 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Sepp Huegi '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Oleg Salenko '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gyorgy Sarosi '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Max Morlock '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Erich Probst '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Kane '' . ESPN . 2018 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Salvatore Schillaci '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Davor Suker '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` James Rodriguez '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM -- Players -- James Rodriguez '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Helmut Haller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Hristo Stoichkov '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Diego Forlan '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Asamoah Gyan '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis Bergkamp '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Rensenbrink '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rivelino '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bebeto '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Arjen Robben '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Zbigniew Boniek '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Thierry Henry '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Wesley Sneijder '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Robin van Persie '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Kempes '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lothar Matthaeus '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pedro Cea '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Silvio Piola '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gyula Zsengeller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Peter McParland '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tomas Skuhravy '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Juan Schiaffino '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Geoff Hurst '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Dahl Tomasson '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Alessandro Altobelli '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Kennet Andersson '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fernando Morientes '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Romário ( Romário de Souza Faria ) '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Marc Wilmots '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Mandžukić '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Valentin Ivanov '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Emilio Butragueno '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Milla '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Cahill '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM -- Players -- Tim Cahill '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hans Krankl '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Romelu Lukaku '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Perišić '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Raul '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Garrincha '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Johan Neeskens '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fernando Hierro '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Zinedine Zidane '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Landon Donovan '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Henrik Larsson '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Michel Platini '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Zico '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gonzalo Higuain '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM -- Players -- Gonzalo Higuain '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Edinson Cavani '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lukas Podolski '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Franz Beckenbauer '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay -- France 4 : 1 Mexico '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay -- USA 3 : 0 Belgium '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay -- Chile 3 : 0 Mexico '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Bek '' . Sky Sports . 2010 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Straus , Brian . `` The 10 Most Significant Goals In U.S. Soccer History : Bert Patenaude '' . Sports Illustrated . CNN . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The World Cup 's most iconic players : 1930 top scorer Guillermo Stabile '' . talkSPORT.com. 2018 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Classic Player : Leonidas : Brazil 's first superstar '' . FIFA. 2011 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The World Cup 's forgotten men '' . VAVEL. 2014 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Smyth , Rob ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) . `` The forgotten story of ... Just Fontaine 's 13 - goal World Cup '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Kevin . `` World Cup Rewind : Ronaldo sets all - time goals world record '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Grohmann , Karolos ( 2014 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Miroslav Klose 's World Cup goals '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ FIFA World Cup : Statistics ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FIFA . October 2007 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Kolur , Nihal ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Golden Ball Winners in World Cup History '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Wittenberg , Danny ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) . `` Every winner of the World Cup 's Best Young Player award and what they went on to achieve '' . Mirror.co.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 24 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup statistics at FIFA.com Statistics at RSSSF Planet World Cup FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup_top_goalscorers&oldid=856410387 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup statistics Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Português Русский සිංහල Српски / srpski Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 00 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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players with 10 or more world cup goals
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Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki - wikipedia Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Jump to : navigation , search Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Part of the Pacific War of World War II Atomic bomb mushroom clouds over Hiroshima ( left ) and Nagasaki ( right ) Date August 6 and August 9 , 1945 Location Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Empire of Japan Result Allied victory Belligerents United States Manhattan Project : United Kingdom Canada Japan Commanders and leaders William S. Parsons Paul W. Tibbets , Jr . Charles Sweeney Frederick Ashworth Shunroku Hata Units involved Manhattan District : 50 U.S. , 2 British 509th Composite Group : 1,770 U.S. Second General Army : Hiroshima : 40,000 ( 5 Anti-aircraft batteries ) Nagasaki : 9,000 ( 4 Anti-aircraft batteries ) Casualties and losses 20 British , Dutch , and American prisoners of war killed Hiroshima : 20,000 soldiers killed 70,000 -- 126,000 civilians killed Nagasaki : 39,000 -- 80,000 killed Total : 129,000 -- 226,000 + killed Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls - Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts and Marshalls Marianas and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu British raid on Truk Southeast Asia Indochina ( 1940 ) Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) Philippines 1941 -- 42 Franco - Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) Singapore Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) Burma ( 1944 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) Indochina ( 1945 ) Malacca Strait Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea Philippines 1944 -- 45 Borneo 1945 North America Attack on Pearl Harbor Ellwood Operation K Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Karafuto Japanese surrender Manchuria Kantokuen Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mutanchiang Sakhalin Island Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino - Japanese War During the final stage of World War II , the United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9 , 1945 , respectively . The United States had dropped the bombs with the consent of the United Kingdom as outlined in the Quebec Agreement . The two bombings killed at least 129,000 people ( most of whom were civilians ) and remain the only use of nuclear weapons in the history of warfare . In the final year of the war , the Allies prepared for what was anticipated to be a very costly invasion of the Japanese mainland . This undertaking was preceded by a U.S. conventional and firebombing campaign that destroyed 67 Japanese cities . The war in Europe had concluded when Germany signed its instrument of surrender on May 8 , 1945 , which was eight days after Adolf Hitler committed suicide . The Japanese were facing the same fate but refused to accept the Allies ' demands for unconditional surrender , and the war in the Pacific Theatre continued . The Allies called for the unconditional surrender of the Imperial Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26 , 1945 -- the alternative being `` prompt and utter destruction '' . The Japanese ignored the ultimatum and the war continued . By August 1945 , the Allies ' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bomb , and the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B - 29 Superfortress that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands . Orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities were issued on July 25 . On August 6 , the U.S. dropped a uranium gun - type ( Little Boy ) bomb on Hiroshima , and American President Harry S. Truman called for Japan 's surrender , warning it to `` expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth . '' Three days later , on August 9 , a plutonium implosion - type ( Fat Man ) bomb was dropped on Nagasaki . Within the first two to four months following the bombings , the acute effects of the atomic bombings had killed 90,000 -- 146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000 -- 80,000 in Nagasaki ; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day . During the following months , large numbers died from the effect of burns , radiation sickness , and other injuries , compounded by illness and malnutrition . In both cities , most of the dead were civilians , although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison . Japan announced its surrender to the Allies on August 15 , six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet Union 's declaration of war . On September 2 , the Japanese government signed the instrument of surrender , effectively ending World War II . The justification for the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is still debated to this day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Pacific War 1.2 Preparations to invade Japan 1.3 Air raids on Japan 1.4 Atomic bomb development 2 Preparations 2.1 Organization and training 2.2 Choice of targets 2.3 Proposed demonstration 2.4 Leaflets 2.5 Consultation with Britain and Canada 2.6 Potsdam Declaration 2.7 Bombs 3 Hiroshima 3.1 Hiroshima during World War II 3.2 Bombing of Hiroshima 3.3 Events on the ground 3.4 Japanese realization of the bombing 4 Events of August 7 -- 9 5 Nagasaki 5.1 Nagasaki during World War II 5.2 Bombing of Nagasaki 5.3 Events on the ground 6 Plans for more atomic attacks on Japan 7 Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation 8 Depiction , public response , and censorship 9 Post-attack casualties 10 Hibakusha 10.1 Double survivors 10.2 Korean survivors 11 Debate over bombings 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Background Pacific War Main article : Pacific War Situation of the Pacific War by August 1 , 1945 . Japan still had control of all of Manchuria , Korea , Taiwan and Indochina , a large part of China , including most of the main Chinese cities , and much of the Dutch East Indies . In 1945 , the Pacific War between the Empire of Japan and the Allies entered its fourth year . The Japanese fought fiercely , ensuring that the Allied victory would come at an enormous cost . The 1.25 million battle casualties that were incurred by the United States in World War II included both military personnel killed in action and wounded in action . Nearly one million of the casualties occurred during the last year of the war , from June 1944 to June 1945 . In December 1944 , American battle casualties hit an all - time monthly high of 88,000 as a result of the German Ardennes Offensive . In the Pacific , the Allies returned to the Philippines , recaptured Burma , and invaded Borneo . Offensives were undertaken to reduce the Japanese forces remaining in Bougainville , New Guinea and the Philippines . In April 1945 , American forces landed on Okinawa , where heavy fighting continued until June . Along the way , the ratio of Japanese to American casualties dropped from 5 : 1 in the Philippines to 2 : 1 on Okinawa . Although some Japanese soldiers were taken prisoner , most fought until they were killed or committed suicide . Nearly 99 % of the 21,000 defenders of Iwo Jima were killed . Of the 117,000 Okinawan and Japanese troops defending Okinawa in April -- June 1945 , 94 % were killed . American military leaders used these figures to estimate high casualties among American soldiers in the planned invasion of Japan . As the Allies advanced towards Japan , conditions became steadily worse for the Japanese people . Japan 's merchant fleet declined from 5,250,000 gross tons in 1941 to 1,560,000 tons in March 1945 , and 557,000 tons in August 1945 . Lack of raw materials forced the Japanese war economy into a steep decline after the middle of 1944 . The civilian economy , which had slowly deteriorated throughout the war , reached disastrous levels by the middle of 1945 . The loss of shipping also affected the fishing fleet , and the 1945 catch was only 22 % of that in 1941 . The 1945 rice harvest was the worst since 1909 , and hunger and malnutrition became widespread . U.S. industrial production was overwhelmingly superior to Japan 's . By 1943 , the U.S. produced almost 100,000 aircraft a year , compared to Japan 's production of 70,000 for the entire war . By the middle of 1944 , the U.S. had almost a hundred aircraft carriers in the Pacific , far more than Japan 's twenty - five for the entire war . In February 1945 , Prince Fumimaro Konoe advised the Emperor Hirohito that defeat was inevitable , and urged him to abdicate . Preparations to invade Japan Main article : Operation Downfall Even before the surrender of Nazi Germany on May 8 , 1945 , plans were underway for the largest operation of the Pacific War , Operation Downfall , the invasion of Japan . The operation had two parts : Operation Olympic and Operation Coronet . Set to begin in October 1945 , Olympic involved a series of landings by the U.S. Sixth Army intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island , Kyūshū . Operation Olympic was to be followed in March 1946 by Operation Coronet , the capture of the Kantō Plain , near Tokyo on the main Japanese island of Honshū by the U.S. First , Eighth and Tenth Armies , as well as a Commonwealth Corps made up of Australian , British and Canadian divisions . The target date was chosen to allow for Olympic to complete its objectives , for troops to be redeployed from Europe , and the Japanese winter to pass . U.S. Army poster prepares the public for the invasion of Japan after ending war on Germany and Italy Japan 's geography made this invasion plan obvious to the Japanese ; they were able to predict the Allied invasion plans accurately and thus adjust their defensive plan , Operation Ketsugō , accordingly . The Japanese planned an all - out defense of Kyūshū , with little left in reserve for any subsequent defense operations . Four veteran divisions were withdrawn from the Kwantung Army in Manchuria in March 1945 to strengthen the forces in Japan , and 45 new divisions were activated between February and May 1945 . Most were immobile formations for coastal defense , but 16 were high quality mobile divisions . In all , there were 2.3 million Japanese Army troops prepared to defend the home islands , backed by a civilian militia of 28 million men and women . Casualty predictions varied widely , but were extremely high . The Vice Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff , Vice Admiral Takijirō Ōnishi , predicted up to 20 million Japanese deaths . A study from June 15 , 1945 , by the Joint War Plans Committee , who provided planning information to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , estimated that Olympic would result in between 130,000 and 220,000 U.S. casualties , of which U.S. dead would be in the range from 25,000 to 46,000 . Delivered on June 15 , 1945 , after insight gained from the Battle of Okinawa , the study noted Japan 's inadequate defenses due to the very effective sea blockade and the American firebombing campaign . The Chief of Staff of the United States Army , General of the Army George Marshall , and the Army Commander in Chief in the Pacific , General of the Army Douglas MacArthur , signed documents agreeing with the Joint War Plans Committee estimate . The Americans were alarmed by the Japanese buildup , which was accurately tracked through Ultra intelligence . Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson was sufficiently concerned about high American estimates of probable casualties to commission his own study by Quincy Wright and William Shockley . Wright and Shockley spoke with Colonels James McCormack and Dean Rusk , and examined casualty forecasts by Michael E. DeBakey and Gilbert Beebe . Wright and Shockley estimated the invading Allies would suffer between 1.7 and 4 million casualties in such a scenario , of whom between 400,000 and 800,000 would be dead , while Japanese fatalities would have been around 5 to 10 million . Marshall began contemplating the use of a weapon that was `` readily available and which assuredly can decrease the cost in American lives '' : poison gas . Quantities of phosgene , mustard gas , tear gas and cyanogen chloride were moved to Luzon from stockpiles in Australia and New Guinea in preparation for Operation Olympic , and MacArthur ensured that Chemical Warfare Service units were trained in their use . Consideration was also given to using biological weapons against Japan . Air raids on Japan Main article : Air raids on Japan A B - 29 over Osaka on June 1 , 1945 While the United States had developed plans for an air campaign against Japan prior to the Pacific War , the capture of Allied bases in the western Pacific in the first weeks of the conflict meant that this offensive did not begin until mid-1944 when the long - ranged Boeing B - 29 Superfortress became ready for use in combat . Operation Matterhorn involved India - based B - 29s staging through bases around Chengdu in China to make a series of raids on strategic targets in Japan . This effort failed to achieve the strategic objectives that its planners had intended , largely because of logistical problems , the bomber 's mechanical difficulties , the vulnerability of Chinese staging bases , and the extreme range required to reach key Japanese cities . United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) Brigadier General Haywood S. Hansell determined that Guam , Tinian , and Saipan in the Mariana Islands would better serve as B - 29 bases , but they were in Japanese hands . Strategies were shifted to accommodate the air war , and the islands were captured between June and August 1944 . Air bases were developed , and B - 29 operations commenced from the Marianas in October 1944 . These bases were easily resupplied by cargo ships . The XXI Bomber Command began missions against Japan on November 18 , 1944 . The early attempts to bomb Japan from the Marianas proved just as ineffective as the China - based B - 29s had been . Hansell continued the practice of conducting so - called high - altitude precision bombing , aimed at key industries and transportation networks , even after these tactics had not produced acceptable results . These efforts proved unsuccessful due to logistical difficulties with the remote location , technical problems with the new and advanced aircraft , unfavorable weather conditions , and enemy action . The Operation Meetinghouse firebombing of Tokyo on the night of March 9 -- 10 , 1945 , was the single deadliest air raid in history ; with a greater area of fire damage and loss of life than either of the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima or Nagasaki . Hansell 's successor , Major General Curtis LeMay , assumed command in January 1945 and initially continued to use the same precision bombing tactics , with equally unsatisfactory results . The attacks initially targeted key industrial facilities but much of the Japanese manufacturing process was carried out in small workshops and private homes . Under pressure from USAAF headquarters in Washington , LeMay changed tactics and decided that low - level incendiary raids against Japanese cities were the only way to destroy their production capabilities , shifting from precision bombing to area bombardment with incendiaries . Like most strategic bombing during World War II , the aim of the USAAF offensive against Japan was to destroy the enemy 's war industries , kill or disable civilian employees of these industries , and undermine civilian morale . Civilians who took part in the war effort through such activities as building fortifications and manufacturing munitions and other war materials in factories and workshops were considered combatants in a legal sense and therefore liable to be attacked . Over the next six months , the XXI Bomber Command under LeMay firebombed 67 Japanese cities . The firebombing of Tokyo , codenamed Operation Meetinghouse , on March 9 -- 10 killed an estimated 100,000 people and destroyed 16 square miles ( 41 km ) of the city and 267,000 buildings in a single night . It was the deadliest bombing raid of the war , at a cost of 20 B - 29s shot down by flak and fighters . By May , 75 % of bombs dropped were incendiaries designed to burn down Japan 's `` paper cities '' . By mid-June , Japan 's six largest cities had been devastated . The end of the fighting on Okinawa that month provided airfields even closer to the Japanese mainland , allowing the bombing campaign to be further escalated . Aircraft flying from Allied aircraft carriers and the Ryukyu Islands also regularly struck targets in Japan during 1945 in preparation for Operation Downfall . Firebombing switched to smaller cities , with populations ranging from 60,000 to 350,000 . According to Yuki Tanaka , the U.S. fire - bombed over a hundred Japanese towns and cities . These raids were also devastating . The Japanese military was unable to stop the Allied attacks and the country 's civil defense preparations proved inadequate . Japanese fighters and antiaircraft guns had difficulty engaging bombers flying at high altitude . From April 1945 , the Japanese interceptors also had to face American fighter escorts based on Iwo Jima and Okinawa . That month , the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service stopped attempting to intercept the air raids in order to preserve fighter aircraft to counter the expected invasion . By mid-1945 the Japanese only occasionally scrambled aircraft to intercept individual B - 29s conducting reconnaissance sorties over the country , in order to conserve supplies of fuel . By July 1945 , the Japanese had stockpiled 1,156,000 US barrels ( 137,800,000 l ; 36,400,000 US gal ; 30,300,000 imp gal ) of avgas for the invasion of Japan . While the Japanese military decided to resume attacks on Allied bombers from late June , by this time there were too few operational fighters available for this change of tactics to hinder the Allied air raids . Atomic bomb development Main article : Manhattan Project The discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938 , and its theoretical explanation by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch , made the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility . Fears that a German atomic bomb project would develop atomic weapons first , especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries , were expressed in the Einstein - Szilard letter . This prompted preliminary research in the United States in late 1939 . Progress was slow until the arrival of the British MAUD Committee report in late 1941 , which indicated that only 5 -- 10 kilograms of isotopically enriched uranium - 235 was needed for a bomb instead of tons of un-enriched uranium and a neutron moderator ( e.g. heavy water ) . Working in collaboration with the United Kingdom and Canada , with their respective projects Tube Alloys and Chalk River Laboratories , the Manhattan Project , under the direction of Major General Leslie R. Groves , Jr. , of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , designed and built the first atomic bombs . Groves appointed J. Robert Oppenheimer to organize and head the project 's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico , where bomb design work was carried out . Two types of bombs were eventually developed . Little Boy was a gun - type fission weapon that used uranium - 235 , a rare isotope of uranium separated at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge , Tennessee . The other , known as a Fat Man device ( both types named by Robert Serber ) , was a more powerful and efficient , but more complicated , implosion - type nuclear weapon that used plutonium created in nuclear reactors at Hanford , Washington . A test implosion weapon , the gadget , was detonated at Trinity Site , on July 16 , 1945 , near Alamogordo , New Mexico . There was a Japanese nuclear weapon program , but it lacked the human , mineral and financial resources of the Manhattan Project , and never made much progress towards developing an atomic bomb . Preparations Organization and training Aircraft of the 509th Composite Group that took part in the Hiroshima bombing . Left to right : Big Stink , The Great Artiste , Enola Gay The 509th Composite Group was constituted on December 9 , 1944 , and activated on December 17 , 1944 , at Wendover Army Air Field , Utah , commanded by Colonel Paul Tibbets . Tibbets was assigned to organize and command a combat group to develop the means of delivering an atomic weapon against targets in Germany and Japan . Because the flying squadrons of the group consisted of both bomber and transport aircraft , the group was designated as a `` composite '' rather than a `` bombardment '' unit . Working with the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos , Tibbets selected Wendover for his training base over Great Bend , Kansas , and Mountain Home , Idaho , because of its remoteness . Each bombardier completed at least 50 practice drops of inert or conventional explosive pumpkin bombs and Tibbets declared his group combat - ready . The `` Tinian Joint Chiefs '' : Captain William S. Parsons ( left ) , Rear Admiral William R. Purnell ( center ) , and Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell ( right ) The 509th Composite Group had an authorized strength of 225 officers and 1,542 enlisted men , almost all of whom eventually deployed to Tinian . In addition to its authorized strength , the 509th had attached to it on Tinian 51 civilian and military personnel from Project Alberta , known as the 1st Technical Detachment . The 509th Composite Group 's 393d Bombardment Squadron was equipped with 15 Silverplate B - 29s . These aircraft were specially adapted to carry nuclear weapons , and were equipped with fuel - injected engines , Curtiss Electric reversible - pitch propellers , pneumatic actuators for rapid opening and closing of bomb bay doors and other improvements . The ground support echelon of the 509th Composite Group moved by rail on April 26 , 1945 , to its port of embarkation at Seattle , Washington . On May 6 the support elements sailed on the SS Cape Victory for the Marianas , while group materiel was shipped on the SS Emile Berliner . The Cape Victory made brief port calls at Honolulu and Eniwetok but the passengers were not permitted to leave the dock area . An advance party of the air echelon , consisting of 29 officers and 61 enlisted men flew by C - 54 to North Field on Tinian , between May 15 and May 22 . There were also two representatives from Washington , D.C. , Brigadier General Thomas Farrell , the deputy commander of the Manhattan Project , and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell of the Military Policy Committee , who were on hand to decide higher policy matters on the spot . Along with Captain William S. Parsons , the commander of Project Alberta , they became known as the `` Tinian Joint Chiefs '' . Choice of targets The mission runs of August 6 and 9 , with Hiroshima , Nagasaki , and Kokura ( the original target for August 9 ) displayed In April 1945 , Marshall asked Groves to nominate specific targets for bombing for final approval by himself and Stimson . Groves formed a Target Committee , chaired by himself , that included Farrell , Major John A. Derry , Colonel William P. Fisher , Joyce C. Stearns and David M. Dennison from the USAAF ; and scientists John von Neumann , Robert R. Wilson and William Penney from the Manhattan Project . The Target Committee met in Washington on April 27 ; at Los Alamos on May 10 , where it was able to talk to the scientists and technicians there ; and finally in Washington on May 28 , where it was briefed by Tibbets and Commander Frederick Ashworth from Project Alberta , and the Manhattan Project 's scientific advisor , Richard C. Tolman . The Target Committee nominated five targets : Kokura , the site of one of Japan 's largest munitions plants ; Hiroshima , an embarkation port and industrial center that was the site of a major military headquarters ; Yokohama , an urban center for aircraft manufacture , machine tools , docks , electrical equipment and oil refineries ; Niigata , a port with industrial facilities including steel and aluminum plants and an oil refinery ; and Kyoto , a major industrial center . The target selection was subject to the following criteria : The target was larger than 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) in diameter and was an important target in a large city . The blast would create effective damage . The target was unlikely to be attacked by August 1945 . These cities were largely untouched during the nightly bombing raids and the Army Air Forces agreed to leave them off the target list so accurate assessment of the weapon could be made . Hiroshima was described as `` an important army depot and port of embarkation in the middle of an urban industrial area . It is a good radar target and it is such a size that a large part of the city could be extensively damaged . There are adjacent hills which are likely to produce a focusing effect which would considerably increase the blast damage . Due to rivers it is not a good incendiary target . '' The Target Committee stated that `` It was agreed that psychological factors in the target selection were of great importance . Two aspects of this are ( 1 ) obtaining the greatest psychological effect against Japan and ( 2 ) making the initial use sufficiently spectacular for the importance of the weapon to be internationally recognized when publicity on it is released . Kyoto had the advantage of being an important center for military industry , as well an intellectual center and hence a population better able to appreciate the significance of the weapon . The Emperor 's palace in Tokyo has a greater fame than any other target but is of least strategic value . '' Edwin O. Reischauer , a Japan expert for the U.S. Army Intelligence Service , was incorrectly said to have prevented the bombing of Kyoto . In his autobiography , Reischauer specifically refuted this claim : ... the only person deserving credit for saving Kyoto from destruction is Henry L. Stimson , the Secretary of War at the time , who had known and admired Kyoto ever since his honeymoon there several decades earlier . On May 30 , Stimson asked Groves to remove Kyoto from the target list due to its historical , religious and cultural significance , but Groves pointed to its military and industrial significance . Stimson then approached President Harry S. Truman about the matter . Truman agreed with Stimson , and Kyoto was temporarily removed from the target list . Groves attempted to restore Kyoto to the target list in July , but Stimson remained adamant . On July 25 , Nagasaki was put on the target list in place of Kyoto . Proposed demonstration In early May 1945 , the Interim Committee was created by Stimson at the urging of leaders of the Manhattan Project and with the approval of Truman to advise on matters pertaining to nuclear energy . During the meetings on May 31 and June 1 , scientist Ernest Lawrence had suggested giving the Japanese a non-combat demonstration . Arthur Compton later recalled that : It was evident that everyone would suspect trickery . If a bomb were exploded in Japan with previous notice , the Japanese air power was still adequate to give serious interference . An atomic bomb was an intricate device , still in the developmental stage . Its operation would be far from routine . If during the final adjustments of the bomb the Japanese defenders should attack , a faulty move might easily result in some kind of failure . Such an end to an advertised demonstration of power would be much worse than if the attempt had not been made . It was now evident that when the time came for the bombs to be used we should have only one of them available , followed afterwards by others at all - too - long intervals . We could not afford the chance that one of them might be a dud . If the test were made on some neutral territory , it was hard to believe that Japan 's determined and fanatical military men would be impressed . If such an open test were made first and failed to bring surrender , the chance would be gone to give the shock of surprise that proved so effective . On the contrary , it would make the Japanese ready to interfere with an atomic attack if they could . Though the possibility of a demonstration that would not destroy human lives was attractive , no one could suggest a way in which it could be made so convincing that it would be likely to stop the war . The possibility of a demonstration was raised again in the Franck Report issued by physicist James Franck on June 11 and the Scientific Advisory Panel rejected his report on June 16 , saying that `` we can propose no technical demonstration likely to bring an end to the war ; we see no acceptable alternative to direct military use . '' Franck then took the report to Washington , D.C. , where the Interim Committee met on June 21 to re-examine its earlier conclusions ; but it reaffirmed that there was no alternative to the use of the bomb on a military target . Like Compton , many U.S. officials and scientists argued that a demonstration would sacrifice the shock value of the atomic attack , and the Japanese could deny the atomic bomb was lethal , making the mission less likely to produce surrender . Allied prisoners of war might be moved to the demonstration site and be killed by the bomb . They also worried that the bomb might be a dud since the Trinity test was of a stationary device , not an air - dropped bomb . In addition , only two bombs would be available at the start of August , although more were in production , and they cost billions of dollars , so using one for a demonstration would be expensive . Leaflets Various leaflets were dropped on Japan , three versions showing the names of 11 or 12 Japanese cities targeted for destruction by firebombing . The other side contained text stating `` ... we can not promise that only these cities will be among those attacked ... '' For several months , the U.S. had warned civilians of potential air raids by dropping more than 63 million leaflets across Japan . Many Japanese cities suffered terrible damage from aerial bombings ; some were as much as 97 % destroyed . LeMay thought that leaflets would increase the psychological impact of bombing , and reduce the international stigma of area - bombing cities . Even with the warnings , Japanese opposition to the war remained ineffective . In general , the Japanese regarded the leaflet messages as truthful , with many Japanese choosing to leave major cities . The leaflets caused such concern amongst the Empire of Japan that they ordered the arrest of anyone caught in possession of a leaflet . Leaflet texts were prepared by recent Japanese prisoners of war because they were thought to be the best choice `` to appeal to their compatriots '' . In preparation for dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima , the Oppenheimer - led Scientific Panel of the Interim Committee decided against a demonstration bomb and against a special leaflet warning . Those decisions were implemented because of the uncertainty of a successful detonation and also because of the wish to maximize shock in the leadership . No warning was given to Hiroshima that a new and much more destructive bomb was going to be dropped . Various sources gave conflicting information about when the last leaflets were dropped on Hiroshima prior to the atomic bomb . Robert Jay Lifton wrote that it was July 27 , and Theodore H. McNelly wrote that it was July 3 . The USAAF history noted that eleven cities were targeted with leaflets on July 27 , but Hiroshima was not one of them , and there were no leaflet sorties on July 30 . Leaflet sorties were undertaken on August 1 and August 4 . Hiroshima may have been leafleted in late July or early August , as survivor accounts talk about a delivery of leaflets a few days before the atomic bomb was dropped . Three versions were printed of a leaflet listing 11 or 12 cities targeted for firebombing ; a total of 33 cities listed . With the text of this leaflet reading in Japanese `` ... we can not promise that only these cities will be among those attacked ... '' Hiroshima is not listed . Consultation with Britain and Canada General Thomas Handy 's order to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the atomic bombs Under the 1943 Quebec Agreement with the United Kingdom , nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent . Stimson therefore had to obtain British permission . A meeting of the Combined Policy Committee was held at the Pentagon on July 4 , 1945 . Stimson and Vannevar Bush represented the United States ; Britain was represented by the head of the British Joint Staff Mission , Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson ; and Canada by Clarence D. Howe . In addition , Harvey Bundy , Sir James Chadwick , Groves , Lord Halifax , George L. Harrison , and Roger Makins were all present at the meeting by invitation . Wilson announced that the British government concurred with the use of nuclear weapons against Japan , which would be officially recorded as a decision of the Combined Policy Committee . As the release of information to third parties was also controlled by the Quebec Agreement , discussion then turned to what scientific details would be revealed in the press announcement of the bombing . The meeting also considered what Truman could reveal to Joseph Stalin , the leader of the Soviet Union , at the upcoming Potsdam Conference . Orders for the attack were issued to General Carl Spaatz on July 25 under the signature of General Thomas T. Handy , the acting Chief of Staff , since Marshall was at the Potsdam Conference with Truman . That day , Truman noted in his diary that : This weapon is to be used against Japan between now and August 10th . I have told the Sec. of War , Mr. Stimson , to use it so that military objectives and soldiers and sailors are the target and not women and children . Even if the Japs are savages , ruthless , merciless and fanatic , we as the leader of the world for the common welfare can not drop that terrible bomb on the old capital ( Kyoto ) or the new ( Tokyo ) . He and I are in accord . The target will be a purely military one . Potsdam declaration Main article : Potsdam Declaration The July 16 success of the Trinity Test in the New Mexico desert exceeded expectations . On July 26 , Allied leaders issued the Potsdam Declaration , which outlined the terms of surrender for Japan . The declaration was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender , the Allies would attack Japan , resulting in `` the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland '' . The atomic bomb was not mentioned in the communiqué . On July 28 , Japanese papers reported that the declaration had been rejected by the Japanese government . That afternoon , Prime Minister Suzuki Kantarō declared at a press conference that the Potsdam Declaration was no more than a rehash ( yakinaoshi ) of the Cairo Declaration and that the government intended to ignore it ( mokusatsu , `` kill by silence '' ) . The statement was taken by both Japanese and foreign papers as a clear rejection of the declaration . Emperor Hirohito , who was waiting for a Soviet reply to non-committal Japanese peace feelers , made no move to change the government position . Japan 's willingness to surrender remained conditional on the preservation of the imperial institution ; that Japan not be occupied ; that the Japanese armed forces be disbanded voluntarily ; and that war criminals be prosecuted by Japanese courts . At Potsdam , Truman agreed to a request from Winston Churchill that Britain be represented when the atomic bomb was dropped . William Penney and Group Captain Leonard Cheshire were sent to Tinian , but found that LeMay would not let them accompany the mission . All they could do was send a strongly worded signal back to Wilson . Bombs The Little Boy bomb , except for the uranium payload , was ready at the beginning of May 1945 . The uranium - 235 projectile was completed on June 15 , and the target insert on July 24 . The target and bomb pre-assemblies ( partly assembled bombs without the fissile components ) left Hunters Point Naval Shipyard , California , on July 16 aboard the cruiser USS Indianapolis , and arrived on Tinian on July 26 . The target inserts followed by air on July 30 . The first plutonium core , along with its polonium - beryllium urchin initiator , was transported in the custody of Project Alberta courier Raemer Schreiber in a magnesium field carrying case designed for the purpose by Philip Morrison . Magnesium was chosen because it does not act as a tamper . The core departed from Kirtland Army Air Field on a C - 54 transport aircraft of the 509th Composite Group 's 320th Troop Carrier Squadron on July 26 , and arrived at North Field July 28 . Three Fat Man high - explosive pre-assemblies , designated F31 , F32 , and F33 , were picked up at Kirtland on July 28 by three B - 29s , two from the 393d Bombardment Squadron plus one from the 216th Army Air Force Base Unit , and transported to North Field , arriving on August 2 . Hiroshima Hiroshima during World War II The Enola Gay dropped the `` Little Boy '' atomic bomb on Hiroshima . In this photograph are five of the aircraft 's ground crew with mission commander Paul Tibbets in the center . At the time of its bombing , Hiroshima was a city of both industrial and military significance . A number of military units were located nearby , the most important of which was the headquarters of Field Marshal Shunroku Hata 's Second General Army , which commanded the defense of all of southern Japan , and was located in Hiroshima Castle . Hata 's command consisted of some 400,000 men , most of whom were on Kyushu where an Allied invasion was correctly anticipated . Also present in Hiroshima were the headquarters of the 59th Army , the 5th Division and the 224th Division , a recently formed mobile unit . The city was defended by five batteries of 7 - cm and 8 - cm ( 2.8 and 3.1 inch ) anti-aircraft guns of the 3rd Anti-Aircraft Division , including units from the 121st and 122nd Anti-Aircraft Regiments and the 22nd and 45th Separate Anti-Aircraft Battalions . In total , an estimated 40,000 Japanese military personnel were stationed in the city . Hiroshima was a minor supply and logistics base for the Japanese military , but it also had large stockpiles of military supplies . The city was also a communications center , a key port for shipping and an assembly area for troops . It was a beehive of war industry , manufacturing parts for planes and boats , for bombs , rifles , and handguns ; children were shown how to construct and hurl gasoline bombs and the wheelchair - bound and bedridden were assembling booby traps to be planted in the beaches of Kyushu . A new slogan appeared on the walls of Hiroshima : `` FORGET SELF ! ALL OUT FOR YOUR COUNTRY ! '' It was also the second largest city in Japan after Kyoto that was still undamaged by air raids , due to the fact that it lacked the aircraft manufacturing industry that was the XXI Bomber Command 's priority target . On July 3 , the Joint Chiefs of Staff placed it off limits to bombers , along with Kokura , Niigata and Kyoto . The center of the city contained several reinforced concrete buildings and lighter structures . Outside the center , the area was congested by a dense collection of small timber - made workshops set among Japanese houses . A few larger industrial plants lay near the outskirts of the city . The houses were constructed of timber with tile roofs , and many of the industrial buildings were also built around timber frames . The city as a whole was highly susceptible to fire damage . The population of Hiroshima had reached a peak of over 381,000 earlier in the war but prior to the atomic bombing , the population had steadily decreased because of a systematic evacuation ordered by the Japanese government . At the time of the attack , the population was approximately 340,000 -- 350,000 . Residents wondered why Hiroshima had been spared destruction by firebombing . Some speculated that the city was to be saved for U.S. occupation headquarters , others thought perhaps their relatives in Hawaii and California had petitioned the U.S. government to avoid bombing Hiroshima . More realistic city officials had ordered buildings torn down to create long , straight firebreaks , beginning in 1944 . Firebreaks continued to be expanded and extended up to the morning of August 6 , 1945 . Bombing of Hiroshima Seizo Yamada 's ground level photo taken approximately 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) northeast of Hiroshima Picture found in Honkawa Elementary School in 2013 of the Hiroshima atom bomb cloud , stated by some books and the Hiroshima Peace Museum as having been taken about 30 minutes after detonation from about 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) east of the hypocenter . However , experience on how quickly such clouds dissipate and comparisons to other photos puts this frame at 2 - 3 minutes after detonation , not 30 minutes . Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on August 6 , with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets . Having been fully briefed under the terms of Operations Order No. 35 , the 393d Bombardment Squadron B - 29 Enola Gay , piloted by Tibbets , took off from North Field , Tinian , about six hours ' flight time from Japan . The Enola Gay ( named after Tibbets ' mother ) was accompanied by two other B - 29s . The Great Artiste , commanded by Major Charles Sweeney , carried instrumentation , and a then - nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil , commanded by Captain George Marquardt , served as the photography aircraft . Special Mission 13 , Primary target Hiroshima , August 6 , 1945 Aircraft Pilot Call Sign Mission role Straight Flush Major Claude R. Eatherly Dimples 85 Weather reconnaissance ( Hiroshima ) Jabit III Major John A. Wilson Dimples 71 Weather reconnaissance ( Kokura ) Full House Major Ralph R. Taylor Dimples 83 Weather reconnaissance ( Nagasaki ) Enola Gay Colonel Paul W. Tibbets Dimples 82 Weapon delivery The Great Artiste Major Charles W. Sweeney Dimples 89 Blast measurement instrumentation Necessary Evil Captain . George W. Marquardt Dimples 91 Strike observation and photography Top Secret Captain Charles F. McKnight Dimples 72 Strike spare -- did not complete mission After leaving Tinian the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima to rendezvous with Sweeney and Marquardt at 05 : 55 at 9,200 feet ( 2,800 m ) , and set course for Japan . The aircraft arrived over the target in clear visibility at 31,060 feet ( 9,470 m ) . Parsons , who was in command of the mission , armed the bomb during the flight to minimize the risks during takeoff . He had witnessed four B - 29s crash and burn at takeoff , and feared that a nuclear explosion would occur if a B - 29 crashed with an armed Little Boy on board . His assistant , Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson , removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area . During the night of August 5 -- 6 , Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of numerous American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan . Radar detected 65 bombers headed for Saga , 102 bound for Maebashi , 261 en route to Nishinomiya , 111 headed for Ube and 66 bound for Imabari . An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities , among them Hiroshima . The all - clear was sounded in Hiroshima at 00 : 05 . About an hour before the bombing , the air raid alert was sounded again , as Straight Flush flew over the city . It broadcast a short message which was picked up by Enola Gay . It read : `` Cloud cover less than 3 / 10th at all altitudes . Advice : bomb primary . '' The all - clear was sounded over Hiroshima again at 07 : 09 . At 08 : 09 , Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier , Major Thomas Ferebee . The release at 08 : 15 ( Hiroshima time ) went as planned , and the Little Boy containing about 64 kg ( 141 lb ) of uranium - 235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about 31,000 feet ( 9,400 m ) to a detonation height of about 1,900 feet ( 580 m ) above the city . Enola Gay traveled 11.5 mi ( 18.5 km ) before it felt the shock waves from the blast . For decades this `` Hiroshima strike '' photo was misidentified as the mushroom cloud of the bomb that formed at c. 08 : 16 . However , due to its much greater height , the scene was identified by a researcher in March 2016 as the firestorm - cloud that engulfed the city , a fire that reached its peak intensity some three hours after the bomb . The image with the incorrect description featured prominently in the Hiroshima Peace Museum up to 2016 , though not cited , it had much earlier , also been mis - attributed and presented to the public in 1955 by US artists , with the world - touring The Family of Man exhibition . Without knowledge of the photo the output of energy from the fuel in the city , necessary to loft a stratospheric firestorm - cloud , had been estimated as 1000 times the energy of the bomb . Post March estimates using the height of this Hiroshima - cloud also point at the underlying firestorm releasing approximately 1000 times the energy of the bomb . Twenty minutes after detonation , during the formation of this firestorm , soot filled black rain began to fall on survivors . Scientist Alan Robock suggests that 100 of these firestorm - clouds would create a small `` nuclear winter '' , 1 - 2 C of global cooling . Due to crosswind , the bomb missed the aiming point , the Aioi Bridge , by approximately 800 ft ( 240 m ) and detonated directly over Shima Surgical Clinic at 34 ° 23 ′ 41 '' N 132 ° 27 ′ 17 '' E / 34.39468 ° N 132.45462 ° E / 34.39468 ; 132.45462 . It released the equivalent energy of 16 kilotons of TNT ( 67 TJ ) , ± 2 kt . The weapon was considered very inefficient , with only 1.7 % of its material fissioning . The radius of total destruction was about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) , with resulting fires across 4.4 square miles ( 11 km ) . People on the ground reported seeing a pika ( ピカ ) -- a brilliant flash of light -- followed by a don ( ドン ) -- a loud booming sound . Some 70,000 -- 80,000 people , or around 30 % of the population of Hiroshima , were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm , and another 70,000 injured . Perhaps as many as 20,000 Japanese military personnel were killed . Enola Gay stayed over the target area for two minutes and was ten miles away when the bomb detonated . Only Tibbets , Parsons , and Ferebee knew of the nature of the weapon ; the others on the bomber were only told to expect a blinding flash and given black goggles . `` It was hard to believe what we saw '' , Tibbets told reporters , while Parsons said `` the whole thing was tremendous and awe - inspiring ... the men aboard with me gasped ' My God ' '' . He and Tibbets compared the shockwave to `` a close burst of ack - ack fire '' . Events on the ground Some of the reinforced concrete buildings in Hiroshima had been very strongly constructed because of the earthquake danger in Japan , and their framework did not collapse even though they were fairly close to the blast center . Since the bomb detonated in the air , the blast was directed more downward than sideways , which was largely responsible for the survival of the Prefectural Industrial Promotional Hall , now commonly known as the Genbaku ( A-bomb ) dome . This building was designed and built by the Czech architect Jan Letzel , and was only 150 m ( 490 ft ) from ground zero . The ruin was named Hiroshima Peace Memorial and was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 over the objections of the United States and China , which expressed reservations on the grounds that other Asian nations were the ones who suffered the greatest loss of life and property , and a focus on Japan lacked historical perspective . The US surveys estimated that 4.7 square miles ( 12 km ) of the city were destroyed . Japanese officials determined that 69 % of Hiroshima 's buildings were destroyed and another 6 -- 7 % damaged . The bombing started fires that spread rapidly through timber and paper homes . As in other Japanese cities , the firebreaks proved ineffective . Hiroshima bombing Hiroshima in the aftermath of the bombing Strike order for the Hiroshima bombing as posted on August 5 , 1945 Injured civilian casualties The Hiroshima Genbaku Dome after the bombing The greater absorption of thermal energy by dark colors resulted in the clothes pattern , in the tight - fitting areas on this survivor , being burnt into the skin . Direct , thermal flash burns . Survivor is standing as the burn is of very shallow depth ; unlike burns from hot convective material , the heat transfer rate from thermal radiation is low . 22 - year old victim Toyoko Kugata being treated at the Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital ( October 6 , 1945 ) Eizō Nomura was the closest known survivor , being in the basement of a reinforced concrete building ( it remained as the Rest House after the war ) only 170 metres ( 560 ft ) from ground zero ( the hypocenter ) at the time of the attack . He lived into his 80s . Akiko Takakura was among the closest survivors to the hypocenter of the blast . She had been in the solidly built Bank of Hiroshima only 300 meters ( 980 ft ) from ground - zero at the time of the attack . Over 90 % of the doctors and 93 % of the nurses in Hiroshima were killed or injured -- most had been in the downtown area which received the greatest damage . The hospitals were destroyed or heavily damaged . Only one doctor , Terufumi Sasaki , remained on duty at the Red Cross Hospital . Nonetheless , by early afternoon , the police and volunteers had established evacuation centres at hospitals , schools and tram stations , and a morgue was established in the Asano library . Most elements of the Japanese Second General Army headquarters were at physical training on the grounds of Hiroshima Castle , barely 900 yards ( 820 m ) from the hypocenter . The attack killed 3,243 troops on the parade ground . The communications room of Chugoku Military District Headquarters that was responsible for issuing and lifting air raid warnings was in a semi-basement in the castle . Yoshie Oka , a Hijiyama Girls High School student who had been conscripted / mobilized to serve as a communications officer had just sent a message that the alarm had been issued for Hiroshima and neighboring Yamaguchi , when the bomb exploded . She used a special phone to inform Fukuyama Headquarters ( some 100 km away ) that `` Hiroshima has been attacked by a new type of bomb . The city is in a state of near - total destruction . '' Since Mayor Senkichi Awaya had been killed while eating breakfast with his son and granddaughter at the mayoral residence , Field Marshal Hata , who was only slightly wounded , took over the administration of the city , and coordinated relief efforts . Many of his staff had been killed or fatally wounded , including a Korean prince of the Joseon Dynasty , Yi Wu , who was serving as a lieutenant colonel in the Japanese Army . Hata 's senior surviving staff officer was the wounded Colonel Kumao Imoto , who acted as his chief of staff . Soldiers from the undamaged Hiroshima Ujina Harbor used suicide boats , intended to repel the American invasion , to collect the wounded and take them down the rivers to the military hospital at Ujina . Trucks and trains brought in relief supplies and evacuated survivors from the city . Twelve American airmen were imprisoned at the Chugoku Military Police Headquarters located about 1,300 feet ( 400 m ) from the hypocenter of the blast . Most died instantly , although two were reported to have been executed by their captors , and two prisoners badly injured by the bombing were left next to the Aioi Bridge by the Kempei Tai , where they were stoned to death . Eight U.S. prisoners of war killed as part of the medical experiments program at Kyushu University were falsely reported by Japanese authorities as having been killed in the atomic blast as part of an attempted cover up . Japanese realization of the bombing Hiroshima before the bombing Hiroshima after the bombing and firestorm The Tokyo control operator of the Japan Broadcasting Corporation noticed that the Hiroshima station had gone off the air . He tried to re-establish his program by using another telephone line , but it too had failed . About 20 minutes later the Tokyo railroad telegraph center realized that the main line telegraph had stopped working just north of Hiroshima . From some small railway stops within 16 km ( 10 mi ) of the city came unofficial and confused reports of a terrible explosion in Hiroshima . All these reports were transmitted to the headquarters of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff . Military bases repeatedly tried to call the Army Control Station in Hiroshima . The complete silence from that city puzzled the General Staff ; they knew that no large enemy raid had occurred and that no sizable store of explosives was in Hiroshima at that time . A young officer was instructed to fly immediately to Hiroshima , to land , survey the damage , and return to Tokyo with reliable information for the staff . It was felt that nothing serious had taken place and that the explosion was just a rumor . The staff officer went to the airport and took off for the southwest . After flying for about three hours , while still nearly 160 km ( 100 mi ) from Hiroshima , he and his pilot saw a great cloud of smoke from the bomb . After circling the city in order to survey the damage they landed south of the city , where the staff officer , after reporting to Tokyo , began to organize relief measures . Tokyo 's first indication that the city had been destroyed by a new type of bomb came from President Truman 's announcement of the strike , sixteen hours later . Events of August 7 -- 9 Truman announcing the bombing of Hiroshima President Truman announces the bombing of Hiroshima . Problems playing this file ? See media help . After the Hiroshima bombing , Truman issued a statement announcing the use of the new weapon . He stated , `` We may be grateful to Providence '' that the German atomic bomb project had failed , and that the United States and its allies had `` spent two billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble in history -- and won '' . Truman then warned Japan : `` If they do not now accept our terms , they may expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth . Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware . '' This was a widely broadcast speech picked up by Japanese news agencies . Leaflet AB12 , with information on the Hiroshima bomb and a warning to civilians to petition the Emperor to surrender was dropped over Japan beginning on August 9 , by the 509th Composite Group on the bombing mission . Although it is not identified by them , an AB11 is in the possession of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum . By August 8 , the 50,000 - watt standard wave station on Saipan the OWI radio station , broadcast a similar message to Japan every 15 minutes about Hiroshima , stating that more Japanese cities would face a similar fate in the absence of immediate acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and emphatically urged civilians to evacuate major cities . Radio Japan , which continued to extoll victory for Japan by never surrendering , had informed the Japanese of the destruction of Hiroshima by a single bomb . Prime Minister Suzuki felt compelled to meet the Japanese press , to whom he reiterated his government 's commitment to ignore the Allies ' demands and fight on . The Japanese government did not react . Emperor Hirohito , the government , and the war council considered four conditions for surrender : the preservation of the kokutai ( Imperial institution and national polity ) , assumption by the Imperial Headquarters of responsibility for disarmament and demobilization , no occupation of the Japanese Home Islands , Korea , or Formosa , and delegation of the punishment of war criminals to the Japanese government . Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov informed Tokyo of the Soviet Union 's unilateral abrogation of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact on August 5 . At two minutes past midnight on August 9 , Tokyo time , Soviet infantry , armor , and air forces had launched the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation . Four hours later , word reached Tokyo of the Soviet Union 's official declaration of war . The senior leadership of the Japanese Army began preparations to impose martial law on the nation , with the support of Minister of War Korechika Anami , in order to stop anyone attempting to make peace . On August 7 , a day after Hiroshima was destroyed , Dr. Yoshio Nishina and other atomic physicists arrived at the city , and carefully examined the damage . They then went back to Tokyo and told the cabinet that Hiroshima was indeed destroyed by an atomic bomb . Admiral Soemu Toyoda , the Chief of the Naval General Staff , estimated that no more than one or two additional bombs could be readied , so they decided to endure the remaining attacks , acknowledging `` there would be more destruction but the war would go on '' . American Magic codebreakers intercepted the cabinet 's messages . Purnell , Parsons , Tibbets , Spaatz , and LeMay met on Guam that same day to discuss what should be done next . Since there was no indication of Japan surrendering , they decided to proceed with dropping another bomb . Parsons said that Project Alberta would have it ready by August 11 , but Tibbets pointed to weather reports indicating poor flying conditions on that day due to a storm , and asked if the bomb could be readied by August 9 . Parsons agreed to try to do so . Nagasaki Nagasaki during World War II The Bockscar and its crew , who dropped the Fat Man atomic bomb on Nagasaki The city of Nagasaki had been one of the largest seaports in southern Japan , and was of great wartime importance because of its wide - ranging industrial activity , including the production of ordnance , ships , military equipment , and other war materials . The four largest companies in the city were Mitsubishi Shipyards , Electrical Shipyards , Arms Plant , and Steel and Arms Works , which employed about 90 % of the city 's labor force , and accounted for 90 % of the city 's industry . Although an important industrial city , Nagasaki had been spared from firebombing because its geography made it difficult to locate at night with AN / APQ - 13 radar . Unlike the other target cities , Nagasaki had not been placed off limits to bombers by the Joint Chiefs of Staff 's July 3 directive , and was bombed on a small scale five times . During one of these raids on August 1 , a number of conventional high - explosive bombs were dropped on the city . A few hit the shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city , and several hit the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works . By early August , the city was defended by the 134th Anti-Aircraft Regiment of the 4th Anti-Aircraft Division with four batteries of 7 cm ( 2.8 in ) anti-aircraft guns and two searchlight batteries . In contrast to Hiroshima , almost all of the buildings were of old - fashioned Japanese construction , consisting of timber or timber - framed buildings with timber walls ( with or without plaster ) and tile roofs . Many of the smaller industries and business establishments were also situated in buildings of timber or other materials not designed to withstand explosions . Nagasaki had been permitted to grow for many years without conforming to any definite city zoning plan ; residences were erected adjacent to factory buildings and to each other almost as closely as possible throughout the entire industrial valley . On the day of the bombing , an estimated 263,000 people were in Nagasaki , including 240,000 Japanese residents , 10,000 Korean residents , 2,500 conscripted Korean workers , 9,000 Japanese soldiers , 600 conscripted Chinese workers , and 400 Allied prisoners of war in a camp to the north of Nagasaki . Bombing of Nagasaki Responsibility for the timing of the second bombing was delegated to Tibbets . Scheduled for August 11 against Kokura , the raid was moved earlier by two days to avoid a five - day period of bad weather forecast to begin on August 10 . Three bomb pre-assemblies had been transported to Tinian , labeled F - 31 , F - 32 , and F - 33 on their exteriors . On August 8 , a dress rehearsal was conducted off Tinian by Sweeney using Bockscar as the drop airplane . Assembly F - 33 was expended testing the components and F - 31 was designated for the August 9 mission . Special Mission 16 , Secondary target Nagasaki , August 9 , 1945 Aircraft Pilot Call Sign Mission role Enola Gay Captain George W. Marquardt Dimples 82 Weather reconnaissance ( Kokura ) Laggin ' Dragon Captain Charles F. McKnight Dimples 95 Weather reconnaissance ( Nagasaki ) Bockscar Major Charles W. Sweeney Dimples 77 Weapon delivery The Great Artiste Captain Frederick C. Bock Dimples 89 Blast measurement instrumentation Big Stink Major James I. Hopkins , Jr . Dimples 90 Strike observation and photography Full House Major Ralph R. Taylor Dimples 83 Strike spare -- did not complete mission At 03 : 49 on the morning of August 9 , 1945 , Bockscar , flown by Sweeney 's crew , carried Fat Man , with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target . The mission plan for the second attack was nearly identical to that of the Hiroshima mission , with two B - 29s flying an hour ahead as weather scouts and two additional B - 29s in Sweeney 's flight for instrumentation and photographic support of the mission . Sweeney took off with his weapon already armed but with the electrical safety plugs still engaged . Strike order for the Nagasaki bombing as posted August 8 , 1945 During pre-flight inspection of Bockscar , the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use 640 US gallons ( 2,400 l ; 530 imp gal ) of fuel carried in a reserve tank . This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back , consuming still more fuel . Replacing the pump would take hours ; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well , as the bomb was live . Tibbets and Sweeney therefore elected to have Bockscar continue the mission . This time Penney and Cheshire were allowed to accompany the mission , flying as observers on the third plane , Big Stink , flown by the group 's operations officer , Major James I. Hopkins , Jr . Observers aboard the weather planes reported both targets clear . When Sweeney 's aircraft arrived at the assembly point for his flight off the coast of Japan , Big Stink failed to make the rendezvous . According to Cheshire , Hopkins was at varying heights including 9,000 feet ( 2,700 m ) higher than he should have been , and was not flying tight circles over Yakushima as previously agreed with Sweeney and Captain Frederick C. Bock , who was piloting the support B - 29 The Great Artiste . Instead , Hopkins was flying 40 - mile ( 64 km ) dogleg patterns . Though ordered not to circle longer than fifteen minutes , Sweeney continued to wait for Big Stink , at the urging of Ashworth , the plane 's weaponeer , who was in command of the mission . After exceeding the original departure time limit by a half - hour , Bockscar , accompanied by The Great Artiste , proceeded to Kokura , thirty minutes away . The delay at the rendezvous had resulted in clouds and drifting smoke over Kokura from fires started by a major firebombing raid by 224 B - 29s on nearby Yahata the previous day . Additionally , the Yawata Steel Works intentionally burned coal tar , to produce black smoke . The clouds and smoke resulted in 70 % of the area over Kokura being covered , obscuring the aiming point . Three bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes , burning fuel and exposing the aircraft repeatedly to the heavy defenses of Yawata , but the bombardier was unable to drop visually . By the time of the third bomb run , Japanese antiaircraft fire was getting close , and Second Lieutenant Jacob Beser , who was monitoring Japanese communications , reported activity on the Japanese fighter direction radio bands . After three runs over the city , and with fuel running low because of the failed fuel pump , they headed for their secondary target , Nagasaki . Fuel consumption calculations made en route indicated that Bockscar had insufficient fuel to reach Iwo Jima and would be forced to divert to Okinawa , which had become entirely Allied - occupied territory only six weeks earlier . After initially deciding that if Nagasaki were obscured on their arrival the crew would carry the bomb to Okinawa and dispose of it in the ocean if necessary , Ashworth ruled that a radar approach would be used if the target was obscured . At about 07 : 50 Japanese time , an air raid alert was sounded in Nagasaki , but the `` all clear '' signal was given at 08 : 30 . When only two B - 29 Superfortresses were sighted at 10 : 53 , the Japanese apparently assumed that the planes were only on reconnaissance and no further alarm was given . Nagasaki before and after the bombing and the fires had long since burnt out A few minutes later at 11 : 00 , The Great Artiste dropped instruments attached to three parachutes . These instruments also contained an unsigned letter to Professor Ryokichi Sagane , a physicist at the University of Tokyo who studied with three of the scientists responsible for the atomic bomb at the University of California , Berkeley , urging him to tell the public about the danger involved with these weapons of mass destruction . The messages were found by military authorities but not turned over to Sagane until a month later . In 1949 , one of the authors of the letter , Luis Alvarez , met with Sagane and signed the document . At 11 : 01 , a last - minute break in the clouds over Nagasaki allowed Bockscar 's bombardier , Captain Kermit Beahan , to visually sight the target as ordered . The Fat Man weapon , containing a core of about 6.4 kg ( 14 lb ) of plutonium , was dropped over the city 's industrial valley at 32 ° 46 ′ 25 '' N 129 ° 51 ′ 48 '' E / 32.77372 ° N 129.86325 ° E / 32.77372 ; 129.86325 . It exploded 47 seconds later at 1,650 ± 33 ft ( 503 ± 10 m ) , above a tennis court halfway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Nagasaki Arsenal in the north . This was nearly 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) northwest of the planned hypocenter ; the blast was confined to the Urakami Valley and a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills . The resulting explosion released the equivalent energy of 21 ± 2 kt ( 87.9 ± 8.4 TJ ) . The explosion generated temperatures inside the fireball estimated at 3,900 ° C ( 7,050 ° F ) and winds that were estimated at over 1,000 km / h ( 620 mph ) . Big Stink spotted the explosion from a hundred miles away , and flew over to observe . Because of the delays in the mission and the inoperative fuel transfer pump , Bockscar did not have sufficient fuel to reach the emergency landing field at Iwo Jima , so Sweeney and Bock flew to Okinawa . Arriving there , Sweeney circled for 20 minutes trying to contact the control tower for landing clearance , finally concluding that his radio was faulty . Critically low on fuel , Bockscar barely made it to the runway on Okinawa 's Yontan Airfield . With enough fuel for only one landing attempt , Sweeney and Albury brought Bockscar in at 150 miles per hour ( 240 km / h ) instead of the normal 120 miles per hour ( 190 km / h ) , firing distress flares to alert the field of the uncleared landing . The number two engine died from fuel starvation as Bockscar began its final approach . Touching the runway hard , the heavy B - 29 slewed left and towards a row of parked B - 24 bombers before the pilots managed to regain control . The B - 29 's reversible propellers were insufficient to slow the aircraft adequately , and with both pilots standing on the brakes , Bockscar made a swerving 90 - degree turn at the end of the runway to avoid running off it . A second engine died from fuel exhaustion by the time the plane came to a stop . The flight engineer later measured fuel in the tanks and concluded that less than five minutes total remained . Following the mission , there was confusion over the identification of the plane . The first eyewitness account by war correspondent William L. Laurence of The New York Times , who accompanied the mission aboard the aircraft piloted by Bock , reported that Sweeney was leading the mission in The Great Artiste . He also noted its `` Victor '' number as 77 , which was that of Bockscar . Laurence had interviewed Sweeney and his crew , and was aware that they referred to their airplane as The Great Artiste . Except for Enola Gay , none of the 393d 's B - 29s had yet had names painted on the noses , a fact which Laurence himself noted in his account . Unaware of the switch in aircraft , Laurence assumed Victor 77 was The Great Artiste , which was in fact , Victor 89 . Events on the ground A photograph of Sumiteru Taniguchi 's back injuries taken in January 1946 by a U.S. Marine photographer Although the bomb was more powerful than the one used on Hiroshima , the effect was confined by hillsides to the narrow Urakami Valley . Of 7,500 Japanese employees who worked inside the Mitsubishi Munitions plant , including `` mobilized '' / conscripted students and regular workers , 6,200 were killed . Some 17,000 -- 22,000 others who worked in other war plants and factories in the city died as well . Casualty estimates for immediate deaths vary widely , ranging from 22,000 to 75,000 At least 35,000 -- 40,000 people were killed and 60,000 others injured . In the days and months following the explosion , more people died from bomb effects . Because of the presence of undocumented foreign workers , and a number of military personnel in transit , there are great discrepancies in the estimates of total deaths by the end of 1945 ; a range of 39,000 to 80,000 can be found in various studies . Urakami Tenshudo ( Catholic Church in Nagasaki ) destroyed by the bomb , the dome / bell of the church , at right , having toppled off Unlike Hiroshima 's military death toll , only 150 Japanese soldiers were killed instantly , including thirty - six from the 134th AAA Regiment of the 4th AAA Division . At least eight known POWs died from the bombing and as many as 13 may have died , including a British prisoner of war , Royal Air Force Corporal Ronald Shaw , and seven Dutch POWs . One American POW , Joe Kieyoomia , was in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing but survived , reportedly having been shielded from the effects of the bomb by the concrete walls of his cell . There were 24 Australian POWs in Nagasaki , all of whom survived . The radius of total destruction was about 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) , followed by fires across the northern portion of the city to 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) south of the bomb . About 58 % of the Mitsubishi Arms Plant was damaged , and about 78 % of the Mitsubishi Steel Works . The Mitsubishi Electric Works suffered only 10 % structural damage as it was on the border of the main destruction zone . The Nagasaki Arsenal was destroyed in the blast . Although many fires likewise burnt following the bombing , in contrast to Hiroshima where sufficient fuel density was available , no firestorm developed in Nagasaki as the damaged areas did not furnish enough fuel to generate the phenomenon . Instead , the ambient wind at the time pushed the fire spread along the valley . Plans for more Atomic attacks on Japan The Nagasaki Prefecture Report on the bombing characterized Nagasaki as `` like a graveyard with not a tombstone standing '' . Groves expected to have another atomic bomb ready for use on August 19 , with three more in September and a further three in October . On August 10 , he sent a memorandum to Marshall in which he wrote that `` the next bomb ... should be ready for delivery on the first suitable weather after 17 or 18 August . '' On the same day , Marshall endorsed the memo with the comment , `` It is not to be released over Japan without express authority from the President . '' Truman had secretly requested this on August 10 . This modified the previous order that the target cities were to be attacked with atomic bombs `` as made ready '' . There was already discussion in the War Department about conserving the bombs then in production for Operation Downfall . `` The problem now ( August 13 ) is whether or not , assuming the Japanese do not capitulate , to continue dropping them every time one is made and shipped out there or whether to hold them ... and then pour them all on in a reasonably short time . Not all in one day , but over a short period . And that also takes into consideration the target that we are after . In other words , should we not concentrate on targets that will be of the greatest assistance to an invasion rather than industry , morale , psychology , and the like ? Nearer the tactical use rather than other use . '' Two more Fat Man assemblies were readied , and scheduled to leave Kirtland Field for Tinian on August 11 and 14 , and Tibbets was ordered by LeMay to return to Albuquerque , New Mexico , to collect them . At Los Alamos , technicians worked 24 hours straight to cast another plutonium core . Although cast , it still needed to be pressed and coated , which would take until August 16 . Therefore , it could have been ready for use on August 19 . Unable to reach Marshall , Groves ordered on his own authority on August 13 that the core should not be shipped . Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation Main articles : Surrender of Japan and Occupation of Japan Until August 9 , Japan 's war council still insisted on its four conditions for surrender . On that day Hirohito ordered Kōichi Kido to `` quickly control the situation ... because the Soviet Union has declared war against us . '' He then held an Imperial conference during which he authorized minister Shigenori Tōgō to notify the Allies that Japan would accept their terms on one condition , that the declaration `` does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign ruler . '' On August 12 , the Emperor informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender . One of his uncles , Prince Asaka , then asked whether the war would be continued if the kokutai could not be preserved . Hirohito simply replied , `` Of course . '' As the Allied terms seemed to leave intact the principle of the preservation of the Throne , Hirohito recorded on August 14 his capitulation announcement which was broadcast to the Japanese nation the next day despite a short rebellion by militarists opposed to the surrender . In his declaration , Hirohito referred to the atomic bombings : Moreover , the enemy now possesses a new and terrible weapon with the power to destroy many innocent lives and do incalculable damage . Should we continue to fight , not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation , but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization . Such being the case , how are we to save the millions of our subjects , or to atone ourselves before the hallowed spirits of our imperial ancestors ? This is the reason why we have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the joint declaration of the powers . In his `` Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors '' delivered on August 17 , he stressed the impact of the Soviet invasion on his decision to surrender . Hirohito met with General MacArthur on September 27 , saying to him that `` the peace party did not prevail until the bombing of Hiroshima created a situation which could be dramatized '' . Furthermore , the `` Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors '' speech he told MacArthur about was just personal , not political , and never stated that the Soviet intervention in Manchuria was the main reason for surrender . In fact , a day after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria , Hirohito ordered his advisers , primarily Chief Cabinet Secretary Hisatsune Sakomizu , Kawada Mizuho , and Masahiro Yasuoka , to write up a surrender speech . In Hirohito 's speech , days before announcing it on radio on August 15 , he gave three major reasons for surrender : Tokyo 's defenses would not be complete before the American invasion of Japan , Ise Shrine would be lost to the Americans , and atomic weapons deployed by the Americans would lead to the death of the entire Japanese race . Despite the Soviet intervention , Hirohito did not mention the Soviets as the main factor for surrender . Depiction , public response , and censorship Play media Life among the rubble in Hiroshima in March and April 1946 . Film footage taken by Lieutenant Daniel A. McGovern ( director ) and Harry Mimura ( cameraman ) for a United States Strategic Bombing Survey project . During the war , the British embassy in Washington reported that Americans regarded the Japanese as `` a nameless mass of vermin '' ; caricatures depicting Japanese as less than human , e.g. monkeys , were common . A 1944 opinion poll that asked what should be done with Japan found that 13 % of the U.S. public were in favor of `` killing off '' all Japanese people . After the Hiroshima bomb detonated successfully , Oppenheimer addressed an assembly at Los Alamos `` clasping his hands together like a prize - winning boxer '' . The bombing amazed Otto Hahn and other German atomic scientists the British held at Farm Hall in Operation Epsilon . Hahn stated that he had not believed an atomic weapon `` would be possible for another twenty years '' ; Werner Heisenberg did not believe the news at first . Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker said `` I think it 's dreadful of the Americans to have done it . I think it is madness on their part '' , but Heisenberg replied , `` One could equally well say ' That 's the quickest way of ending the war ' '' . Hahn was grateful that the German project had not succeeded in developing `` such an inhumane weapon '' ; Karl Wirtz observed that even if it had , `` we would have obliterated London but would still not have conquered the world , and then they would have dropped them on us '' . Hahn told the others , `` Once I wanted to suggest that all uranium should be sunk to the bottom of the ocean '' . The Vatican agreed ; L'Osservatore Romano expressed regret that the bomb 's inventors did not destroy the weapon for the benefit of humanity . Rev. Cuthbert Thicknesse , the Dean of St Albans , prohibited using St Albans Abbey for a thanksgiving service for the war 's end , calling the use of atomic weapons `` an act of wholesale , indiscriminate massacre '' . Nonetheless , news of the atomic bombing was greeted enthusiastically in the U.S. ; a poll in Fortune magazine in late 1945 showed a significant minority of Americans ( 22.7 % ) wishing that more atomic bombs could have been dropped on Japan . The initial positive response was supported by the imagery presented to the public ( mainly the powerful images of the mushroom cloud ) and the censorship of photographs that showed corpses and maimed survivors . Such `` censorship '' was however the status - quo at the time , with no major news outlets depicting corpses or maimed survivors as a result from other events , US or otherwise . On August 10 , 1945 , the day after the Nagasaki bombing , Yōsuke Yamahata , correspondent Higashi and artist Yamada arrived in the city with orders to record the destruction for maximum propaganda purposes , Yamahata took scores of photographs and on August 21 they appeared in Mainichi Shimbun , a popular Japanese newspaper . Wilfred Burchett was the first western journalist to visit Hiroshima after the atom bomb was dropped , arriving alone by train from Tokyo on September 2 , the day of the formal surrender aboard the USS Missouri . His Morse code dispatch was printed by the Daily Express newspaper in London on September 5 , 1945 , entitled `` The Atomic Plague '' , the first public report to mention the effects of radiation and nuclear fallout . Burchett 's reporting was unpopular with the U.S. military . The U.S. censors suppressed a supporting story submitted by George Weller of the Chicago Daily News , and accused Burchett of being under the sway of Japanese propaganda . Laurence dismissed the reports on radiation sickness as Japanese efforts to undermine American morale , ignoring his own account of Hiroshima 's radiation sickness published one week earlier . Play media The Hiroshima ruins in March and April 1946 , by Daniel A. McGovern and Harry Mimura A member of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey , Lieutenant Daniel McGovern , used a film crew to document the results in early 1946 . The film crew 's work resulted in a three - hour documentary entitled The Effects of the Atomic Bombs Against Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The documentary included images from hospitals showing the human effects of the bomb ; it showed burned out buildings and cars , and rows of skulls and bones on the ground . It was classified `` secret '' for the next 22 years . During this time in America , it was a common practice for editors to keep graphic images of death out of films , magazines , and newspapers . The total of 90,000 ft ( 27,000 m ) of film shot by McGovern 's cameramen had not been fully aired as of 2009 . According to Greg Mitchell , with the 2004 documentary film Original Child Bomb , a small part of that footage managed to reach part of the American public `` in the unflinching and powerful form its creators intended '' . Motion picture company Nippon Eigasha started sending cameramen to Nagasaki and Hiroshima in September 1945 . On October 24 , 1945 , a U.S. military policeman stopped a Nippon Eigasha cameraman from continuing to film in Nagasaki . All Nippon Eigasha 's reels were then confiscated by the American authorities . These reels were in turn requested by the Japanese government , declassified , and saved from oblivion . Some black - and - white motion pictures were released and shown for the first time to Japanese and American audiences in the years from 1968 to 1970 . The public release of film footage of the city post-attack , and some research about the human effects of the attack , was restricted during the occupation of Japan , and much of this information was censored until the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty in 1951 , restoring control to the Japanese . Only the most politically charged and detailed weapons effects information was censored during this period . The Hiroshima - based magazine , Chugoku Bunka for example , in its first issue published March 10 , 1946 , devotes itself to detailing the damage from the bombing . Similarly , there was no censorship of the factually written witness accounts , the book Hiroshima written by Pulitzer Prize winner John Hersey , which was originally published in article form in the popular magazine The New Yorker , on August 31 , 1946 , is reported to have reached Tokyo in English by January 1947 , and the translated version was released in Japan in 1949 . The book narrates the stories of the lives of six bomb survivors from immediately prior to , and months after , the dropping of the Little Boy bomb . Beginning in 1974 a compilation of drawings and artwork made by the survivors of the bombings began to be compiled , with completion in 1977 and under both book and exhibition format , it was titled The Unforgettable Fire . Post-attack casualties See also : Epidemiology data for low - linear energy transfer radiation Play media Silent film footage taken in Hiroshima in March 1946 showing survivors with severe burns and keloid scars . Although most all survivors with burns also had burns compounded by the conventional fires that were lit after the bombing , this footage was primarily made with the survivors being asked to stand in the orientation they were in at the time of the nuclear thermal / flash , to document and convey the relatively unique line - of - sight nature of flash burns , and to show that , much like a sunburn , thick clothing and fabric offered complete protection in many cases . The sometimes extensive burn scar contracture that is also seen particularly around joints , is not unusual , being common to all 2nd and 3rd degree burns when they cover a large area of skin . The film also features a small number of completely unburnt survivors who were included in the film to show the recovery made by those whose hair had previously fallen out from the effects of acute radiation syndrome but by the time of filming , they had recovered . In the spring of 1948 , the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission ( ABCC ) was established in accordance with a presidential directive from Truman to the National Academy of Sciences -- National Research Council to conduct investigations of the late effects of radiation among the survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . One of the early studies conducted by the ABCC was on the outcome of pregnancies occurring in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and in a control city , Kure , located 18 mi ( 29 km ) south of Hiroshima , in order to discern the conditions and outcomes related to radiation exposure . Dr. James V. Neel led the study which found that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher among the children of survivors who were pregnant at the time of the bombings . Neel also studied the longevity of the children who survived the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , reporting that between 90 and 95 percent were still living 50 years later . The National Academy of Sciences questioned Neel 's procedure which did not filter the Kure population for possible radiation exposure . Overall , while a statistically insignificant increase in birth defects occurred directly after the bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima , Neel and others noted that in approximately 50 humans who were of an early gestational age at the time of the bombing and who were all within about 1 km from the hypocenter , an increase in microencephaly and anencephaly was observed upon birth , with the incidence of these two particular malformations being nearly 3 times what was to be expected when compared to the control group in Kure . In 1985 , Johns Hopkins University human geneticist James F. Crow examined Neel 's research and confirmed that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Many members of the ABCC and its successor Radiation Effects Research Foundation ( RERF ) were still looking for possible birth defects or other causes among the survivors decades later , but found no evidence that they were more common among the survivors . Despite the insignificance of birth defects found in Neel 's study and the detailed medical literature , up to 1987 , historians such as Ronald E. Powaski frequently wrote that Hiroshima experienced `` an increase in stillbirths , birth defects , and infant mortality '' following the atomic bomb . As cancers do not immediately emerge after exposure to radiation instead radiation - induced cancer has a minimum latency period of some 5 + years . An epidemiology study by the RERF estimates that from 1950 to 2000 , 46 % of leukemia deaths and 11 % of solid cancers of unspecificed lethality , could be due to radiation from the bombs , with the statistical excess being 200 leukemia deaths and 1,700 solid cancers of undeclared lethality . Both of these statistics being derived from the observation of approximately half of the total survivors , strictly those who took part in the study . Hibakusha Main article : Hibakusha See also : Hibakujumoku The survivors of the bombings are called hibakusha ( 被爆 者 , Japanese pronunciation : ( çibakɯ̥ɕa ) ) , a Japanese word that literally translates to `` explosion - affected people '' . The Japanese government has recognized about 650,000 people as hibakusha . As of March 31 , 2017 , 164,621 are still alive , mostly in Japan . The government of Japan recognizes about 1 % of these as having illnesses caused by radiation . The memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain lists of the names of the hibakusha who are known to have died since the bombings . Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings , as of August 2017 the memorials record the names of almost 485,000 hibakusha ; 308,725 in Hiroshima and 175,743 in Nagasaki . Panoramic view of the monument marking the hypocenter , or ground zero , of the atomic bomb explosion over Nagasaki Hibakusha and their children were ( and still are ) victims of severe discrimination in Japan due to public ignorance about the consequences of radiation sickness , with much of the public believing it to be hereditary or even contagious . This is despite the fact that no statistically demonstrable increase of birth defects or congenital malformations was found among the later conceived children born to survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . A study of the long - term psychological effects of the bombings on the survivors found that even 17 -- 20 years after the bombings had occurred survivors showed a higher prevalence of anxiety and somatization symptoms . Double survivors On March 24 , 2009 , the Japanese government officially recognized Tsutomu Yamaguchi as a double hibakusha . He was confirmed to be 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) from ground zero in Hiroshima on a business trip when Little Boy was detonated . He was seriously burnt on his left side and spent the night in Hiroshima . He arrived at his home city of Nagasaki on August 8 , the day before Fat Man was dropped , and he was exposed to residual radiation while searching for his relatives . He was the first officially recognized survivor of both bombings . He died on January 4 , 2010 , at the age of 93 , after a battle with stomach cancer . The 2006 documentary Twice Survived : The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki documented 165 nijū hibakusha ( lit . double explosion - affected people ) , and was screened at the United Nations . Korean survivors See also : Anti-Korean sentiment § Japan During the war , Japan brought as many as 670,000 Korean conscripts to Japan to work as forced labor . About 5,000 -- 8,000 Koreans were killed in Hiroshima and another 1,500 -- 2,000 died in Nagasaki . For many years , Korean survivors had a difficult time fighting for the same recognition as Hibakusha as afforded to all Japanese survivors , a situation which resulted in the denial of the free health benefits to them . Most issues were eventually addressed in 2008 through lawsuits . Debate over bombings Main article : Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Citizens of Hiroshima walk by the Hiroshima Peace Memorial , the closest building to have survived the city 's atomic bombing . The role of the bombings in Japan 's surrender and the U.S. 's ethical justification for them has been the subject of scholarly and popular debate for decades . J. Samuel Walker wrote in an April 2005 overview of recent historiography on the issue , `` the controversy over the use of the bomb seems certain to continue . '' He wrote that `` The fundamental issue that has divided scholars over a period of nearly four decades is whether the use of the bomb was necessary to achieve victory in the war in the Pacific on terms satisfactory to the United States . '' Supporters of the bombings generally assert that they caused the Japanese surrender , preventing casualties on both sides during Operation Downfall . One figure of speech , `` One hundred million ( subjects of the Japanese Empire ) will die for the Emperor and Nation '' , served as a unifying slogan , although that phrase was intended as a figure of speech along the lines of the `` ten thousand years '' phrase . In Truman 's 1955 Memoirs , `` he states that the atomic bomb probably saved half a million U.S. lives -- anticipated casualties in an Allied invasion of Japan planned for November . Stimson subsequently talked of saving one million U.S. casualties , and Churchill of saving one million American and half that number of British lives . '' Scholars have pointed out various alternatives that could have ended the war without an invasion , but these alternatives could have resulted in the deaths of many more Japanese . Supporters also point to an order given by the Japanese War Ministry on August 1 , 1944 , ordering the execution of Allied prisoners of war when the POW camp was in the combat zone . Those who oppose the bombings cite a number of reasons for their view , among them : a belief that atomic bombing is fundamentally immoral , that the bombings counted as war crimes , that they were militarily unnecessary , that they constituted state terrorism , and that they involved racism against and the dehumanization of the Japanese people . The bombings were part of an already fierce conventional bombing campaign . This , together with the naval blockade , could also have eventually led to a Japanese surrender . At the time the United States dropped its atomic bomb on Nagasaki on August 9 , 1945 , the Soviet Union launched a surprise attack with 1.6 million troops against the Kwantung Army in Manchuria . `` The Soviet entry into the war '' , argued Japanese historian Tsuyoshi Hasegawa , `` played a much greater role than the atomic bombs in inducing Japan to surrender because it dashed any hope that Japan could terminate the war through Moscow 's mediation '' . Another popular view among critics of the bombings , originating with Gar Alperovitz in 1965 and becoming the default position in Japanese school history textbooks , is the idea of atomic diplomacy : that the United States used nuclear weapons in order to intimidate the Soviet Union in the early stages of the Cold War . Notes ^ Jump up to : Giangreco 2009 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 49 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 532 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Long 1963 , pp. 48 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks & Stanley 2007 , pp. 41 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Coox 1969 , pp. 2540 -- 2544 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 125 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 45 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 70 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 121 -- 124 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Months of the War With Japan . Part III ( note 24 ) '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2007 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Drea 1992 , pp. 202 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 340 . ^ Jump up to : Giangreco 2009 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Schaffer 1985 , pp. 164 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 169 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 29 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 507 -- 509 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 514 -- 521 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 548 -- 551 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 536 -- 545 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 558 -- 560 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Sandler 2001 , pp. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 574 -- 576 . Jump up ^ `` March 9 , 1945 : Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy '' . Condé Nast . March 9 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Laurence M. Vance ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` Bombings Worse than Nagasaki and Hiroshima '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joseph Coleman ( March 10 , 2005 ) . `` 1945 Tokyo Firebombing Left Legacy of Terror , Pain '' . CommonDreams.org . Associated Press . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 608 -- 610 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 568 -- 570 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1996 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Werrell 1996 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 614 -- 617 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 642 -- 643 . Jump up ^ Kerr 1991 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Yuki Tanaka and Marilyn B. Young , `` Bombing Civilians : A Twentieth Century History '' . ( New York : New Press , 2009 ) , 5 , 84 -- 85 , 117 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 653 -- 658 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , pp. 412 -- 414 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , p. 422 . Jump up ^ Zaloga & Noon 2010 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Zaloga & Noon 2010 , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , p. 429 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , pp. 40 - 43 , 76 - 79 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Frankin D ; Churchill , Winston ( August 19 , 1943 ) . `` Quebec Agreement '' . atomicarchive.com . Jump up ^ Edwards , Gordon . `` Canada 's Role in the Atomic Bomb Programs of the United States , Britain , France and India '' . Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 82 - 84 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 522 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 511 -- 516 . Jump up ^ Grunden 1998 , pp. 50 -- 52 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheets : 509th Operational Group '' . Air Force Historical Studies Office . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of 509th Composite Group -- 313th Bombardment Wing -- Twentieth Air Force -- Activation to August 15 , 1945 '' ( PDF ) . Tinian : 509th CG ( AFHRA archived ) . 1945 . pp. 8 -- 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998 , pp. 163 , 167 -- 168 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of 3rd Target Committee Meeting 28 May 1945 '' ( PDF ) . National Archives . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 9 , 2006 . Retrieved August 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 706 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` History of 509th Composite Group -- 313th Bombardment Wing -- Twentieth Air Force -- Activation to 15 August 1945 '' ( PDF ) . Tinian : Air Force Historical Research Agency . 1945 . pp. 17 -- 22 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Christman 1998 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 528 -- 529 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atomic Bomb : Decision -- Target Committee , May 10 -- 11 , 1945 '' . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2005 . Retrieved August 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Reischauer 1986 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Jason M. ( 2012 ) . `` Why Did Henry Stimson Spare Kyoto from the Bomb ? : Confusion in Postwar Historiography '' . Journal of American - East Asian Relations . 19 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 203 . doi : 10.1163 / 18765610 - 01902004 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 529 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa 2006 , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa 2006 , pp. 149 -- 150 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 530 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 255 -- 256 . Jump up ^ Compton 1956 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Compton 1956 , pp. 238 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 255 -- 260 . Jump up ^ Newman 1995 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II , A Collection of Primary Sources '' ( PDF ) . National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 162 . George Washington University . August 13 , 1945 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Josette H. `` The Information War in the Pacific , 1945 Paths to Peace '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved December 5 , 2016. ) ^ Jump up to : Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 656 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : McNelly 2000 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Lifton 1991 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ 空襲 予告 ビラ 、 高山 市民 が 保管 市 内 で 展示 ( Air Raid Notice ) ( in Japanese ) . 岐阜 新聞 社 ( Gifu Shinbunsha ( Open Library ) ) . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bungei 1981 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Bradley 1999 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Miller 1986 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 372 -- 373 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of a Meeting of the Combined Policy Committee , '' . Washington , DC : United States Department of State . July 4 , 1945 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 712 -- 713 . Jump up ^ `` Pages from President Truman 's diary , July 17 , 18 , and 25 , 1945 '' . Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 389 -- 390 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 395 -- 396 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 233 -- 234 . The meaning of mokusatsu can fall anywhere in the range of `` ignore '' to `` treat with contempt '' . Jump up ^ Bix 1996 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Asada 1996 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 326 , 356 , 370 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Coster - Mullen 2012 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Coster - Mullen 2012 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 64 -- 65 , 163 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Dillon & Wenger 1995 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 70 , 163 . ^ Jump up to : Zaloga & Noon 2010 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ United States Strategic Bombing Survey ( June 1946 ) . `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . nuclearfiles.org . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2004 . Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 224 - 225 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 316 . ^ Jump up to : Frank 1999 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions # 1 '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2007 . Retrieved September 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bodden 2007 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Preston 2005 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Fiévé & Waley 2003 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Rotter 2008 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Rebecca J. ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Rare Photo of the Mushroom Cloud Over Hiroshima Discovered in a Former Japanese Elementary School '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 509th Timeline : Inception to Hiroshima '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline # 2 -- the 509th ; The Hiroshima Mission '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dietz & Van Kirk 2012 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Dietz & Van Kirk 2012 , p. 467 . Jump up ^ Lewis & Tolzer 1957 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline # 2 - the 509th ; The Hiroshima Mission '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 391 -- 392 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Allen 1969 , p. 2566 . ^ Jump up to : Kerr et al 2005 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Malik , John ( September 1985 ) . `` The Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Explosions '' ( PDF ) . Los Alamos National Laboratory . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . describes how various values were recorded for the B - 29 's altitude at the moment of bomb release over Hiroshima . The strike report said 30,200 ft , the official history said 31,600 ft , Commander Parson 's log entry was 32,700 ft , and the navigator 's log was 31,060 ft -- the latter possibly an error transposing two digits . A later calculation using the indicated atmospheric pressure arrived at the figure of 32,200 ft . Similarly , several values have been reported as the altitude of the Little Boy bomb at the moment of detonation . Published sources vary in the range of 1,800 to 2,000 ft ( 550 to 610 m ) above the city . The device was set to explode at 1,885 ft ( 575 m ) , but this was approximate . Malik uses the figure of 1,903 ft ( 580 m ) plus or minus 50 ft ( 15 m ) , determined after data review by Hubbell et al 1969 . Radar returns from the tops of multistory buildings near the hypocenter may have triggered the detonation at a somewhat higher altitude than planned . Kerr et al. ( 2005 ) found that a detonation altitude of 600 m ( 1,968.5 ft ) , plus or minus 20 m ( 65.6 ft ) , gave the best fit for all the measurement discrepancies . Jump up ^ `` The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima , Aug 6 , 1945 '' . United States Department of Energy . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Photo - Essay on the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Broad , William J. ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Hiroshima Mushroom Cloud That Was n't '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism '' ( PDF ) . p. 1994 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atmospheric Processes : Chapter = 4 '' ( PDF ) . Stanford University . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robock , Alan ; Luke Oman ; Georgiy L. Stenchikov ; Owen B. Toon ; Charles Bardeen & Richard P. Turco ( 2007 ) . `` Climatic consequences of regional nuclear conflicts '' ( PDF ) . Atmos . Chem. Phys. 7 ( 8 ) : 2003 -- 12 . doi : 10.5194 / acp - 7 - 2003 - 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 423 . 427 . Jump up ^ `` The Bomb - '' Little Boy `` '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radiation Dose Reconstruction U.S. Occupation Forces in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Japan , 1945 -- 1946 ( DNA 5512F ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 24 , 2006 . Retrieved June 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 264 -- 265 . Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing -- Facts about the Atomic Bomb '' . Hiroshimacommittee.org . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 6 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 37 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 286 -- 87 . Jump up ^ `` Super-fortress crew tell their story '' . The Guardian . August 8 , 1945 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statements by China and the United States of America during the Inscription of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial ( Genbaku Dome ) '' . UNESCO . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2005 . Retrieved August 6 , 2005 . 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Jump up ^ Mitchell , Greg ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` Hidden History : American POWS Were Killed in Hiroshima '' . The Nation . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sheryl P. Walter Declassified / Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 20 Mar 2014 Sheryl P. Walter Declassified / Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 20 Mar 2014 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knebel & Bailey 1960 , pp. 175 -- 201 ^ Jump up to : `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . The Manhattan Engineer District . June 29 , 1946 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by the President Announcing the Use of the A-Bomb at Hiroshima '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . August 6 , 1945 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . 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( Spring 1991 ) . `` Eclipsed by Hiroshima and Nagasaki : Early Thinking about Tactical Nuclear Weapons '' . International Security . 15 ( 4 ) : 149 -- 173 . doi : 10.2307 / 2539014 . ISSN 0162 - 2889 . JSTOR 2539014 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 396 -- 397 . Jump up ^ Terkel , Studs ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` Paul Tibbets Interview '' . Aviation Publishing Group . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Litz 's Interview ( 2012 ) '' . Manhattan Project Voices . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wellerstein , Alex ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` The Third Core 's Revenge '' . Restricted Data . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kido & Yoshitake 1966 , p. 1223 . Jump up ^ Fujiwara 1991 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 316 -- 319 . Jump up ^ `` Imperial Rescript ending war -- What Hirohito really said in his acceptance speech '' . translated by William Wetherall . Yosha Research . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . 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German History in Documents and Images . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican Regrets Inventors Did Not Destroy Bomb '' . The Miami News . Associated Press . August 7 , 1945 . pp. 1 -- A. Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No abbey service '' . The Guardian . 1945 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hixson 2002 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ White 1995 , pp. 1 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Hein & Selden 1997 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Bombing of Nagasaki After Yosuke Yamahata : A collection of 24 photographs taken the day after the bombing , ( Japan ) 1945 - 46 '' . Bonhams . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burchett 2004 , pp. 10 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Amy ; Goodman , David ( August 5 , 2005 ) . `` The Hiroshima Cover - Up '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Greg Mitchell ( August 7 , 2009 ) . `` The Great Hiroshima Cover - Up '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moore 1995 , p. 73 . 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Archived from the original on March 8 , 2009 . Retrieved March 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Voosen , Paul ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Nuclear Crisis : Hiroshima and Nagasaki cast long shadows over radiation science '' . E&E News . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The American Spectator , Volume 35 '' . Saturday Evening Club . 2002 . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Johnston 2008 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ McCormack 2008 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ `` Birth defects among the children of atomic - bomb survivors ( 1948 -- 1954 ) '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Krimsky & Shorett 2005 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ `` Data India '' . Press Institute of India . 2008 . p. 697 . Jump up ^ Powaski 1987 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions # 2 '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima marks 72nd A-bomb anniversary with eyes on ban treaty '' . The Mainichi . August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Relief for A-bomb victims '' . The Japan Times . August 15 , 2007 . Retrieved October 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UN chief calls for intensified effort on nuclear disarmament '' . Asian News Service . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Atomic bombing of Nagasaki remembered '' . The Japan News . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Prejudice haunts atomic bomb survivors '' . Japan Times . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2007 . Retrieved August 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Birth defects among the children of atomic - bomb survivors ( 1948 -- 1954 ) '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation ( RERF ) . Formerly known as the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission ( ABCC ) . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michiko Yamada ; Shizue Izumi ( 2002 ) . `` Psychiatric sequelae in atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki two decades after the explosions '' . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology . Springer . 37 ( 9 ) : 409 -- 415 . doi : 10.1007 / s00127 - 002 - 0572 - 5 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Confirms First Double A-Bomb Survivor '' . News.sky.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Man who survived two atom bombs dies '' . CNN . January 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Twice Bombed , Twice Survived : Film Explores Untold Stories from Hiroshima & Nagasaki '' . Columbia University . August 2 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gruhl 2007 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Dower , John W. ( March 29 , 1996 ) . `` The Bombed '' . In Michael J. Hogan . Hiroshima in History and Memory . Cambridge University Press . p. 140 . ISBN 9780521566827 . Dower says that Korean survivor groups use higher estimates . Jump up ^ Palmer , David ( February 20 , 2008 ) . `` Korean Hibakusha , Japan 's Supreme Court and the International Community : Can the U.S. and Japan Confront Forced Labor and Atomic Bombing ? '' . Asia - Pacific Journal . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Walker 2005 , p. 334 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Selden & Selden 1990 , pp. xxx -- xxxi . Jump up ^ Walker 1990 , pp. 97 -- 114 . Jump up ^ s : Kill All Prisoners Order ( Introduced into the Tokyo War Crimes Trials in January 1947 as Document No. 2701 ( Certified as Exhibit `` O '' in Doc . No. 2687 ) ) -- Reynolds , Gary K. ( December 17 , 2002 ) . `` U.S. Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by Japan in World War II : The Issue of Compensation by Japan '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service Report for Congress . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 12 , 2016 . One of the few existing original copy of this general order was found by Jack Edwards after the war , in the ruins of the Kinkaseki prisoner of war camp. Edwards & Walter 1991 , p. 260 Jump up ^ Stohl 1979 , p. 279 ) . Jump up ^ Gunter , Linda ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` The Racism of the Nagasaki and Hiroshima Bombings '' . Counter Punch . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historians : Soviet offensive , key to Japan 's WWII surrender , was eclipsed by A-bombs '' . Fox News . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Orr , James J. ( 2008 ) . `` Review of Hiroshima in History : The Myths of Revisionism and The End of the Pacific War '' . Journal of Japanese Studies . 34 ( 2 , ) : 521 -- 529 . ISSN 0095 - 6848 . JSTOR 27756604 . References Allen , Louis ( 1969 ) . `` The Nuclear Raids '' . In Hart , Basil Liddell . History of the Second World War . Volume 6 . London : Purnell . pp. 2566 -- 2576 . Alperovitz , Gar ; Tree , Sanho ( 1996 ) . The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb . 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The Closed World : Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 55028 - 8 . OCLC 807140394 . Feraru , Arthur N. ( May 17 , 1950 ) . `` Public Opinion Polls on Japan '' . Far Eastern Survey . Institute of Pacific Relations . 19 ( 10 ) : 101 -- 103 . doi : 10.1525 / as. 1950.19. 10.01 p0599l . ISSN 0362 - 8949 . JSTOR 3023943 . Fiévé , Nicolas ; Waley , Paul ( 2003 ) . Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective : Place , Power and Memory in Kyoto , Edo and Tokyo . London : RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1409 - X . Frank , Richard B. ( 1999 ) . Downfall : The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 41424 - X . Fujiwara , Akira ( 1991 ) . Tettei kenshō Shōwa Tennō `` dokuhakuroku '' . Tōkyō : Ōtsuki Shoten . ISBN 4 - 272 - 52022 - 9 . Giangreco , D.M. ( 2009 ) . Hell to Pay : Operation Downfall and the Invasion of Japan 1945 -- 1947 . 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OCLC 76871604 . Grunden , Walter E. ( 1998 ) . `` Hungnam and the Japanese atomic bomb : Recent Historiography of a Postwar Myth '' . Intelligence and National Security . 13 ( 2 ) : 32 -- 60 . doi : 10.1080 / 02684529808432475 . ISSN 0268 - 4527 . Ham , Paul ( 2011 ) . Hiroshima Nagasaki . Sydney : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7322 - 8845 - 7 . OCLC 746754306 . Harvey , Robert ( 2007 ) . American Shogun : General MacArthur , Emperor Hirohito and the Drama of Modern Japan . Woodstock , New York : The Overlook Press . ISBN 1 - 58567 - 891 - 0 . OCLC 62134797 . Hasegawa , Tsuyoshi ( 2006 ) . Racing the Enemy : Stalin , Truman , and the Surrender of Japan . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01693 - 4 . Hein , Laura ; Selden , Mark , eds. ( 1997 ) . Living with the Bomb : American and Japanese Cultural Conflicts in the Nuclear Age . New York : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56324 - 967 - 9 . Hewlett , Richard G. ; Anderson , Oscar E. ( 1962 ) . The New World , 1939 -- 1946 ( PDF ) . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07186 - 7 . OCLC 637004643 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Hixson , Walter L. ( 2002 ) . The American Experience in World War II : The Atomic Bomb in History and Memory . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94035 - 1 . OCLC 59464269 . Hoddeson , Lillian ; Henriksen , Paul W. ; Meade , Roger A. ; Westfall , Catherine L. ( 1993 ) . Critical Assembly : A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years , 1943 -- 1945 . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44132 - 3 . OCLC 26764320 . Hoyt , Edwin P. ( 2001 ) . Japan 's War : The Great Pacific Conflict . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 8154 - 1118 - 9 . OCLC 12722494 . Hubbell , Harry ; Cheka , Joseph ; Jones , Throyce ( 1969 ) . The Epicenters of the Atomic Bombs . Reevaluation of All Available Physical Data With Recommended Values . 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Kerr , George D. ; Young , Robert W. ; Cullings , Harry M. ; Christy , Robert F. ( 2005 ) . `` Bomb Parameters '' . In Young , Robert W. ; Kerr , George D. Reassessment of the Atomic Bomb Radiation Dosimetry for Hiroshima and Nagasaki -- Dosimetry System 2002 ( PDF ) . Hiroshima : The Radiation Effects Research Foundation . OCLC 271477587 . Kido , Kōichi ; Yoshitake , Oka ( 1966 ) . 木 戶 幸一 日記 ( Kido Kōichi Diary ) ( in Japanese ) . Tōkyō : Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai . ISBN 4 - 13 - 030012 - 1 . Knebel , Fletcher ; Bailey , Charles W. ( 1960 ) . No High Ground . New York : Harper and Row . ISBN 0 - 313 - 24221 - 6 . Krimsky , Sheldon ; Shorett , Peter ( 2005 ) . Rights and Liberties in the Biotech Age : Why We Need a Genetic Bill of Rights . Lantham : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4341 - 2 . Lewis , Robert A. ; Tolzer , Eliot ( August 1957 ) . `` How We Dropped the A-Bomb '' . Popular Science . pp. 71 -- 75 , 209 -- 210 . ISSN 0161 - 7370 . Lifton , Robert Jay ( 1991 ) . Death in Life : Survivors of Hiroshima . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4344 - X . OCLC 490493399 . Long , Gavin ( 1963 ) . The Final Campaigns . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 1 -- Army . Volume 7 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 1297619 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . McCormack , Mary ( 2008 ) . `` Radiotherapy and Cancer '' . In Sean Kehoe ; Eric Jauniaux ; Pierre Martin - Hirsch ; Philip Savage . Cancer and Reproductive Health . London : Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904752 - 61 - 5 . McNelly , Theodore H. ( 2000 ) . `` The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb '' . In Jacob Neufeld . Pearl Harbor to V-J Day : World War II in the Pacific . New York : Diane Publishing Co . ISBN 1 - 4379 - 1286 - 9 . Miller , Richard Lee ( 1986 ) . Under the Cloud : The Decades of Nuclear Testing . New York : Two - Sixty Press . ISBN 0 - 02 - 921620 - 6 . Monk , Ray ( 2012 ) . Robert Oppenheimer : A Life Inside the Center . New York ; Toronto : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 50407 - 2 . Moore , Mike ( July -- August 1995 ) . `` Troublesome Imagery '' . Bulletin of Atomic Scientists . Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science . 54 ( 4 ) : 73 -- 74 . ISSN 0096 - 3402 . Newman , Robert P. ( 1995 ) . Truman and the Hiroshima Cult . East Lansing , Michigan : Michigan State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87013 - 403 - 5 . OCLC 32625518 . Powaski , Ronald E. ( 1987 ) . March to Armageddon : The United States and the Nuclear Arms Race , 1939 to the Present . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 536454 - 5 . Preston , Diana ( 2005 ) . Before The Fallout : From Marie Curie to Hiroshima . New York : Walker & Co . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1445 - 5 . Reischauer , Edwin O. ( 1986 ) . My Life Between Japan And America . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039054 - 9 . OCLC 13114344 . Rotter , Andrew J. ( 2008 ) . Hiroshima : The World 's Bomb . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280437 - 5 . Russ , Harlow W. ( 1990 ) . Project Alberta : The Preparation of Atomic Bombs For Use in World War II . Los Alamos , New Mexico : Exceptional Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 944482 - 01 - 8 . OCLC 24429257 . Sandler , Stanley ( 2001 ) . World War II in the Pacific : an Encyclopedia . New York : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1883 - 9 . OCLC 44769066 . Schaffer , Ronald ( 1985 ) . Wings of Judgment : American Bombing in World War II . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503629 - 8 . OCLC 11785450 . Selden , Kyoko Iriye ; Selden , Mark ( 1990 ) . The Atomic Bomb : Voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Armonk , New York : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 87332 - 773 - X . OCLC 20057103 . Sharp , Patrick B. `` From Yellow Peril to Japanese Wasteland : John Hersey 's ' Hiroshima ' '' . Twentieth Century Literature. 46 ( 2000 ) : 434 -- 452 . JSTOR 827841 . Sherwin , Martin J. ( 2003 ) . A World Destroyed : Hiroshima and its Legacies . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3957 - 9 . OCLC 52714712 . Sklar , Morty , ed. ( 1984 ) . Nuke - rebuke : Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons . Iowa City , Iowa : The Spirit That Moves Us Press . ISBN 0 - 930370 - 16 - 3 . OCLC 10072916 . Slavinskiĭ , Boris Nikolaevich ( 2004 ) . The Japanese - Soviet Neutrality Pact : A Diplomatic History , 1941 -- 1945 . Nissan Institute / Routledge Japanese Studies Series . London ; New York : RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32292 - 8 . Sodei , Rinjiro ( 1998 ) . Were We the Enemy ? American Survivors of Hiroshima . Boulder , Colorado : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 2960 - 4 . Stohl , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Politics of Terrorism . New York : M. Dekker . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 6764 - 8 . OCLC 4495087 . Sweeney , Charles ; Antonucci , James A. ; Antonucci , Marion K. ( 1997 ) . War 's End : An Eyewitness Account of America 's Last Atomic Mission . New York : Quill Publishing . ISBN 0 - 380 - 78874 - 8 . Thomas , Gordon ; Morgan - Witts , Max ( 1977 ) . Ruin from the Air . London : Hamilton . ISBN 0 - 241 - 89726 - 2 . OCLC 252041787 . Tibbets , Paul W. ( 1998 ) . Return Of The Enola Gay . New Hope , Pennsylvania : Enola Gay Remembered . ISBN 0 - 9703666 - 0 - 4 . OCLC 69423383 . Wainstock , Dennis D. ( 1996 ) . The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95475 - 7 . OCLC 33243854 . Walker , J. Samuel ( January 1990 ) . `` The Decision to Use the Bomb : A Historiographical Update '' . Diplomatic History . 14 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 114 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1990. tb00078. x . ISSN 1467 - 7709 . Walker , J. Samuel ( April 2005 ) . `` Recent Literature on Truman 's Atomic Bomb Decision : A Search for Middle Ground '' . Diplomatic History . 29 ( 2 ) : 311 -- 334 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2005. 00476. x . ISSN 1467 - 7709 . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Werrell , Kenneth P. ( 1996 ) . Blankets of Fire : U.S. Bombers over Japan during World War II . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 665 - 4 . OCLC 32921746 . White , Geoffrey . M. ( July 1995 ) . `` Memory Wars : The Politics of Remembering the Asia - Pacific War '' ( PDF ) . Asia - Pacific Issues ( 21 ) . ISSN 1522 - 0966 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Williams , M.H. ( 1960 ) . Chronology , 1941 -- 1945 . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Chief of Military History , Department of the Army . OCLC 1358166 . Zaloga , Steven J. ; Noon , Steve ( 2010 ) . Defense of Japan 1945 . Fortress . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 687 - 9 . OCLC 503042143 . Further reading Allen , Thomas ; Polmar , Norman ( 1995 ) . Code - Name Downfall . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80406 - 9 . The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki ( 1981 ) . Hiroshima and Nagasaki : The Physical , Medical , and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02985 - X . Frank , Richard B. ( 1999 ) . Downfall . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0141001463 . Giangreco , D.M. ( 2011 ) . Hell to Pay : Operation DOWNFALL and the Invasion of Japan , 1945 - 1947 . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1682471654 . Gordin , Michael D. ( 2007 ) . Five Days in August : How World War II Became a Nuclear War . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12818 - 9 . OCLC 70630623 . Gosling , Francis George ( 1994 ) . The Manhattan Project : Making the Atomic Bomb . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of Energy , History Division . OCLC 637052193 . Heinrichs , Waldo ; Gallicchio , Marc ( 2017 ) . Implacable Foes : War in the Pacific , 1944 - 1945 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0190616755 . Hogan , Michael J. ( 1996 ) . Hiroshima in History and Memory . Cambridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56206 - 6 . Hornfischer , James D. ( 2017 ) . The Fleet at Flood Tide : America at Total War in the Pacific , 1944 -- 1945 . New York : Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0345548702 . Kanabun ( 2012 ) . Kyoko ; Tam , Young , eds . A story of a girl who survived an atomic bomb ( 原爆 に 遭っ た 少女 の 話 ) . ASIN B00HJ6H2EK . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Krauss , Robert ; Krauss , Amelia ( 2005 ) . The 509th Remembered : A History of the 509th Composite Group as Told by the Veterans Themselves . Buchanan , Michigan : 509th Press . ISBN 0 - 923568 - 66 - 2 . OCLC 59148135 . Merton , Thomas ( 1962 ) . Original Child Bomb : Points for Meditation to be Scratched on the Walls of a Cave . New York : New Directions . OCLC 4527778 . Murakami , Chikayasu ( 2007 ) . Hiroshima no shiroi sora ( The White Sky in Hiroshima ) . Tokyo : Bungeisha . ISBN 4 - 286 - 03708 - 8 . Ogura , Toyofumi ( 1948 ) . Letters from the End of the World : A Firsthand Account of the Bombing of Hiroshima . Tokyo : Kodansha International . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2776 - 1 . Sekimori , Gaynor ( 1986 ) . Hibakusha : Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Tokyo : Kosei Publishing Company . ISBN 4 - 333 - 01204 - X . Thomas , Gordon ; Morgan - Witts , Max ( 1977 ) . Enola Gay : The Bombing of Hiroshima . New York : Konecky & Konecky . ISBN 1 - 56852 - 597 - 4 . Ward , Wilson ( Spring 2007 ) . `` The Winning Weapon ? Rethinking Nuclear Weapons in Light of Hiroshima '' . International Security . 31 ( 4 ) : 162 -- 179 . doi : 10.1162 / isec. 2007.31. 4.162 . ISSN 1531 - 4804 . Warren , Stafford L. ( 1966 ) . `` Manhattan Project '' . In Ahnfeldt , Arnold Lorentz . Radiology in World War II . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Surgeon General , Department of the Army . OCLC 630225 . External links Find more aboutAtomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasakiat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Present day Are Nagasaki and Hiroshima still radioactive ? -- No . Includes explanation . The decision `` Order from General Thomas Handy to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the first atomic bomb '' . Wikisource. 2015 . `` Documents on the Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` President Truman Defends Use of Atomic Bomb , 1945 : Original Letters '' . Shapell Manuscript Foundation . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . `` Correspondence Regarding Decision to Drop the Bomb '' . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . The effects `` The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . 1946 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Scientific Data of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Disaster '' . Atomic Bomb Disease Institute , Nagasaki University . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Tale of Two Cities : The Story of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . National Science Digital Library . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Atomic Archive. 1946 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II '' ( PDF ) . National Security Archive . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . The short film Children of Hiroshima ( Reel 1 of 2 ) ( 1952 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Children of Hiroshima ( Reel 2 of 2 ) ( 1952 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive `` Photo gallery of aftermath pictures '' . Time - Life . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Video footage of the bombing of Nagasaki ( silent ) on YouTube Video footage of the bombing of Hiroshima on YouTube The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki public domain audiobook at LibriVox Archives `` Nagasaki Archive '' . Google Earth mapping of Nagasaki bombing archives . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Hiroshima Archive '' . Google Earth mapping of Hiroshima bombing archives . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Bibliographies `` Annotated bibliography for atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Commemoration An Unrecognized Loss -- Message From Hiroshima ( film ) Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum Hiroshima and Nagasaki : A Look Back at the US Atomic Bombing 64 Years Later -- video by Democracy Now ! Hiroshima & Nagasaki Remembered 2005 website commemorating 60th anniversary Manhattan Project Timeline Sites Ames Berkeley Chicago Dayton Hanford Inyokern Los Alamos Montreal New York Oak Ridge Trinity Wendover Heavy water sites Administrators Vannevar Bush Arthur Compton James Conant Priscilla Duffield Thomas Farrell Leslie Groves John Lansdale Ernest Lawrence James Marshall Franklin Matthias Dorothy McKibbin Kenneth Nichols Robert Oppenheimer Deak Parsons William Purnell Frank Spedding Charles Thomas Paul Tibbets Bud Uanna Harold Urey Stafford Warren Ed Westcott Roscoe Wilson Scientists Luis Alvarez Robert Bacher Hans Bethe Aage Bohr Niels Bohr Norris Bradbury James Chadwick John Cockcroft Harry Daghlian Enrico Fermi Richard Feynman Val Fitch James Franck Klaus Fuchs Maria Goeppert - Mayer George Kistiakowsky George Koval Ralph Lapp Willard Libby Edwin McMillan Mark Oliphant Norman Ramsey Isidor Isaac Rabi James Rainwater Bruno Rossi Glenn Seaborg Emilio Segrè Louis Slotin Henry DeWolf Smyth Leo Szilard Edward Teller Stanisław Ulam John von Neumann John Wheeler Eugene Wigner Robert Wilson Leona Woods Operations Alsos Mission Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Operation Crossroads Operation Peppermint Project Alberta Silverplate 509th Composite Group Enola Gay Bockscar The Great Artiste Weapons Fat Man Little Boy Pumpkin bomb Thin Man Related topics Atomic Energy Act of 1946 British contribution Chicago Pile - 1 Demon core Einstein -- Szilárd letter Interim Committee Oppenheimer security hearing Plutonium RaLa Experiment S - 1 Executive Committee S - 50 Project Smyth Report Uranium X-10 Graphite Reactor Manhattan Project Empire of Japan Overview Agriculture Censorship Demographics Economy Economic history Education Eugenics Foreign commerce and shipping Industrial production Militarism Nationalism Statism Internal politics State Shinto Kazoku Emperors Meiji ( Mutsuhito ) Taishō ( Yoshihito ) Shōwa ( Hirohito ) Symbols Flag of Japan Rising Sun Flag Imperial Seal of Japan Government Seal of Japan State Seal of Japan Privy Seal of Japan Kimigayo Government Constitution Charter Oath Privy Council Administrative structure Imperial Diet Peers Representatives Daijō - kan Ministry of the Imperial Household Ministry of the Treasury Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce Ministry of Commerce and Industry Ministry of Munitions East Asia Development Board ( Kōain ) Foreign relations Government and military commanders of World War II Gozen Kaigi Ministry of Colonial Affairs Ministry of Greater East Asia Home Ministry Imperial Rescript on Education Imperial Way Faction ( Kōdōha ) Kokutai National Spiritual Mobilization Movement Peace Preservation Law Political parties Supreme Court of Judicature Taisei Yokusankai Tokkō Tonarigumi Tōseiha Greater East Asia Conference Military Armed Forces Imperial General Headquarters Imperial Japanese Army Air Service General Staff Office Railways and Shipping Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service General Staff Land Forces Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors Senjinkun military code Ministry of the Military Ministry of the Army Ministry of the Navy Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman Imperial Guard Nuclear weapons program Kamikaze War crimes Supreme War Council Japanese holdout History Meiji period Meiji Restoration Boshin War Satsuma Rebellion First Sino - Japanese War Triple Intervention Boxer Rebellion Anglo - Japanese Alliance Russo - Japanese War Taishō period World War I Siberian Intervention General Election Law Washington Naval Treaty Shōwa period Shōwa financial crisis Pacification of Manchukuo Anti-Comintern Pact Second Sino - Japanese War Tripartite Pact Soviet -- Japanese Border War ( 1939 ) Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact Pacific War Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Soviet -- Japanese War ( 1945 ) Surrender ( Potsdam Declaration , Gyokuon - hōsō ) Occupation Territories Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Karafuto Korea Kwantung Manchukuo South Pacific Taiwan Occupied territories Borneo Burma Hong Kong Dutch East Indies Malaya Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Other topics Sonnō jōi Fukoku kyōhei Hakkō ichiu Internment camps German pre -- World War II industrial co-operation Racial Equality Proposal Shinmin no Michi Shōwa Modan Socialist thought Yasukuni Shrine International Military Tribunal for the Far East Japanese dissidence during the Shōwa period Harry S. Truman 33rd President of the United States ( 1945 -- 1953 ) 34th Vice President of the United States ( 1945 ) U.S. Senator from Missouri ( 1935 -- 1945 ) Presidency 1945 inauguration 1949 inauguration Potsdam Conference Agreement on Europe Declaration to Japan Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Fair Deal Mental Health Act National Institute of Mental Health National School Lunch Act Employment Act of 1946 Council of Economic Advisers Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Loyalty Order National Security Act of 1947 Joint Chiefs of Staff National Security Council Department of the Air Force Central Intelligence Agency Key West Agreement Joint Long Range Proving Grounds Revolt of the Admirals Committee on Civil Rights Integration of the Armed Forces Housing Act of 1949 North Atlantic Treaty NATO Assassination attempt Korean War U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82 , 83 Relief of General MacArthur Office of Defense Mobilization Science Advisory Committee 1952 steel strike Puerto Rican constitutional referendum , 1952 National Security Agency State of the Union Address ( 1946 1950 1952 ) Judicial appointments Supreme Court Cabinet Truman Balcony `` The buck stops here '' Life Early life and career Presidential Library , Museum , and gravesite Missouri Office and Courtroom Truman Committee Democratic vice presidential nomination of 1944 Books Bibliography Homes Birthplace Harry S. Truman Farm Home Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site Historic District Blair House Truman Little White House Elections United States Senate election in Missouri , 1934 1940 Democratic National Convention 1944 1948 United States presidential election , 1944 1948 `` Dewey Defeats Truman '' campaign song Democratic Party presidential primaries , 1952 Legacy Truman Day Harry S Truman Building Truman Dam and Reservoir Harry S. Truman Scholarship Truman Sports Complex U.S. Postage stamps Related Give ' em Hell , Harry ( 1975 play and film ) Truman ( 1995 film ) Family Bess Wallace Truman ( wife ) Margaret Truman ( daughter ) John Anderson Truman ( father ) Martha Ellen Young Truman ( mother ) Clifton Truman Daniel ( grandson ) ← Franklin D. Roosevelt Dwight D. Eisenhower → Category United States in World War II Home front American music during World War II United States aircraft production during World War II Arizona during World War II Nevada during World War II New Mexico during World War II Greatest Generation American women Women Airforce Service Pilots Women 's Army Corps Woman 's Land Army of America Rosie the Riveter Minorities Hispanic Americans in World War II Native Americans and World War II Puerto Ricans in World War II Military participation Army ( Uniforms ) Army Air Force Marine Corps Navy Service medals ( Medal of Honor recipients ) Events List of battles Attack on Pearl Harbor Normandy landings Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Minorities African Americans ( Tuskegee Airmen ) Asian Americans ( Japanese Americans ) Jewish Americans Diplomatic participation Lend - Lease Destroyers for Bases Agreement Project Hula World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the liberation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Bibliography Category Portal World War II city bombing Area bombardment Aerial bombing of cities Firestorm Strategic bombing V - weapons Acre Akita Aomori Augsburg Baedeker Bahrain Barrow - in - Furness Bath Bangkok Belfast Belgrade Berlin Birmingham Braunschweig Bremen Breslau Brighton Bristol Bucharest Caen Cardiff Chongqing Clydebank Cologne Coventry Darmstadt Darwin Dietzenbach Dresden Dublin Duisburg Essen Foggia Frampol Frankfurt Frascati Freiburg Gibraltar Gorky Greenock Haifa Hamamatsu Hamburg Hanau Heilbronn Helsinki Hildesheim Hiratsuka Hiroshima Hull Innsbruck Jaffa Kassel Kobe Kōfu Königsberg Kure Leeds Leipzig Leningrad Liverpool London Lübeck Malta Manchester Mandalay Mannheim Manila Milan Minsk Nagaoka Nagasaki Nagoya Naha Nanjing Naples Nexø Nijmegen Nottingham Numazu Okazaki Osaka Pearl Harbor Pforzheim Ploiești Plymouth Podgorica Prague Rabaul Allied Rangoon Rome Rønne Rotterdam Schaffhausen Schwäbisch Hall Sendai Shanghai Sheffield Shizuoka Allied Singapore Axis Singapore Sofia Southampton Stalingrad Stuttgart Swansea Taipei Tallinn Tel Aviv Tokyo Toyohashi Toyokawa Treviso Ulm Utsunomiya Vienna Warsaw Wesel Wieluń Wilhelmshaven Wuppertal Würzburg Yawata Zadar Zagreb Japan portal Nuclear technology portal United States portal World War II portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki&oldid=812355751 '' Categories : Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1945 in the environment 1945 in Japan August 1945 events History of the Manhattan Project Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Good articles Use mdy dates from December 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2017 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from August 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with LibriVox links Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 11 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when were the atomic bombs dropped in ww2
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[
"\n\nAtomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\n\n\nPart of the Pacific War of World War II\n\n\n\nAtomic bomb mushroom clouds over\nHiroshima (left) and Nagasaki (right)\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\nAugust 6 and August 9, 1945\n\n\nLocation\nHiroshima and Nagasaki, Empire of Japan\n\n\nResult\nAllied victory\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n United States\nManhattan Project:\n United Kingdom\n Canada\n Japan\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n William S. Parsons\n Paul W. Tibbets, Jr.\n Charles Sweeney\n Frederick Ashworth\n Shunroku Hata\n\n\nUnits involved\n\n\nManhattan District: 50 U.S., 2 British\n509th Composite Group: 1,770 U.S.\nSecond General Army:\nHiroshima: 40,000 (5 Anti-aircraft batteries)\nNagasaki: 9,000 (4 Anti-aircraft batteries)\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n20 British, Dutch, and American prisoners of war killed\n\nHiroshima:\n\n20,000 soldiers killed\n70,000–126,000 civilians killed\n\nNagasaki:\n\n39,000–80,000 killed\n\nTotal: 129,000–226,000+ killed\n\n"
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[
"August 6 and August 9, 1945"
] |
5578681110816434813
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List of Orange Is the New Black episodes
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List of Orange Is the New Black episodes - wikipedia List of Orange Is the New Black episodes Jump to : navigation , search Orange Is the New Black is an American comedy - drama series created by Jenji Kohan , which premiered on July 11 , 2013 , on Netflix . The series , based on Piper Kerman 's memoir Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ) , follows Piper Chapman ( Taylor Schilling ) , a happily engaged New Yorker who is sent to a women 's federal prison for transporting a suitcase full of drug money across international borders , 10 years prior , for her girlfriend at the time , Alex Vause ( Laura Prepon ) . As of June 9 , 2017 , 65 episodes of Orange Is the New Black have been released , concluding the fifth season . Ten of the thirteen episodes of the fifth season were leaked online by hackers prior to its scheduled premiere date . The series has been renewed for its sixth and seventh seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2016 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 13 July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 13 June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 13 June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 13 June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 5 13 June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date `` I Was n't Ready '' Michael Trim Liz Friedman & Jenji Kohan Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) `` Tit Punch '' Uta Briesewitz Marco Ramirez Red & Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) `` Lesbian Request Denied '' Jodie Foster Sian Heder Sophia & Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) `` Imaginary Enemies '' Michael Trim Gary Lennon Miss Claudette July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 5 5 `` The Chickening '' Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Aleida & Daya July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 6 6 `` WAC Pack '' Michael Trim Lauren Morelli Nicky & Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 7 7 `` Blood Donut '' Matthew Penn Sara Hess Watson July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 8 8 `` Moscow Mule '' Phil Abraham Marco Ramirez Red July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 9 9 `` Fucksgiving '' Michael Trim Sian Heder Alex July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 10 10 `` Bora Bora Bora '' Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Piper & Tricia July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 11 11 `` Tall Men with Feelings '' Constantine Makris Lauren Morelli Piper & Alex July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 12 12 `` Fool Me Once '' Andrew McCarthy Sara Hess Pennsatucky July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 13 13 `` Ca n't Fix Crazy '' Michael Trim Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan none July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 14 `` Thirsty Bird '' Jodie Foster Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan Piper June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 15 `` Looks Blue , Tastes Red '' Michael Trim Jenji Kohan Taystee June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 16 `` Hugs Can Be Deceiving '' Michael Trim Lauren Morelli Suzanne June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 17 `` A Whole Other Hole '' Phil Abraham Sian Heder Morello June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 18 5 `` Low Self Esteem City '' Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Gloria June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 19 6 `` You Also Have a Pizza '' Allison Anders Stephen Falk Poussey June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 20 7 `` Comic Sans '' Andrew McCarthy Sara Hess Black Cindy June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 21 8 `` Appropriately Sized Pots '' Daisy von Scherler Mayer Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss Rosa June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 22 9 `` 40 Oz. of Furlough '' S.J. Clarkson Lauren Morelli Red June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 23 10 `` Little Mustachioed Shit '' Jennifer Getzinger Sian Heder Piper & Alex June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 24 11 `` Take a Break from Your Values '' Constantine Makris Nick Jones Sister Ingalls June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 25 12 `` It Was the Change '' Phil Abraham Sara Hess Vee June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 26 13 `` We Have Manners . We 're Polite . '' Constantine Makris Jenji Kohan none June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 27 `` Mother 's Day '' Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan various June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 28 `` Bed Bugs and Beyond '' Constantine Makris Jim Danger Gray Bennett June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 29 `` Empathy Is a Boner Killer '' Michael Trim Nick Jones Nicky June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 30 `` Finger in the Dyke '' Constantine Makris Lauren Morelli Big Boo June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 31 5 `` Fake It Till You Fake It Some More '' Nicole Holofcener Tara Herrmann Flaca June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 32 6 `` Ching Chong Chang '' Anthony Hemingway Sara Hess Chang June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 33 7 `` Tongue - Tied '' Julie Anne Robinson Sian Heder Norma June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 34 8 `` Fear , and Other Smells '' Mark A. Burley Nick Jones Alex June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 35 9 `` Where My Dreidel At '' Andrew McCarthy Jordan Harrison Leanne June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 36 10 `` A Tittin ' and a Hairin ' '' Jesse Peretz Lauren Morelli Pennsatucky June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 37 11 `` We Can Be Heroes '' Phil Abraham Sian Heder Caputo June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 38 12 `` Do n't Make Me Come Back There '' Uta Briesewitz Sara Hess Aleida & Daya June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 39 13 `` Trust No Bitch '' Phil Abraham Jim Danger Gray & Jenji Kohan various June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) Season 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 40 `` Work That Body for Me '' Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan none June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 41 `` Power Suit '' Constantine Makris Sara Hess Maria June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 42 `` ( Do n't ) Say Anything '' Andrew McCarthy Jim Danger Gray Soso June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 43 `` Doctor Psycho '' Erin Feeley Carly Mensch Healy June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 44 5 `` We 'll Always Have Baltimore '' Tricia Brock Jordan Harrison Maritza June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 45 6 `` Piece of Shit '' Uta Briesewitz Lauren Morelli none June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 46 7 `` It Sounded Nicer in My Head '' Mark A. Burley Nick Jones Lolly June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 47 8 `` Friends in Low Places '' Phil Abraham Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss none June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 48 9 `` Turn Table Turn '' Constantine Makris Sara Hess Blanca June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 49 10 `` Bunny , Skull , Bunny , Skull '' Phil Abraham Carly Mensch none June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 50 11 `` People Persons '' Lev L. Spiro Nick Jones Suzanne June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 51 12 `` The Animals '' Matthew Weiner Lauren Morelli Bayley June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 52 13 `` Toast Ca n't Never Be Bread Again '' Adam Bernstein Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan Poussey June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 53 `` Riot FOMO '' Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 54 `` Fuck , Marry , Frieda '' Constantine Makris Jordan Harrison Frieda June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 55 `` Pissters ! '' Phil Abraham Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum Linda June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 56 `` Litchfield 's Got Talent '' Nick Sandow Josh Koenigsberg , Jenji Kohan & Tara Herrmann Alison June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 57 5 `` Sing It , White Effie '' Phil Abraham Molly Smith Metzler Watson June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 58 6 `` Flaming Hot Cheetos , Literally '' Andrew McCarthy Lauren Morelli Taystee June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 59 7 `` Full Bush , Half Snickers '' Uta Briesewitz Anthony Natoli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 60 8 `` Tied to the Tracks '' Michael Trim Carolina Paiz Daya June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 61 9 `` The Tightening '' Erin Feeley Jordan Harrison Red June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 62 10 `` The Reverse Midas Touch '' Laura Prepon Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum Piscatella June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 63 11 `` Breaking the Fiberboard Ceiling '' Wendey Stanzler Lauren Morelli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 64 12 `` Tattoo You '' Mark A. Burley Tara Herrmann & Carolina Paiz Piper & Alex June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 65 13 `` Storm - y Weather '' Jesse Peretz Lauren Morelli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) See also ( edit ) List of Orange Is the New Black characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Prison Series Gets July Release Date '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix sets premiere dates for OITNB , Kimmy Schmidt , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Hacker Leaks Stolen ' Orange Is the New Black ' Season 5 Episodes to Piracy Network '' . Variety . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Amanda ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 5 Leaked After Netflix Refuses Ransom Demand '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Orange Is the New Black episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Orange Is the New Black Characters Piper Chapman Alex Vause Crazy Eyes Nicky Nichols Tiffany Doggett Lorna Morello Miss Rosa Episodes Season 1 `` Lesbian Request Denied '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Related Piper Kerman Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison `` You 've Got Time '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Orange_Is_the_New_Black_episodes&oldid=798746969 '' Categories : Orange Is the New Black Lists of American comedy - drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 16 : 07 . About Wikipedia
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number of episodes in orange is the new black season 5
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[
"\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally released\n\n\n\n1\n13\nJuly 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)\n\n\n\n2\n13\nJune 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)\n\n\n\n3\n13\nJune 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)\n\n\n\n4\n13\nJune 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)\n\n\n\n5\n13\nJune 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)\n\n"
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"13"
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8625181663364487761
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Mid-ocean ridge
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Mid-ocean ridge - wikipedia Mid-ocean ridge Jump to : navigation , search For a broader coverage related to this topic , see Undersea mountain range . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mid-oceanic ridge , including a black smoker A mid-ocean ridge ( MOR ) is an underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonics . It consists of various mountains linked in chains , typically having a valley known as a rift running along its spine . This type of oceanic mountain ridge is characteristic of what is known as an ' oceanic spreading center ' , which is responsible for seafloor spreading . The production of new seafloor results from mantle upwelling in response to plate spreading ; this isentropic upwelling solid mantle material eventually exceeds the solidus and melts . The buoyant melt rises as magma at a linear weakness in the oceanic crust , and emerges as lava , creating new crust upon cooling . A mid-ocean ridge demarcates the boundary between two tectonic plates , and consequently is termed a divergent plate boundary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Volcanism 1.2 Morphology 2 Formation processes 3 Global system 4 Seawater Chemistry 5 History 5.1 Discovery 5.2 Impact 6 List of oceanic ridges 6.1 List of ancient oceanic ridges 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Description ( edit ) Graphic shows a mid-ocean ridge , with magma rising from a chamber below , forming new ocean plate that spreads away from the ridge . Mid-ocean ridge in Þingvellir National Park , Iceland . Volcanism ( edit ) Mid-ocean ridges are geologically active , with continuing volcanism and seismicity . New magma steadily emerges onto the ocean floor and intrudes into the ocean crust at and near rifts along the ridge axes . The crystallized magma forms new crust of basalt ( known as MORB for mid-ocean ridge basalt ) and below it ( in the lower oceanic crust ) , gabbro . MORs are formed by two oceanic plates moving away from each other . Hydrothermal vents are a common feature at oceanic spreading centers . The rocks making up the crust below the seafloor are youngest along the axis of the ridge and age with increasing distance from that axis . New magma of basalt composition emerges at and near the axis because of decompression melting in the underlying Earth 's mantle . The oceanic crust is made up of rocks much younger than the Earth itself . Most oceanic crust in the ocean basins is less than 200 million years old . The crust is in a constant state of `` renewal '' at the ocean ridges . Moving away from the mid-ocean ridge , ocean depth progressively increases ; the greatest depths are in ocean trenches . As the oceanic crust moves away from the ridge axis , the peridotite in the underlying mantle cools and becomes more rigid . The crust and the relatively rigid peridotite below it make up the oceanic lithosphere . Morphology ( edit ) See also : Seafloor spreading § Sea floor global topography : half - space model The bathymetry , or profile of a MOR is largely determined by the seafloor spreading rate at the ridge . Slow spreading ridges ( < 5 cm / yr ) like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge ( MAR ) generally have large , wide rift valleys , sometimes as wide as 10 -- 20 km ( 6.2 -- 12.4 mi ) , and very rugged terrain at the ridge crest that can have relief of up to a 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) . By contrast , fast spreading ridges ( > 8 cm / yr ) like the East Pacific Rise ( EPR ) are narrow , sharp incisions surrounded by generally flat topography that slopes away from the ridge over many hundreds of miles . Ultra-slow spreading ridges ( < 2 cm / yr ) , like the Southwest India and the Arctic Ridges form both magmatic and amagmatic ridge segments without transform faults . The spreading center or axis , commonly connects to a transform fault oriented at right angles to the axis . The flanks of Mid-coean ridges are in many places marked by the inactive scars of transform faults called fracture zones . At faster spreading rates the axes often display Overlapping Spreading Centers that lack connecting transform faults . The depth of the seafloor ( or the height of a location on a mid-ocean ridge above a baselevel ) is closely correlated with its age ( age of the lithosphere where depth is measured ) . The age - depth relation can be modeled by the cooling of a lithosphere plate or mantle half - space in areas without significant subduction . The overall shape of ridges results from Pratt isostacy : close to the ridge axis there is hot , low - density mantle supporting the oceanic crust . As the oceanic plates cool , away from the ridge axes , the oceanic mantle lithosphere ( the colder , denser part of the mantle that , together with the crust , comprises the oceanic plates ) thickens and the density increases . Thus older seafloor is underlain by denser material and is deeper . The width of the ridge is hence a function of spreading rate -- slow ridges like the MAR have spread much less far ( shower a narrower profile ) than faster ridges like the EPR ( wider profile ) for the same amount of cooling and consequent bathymetric deepening . Formation processes ( edit ) Further information : Plate tectonics Oceanic crust is formed at an oceanic ridge , while the lithosphere is subducted back into the asthenosphere at trenches . Two processes , ridge - push and slab pull , are thought to be responsible for the spreading seen at mid-ocean ridges , and there is some uncertainty as to which is dominant . Ridge - push occurs when the growing bulk of the ridge pushes the rest of the tectonic plate away from the ridge , often towards a subduction zone . At the subduction zone , `` slab - pull '' comes into effect . This is simply the weight of the tectonic plate being subducted ( pulled ) below the overlying plate dragging the rest of the plate along behind it . The slab pull mechanism is considered to be contributing more than the ridge push . The other process proposed to contribute to the formation of new oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges is the `` mantle conveyor '' ( see image ) . However , there have been some studies which have shown that the upper mantle ( asthenosphere ) is too plastic ( flexible ) to generate enough friction to pull the tectonic plate along . Moreover , unlike in the image above , mantle upwelling that causes magma to form beneath the ocean ridges appears to involve only its upper 400 km ( 250 mi ) , as deduced from seismic tomography and from studies of the seismic discontinuity at about 400 km ( 250 mi ) . The relatively shallow depths from which the upwelling mantle rises below ridges are more consistent with the `` slab - pull '' process . On the other hand , some of the world 's largest tectonic plates such as the North American Plate are in motion , yet are nowhere being subducted . The rate at which the mid-ocean ridge creates new material is known as the spreading rate , and is typically measured in mm / yr . As a general rule , fast ridges have spreading ( opening ) rates of more than 90 mm / year . Intermediate ridges have a spreading rate of 50 -- 90 mm / year while slow spreading ridges have a rate less than 50 mm / year . The spreading rate of the North Atlantic Ocean is ~ 25 mm / yr , while in the Pacific region , it is 80 -- 120 mm / yr . Ridges that spread at rates < 20 mm / yr are referred to as ultraslow spreading ridges ( e.g. , the Gakkel Ridge in the Arctic Ocean and the Southwest Indian Ridge ) and they provide a much different perspective on crustal formation than their faster spreading brethren . The mid-ocean ridge systems form new oceanic crust . As crystallized basalt extruded at a ridge axis cools below Curie points of appropriate iron - titanium oxides , magnetic field directions parallel to the Earth 's magnetic field are recorded in those oxides . The orientations of the field in the oceanic crust preserve a record of directions of the Earth 's magnetic field with time . Because the field has reversed directions at irregular intervals throughout its history , the pattern of geomagnetic reversals in the ocean crust can be used as an indicator of age . Likewise , the pattern of reversals together with age measurements of the crust is used to help establish the history of the Earth 's magnetic field . Global system ( edit ) World distribution of mid-oceanic ridges ; USGS The mid-ocean ridges of the world are connected and form the Ocean Ridge , a single global mid-oceanic ridge system that is part of every ocean , making it the longest mountain range in the world . The continuous mountain range is 65,000 km ( 40,400 mi ) long ( several times longer than the Andes , the longest continental mountain range ) , and the total length of the oceanic ridge system is 80,000 km ( 49,700 mi ) long . Increased rates of sea - floor spreading ( i.e. the expansion of the mid-ocean ridge ) has caused global ( eustatic ) sea - level to rise over very long timescales ( millions of years ) . The high sea levels that occurred during the Cretaceous period ( 144 -- 65 Ma ) can only be attributed to plate tectonics since thermal expansion and the absence of ice sheets by themselves can not account for the fact that sea levels were 100 -- 170 meters higher than today . Increased sea - floor spreading means that the hot young crust at the mid-ocean ridge will form at a faster rate than it can be destroyed at subduction zones . The mid-ocean ridge will then expand and form a broader ridge , taking up more space in the ocean basin and causing sea levels to rise . Sea - level change can be attributed to other factors ( thermal expansion , ice melting ) . Over very long timescales , however , it is the result of changes in the volume of the ocean basins which are , in turn , affected by rates of sea - floor spreading along the mid-ocean ridges . Seawater chemistry ( edit ) Mg / Ca Ratio Changes at Mid-Ocean Ridges Mid-ocean ridges are global scale ion - exchange systems . Rapid spreading rates will expand the mid-ocean ridge causing basalt reactions with seawater to happen faster . The Magnesium / Calcium ratio will be lower because more magnesium ions are being removed from seawater and consumed by the rock , and more calcium ions are being removed from the rock and released to seawater . A lower Mg / Ca ratio favors the precipitation of Low - Mg calcite polymorphs of calcium carbonate ( calcite seas ) . Slow spreading at mid-ocean ridges has the opposite effect and will result in a higher Mg / Ca ratio favoring the precipitation of aragonite and High - Mg calcite polymorphs of calcium carbonate ( aragonite seas ) . Experiments show that most modern High - Mg calcite organisms would have been Low - Mg calcite in past calcite seas , meaning that the Mg / Ca ratio in an organism 's skeleton varies with the Mg / Ca ratio of the seawater in which it was grown . The mineralogy of reef - building and sediment - producing organisms is thus regulated by chemical reactions occurring along the mid-ocean ridge , the rate of which is controlled by sea - floor spreading . History ( edit ) Discovery ( edit ) Main article : Plate tectonics § Historical context Mid-ocean ridges are generally submerged deep in the ocean . It was not until the 1950s , when the ocean floor was surveyed in detail , that their full extent became known . The Vema , a ship of the Lamont - Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University , traversed the Atlantic Ocean , recording data about the ocean floor from the ocean surface . A team led by Marie Tharp and Bruce Heezen analyzed the data and concluded that there was an enormous mountain chain running up the middle . Scientists named it the `` Mid-Atlantic Ridge '' . At first , the ridge was thought to be a phenomenon specific to the Atlantic Ocean . However , as surveys of the ocean floor continued around the world , it was discovered that every ocean contains parts of the mid-ocean ridge system . Although the ridge system runs down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean , the ridge is located away from the center of other oceans . Impact ( edit ) Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912 . He stated : `` the Mid-Atlantic Ridge ... zone in which the floor of the Atlantic , as it keeps spreading , is continuously tearing open and making space for fresh , relatively fluid and hot sima ( rising ) from depth '' . However , Wegener did not pursue this observation in his later works and his theory was dismissed by geologists because there was no mechanism to explain how continents could plow through ocean crust , and the theory became largely forgotten . Following the discovery of the worldwide extent of the mid-ocean ridge in the 1950s , geologists faced a new task : explaining how such an enormous geological structure could have formed . In the 1960s , geologists discovered and began to propose mechanisms for seafloor spreading . The discovery of mid-ocean ridges and the process of seafloor spreading allowed for Wegner 's theory to be expanded so that it included the movement of oceanic crust as well as the continents . Plate tectonics was a suitable explanation for seafloor spreading , and the acceptance of plate tectonics by the majority of geologists resulted in a major paradigm shift in geological thinking . It is estimated that 20 volcanic eruptions occur each year along earth 's mid-ocean ridges and that every year 2.5 km ( 0.97 sq mi ) of new seafloor is formed by this process . With a crustal thickness of 1 to 2 km ( 0.62 to 1.24 mi ) , this amounts to about 4 km ( 0.96 cu mi ) of new ocean crust formed every year . Oceanic ridge and deep sea vent chemistry Age of oceanic crust . The red is most recent , and blue is the oldest . Plates in the crust of the earth , according to the plate tectonics theory Seafloor magnetic striping A demonstration of magnetic striping List of oceanic ridges ( edit ) Main category : Oceanic ridges Aden Ridge Cocos Ridge Explorer Ridge Gorda Ridge Juan de Fuca Ridge American - Antarctic Ridge Chile Rise East Pacific Rise East Scotia Ridge Gakkel Ridge ( Mid-Arctic Ridge ) Nazca Ridge Pacific - Antarctic Ridge Central Indian Ridge Carlsberg Ridge Southeast Indian Ridge Southwest Indian Ridge Mid-Atlantic Ridge Kolbeinsey Ridge ( North of Iceland ) Mohns Ridge Knipovich Ridge ( between Greenland and Spitsbergen ) Reykjanes Ridge ( South of Iceland ) List of ancient oceanic ridges ( edit ) Aegir Ridge Alpha Ridge Kula - Farallon Ridge Pacific - Farallon Ridge Pacific - Kula Ridge Phoenix Ridge See also ( edit ) Afar Triangle Geography of Iceland List of oceanic landforms Petrological Database of the Ocean Floor Slab window Submarine volcano References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Searle , , Roger ( 2013 ) . Mid-ocean ridges . New York : Cambridge . ISBN 9781107017528 . OCLC 842323181 . Jump up ^ Faulting and Magmatism at Mid ‐ Ocean Ridges Geophysical Monograph Series . doi : 10.1029 / gm106 . Jump up ^ Michael , Peter ; Cheadle , Michael ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` Making a Crust '' . Science . 323 : 1017 -- 18 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1169556 . Jump up ^ Martin , William ; Baross , John ; Kelley , Deborah ; Russell , Michael J. ( 2008 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Hydrothermal vents and the origin of life '' . Nature Reviews Microbiology. 6 ( 11 ) : 805 -- 814 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro1991 . ISSN 1740 - 1526 . Jump up ^ Marjorie Wilson ( 1993 ) . Igneous petrogenesis . London : Chapman & Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 412 - 53310 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Macdonald , K.C. ( 1982 ) . `` Mid-Ocean Ridges : Fine Scale Tectonic , Volcanic and Hydrothermal Processes Within the Plate Boundary Zone '' . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 10 ( 1 ) : 155 -- 190 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ea. 10.050182. 001103 . Jump up ^ Dick , Henry J.B. ; Lin , Jian ; Schouten , Hans ( November 2003 ) . `` An ultraslow - spreading class of ocean ridge '' . Nature . 426 ( 6965 ) : 405 -- 412 . doi : 10.1038 / nature02128 . ISSN 1476 - 4687 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Ken C. ; Fox , P.J. ( 1983 ) . `` Overlapping spreading centres : new accretion geometry on the East Pacific Rise '' . Nature . 302 ( 5903 ) : 55 -- 58 . doi : 10.1038 / 302055a0 . ISSN 1476 - 4687 . Jump up ^ Sclater , John G. ; Anderson , Roger N. ; Bell , M. Lee ( 1971 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Elevation of ridges and evolution of the central eastern Pacific '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 76 ( 32 ) : 7888 -- 7915 . doi : 10.1029 / jb076i032p07888 . ISSN 2156 - 2202 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Barry ; Sclater , John G. ( 1977 - 02 - 10 ) . `` An analysis of the variation of ocean floor bathymetry and heat flow with age '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 82 ( 5 ) : 803 -- 827 . doi : 10.1029 / jb082i005p00803 . ISSN 2156 - 2202 . Jump up ^ Davis , E.E ; Lister , C.R.B. ( 1974 ) . `` Fundamentals of Ridge Crest Topography '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters . North - Holland Publishing Company . 21 : 405 -- 413 . Bibcode : 1974E&PSL ... 21 ... 405D . doi : 10.1016 / 0012 - 821X ( 74 ) 90180 - 0 . Jump up ^ Harff , Jan ; Meschede , Martin ; Petersen , Sven ; Thiede , Jörn . Driving Forces : Slab Pull , Ridge Push ( 2014 ed . ) . Springer Netherlands . pp. 1 -- 6 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 6644 - 0_105 - 1 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 6644 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Searle , Roger ( 2013 ) . Mid-ocean ridges . New York : Cambridge . p. 2 . ISBN 9781107017528 . OCLC 842323181 . Jump up ^ Puetz , Stephen ; et al. ( January 2017 ) . `` Quantifying the evolution of the continental and oceanic crust '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 164 : 63 -- 83 . doi : 10.1016 / j. earscirev. 2016.10. 011 . Jump up ^ `` What is the longest mountain range on earth ? '' . Ocean Facts . NOAA . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Church , J.A. ; Gregory , J.M. Sea Level Change . pp. 2599 -- 2604 . doi : 10.1006 / rwos. 2001.0268 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Kenneth G. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments . Springer , Dordrecht . pp. 879 -- 887 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 4411 - 3_206 . Jump up ^ Kominz , M.A. Sea Level Variations Over Geologic Time . pp. 2605 -- 2613 . doi : 10.1006 / rwos. 2001.0255 . ^ Jump up to : Hardie , Lawrence ; Stanley , Steven ( February 1999 ) . `` Hypercalcification : Paleontology Links Plate Tectonics and Geochemistry to Sedimentology '' ( PDF ) . GSA TODAY. 9 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Ries , Justin B. ( 2004 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Effect of ambient Mg / Ca ratio on Mg fractionation in calcareous marine invertebrates : A record of the oceanic Mg / Ca ratio over the Phanerozoic '' . Geology. 32 ( 11 ) . doi : 10.1130 / g20851. 1 . ISSN 0091 - 7613 . Jump up ^ Jacoby , W.R. ( January 1981 ) . `` Modern concepts of earth dynamics anticipated by Alfred Wegener in 1912 '' . Geology. 9 : 25 -- 27 . Bibcode : 1981Geo ... 9 ... 25J . doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 1981 ) 9 < 25 : MCOEDA > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Society , National Geographic ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) . `` seafloor spreading '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . External Links ( edit ) An explanation of relevant tectonic forces Mid-Oceanic ridge , like baseball seam ( The Dynamic Earth , USGS ) Ridge2000 , Studying Mid-Ocean Ridges from Mantle to Microbe ( hide ) Mid-ocean ridges Present Central Indian Chile East Pacific Explorer Gakkel Gorda Juan de Fuca Mid-Atlantic Pacific - Antarctic South American - Antarctic Southeast Indian Southwest Indian Former Aegir Alpha Kula - Farallon Pacific - Farallon Pacific - Kula Phoenix Physical oceanography Waves Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin -- Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Green 's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Iribarren number Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke 's variational principle Mild - slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby - gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave -- current interaction Waves and shallow water one - dimensional Saint - Venant equations shallow water equations Wind wave model Circulation Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis force Coriolis -- Stokes force Craik -- Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño -- Southern Oscillation General circulation model Geochemical Ocean Sections Study Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Halothermal circulation Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Modular Ocean Model Ocean dynamics Ocean gyre Princeton ocean model Rip current Subsurface currents Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Whirlpool World Ocean Circulation Experiment Tides Amphidromic point Earth tide Head of tide Internal tide Lunitidal interval Perigean spring tide Rip tide Rule of twelfths Slack water Tidal bore Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tide gauge Tideline Landforms Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll Bathymetric chart Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon Submarine volcano Plate tectonics Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Fracture zone Hydrothermal vent Marine geology Mid-ocean ridge Mohorovičić discontinuity Vine -- Matthews -- Morley hypothesis Oceanic crust Outer trench swell Ridge push Seafloor spreading Slab pull Slab suction Slab window Subduction Transform fault Volcanic arc Ocean zones Benthic Deep ocean water Deep sea Littoral Mesopelagic Oceanic Pelagic Photic Surf Swash Sea level Deep - ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis Future sea level Global Sea Level Observing System North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Sea - level curve Sea level rise World Geodetic System Acoustics Deep scattering layer Hydroacoustics Ocean acoustic tomography Sofar bomb SOFAR channel Underwater acoustics Satellites Jason - 1 Jason - 2 ( Ocean Surface Topography Mission ) Jason - 3 Related Argo Benthic lander Color of water DSV Alvin Marginal sea Marine energy Marine pollution Mooring National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Ocean exploration Ocean observations Ocean reanalysis Ocean surface topography Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Pelagic sediment Sea surface microlayer Sea surface temperature Seawater Science On a Sphere Thermocline Underwater glider Water column World Ocean Atlas Commons GND : 4317501 - 6 NDL : 00575264 VIAF : 236956031 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mid-ocean_ridge&oldid=837770721 '' Categories : Oceanic ridges Coastal and oceanic landforms Physical oceanography Basalt Geological processes Plate tectonics Volcanic landforms Oceanographical terminology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2007 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 23 : 16 . 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Asgard (comics)
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Asgard ( Comics ) - wikipedia Asgard ( Comics ) Jump to : navigation , search Asgard Cover of Tales of Asgard # 1 ( October 1968 ) showing Asgard and some of the inhabitants of the Asgardian dimension . Art by Jack Kirby . Race ( s ) Asgardians First appearance Journey into Mystery # 83 ( October 1962 ) Publisher Marvel Comics Asgard is a fictional realm and its capital city appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Based on the realm of the same name from Norse mythology , Asgard is home to the Asgardians and other beings adapted from Norse mythology . Asgard first appeared in Journey into Mystery # 83 ( October 1962 ) by Stan Lee , Larry Lieber and Jack Kirby , and features prominently in stories that follow the Marvel Comics superhero Thor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fictional history 2 Regions 2.1 The Nine Worlds 2.2 Other worlds and regions 3 The six races 4 Racial attributes 5 Flora and fauna 5.1 Flora 5.2 Fauna 6 In other media 6.1 Television 6.2 Film 6.3 Video games 6.4 Theme parks 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Fictional history ( edit ) According to Asgardian legend , in the beginning there was nothing , but in time two worlds came into being on opposite sides of the void . The one to the north was named Niflheim , a world of clouds and shadows in whose center surged the fountain Hvergelmir , from which flowed twelve rivers of ice . The one to the south was named Muspelheim , which teemed with rivers of fire . Eventually the warm air from the south carved out the frost giant Ymir from the ice in the north . Ymir became the father of all the giants , and his cow Auðumbla licked out of the ice the first Asgardian , Buri . Buri had a son named Borr , who married the giantess Bestla . Borr and Bestla had three sons named Odin , Vili , and Ve , who were known as the Æsir . Odin and his brothers grew to hate the giants and slew Ymir , and his blood formed a great sea . Odin and his brothers then raised Ymir 's body from the sea and created Midgard between Niflheim and Muspelheim . With Ymir 's bones they created mountains , and with his hair they created trees . They then raised Ymir 's skull upon four pillars to create the heavens . Within the skull contained sparks from Muspelheim , which became the sun , moon , and stars . When Midgard was complete , Odin and his brothers created a home for themselves above it called Asgard . Between the two worlds they stretched a rainbow bridge and called it Bifröst . Once a year Odin must undertake the Odinsleep to regain his strength . During this time Asgard is vulnerable to attack from its many enemies , most notably Odin 's adopted son , Loki . Loki first takes command of Asgard during the Odinsleep , using his right as the ' son ' of Odin before Thor could claim it , but fled when Asgard was invaded by Mangog as he realized that this new foe was too powerful . Loki later usurped the throne of Asgard by taking the Odinring , but fled again when Asgard was invaded by the fire demon , Surtur . The throne of Asgard later passes to Thor after Odin is killed in battle by Surtur , when the demon invades Earth . It was prophesied that Loki would lead Asgard 's enemies in a final conflict known as Ragnarök , which would lead to its destruction . This comes to pass when Loki obtains the forge that created Mjolnir and creates new uru hammers for his army . The entirety of Asgard and its inhabitants are destroyed in the resulting battle . After Ragnarök , Donald Blake awakens Thor from the `` Void of Non-Existence '' . Thor returns to Earth and rebuilds Asgard outside of Broxton , Oklahoma , purchasing the land with gold from the treasury . Thor then goes about restoring the Asgardians , who have been reborn in the bodies of mortal men and women . Asgard 's location on Earth makes the city a target during the Secret Invasion by the Skrulls led by a Super-Skrull named Godkiller , whose powers mimic Thundra , Titania , Volcana and Battleaxe . The aliens are repelled with help from Thor 's ally , Beta Ray Bill . When Thor is forced to abdicate the throne and is exiled for killing his grandfather Borr , who was brought from the past and driven mad by Loki , control of Asgard passes to Thor 's half - brother , Balder . Asgard is destroyed yet again after Norman Osborn seizes control of S.H.I.E.L.D. following the Secret Invasion as he seeks to expel Asgard from U.S. soil in an effort to consolidate power . Osborn leads the Dark Avengers in an invasion against Asgard known as the Siege . The invading forces are defeated with help from the reunited Avengers , although Asgard itself is toppled by the Sentry . Immediately following the Siege , Thor reerects Heimdall 's observatory atop Stark Tower as sign of solidarity with Midgard and appreciation for the Avengers ' aid . Thor restores Odin to the throne when the nine realms are invaded by `` the World Eaters '' . However , after Thor and Odin 's long - forgotten brother , Cul , kill each other in battle during the Fear Itself event , Odin passes control of Asgard to the Vanir , headed by the `` All - Mother '' , a triumvirate of female deities consisting of Freyja , Gaea and Idunn . Tony Stark 's company , Stark Resilient then rebuilds Asgard over Broxton , Oklahoma , where it is rechristened as `` Asgardia '' . During the Original Sin storyline , it is revealed that there is a Tenth Realm in Asgard called Heven that is inhabited by Angels . It was cut off from the rest of the realms following the Angels ' attack on Asgard which led to the apparent death of an infant Angela . Asgard later established the Congress of Worlds which consists of the representatives of the Nine Realms . After Heven was reintegrated with the other Realms , representatives of Heven started appearing as members of the Congress of Worlds . Regions ( edit ) The Asgardian dimension contains several distinct regions . The nine worlds ( edit ) World Notes Alfheim Home of the Light Elves . Alfheim is a distinct region on the Asgard planetoid . Asgard Home of the Asgardians . Asgard is the name of the planetoid , a distinct region on the planetoid and its capital city . Hel Realm of the dead who are neither honored nor dishonored . Ruled by Hela . Jotunheim Home of the Frost Giants . Midgard The Earthly plane . Although not technically a part of the Asgardian dimension , it is considered one of the Nine Worlds because of its significant connections to Asgard . Muspelheim Home of the Demons . Ruled by Surtur . Nidavellir Home of the Dwarves . Nidavellir is a distinct region on the Asgard planetoid . Svartalfheim Home of the Dark Elves . Vanaheim Home of the Vanir who are the sister race of the Asgardians . Vanaheim is a distinct region on the Asgard planetoid . Other worlds and regions ( edit ) Region Notes Niffleheim Realm of the dishonored dead which is distinct but closely connected to Hel . Valhalla Realm of the honored dead and is a distinct region on the Asgard planetoid . Nornheim Realm of the Asgard planetoid ruled by Karnilla Heven The tenth world of Asgard and home of the Angels , it was cut off from the rest of Asgard by Odin long ago and not rediscovered until the 2014 storyline Original Sin . The six races ( edit ) The six races of intelligent humanoid beings known to reside within the Asgardian dimension . Race Known members Asgardians Æsir Aldrif Odinsdottir , Amora the Enchantress , Balder , Bor , Búri , Brunnhilde , Fandral , Frigga , Heimdall , Hermod , Hildegarde , Hoder , Kelda , Lorelei , Magni , Mimir , Odin , Sif , Skurge the Executioner , Thor , Tyr , Vidar , Vili , Ve , Volla , Volstagg Vanir Frey , Freya , Idunn , Njord , Sigyn Demons Hrinmeer , Skulveig , Surtur Dwarves Alfrigg , Brokk , Dvalin , Eitri , Grerr , Throgg Elves Dark Elves Alflyse , Grendell , Kurse , Malekith Light Elves Aeltri , Hrinmeer Giants Angerboda , Fafnir , Fasolt , Gerd , Gymir , Hela , Laufey , Loki , Siingard , Skadi , Skurge the Executioner , Solveig , Utgard - Loki , Vidar , Ymir Trolls Ulik , Geirrodur , Ulla , Askella , Gaark , Garrg , Glagg , Grak , Grundor , Kryllk , Muthos , Olik , Targo , Other Hogun , Hrimhari , Karnilla , Mogul of the Mystic Mountain , Three Norns ( Urd , Skuld , and Verdandi ) ^ 2 Not to be confused with the dragon Fafnir . Racial attributes ( edit ) Although they look human , all Asgardians possess certain superhuman physical attributes . They are extremely long - lived ( though not purely immortal like their Olympian counterparts ) , aging at an extremely slow rate upon reaching adulthood ( through the periodic consumption of the golden apples of Idunn ) . Asgardian flesh and bone is three times denser than similar human tissue , contributing to their superhuman strength and weight . An average Asgardian male can lift 30 tons ( 27.2 metric tons ) ; an average Asgardian female can lift about 25 tons ( 22.7 metric tons ) . Asgardians are immune to all terrestrial diseases and resistant to conventional injury ( however this resilience seems relatively incapable of defeating the zombie plague in Earth - 2149 that affects even Asgardians ) . The metabolism of the Asgardians gives them superhuman stamina in all physical activities . Demons are beings of fire and tend to be about the same stature as the Asgardians . Dwarves are smaller in stature than the Asgardians , and have short , stocky bodies . Their average height is four feet ( 1.2 meters ) . Elves vary greatly in size from four to eight feet ( 1.2 to 2.4 meters ) . They tend toward slender bodies and proportionately longer limbs . The dark elves tend to be darker in color than the light elves . Both types have natural proclivity towards magic . Giants are basically humanoid in appearance and color although they tend toward the neanderthalic in body and bone structure . Their most distinguishing feature is their height . The average giant is twenty feet ( 6 meters ) tall , although some may reach thirty feet ( 9.1 meters ) . On occasion giants will produce stunted offspring who look similar to the Asgardians . Loki and the Executioner are both children of giants despite their diminutive six or seven foot ( 1.8 or 2.1 meter ) stature . Trolls are the least human - looking of the denizens of Asgard , possessing body characteristics that are almost simian . Trolls are stocky and massive , have thick body hair ( almost fur ) and tend toward a ruddy orange color . They are on average taller than the Asgardians but shorter than giants , around seven feet ( 2.1 meters ) tall , although some trolls are considerably taller . Trolls tend to be extremely strong , stronger than the average Asgardian , dwarf or elf and on par with giants . Trolls like Ulik rival Thor in strength . Flora and fauna ( edit ) Flora ( edit ) Diagram showing the relationship of Yggdrasil with the nine worlds of Asgard . Art by Eliot R. Brown . Yggdrasil ; the world tree is an immense ash tree that is central to the Asgardian dimension . The tree is supported by three roots that extended far into the other worlds ; one to the spring of Hvergelmir in Niflheim , one to the well of Mimir in Jotunheim , and another to the well of Wyrd in Asgard . Though Midgard is not physically connected to Yggdrasil , it is said that the Earth 's axis is in alignment with the tree . In the limited series Thor : Blood Oath , Thor and the Warriors Three are sent to retrieve golden apples from the branches of the tree . Odin once hung himself from the tree for nine days and nights as a sacrifice to gain knowledge of the runes . Thor repeated this action during Ragnarök . Later Amora the Enchantress attempt to destroy the tree in an effort to free the body of Skurge the Executioner from its roots , an action that nearly tore apart the fabric of reality . Fauna ( edit ) Dragons are ancient creatures that are stated to live in Nastrond . These include Fafnir , Hakurel ; a dragon Thor slew during one of his earliest adventures , and Níðhöggr ; who feeds on the roots of Yggdrasil . Eagles are giant sapient versions of their Earthly counterparts . These include Gnori ; king of snow eagles whom a young Thor , Sif and Balder sought for one of his feathers as part of a quest , and Lerad ; an eagle that guards the magic apples of Yggdrasil . Volstagg was able to steal an apple by first beating Lerad in a drinking contest . Fenris Wolf ; a giant wolf that is said to be the offspring of Loki and the giantess Angrboda . During Ragnarök Fenris swallowed all that remained of Asgard following the final battle . Geri and Freki are Odin 's pet wolves . Freki stopped an assassination attempt on Thor 's life during a time known as the Reigning when Thor assumed the throne of Asgard and ruled both Asgard and Midgard with an iron fist . Huginn and Muninn are Odin 's pet ravens . They guided Thor to find the means to end the Ragnarök cycle and again through Hel to find Odin . Midgard Serpent ; an immense serpent that lives in the Sea of Space circling Midgard , ready to eat unwary sailors . Rattatosk ; a squirrel that lives on Yggdrasil and carries messages between Lerad and Níðhöggr . As a child Thor would go to Yggdrasil to visit Rattatosk and listen to his stories . Sleipnir ; Odin 's eight - legged steed . Thor had eight steeds Firegnaw , Mudbrute , Slaughterbit , Smokemare , Snow Harpy , Stormbringer , Swamptooth and Warhoof . During a famine on earth , some humans ate the horses over Thor 's request that they not do so . The God of Thunder took the bones back to Asgard . Using magics , he reformed them into Sleipnir . Toothgnasher and Toothgrinder ; two mystical goats that pull Thor 's chariot . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Asgard appears in the Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends episode `` The Vengeance of Loki . '' Asgard is featured in The Super Hero Squad Show . Asgard was introduced in The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes episode `` Thor the Mighty '' . Asgard appears in the Ultimate Spider - Man episode `` Field Trip '' . Asgard appears in the Avengers Assemble episode `` Planet Doom . '' Vanaheim appears in the episode `` Downgraded . '' Hawkeye and Falcon accidentally end up in Vanaheim where they help Freya defend her city from the Shadow Nyx while finding a way to rekindle the light that keeps the Shadow Nyx at bay . Asgard appears in the Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. episode `` For Asgard . '' Asgard will appear in the Guardians of the Galaxy episode `` We are the World Tree . '' Film ( edit ) Asgard as depicted in the 2011 feature film Thor . Asgard is the setting of Marvel Animation film , Hulk vs. Thor . Asgard is the setting of the animated film , Thor : Tales of Asgard . Asgard and Jotunheim appear in the 2011 live - action Marvel Studios film Thor , directed by Kenneth Branagh . Asgard , Svartalfheim , Vanaheim , and Jotunheim appear in the 2013 sequel Thor : The Dark World , directed by Alan Taylor . Muspelheim is also seen briefly through a dimensional rift . Asgard and Muspelheim appear in the 2017 sequel Thor : Ragnarok , directed by Taika Waititi . The film opens in Muspelheim , where Thor defeats Surtur before returning to Asgard . In the finale , Thor and Loki summon Surtur to destroy the Asgard planetoid , in order to defeat Hela . Thor leads the Asgardian people on a spaceship headed for Earth , to create a new homeland to settle in . Niflheim is also seen briefly when Hela is released and in flashback when she fights the Valkyries in an attempt to escape . Video games ( edit ) Asgard is featured as a playable level in Marvel : Ultimate Alliance . Asgard is featured in the Marvel Super Hero Squad video game . Asgard is featured in Thor : God of Thunder ( based on the live - action film ) . Asgard is a stage in the fighting game Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds , alongside a `` Sea of Space '' version in Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 . Asgard appears in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online . Asgard appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes and Lego Marvel 's Avengers . Asgard appears as a stage in Marvel vs. Capcom Infinite , merged with Abel City from the Mega Man X series to become Xgard . Theme parks ( edit ) The Disneyland attraction `` Treasures of Asgard '' , located inside Innoventions in Tomorrowland , opened on November 1 , 2013 and features displays of Asgardian relics and transports guests to Odin 's throne room in Asgard , where they are greeted by Thor . See also ( edit ) List of deities in Marvel Comics References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Thor Annual vol. 1 , # 4 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Thor # 154 - 157 ( July - Oct. 1968 ) Jump up ^ Thor # 175 - 177 ( Apr . - June 1970 ) Jump up ^ Thor # 40 vol. 2 , ( October 2001 ) Jump up ^ Thor vol. 2 , # 80 - 85 ( Aug . - Dec. 2004 ) Jump up ^ Thor vol. 3 , # 1 - 5 ( Sept. 2007 - Jan. 2008 ) Jump up ^ Secret Invasion : Thor , # 1 - 3 ( Oct . - Dec. 2008 ) Jump up ^ Thor # 600 ( Apr. 2009 ) Jump up ^ Siege , # 1 - 4 ( Mar . - June 2010 ) Jump up ^ Thor # 618 ( December 2010 ) Jump up ^ Fear Itself # 7.2 ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ The Mighty Thor # 11 ( February 2012 ) Jump up ^ Original Sin # 5.1 Jump up ^ The Mighty Thor # 10 Jump up ^ Loki : Agent of Asgard # 14 ^ Jump up to : Journey Into Mystery , # 97 ( October 1963 ) Jump up ^ Thor vol. 1 , # 274 ( August 1978 ) ^ Jump up to : Thor Annual , # 18 ( 1993 ) ^ Jump up to : Thor : Reign of Blood , # 1 ( August 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Thor , # 339 ( January 1984 ) Jump up ^ Incredible Hercules , # 132 ( October 2009 ) Jump up ^ Thor vol. 1 , # 377 ( March 1987 ) Jump up ^ Thor , # 360 ( October 1985 ) ^ Jump up to : Thor vol. 1 , # 294 ( April 1980 ) ^ Jump up to : Balder the Brave , # 1 ( November 1985 ) Jump up ^ X-Force and Cable Annual 1997 ^ Jump up to : Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe : Deluxe Edition , # 1 : Abomination to Batroc 's Brigade ( August 1985 ) ^ Jump up to : Michael Avon Oeming ( w ) , Scott Kolins ( p ) , Thor : Blood Oath # 2 ( October 5 , 2005 ) , New York , NY : Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Thor vol. 2 , # 84 Jump up ^ Thor : God - Size , # 1 Jump up ^ Thor : Son of Asgard , # 2 Jump up ^ Thor : Son of Asgard , # 3 Jump up ^ Thor vol. 2 , # 85 Jump up ^ Thor vol. 2 , # 74 Jump up ^ Thor vol. 2 , # 83 - 85 Jump up ^ Thor vol. 3 , # 7 - 8 Jump up ^ Thor , # 274 ( August 1978 ) Jump up ^ Fritz , Steve ( 2008 - 07 - 26 ) . `` SDCC ' 08 , Marvel 's Craig Kyle on Future of Animation , p2 '' . Newsarama . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Release Dates Confirmed For `` Planet Hulk , '' `` Thor : Tales Of Asgard '' Animated Features Jump up ^ `` Marvel Studios Update : Loki Officially Cast in 2011 Thor Movie '' . Marvel Comics. 2009 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 2012 - 08 - 01 ) . `` We Have A ' Thor 2 ′ Villain : Christopher Eccleston To Play Malekith The Accursed '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Jolin , Dan ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Thor : The Dark World Second Trailer Breakdown '' . Empire . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giese , Andrew ( 2006 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Marvel : Ultimate Alliance Review - GBA '' . Gamer 2.0 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Casamassina , Matt ( 2009 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Pre-E3 2009 : Marvel Super Hero Squad Story Details '' . IGN . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` SEGA Inks Actors Chris Hemsworth and Tom Hiddleston to Star in the Video Game Thor : God of Thunder '' . Business Wire. 2010 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ http://comicbook.com/gaming/2017/07/21/sdcc17-marvel-vs-capcom-infinite-live-blog Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` Thor Is Headed to Disneyland '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Asgard at the Marvel Universe wiki Asgard at the Marvel Database wiki Asgard at the Marvel Directory Thor ( Marvel Comics ) Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby Allies Angela Balder Beta Ray Bill Captain America Jane Foster Frigga Gaea Heimdall Hercules Hermod Hrimhari Iron Man Kelda Odin Sif Silver Surfer Thor Girl Thunderstrike Eric Masterson Kevin Masterson Tyr Valkyrie Vidar Volla Warriors Three Fandral Hogun Volstagg Zeus Enemies Absorbing Man Bloodaxe Cobra Desak Destroyer Ego the Living Planet Enchantress Executioner Fafnir Fenris Wolf Firelord Grey Gargoyle Hela Karnilla Kurse Laufey Loki Lorelei Malekith the Accursed Man - Beast Mangog Midgard Serpent Minotaur Mr. Hyde Mongoose Possessor Perrikus Quicksand Radioactive Man Ragnarok Serpent Surtur Titania Ulik Wrecking Crew Wrecker Bulldozer Piledriver Thunderball Ymir Zarrko Bibliography Journey into Mystery Thor : Blood Oath Thor : Son of Asgard Thor : Vikings Ultimate Comics : Thor In other media Television The Marvel Super Heroes The Incredible Hulk Returns Film Marvel Animated Features Thor soundtrack Thor : The Dark World soundtrack Thor : Ragnarok soundtrack Video games Thor : God of Thunder Thor : Son of Asgard Thor & Loki : Blood Brothers Related articles Thor in Norse mythology Alternative versions Ultimate Thor Asgard Dwarves Elves Giants Hugin and Munin Mjolnir Norns Norn Stones Trolls Valkyrior Thor ( comics ) Marvel Comics deities Elder Gods Chthon Gaea Gibborim Oshtur Set Asgardians Balder Frigga Freya Heimdall Hela Hermod Loki Norns Odin Sigyn Sif Thor Tyr Vidar Volla Heliopolitans Osiris Olympians Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Dionysus Hebe Hecate Hercules Hera Hermes Neptune Pluto Venus Zeus Other deities Amatsu - Mikaboshi Dark Gods Perrikus Leir Narya Perun Marvel Comics Multiverse Main universes Marvel Universe Ultimate 2099 Adventures MC2 Mangaverse Alternate universes Filmed Anime Cinematic 1602 `` Age of Apocalypse '' `` Age of X '' Age of Ultron Apes Askani Bullet Points `` Crooked World '' Crusader X `` Days of Future Past '' The End Forever Yesterday Not Brand Echh ( ( Earth 691 ) ) Earth - A Eurth Knights 2099 Larval Last Avengers Mutant X Noir Nth Man `` Real Time '' Ruins Earth X Marvel Nemesis Spider - Man : India Heroes Reborn House of M Spider - Man : Reign Old Man Logan Spider - Verse Spider - Gwen Secret Wars Strikeforce : Morituri Zombies Zombies Return Parallel universes Earth - S / Squadron Supreme Supreme Power Paradise X Hyperion Pocket universes Asgard Avalon Counter-Earth Darkforce Dimension Limbo Mojoverse Negative Zone Megaverse universes Amalgam New Universe newuniversal The Transformers UK Ultraverse Doctor Who Related articles Captain Britain Corps Exiles Illuminati Infinity Gems M'Kraan Crystal Siege Perilous Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions Edge of Time Marvel : Avengers Alliance Spider - Man Unlimited Marvel : Contest of Champions Marvel : Future Fight What If ... ? Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asgard_(comics)&oldid=827491796 '' Categories : Fictional populated places Marvel Comics locations Thor ( Marvel Comics ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Italiano Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 01 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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Transport in Pakistan
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Transport in Pakistan - wikipedia Transport in Pakistan Jump to : navigation , search Pakistan transport network Transport in Pakistan ( Urdu : پاکِستان نقل و حمل ) is extensive and varied , and serves a population of over 191 million people . In recent years , new national highways have been built , with the addition of motorways which have improved trade and logistics within the country . Pakistan 's rail network owned by Pakistan Railways is also undergoing expansion in recent years . Airports and seaports have been built with the addition of foreign and domestic funding . Contents ( hide ) 1 Human / Animal powered 2 Road 2.1 Motorways 2.2 National highways 2.3 Provincial Highways 2.4 Buses 2.5 Taxis 2.6 Cars 2.7 Auto rickshaws 3 Rail 3.1 Domestic 3.2 High speed rail 3.3 Rapid Transit 3.4 Rail links with adjacent countries 3.5 Heritage 4 Air 5 Water 5.1 Ferries 6 Pipelines 7 China - Pakistan Economic Corridor 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Human / animal powered ( edit ) In small towns and farms , many walk great distances to work or shop . Bicycles are used by either the poor or for leisure due to their economy and simplicity . The horse and carriage , locally known as the Taanga , is mainly used for casual travel around cities . There is one driver , with either one or two horses at the front . This method is now usually used in the spring and summer by tourists who like to see the cities in an open environment . Camel carts are also seen from time to time , mostly in the hotter parts of Pakistan including Sindh , Punjab and Balochistan where farmers transport larger cargo that donkey carts can not handle . The donkey cart , locally known as the Rehrri , is still visible every where in Pakistan , as poor people use this form of transport to shift cargo from one part of the city to another . Their cargo ranges from fruits and vegetables , to textiles or machinery that factories require in industrial cities . Road ( edit ) National Highways , Motorways & Strategic Roads of Pakistan . Motorways ( edit ) Main article : Motorways of Pakistan The construction of motorways began in the early 1990s , with the idea of building a world - class road network and reducing the load on the heavily used national highways throughout the country . The M2 was the first motorway completed in 1998 , linking the cities of Islamabad and Lahore . In the past 5 years , many new motorways have opened up , including the M1 and M4 . The M4 is partially operational while half is under construction , and connects the cities of Pindi Bhatian ( M2 ) , Faislabad and Multan via Gojra , Toba Tek Singh , Jhang , Shorkot , Pir Mahal and Khanewal . The M3 , which will connect Lahore with Multan through Abdul Hakeem and the existing M4 near Multan , is under construction ; it will terminate at the under - construction M5 , which will lead to the Sukkhur District of Sindh . There , the M6 ( which is proposed with construction work to begin soon ) will start ; the M6 will end at Hyderabad , where it will meet the existing M9 motorway to Karachi . In addition to this , the M8 in Baluchistan province , the longest motorway of Pakistan , is half under construction , half operational . In central Punjab , the Lahore - Sialkot Motorway ( M11 ) is under construction and will be operational by next year , and in KPK province , the Hakka - Dera Ismail Khan Motorway ( M14 ) is also under construction . Swat Motorway and Hazara Motorway are two more expressways under construction in KPK province . Total : 263,775 km Paved : 152,033 km ( Including 1600 km of Motorway and 300 km of Expressways ) Unpaved : 105,650 km ( 2001 ) Vehicles on road : 4.2 million vehicles 250,000 commercial vehicles ( 2004 estimate ) National highways ( edit ) Main article : National Highways of Pakistan Jingle trucks on Karakoram Highway During the 1990s , Pakistan began an ongoing project to rebuild all national highways throughout the country specifically to important financial , cargo and textile centers . The National Highway Authority or NHA is responsible for the maintenance of all national highways in Pakistan . The Makran Coastal Highway follows the coast of Sindh and Balochistan provinces , linking Karachi and Gwadar . Journey time has been reduced to six or seven hours with the construction of the new Coastal Highway . The highway was built as part of an overall plan to improve transport facilities in southern Balochistan . The Karakoram Highway is the highest paved international road in the world . It connects China and Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range , through the Khunjerab Pass . The Grand Trunk Road ( commonly abbreviated to GT Road ) is one of South Asia 's oldest and longest major roads . For several centuries , it has linked the eastern and western regions of the South Asia , running from Bengal , across north India , into Peshawar in Pakistan . The Silk Road is an extensive interconnected network of trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East , South , and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world , including North Africa and Europe . It passes through the midsection of Pakistan through cities : Peshawar , Taxila and Multan . Provincial Highways ( edit ) Provincial Highways of Azad Kashmir Provincial Highways of Balochistan Provincial Highways of Gilgit - Baltistan Provincial Highways of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provincial Highways of Punjab Provincial Highways of Sindh Buses ( edit ) See also : Buses in Pakistan , List of bus routes in Lahore , and Daewoo Express Within cities , buses provide a significant role in commuting a large number of travellers from one city to another . Recently , large CNG buses have been put onto the streets of various cities , primarily Karachi and Lahore , and recently Islamabad , as the minivans which were originally used were beginning to cause large traffic problems . Private yellow and white minivans have services throughout cities in Pakistan and get commuters from one point of the city to the other at a low cost . Since 2000 , however , the government has taken a comprehensive initiative to modernize the existing bus fleets and minimally impact the environment . This public - private enterprise would gradually introduce 8,000 CNG buses throughout the country and 800 buses in Karachi . This venture will ensure high standards of efficiency and cleanliness . Inter city Bus service in urban areas and between cities is well established with services run by both public and private sectors . Bus services like Raja Bus Service ( Azeem Bhatty ) , AL - SYED Transport , Waraich Buses , Daewoo Express , Rehber Travel , Bilal Deawoo , Faisal Movers , Kohistan , Khan Brothers , Skyways and Niazi Express have set up a modern intercity service which connects to most cities in Pakistan and runs 24 hours a day . Intercity buses tend to be more modern and well kept . International International bus services are also well established in Pakistan and connect to various countries : Quetta - Zahidan , Iran Quetta - Mashad , Iran Gwadar - Zahidan , Iran Karachi - Quetta - Zahidan - Tehran , Iran ( proposed ) Peshawar - Jalalabad , Afghanistan Peshawar - Kabul , Afghanistan Islamabad - Dushanbe , Tajikistan ( proposed ) Islamabad - Kashghar , China ( proposed ) Gilgit - Kashgar see Karakoram Highway Lahore - Delhi , India Muzaffarabad - Srinagar , India Bus rapid transit Without segregated lanes The TransLahore is a bus rapid transit ( BRT ) system in Lahore . The Lahore Transport Company was established in 1984 to ease the traffic conditions of Lahore and improve bus services . The Company was assigned responsibility for transport in Lahore in December 2001 . A BRT fleet of 650 buses was introduced . It was named TransLahore . However , the bus rapid transit system ( BRTS ) did not have dedicated lanes and had to share roads with regular traffic with no right of way . This resulted in a system that was a BRTS only in name . With segregated lanes Rawalpindi - Islamabad Metrobus in Islamabad . Lahore : Metrobus ( Lahore ) Bus Service was inaugurated on Feb 10 , 2013 by CM Punjab Shehbaz Sharif . It consist of 27 - kilometres long road track for the Metro Bus Service , from Gajumata to Shahadra , out of this track 8.5 km is elevated . It has 27 bus stations and e-ticketing and Intelligent Transportation System are part of the MBS . Islamabad - Rawalpindi : Rawalpindi - Islamabad Metrobus Service is an operational bus rapid transit system which connects key areas in city of Rawalpindi and the national capital city of Islamabad . It is 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) long , and has 24 stations . The project was inaugurated on 4 June 2015 by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif . Multan Metrobus is an operational bus rapid transit in the city of Multan . The 18.2 kilometres ( 11.3 mi ) long BRT system connects the main commercial areas of the city . Planned Karachi Metrobus is planned for city of Karachi . It will consist of 5 corridors and will have total length of about 109 kilometres ( 68 mi ) , of which the Green and Red Linea are about to go into a construction phase . The corridors include : Surjani Town to Jama Cloth Market ( 21.1 km ) Model Colony to Regal Chowk ( 24.4 km ) Landhi to Luck Star Hotel ( 20.4 km ) Baldia to Shershah via Hub River Road ( 9.7 km ) Hwaksbay to Gulbai via Mauripur ( 11.8 km ) Orangi to Board Office ( 3.9 km ) . TransPeshawar is a bus rapid transit system for the city of Peshawar . The project is under the consideration of PTI led Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . PMTS will be a bus rapid transit system. Which will be initially constructed on one red line having length of 18.4 kilometer from Chamkani to Hayatabad area of Peshawar . Faisalabad : Faisalabad Metrobus is a planned , single line BRT System , similar to Lahore Bus Rapid Transit System . Metro line will connect Faisalabad International Airport to City Bus Terminal , passing through main hubs of the city . Construction is expected to start at the end of 2015 . List of Bus systems ( BRT ) in the Pakistan City System Began oper . Status Number of stations Network length ( km ) Lahore TransLahore 1980 Complete 112 160 Lahore Lahore Metrobus 2013 Complete 27 27 Islamabad Rawalpindi - Islamabad Metrobus 2015 Complete 24 22.5 Rawalpindi Rawalpindi - Islamabad Metrobus 2015 Complete 24 22.5 Multan Multan Metrobus 2017 Complete 18 18.2 Karachi Karachi Metrobus 2018 Under construction 90 109 Faisalabad Faisalabad Metrobus 2018 Planned 28 30 Peshawar Peshawar Metrobus 2019 Planned 18 26 Taxis ( edit ) Another very common form of transport , seen mainly at hotels and airports , are yellow taxis . Drivers charge according to a meter located on the dashboard of the car , but fares can be negotiated if there is no meter . The cab drivers are reliable and will take passengers to any destination required . There are also numerous privately run services that use cars and minibuses of various types throughout Pakistan , providing a reliable and quick means of transport . Recently , the Radio Cab was introduced in Pakistan , which allows riders to call a toll - free number to get in touch with the closest taxi stand . This service is currently offered in Islamabad , Rawalpindi , Karachi , Peshawar and Lahore . Services for Hyderabad and Faisalabad are now being set up . Another local cab service was introduced in August , 2017 with the name iCAB , claiming to be the first cab service of the country with a centralized platform for all kinds of road transportation services , providing app - based services and getting stupendous response from the people of Pakistan . Launched from the capital territory , iCAB will expand its operations to overall 13 cities of the country . Cars ( edit ) Over the years , the number of cars on Pakistani roads has tripled . Traffic jams are a common scene in major cities across Pakistan . The most popular cars on Pakistani roads are the Suzuki Mehran , Suzuki Cultus , Suzuki Alto , Suzuki Bolan , Daihatsu Coure , Hyundai Santro , Honda Civic , Honda City , Honda Accord , Toyota Corolla , Daihatsu Mira , Nissan Dayz , and Toyota Vitz . Luxury SUVs and cars are owned by the elite in urban cities and by many large landowners in the villages and rural areas , thus making them a fairly common sight in Pakistan . The most popular models are the Toyota Land Cruiser , Toyota Prado , Land Rover Range Rover , along with serval Mercedes - Benzes , BMWs and Audis . Future cars To meet future needs , students and teachers from the National University of Science and Technology developed Pakistan 's first ever hybrid gasoline car , the Devrim II , inspired by the Turkish model Devrim . Before that , students from Naval College Karachi and Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute also made a successful hybrid car , but Devrim II is the most effective one . The current team leader of the Pak - Wheelers said , `` Initial design was giving a mileage of around 450 kilometres to a litre but we are trying to improve that number to more than 700 km / litre after switching to a hybrid model . '' -- Faizan Zafar , Tribune interview Auto rickshaws ( edit ) Due to increasing environmental no issues with older rickshaws , the government has heavily invested in greener , more fuel - efficient rickshaws Auto rickshaws are a popular method of travelling in cities and are found in almost every city and town in Pakistan . The fare is usually negotiable before commencing a journey ; however , due to the level of pollution contributed by auto - rickshaws , the government has recently begun banning older ones and replacing them with CNG auto rickshaws , which tend to be less noisy , form less pollutants and are much bigger and more comfortable . The Punjab government decided in 2005 to replace two - stroke three - wheelers with CNG - fitted four - stroke rickshaws in Lahore , Multan , Faisalabad , Rawalpindi and Gujranwala . Three manufacturers were ordered to produce 60,000 four - stroke vehicles , but they reportedly supplied 2,000 to the government which are now plying on city roads . Similar ordinances are now being considered in other provinces of Pakistan . A new form of transport in Pakistan is the Qing - Qi ( pronounced `` ching - chee '' ) , which is a cross between a motorcycle and auto - rickshaw . It runs just like a motorcycle but has three wheels instead of two and can carry a much heavier load . It is an urban transport vehicle and is used mostly for short distances . Rail ( edit ) Main articles : Pakistan Railways and Railway stations in Pakistan Pakistan Railways Network Lahore Railway Station Karakoram Express departing to Lahore from Karachi Cantt . Station Domestic ( edit ) Rail services in Pakistan are provided by the state - run Pakistan Railways , under the supervision of the Ministry of Railways . Pakistan Railways provides an important mode of transportation in Pakistan , catering to the large - scale movement of people and freight . The railway network comprises 8,163 km all of which is 5 ft 6 in ( 1,676 mm ) gauge , including 293 km of electrified track . Passenger earnings comprise 50 % of the total revenue . During 1999 -- 2000 this amounted to Rs. 4.8 billion . Pakistan Railways carry 65 million passengers annually and daily operate 228 mail , express and passenger trains . Pakistan Railways also operate special trains for various occasions . The Freight Business Unit with 12,000 personnel operates over 200 freight stations on the railway network . The FBU serves the Port of Karachi and Port Qasim as well as in various other stations along the network and generates revenue from the movement of agricultural , industrial and imported products such as wheat , coal , fertiliser , cement and sugar . About 39 % of the revenue is generated from the transportation of petroleum , 19 % from imported wheat , fertiliser and rock phosphate . The remaining 42 % is earned from domestic traffic . The freight rate structure is based on market trends in road transport , which is the main competitor to rail transport . High speed rail ( edit ) Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif said that a high - speed rail network will be built which will connect Peshawar to Karachi via all major cities of Pakistan during his visit to China in June 2016 . The Government is making plans for this project . Rapid transit ( edit ) Main article : List of rapid transit systems in Pakistan Commuter rail The Karachi Circular Railway , which opened in the early 1940s , is the only functioning Mass Transit System in Pakistan . In 1976 , Karachi was slated to begin work on an underground metro system , but plans have been put on hold since . The Lahore Metro Bus System is another rapid mass transit system which was tested by the Chief Minister of Punjab Shahbaz Sharif on December 25 , 2012 . It began operation on February 11 , 2013 . Lahore Metro would be the first mass transit system of it type in Pakistan . Peshawar Metro is also planned . On 22 May 2014 , Pakistan and China signed a $1.6 billion agreement for a metro train project in Lahore . The Government decided to build the Orange Line of Lahore Metro . Work on the project will start in 2014 and will be completed within 27 months. The total length of the project will be 27.1 km , of which 25.4 km will be elevated and 1.7 km underground . In Lahore , Lahore Central Railway Station is the main railway station . Shahdara Bagh , Badami Bagh , Mughalpura , Shahdara Town , Lahore Cantonment , Wagah , Walton Cantonment , Kot Lakhpat , Kahna Nau , Jia Bagga and Raiwind are other busy railway stations located in Lahore . These urban railway stations of the city are served by commuter trains of Lahore . A large number of commuters use these station to get access to the city of Lahore . Monorail The government of Pakistan has planned to build a monorail system in its federal capital , Islamabad . A monorail is also planned for New Avenue in Gulberg , Lahore Metro rail The Lahore Metro or Lahore Rapid Mass Transit System ( LRMTS ) ( Urdu : لاہور میٹرو ) is a rapid transit metro system under construction in Lahore , the second largest city of Pakistan . First proposed in 1991 , funding was not secured , and in 2012 it was abandoned by the Punjab government in favour of the more cost -- effective Lahore Metro Bus System which opened in February 2013 . However , the Punjab Government decided to restart development on the Lahore Metro as a $1.6 billion project with Chinese assistance . The Orange Line , which will be 27.1 - kilometre ( 16.8 mi ) long , ( 25.4 kilometres ( 15.8 mi ) of which will be elevated ) , will be the first line of the project and is under construction . Rail links with adjacent countries ( edit ) India - Thar Express to Karachi and the more famous Samjhauta Express international train from Lahore , Pakistan to Amritsar ( Attari ) and Delhi , India . The weekly Thar Express also runs between Karachi and Bhagat Ki Kothi ( near Jodhpur , Rajasthan ) . Iran - A 5 ft 6 in ( 1,676 mm ) railway line runs from Zahedan to Quetta , and a 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ( 1,435 mm ) standard gauge line is finished from Zahedan to Kerman in central Iran , linking with the rest of the Iranian rail network . On May 18 , 2007 , a MOU for rail cooperation was signed by Pakistan and Iran under which the line will be completed by December 2008 . Now that the rail systems are linked up at Zahedan , there is a break - of - gauge between the Islamic Republic of Iran Railways 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ( 1,435 mm ) standard gauge tracks and Pakistan Railway 's Indian gauge tracks . Afghanistan - Currently there is no rail link to Afghanistan since no railway network is present in that country , however Pakistan Rail has proposed to help build an Afghan Rail Network in three phases . The first phase will stretch from the Chaman to Spin Boldak in Afghanistan . The second phase will extend line to Kandahar and the third phase will eventually connect to Herat . From there , the line will be extended to Khushka , Turkmenistan . The final phase would link 5 ft 6 in ( 1,676 mm ) with Central Asian 1,520 mm ( 4 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Russian gauge . It is not clear where the break - of - gauge station will be . The proposed line will also be connected the port town of Gwadar via Dalbadin and Taftan , thus connecting the port town to Central Asia . China - There is no link with China however , on 28 February 2007 contracts were awarded for feasibility studies on a proposed line from Havelian via the Khunjerab Pass at 4730 m above sea level , to the Chinese railhead at Kashgar , a distance of about 750 km . Turkmenistan - Via Afghanistan ( proposed ) -- avoiding 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ( 1,435 mm ) standard gauge intervening . Turkey - An Istanbul - Tehran - Islamabad passenger rail service was proposed recently . Meanwhile , a container train service was launched by the former Prime Minister of Pakistan Yousuf Raza Gilani between Islamabad and Istanbul on 14 August 2009 . The first train carried 20 containers with a capacity of around 750 t ( 738 long tons ; 827 short tons ) and will travel 6,500 km ( 4,000 mi ) from Islamabad , through Tehran , Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks ' time . According to the Minister for Railways Ghulam Ahmad Bilour , after the trial of the container train service , a passenger train will be launched . There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia , and carry passengers . Heritage ( edit ) In Ghangha Pur , a 2 ft ( 610 mm ) narrow gauge horse - drawn tramway is operational . It was first opened in 1898 , closed in 1998 , and re-opened in 2010 . Air ( edit ) Airports and Seaports of Pakistan Main article : Airlines of Pakistan Main article : List of airports in Pakistan Pakistan has 148 airports . The major airports are : Jinnah International Airport ( Karachi ) Allama Iqbal International Airport ( Lahore ) Benazir Bhutto International Airport ( Rawalpindi ) Peshawar International Airport ( Peshawar ) Quetta International Airport ( Quetta ) Faisalabad International Airport ( Faisalabad ) Multan International Airport ( Multan ) Sialkot International Airport ( Sialkot ) Dera Ghazi Khan International Airport ( D.G. Khan ) Gwadar International Airport ( Gwadar ) Shaikh Zayed International Airport ( Rahim Yar Khan ) Gandhara International Airport is also under construction in the Rawalpindi District and the Attock District southwest of Islamabad . There are also several smaller airports which have flights to and from the Gulf because of the large Pakistani diaspora working in the region . There are 91 airports with paved runways , of which 14 have runways longer than 3,047 meters . The remaining 48 airports have unpaved runways including one airport with a runway longer than 3,047 meters . Pakistan also has eighteen heliports . Water ( edit ) The waterway network in Pakistan is in its infancy , with Karachi being the only major city situated next to the Arabian Sea . Still , plans are being proposed for the development of the waterways in the country along the Indus River and through the Punjab as it would boost employment opportunities and the economic and social development of Pakistan . See a list of dry ports and sea ports in Pakistan . Port of Gwadar -- Gwadar , Balochistan Port of Karachi -- Karachi ( City Centre ) , Sindh Karachi International Container Terminal ( KICT ) Pakistan International Container Terminal ( PICT ) Port Qasim -- East Karachi , Sindh Port of Pasni -- Pasni , Balochistan Ferries ( edit ) Ferry services run between Kimari and Minora Island in Karachi . Karachi used to have a ferry connection with City of Mumbai in India until the 1960s , but it was later discontinued when both the countries went into war . A cruise service called Gulf Dream Cruise began between Karachi and Dubai in 2006 , but it was n't able to go beyond its first sailing due to visa issues imposed by the UAE authorities . Pipelines ( edit ) Length of pipelines for crude oil is 2,011 km ( 1,250 mi ) . Length of Petroleum products pipeline is 787 km ( 489 mi ) . Length of Natural gas pipelines is 10,402 km ( 6,464 mi ) . The above information was calculated in 2009 . China - Pakistan Economic Corridor ( edit ) The China - Pakistan Economic Corridor is an under - construction development program to connect Gwadar Port in southern Pakistan to China 's northwestern autonomous region of Xinjiang via highways , railways and pipelines to transport oil and gas . Chinese Premier Li Keqiang was among the first advocates of the project ; since then Chinese President Xi Jinping , formar Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari and Pakistani prime minister Nawaz Sharif have become strong supporters of the project . When the corridor is constructed , it will serve as a primary gateway for trade between China and the Middle East and Africa ; in particular , oil from the Middle East could be offloaded at Gwadar , which is located just outside the mouth of the Persian Gulf , and transported to China through the Baluchistan province in Pakistan . Such a link would vastly shorten the 12,000 - kilometre route that Mideast oil supplies must now take to reach Chinese ports . The project received a major boost when control of Gwadar was transferred to China 's state - owned China Overseas Ports Holding in February 2013 . Built by Chinese workers and opened in 2007 , Gwadar is undergoing a major expansion to turn it into a full - fledged , deep - water commercial port . On 19 February 2014 , the South China Morning Post reported that Pakistan and China have signed agreements for constructing an international airport at Gwadar , for upgrading a section of the 1,300 - kilometre Karakorum Highway connecting to Islamabad , and for a fibre - optic cable to be laid from the Chinese border to the Pakistani city of Rawalpindi . According to The Diplomat , with the development of the corridor , Central Asia , traditionally an economically closed region owing to its geography and lack of infrastructure , will have greater access to the sea and to the global trade network . Pak - China Economic Corridor Secretariat was inaugurated in Islamabad on August 27 , 2013 . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Transport in Pakistan . Motorways of Pakistan National Highways of Pakistan Buses in Pakistan Customised buses and trucks in Pakistan List of bus routes in Lahore Road signs in Pakistan List of bridges in Pakistan Airlines of Pakistan Pakistan International Airlines Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority Port of Karachi References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stations connected by transfers are counted as one station , unless otherwise noted . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Lahore Metro Bus service inaugurated '' . The News International . 10 February 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shahbaz to inaugurate work on Metro Bus Service on Feb 28 '' . Dawn. 28 February 2014 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ National University of Sciences and Technology , Pakistan Students Design Pakistan 's First - ever Hybrid Car Jump up ^ Objectives of Pak - Wheelers Archived 2011 - 03 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : The Central Intelligence Agency . `` World Factbook -- Pakistan '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-30491-First-Pakistani-metro-train-to-run-in-Lahore Jump up ^ `` City to lose 620 trees for Orange Line train '' . Jump up ^ http://www.hcs.com.pk/index.php/projects/projects-completed.html Jump up ^ Railway Gazette International Jump up ^ `` Govt considers railway links with central Asia '' . Jump up ^ Associated Press of Pakistan . `` PR signs deal with foreign firm for pre-feasibility study of Pakistan - China rail link '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Dr John Stubbs ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Closing the gap from Bam to Zahedan '' . Railway Gazette International . Jump up ^ http://www.thaishipper.com/Content/Content.asp?ID=26715 Jump up ^ `` First container train service from Islamabad to Turkey begins Today '' . Pakistan Times . 2009 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Leading News Resource of Pakistan '' . Daily Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan PM launches trial phase of Pak - Turkey train service '' . Dawn.Com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan -- Turkey rail trial starts '' . BBC News . 2009 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Trams of the World 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Blickpunkt Straßenbahn . January 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ All Things Pakistan -- Ghora Tram : Historic Horse Tram Returns to Gangapur , 9 March 2010 Jump up ^ Pak - China Economic Corridor to get high - speed railway track Archived 2014 - 10 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ China , Pakistan Flesh Out New ' Economic Corridor ' Jump up ^ Pak - China ties : Gawadar port one part of a larger plan Jump up ^ China and Pakistan pave way for ' economic corridor ' Jump up ^ China Pakistan Jump up ^ The Pakistan - China Corridor : A new project will give Pakistan the tools of globalization . Will it use them ? Jump up ^ Pak - China Economic Corridor Secretariat inaugurated in Islamabad External links ( edit ) Sindh Transport Department official website Pakistan Railways official website Karachi Port Trust website Daewoo Bus Service Pakistan International Airlines website Pakistan National Highway Authority website Decorated Vehicles at Pakistanphotos.co.uk Pakistani railways map at the United Nations Transport map of Pakistan at Relief Web Buy Online Used Cars For Your Own Transportation Airlines of Pakistan Passenger Airblue Askari ASSL PA&A PIA Princely Jets SereneAir Shaheen Air Vision Air Cargo Rayyan Air Star Air TCS Aviation Planned Air Indus Air Sial Defunct Aero Asia AST Pakistan Airways Bhoja Air Hajvairy Airlines JSA Orient Airways Pak Airways Pearl Air Transport in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook website https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html . Economy of Pakistan History Numbering system Five - Year Plans Nationalization Privatization Corporatization Fauji Foundation Islamic economization Economic liberalization Medium Term Development Framework Periods of stagflation Banking and finance Banking ( List of banks ) Pakistan Remittance Initiative Communications Currency Mailing Postal codes Postage stamps Telecommunications Dialing codes Internet Mobile network operators Telephone numbers Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite Transportation Airlines Airports Bridges Motorways National highways Railways Railway stations Dry ports Seaports Vehicle plates Industry Aerospace Agriculture Fishery Livestock Rice production Tea Defence Automotive Books and publishing Cottage and small scale Forestry Information technology Insurance Mining Media Cinema Television Music Pharmaceuticals Real estate Textiles ( Carpets and rugs ) Silk Tourism Medical tourism Infrastructure Buildings Education Schools Universities Healthcare AIDS Hospitals Housing Poverty Science and technology Water supply and sanitation ( Dams ) Water resources management Energy Electricity Fuel extraction Nuclear power Policy Power companies Power stations Renewable energy Solar power Wind power Taxation Federal Board of Revenue Tax on cash withdrawal Institutions Companies Islamabad / Karachi / Lahore stock exchanges Ministry of Commerce ( Ministers ) Ministry of Finance ( Ministers ) National Bank of Pakistan Planning Commission Research institutes Securities and Exchange Commission State Bank of Pakistan ( Governors ) Society Billionaires Businesspeople Demographics Labour force ( Child labour ) Public holidays Urbanisation Pensions Domestic economies Azad Kashmir Balochistan FATA Gilgit - Baltistan Islamabad Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Faisalabad Lahore Rawalpindi Sindh ( Karachi ) See also Central business districts Foreign aid Foreign trade International ranking Investment in Pakistan Sister cities Provinces by GDP Pakistanis by net worth Politicians Standard of living Category Pakistan topics Basic topics Alphabetical index of topics History Ancient Stone age Soanian Mehrgarh Indus Valley Indo - Iranics Indo - Aryan Achaemenid Greco - Bactrian Maurya Gandhara Indo - Greek Indo - Scythians Indo - Parthian Kushan Indo - Sassanid Medieval Indo - Hephthalite Kamboja Rai Dynasty Shahi Pala Solanki Muhammad bin Qasim Ghaznavid Ghurid Mamluk Khalji Tughlaq Sayyid Lodi Timurid Modern Pre-colonial Mughal East India Company Durrani Sikh Confederacy Sikh Empire First Anglo - Afghan War First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Rebellion Colonial British Raj Second Anglo - Afghan War Durand Line Third Anglo - Afghan War Aligarh Movement Hindi -- Urdu controversy Pakistan Movement Muslim League Two nation theory Jinnah 's 14 Points Lahore Resolution Direct Action Day Partition Independence Dominion Dominion of Pakistan Princely states 1947 War Liaquat -- Nehru Pact Baghdad Pact Republic Indus Treaty 1965 War 1971 War Project - 706 Islamisation Baloch insurgency Kargil War Liberalization War in North - West Pakistan Geography Features Beaches Deserts Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Passes Rivers Valleys Waterfalls Wetlands Areas Arabian Sea Gwadar Bay Indus Plain Pothohar Plateau Salt Range Sistan Basin Geology Coal fields Gas fields Minerals Oil fields Tectonics Volcanoes Floods Environment Botanical gardens Ecoregions Environmental issues Forests Protected areas national parks game reserves sanctuaries Wildlife flora fauna Zoos Other topics Archaeological sites Climate weather records Borders Natural disasters earthquakes floods Subdivisions provinces districts cities World Heritage Sites Governance State President National Security Council ( C NS ECC AEDB NCA ) Government National government Cabinet Ministries Prime Minister Provincial governments Governors Chief Ministers Local government Union councils Legislative Parliament ( Majlis - e-Shoora ) Senate ( upper house ) Chairman National Assembly ( lower house ) Speaker Provincial assemblies Jirga ( tribal assembly ) Judicial Supreme Council Supreme Court Chief Justice Shariat Court High Courts District Courts Politics Elections Foreign relations Feudalism Intelligence community Political parties Martial law Law Constitution LFO PPC WPB PCO Human rights Forced disappearance LGBT LGBT history Law enforcement Police Criminal Investigation ( CID ) Anti-Narcotics ( ANF ) Capital punishment Terrorism State terrorism Military History Army Air force Navy Marines Coast Guard Paramilitary Nuclear Economy Infrastructure Electricity Thermal Hydro nuclear solar wind Foreign aid Fuel extraction Housing Planning Commission Post Poverty Tallest buildings Telecommunications Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite Transportation bridges Water management Water supply and sanitation Industry Aerospace Agriculture Defence Automobile Fishery Forestry Husbandry Labour child Media Mining Pharmaceuticals Textiles Silk Tourism Commerce Banking banks Companies Investment board Rupee ( currency ) Securities and Exchange Commission Stock markets Trading Corporation Policy programmes Corporatisation Directive investment Industrialisation Military economisation Nationalisation Privatisation Public - private partnering Redundant Islamic economisation Society and culture Society Crime Culture Education institutions Feudalism Gender discrimination Healthcare hospitals Human rights LGBT Marriage Media Naming List of Pakistanis Prostitution Religion Social clubs Time Urbanisation Women Demographics Diaspora Ethnicity Immigration Languages Urdu Arts Architecture Cinema films Dance Festivals Folklore Literature Mushaira Music Philosophy Textiles Theatre Lifestyle Clothing Shalwar kameez Mehndi Cuisine Etiquette Gun culture Nationalism flags public holidays songs symbols Sports Athletics Baseball Boxing Cricket Cycling Field hockey Football Gilli - danda Golf Kabaddi Motorsport Marathon ( Lahore ) Olympics Paralympics Polo Rugby Squash Swimming Tennis Places Botanical gardens Cemeteries Churches Forts Gurdwaras Hindu temples Libraries Mausolea and shrines Mosques Museums Parks Stadiums World Heritage Sites Zoos Category Portal Commons Railway stations in Pakistan Railway stations by province Balochistan Aab - e-gum Ahmedwal Alam Reg Alozai Azad Badinzai Bakhtiarabad Domki Beleli Bostan Junction Chaman Churmian Dalbandin Damboli Dera Allah Yar Dera Murad Jamali Dingra Dozan Galangur Gat Gulistan Hirok Kan Mehtarzai Khanai Khan Muhammad Chah Kila Saifullah Kishingi Koh - e-Taftan Kolpur Kuchlak Mach Mangoli Mirjaveh Mushkaf Muslimbagh Nok Kundi Nushki Nuttall Padag Road Perak Pehro Kunri Panir Peshi Qilla Abdullah Quetta Sar - i - Ab Sheikh Mandah Sheikh Wasil Sibi Junction Spezand Junction Shela Bagh Tozghi Wali Khan Yakmach Yaru Zhob Tribal Areas Jamrud Bagiarari Medanak Chaghi Shahgai Kata Kushta Zintara Sultan Khel Landi Kotal Torra Tigga Landi Khana Capital Territory Islamabad Golra Sharif Junction Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Akora Khattak Baldher Burhan Charsadda Dargai Daud Khel Junction Faqirabad Gujar Garhi Hathiyan Hayat Sher Pao Shahid Haripur Hazara Havelian Isa Khel Jhangira Road Kalabagh Kalpani Kamar Mashani Khairabad Kund Khushhal Kot Najib Ullah Lakki Marwat Junction Mardan Junction Mari Indus Nasarpur Nowshera Junction Peshawar City Peshawar Cantonment Pir Piai Pabbi Rashkai Risalpur Cantonment Rumian Sakhakot Sanjwal Serai Saleh Takht - I - Bhai Taru Jabba Trag Punjab Attock City Junction Attock Khurd Bahawalpur Chiniot Dandot RS Faisalabad Gujar Khan Gujrat Jallo Jhang Sadar Jhelum Khanewal Junction Khanpur Khewra Lahore Junction Lahore Cantonment Liaquat Pur Moghalpura Junction Mudduki Multan Cantonment Pind Dadan Khan Rahim Yar Khan Rawalpindi Sargodha Junction Sialkot Junction Tariqabad Vehari Wagah Sindh Abad Allahdino Sand Arian Road Badin Bandhi Begmanji Bero Chandia Bhiria Road Bholari Bhurgari Bin Qasim Braudabad Bucheri Chor Dabheji Daharki Daur Departure Yard Detha Drigh Road Garhi Khairo Gambat Ghotki Gosarji Habib Kot Hyderabad Junction Jacobabad Junction Jalal Marri Jamrao Junction Jhimpir Jummah Goth Jungshahi Kambar Karachi Cantonment Karachi City Khairpur Khokhrapar Kiamari Kotri Junction Kot Lalloo Lakha Road Landhi Junction Larkana Junction Lundo Machi Goth Mando Dairo Mahesar Mahrabpur Junction Malir Cantonment Matli Meting Mirpur Mathelo Mirpur Khas Nawabshah Junction Norai Sharif Oderolal Pad Idan Junction Pano Akil Palijani Pir Muhammad Metlo Halt Pir Katpar Pithoro Junction Rashidabad Halt Ran Pethani Ranipur Riyasat Reti Rohri Junction Sarhad Sangi Sarhari Setharja Shahdadpur Shikarpur Silra Shahdadkot Sukkur Sultanabad Sultankot Talhar Tando Allahyar Tando Adam Junction Tando Jam Tando Muhammad Tando Mustikhan Usta Muhammad Wahab Shah Walhar Zero Point Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Pakistan&oldid=824748373 '' Categories : Transport in Pakistan Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Urdu - 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Mayberry
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Mayberry - wikipedia Mayberry This article is about the fictional setting for The Andy Griffith Show . For other uses , see Mayberry ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mayberry , North Carolina is a fictitious community that was the setting for two popular American television sitcoms , The Andy Griffith Show and Mayberry R.F.D. Mayberry was also the setting for a 1986 reunion television movie titled Return to Mayberry . Mayberry is said to be based on Andy Griffith 's hometown of Mount Airy , North Carolina . Mount Airy is also known as Mayberry and this town is known by both names to the people who reside there . Contents 1 The name `` Mayberry '' 2 Specific features 3 Mayberrians 4 Archetypal small town 4.1 Real - life models 4.1. 1 Origins and expansion 4.2 Eponymous real life community 5 Town landmarks 5.1 Public buildings 5.1. 1 Houses 5.2 Entertainment venues 5.3 Commercial buildings 5.3. 1 Places to eat 5.3. 1.1 Lodging 5.4 Physical landmarks 6 In popular culture 7 References 8 External links The name `` Mayberry '' ( edit ) According to show episodes , the community of Mayberry was named for fictional founder Lord Mayberry . Historically , the word Mayberry is of Anglo - Saxon origin and is a locational name , a dialectical variant of the placename Maesbury in Shropshire . Purportedly , Andy Griffith himself chose the name of the fictional community . Griffith , however , told Larry King in 2003 that Artie Stander is the person who thought of the name Mayberry ; Stander was one of the show 's creators and writers . Mayberry is a real community in Patrick County , Virginia , located 22 miles northeast of Andy Griffith 's hometown of Mount Airy , North Carolina . The Mayberry Trading Post , home of the Mayberry , Virginia , post office until it closed in 1922 , told local TV station WGHP - TV that Griffith and his father made many trips to the Mayberry Trading Post . Griffith incorporated several community places and names from his childhood home into the show . The term `` Mayberry '' is mentioned many times in television shows such as Cheers , House , M.D. , Criminal Minds , Supernatural , How I Met Your Mother , and Scrubs . According to the episode `` The Battle of Mayberry '' , the town was almost named Taylortown in honor of Colonel Carleton Taylor , who was one of the first settlers in the town . There actually is a Taylortown in North Carolina , but it has nothing to do with the fictional town of Mayberry or the show . Specific features ( edit ) Mayberry had one traffic light and little in the way of indigenous crime with the exception perhaps of moonshining and bootlegging . Out - of - town bank robbers , scam artists , escaped convicts , and vagrants occasionally found their way to Mayberry . The county and the town share the same name and jurisdiction . In episode 44 `` Sheriff Barney '' , the mayor of nearby Greendale relates that Mayberry County has had the lowest crime rate in the state for two years in a row under Sheriff Taylor . The town only had one long - distance telephone line , as referenced in the episode `` Man in a Hurry '' , that two old ladies shared each Sunday preventing others from using the telephone . In the opening scene of season 8 , episode 30 ( the last episode ) , a sign at the railroad station lists the population and elevation of Mayberry : Population : 5,360 Elevation : 671 However , this conflicts with the comment made by choir director John Masters to Andy Taylor , that `` there 's got to be a decent tenor in a town of two - thousand people '' in the episode The Song Festers - season 4 , episode 20 . And , in season 7 , episode 23 ( `` The Statue '' ) , Howard Sprague refers to a population of 1,800 . Mayberrians ( edit ) Andy does his part for the Mayberry town band . Barney and Gomer are not sure he 's helping the cause . Ralph Barton ( Charles Lampkin ) , a friend of Sam Jones ( RFD ) Ernest T. Bass ( Howard Morris ) , a bothersome troublemaker fond of throwing rocks through windows Emma Brand ( Cheerio Meredith ) , serial jaywalker and hypochondriac Emmett Clark ( Paul Hartman ) , fix - it shop owner Otis Campbell ( Hal Smith ) , town drunk and a descendant of a Revolutionary War hero Rita Campbell ( Dorothy Neumann ) , Otis Campbell 's wife Old Man Crowley ( Burt Mustin ) Helen Crump ( Aneta Corsaut ) , a Kansas transplant , Opie 's teacher and Andy 's girlfriend ( later appearing as his wife in Mayberry R.F.D. spinoff series ) The Darlings ( Denver Pyle as Briscoe Darling Jr. , Maggie Peterson as Charlene Darling and The Dillards as the Darling Boys ) , a hillbilly family who play bluegrass music with Andy in several episodes Clara Edwards ( Hope Summers ) , Aunt Bee 's best friend ( also called Clara Johnson or Bertha Edwards in early episodes ) Warren Ferguson ( Jack Burns ) , a Boston transplant , replacement deputy ( even more inept than Fife ) Barney Fife ( Don Knotts ) , Andy 's lifelong friend ( originally portrayed as his cousin in the pilot episode and through the first season ) deputy sheriff , later a detective with the Raleigh , North Carolina Police Department Charlie Foley ( Frank Ferguson ) , grocer Harold Grigsby ( Kelly Thordsen ) , owns the saw mill Orville Hendricks ( Woodrow Chambliss ) , butter and egg man from Mount Pilot Evan Hendricks ( Bobby Diamond ) , wild - driving son of Orville , known to break an egg or two Cy Hudgins ( Forrest Lewis ) , Local farmer , owns a goat named Jimmy that eats almost anything Mike Jones ( Buddy Foster ) , son of Sam Jones ( RFD ) Sam Jones ( Ken Berry ) , farmer ( RFD ) and single parent and widower like Andy , head of the town council of Mayberry in Mayberry R.F.D. spin - off series Juanita Beasley , a waitress at the Bluebird Diner , who is never seen ( flirts with Barney over the phone ) , though originally the character named Juanita was portrayed as the Mayor 's daughter in season one . Floyd Lawson ( Howard McNear ) , barber at Floyd 's Barber Shop Jim Lindsey ( James Best ) , a talented guitarist who joins Bobby Fleet and His Band with a Beat Leon ( Clint Howard ) , a toddler in a cowboy outfit who wanders the streets of Mayberry John Masters ( Olan Soule ) , hotel clerk and director of the town 's singing choir . Bert Miller ( Sterling Holloway ) , peddler Orville Monroe ( Jonathan Hole ) , undertaker Mayor Pike ( Dick Elliott ) mayor in first two seasons of show ( 1960 -- 61 ) Goober Pyle ( George Lindsey ) , auto mechanic at Wally 's Garage and Gas Station ( later service station owner ) Gomer Pyle ( Jim Nabors ) , service station attendant at Wally 's Garage for three seasons ( 1962 -- 64 ) ( left Mayberry to join the Marine Corps in Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. spin - off series ) Sarah , the often spoken to , but never seen , telephone operator Skippy ( Joyce Jameson ) and Daphne ( Jean Carson ) , the Fun Girls Howard Sprague ( Jack Dodson ) , county clerk Roy Stoner ( Parley Baer ) , mayor of Mayberry for three seasons ( 1962 -- 64 ) , replacing Mayor Pike Millie Swanson ( Arlene Golonka ) , bakery clerk ( RFD ) Andy Taylor ( Andy Griffith ) , sheriff and widowed father Beatrice Taylor ( Frances Bavier ) , Andy 's aunt , known as Aunt Bee Opie Taylor ( Ronny Howard ) , Andy 's son Thelma Lou ( Betty Lynn ) , Barney 's sweetheart , occupation unknown Ellie Walker ( Elinor Donahue ) , pharmacist and one - time love interest of Andy Ben Weaver ( Will Wright ) , the flint - hearted store owner and landlord Mrs. Wiley ( Doris Packer ) , genealogy researcher , called Ernest T. Bass `` a creature '' Wally ( Norman Leavitt , Trevor Bardette , Cliff Norton , and Blackie Hunt ) , owner and principal mechanic of Wally 's Filling Station . No last name is ever given for Wally . Lydia Crosswaith ( Josie Lloyd ) , an attempted arranged date with Andy and a romantic interest of Goober Pyle Henry Bennett ( John Qualen ) , accused of being a jinx Sandy ( Sherman Sanders ) , a square dance caller Sam ( Sherwood Keith ) , appeared in three 1962 episodes Merle ( Sherwood Keith ) , town councilman in one 1962 episode Art Crowley ( Frank Warren ) , the grocer Flip Conroy ( Rockne Tarkington ) , the school African - American football coach in one 1967 episode Asa Breeney ( Charles P. Thompson ) , security guard Archetypal small town ( edit ) Real - life models ( edit ) Many assume Mayberry was loosely based on Andy Griffith 's hometown of Mount Airy , North Carolina , but actually , Griffith has indicated that nearby Pilot Mountain , also in Surry County , North Carolina , inspired him in creating the town . Pilot Mountain likely was the inspiration for the fictional town of `` Mount Pilot '' , a nearby larger town in relation to Mayberry , often referred to and occasionally visited by the characters in The Andy Griffith Show . The county seat of Surry County is in Dobson ; thus , this is the location of the nearest courthouse to Mount Airy . One episode has a fictional nearby location - `` Pierce County '' . Another episode has Barney Fife referring to Sheriff Taylor and himself as `` the law west of Mount Pilot '' . Other place names used in the show refer to actual places in North Carolina , such as Raleigh -- which was also often called `` Capital City '' -- Siler City , Greensboro , Winston - Salem , Chapel Hill , Stokes County , Elm City and Charlotte . One of the stars of the show , Frances Bavier ( who played Aunt Bee ) retired to Siler City in real life . In episode 249 `` A Girl For Goober '' , the towns of Manteo and Toast are mentioned . Andy Griffith owned a home in Manteo ( on North Carolina 's Atlantic coast ) , and Toast is about two miles outside of Mt . Airy in Surry County . Stokes County , which borders Surry County to the east , is mentioned as the location of Myers Lake in episode 140 `` Andy And Helen Have Their Day '' . In episode 62 `` Cousin Virgil '' , the bus picks up Barney 's cousin in Currituck . A Currituck County is located in eastern North Carolina . In episode 17 `` Alcohol And Old Lace '' while looking for moonshine stills , Barney suggests looking into Fancy Gap , Virginia , a town just across the state line from Mt . Airy . In episode 60 `` Bookie Barber '' , Aunt Bee states that Floyd 's Barber Shop has received phone calls from as far away as Morehead City . In episode 136 `` Opie 's Fortune '' , a man from Bannertown lost $50 . Bannertown is a few miles from Mt . Airy in Surry County . In episode 68 `` Barney Mends a Broken Heart '' , the towns of Harnett and Yancey are mentioned . Both a Harnett County and a Yancey County are in North Carolina . In episode 3 `` The Guitar Player '' played by James Best , who later played Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane on The Dukes of Hazzard , Best 's character Jim Lindsey buys his guitar picks in Winston - Salem , which is actually the nearest big city to Mount Airy ( 37 miles ) . Origins and expansion ( edit ) Mayberry originated in an episode of The Danny Thomas Show and was the setting for The Andy Griffith Show , Mayberry RFD , and the 1986 reunion movie Return to Mayberry . Although the county seat of an agricultural county , black people were sometimes seen in the original series , but more often seen on RFD . Eponymous real life community ( edit ) Mayberry is the name of a real community in Patrick County , Virginia ; located 22 miles northeast of Andy Griffith 's hometown of Mount Airy , North Carolina . The Mayberry Trading Post , home of the Mayberry , Virginia post office until it closed in 1922 , told local TV station WGHP - TV that Griffith and his father made many trips to the Mayberry Trading Post . Town landmarks ( edit ) Public buildings ( edit ) The Mayberry Courthouse was where Sheriff Andy Taylor and Deputy Barney Fife maintained law and order . It also contained the county jail -- two cells , a back room , and the mayor 's office upstairs . No inside stairs are seen , although there is an outside fire escape . Aside from Andy Taylor 's home , this was the main setting for The Andy Griffith Show . Mayberry Savings Bank , the town 's only bank , was often subject to robberies . It contains a large vault , and its only security guard is a senile man named Asa , who is constantly sleeping and whose fall - apart dilapidated gun is filled with moldy bullets . An interesting plot hole about the vault : in one episode , the vault combination was lost so an extra door was put in the vault . But in another episode , Barney Fife gets himself locked in the safe and only escapes by breaking the wall between the vault and the next - door beauty parlor . U.S. Post Office -- the town 's only post office Mayberry Union High School -- the high school from which Andy and Barney graduated in 1948 . In the episode `` The Return of Barney Fife '' , which originally aired 01 / 10 / 1966 , Barney and Andy attend their high school reunion . Behind the small orchestra playing during the dance hangs a banner that reads `` Welcome Class of ' 48 '' . However , in the episode `` Class Reunion '' , which originally aired 02 / 04 / 1963 Andy and Barney organize a class reunion in which the banner reads `` Class of ' 45 '' . Houses ( edit ) Taylor House is a humble , yet handsome , two - story frame house at 332 Maple Road ( though once noted by Barney to be on Elm St . ) , a short walk from the courthouse . Notable features include a front porch perfect for conversation and guitar playing , a back porch with an extra refrigerator , and a living room with a high ceiling and rough - hewn ( rusticated ashlar ) stone fireplace . Mrs. Mendalbright 's Rooming House -- Barney Fife boards upstairs and his landlady is Mrs. Mendalbright . Thelma Lou 's House -- the home of Thelma Lou , Barney 's girlfriend Helen Crump 's House -- the home of Helen Crump , Andy 's girlfriend and Opie 's teacher Mrs. Wiley 's House -- the home of Mrs. Wiley , which is frequently subject to parties , two of which were crashed by Ernest T. Bass The Rimshaw House -- the `` haunted '' house of the deceased Old Man Rimshaw where Otis Campbell and Big Jack Anderson were running a still Entertainment venues ( edit ) The Grand Theatre -- The movie theater where Andy and Barney often took their girlfriends ( Helen Crump and Thelma Lou , respectively ) on dates Commercial buildings ( edit ) Walker 's Drug Store -- This was the town drug store and soda shop owned by Fred Walker . His niece Ellie ( Elinor Donahue ) , also a pharmacist , worked there for a while and was Andy 's first girlfriend on the show . In the early episodes , characters often talked about `` going to Walker 's for an ice cream soda . '' Floyd 's Barber Shop -- Run by the scatterbrained Floyd Lawson , it was the main center of action in Mayberry . On any given day , it was not unusual to see many of the town 's important figures , including the mayor and the sheriff , gathered here . Foley 's Grocery -- Run by Mr. Foley , it was where Aunt Bee and her friends shopped . Emmett 's Fix - it Shop -- handyman Emmett Clark 's business replaced Floyd 's when Howard McNear left the show . Weaver 's Department Store -- run by the miserly Ben Weaver Wally 's Filling Station -- The town 's only known gas station , it employed cousins Gomer and Goober Pyle . It also served as the town 's auto repair garage . Places to eat ( edit ) Bluebird Diner -- This was the restaurant where Barney was often seen calling to talk to his secret love , the enigmatic waitress `` Juanita '' . A man named Frank owns the diner . It is located on the outskirts of Mayberry , near Myer 's Lake . Mount Airy has a family - owned restaurant called the Bluebird Diner . Snappy Lunch -- a Mayberry diner named after a real eatery that still serves lunch in Mount Airy , North Carolina . Morelli 's - a more upscale restaurant outside of town . Known for it 's special dinner , the pounded steak supper , `` pounded on the premises . '' Lodging ( edit ) Mayberry Hotel -- Where out - of - towners often stayed , the Mayberry Hotel was also where choir director John Masters was employed . Physical landmarks ( edit ) Myer 's Lake -- As seen in the opening credits of The Andy Griffith Show , it was the place Andy and Opie Taylor went fishing , and where Barney often drove with Thelma Lou for their `` romantic getaways '' . The fictional lake was mentioned on the show as being located in Stokes County , North Carolina . Stokes County is a real county next to Surry County where Andy Griffith was born and raised . Franklin Canyon Park was used for filming . In popular culture ( edit ) Due to the success and fame of the television show , `` Mayberry '' has been used as a term for both idyllic small - town life and for rural simplicity ( for both good and ill ) . In a song by Rascal Flatts titled `` Mayberry '' , the town is mentioned : `` Well I miss Mayberry sitting on the porch drinking ice cold Cherry Coke where everything is black and white . '' In the song called `` Grandpa 's Interview '' on the Neil Young album Greendale : `` Shows with love and affection , Like mama used to say , A little Mayberry livin ' , Can go a long way . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ SurnameDB : Mayberry surname meaning Jump up ^ CNN.com - Transcripts - CNN LARRY KING LIVE - A Mayberry Reunion With Andy Griffith and Don Knotts - Aired November 27 , 2003 - 21 : 00 ET ^ Jump up to : WGHP - TV : Mayberry , Virginia Trading Post Jump up ^ Cheerio Meredith on IMDb Jump up ^ Jonathan Hole on IMDb Jump up ^ `` The Mayberry Band '' on IMDb External links ( edit ) Behind the Scenes of the Real Mayberry A behind the scenes look at The Andy Griffith Show and the real Mayberry , includes filming locations , the stars made on the show , and Mayberry trivia . Mayberry , North Carolina TV series The Andy Griffith Show Episodes Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. Episodes Characters Mayberry R.F.D. Episodes Telefilm Return to Mayberry Main characters Andy Taylor Opie Taylor Bee Taylor Barney Fife Elinor `` Ellie '' Walker Sam Jones Gomer Pyle Goober Pyle Recurring characters Ernest T. Bass Otis Campbell Helen Crump Briscoe Darling Jr . The Darlings Clara Edwards Warren Ferguson The Fun Girls Floyd Lawson Flora Malherbe Howard Sprague Thelma Lou Related programs No Time for Sergeants The Danny Thomas Show The Jim Nabors Hour The New Andy Griffith Show Related topics Mount Airy Pilot Mountain Desilu Productions Rural purge `` What it Was , Was Football '' Mayberry Machiavelli Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mayberry&oldid=855593663 '' Categories : Fictional populated places in North Carolina Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 12 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where is mayberry located on the andy griffith show
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"Mayberry, North Carolina is a fictitious community that was the setting for two popular American television sitcoms, The Andy Griffith Show and Mayberry R.F.D. Mayberry was also the setting for a 1986 reunion television movie titled Return to Mayberry. Mayberry is said to be based on Andy Griffith's hometown of Mount Airy, North Carolina. Mount Airy is also known as Mayberry and this town is known by both names to the people who reside there.\n"
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"North Carolina"
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Some Enchanted Evening
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Some Enchanted Evening - wikipedia Some Enchanted Evening Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For other uses , see Some Enchanted Evening ( disambiguation ) . `` Some Enchanted Evening '' Song from South Pacific Published 1949 Songwriter ( s ) Oscar Hammerstein II Composer ( s ) Richard Rodgers `` Some Enchanted Evening '' is a show tune from the 1949 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific . It is `` the single biggest popular hit to come out of any Rodgers and Hammerstein show . '' It is a three - verse solo for the leading male character , Emile , in which he describes seeing a stranger , knowing that he will see her again , and dreaming of her laughter . He sings that when you find your `` true love '' , you must `` fly to her side , / And make her your own '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 In South Pacific 2 Analysis 3 Selected recorded versions 4 In popular culture 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links In South Pacific ( edit ) The song appears in the first act of the musical . It is sung as a solo by the show 's male lead , Emile de Becque , a middle - aged French expatriate who has become a plantation owner on a South Pacific island during World War II . Emile falls in love with Ensign Nellie Forbush , an optimistic and naive young American navy nurse from Little Rock , Arkansas . The two have known each other for only a few weeks , and each worries that the other may not return his or her love . Emile expresses his romantic feelings for Nellie , recalling how they met at an officers ' club dance and instantly were attracted to each other . He asks her to marry him . In the song , he describes a man seeing a stranger and instantly knowing he will see her again , hearing her laughter and dreaming of it . He says that when you find your `` true love '' , you must `` fly to her side , / And make her your own '' ; otherwise , all your life you will `` dream all alone '' . The song is then reprised several times during the show by Nellie and / or Emile as their relationship experiences setbacks and reconciliations . In the original Broadway production , `` Some Enchanted Evening '' was sung by former Metropolitan Opera bass Ezio Pinza . Pinza won the Tony Award for Best Actor in 1950 for this role , and the song made him a favorite with audiences and listeners who normally did not attend or listen to opera . In the 2001 London revival of the show , Philip Quast won an Olivier Award for Best Actor for his role as Emile , and seven years later , international opera singer Paulo Szot won a Tony for his portrayal in the 2008 New York revival . In the film version of South Pacific , the first and second scenes of the play are switched around . Because of the switch , Emile enters later in the film , and `` Some Enchanted Evening '' is not heard until nearly 45 minutes into the film , while in the original stage version it is heard about 15 minutes after Act I begins . In the film , the song is sung by another Metropolitan Opera bass , Giorgio Tozzi , who dubbed the singing for actor Rossano Brazzi . Tozzi 's version finished at No. 28 on the 2004 American Film Institute list and television special , AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs , selecting the top 100 songs in American cinema . Analysis ( edit ) According to Popular Music in America , the song 's `` lush orchestration , expansive form , and above all its soaring melody '' allow the singer and character ( Emile ) to `` linger in the moment '' of immediate infatuation . Gerald Mast 's history of the American musical notes that the song is a climactic moment which reveals that two characters have fallen in love , and it expresses a seize - the - opportunity lyric : `` When you find your true love ... Then fly to her side / And make her your own '' . According to the running commentary on the 2006 Fox DVD release of the 1958 film version of South Pacific , Lehman Engel remembered that Oscar Hammerstein II wanted to write a song based around verbs but waited ten years to do so before he wrote this song , in which the verses are built around the verbs `` see '' , `` hear '' and `` fly '' . Selected recorded versions ( edit ) Many popular singers have recorded and performed `` Some Enchanted Evening '' . Perry Como 's version was a # 1 hit in 1949 , and Frank Sinatra recorded the song several times . Ezio Pinza ( recorded April 18 , 1949 , Original Broadway cast recording of South Pacific ) . His single version reached No. 7 in the Billboard charts in 1949 . Perry Como ( 1949 ) . His single reached No. 1 in 1949 Frank Sinatra ( 1949 ) , ( 1963 ) , ( 1967 ) . The 1949 version reached the No. 6 position in the Billboard charts . Bing Crosby ( 1949 ) , recorded March 10 , 1949 and reached No. 3 in the Billboard charts during a 20 - week stay . Jo Stafford - Autumn in New York ( 1950 ) . Her single version reached No. 4 in the Billboard charts in 1949 . Giorgio Tozzi ( 1958 for the film soundtrack ; 1967 for the Lincoln Center revival cast recording with Florence Henderson ) Jay & The Americans - United Artists 45 ( 1965 ) . The Group 's single version reached No. 13 on the Billboard charts in 1965 . Andy Williams ( from the 1958 album , Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein ) José Carreras ( 1986 ) for a studio cast recording of South Pacific with Kiri Te Kanawa , Mandy Patinkin and Sarah Vaughan Willie Nelson included it on his 1988 album , What a Wonderful World Barbra Streisand ( from her No. 1 1993 album Back to Broadway ) The Temptations ( 1995 , For Lovers Only ) Bryn Terfel -- Something Wonderful : Bryn Terfel Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein ( 1996 ) Philip Quast for the 2002 London revival cast recording of South Pacific Art Garfunkel ( from his 2007 album Some Enchanted Evening ) Paulo Szot -- South Pacific ( The New Broadway Cast ) ( 2008 ) Bob Dylan ( from his No. 1 2015 album Shadows in the Night ) In popular culture ( edit ) The song 's title has been used as the name for albums , such as one by Blue Öyster Cult , one by Art Garfunkel and a cast album and PBS special of the revue `` Some Enchanted Evening '' -- The Songs of Rodgers & Hammerstein . It was used as the name for television episodes in such TV series as The Simpsons , Last of the Summer Wine , Man About the House , and Bless This House . The song has been sung in films and on TV shows , for example by Harrison Ford in the film American Graffiti ( 1978 reissue ) , by an itinerant chanteuse in Crossing Delancey ( 1988 ) , by Jon Bon Jovi on Ally McBeal in the episode `` Homecoming '' ( 2002 ) and by Bert in episode 102 on the Muppet Show ( 1977 ) to Connie Stevens . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mast , Gerald . Ca n't Help Singin ' : The American Musical on Stage and Screen . Overlook Press , 1987 . p. 206 . Excerpted in : Block , Geoffrey . The Richard Rodgers Reader , p. 91 , Oxford University Press , 2006 . Jump up ^ South Pacific 1950 Tony winners , Tony Awards official website , accessed April 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ Eaton , Quaintance . The Miracle of the Met : An Informal History of the Metropolitan Opera , 1883 - 1967 . Greenwood Press , 1976 . p. 227 . Jump up ^ `` Olivier Winners 2002 '' , Olivier Awards official website , accessed April 7 , 2012 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Tony Winner Szot to Return to Broadway 's South Pacific March 31 ; Michals to Sub in April and June '' . Retrieved 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Pressley , Nelson . `` An Era 's Bias , Cast In Bali Ha'i Relief ; With South Pacific , Arena Stage Takes On A Troubling Zeitgeist '' . Washington Post . December 15 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` South Pacific ( 1958 ) '' . TCM.com , accessed April 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' , American Film Institute , June 22 , 2004 , accessed October 7 , 2014 Jump up ^ Campbell , Michael . Popular Music in America : And the Beat Goes on , p. 132 , Cengage Learning , 2008 ISBN 0 - 495 - 50530 - 7 Jump up ^ In the 2006 Fox DVD release of the 1958 film version , running commentary of the film is provided on the first disc by Ted Chapin and Gerard Alessandrini . Alessondrini mentions that Hammerstein told Engel that he wanted to write a lyric focusing on verbs ten years before he wrote South Pacific . Jump up ^ Link to numerous recordings of the song , Rodgers and Hammerstein Organization website , accessed March 18 , 2012 Jump up ^ Perry Como , `` Some Enchanted Evening '' , Music VF.com , accessed April 7 , 2012 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 354 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 393 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 111 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 406 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Some Enchanted Evening -- The Songs of Rodgers & Hammerstein '' , Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization , accessed December 24 , 2013 ; and `` Centennial Summer '' , Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization , May 1 , 1995 , accessed December 24 , 2013 Jump up ^ Pfeiffer , Lee and Michael Lewis , The Films of Harrison Ford , Citadel Press , 2002 , p. 59 ISBN 0806523646 Jump up ^ Dinicola , Dan . `` Crossing Delancey is Refreshing '' , Schenectady Gazette , September 29 , 1988 , accessed April 7 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Ally McBeal : ' Homecoming ' '' , TV.com ( CBS ) , accessed April 7 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Rare Appearances of Bert and Ernie on The Muppet Show '' , Retroist , March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ Chapman , Phillip . `` Connie Stevens - Episode 2 '' , Muppet Central Guides , accessed April 7 , 2012 References ( edit ) Nolan , Frederick ( 2002 ) . The Sound of Their Music : The Story of Rodgers & Hammerstein . New York : Applause Theatre & Cinema Books . ISBN 1 - 55783 - 473 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Szot performs the song with O'Hara on `` The View '' in 2008 on YouTube Preceded by `` ( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky : A Cowboy Legend '' by Vaughn Monroe U.S. Billboard Best Sellers in Stores number - one single by Perry Como July 30 , 1949 -- August 27 , 1949 Succeeded by `` You 're Breaking My Heart '' by Vic Damone ( hide ) Rodgers and Hammerstein Stage musicals Oklahoma ! Carousel Allegro South Pacific The King and I Me and Juliet Pipe Dream Flower Drum Song The Sound of Music A Grand Night for Singing State Fair Cinderella Productions I Remember Mama Annie Get Your Gun Happy Birthday John Loves Mary Show Boat The Happy Time Burning Bright Films State Fair Oklahoma ! Carousel The King and I South Pacific Flower Drum Song State Fair The Sound of Music Cinderella Television Cinderella The Sound of Music Live ! Songs `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' `` The Surrey with the Fringe on Top '' `` Kansas City '' `` I Cai n't Say No '' `` Many a New Day '' `` It 's a Scandal ! It 's a Outrage ! '' `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' `` Lonely Room '' `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' `` All Er Nuthin ' '' `` Oklahoma '' `` If I Loved You '' `` Soliloquy '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' `` That 's for Me '' `` A Fellow Needs a Girl '' `` So Far '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` There Is Nothing Like a Dame '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` I 'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair '' `` I 'm in Love with a Wonderful Guy '' `` Younger Than Springtime '' `` Happy Talk '' `` You 've Got to Be Carefully Taught '' `` I Whistle a Happy Tune '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Getting to Know You '' `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' `` Something Wonderful '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Shall We Dance ? '' `` No Other Love '' `` I Enjoy Being a Girl '' `` The Sound of Music '' `` Maria '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Do - Re-Mi '' `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' `` The Lonely Goatherd '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` So Long , Farewell '' `` No Way to Stop It '' `` Edelweiss '' Related articles `` Something Good '' The Sound of Music The Sound of Music : Music from the NBC Television Event James A. Michener 's Tales of the South Pacific ( 1947 ) Characters Bloody Mary Adaptations South Pacific ( 1949 musical ) Awards and nominations South Pacific ( 1958 film ) South Pacific ( 2001 film ) Songs `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` There Is Nothing Like a Dame '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` I 'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair '' `` I 'm in Love with a Wonderful Guy '' `` Younger Than Springtime '' `` Happy Talk '' `` You 've Got to Be Carefully Taught '' Albums South Pacific ( 1958 soundtrack ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Some_Enchanted_Evening&oldid=803145132 '' Categories : 1949 songs Songs with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II Songs with music by Richard Rodgers Perry Como songs Frank Sinatra songs Jo Stafford songs Bing Crosby songs Andy Williams songs Jay and the Americans songs Barbra Streisand songs The Temptations songs Number - one singles in the United States Songs from South Pacific ( musical ) Love themes Songs from South Pacific ( 1958 film ) Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with unknown value for type Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 日本 語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 18 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who sang some enchanted evening in the film south pacific
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"In the original Broadway production, \"Some Enchanted Evening\" was sung by former Metropolitan Opera bass Ezio Pinza. Pinza won the Tony Award for Best Actor in 1950 for this role,[2] and the song made him a favorite with audiences and listeners who normally did not attend or listen to opera.[3] In the 2001 London revival of the show, Philip Quast won an Olivier Award for Best Actor for his role as Emile,[4] and seven years later, international opera singer Paulo Szot won a Tony for his portrayal in the 2008 New York revival.[5]"
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"Ezio Pinza"
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Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race
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Sydney to Hobart yacht race - Wikipedia Sydney to Hobart yacht race Jump to : navigation , search Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race Map of the Sydney -- Hobart Yacht Race route . First held 1945 Start Sydney , Australia Finish Hobart , Australia No. of competitors 102 ( 2017 ) Most recent champion ( s ) Ichi Ban ( on handicap ) Comanche ( line honours ) Most titles Freya ; Love & War ( 3 ) ( on handicap ) Wild Oats XI ( 8 ) ( line honours ) TV partner ( s ) Seven Network Official website http://rolexsydneyhobart.com/ The Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race is an annual event hosted by the Cruising Yacht Club of Australia , starting in Sydney , New South Wales on Boxing Day and finishing in Hobart , Tasmania . The race distance is approximately 630 nautical miles ( 1,170 km ) . The race is run in conjunction with the Royal Yacht Club of Tasmania , and is widely considered to be one of the most difficult yacht races in the world . The race was initially planned to be a cruise by Peter Luke and some friends who had formed a club for those who enjoyed cruising as opposed to racing , however when a visiting British Royal Navy Officer , Captain John Illingworth , suggested it be made a race , the event was born . The Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race has grown over the decades , since the inaugural race in 1945 , to become one of the top three offshore yacht races in the world , and it now attracts maxi yachts from all around the globe . The 2017 race will be the 73rd edition . Australia 's foremost offshore sailing prize is the Tattersall 's Cup , awarded to the ultimate winner of the handicap competitions based on the length , shape , weight and sail dimensions of the yacht . Much public attention however , focuses on the race for `` line honours '' -- the first boat across the finishing line , typically the newest and largest Maxi yacht in the fleet . In 2017 , LDV Comanche set a new race record finishing in 1 day , 9 hours , 15 minutes and 24 seconds , beating Perpetual Loyal 's record of 1 day , 13 hours , 31 minutes and 20 seconds , set the previous year . Wild Oats XI , who crossed the line first , received a 1 - hour penalty for her role in a near - miss collision at the beginning of the race and disregard of the starboard rule , handing LDV Comanche line honours . Wild Oats XI completed the course in an unofficial record time of 1 day , 08 hours , 48 minutes and 50 seconds . Wild Oats XI has won line honours on 7 separate occasions ( 2005 -- 2008 , 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 ) and is the first boat to have claimed the treble -- race record , line honours and overall winner . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 `` Holy Grail '' 3 Women 's involvement 4 Rules 5 Yachts 6 Winners and fleet sizes 7 Records and statistics 8 Sponsors , supporters and prizes 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Investec Loyal about to win the 2011 Sydney to Hobart Bass Strait , and the waters of the Pacific Ocean immediately to its east , are renowned for their high winds and difficult seas . Although the race mostly takes place in the Tasman Sea , the shallowness of Bass Strait and the proximity to the race course means that the fleet is very much under the influence of the Strait as they transit from the mainland to Flinders Island . Even though the race is held in the Australian summer , `` southerly buster '' storms often make the Sydney -- Hobart race cold , bumpy , and very challenging for the crew . It is typical for a considerable number of yachts to retire , often at Eden on the New South Wales south coast , the last sheltered harbour before Flinders Island . Winning times for line honours from 1945 to 2016 The inaugural race in 1945 had nine starters . John Illingworth 's Rani , built in Speers Point , New South Wales was the winner , taking six days , 14 hours and 22 minutes . Race records for the fastest ( elapsed ) time dropped rapidly . However , it took 21 years for the 1975 record by Kialoa from the USA to be broken by the German yacht Morning Glory in 1996 , and then only by a dramatic 29 minutes , as she tacked up the Derwent River against the clock . In 1999 Denmark 's Nokia sailed the course in one day , 19 hours , 48 minutes and two seconds , a record which stood until 2005 when Wild Oats XI won line and handicap honours in 1 day 18 hr 40 min 10 sec . There have been some notable achievements by yachts over the years . Sydney yacht , Morna , won the second , third and fourth races ( 1946 -- 1948 ) and then , under new owners Frank and John Livingston from Victoria , took a further four titles as Kurrewa IV in 1954 , 1956 , 1957 and 1960 . Other yachts to win three or more titles are Astor ( 1961 , 1963 and 1964 ) and Bumblebee IV firstly in 1979 and then again in 1988 and 1990 as Ragamuffin . When Wild Oats XI won back - to - back titles in 2006 , it was the first yacht to do so since Astor in the 1960s . Wild Oats XI claimed its third consecutive line honours title in the 2007 race , re-writing history by being only the second yacht after Rani in the inaugural 1945 race to win line and handicap honours and break the race record in the same year ( 2005 ) and then only the second yacht after Morna to win three line honours titles in a row . In 2008 , Wild Oats XI broke Morna 's long - standing record of three titles in a row , by completing a four - in - a-row , the first yacht to achieve that remarkable achievement . For the handicap race the highly respected Halvorsen brothers ' Freya won three titles back - to - back ( the only yacht in history to do so ) between 1963 and 1965 . Although not consecutive , Love & War equalled Freya 's three titles by winning its third in 2006 to add to its 1974 and 1978 titles . The 1998 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race was marred by tragedy when , during an exceptionally strong storm ( which had similar strength winds to a lower - category hurricane ) , five boats sank and six people died . Of the 115 boats that started , only 44 made it to Hobart . As a result , the crew eligibility rules were tightened , requiring a higher minimum age and experience . G. Bruce Knecht wrote a book about this race called `` The Proving Ground '' . ( ISBN 0 - 316 - 49955 - 2 ) A coronial enquiry into the race was critical of both the race management at the time and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology . In 1999 the race record was broken by Nokia , a water - ballasted VO60 yacht . She sailed the course in 1 day , 19 hours , 48 minutes and 2 seconds . Brindabella reached Hobart just under one hour later ( 1 day , 20 hours , 46 minutes , 33 seconds ) and Wild Thing was a close third ( 1 day , 21 hours , 13 minutes , 37 seconds ) . The previous Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race record had been set by Morning Glory ( 2 days , 14 hours , 7 minutes , 10 seconds ) in 1996 . The calm before the storm . Sydney to Hobart entrants moored up at Rushcutters Bay , Christmas Day , 2004 . In 2004 only 59 yachts completed the course of the 116 who set out from Sydney . Storms hit the race . The super maxi Skandia capsized after losing her keel . In 2005 , Wild Oats XI became the first boat since Rani to win the `` treble '' , taking Line Honours , winning the Corrected Handicap ( IRC ) , and breaking the course record . ( 1d 18h 40 m 10s , over 1hr off of Nokia 's record . ) In 1982 Condor of Burmuda won the Sydney to Hobart ( 1981 ) which was the closest ever finish , winning by just seven seconds against Apollo III during a gruelling match race up the River Derwent . In 2006 , 78 boats started the race , including entrants from the United Kingdom , Canada , the Netherlands , Italy , New Zealand , every Australian state and the Australian Capital Territory . The race started on schedule at 13 : 00 Australian Eastern Daylight Saving Time . Wild Oats XI , owned by Bob Oatley and skippered by Mark Richards , crossed the finish line at 21 : 52 on 28 December 2006 to take line honours with an elapsed time of 2 days , 8 hours , 52 minutes and 33 seconds . Wild Oats XI became the first yacht to win the race in consecutive years since 1964 and only the sixth yacht to achieve this since the race 's inception . Love & War , owned by Peter Kurts and skippered by Lindsay May , won the race overall ( IRC Handicap ) in a corrected time of 3 days , 22 hours 2 minutes and 37 seconds . Love & War became only the second yacht to win the race three times ( 1974 , 1978 and 2006 ) . The yacht Freya won the race in three consecutive years between 1963 and 1965 . Gillawa from the Australian Capital Territory , skippered by David Kent , was the sixty - ninth and last boat to complete the 2006 race , making it the third consecutive year that the yacht was last in the fleet . The longest surviving skipper from the inaugural race , Peter Luke , who contributed to the formation of the Cruising Yacht Club of Australia and the establishment of the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race , died on 23 September 2007 aged 92 . His yacht , Wayfarer , still holds the record for the slowest elapsed time . Only two sailors from the original race are still alive -- Geoffrey Ruggles from the Wayfarer crew and John Gordon from the Horizon crew . By the November 2007 race entry deadline , 90 yachts had nominated for entry including four 90 - foot maxis , three of them wanting to prevent Wild Oats XI creating history and winning three line honours titles in a row . A little over a week prior to the race , New Zealand maxi Maximus withdrew after cracking its keel . Three - time and 2006 handicap winner , Love & War , was not one of the applications for entry and may have raced her last Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race in 2006 . Wild Oats XI went on to create history by winning its third consecutive line honours title and becoming only the second yacht to do so . Rosebud ( USA ) won the race on corrected time . John Walker became the oldest skipper in the history of the race at age 85 and Phillip 's Foote Witchdoctor bettered its own record and set a mark of 27 races as the most by a yacht . Hobart 's Constitution Dock is the arrival point for the fleet after they have completed the race , and usually witnesses scenes of celebration by many yachtsmen during the new year festivities . On 3 November 2008 at the close of entries , 113 yachts had nominated for entry with only one other 90 - foot maxi ( Skandia ) to challenge Wild Oats XI and stop it creating history by winning four consecutive line honours titles and becoming the only yacht to do so . Wild Oats XI achieved this and Bob Steel won his second Tattersalls Cup with Quest , the second yacht with the same name to win the handicap title . The 2009 fleet comprised 99 starters . In the 2008 race , Wild Oats XI had equalled Morna / Kurrewa IV 's record of three consecutive line honours victories , which Morna achieved in 1946 , 1947 and 1948 , and was attempting to pass the record in its own right in 2009 . In the event however , Neville Crichton 's New Zealand entry Alpha Romeo II passed Wild Oats XI early on and never relinquished her lead , finishing in an elapsed time of 2 days , 9 hours , 2 minutes and 10 seconds . Wild Oats XI came in second and United Kingdom - based ICAP Leopard came in third . Sailors who have achieved outstanding commitment to the race are represented most of all by John Bennetto ( dec ) , Lou Abrahams and Tony Cable who , after the 2007 race , had each sailed 44 races . Skippers Frank and John Livingston won four line honours titles while Claude Plowman , Peter Warner , S.A `` Huey '' Long , Jim Kilroy and Bob Bell have each won three . Trygve and Magnus Halvorsen have won four handicap honours titles while a number of skippers have won two handicap titles . Rolex has been the naming rights sponsor of the race since 2002 , and since then the race has been known as the Rolex Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race . It will continue to have the naming rights until 2015 . Traditionally , crews of yachts celebrate on New Year 's Eve at Constitution Dock in Hobart , with the Custom 's House Hotel a favourite venue for Sydney -- Hobart yachtsmen . Panorama of the 2007 Sydney -- Hobart Yacht Race . `` Holy Grail '' ( edit ) With the smashing of the Sydney -- Hobart Race Record in 1999 by Nokia , and a host of other super-fast boats , that completed the course in less than two days for the first time -- the `` Holy Grail '' of the Sydney -- Hobart race , a completion of the course in a time under the 40 hr mark became a possibility . Many of the skippers competing in the Sydney - Hobart race in the 21st century have expressed a desire to be the first to record a time under the once thought of as impossible mark of 40 hrs . In 2016 , the race record was set by Perpetual Loyal to one day , 13 hours , 31 minutes and 20 seconds . Women 's involvement ( edit ) Women first participated in the race in 1946 . The first woman to take part was Jane Tate , whose boat Active was the only one to reach Hobart in 1946 . Dagmar O'Brien , with boat Connella , also took part in that year but retired from the race before finishing . Thus , the Jane Tate Memorial Trophy is awarded each year to the first female skipper to complete the race . In 1975 , the first all - women crew sailed , with boat Barbarian . In 1982 or 1983 , Sue Bowly put another all - female crew together , but the sails ripped . They repaired the sails on the Navy 's sewing machine at Jervis Bay , and carried on to Hobart , but no longer in competition . In 2005 , 24 women took part , including Adrienne Cahalan , who is famed for her around - the - world sailing , has been nominated several times for World Yachtswoman of the Year and was Australian Yachtswoman of the Year for 2004 -- 05 . In 2005 she was part of the crew for the winning Wild Oats . In 2011 , Jessica Watson , known for her solo unassisted sail around the world at age 16 , skippered the Sydney Hobart yacht race with a crew of six other young Australians and three Britons all aged 21 or under , making them the youngest ever to compete in the blue water classic . In total , over a thousand women have taken part in the race . Rules ( edit ) The crew of 2005 winner Wild Oats XI . The exact rules for the Tattersails Cup have changed over the years . In general , each boat 's time is adjusted on the expected speed of the boat based on its size and other characteristics . The International Offshore Rules were superseded by the International Measurement System ( IMS ) , and the IRC . For 1991 , 1992 & 1993 races , the winners of the IOR and IMS categories were both declared Overall winners during the transition from IOR to IMS . However , the Tattersalls Cup was awarded only to the Overall IOR winner during this period . Since 1994 there has been only one Overall winner , from 1994 to 2003 being decided using IMS , but from the 2004 onwards the Overall winner of the Tattersalls Cup has been decided using IRC , with IMS dropped altogether as a handicap system . In theory , this should make for an even competition between yachts of all sizes , however in practice often only the newest and most advanced boats ( regardless of size ) can sail fast relative to their rating . In addition , in a race of the length of the Sydney -- Hobart weather conditions after the maxi yachts have finished can often determine whether they will win on handicap -- if the winds become more favourable after they finish , they will lose on handicap , if they become less favourable they will win . The race is conducted under the Racing Rules of Sailing determined and published by the International Sailing Federation . For the 2005 race , the event organisers removed certain restrictions on the boats . As successful sailing is based on a good power - to - weight ratio , larger sails are expected to help break race records . Yachts ( edit ) The fleet comprises mostly sloops , that is yachts with a single mast on which is hoisted a fore - and - aft rigged mainsail and a single jib or genoa , plus extras such as a spinnaker . The race has encouraged innovation in yacht design . Between 1945 and 2005 , the most successful yacht designer has been the New Zealand designer Bruce Farr , who has designed 15 overall winners . Winners and fleet sizes ( edit ) Main article : List of Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race winners Year Line honours Elapsed time d / hh : mm : ss Handicap winner Corrected time d / hh : mm : ss fleet size at start at finish 1945 Rani 6 / 14 : 22 Rani 4 / 09 : 38 9 8 1946 Morna 5 / 02 : 53 : 33 Christina 4 / 11 : 53 : 27 19 11 1947 Morna 5 / 03 : 03 : 54 Westward 4 / 00 : 24 : 56 28 21 1948 Morna 4 / 05 : 01 : 21 Westward 3 / 07 : 45 : 48 18 13 1949 Waltzing Matilda 5 / 10 : 33 : 10 Trade Winds 3 / 23 : 39 : 43 15 13 1950 Margaret Rintoul 5 / 05 : 28 : 35 Nerida 3 / 20 : 17 : 13 16 14 1951 Margaret Rintoul 4 / 02 : 29 : 01 Struen Marie 2 / 19 : 48 : 26 14 12 1952 Nocturne 6 / 02 : 34 : 47 Ingrid 4 / 09 : 56 : 18 17 17 1953 Solveig IV 5 / 07 : 12 : 50 Ripple 3 / 16 : 12 : 12 24 20 1954 Kurrewa IV ( formerly Morna ) 5 : 06 : 09 : 47 Solveig IV 3 / 17 : 58 : 01 17 15 1955 Even 4 / 18 : 13 : 14 Moonbi 3 / 09 : 21 : 05 17 16 1956 Kurrewa IV ( formerly Morna ) 4 : 04 : 31 : 44 Solo 3 / 08 : 33 : 52 28 26 1957 Kurrewa IV ( formerly Morna ) 3 : 18 : 30 : 39 Anitra V 3 / 00 : 55 : 37 20 18 1958 Solo 5 / 02 : 32 : 52 Siandra 3 / 13 : 46 : 35 22 19 1959 Solo 4 / 13 : 33 : 12 Cherana 3 / 08 : 33 : 02 30 24 1960 Kurrewa IV ( formerly Morna ) 4 : 08 : 11 : 15 Siandra 3 / 07 : 48 : 04 32 30 1961 Astor 4 / 04 : 42 : 11 Rival 3 / 03 : 57 : 31 35 33 1962 Ondine 3 / 03 : 49 : 16 Solo 2 / 12 : 45 : 14 42 40 1963 Astor 4 / 10 : 53 : 00 Freya 3 / 06 : 03 : 17 44 34 1964 Astor 3 / 20 : 05 : 05 Freya 3 / 05 : 58 : 14 38 31 1965 Stormvogel 3 / 20 : 30 : 09 Freya 3 / 10 : 03 : 26 53 49 1966 Fidelis 4 / 08 : 39 : 43 Cadence 4 / 02 : 46 : 24 46 44 1967 Pen Duick III 4 / 04 : 10 : 31 Rainbow II 3 / 16 : 39 : 15 66 59 1968 Ondine II 4 / 03 : 20 : 02 Koomooloo 3 / 13 : 38 : 52 67 54 1969 Crusade 3 / 15 : 07 : 40 Morning Cloud 3 / 04 : 25 : 57 79 75 1970 Buccaneer 3 / 14 : 06 : 12 Pacha 3 / 10 : 07 : 39 61 47 1971 Kialoa II 3 / 12 : 46 : 21 PathFinder 3 / 03 : 14 : 34 79 76 1972 American Eagle 3 / 04 : 42 : 39 American Eagle 3 / 02 : 15 : 59 79 75 1973 Helsal 3 / 01 : 32 : 09 Ceil III 2 / 17 : 28 : 28 92 92 Ondine III 3 / 13 : 51 : 56 Love & War 3 / 13 : 25 : 02 63 58 Kialoa III 2 / 14 : 36 : 56 Rampage 2 / 13 : 16 : 56 102 99 1976 Ballyhoo 3 / 07 : 59 : 26 Piccolo 3 / 07 : 45 : 07 85 70 1977 Kialoa III 3 / 10 : 14 : 09 Kialoa III 3 / 13 : 58 : 10 131 72 1978 Apollo 4 / 02 : 23 : 24 Love & War 3 / 12 : 13 : 00 97 87 1979 Bumblebee IV 3 / 01 : 45 : 52 Screw Loose 3 / 03 : 31 : 06 147 142 1980 New Zealand 2 / 18 : 45 : 41 New Zealand 2 / 21 : 13 : 29 102 93 1981 Vengeance 3 / 22 : 30 : 00 Zeus II 3 / 19 : 25 : 59 159 144 1982 Condor of Bermuda 3 / 00 : 59 : 17 Scallywag 2 / 19 : 19 : 16 118 108 Condor 3 / 00 : 50 : 29 Challenge II 2 / 23 : 07 : 42 173 158 1984 New Zealand 3 / 11 : 31 : 21 Indian Pacific 3 / 07 : 45 : 03 151 46 1985 Apollo 3 / 04 : 32 : 28 Sagacious 3 / 04 : 34 : 37 179 146 1986 Condor 2 / 23 : 26 : 25 Ex Tension 3 / 01 : 14 : 30 123 106 Sovereign 2 / 21 : 58 : 08 Sovereign 3 / 01 : 58 : 41 154 146 1988 Ragamuffin ( formerly Bumblebee IV ) 3 / 15 : 29 : 27 Illusion 3 / 18 : 20 : 35 119 81 1989 Drumbeat 3 / 06 : 21 : 34 Challenge II 3 / 02 : 18 : 45 126 101 1990 Ragamuffin ( formerly Bumblebee IV ) 2 / 21 : 05 : 33 Sagacious V ( IOR ) Doctor Who ( IMS ) 2 / 19 : 44 : 32 2 : 10 : 06 : 28 105 86 1991 Brindabella 3 / 11 : 14 : 09 She 's Apples ( IMS ) Atara ( IOR ) 3 / 15 : 19 : 20 2 : 20 : 05 : 11 99 91 1992 New Zealand Endeavour 2 / 19 : 19 : 18 Assassin ( IMS ) Ragamuffin ( IOR ) 3 / 10 : 50 : 11 2 : 21 : 21 : 04 110 102 1993 Ninety Seven 4 / 00 : 54 : 11 Micropay Cuckoos Nest ( IMS ) Solbourne Wild Oats ( IOR ) 3 / 18 : 45 : 10 3 : 20 : 36 : 30 104 38 1994 Tasmania ( formerly New Zealand Endeavour ) 2 / 16 : 48 : 04 Raptor ( IMS ) 2 / 11 : 41 : 00 371 309 1995 Sayonara 3 / 00 : 53 : 35 Terra Firma 3 / 10 : 22 : 36 98 92 Morning Glory 2 / 14 : 07 : 10 Ausmaid 2 / 12 : 35 : 59 95 77 1997 Brindabella 2 / 23 : 37 : 12 Beau Geste 2 / 17 : 21 : 27 114 99 1998 Sayonara 2 / 19 : 03 : 32 AFR Midnight Rambler 2 / 12 : 36 : 23 115 44 1999 Nokia 1 / 19 : 48 : 02 Yendys 1 / 20 : 32 : 53 79 49 2000 Nicorette II 2 / 14 : 02 : 09 SAP Ausmaid ( formerly Ausmaid ) 2 / 19 : 13 : 38 82 58 2001 Assa Abloy 2 / 20 : 46 : 43 Bumblebee V 2 / 19 : 13 : 38 75 57 2002 Alfa Romeo I 2 / 04 : 58 : 52 Quest 2 / 19 : 13 : 38 57 55 2003 Skandia 2 / 15 : 14 : 06 First National Real Estate 3 / 14 : 14 : 17 56 52 Nicorette III 2 / 16 : 00 : 44 Aera ( IRC ) 4 / 02 : 52 : 09 116 59 2005 Wild Oats XI 1 / 18 : 40 : 10 Wild Oats XI 3 / 03 : 54 : 32 85 80 2006 Wild Oats XI 2 / 08 : 52 : 33 Love & War 3 / 22 : 02 : 37 78 69 2007 Wild Oats XI 1 / 21 : 24 : 32 Rosebud 3 / 09 : 32 : 14 82 79 2008 Wild Oats XI 1 / 20 : 34 : 14 Quest II 2 / 17 : 43 : 32 100 92 2009 Alfa Romeo II 2 / 09 : 02 : 10 Two True 4 / 07 : 57 : 43 100 94 Wild Oats XI 2 / 07 : 37 : 20 Secret Men 's Business 3.5 4 / 01 : 29 : 40 87 69 2011 Investec Loyal 2 / 06 : 14 : 18 Loki 3 / 22 : 34 : 32 88 76 2012 Wild Oats XI 1 / 18 : 23 : 12 Wild Oats XI 3 / 10 : 26 : 31 76 71 2013 Wild Oats XI 2 / 06 : 07 : 27 Victoire 3 / 18 : 27 : 43 94 84 2014 Wild Oats XI 2 / 02 : 30 : 00 Wild Rose ( formerly Solbourne Wild Oats ) 3 / 07 : 04 : 43 117 103 2015 Comanche 2 / 08 : 58 : 30 Balance V ( formerly Quest II ) 4 / 07 : 27 : 13 108 77 2016 Perpetual LOYAL 1 / 13 : 31 : 20 Giacomo 2 / 16 : 13 : 37 88 83 2017 Comanche 1 / 09 : 15 : 24 Ichi Ban 2 / 12 : 13 : 31 102 96 Notes : Time in bold denotes new race record time . No first place in 1985 . Drake 's Prayer was disqualified after winning on handicap , but 1985 NOR did not allow for lower placed finishers to move up following a disqualification . In the years 1990 -- 1993 the winner of each of the IMS and IOR classes were declared the join handicap winners . From 1994 to 2003 the IMS handicap rule was used to determine the overall winner , and from 2004 the IRC rule has been used . The 1975 Kialoa III was a ketch rig which was modified in 1976 and returned as a sloop to win line honors and overall in 1977 . Apollo in 1978 and 1985 were different yachts . New Zealand in 1980 and 1984 were different yachts . Records and statistics ( edit ) Wild Oats XI , the 2005 -- 2008 , 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 line honours winner , and 2005 and 2012 handicap honours winner about to finish the 2011 Sydney to Hobart Inaugural Race Winner , 1945 : Rani ( line and handicap honours as well as the inaugural race record ) Fastest Race : 1 day 9h 15m 24s ( LDV Comanche , NSW ) , 2017 Total fleet : 5,509 yachts ( 81.01 yachts per race ) Fleet finishing statistics : Of 5,509 yachts who have started the race since 1945 , a total of 4,548 ( 82.56 % ) have completed and 961 ( 17.44 % ) yachts have retired . Highest retirement % : 70 % of the fleet in 1984 . On average after 62 races , 81.7 % of the fleet finishes annually . Largest Fleet : 371 starters , 1994 Smallest Fleet : 9 starters , 1945 ( first race ) Smallest Yacht : 27 ft ( 8.23 m ) Klinger ( NSW ) 1978 Smallest Yacht Line Honours Winner : 35 ft ( 10.67 m ) -- Nocturne ( NSW ) 1952 and Rani ( UK ) 1945 . Largest Yachts Entered : 100 ft ( 30.48 m ) -- Wild Oats XI ( NSW , 2009 -- 2017 ) , Black Jack ( formerly Alfa Romeo ) ( QLD , 2009 , 2017 ) , Scallywag ( formerly Investec LOYAL / Ragamuffin 100 ) ( NSW , 2009 -- 2016 ) , ICAP Leopard ( UK , 2009 ) , Rapture ( USA , 2009 ) , Wild Thing ( VIC , 2013 ) , Infotrack ( formerly Perpetual LOYAL ) ( NSW , 2013 -- 2017 ) , Rio 100 ( USA , 2014 ) , Comanche ( NSW , 2014 -- 2015 , 2017 ) and CQS ( NSW , 2016 ) . Largest Yacht Line Honours Winner : 100 ft ( 30.48 m ) -- Alfa Romeo ( NZ ) 2009 , Wild Oats XI ( NSW ) 2010 , 2012 -- 14 , Investec LOYAL ( NSW ) 2011 , Comanche ( USA ) 2015 , 2017 , Perpetual LOYAL ( NSW ) 2016 . Most Line Honours Victories : Wild Oats XI , 8 victories Most Line Honours Victories by skipper : Mark Richards ( New South Wales ) Australia , 8 victories . Most Handicap Honours Victories : Freya ( NSW ) and Love & War ( NSW ) , 3 victories each Most Handicap Honours Victories by skipper : Magnus and Trygve Halvorsen ( NSW ) Australia , 4 victories Oldest competitor : Maluka was built in 1932 and raced in 2008 aged 76 . The 9.1 - metre yacht was restored by Sean Langman Most races by skipper : 49 Tony Cable ( New South Wales ) , 44 John Bennetto ( Tas -- dec ) , Lou Abrahams ( Vic ) . Race treble : Race record , Line & Handicap Honours in the same year : 1945 , Rani ( UK ) 2005 , 2012 Wild Oats XI ( NSW ) . Double : Line & Handicap Honours in the same year : 1945 , Rani ( UK ) ; 1972 , American Eagle ( USA ) ; 1977 , Kialoa III ( USA ) ; 1980 , New Zealand ( NZ ) ; 1987 , Sovereign ( NSW ) ; 2005 , 2012 Wild Oats XI ( NSW ) ; Back - to - back Line Honours titles : Morna ( NSW ) 1946 , 1947 and 1948 ; Margaret Rintoul ( NSW ) 1950 and 1951 ; Kurrewa IV ( Formerly Morna ) Vic 1956 and 1957 ; Solo ( NSW ) 1958 and 1959 ; Astor ( NSW ) 1963 and 1964 ; and Wild Oats XI ( NSW ) 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 . Back - to - back Handicap Honours titles : Freya ( NSW ) 1963 , 1964 and 1965 ; Westward ( Tas ) 1947 and 1948 . Closest Line Honours Race Finish : 7 seconds , 1982 ; Condor of Bermuda ( Bermuda ) defeated Apollo ( NSW ) Closest finish for Handicap Honours : 1 minute and 43 seconds also in 1982 when Scallyway ( NSW , Australia ) defeated Audacity ( NSW , Australia ) Yachts winning Line Honours to be later disqualified : Wild Wave ( 1953 ) , Nirvana ( 1983 ) and Rothmans ( 1990 ) Yachts to win Handicap Honurs to be later disqualified : Drake 's Prayer ( 1985 ) Most Successful Yacht Designer : Bruce Farr ( NZ ) , 15 overall winners First known female sailors : Jane Tate and Dagmar O'Brien ( both in 1946 ) . O'Brien's yacht ( Connella ) retired , thus Tate has the honour of being the first female to complete the event and a trophy is now named in her honour . First all - female crewed Yacht : Barbarian , 1975 ( skipper : Vicki Wilman ) Most Races for one Woman : 15 by Adrienne Cahalan ( AUS ) ; ( navigator for 2000 winner Nicorette ) Worst Disaster : 1998 , 6 sailors died and 5 yachts sunk ; 115 yachts started but only 43 finished . Sunken Yachts : Clywd ( 1993 ) , Adjuster ( 1993 ) , Winston Churchill ( 1998 ) , VC Offshore Stand Aside ( 1998 ) , Sword of Orion ( 1998 ) , Miintinta ( 1998 ) , Midnight Special ( 1998 ) , Ray White Koomooloo ( 2006 ) and Georgia ( 2008 ) . Yachtsmen to have lost their lives : Mike Bannister ( Winston Churchill , 1998 ) , Glyn Charles ( Sword of Orion , 1998 ) , Ray Crawford ( Billabong , 1988 ) , John Dean ( Winston Churchill , 1998 ) , Bruce Guy ( Business Post Naiad , 1998 ) , Jim Lawler ( Winston Churchill , 1998 ) , Wally Russell ( Yahoo II , 1984 ) , John Sarney ( Inca , 1973 ) , Phillip Skeggs ( Business Post Naiad , 1998 ) , Peter Taylor ( BP Flying Colours , 1989 ) and Hugh ( Barry ) Vallance ( Zilvergeest III , 1975 ) Another Australian offshore race is the Melbourne to Hobart Yacht Race run by the Ocean Racing Club of Victoria . Known as the West Coaster , this race arrives in Hobart around the same time as the more famous Sydney -- Hobart . Sponsors , supporters and prizes ( edit ) Rolex has been the naming rights sponsor of the race since 2002 . Other sponsors of the race include Appliances Online and TasPorts . It generally costs each of the major contenders for line honors millions of dollars to equip themselves for the race , however there is no prize money . The only award is a Rolex watch from the race sponsor for the fastest and handicap winning yacht captains . Entrants compete for the honor of the title . The winner under IRC is awarded the Tattersalls Trophy . In popular culture ( edit ) The race features in the 2007 novel The Storm Prophet by Hector Macdonald . See also ( edit ) 1979 Fastnet race Fastnet race Turtling References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race '' . About . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tough legacy of a Sydney classic '' . BBC News . 29 December 2001 . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Standings -- Rolex Sydney Hobart Yacht Race 2017 '' . rolexsydneyhobart.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Vindin , Nick ( 2017 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Sydney to Hobart : Comanche wins line honours as protest against Wild Oats XI upheld '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Oats XI wins Sydney to Hobart and sets new race record '' . The Daily Telegraph . 28 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : http://rolexsydneyhobart.com/standings_ext.asp?RaceId=76 Official Race Results -- 2006 ^ Jump up to : https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gnqCb19BSycJPi20I9ShOXTeWAhA Jump up ^ 1998 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race -- The Tragedy of Deaths at Sea Jump up ^ http://goaustralia.about.com/od/eventsandfestivals/a/sydhob1999.htm Jump up ^ 2004 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race -- Nicorette Wins Line Honors Jump up ^ http://goaustralia.about.com/od/eventsandfestivals/a/sydhob2006.htm Jump up ^ From conversation with Geoffrey Ruggles , 9 / 1 / 2013 Jump up ^ http://rolexsydneyhobart.com//news.asp?key=2980 Jump up ^ http://www.sail-world.com/news_std.cfm?Nid=72292&rid=1&sc=arc Jump up ^ http://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/27/sport/perpetual-loyal-sydney-hobart-yacht-race-sailing/ Jump up ^ `` Cahalan gets top yachtswoman nod '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 6 October 2004 . Jump up ^ Heinrich , Karen ( January 2006 ) . `` Taking to the sea '' . The Australian Women 's Weekly . p. 230 . Jump up ^ http://www.cyca.com.au/sysfile/downloads/rshyr05_nor.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.cyca.com.au/sysfile/downloads/Winners%201945%20to%202005.pdf Jump up ^ `` Standings -- Rolex Sydney Hobart Yacht Race 2017 '' . www.rolexsydneyhobart.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Rolex extends naming rights sponsorship of the Rolex Sydney Hobart Yacht Race to 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` Links '' . Ludeke , M. ( 2002 ) The Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race : 1945 -- 2001 . Hobart : Ludeke Publishing . Ludeke , M. ( 2014 ) ( fourth edition ) The Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race . Hobart : Ludeke Publishing . MotorSM Wilmap Analysing Sydney to Hobart yacht race winning times -- University of Melbourne External links ( edit ) Rolex Sydney Hobart Yacht Race -- Official site NSW Maritime site -- Aquatic Events ( PDF ) Distance from Sydney to Hobart Photos from the start of the 2009 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race `` Sydney to Hobart yacht race '' . Dictionary of Sydney . Dictionary of Sydney Trust . 2008 . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . ( CC - By - SA ) Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Offshore sailing races Single - handed races Single - Handed Trans - Atlantic Race Solitaire du Figaro Mini Transat 6.50 Polonez Cup Route du Rhum Sunday Times Golden Globe Race Vendée Globe Generali Solo Transat Ecover BtoB Velux 5 Oceans Race Double - handed races Transat Jacques Vabre Two - Handed Trans - Atlantic Race Mini-Fastnet Barcelona World Race Transat AG2R Crewed races Admiral 's Cup Bermuda Race Calais Round Britain Race Clipper Round the World Yacht Race EDHEC Sailing Cup Fastnet Race Fremantle to Bali Race Global Challenge Half Ton Cup Istanbul Europa Race Jules Verne Trophy One Ton Cup Oryx Quest Round Ireland Yacht Race Route de la découverte Route de l'Or Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race Sywoc Tall Ships ' Races The Race Tour de France à la voile Transat Québec - Saint - Malo Transpacific Yacht Race Volvo Ocean Race Events in the Sydney central business district Note : this includes events held in the Sydney central business district and its fringe areas , not the Greater Sydney metropolitan area Summer December AACTA Awards Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race Carols in the Domain Sydney New Year 's Eve January Sydney International Australia Day Sydney Festival Jazz in the Domain Opera in The Domain February Ubuntu Charity Art Exhibition at Sydney College of the Arts Tropfest Trop Jr Autumn March Mardi Gras Film Festival Sydney Mardi Gras Chinese New Year Festival Greek Festival of Sydney Art Express Sydney Carnival April Anzac Day Parade The Sydney Comedy Festival Surry Hills Festival Hoopla Festival May Sydney Writers ' Festival Vivid Sydney Vivid Live Winter All Biennale of Sydney ( every even numbered year ) June Newtown Flicks Short Film Festival Sydney Film Festival Sydney Eisteddfod Darling Harbour Jazz and Blues Festival July Good Food & Wine Show The Rocks Aroma Festival Sydney International Boat Show August City to Surf Westpac Indian Film Festival of Sydney Spring September Ignite Film Festival Sydney Underground Film Festival Sydney Fringe Festival Festival of the Winds October NRL Grand Final Sydney International Food Festival World 's Funniest Island Darling Harbour Fiesta Australian International Motor Show Graphic November Bondi Short Film Festival Popcorn Taxi Balmain Art & Craft Show Sculpture by the Sea ARIA Music Awards See also Landmarks in the Sydney City Centre Theatres in the Sydney City Centre Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race&oldid=825241568 '' Categories : Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race 1945 establishments in Australia Festivals in Hobart Festivals in Sydney Recurring sporting events established in 1945 Sailing competitions in Australia Sport in Hobart Sports competitions in Sydney December events Sports competitions in Tasmania Hidden categories : Use Australian English from June 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 07 : 35 . 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Ram Gopal Varma
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Ram Gopal Varma - wikipedia Ram Gopal Varma This is a Telugu name ; the family name is Penmetsa ' . Ram Gopal Varma Ram Gopal Varma in September 2012 Penmetsa Ram Gopal Varma ( 1962 - 04 - 07 ) 7 April 1962 ( age 56 ) Hyderabad , Telangana , India Nationality Indian Alma mater Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College , Vijayawada , Andhra Pradesh Occupation Director and Producer Years active 1989 -- present Children Revathi ( Daughter ) Relatives Madhu Mantena ( cousin ) Ram Gopal Varma is an Indian film director , screenwriter and producer , known for his works in Telugu cinema , Bollywood , and television . Varma directed films across multiple genres , including parallel cinema and docudrama noted for their gritty realism , technical finesse , and craft . Regarded as one of the pioneers of new age Indian cinema , Varma garnered the National Film Award for scripting the political crime drama , Shool ( 1999 ) . In 2004 , he was featured in the BBC World series Bollywood Bosses . In 2006 , Grady Hendrix of Film Comment , published by the Film Society of Lincoln Center cited Varma as `` Bombay 's Most Successful Maverick '' for his works on experimental films . Varma is known for presenting the Indian Political Trilogy , and the Indian Gangster Trilogy ; film critic Rajeev Masand had labeled the series as one of the `` most influential movies of Hindi cinema . The first installment of the trilogy , Satya , was also listed in CNN - IBN 's 100 greatest Indian films of all time . Varma 's recent avant - garde works include hits such as the dramatized re-enactment of `` Rayalaseema factionism '' in Rakta Charitra ( 2010 ) , the `` 2008 Mumbai attacks '' in The Attacks of 26 / 11 ( 2013 ) , the `` Operation Cocoon '' in Killing Veerappan ( 2016 ) , and the `` Vijayawada riots '' in Vangaveeti ( 2016 ) . Starting his career as a civil engineer , he made an entry into Telugu cinema with the path - breaking crime thriller , Siva ( 1989 ) screened at the 13th International Film Festival of India , and has garnered Varma , the state Nandi Awards for Best direction , Best first film of a director , and the Filmfare Award for Best Film -- Telugu . Subsequently , the film was included in CNN - IBN 's list of 100 greatest Indian films of all time . Varma 's next movie Kshana Kshanam ( 1991 ) was screened at the Ann Arbor Film Festival . The sleeper hit won him another Nandi Award for Best Direction , and the Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer . The 1993 political drama , Gaayam received six state Nandi Awards . In 1999 , He directed Prema Katha for which he received his third Nandi Award for Best Director . Contents 1 Early years 2 International acclaim 2.1 Film craft and style 2.2 Experimental films 3 Mainstream 4 Non-film work 4.1 Television 4.2 Biographies 5 Awards and nominations 5.1 National Film Awards 5.2 Nandi Awards 5.3 Filmfare Awards 5.4 Filmfare Awards South 5.5 Bimal Roy Memorial National Awards 5.6 IIFA Awards 5.7 Bollywood Movie Awards 5.8 Zee Cine Awards 5.9 Screen Awards 5.10 Stardust Awards 5.11 Other awards 6 Filmography 7 Web Series 8 References 9 External links Early Years ( edit ) In an interview to Tehelka , Varma talked about his relationship with his parents and the reasons behind his decision to become a filmmaker . From my parents ' perspective , I looked like a useless bum . It was the truth . I had no objective . I was just fascinated by people , so I used to study their behaviour . I was most fascinated by the bullies in my classroom . They were like gangsters for me . They had the guts to push around people , do things I could n't -- perhaps did not even want to do myself . But I 'd want a friend like that ( laughs ) . I used to adulate them like heroes . That was my first touch with anti-socialism . Over a period of time , I developed a low - angle fascination for larger than life people . I was always a loner -- not because I was unhappy , but because I live away from myself , not just others . I like to study myself -- the way I am walking , talking , behaving . My constant obsession with studying myself and other people is perhaps the primary motivation for me to be a filmmaker . Varma completed BE in Civil engineering from V.R. Siddhartha Engineering College , Vijayawada . Even during this period , Varma remained a film buff , through his uncle . Varma would skip classes often and watch films instead . He would watch the same film repeatedly `` just to watch certain scenes which interested him . '' According to him , that is how he learned film direction . After a brief stint as a site engineer for Krishna Oberoi hotel in Hyderabad , he put his dreams on the back burner and decided to go to Nigeria to make some money . It was at this moment that he visited a video rental library in Hyderabad . He loved the idea and decided to start one of his own at Ameerpet in Hyderabad , through which he slowly developed connections with the film world . Without being successful as a fourth assistant director in B. Gopal 's film Collector Gari Abbai , Varma directly ventured into film direction , with the 1989 Telugu film , Siva . International acclaim ( edit ) Rachel Dwyer , a reader in world cinema at the University of London - Department of South Asia , marked Varma 's Satya as an experiment with a new genre , a variation of film noir that has been called Mumbai Noir , of which Varma is the acknowledged master . In 2010 , Varma received critical acclaim at the Fribourg International Film Festival , Switzerland ; a retrospective of his filmography , highlighting Mumbai Noir was staged by film critic Edouard Waintrop , a delegate in the Directors ' Fortnight of the Cannes Film Festival . Satya and Company , in particular , were cited by British director Danny Boyle as influences on his Academy Award - winning film Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) , for their `` slick , often mesmerizing portrayals of the Mumbai underworld '' , their display of `` brutality and urban violence '' , and their gritty realism . In 2005 , Varma directed the Godfatheresque - Sarkar , another super-hit thriller inspired by the life of Bal Thackeray and North Indian politics , which was screened to special mention at the New York Asian Film Festival , along with its sequel Sarkar Raj , which premiered at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival and the 9th IIFA World Premiere - Bangkok , and was archived at the Academy of Motion Pictures library . In 2013 , he directed a docudrama , The Attacks of 26 / 11 , showcased to critical acclaim at the Berlin International Film Festival , in the Panorama as well as the Competition section , and was premièred at Films Division of India . The film received highly positive reviews , with critics praising Varma 's narrative of assistant commissioner N.R. Mahale , and the discrepancies associated with Mahale 's interaction with Ajmal Kasab on anti terrorism . Film craft and style ( edit ) Varma 's philosophy is influenced by Russian - American Novelist Ayn Rand , Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche and authors like James Hadley Chase and Frederick Forsyth , as well as by Mad magazine . Varma 's first runaway hit in Hindi cinema was Shiva ( 1990 ) , the remake of his 1989 film Siva . Varma introduced the steadicam to Indian cinema with Siva . Later , He garnered attention in Bollywood with the romantic comedy film , Rangeela ( 1995 ) starring Aamir Khan . The film won seven Filmfare Awards . Rangeela was later remade in hollywood as Win a Date with Tad Hamilton ! . He then directed Satya ( 1998 ) , which won six Filmfare Awards , including the Critics Award for Best Film , In 2005 , Indiatimes Movies included Satya in its list of 25 Must See Bollywood Movies . Satya was showcased among the Indian panorama section , at the 1998 International Film Festival of India , Varma received the Bimal Roy memorial award for best direction for this film . In the same year , he co-produced Dil Se ... , directed by Mani Ratnam , screened at the 1999 Berlin Film Festival , and won the Netpac Award , as well as two National Film Awards and six Filmfare Awards . Satya , together with his 2002 film Company ( which he directed , won three IIFA Awards , seven Filmfare Awards , and a Bollywood Movie Award for best direction , and was premiered at the 2004 Austin Film Festival ) and the 2005 film D ( which he produced ) , were also featured in the Fribourg International Film Festival , and the New York Asian Film Festival . Experimental films ( edit ) In 1991 , Varma experimented with the supernatural thriller , Raat , and the 1992 Neo-noir , crime film Drohi , and gained positive reviews from critics . During the years between his trilogy , from Satya in 1998 to D in 2005 , Varma implemented different film genres in his craft . In 1999 , he directed Kaun , a suspense thriller set entirely in one house and featuring only three actors , and Mast , a subversion of Hindi cinema 's masala genre . In 2000 , he directed Jungle , set entirely in a jungle , for which he was nominated for the Star Screen Award for Best Director . In 2003 he directed another supernatural thriller Bhoot on the lines of his earlier hit Raat . Bhoot became a major hit at the box office , and Varma was nominated for the Filmfare Best Director Award for the film . Bhoot was followed by even more horror movies , including hit films such as Darna Mana Hai ( 2003 ) , Darna Zaroori Hai ( 2006 ) , and Phoonk ( 2008 ) , gaining Varma the status of ster of the Indian horror genre . Other experimental productions of Varma include Ek Hasina Thi ( 2003 ) , a psychological thriller , and Ab Tak Chhappan ( 2004 ) , a film about an inspector in the Mumbai Encounter Squad noted for having killed 56 people in encounters . In 2006 , he re-made a new installment of Shiva , which was screened at the New York Asian Film Festival , where in a retrospective featuring Varma 's experimental hits such as Company , Ek Hasina Thi , Ab Tak Chhappan , Sarkar , Contract , and Shabri was staged . Shabri was also screened at Rome Film Festival . 2010 film on media , Rann was screened at Toronto International Film Festival . A two - part bilingual Parallel cinema Rakta Charitra ( 2010 ) , on the theme of South Indian politics , was based on the life of Paritala Ravindra , and Maddela Cheruvu Suri ; the film received praise from critics . Mainstream ( edit ) Varma started his career in the Telugu film industry as an assistant director on the sets of films such as Collector Gari Abbai and Rao Gari Illu . His father Krishnam Raju Varma , was a sound recordist at the Annapurna Studios . Varma met Nagarjuna Akkineni at the studios with the help of his friend nomula rohith yogi , and narrated a scene to the actor which impressed him . The result of their collaboration was a film on the criminalisation of student politics -- Siva . It was a commercially successful film that gave Varma an opportunity to demonstrate his technical expertise and story telling skills . Kshana Kshanam with Venkatesh , Gaayam with Jagapathi Babu and Anaganaga Oka Roju with J.D. Chakravarthy were successful , Govinda Govinda with Nagarjuna proved to be a moderate success at the box office . During this period , Varma produced films such as Money and Money Money . Other box office hits by Varma in Telugu include Gulabi ( 1995 ) ; Madhyanam Hathya ( 2004 ) ; Rakta Charitra ( 2010 ) , Dongala Mutha ( 2011 ) , Rowdy ( 2014 ) , Ice Cream ( 2014 ) . Varma introduced online auction based film distribution model for this venture , and tasted success . Varma 's notable mainstream works in Hindi cinema include Daud ( 1997 ) , Darna Zaroori Hai ( 2006 ) , Nishabd ( 2007 ) , Darling ( 2007 ) , and Phoonk ( 2008 ) . Bollywood film makers such as Anurag Kashyap , Madhur Bhandarkar , Puri Jagannadh , E. Nivas , Prawaal Raman , Krishna Vamsi , Vishram Sawant , and Hansal Mehta assisted Varma , before venturing into direction . In 1993 , he scripted the Tamil thriller Thiruda Thiruda , screened at Toronto International Film Festival . In 2015 , Varma was fined for Rs 10 Lakhs , for an alleged copyright violation with the film Aag ( 2007 ) . He made his directorial debut in Kannada cinema with the thriller Killing Veerappan . Non-film work ( edit ) Ram Gopal Varma with Suriya on the sets of Rakta Charitra Television ( edit ) Ram Gopal Varma made his début in Television through a Talk Show titled Ramuism . The show is being aired on a Telugu channel since September 2014 . The show is noted for its fresh and witty appeal . The show focuses on Varma 's Point of View on social issues such as Education , Religion , Mythology , Children , Crime , Death , Anger , Godmen , Woman , Philosophy , Cinema etc . The show is hosted by Swapna , the managing editor of Sakshi TV . Biographies ( edit ) Varma wrote an autobiography titled Na Ishtam , which discusses his life experiences and philosophy . ' Naa Ishtam ' was released in December 2010 at Taj Banjara , Hyderabad . Sirasri , poet , lyricist and writer wrote a biographical book on the interactions he had with Ram Gopal Varma with the title Vodka With Varma . Director Puri Jagannath launched the book in December 2012 . In November 2015 , Varma published his book `` Guns and Thighs : The Story of My Life '' which discusses a wide range of subjects , from the influences and circumstances that drew him to cinematic techniques , his successful and unsuccessful films , his Bollywood idols , his live in relationship with Suchitra Krishnamoorthy his relationship with the media and the controversies dogging him , his philosophy of life , and Indian cinema . On this occasion , Varma said `` I dedicated my book to Ayn Rand , Bruce Lee , Urmila Matondkar , Amitabh Bachchan , and a few gangsters . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Varma has garnered the National Film Award , the Bimal Roy Memorial National Award , seven state Nandi Awards , two Bollywood Filmfare Awards , and five Bollywood Movie Awards . National Film Awards ( edit ) Year Film Category Outcome Ref 1999 Shool National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi Won Nandi Awards ( edit ) Year Film Category Outcome Ref 1989 Siva Nandi Award for Best Director Won 1989 Siva Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director Won 1991 Kshana Kshanam Nandi Award for Best Director Won 1991 Kshana Kshanam Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer Won 1993 Money Nandi Award for Best Feature Film - Silver Won 1999 Prema Katha Nandi Award for Best Director Won 1999 Prema Katha Nandi Award for Best Feature Film - Bronze Won Filmfare Awards ( edit ) Year Film Category Outcome Ref 1995 Rangeela Filmfare Best Story Award Won 1995 Rangeela Filmfare Award for Best Director Nominated 1995 Rangeela Filmfare Award for Best Film Nominated 1998 Satya Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie Won 1998 Satya Filmfare Award for Best Film Nominated 2003 Company Filmfare Award for Best Director Nominated 2003 Company Filmfare Award for Best Film Nominated Bhoot Filmfare Award for Best Director Nominated 2006 Sarkar Filmfare Award for Best Director Nominated Filmfare Awards South ( edit ) Year Film Category Outcome Ref 1989 Siva Filmfare Award for Best Director -- Telugu Nominated 1991 Kshana Kshanam Filmfare Award for Best Director -- Telugu Nominated 1993 Gaayam Filmfare Award for Best Director -- Telugu Nominated Bimal Roy Memorial National Awards ( edit ) Year Film Category Outcome Ref 1999 Satya Bimal Roy Memorial Award for Best Direction Won IIFA Awards ( edit ) Year Film Category Outcome Ref 2002 Company IIFA Award for Best Movie Nominated 2002 Company IIFA Award for Best Director Nominated Bollywood Movie Awards ( edit ) Year Film Category Outcome Ref 1998 Satya Bollywood Movie Award -- Best Director Won 2000 Jungle Bollywood Movie Award -- Best Director Won 2002 Company Bollywood Movie Award -- Best Director Won 2003 Bhoot Bollywood Movie Award -- Best Director Won Zee Cine Awards ( edit ) Year Film Category Outcome Ref Bhoot Best Director of The Year Nominated 2005 Ab Tak Chhappan Best Producer of The Year Nominated Screen Awards ( edit ) Year Film Category Outcome Ref 2000 Jungle Screen Award for Best Director Nominated 2002 Company Screen Award for Best Film Nominated 2009 Sarkar Raj Screen Award for Best Director Nominated Stardust Awards ( edit ) Year Film Category Outcome Ref 2009 Sarkar Raj Stardust Award for Best Director Nominated Rakta Charitra Readers Choice Award for Best Director - Action / Thriller Nominated Other awards ( edit ) Year Film Awards Category Outcome Ref 1989 Siva Vamsee Berkley Awards Best Director Won 1993 Gaayam Akruthi Film Award Best Director Won Filmography ( edit ) Year Film Language Director Producer Writer Notes 1989 Siva Telugu Yes Yes Nandi Award for Best Director Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director Filmfare Award for Best Film -- Telugu International Film Festival of India Shiva Hindi Yes Remake of Siva crime film 1991 Kshana Kshanam Telugu Yes Yes Dubbed into Hindi as Hairaan Nandi Award for Best Director road movie 1992 Antham / Drohi Hindi / Telugu Yes Yes Bilingual film crime film 1992 Raat / Raatri Hindi / Telugu Yes Yes Yes Hindi - Telugu bilingual horror film 1993 Gaayam Telugu Yes Yes Political drama 1993 Money Telugu Yes Remade as Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega Nandi Award for Best Feature Film ( Silver Nandi ) comedy film 1993 Govinda Govinda Telugu Yes Yes thriller film 1993 Thiruda Thiruda Tamil Yes road movie 1995 Rangeela Hindi Yes Yes Yes Filmfare Award for Best Story Nominated , Filmfare Award for Best Film Nominated , Filmfare Award for Best Director romantic comedy 1995 Money Money Telugu Yes comedy film Deyyam Telugu Yes Yes horror film Gulabi Telugu Yes thriller film 1997 Anaganaga Oka Roju Telugu Yes Yes Yes road movie 1997 Daud Hindi Yes Yes road movie 1998 Satya Hindi Yes Yes Dubbed into Telugu as Satya Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie Nominated , Filmfare Award for Best Film Nominated , Filmfare Award for Best Director crime film 1998 Dil Se ... Hindi Yes Co-Produced with Mani Ratnam & Shekhar Kapur romantic thriller 1998 Wife of V. Varaprasad Telugu Yes comedy film 1999 Prema Katha Telugu Yes Yes Nandi Award for Best Feature Film ( Bronze Nandi ) Nandi Award for Best Director romance film 1999 Kaun Hindi Yes psychological thriller 1999 Mast Hindi Yes romantic comedy 1999 Shool Hindi Yes Yes National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi political drama 2000 Jungle Hindi Yes thriller film 2001 Love Ke Liye Kuchh Bhi Karega Hindi Yes Remake of Money comedy film 2001 Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya Hindi Yes romance film 2002 Company Hindi Yes Nominated , Filmfare Award for Best Film Nominated , Filmfare Award for Best Director crime film 2002 Road Hindi Yes road movie 2003 Bhoot Hindi Yes Yes Nominated , Filmfare Award for Best Director horror film 2003 Ek Hasina Thi Hindi Yes 2003 Darna Mana Hai Hindi Yes horror film Ab Tak Chhappan Hindi Yes crime film Vaastu Shastra Hindi Yes Dubbed into Telugu as Marri Chettu horror film Gayab Hindi Yes drama film Naach Hindi Yes Yes drama film Madhyanam Hathya Telugu Yes thriller film 2005 Jithan Tamil Yes Remake of Gayab 2005 My Wife 's Murder Hindi Yes Remake of Madhyanam Hathya thriller film 2005 Main Madhuri Dixit Banna Chahti Hoon Hindi Yes drama film 2005 Hindi Yes crime film 2005 James Hindi Yes action film 2005 Sarkar Hindi Yes Yes Yes Nominated , Filmfare Award for Best Director political drama 2005 Mr Ya Miss Hindi Yes comedy film 2006 Darwaza Bandh Rakho Hindi Yes comedy film 2006 Shock Telugu Yes Yes thriller film 2006 Shiva Hindi Yes Yes crime film 2006 Darna Zaroori Hai Hindi Yes Yes Directed only Story 1 horror film anthology film 2007 Nishabd Hindi Yes Yes Yes erotic film 2007 Ram Gopal Varma Ki Aag Hindi Yes Yes Yes crime film 2007 Darling Hindi Yes horror film 2007 Go Hindi Yes comedy film 2008 Sarkar Raj Hindi Yes Yes Yes political drama Cannes film festival 2008 Contract Hindi Yes parallel cinema 2008 Phoonk Hindi Yes Yes horror film 2008 Raksha Telugu Yes Yes Remake of Phoonk 2009 Agyaat Hindi Yes Yes Yes horror film Rann Hindi Yes Yes political drama Rakta Charitra Hindi , Telugu Yes Yes Biographical film Phoonk 2 Hindi Yes Executive Producer horror film 2011 Katha Screenplay Darshakatvam Appalaraju Telugu Yes Yes comedy film 2011 Shabri Hindi Yes crime film 2011 Dongala Mutha Telugu Yes Yes thriller film 2011 Bejawada Telugu Yes Yes political drama 2011 Not a Love Story Hindi Yes Yes thriller film 2012 Department Hindi Yes Yes crime film 2012 Bhoot Returns Hindi Yes Yes horror film 2013 The Attacks of 26 / 11 Hindi Yes Yes Docudrama 2013 Psycho Telugu Yes Yes thriller film 2013 Satya 2 Telugu / Hindi Yes Yes crime film 2014 Rowdy Telugu Yes Yes faction film 2014 Ice Cream Telugu Yes Yes horror film 2014 Anukshanam Telugu Yes Yes Slasher film 2014 Ice Cream 2 Telugu Yes Yes Slasher film 2014 A day in the life of Lakshmi Manchu 's feet Silent Yes Short film 2015 365 Days Telugu Yes Yes romance film 2016 Killing Veerappan Kannada Yes Yes Docudrama Film 2016 Attack Telugu Yes Political drama 2016 Veerappan Hindi Yes Yes Biographical film 2016 Vangaveeti Telugu Yes Yes Biographical film 2017 Sarkar 3 Hindi Yes Political thriller 2018 God , Sex and Truth English Yes Short film 2018 Officer Telugu Yes Yes 2018 Geher Hindi Yes Yes Yes 2018 Rai Hindi Yes Yes Biographical film of Muthappa Rai 2018 Nuclear English Yes Political thriller Web Series ( edit ) Year Film Language Director Producer Writer Notes 2018 Guns and Thighs Hindi Yes Yes Web Series 2018 Kadapa Telugu Yes Yes Web Series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ tirupatibuzz ( 28 January 2011 ) . `` Ram gopal varma rare and unseen photos '' . Tirupati Buzz . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ram Gopal Varma has a secret daughter ! '' . Chitramala.in. 15 October 2009 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Directorate of Film Festival '' ( PDF ) . iffi.nic.in . Jump up ^ `` IndianGoodfellas '' . americancinematheque.com . ^ Jump up to : http://www.gunsandthighs.com/#director Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rgvs-new-web-series-guns-and-thighs-talk-about-the-time-of-mafia-in-mumbai/articleshow/58870549.cms Jump up ^ `` Veerappan Going to Hollywood '' . The New Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` I do n't think cinema in Rs 100 crore terms : RGV '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Aparna Phadke , TNN 2 May 2012 , 02.43 pm IST ( 2 May 2012 ) . `` Me , RGV 's muse ? Out of question : Nathalia Kaur '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` LOVE2HateU -- 15th January 2012 -- RGV and Ritesh Deshmukh '' . YouTube . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum '' . ^ Jump up to : `` RGV 's associates want him back in action '' . India TV News . ^ Jump up to : `` How Ram Gopal Varma gave Bollywood its best gangsters '' . dailyo.in . ^ Jump up to : `` Ram Gopal Varma revolutionizing Indian film industry : flow - cam technology , now auctioning distribution rights '' . The American Bazaar . ^ Jump up to : `` 47th National Film Awards '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` A filmmaker is like a journalist '' . BBC . 29 July 2004 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/gaayam_retro0909_printer.php ^ Jump up to : `` Against the Grain : Grady Hendrix on Bombay 's most successful maverick '' . Film Society of Lincoln Center . September -- October 2006 . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` GOOD VARMA FROM INDIA '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ `` Masand 's Verdict : Contract , mangled mess of Satya , Company '' . CNN - News18 . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Scenes - Rachel Dwyer - May 30 , 2005 '' . outlookindia.com . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum '' . tribuneindia.com . Jump up ^ `` 100 Years of Indian Cinema : The 100 greatest Indian films of all time '' . IBNLive . Jump up ^ `` Ram Gopal Verma 's Veerappan creating ripples in south India '' . ^ Jump up to : `` మంచి ఐడియాతో తీస్తే ... ' ఐస్క్రీమ్'లా ఆర్థిక లాభాలు ! '' . Sakshi . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vangaveeti : Ram Gopal Varma 's latest film is his most violent work '' . 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flow Cam technology for the first time in Asia : RGV '' . Sify . ^ Jump up to : `` Directorate of Film Festival '' ( PDF ) . Iffi.nic.in . Retrieved 12 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Years of Indian Cinema : The 100 greatest Indian films of all time - Movies News Photos - IBNLive '' . IBNLive . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema - Kshana Kshanam , Pg ( 503 ) - Professor of critical Studies - Paul Willemen - 2014 Jump up ^ `` I need to change my approach to films '' . Tehelka. 15 September 2007 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Basu , Arundhati ( 2 July 2005 ) . `` Don of the big screen '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lakshmi Talk Show with Ram Gopal Varma '' . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Rachel Dwyer ( 30 May 2005 ) . `` Behind The Scenes '' . Outlook Magazine . Retrieved 18 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Edouard Waintrop on the New Indian Cinema : UP Front -- India Today '' . India Today . 18 May 2012 . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : David ( 16 June 2006 ) . `` The Films of Ram Gopal Varma -- An Overview '' . Cinema Strikes Back . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Amitava Kumar ( 23 December 2008 ) . `` Slumdog Millionaire 's Bollywood Ancestors '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 4 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Lisa Tsering ( 29 January 2009 ) . `` ' Slumdog ' Director Boyle Has ' Fingers Crossed ' for Oscars '' . IndiaWest . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Anthony Kaufman ( 29 January 2009 ) . `` DGA nominees borrow from the masters : Directors cite specific influences for their films '' . Variety . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bollywood biggies bet big on Cannes '' . dna . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Shropshire - Entertainment - Sarkar Raj unveiled at Cannes '' . Jump up ^ `` Sarkar Raj makes it to the Academy of Motion Pictures library '' . Bollywood Hungama. 2 August 2008 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bangkok for 2008 IIFA Awards '' . DESIblitz . Jump up ^ `` The Attacks of 26 / 11 Movie Review '' . Koimoi.com . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Attacks of 26 / 11 ' selected for Berlin film fest '' . IBNLive . Jump up ^ `` RGV to recreate Taj Hotel for his 26 / 11 film '' . Mid-day.com. 31 August 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Advani praises RGV 's The Attacks of 26 / 11 , advocates Parliament screening '' . Hindustan Times . 2013 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Critics review The Attacks of 26 / 11 , find it watchable '' . Hindustan Times . 1 March 2013 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brilliant : Cop who first quizzed Kasab on 26 / 11 film '' . Rediff. 4 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Recreating 26 / 11 massacre felt terrifying : RGV ( Movie Snippets ) '' . Sify.com. 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Would you watch RGV 's film on 26 / 11 ? - Rediff.com Movies '' . Rediff.com. 13 December 2011 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Verma , Sukanya . `` All you need to know about Company '' . Rediff . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Chinnarayana , Pulagam ( August 2007 ) . శివ -- సెల్యులాయిడ్ చరిత్రలో సహజావేశం ( Siva -- A natural frustration in the history of celluloid ) . Telugu Naadi ( in Telugu ) . United States . ISSN 1559 - 7008 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2016 . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Raghavan , Nikhil ( 9 October 2010 ) . `` A saga in the making ? '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Acting ! Who me ? Never , says Ram Gopal Varma '' . NDTV . Indo - Asian News Service . 5 December 2010 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Winners -- 1998 '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Take Pride in These 10 Bollywood Movies Which Were Copied By Hollywood '' . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment '' . indiatimes.com . Archived from the original on 10 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Directorate of Film Festival '' ( PDF ) . Iffi.nic.in . Retrieved 12 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1999 Awards '' . Bimal Roy Memorial . ^ Jump up to : `` Ram Gopal verma : Sarkar : Yet another fantastic movie from the Stylish Director '' . Reachouthyderabad.com . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Charlie ( 24 August 2005 ) . `` D : Final film in Indian Gangster Trilogy a Must See '' . Cinema Strikes Back . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B0DEFDA1630F933A05756C0A9659C8B63 Jump up ^ `` RGV 's Patta Pagalu - Trailer Talk - Gulte.com - Rajasekhar in RGV 's Patta Pagalu - Swati Dixit 's Patta Pagalu '' . Gulte.com . Jump up ^ `` The ' Bhoot ' review : Numbed by fear ? '' . rediff.com . Jump up ^ `` Much - Delayed Shabri Gets A Sequel ! '' . boxofficeindia.co.in . Jump up ^ `` RGV : SHABRI is far superior to SATYA '' . glamsham.com . Jump up ^ Taran Adarsh ( 29 January 2010 ) . `` Rann '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 29 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rann -- Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 4 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Rakht Charitra is replete with violence , yet blows you away ! '' . DNA . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` My best film is Bhoot : Ram Gopal Varma '' . Bollywoodsargam. 31 July 2004 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Different Strokes '' . Screen India . 30 May 2003 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rowdy ' Review Roundup : Watch it for Mohan Babu '' . International Business Times , India Edition . 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RGV disrupts film distribution model ; introduces online auction '' . The Hindu Business Line . Jump up ^ Sen , Raja ( 18 June 2010 ) . `` Raavan is unforgivably boring '' . Rediff . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Thiruda Thiruda ( 1994 ) - Full Cast & Crew - IMDb Jump up ^ Nayar , Parvathi ( 25 June 2010 ) . `` Jewel of Indian cinema '' . AsiaOne . Singapore Press Holdings . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` HC imposes Rs 10 lakh fine on Ram Gopal Varma for remaking ' Sholay ' '' . The Indian Express . 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Killing Veerappan ' to be launched on Rajkumar 's birthday - The Hindu '' . thehindu.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` RGV 's Big Bomb Blast '' . Gulte.com . Jump up ^ `` Ram Gopal Varma 's autobiography Naa Ishtam released '' . www.filmibeat.com . Jump up ^ norter.ru/pd/rgv-book-naa-istam.pdf Jump up ^ `` Guns And Thighs : RGV 's autobiography about pornstar , gangsters '' . hindustantimes.com . Jump up ^ `` RGV 's autobiography on ' Guns & Thighs ' '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` I was inspired by Amitabh 's gun and Sridevi 's thighs - Ram Gopal Varma - Filmymonkey '' . Filmymonkey . Jump up ^ `` Best Story Official listings '' . Indiatimes , Filmfare Awards . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Filmfare Nominees and Winners Jump up ^ `` Critics Award for Best Film '' . Filmfare Awards Official listing , Indiatimes . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://bimalroymemorial.org/pdf/12th_January_1999-BT.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Ram Gopal Varma Biography '' . FilmiBeat . ^ Jump up to : `` Zee Cine Awards '' . imdb.com . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0296574/awards External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ram Gopal Varma . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Ram Gopal Varma Ram Gopal Varma on IMDb Ram Gopal Varma At Taj by Chance Ram Gopal Varma Films directed Siva ( 1989 ) Shiva ( 1990 ) Kshana Kshanam ( 1991 ) Raat ( 1992 ) Antham / Drohi ( 1992 ) Gaayam ( 1993 ) Govinda Govinda ( 1994 ) Rangeela ( 1995 ) Deyyam ( 1996 ) Anaganaga Oka Roju ( 1997 ) Daud : Fun on the Run ( 1997 ) Satya ( 1998 ) Prema Katha ( 1999 ) Kaun ( 1999 ) Mast ( 1999 ) Jungle ( 2000 ) Company ( 2002 ) Bhoot ( 2003 ) Naach ( 2004 ) Madhyanam Hathya ( 2004 ) Sarkar ( 2005 ) Shiva ( 2006 ) Darna Zaroori Hai ( Story 2 ) ( 2006 ) Nishabd ( 2007 ) Aag ( 2007 ) Darling ( 2007 ) Sarkar Raj ( 2008 ) Contract ( 2008 ) Phoonk ( 2008 ) Agyaat ( 2009 ) Rann ( 2010 ) Rakta Charitra ( 2010 ) Katha Screenplay Darsakatvam Appalaraju ( 2011 ) Dongala Mutha ( 2011 ) Not a Love Story ( 2011 ) Department ( 2012 ) Bhoot Returns ( 2012 ) The Attacks of 26 / 11 ( 2013 ) Satya 2 ( 2013 ) Rowdy ( 2014 ) Ice Cream ( 2014 ) Ice Cream 2 ( 2014 ) Anukshanam ( 2014 ) 365 Days ( 2015 ) Killing Veerappan ( 2016 ) Attack ( 2016 ) Veerappan ( 2016 ) Vangaveeti ( 2016 ) Sarkar 3 ( 2017 ) Officer ( 2018 ) Patta Pagalu ( TBA ) Secret ( TBA ) Written and produced Money ( 1993 ) Thiruda Thiruda ( 1993 ) Money Money ( 1995 ) Gulabi ( 1996 ) W / o V. Vara Prasad ( 1998 ) Dil Se ... ( 1998 ) Shool ( 1999 ) Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya ( 2001 ) Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega ( 2001 ) Road ( 2002 ) Company ( 2002 ) Darna Mana Hai ( 2003 ) Main Madhuri Dixit Banna Chahti Hoon ( 2003 ) Ek Hasina Thi ( 2004 ) Ab Tak Chhappan ( 2004 ) Gayab ( 2004 ) Vaastu Shastra ( 2004 ) My Wife 's Murder ( 2005 ) D ( 2005 ) Mr Ya Miss ( 2005 ) Shabri ( 2005 ) Shock ( 2006 ) Darna Zaroori Hai ( 2006 ) Darwaaza Bandh Rakho ( 2006 ) Go ( 2007 ) Phoonk 2 ( 2010 ) Gaayam 2 ( 2010 ) Bejawada ( 2011 ) Psycho ( 2013 ) Rai ( 2018 ) Web series Guns and Thighs ( 2017 ) Kadapa ( 2017 ) God , Sex and Truth ( 2018 ) Filmfare Award for Best Story 1955 - 1970 Mukhram Sharma ( 1955 ) Rajinder Singh Bedi ( 1956 ) Amiya Chakrabarty ( 1957 ) Akhtar Mirza ( 1958 ) Mukhram Sharma ( 1959 ) Subodh Ghosh ( 1960 ) Ruby Sen ( 1961 ) C.V. Sridhar ( 1962 ) K.P. Kottarakara ( 1963 ) Jarasandha ( 1964 ) Ban Bhatt ( 1965 ) Akhtar Mirza ( 1966 ) R.K. Narayan ( 1967 ) Manoj Kumar ( 1968 ) Sachin Bhowmick ( 1969 ) Vasant Shankar Kanetkar ( 1970 ) 1971 - 1990 Chandrakant Kakodkar ( 1971 ) Hrishikesh Mukherjee ( 1972 ) Basu Bhattacharya ( 1973 ) Salim - Javed ( 1974 ) Kaifi Azmi , Ismat Chughtai ( 1975 ) Salim - Javed ( 1976 ) Balaichand Mukherjee ( 1977 ) Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay ( 1978 ) Dinesh Thakur ( 1979 ) Shanker Shesh ( 1980 ) Vijay Tendulkar ( 1981 ) Chetan Anand ( 1982 ) Samresh Basu ( 1983 ) S.D. Palwalker ( 1984 ) Mahesh Bhatt ( 1985 ) Aleem Masroor ( 1986 ) no award ( 1987 ) no award ( 1988 ) Subodh Ghosh ( 1989 ) Kasinathuni Viswanath ( 1990 ) 1991 - 2010 Rajkumar Santoshi ( 1991 ) Honey Irani ( 1992 ) no award given ( 1993 ) Sutanu Gupta ( 1994 ) K.K. Singh ( 1995 ) Ram Gopal Varma ( 1996 ) Gulzar ( 1997 ) Kamal Haasan ( 1998 ) Mahesh Bhatt ( 1999 ) Vinay Shukla ( 2000 ) Honey Irani ( 2001 ) Ashutosh Gowariker ( 2002 ) Jaideep Sahni ( 2003 ) Nagesh Kukunoor ( 2004 ) Aditya Chopra ( 2005 ) Sudhir Mishra , Ruchi Narain & Shivkumar Subramaniam ( 2006 ) Rajkumar Hirani & Vidhu Vinod Chopra ( 2007 ) Amole Gupte ( 2008 ) Abhishek Kapoor ( 2009 ) Abhijat Joshi & Rajkumar Hirani ( 2010 ) 2011 - present Anurag Kashyap & Vikramaditya Motwane ( 2011 ) Sanjay Chauhan ( 2012 ) Juhi Chaturvedi ( 2013 ) Subhash Kapoor ( 2014 ) Rajat Kapoor ( 2015 ) K.V. Vijayendra Prasad ( 2016 ) Shakun Batra ( 2017 ) Amit V Masurkar ( 2018 ) Nandi Award for Best Director 1981 - 2000 Bharathiraja ( 1981 ) U. Visweswar Rao ( 1982 ) Jandhyala ( 1983 ) Kovelamudi Raghavendra Rao ( 1984 ) Singeetam Srinivasa Rao ( 1985 ) Kasinathuni Viswanath ( 1986 ) Kasinathuni Viswanath ( 1987 ) Suresh Krissna ( 1988 ) Ram Gopal Varma ( 1989 ) Kranthi Kumar ( 1990 ) Ram Gopal Varma ( 1991 ) C. Umamaheswara Rao ( 1992 ) Kovelamudi Raghavendra Rao ( 1993 ) Singeetam Srinivas Rao ( 1994 ) Kovelamudi Raghavendra Rao ( 1995 ) Gangaraju Gunnam ( 1996 ) Kovelamudi Raghavendra Rao ( 1997 ) Dasari Narayana Rao ( 1998 ) Ram Gopal Varma ( 1999 ) S.V. Krishna Reddy ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Teja ( 2001 ) Krishna Vamsi ( 2002 ) Gunasekhar ( 2003 ) Sekhar Kammula ( 2004 ) Krishna Vamsi ( 2005 ) Sekhar Kammula ( 2006 ) Krishna Vamsi ( 2007 ) Radhakrishna Jagarlamudi ( 2008 ) S.S. Rajamouli ( 2009 ) Sunil Kumar Reddy ( 2010 ) N. Shankar ( 2011 ) S.S. Rajamouli ( 2012 ) Daya Kodavaganti ( 2013 ) Boyapati Srinu ( 2014 ) S.S. Rajamouli ( 2015 ) Satish Vegesna ( 2016 ) Category BNF : cb150689057 ( data ) GND : 143507265 ISNI : 0000 0001 1445 0000 LCCN : no2001051148 SUDOC : 135511097 VIAF : 56900707 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram_Gopal_Varma&oldid=856934361 '' Categories : Hindi - language film directors Telugu film directors Indian experimental filmmakers Indian action choreographers Casting directors Living people Telugu people 1962 births Filmfare Awards winners Nandi Award winners Indian atheists Indian male screenwriters 20th - century Indian film directors Artists from Vijayawada Film directors from Andhra Pradesh Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh 21st - century Indian film directors Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Telugu - language sources ( te ) EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Русский संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 13 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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Elephant in the room
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Elephant in the room - wikipedia Elephant in the room Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Elephant in the room ( disambiguation ) . The Elephant in the Room , Banksy exhibition , 2006 Barely Legal show , Los Angeles ( The elephant is Tai ) Elephant in the room is an English - language metaphorical idiom for an obvious problem or risk that no one wants to discuss , or a condition of groupthink that no one wants to challenge . It is based on the idea / thought that something as conspicuous as an elephant can appear to be overlooked in codified social interactions , and that the sociology / psychology of repression also operates on the macro scale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Usage 2.1 Similar 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Origins ( edit ) In 1814 , Ivan Andreevich Krylov ( 1769 -- 1844 ) , poet and fabulist , wrote a fable entitled `` The Inquisitive Man '' which tells of a man who goes to a museum and notices all sorts of tiny things , but fails to notice an elephant . The phrase became proverbial . Fyodor Dostoevsky in his novel ' Demons ' wrote , ' Belinsky was just like Krylov 's Inquisitive Man , who did n't notice the elephant in the museum ... ' The Oxford English Dictionary gives the first recorded use of the phrase , as a simile , in The New York Times on June 20 , 1959 : `` Financing schools has become a problem about equal to having an elephant in the living room . It 's so big you just ca n't ignore it . '' This idiomatic expression may have been in general use much earlier than 1959 . For example , the phrase appears 44 years earlier in the pages of a British journal , Journal of Education , in 1915 . The sentence was presented as a trivial illustration of a question British schoolboys would be able to answer , e.g. , `` Is there an elephant in the class - room ? '' The first widely disseminated conceptual reference was a story written by Mark Twain in 1882 , `` The Stolen White Elephant '' , which slyly dissects the inept , far - ranging activities of detectives trying to find an elephant that was right on the spot after all . This may have been the reference in the legal opinion of United States v. Leviton , 193 F. 2d 848 ( 2nd Circuit , 1951 ) , makes reference in its opinion , `` As I have elsewhere observed , it is like the Mark Twain story of the little boy who was told to stand in a corner and not to think of a white elephant . '' A slightly different version of the phrase was used before this , with George Berkeley talking of whether or not there is `` an invisible elephant in the room '' in his debates with scientists . In 1935 , comedian Jimmy Durante starred on Broadway in the Billy Rose Broadway musical Jumbo , in which a police officer stops him while leading a live elephant and asks , `` What are you doing with that elephant ? '' Durante 's reply , `` What elephant ? '' was a regular show - stopper . Durante reprises the piece in the 1962 film version of the play , Billy Rose 's Jumbo . Usage ( edit ) The term refers to a question , problem , solution , or controversial issue which is obvious to everyone who knows about the situation , but which is deliberately ignored because to do otherwise would cause great embarrassment , sadness , or trigger arguments or is simply taboo . The idiom can imply a value judgment that the issue ought to be discussed openly , or it can simply be an acknowledgment that the issue is there and not going to go away by itself . The term is often used to describe an issue that involves a social taboo , such as race , religion , homosexuality , mental illness , or even suicide . It is applicable when a subject is emotionally charged ; and the people who might have spoken up decide that it is probably best avoided . The idiom is commonly used in addiction recovery terminology to describe the reluctance of friends and family of an addicted person to discuss the person 's problem , thus aiding the person 's denial . Especially in reference to alcohol abuse , the idiom is sometimes coupled with that of the pink elephant , q.v. `` the pink elephant in the room . '' The expression has also been used as a metaphorical idiom in Spanish . In 1994 , the 8000 Process was a legal investigation of events surrounding accusations that the campaign of Colombian Liberal Party candidate Ernesto Samper for President of Colombia was partially funded with drug money from the Cali Cartel . Insisting on his innocence , Samper stated that if drug money had entered the presidential campaign , it had done so `` behind his back '' . Cardinal Pedro Rubiano , a leader of Colombia 's Catholic Church , stated in an interview that not knowing that drug money financed part of the presidential campaign was similar to not noticing `` an elephant entering one 's living room '' . Since then , the events that led to drug money financing the `` Samper for President '' campaign have been referred to as `` The Elephant '' . For some , their first encounter with this phrase comes through the poem of the same name by Terry Kettering . In one edition of Time magazine in 2013 , Chris Christie was labeled as the `` Elephant in the Room '' on the cover page . Similar ( edit ) A variation is the phrase `` elephant in the corner '' which is infrequently used to the same effect . Logician and philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein used an example of a rhinoceros in the room to show the impossibility of proving negative existential statements . `` Mokita '' is a word in the Kilivila language , which is spoken on Kiriwina , the largest of the Trobriand Islands ( near Papua New Guinea ) . It means `` truth we all know but agree not to talk about . '' See also ( edit ) Quotations related to Elephant in the room at Wikiquote Blind men and an elephant Elephant joke Elephant test Nigger in the woodpile Ostrich effect Polite fiction Skeleton in the closet ( idiom ) Taboo The Elephant in the Living Room , 2011 documentary The Emperor 's New Clothes Third rail ( metaphor ) Unsaid Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wyatt , Edward . A Splashy Los Angeles Debut by Banksy - Design - New York Times , Published : September 16 , 2006 , retrieved December 2012 Jump up ^ Cambridge University Press . ( 2009 ) . Cambridge academic content dictionary , p. 298 . Jump up ^ Demons by Fyodor Dostoevsky , translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky , Vintage 2006 , p. 718 Jump up ^ Demons by Fyodor Dostoevsky , translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky , Vintage 2006 , p. 38 Jump up ^ `` OED , Draft Additions June 2006 : elephant , n '' . OUP . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Journal of education , Vol. 37 ( 1915 ) , p. 288 . Jump up ^ On the nature and elements of the external world : or Universal immaterialism fully explained and newly demonstrated by Thomas Collyns Simon , 1862 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Palta , Namrata. ( 2007 ) . Spoken English : a Detailed and Simplified Course for Learning Spoken English , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Canal RCN - Noticias RCN Archived 2007 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Articulo Archivado FRASES DEL AÑO Jump up ^ Mauk , Kristen L. ( 2006 ) . Gerontological Nursing : Competencies for Care , p. 808. , p. 808 , at Google Books ; `` The Elephant in the Room , '' CHUMS Magazine , p. 23 . May 2003 . Jump up ^ `` ' Elephant in the corner of the living room ' : Discrimination common , associated with depression among minority children , '' AAPNews ( American Academy of Pediatrics ) . May 8 , 2010 ; O'Connor , P. ( 2008 ) `` The Elephant in the Corner : Gender and Policies Related to Higher Education , '' Administration ( Institute of Public Administration of Ireland ) 56 ( 1 ) , pp. 85 - 110 . Jump up ^ Senft , Gunter ( 1995 ) . `` Ai n't Misbehavin ' ? Trobriand Pragmatics and the Field Researcher 's Opportunity to Put His ( Or Her ) Foot in It '' . Oceanic Linguistics . University of Hawai'i Press . 34 ( 1 ) : 211 -- 226 . doi : 10.2307 / 3623120 . JSTOR 3623120 . References ( edit ) Cambridge University Press . ( 2009 ) . Cambridge academic content dictionary ( Paul Heacock , editor ) . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87143 - 3 / ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 69196 - 3 ; OCLC 183392531 __________. ( 1915 ) . Journal of education , Vol. 37 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . OCLC 1713625 Palta , Namrata. ( 2007 ) . Spoken English : a Detailed and Simplified Course for Learning Spoken English . New Delhi : Lotus Press . ISBN 978 - 8 - 183 - 82052 - 3 ; OCLC 297508439 External links ( edit ) Look up elephant in the room in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary ( OALD ) , Word of the Month : Elephant in the room Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elephant_in_the_room&oldid=817665874 '' Categories : English - language idioms Metaphors referring to elephants Metaphors referring to animals Political correctness Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Italiano Norsk Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 20 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where does the expression elephant in the room come from
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High Court of Australia
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High Court of Australia - Wikipedia High Court of Australia High Court of Australia The High Court building , situated on the shore of Lake Burley Griffin Established 1903 Country Australia Location Canberra , Australian Capital Territory ( Map ) Composition method Vice-regal appointment upon Prime Ministerial nomination , following advice of Attorney - General and Cabinet Authorized by Constitution of Australia Judge term length Until age of 70 years ( Constitution of Australia , s 72 following 1977 referendum ) No. of positions 7 , by statute Website www.hcourt.gov.au Chief Justice of Australia Currently Susan Kiefel Since 30 January 2017 The High Court of Australia is the supreme court in the Australian court hierarchy and the final court of appeal in Australia . It has both original and appellate jurisdiction , the power of judicial review over laws passed by the Parliament of Australia and the parliaments of the states , and the ability to interpret the Constitution of Australia and thereby shape the development of federalism in Australia . The High Court is mandated by section 71 of the Constitution , which vests in it the judicial power of the Commonwealth of Australia . The Court was constituted by , and its first members were appointed under , the Judiciary Act 1903 . It now operates under sections 71 to 75 of the Constitution , the Judiciary Act , and the High Court of Australia Act 1979 . It is composed of seven Justices : the Chief Justice of Australia , currently Susan Kiefel , and six other Justices . They are appointed by the Governor - General of Australia on the advice of the federal government , and under the constitution must retire at age 70 . The High Court has had a permanent home in Canberra since 1979 . The majority of its sittings are held in the High Court building , which is situated in the Parliamentary Triangle overlooking Lake Burley Griffin . With an increasing utilisation of video links , sittings are also often held in the state capitals . Contents 1 Role of the court 1.1 Original jurisdiction 1.2 Appellate jurisdiction 1.3 Appeals to the Privy Council 1.4 Appellate jurisdiction for Nauru 2 History 2.1 Constitutional conventions 2.2 Formation of the court 2.3 First years of the court 2.4 Post-war period 3 Jurisprudence 3.1 Griffith court 3.2 Knox , Isaacs and Gavan Duffy courts 3.3 Latham court 3.4 Dixon court 3.5 Barwick court 3.6 Gibbs court 3.7 Mason court 3.8 Brennan court 3.9 Gleeson court 3.10 French court 3.11 Kiefel court 4 Composition of the court 4.1 Appointment process 4.2 Current composition 4.3 Initial composition 4.4 Expansion of composition 4.5 Recent developments in composition 4.6 Judges ' Associates 5 Facilities 5.1 Building 5.2 Online 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Role of the Court ( edit ) The No. 1 Courtroom , used for all cases that require a full bench of seven justices The High Court exercises both original jurisdiction ( cases that originate in the High Court ) and appellate jurisdiction ( appeals made to the High Court from other courts ) . The High Court is the court of final appeal with the ability to interpret the common law for the whole of Australia , not just the state or territory in which the matter arose . The High Court 's broad jurisdiction is similar to that of the Supreme Court of Canada and unlike the Supreme Court of the United States which has a more limited jurisdiction . As such , the court is able to develop the common law consistently across all the states and territories . This role , alongside its role in constitutional interpretation , is one of the court 's most significant . As Sir Owen Dixon said on his swearing in as Chief Justice of Australia : `` The High Court 's jurisdiction is divided in its exercise between constitutional and federal cases which loom so largely in the public eye , and the great body of litigation between man and man , or even man and government , which has nothing to do with the Constitution , and which is the principal preoccupation of the court . '' This broad array of jurisdiction enables the High Court to take a leading role in Australian law and contributes to a consistency and uniformity among the laws of the different states . Original jurisdiction ( edit ) The original jurisdiction of the High Court refers to matters that are originally heard in the High Court . The Constitution confers actual ( section 75 ) and potential ( section 76 ) original jurisdiction . Section 75 of the Constitution confers original jurisdiction in regard to `` all matters '' : arising under any treaty affecting consuls or other representatives of other countries in which the Commonwealth , or a person suing or being sued on behalf of the Commonwealth , is a party between States , or between residents of different States , or between a State and a resident of another State in which a writ of mandamus or prohibition or an injunction is sought against an officer of the Commonwealth . The conferral of original jurisdiction creates some problems for the High Court . For example , challenges against immigration - related decisions are often brought against an officer of the Commonwealth within the original jurisdiction of the High Court . Section 76 provides that Parliament may confer original jurisdiction in relation to matters : arising under the constitution or involving its interpretation arising under any laws made by the Parliament of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction relating to the same subject matter claimed under the laws of different states . Constitutional matters , referred to in section 76 ( i ) , have been conferred to the High Court by section 30 of the Judiciary Act 1903 . However , the inclusion of constitutional matters in section 76 , rather than section 75 , means that the High Court 's original jurisdiction regarding constitutional matters could be removed . In practice , section 75 ( iii ) ( suing the Commonwealth ) and section 75 ( iv ) ( conflicts between states ) are broad enough that many constitutional matters would still be within jurisdiction . The original constitutional jurisdiction of the High Court is now well established : the Australian Law Reform Commission has described the inclusion of constitutional matters in section 76 rather than section 75 as `` an odd fact of history . '' The 1998 Constitutional Convention recommended an amendment to the constitution to prevent the possibility of the jurisdiction being removed by Parliament . Failure to proceed on this issue suggests that it was considered highly unlikely that Parliament would ever take this step . The requirement of `` a matter '' in section 75 and section 76 of the constitution means that a concrete issue must need to be resolved and the High Court can not give an advisory opinion . Appellate jurisdiction ( edit ) Australian court hierarchy Federal Law Courts High Court of Australia Federal Court of Australia Family Court of Australia Federal Circuit Court of Australia Commonwealth courts and tribunals Courts of Australian states and territories New South Wales courts Victorian courts Queensland courts Western Australian courts South Australian courts Tasmanian courts Australian Capital Territory courts Northern Territory courts Norfolk Island courts The High Court 's appellate jurisdiction is defined under section 73 of the Constitution . The High Court can hear appeals from the Supreme Courts of the states and territories , any federal court or court exercising federal jurisdiction ( such as the Federal Court of Australia , the Federal Circuit Court of Australia , or other federal courts ) , and decisions made by one or more Justices exercising the original jurisdiction of the court . However , section 73 allows the appellate jurisdiction to be limited `` with such exceptions and subject to such regulations as the Parliament prescribes '' . Parliament has prescribed a large limitation in section 35A of the Judiciary Act 1903 . This requires `` special leave '' to appeal . Special leave is granted only where a question of law is raised that is of public importance ; or involves a conflict between courts ; or `` is in the interests of the administration of justice '' . Therefore , while the High Court is the final court of appeal , it can not be considered a general court of appeal . The decision as to whether to grant special leave to appeal is determined by one or more Justices of the High Court ( in practice , a panel of two or three judges ) . That is , the Court exercises the power to decide which appeal cases it will consider . Appeals to the Privy Council ( edit ) High Court building The issue of appeals from the High Court to the United Kingdom 's Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was a significant one during the drafting of the Constitution and it continued to be significant in the years after the court 's creation . The wording of section 74 of the constitution that was put to voters in the various colonies was that there was to be no appeal to the Privy Council in any matter involving the interpretation of the Constitution or of the Constitution of a State , unless it involved the interests of some other dominion . Section 74 of the Constitution , as enacted by the Imperial Parliament , prohibited appeals on constitutional matters involving disputes about the limits inter se of Commonwealth or state powers , except where the High Court certified it was appropriate for the appeal to be determined by the Privy Council . It did so only once : in the 1912 case of Colonial Sugar Refining Co Ltd v Attorney - General ( Cth ) when the Court was equally divided . After that case , in which the Privy Council refused to answer the constitutional questions put to it , the High Court never certified another inter se appeal . Indeed , in the case of Kirmani v Captain Cook Cruises Pty Ltd ( 1985 ) , the court said that it would never again grant a certificate of appeal . In general matters , however , section 74 did not prevent the Privy Council from granting leave to appeal against the High Court 's wishes and the Council did so often . In some cases the Council acknowledged that the Australian common law had developed differently from English law and thus did not apply its own principles ( for example , in Australian Consolidated Press Ltd v Uren ( 1967 ) , or in Viro v The Queen ( 1978 ) ) , by using a legal fiction that stated that different common law can apply to different circumstances . However , in other cases , the Privy Council enforced English decisions , over-ruling decisions by the High Court . In Parker v The Queen ( 1963 ) , Chief Justice Sir Owen Dixon led a unanimous judgment that rejected a precedent of the House of Lords in DPP v Smith saying , `` I shall not depart from the law on this matter as we have long since laid it down in this Court and I think that Smith 's case should not be used in Australia as authority at all '' . the following year the Privy Council upheld an appeal , applying the House of Lords precedent . Section 74 did provide that the parliament could make laws to prevent appeals to the Privy Council and it did so , beginning in 1968 , with the Privy Council ( Limitation of Appeals ) Act 1968 , which closed off all appeals to the Privy Council in matters involving federal legislation . In 1975 , the Privy Council ( Appeals from the High Court ) Act 1975 was passed , which had the effect of closing all routes of appeal from the High Court . Appeals from the High Court to the Privy Council are now only theoretically possible in inter se matters if the High Court grants a certificate of appeal under section 74 of the Constitution . As noted above , the High Court indicated in 1985 it would not grant such a certificate in the future and it is practically certain that all future High Courts will maintain this policy . In 1986 , with the passing of the Australia Act by both the UK Parliament and the Parliament of Australia ( with the request and consent of the Australian States ) , appeals to the Privy Council from state Supreme Courts were closed off , leaving the High Court as the only avenue of appeal . Thirteen High Court judges have heard cases as part of the Privy Council . Sir Isaac Isaacs is the only judge to have sat on an appeal from the High Court , in 1936 after his retirement as Governor - General . Sir Garfield Barwick insisted on an amendment to Privy Council procedure to allow dissent , however he exercised that only once . The appeals mostly related to decisions from other Commonwealth countries , although they occasionally included appeals from a State Supreme Court . Sir Samuel Griffith Sir Edmund Barton Sir Adrian Knox Sir Isaac Isaacs Sir George Rich Sir Garfield Barwick Sir Douglas Menzies Sir Alan Taylor Sir Frank Kitto Sir Edward McTiernan Sir Victor Windeyer Sir Harry Gibbs Sir Ninian Stephen Appellate jurisdiction for Nauru ( edit ) As per an agreement between Nauru and Australia signed on 6 September 1976 , in application of article 57 of the Constitution of Nauru , the High Court of Australia became the ultimate court of appeal for the sovereign Republic of Nauru , formerly an Australian League of Nations mandate . The High Court was empowered to hear appeals from the Supreme Court of Nauru in both criminal and civil cases , with certain exceptions ; in particular , no case pertaining to the Constitution of Nauru could be decided by the Australian court . There were a total of five appeals to the High Court under this agreement in the first 40 years of its operation . In 2017 , however , this jumped to 13 appeals , most relating to asylum seekers . Some legal commentators ( including the Australian Law Reform Commission ) have argued that this appellate jurisdiction sits awkwardly with the High Court 's other responsibilities and should be renegotiated or repealed . Problems identified including the need to apply Nauruan law and customary practice and that the High Court need not grant leave for an appeal to be heard . Matthew Batsiua , a former Justice Minister of Nauru , has suggested that the Nauruan government was unhappy with the arrangement following an October 2017 decision from the High Court . Following a protest in May 2015 outside the Nauruan parliament , 19 people were charged with unlawful assembly and other civil offences . The Supreme Court of Nauru subsequently increased the sentences imposed by the District Court , leading to an appeal in which the High Court quashed the decision . The case was remitted to the Supreme Court `` differently constituted , for hearing according to law . '' On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Nauru 's independence , President Baron Waqa declared to parliament that `` ( s ) everance of ties to Australia 's highest court is a logical step towards full nationhood and an expression of confidence in Nauru 's ability to determine its own destiny . '' Nauruan Justice Minister David Adeang cited the cost of appeals to the High Court as another reason for Nauru to establish its own Court of Appeal as the country 's highest court . Under the agreement , the government of either country could end the arrangement with 90 days notice . Nauru unilaterally exercised that option on 12 December 2017 and the High Court 's jurisdiction ended on 12 March 2018 . However , the termination of the arrangement did not become known until after the Supreme Court had reheard the case of the protesters and again imposed increased sentences . With the new Court of Appeals not yet established , the defendants are left with no avenue of appeal , a situation criticised as deeply unfair . History ( edit ) The genesis of the court can be traced back to the middle of the 19th century . Before the establishment of the High Court , appeals from the state Supreme Courts could be made only to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council , which involved the great expense of travelling to London . For this reason some politicians in the colonies wanted a new court that could travel between the colonies hearing appeals . Following Earl Grey 's 1846 proposal for federation of the Australian colonies , an 1849 report from the Privy Council of the United Kingdom suggested that a national court be created . In 1856 , the then Governor of South Australia , Richard Graves MacDonnell , suggested to the Government of South Australia that they and the other colonies should consider establishing a court of appeal that would hear appeals from the Supreme Courts in each colony , and in 1860 the Parliament of South Australia passed legislation encouraging MacDonnell to put forward the idea to his colleagues in the other colonies . However , only the Government of Victoria seriously considered this proposal . At an inter-colonial conference in 1870 in Melbourne , the idea of an inter-colonial court was again raised and subsequently a Royal Commission was established in Victoria to investigate options for establishing a court of appeal and for unifying extradition laws between the colonies and other similar matters . A draft bill establishing a court was put forward by the Commission , but it completely excluded appeals to the Privy Council , which reacted critically and prevented any serious attempts to implement the bill in London ( before federation , any laws affecting all the colonies would have to be passed by the British Imperial Parliament in London ) . In 1880 another inter-colonial conference was convened , which proposed the establishment of an Australasian Court of Appeal . This conference was more firmly focussed on having an Australian court . Another draft bill was produced , providing that judges from the colonial Supreme Courts would serve one - year terms on the new court , with one judge from each colony at a given time . New Zealand , which was at the time also considering joining the Australian colonies in federation , was also to be a participant in the new court . However , the proposal retained appeals from colonial Supreme Courts to the Privy Council , which some of the colonies disputed , and the bill was eventually abandoned . Constitutional Conventions ( edit ) Sir Samuel Griffith , first Chief Justice of Australia The Constitutional Conventions of the 1890s , which met to draft an Australian Constitution , also raised the idea of a federal Supreme Court . Initial proposals at a conference in Melbourne in February 1890 led to a convention in Sydney in March and April 1891 , which produced a draft constitution . The draft included the creation of a Supreme Court of Australia , which would not only interpret the Constitution , like the United States Supreme Court , but also would be a court of appeal from the state Supreme Courts . The draft effectively removed appeals to the Privy Council , allowing them only if the British monarch gave leave to appeal and not allowing appeals at all in constitutional matters . This draft was largely the work of Sir Samuel Griffith , then the Premier of Queensland , later Chief Justice of Queensland and the first Chief Justice of Australia . Other significant contributors to the judicial clauses in the draft included Attorney - General of Tasmania Andrew Inglis Clark , who had prepared his own constitution prior to the convention . Inglis Clark 's most significant contribution was to give the court its own constitutional authority , ensuring the separation of powers ; the original formulation from Griffith , Edmund Barton and Charles Kingston provided only that the parliament could establish a court . Andrew Inglis Clark , prominent contributor to the clauses about the High Court in the Constitution of Australia . At the later conventions , in Adelaide in 1897 , in Sydney later the same year and in Melbourne in early 1898 , there were changes to the earlier draft . In Adelaide , the name of the court was changed from Supreme Court of Australia to High Court of Australia . Many people also opposed the new court completely replacing the Privy Council : many large businesses , particularly those which were subsidiaries of British companies or regularly traded with the United Kingdom , preferred for business reasons to keep the colonies under the unified jurisdiction of the British courts , and petitioned the conventions to that effect . Other arguments posited against removing Privy Council appeals were that Australian judges were of a poorer quality than English ones , and that without the Council 's oversight , the law in the colonies risked becoming different from English law . Some politicians , such as Sir George Dibbs , supported the petitioners , but others , including Alfred Deakin , supported the design of the court as it was . Inglis Clark took the view that the possibility of divergence was a good thing , for the law could adapt appropriately to Australian circumstances . Despite the debate , the portions of the draft dealing with the court remained largely unchanged , as the delegates focused on different matters . After the draft had been approved by the electors of the colonies , it was taken to London in 1899 , for the assent of the British Imperial Parliament . However the issue of Privy Council appeals remained a sticking point with a number of Australian and British politicians , including the Secretary of State for the Colonies , Joseph Chamberlain , the Chief Justice of South Australia , Sir Samuel Way , and the Chief Justice of Queensland , Sir Samuel Griffith . Indeed , in October 1899 , Griffith made representations to Chamberlain soliciting suggestions from British ministers for alterations to the draft , and offering some alterations of his own . Indeed , such was the effect of these and other representations that Chamberlain called for delegates from the colonies to come to London to assist with the approval process , with a view to their approving any alterations that the British government might see fit to make ; delegates were sent , including Deakin , Barton and Charles Kingston , although they were under instructions that they would never agree to changes . After intense lobbying both in Australia and in the United Kingdom , the Imperial Parliament finally approved the draft constitution , albeit with an altered section 74 , which represented a compromise between the two sides : there would be a general right of appeal from the High Court to the Privy Council , except that the Parliament of Australia would be able to make laws restricting this avenue , and also that appeals in inter se matters ( matters concerning the boundary between and limits of the powers of the Commonwealth and the powers of the states ) were not as of right , but had to be certified by the High Court . Formation of the Court ( edit ) The first Chief Justice of Australia , Sir Samuel Griffith , is administered the judicial oath at the first sitting of the High Court , in the Banco Court of the Supreme Court of Victoria , 6 October 1903 . The Constitution was passed by the Imperial Parliament , and came into effect on 1 January 1901 . However , the High Court was not established immediately ; it was necessary for the new Parliament of Australia to make laws about the structure and procedure of the court . Some of the members of the First Parliament , including Sir John Quick , then one of the leading legal experts in Australia , opposed legislation to set up the court . Even H.B. Higgins , who was himself later appointed to the court , objected to setting it up , on the grounds that it would be impotent while Privy Council appeals remained , and that in any event there was not enough work for a federal court to make it viable . In 1902 , the then Attorney - General Alfred Deakin introduced the Judiciary Bill 1902 in the House of Representatives . Although Deakin and Griffith had produced a draft bill as early as February 1901 , it was continually delayed by opponents in the parliament , and the success of the bill is generally attributed to Deakin 's passion and effort in pushing the bill through the parliament despite this opposition . Deakin had proposed that the court be composed of five judges , specially selected to the court ; opponents instead proposed that the court should be made up of state Supreme Court justices , taking turns to sit on the High Court on a rotation basis , as had been mooted at the Constitutional Conventions a decade before . Deakin eventually negotiated amendments with the opposition , reducing the number of judges from five to three , and eliminating financial benefits such as pensions . At one point , Deakin even threatened to resign as Attorney - General due to the difficulties he faced . In what is now a famous speech , Deakin gave a second reading to the House of Representatives , lasting three and a half hours , in which he declared : `` The federation is constituted by distribution of powers , and it is this court which decides the orbit and boundary of every power ... It is properly termed the keystone of the federal arch ... The statute stands and will stand on the statute - book just as in the hour in which it was assented to . But the nation lives , grows and expands . Its circumstances change , its needs alter , and its problems present themselves with new faces . ( The High Court ) enables the Constitution to grow and be adapted to the changeful necessities and circumstances of generation after generation that the High Court operates . '' Deakin 's friend , painter Tom Roberts , who viewed the speech from the public gallery , declared it Deakin 's `` magnum opus '' . The Judiciary Act 1903 was finally passed on 25 August 1903 , and the first three justices , Chief Justice Sir Samuel Griffith and Justices Sir Edmund Barton and Richard O'Connor were appointed on 5 October of that year . On 6 October , the court held its first sitting in the Banco Court in the Supreme Court of Victoria . On 12 October 1906 , the size of the High Court was increased to five Justices , and Deakin appointed H.B. Higgins and Isaac Isaacs to the High Court . In February , 1913 , the High Court was increased again , with the addition of two justices , bringing the total to seven . Charles Powers and Albert Bathurst Piddington were appointed . The outcry against their appointments was so great , however , that Justice Piddington resigned on 5 April 1913 without having taken up his seat . First years of the Court ( edit ) The court 's home between 1928 and 1980 , the purpose - built courtroom in Little Bourke Street , Melbourne . After the court 's first sitting in the Banco Court in Melbourne , the court continued to use that court until 1928 , when a dedicated courtroom was built in Little Bourke Street , next to the Supreme Court of Victoria , which provided the court 's Melbourne sitting place and housed the court 's principal registry until 1980 . The court also sat regularly in Sydney , where it originally shared space in the Criminal Courts in the suburb of Darlinghurst , before a dedicated courtroom was constructed next door in 1923 . The annexe to the Criminal Court in Darlinghurst , the court 's home in Sydney . The court travelled to other cities across the country , where it did not have any facilities of its own but used facilities of the Supreme Court in each city . Deakin had envisaged that the court would sit in many different locations , so as to truly be a federal court . Shortly after the court 's creation , Chief Justice Griffith established a schedule for sittings in state capitals : Hobart , Tasmania in February , Brisbane , Queensland in June , Perth , Western Australia in September and Adelaide , South Australia in October ; it is said that Griffith established this schedule because those were the times of year he found the weather most pleasant in each city . The tradition remains to this day , although most of the court 's sittings are now conducted in Canberra . Sittings were dependent on the caseload and to this day sittings in Hobart occur only once every few years . There are annual sittings in Perth , Adelaide and Brisbane for up to a week each . During the Great Depression , sittings outside of Melbourne and Sydney were suspended to reduce costs . During World War II , the court faced a period of change . The Chief Justice , Sir John Latham , served from 1940 to 1941 as Australia 's first ambassador to Japan , although his activities in this role were limited by the mutual assistance pact that Japan had entered into with the Axis powers before he could arrive in Tokyo , and were curtailed by the commencement of the Pacific War . Justice Sir Owen Dixon was also absent for several years , while he served as Australia 's minister to the United States in Washington . Sir George Rich was Acting Chief Justice in Latham 's absence . There were many difficult cases concerning the federal government 's use of the defence power during the war . Post-war period ( edit ) From 1952 , with the appointment of Sir Owen Dixon as Chief Justice , the court entered a period of stability . After World War II , the court 's workload continued to grow , particularly from the 1960s onwards , putting pressures on the court . Sir Garfield Barwick , who was Attorney - General from 1958 to 1964 , and from then until 1981 Chief Justice , proposed that more federal courts be established , as permitted under the Constitution . In 1976 the Federal Court of Australia was established , with a general federal jurisdiction , and in more recent years the Family Court and Federal Magistrates Court have been set up to reduce the court 's workload in specific areas . In 1968 , appeals to the Privy Council in matters involving federal legislation were barred by the Privy Council ( Limitation of Appeals ) Act 1968 . In 1975 , the Privy Council ( Appeals from the High Court ) Act 1975 closed all routes of appeal from the High Court . In 1986 , with the passing of the Australia Act by both the UK Parliament and the Parliament of Australia ( with the request and consent of the Australian States ) , direct appeals to the Privy Council from state Supreme Courts were also closed off , leaving the High Court as the only avenue of appeal . The life tenure of High Court Justices was ended in 1977 . A national referendum in May 1977 approved the Constitution Alteration ( Retirement of Judges ) Act ( Cth ) , which upon its commencement on 29 July 1977 amended section 72 of the Constitution so as require that all Justices appointed from then on must retire on attaining the age of 70 years . The High Court of Australia Act 1979 ( Cth ) , which commenced on 21 April 1980 , gave the High Court power to administer its own affairs and prescribed the qualifications for , and method of appointment of , its Justices . Jurisprudence ( edit ) The legal history of the court is commonly summarised by reference to the Chief Justice of the time . While it is a convenient way of breaking the history of the Court into periods , it tends to overstate the importance of the Chief Justice and ignores the influence and tenure of other members of the Court . For example , Isaacs J was the primary force in the Knox Court , while the time of his own appointment as Chief Justice saw the emergence of Dixon J as the new intellectual leader of the Court . Griffith Court ( edit ) Sir Isaac Isaacs , Justice from 1906 and Chief Justice from 1930 -- 1931 As the first High Court , the court under Chief Justice Sir Samuel Griffith had to establish its position as a new court of appeal for the whole of Australia and had to develop a new body of principle for interpreting the Constitution of Australia and federal legislation . Griffith himself was very much the dominant influence on the court in its early years , but after the appointment of Sir Isaac Isaacs and H.B. Higgins in 1906 , and the death of foundation Justice Richard O'Connor , Griffith 's influence began to decline . The court was keen to establish its position at the top of the Australian court hierarchy . In Deakin v Webb ( 1904 ) Griffith criticised the Supreme Court of Victoria for following a Privy Council decision about the Constitution of Canada , rather than following the High Court 's own decision on the Australian Constitution . In Australian constitutional law , the early decisions of the court were influenced by United States constitutional law . In the case of D'Emden v Pedder ( 1904 ) , which involved the application of Tasmanian stamp duty to a federal official 's salary , the court adopted the doctrine of implied immunity of instrumentalities which had been established in the United States Supreme Court case of McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1803 ) . That doctrine established that any attempt by the federal government to interfere with the legislative or executive power of the Australian states was invalid , and vice versa . Accompanying that doctrine was the doctrine of reserved State powers , which was based on the principle that the powers of the Australian parliament should be interpreted narrowly , to avoid intruding on areas of power traditionally exercised by the state parliaments . The concept was developed in such cases as Peterswald v Bartley ( 1904 ) , R v Barger ( 1908 ) and the Union Label case ( 1908 ) . Together the two doctrines helped smooth the transition to a federal system of government and `` by preserving a balance between the constituent elements of the Australian federation , probably conformed to community sentiment , which at that stage was by no means adjusted to the exercise of central power . '' The court had a generally conservative view of the Constitution , taking narrow interpretations of section 116 ( which guarantees religious freedom ) and section 117 ( which prevents discrimination on the basis of someone 's state of origin ) , interpretations that were to last well into the 1980s . Two of the original judges of the Court , Griffith and Sir Edmund Barton , were frequently consulted by governors - general , including on the exercise of the reserve powers . This practice of consultation has continued from time to time since . Knox , Isaacs and Gavan Duffy courts ( edit ) Adrian Knox became Chief Justice on 18 October 1919 and less than three months later , foundation Justice Sir Edmund Barton died , leaving no original members . The most significant case of the era was the Engineers case ( 1920 ) , decided at the beginning of Knox 's term . In that case , the doctrines of reserved State powers and implied immunity of instrumentalities were both overturned , and the court entered a new era of constitutional interpretation in which the focus would fall almost exclusively on the text of the Constitution , and in which the powers of the Australian parliament would gain increasing importance . Knox was knighted in 1921 , the only Chief Justice to be knighted during his term . Some of the Knox court 's early work related to the aftermath of World War I. In Roche v Kronheimer ( 1921 ) , the Court upheld federal legislation which allowed for the making of regulations to implement Australia 's obligations under the Treaty of Versailles . The majority decided the case on the defence power , but Higgins decided it on the external affairs power , the first case to decide that the external affairs power could be used to implement an international treaty in Australia . Sir Isaac Isaacs was Chief Justice for only forty - two weeks , before leaving the court to be appointed Governor - General of Australia . Isaacs was ill for much of his term as Chief Justice and few significant cases were decided under his formal leadership ; rather , his best years were under Knox , where he was the most senior Justice and led the court in many decisions . Sir Frank Gavan Duffy was Chief Justice for four years beginning in 1931 , although he was already 78 when appointed to the position and did not exert much influence , given that ( excluding single - Justice cases ) he participated in only 40 per cent of cases in that time , and regularly gave short judgments or joint judgments with other Justices . In the context of the Great Depression , the court was reduced to six Justices , resulting in many tied decisions which have no lasting value as precedent . During this time , the court did decide several important cases , including Attorney - General ( New South Wales ) v Trethowan ( 1932 ) , which considered Premier of New South Wales Jack Lang 's attempt to abolish the New South Wales Legislative Council , and the First State Garnishee case ( 1932 ) , which upheld federal legislation compelling the Lang government to repay its loans . Much of the court 's other work related to legislation passed in response to the Depression . Latham Court ( edit ) John Latham , before his appointment to the court , as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for External Affairs in the Lyons government . The court under Chief Justice Sir John Latham , who came to the office in 1935 , was punctuated by World War II . Although it dealt with cases in other areas , its most important and lasting work related to wartime legislation , and the transition back to peace following the war . The court upheld much legislation under the defence power , interpreting it broadly wherever there was a connection to defence purposes , in cases such as Andrews v Howell ( 1941 ) and de Mestre v Chisholm ( 1944 ) . In general , the Curtin Labor government was rarely successfully challenged , the court recognising the necessity that the defence power permit the federal government to govern strongly . The court also allowed the federal government to institute a national income tax scheme in the First Uniform Tax case ( 1942 ) , and upheld legislation allowing the proclamation of the pacifist Jehovah 's Witnesses religion as a subversive organisation , in the Jehovah 's Witnesses case ( 1943 ) . The court reined in the wide scope of the defence power after the war , allowing for a transitional period . It struck down several key planks of the Chifley Labor government 's reconstruction program , notably an attempt to nationalise the banks in the Bank Nationalisation case ( 1948 ) , and an attempt to establish a comprehensive medical benefits scheme in the First Pharmaceutical Benefits case ( 1945 ) . However the court also famously struck down Menzies Liberal government legislation banning the Communist Party of Australia in the Communist Party case ( 1951 ) , Latham 's last major case . Apart from the wartime cases , the Latham court also developed the criminal defence of honest and reasonable mistake of fact , for example in Proudman v Dayman ( 1941 ) . It also paved the way for the development of the external affairs power by upholding the implementation of an air navigation treaty in R v Burgess ; Ex parte Henry ( 1936 ) . Dixon Court ( edit ) The bench in 1952 , shortly before Chief Justice Latham 's retirement . Back , left to right , Fullagar , Webb , Williams & Kitto . Front , left to right , Dixon , Latham & McTiernan . Under Chief Justice Sir Owen Dixon , who was elevated to that role in 1952 after 23 years as a Justice , the court enjoyed its most successful period , with British judge , Master of the Rolls Lord Denning , describing the time as the court 's `` Golden Age '' . Dixon , widely regarded as Australia 's greatest judge , had a commanding personal and legal influence over the court in this time , measurable in the rise in joint judgments ( many of which were led by Dixon ) and good relations between the Justices . While there were fewer cases which tested the limits of federal power , probably due to the Menzies government which was firmly entrenched in its conservative phase throughout Dixon 's tenure , the court did decide several important constitutional cases . Dixon led the court in firmly establishing the separation of powers for the judiciary in the Boilermakers ' case ( 1956 ) , and the court also upheld the continuing existence of the federal government 's income tax scheme in the Second Uniform Tax case ( 1957 ) . During Dixon 's time as Chief Justice , the court came to adopt several of the views that Dixon had advanced in minority opinions in years prior . In several cases , the court upheld Dixon 's interpretation of section 92 ( one of the most troublesome sections of the Constitution ) , which he regarded as guaranteeing a constitutional right to engage in interstate trade , subject to reasonable regulation . It also followed Dixon 's interpretation of section 90 ( which prohibits the states from exacting duties of excise ) , although both these interpretations were ultimately abandoned many years later . Barwick Court ( edit ) Sir Garfield Barwick came to the court as Chief Justice in 1964 . A significant decision of the Barwick court marked the beginning of the modern interpretation of the corporations power , which had been interpreted narrowly since 1909 . The Concrete Pipes case ( 1971 ) established that the federal parliament could exercise the power to regulate at least the trading activities of corporations , whereas earlier interpretations had allowed only the regulation of conduct or transactions with the public . The court decided many other significant constitutional cases , including the Seas and Submerged Lands case ( 1975 ) , upholding legislation asserting sovereignty over the territorial sea ; the First ( 1975 ) and Second ( 1977 ) Territory Senators ' cases , which concerned whether legislation allowing for the mainland territories to be represented in the Parliament of Australia was valid ; and Russell v Russell ( 1976 ) , which concerned the validity of the Family Law Act 1975 . The court also decided several cases relating to the historic 1974 joint sitting of the Parliament of Australia , including Cormack v Cope ( 1974 ) and the Petroleum and Minerals Authority case ( 1975 ) . The Barwick court decided several infamous cases on tax avoidance and tax evasion , almost always deciding against the taxation office . Led by Barwick himself in most judgments , the court distinguished between avoidance ( legitimately minimising one 's tax obligations ) and evasion ( illegally evading obligations ) . The decisions effectively nullified the anti-avoidance legislation and led to the proliferation of avoidance schemes in the 1970s , a result which drew much criticism upon the court . Gibbs Court ( edit ) Sir Harry Gibbs was appointed as Chief Justice in 1981 . Under his leadership , the court moved away from the legalism and conservative traditions which had characterised the Dixon and Barwick courts . The Gibbs court made several important decisions in Australian constitutional law . It allowed the Federal Parliament to make very wide use of the external affairs power , by holding that this power could be used to implement treaties into domestic law with very few justiciable limits . In Koowarta v Bjelke - Petersen ( 1982 ) four judges to three upheld the validity of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 , although no single view had majority support . However , in the Tasmanian Dams case ( 1983 ) , a majority of the court upheld federal environmental legislation under the power . The court also adopted a more expansive interpretation of the corporations power . In the Actors Equity case ( 1982 ) , the court upheld regulations which , although they did not directly regulate corporations , indirectly protected corporations . In the Tasmanian Dams case , the court indicated that it would interpret the power to uphold legislation regulating the non-trading activities of corporations , although it did not decide the case on that basis . The external affairs power and the corporations power have both been increasingly relied on by the federal government to extend its authority in recent years . In administrative law , the court expanded on the doctrines of natural justice and procedural fairness in Kioa v West ( 1985 ) . Although Gibbs himself dissented on those points , he did decide that executive decision makers were obliged to take humanitarian principles into consideration . Outside of specific areas of law , the court was also involved in several cases of public significance , including the Chamberlain case ( 1984 ) , concerning Lindy Chamberlain , and A v Hayden ( 1984 ) , concerning the botched ASIS exercise at the Sheraton Hotel in Melbourne . Mason Court ( edit ) Sir Anthony Mason became Chief Justice in 1987 . The Mason court was very stable , with only one change in the bench in its eight years , the appointment of Michael McHugh after Sir Ronald Wilson 's retirement . The court under Mason was widely regarded as the most liberal bench in the court 's history . The Mason court made many important decisions in all areas of Australian law . One of its first major cases was Cole v Whitfield ( 1988 ) , concerning the troublesome section 92 , which had been interpreted inconsistently and confusingly since the beginning of the court . For the first time , the court referred to historical materials such as the debates of the Constitutional Conventions to ascertain the purpose of the section , and the unanimous decision indicated `` a willingness to overturn established doctrines and precedents perceived to be no longer working '' , a trend which typified the Mason court . The most popularly significant case decided by the Mason court was the Mabo case ( 1992 ) , in which the court found that the common law was capable of recognising native title . The decision was one of the High Court 's most controversial of all time and represented the tendency of the Mason court to receive `` high praise and stringent criticism in equal measure . '' Other controversial cases included the War Crimes Act case ( 1991 ) , regarding the validity of the War Crimes Act 1945 ; Dietrich v The Queen ( 1992 ) , in which the court found that a lack of legal representation in a serious criminal case can result in an unfair trial ; Sykes v Cleary ( 1992 ) , regarding the disputed election of Phil Cleary ; and Teoh 's case ( 1995 ) , in which the court held that ratification of a treaty by the executive could create a legitimate expectation that members of the executive would act in accordance with that treaty . The court developed the concept of implied human rights in the Constitution in cases such as Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth ( 1992 ) , Nationwide News Pty Ltd v Wills ( 1992 ) and Theophanous v Herald & Weekly Times Ltd ( 1994 ) , in which the court recognised an implied freedom of political communication arising from the nature of the Constitution in laying out a system of representative government . In other areas of law , the court developed doctrines of equity in relation to commercial law and contract law , in cases such as Waltons Stores v Maher ( 1988 ) and Trident General Insurance v McNiece ( 1988 ) , and made significant developments in tort law , in cases such as Rogers v Whitaker ( 1992 ) and Burnie Port Authority v General Jones Pty Ltd ( 1994 ) . Brennan Court ( edit ) Sir Gerald Brennan succeeded Mason in 1995 . In contrast to the previous court , the Brennan court had many changes in its membership despite being only three years long . The court decided many significant cases . In Ha v New South Wales ( 1997 ) the court invalidated a New South Wales tobacco licensing scheme , reining in the licensing scheme exception to the prohibition on states levying excise duties , contained in Section 90 of the Constitution . While it did not overturn previous cases in which schemes had been upheld , it did emphasise that the states could not stray too far from the constitutional framework . The Brennan court made a number of significant decisions in relation to the judiciary of Australia . In Grollo v Palmer ( 1995 ) and Hindmarsh Island Bridge case ( 1998 ) , the court developed the persona designata doctrine , and in Kable v DPP ( 1997 ) , the court rejected attempts by the Parliament of New South Wales to establish a system of preventative detention and found that the states do not have unlimited ability to regulate their courts , given the place of the courts in the Australian court hierarchy . The court decided several cases relating to the implied freedom of political communication developed by the Mason court , notably Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( 1997 ) and the Duck shooting case ( 1997 ) . It also decided several native title cases , including the controversial Wik case ( 1996 ) . Gleeson Court ( edit ) Murray Gleeson was appointed Chief Justice in 1998 . The court under Gleeson 's leadership was generally regarded as more conservative than under Mason or Brennan , favouring legalism in the tradition of the Dixon and Barwick courts . In the Cross-vesting case ( 1999 ) , the court struck down legislation vesting state jurisdiction in the Federal Court . In Al - Kateb v Godwin ( 2004 ) a majority of the court applied a narrow interpretation of the Migration Act 1958 , finding that it permitted executively - imposed indefinite detention of stateless persons . However , the court did not entirely shy away from principle and public policy in its decisions . In Egan v Willis ( 1998 ) , the court supported the New South Wales Legislative Council 's ability to suspend the Treasurer when he failed to produce documents before the Council , emphasising the purpose of the ability in facilitating responsible government . In Sue v Hill ( 1999 ) , the court recognised Australia 's emergence as a sovereign independent nation , finding that the United Kingdom was a `` foreign power '' . The Gleeson court decided a number of important native title cases , including Yanner v Eaton ( 1999 ) , Western Australia v Ward ( 2002 ) and the Yorta Yorta case ( 2002 ) . In tort law , the court 's significant decisions include Perre v Apand Pty Ltd ( 1999 ) , concerning negligence actions where there is only pure economic loss as opposed to physical or mental injury , Dow Jones v Gutnick ( 2002 ) , regarding defamation on the Internet , and Cattanach v Melchior ( 2003 ) , a wrongful life case involving a healthy child . In criminal law , the court in R v Tang ( 2008 ) upheld slavery convictions against the owner of a brothel who had held several women in debt bondage after they had been trafficked to Australia . Perhaps the Gleeson court 's most significant case was among its later ones . In the WorkChoices case ( 2006 ) , the court finally explicitly accepted a wide reading of the corporations power , after years of gradual expansion following the Concrete Pipes case ( 1971 ) . French Court ( edit ) Robert French was appointed Chief Justice in September 2008 . The first decision handed down by the French Court was Lujans v Yarrabee Coal Company Pty Ltd ( 2008 ) , a case dealing with a motor vehicle accident . One of the most notable judgments handed down by the French Court was Pape v Commissioner of Taxation ( 2009 ) , a constitutional law case concerning the existence of the Commonwealth 's so - called `` appropriation power '' and the scope of its executive and taxation powers . Kiefel Court ( edit ) Susan Kiefel was appointed Chief Justice in January 2017 . The Kiefel court has decided two important constitutional cases : in Brown v Tasmania , its members adopted a conflicting variety of approaches to the implied freedom of political communication ; while in Re Canavan , which attracted huge public interest , the court 's unanimous decision adhered to an interpretation of section 44 of the Constitution according to its `` ordinary and natural meaning '' . In Wilkie v Commonwealth the Court held that expenditure for the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey had been approved by Parliament and was the collection of `` statistical information '' that could be conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics . Composition of the Court ( edit ) Main article : List of Justices of the High Court of Australia The High Court of Australia is composed of seven Justices : the Chief Justice of Australia and six other Justices . Their salary is determined by the Remuneration Tribunal , an independent statutory authority . Since 1 July 2017 , the Chief Justice has received an annual salary of $584,520 and the other Justices have received $530,440 . Appointment process ( edit ) Appointments are officially made by the Governor - General in Council . In practice , appointees are nominated by the Prime Minister , on advice from the Cabinet , particularly from the Attorney - General of Australia . For example , four Justices were appointed while Andrew Fisher was Prime Minister , but it was largely on Attorney - General Billy Hughes ' authority that the candidates were chosen . Since 1979 , the Attorney - General has been required to consult with the Attorneys - General of the states and territories of Australia about appointments to the court . The process was first used in relation to the appointment of Justice Wilson , and has been generally successful , despite the occasional criticism that the states merely have a consultative , rather than a determinative , role in the selection process . There are no qualifications for Justices in the Constitution ( other than that they must be under the compulsory retirement age of 70 ) . The High Court of Australia Act 1979 requires that appointees have been a judge of a federal , state or territory court , or that they have been enrolled as a legal practitioner for at least five years with either the High Court itself or with a state or territory Supreme Court . There are no other formal requirements . The appointment process stands in stark contrast with the highly public selection and confirmation process for justices of the Supreme Court of the United States . While there are people who are critical of the secrecy of the process and who advocate a more public method for appointments , there are relatively few who dispute the quality of appointees . Three Chief Justices ( Sir Adrian Knox , Sir John Latham and Sir Garfield Barwick ) had previously been conservative politicians prior to their appointment . However , there is frequent criticism of Barwick 's intervention in the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis , when he gave advice to Governor - General Sir John Kerr . On the other side of politics , Labor politicians Dr H.V. Evatt QC , Sir Edward McTiernan and Lionel Murphy QC were also appointed to the High Court ; Murphy , Attorney - General in the Whitlam government , was criticised by the conservative side at the time of his appointment but after a decade in office had risen , on occasion , to the heights of Acting Chief Justice . His reputation was gravely damaged in 1985 after illegal police phone - tapping led to charges that he had attempted to pervert the course of justice . He was eventually acquitted of all charges . Current composition ( edit ) Name State Date appointed Mandatory retirement Appointing Governor - General Nominating Prime Minister Previous judicial posting ( s ) Education Susan Kiefel AC ( Chief Justice ) Queensland 30 January 2017 ( as Chief Justice ) 4 September 2007 ( as Justice ) 17 January 2024 Sir Peter Cosgrove ( as Chief Justice ) Michael Jeffery ( as Justice ) Malcolm Turnbull ( Liberal , as Chief Justice ) John Howard ( Liberal , as Justice ) Supreme Court of Queensland Federal Court of Australia Queensland Barristers ' Admission Board University of Cambridge Virginia Bell AC New South Wales 3 February 2009 7 March 2021 Dame Quentin Bryce Kevin Rudd ( Labor ) Supreme Court of New South Wales University of Sydney Stephen Gageler AC New South Wales 9 October 2012 5 July 2028 Dame Quentin Bryce Julia Gillard ( Labor ) None ; former Solicitor - General of Australia Australian National University Harvard University Patrick Keane AC Queensland 1 March 2013 26 October 2022 Dame Quentin Bryce Julia Gillard ( Labor ) Supreme Court of Queensland Federal Court of Australia University of Queensland University of Oxford Geoffrey Nettle Victoria 3 February 2015 2 December 2020 Sir Peter Cosgrove Tony Abbott ( Liberal ) Supreme Court of Victoria Australian National University University of Melbourne University of Oxford Michelle Gordon Victoria 9 June 2015 19 November 2034 Sir Peter Cosgrove Tony Abbott ( Liberal ) Federal Court of Australia University of Western Australia James Edelman Western Australia 30 January 2017 9 January 2044 Sir Peter Cosgrove Malcolm Turnbull ( Liberal ) Supreme Court of Western Australia Federal Court of Australia University of Western Australia Murdoch University University of Oxford Initial composition ( edit ) The first bench of the High Court : Barton , Griffith and O'Connor seated , with court officials in the background . Photo taken at the first sitting of the court on 6 October 1903 . The first three justices of the High Court were Chief Justice , Sir Samuel Griffith , Justice Sir Edmund Barton , and Justice Richard Edward O'Connor . There were a number of possible candidates for the first bench of the High Court . In addition to the eventual appointees , names which had been mentioned in the press included two future Justices of the court , Henry Higgins and Isaac Isaacs , along with Andrew Inglis Clark , Sir John Downer , Sir Josiah Symon and George Wise . ( Crucially , all of the above had previously served as politicians , with only Griffith and Inglis Clark possessing both political and judicial experience . ) Barton and O'Connor were both members of the federal parliament and both from the government benches ; indeed Barton was Prime Minister . Each of the eventual appointees had participated in the drafting of the Constitution and had intimate knowledge of it . All three were described as conservative and their jurisprudence was very much influenced by English law , and in relation to the Constitution , by United States law . Expansion of composition ( edit ) In 1906 , at the request of the Justices , two more seats were added to the bench , with Isaacs and Higgins the appointees . After O'Connor's death in 1912 , an amendment to the Judiciary Act 1903 expanded the bench to seven . For most of 1930 two seats were left vacant due to monetary constraints placed on the court by the Depression . The economic downturn had also led to a reduction in litigation and consequently less work for the court . After Sir Isaac Isaacs retired in 1931 , his seat was left empty , and in 1933 an amendment to the Judiciary Act officially reduced the number of seats to six . However , this led to some decisions being split three - all . With the appointment of William Webb in 1946 , the number of seats returned to seven , and since then the court has had a full complement of seven Justices . As of 2015 there have been 52 Justices , twelve of whom have been Chief Justice . Recent developments in composition ( edit ) Current Justices Susan Kiefel , Virginia Bell and Michelle Gordon are the third , fourth and fifth women to sit on the bench , after Justices Mary Gaudron and Susan Crennan . There are three women sitting concurrently on the bench , alongside four men . In 2017 , Justice Kiefel became the first woman to be appointed Chief Justice . More than half of the Justices , twenty - six , have been residents of New South Wales ( with twenty - four of these graduates of Sydney Law School ) . Thirteen have been from Victoria , eight from Queensland and four from Western Australia . No Justices have been residents of South Australia , Tasmania or any of the territories . The majority of the Justices have been from Protestant backgrounds , with a smaller number from Catholic backgrounds . Sir Isaac Isaacs was of Polish / Jewish background , the only representative of any other faith . Many Justices have not indicated whether they have religious views . Michael Kirby was the first openly gay justice in the history of the Court ; his replacement , Virginia Bell , is the first lesbian , who has been an active campaigner for gay and lesbian rights and was one of the participants in the first Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras in 1978 . Almost all judges on the High Court have taken silk as a Queen 's Counsel ( QC ) , King 's Counsel ( KC ) or Senior Counsel ( SC ) before appointment . The exceptions are : Justice Sir Hayden Starke , Justices Sir Edward McTiernan , Sir William Webb , Sir Cyril Walsh , Michael Kirby , Robert French and James Edelman . From the retirement of Ian Callinan in 2007 until the appointment of Stephen Gageler in 2012 , every justice of the High Court had prior judicial experience ( serving on state supreme courts or the Federal Court of Australia ) for the only time in its history . Although 13 justices of the Court had previously served in state , colonial or federal Parliaments , no parliamentarian has been appointed to the Court since Lionel Murphy 's appointment in 1975 . Judges ' associates ( edit ) The Chief Justice and each of the Justices engage associates to assist them in the exercise of their judicial functions . At present , all members of the High Court engage two associates for one - year terms . In addition , the Chief Justice is assisted by an employee of the library as a legal research officer . The role of the associate is broadly equivalent to that of a law clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States . Depending on the judge , an associate 's responsibilities will typically include legal research , assistance in preparation for oral arguments , tipping in court during oral argument , editing judgments and assisting with extrajudicial functions , such as speechwriting . Associates generally will have graduated with first class honours , at or near the top of their class , from a leading law school . Associates will typically also have research experience ( and often experience working for a law firm or university or another court ) . Accordingly , competition for associate positions is very high with hundreds of applications being received annually . Sir Keith Aickin , Justice Stephen Gageler and Justice James Edelman all served as associates at the High Court of Australia to Sir Owen Dixon , Sir Anthony Mason and Justice Toohey , respectively . Facilities ( edit ) Building ( edit ) High Court building , viewed across Lake Burley Griffin In the 1950s , Prime Minister Robert Menzies established a plan to develop Canberra and construct other important national buildings . A 1959 plan featured a new building for the High Court on the shore of Lake Burley Griffin , next to the location for the new Parliament House and the National Library of Australia . This plan was abandoned in 1968 and the location of the Parliament was moved , later settling on the present site on Capital Hill . In March 1968 , the government announced that the court would move to Canberra . In 1972 an international competition was held attracting 158 entries . In 1973 the firm of Edwards Madigan Torzillo Briggs was declared the winner of the two - stage competition . Architect Chris Kringas was the Principal Designer and Director in charge working with Feiko Bouman . In March 1975 , only one month before construction began , Kringas died , aged 38 . Following his death , Feiko Bouman , Hans Marelli and Colin Madigan supervised the construction of the design . The constructed building is largely identical to the 1973 competition design . Entry hall Construction began in April 1975 on the shore of Lake Burley Griffin , in the Parliamentary Triangle . The site is just to the east of the axis running between Capital Hill and the Australian War Memorial . The High Court building houses three courtrooms , Justices ' chambers , and the Court 's main registry , library , and corporate services facilities . It is an unusual and distinctive structure , built in the brutalist style , and features an immense public atrium with a 24 - metre - high roof . The neighbouring National Gallery was also designed by the firm of Edwards Madigan Torzillo and Briggs . There are similarities between the two buildings in material and style but significant differences in architectural form and spatial concept . The building was completed in 1980 and the majority of the court 's sittings have been held in Canberra since then . The High Court and the National Gallery Precinct were added to the Australian National Heritage List in November 2007 . Online ( edit ) The High Court makes itself generally available to the public through its own website . Judgment Alerts , available on the Court 's website and by email with free subscription , provide subscribers with notice of upcoming judgments ( normally a week beforehand ) and , almost immediately after the delivery of a major judgment , with a brief summary of it ( normally not more than one page ) . All of the Court 's judgments , as well as transcripts of its hearings since 2009 and other materials , are made available , free of charge , through the Australasian Legal Information Institute . The Court has recently established on its website an `` eresources '' page , containing for each case its name , keywords , mentions of relevant legislation and a link to the full judgment ; these links go to the original text from 2000 onward , scanned texts from 1948 to 1999 and facsimiles from the Commonwealth Law Reports for their first 100 volumes ( 1903 to 1959 ) ; there are also facsimiles of some unreported judgments ( 1906 - 2002 ) . Since October 2013 , audio - visual recordings of full - court hearings held in Canberra have been available on its website . See also ( edit ) Australia portal Law portal Judiciary Act 1903 Australian court hierarchy Judiciary of Australia Law of Australia List of High Court of Australia cases List of Justices of the High Court of Australia List of Justices of the High Court of Australia by time in office List of law schools attended by Australian High Court Justices List of Chief Justices of Australia by time in office References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Courts '' . Australian Bureau of Statistics . 24 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . The High Court of Australia is the highest court of appeal ^ Jump up to : Judiciary Act 1903 ( Cth ) . ^ Jump up to : High Court of Australia Act 1979 ( Cth ) . Jump up ^ `` The building '' . High Court of Australia . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Owen Dixon ( 1952 ) . `` Address on being sworn in as Chief Justice '' . Commonwealth Law Reports . 85 : XIII . Jump up ^ Bennett , J.M. ( 1980 ) . `` Foreword by Sir Garfield Barwick '' . Keystone of the Federal Arch . Canberra : Australian Government Publishing Service . ISBN 0 - 642 - 04866 - 5 . Jump up ^ Australian Law Reform Commission . `` The Judicial Power of the Commonwealth '' . Australian Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 19 March 2006 . Jump up ^ In Re Judiciary and Navigation Acts ( 1921 ) HCA 20 , ( 1921 ) 29 CLR 257 , at 265 . Jump up ^ `` High Court of Australia '' . Courts . Queensland Government . 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ See for example `` Australasian Federation Enabling Act 1899 No 2 ( NSW ) '' ( PDF ) . NSW Parliamentary Council 's Office . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 ( Imp ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Colonial Sugar Refining Co Ltd v Attorney - General ( Cth ) ( 1912 ) HCA 94 , ( 1912 ) 15 CLR 182 . ^ Jump up to : Hull , Crispin ( 2003 ) . The High Court of Australia : celebrating the centenary 1903 -- 2003 . Lawbook Co . ISBN 0 - 455 - 21947 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kirmani v Captain Cook Cruises Pty Ltd ( No 2 ) ( 1985 ) HCA 27 , ( 1985 ) 159 CLR 461 . Jump up ^ Australian Consolidated Press Ltd v Uren ( 1967 ) HCA 21 , ( 1967 ) 117 CLR 221 . Jump up ^ Viro v The Queen ( 1978 ) HCA 9 , ( 1978 ) 141 CLR 88 . ^ Jump up to : Gleeson , M ( 2002 ) . `` The Birth , Life and Death of Section 74 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Parker v The Queen ( 1963 ) HCA 14 . Jump up ^ Parker v The Queen ( 1964 ) UKPC 16 , ( 1964 ) AC 1369 ; ( 1964 ) UKPCHCA 1 , ( 1964 ) 111 CLR 665 ( 23 March 1964 ) , Privy Council ( on appeal from NSW , Australia ) . Jump up ^ Privy Council ( Limitation of Appeals ) Act 1968 ( Cth ) , which ended all appeals to the Privy Council in matters involving federal legislation Jump up ^ Privy Council ( Appeals from the High Court ) Act 1975 ( Cth ) , which prohibited almost all types of appeal from the High Court . Jump up ^ Australia Act 1986 ( Imp ) Jump up ^ Australia Act 1986 ( Cth ) ^ Jump up to : Payne v The Deputy Federal Commissioner of Taxation ( Australia ) ( 1936 ) UKPC 45 , ( 1936 ) AC 497 ) Jump up ^ Gleeson , M ( 2008 ) . `` The Privy Council -- An Australian Perspective '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Her Majesty 's Attorney General for Guyana v Nobrega ( Guyana ) ( 1969 ) UKPC 24 ^ Jump up to : Brunton v The Acting Commissioner of Stamp Duties for the State of New South Wales ( New South Wales ) ( 1913 ) UKPC 28 , ( 1913 ) AC 747 ^ Jump up to : The Municipal Council of Sydney v Campbell ( New South Wales ) ( 1924 ) UKPC 101 , ( 1925 ) AC 338 ^ Jump up to : Caratti Holding Co Pty Ltd v Zampatti ( Western Australia ) ( 1978 ) UKPC 24 ^ Jump up to : The Corporation of the Director of Aboriginal and Islanders Advancement v Donald Peinkinna ( Queensland ) ( 1978 ) UKPC 1 Jump up ^ Odonkor v Kole ( Gold Coast Colony ) ( 1915 ) UKPC 34 Jump up ^ The Commissioner of Income Tax , Bombay Presidency v The Bombay Trust Corporation , Limited ( Bombay ) ( 1936 ) UKPC 53 Jump up ^ Kariapper v SS Wijesinha ( Ceylon ) ( 1967 ) UKPC 20 Jump up ^ Peiris v Appu ( Ceylon ) ( 1968 ) UKPC 5 , ( 1968 ) AC 869 Jump up ^ Her Majesty 's Attorney - General for Dominica v Shillingford ( Dominica ) ( 1970 ) UKPC 15 Jump up ^ Tek v The Public Prosecutor ( Malaysia ) ( 1972 ) UKPC 10 Jump up ^ Ramcharan v The Queen ( Trinidad and Tobago ) ( 1972 ) UKPC 9 , ( 1973 ) AC 414 Jump up ^ Chin v The Collector of Stamp Duties ( Malaysia ) ( 1981 ) UKPC 22 Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of Nauru relating to Appeals to the High Court of Australia from the Supreme Court of Nauru ( Cth ) , 6 September 1976 ^ Jump up to : Gans , Jeremy ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` News : Court may lose Nauru appellate role '' . Opinions on High . Melbourne Law School , The University of Melbourne . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Australian Law Reform Commission ( 30 June 2001 ) . `` Appeals from the Supreme Court of Nauru to the High Court '' . The Judicial Power of the Commonwealth : A Review of the Judiciary Act 1903 and Related Legislation ( PDF ) . pp. 341 -- 346 . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Recommendation 19 -- 1 . The Attorney - General should consult with the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade regarding the feasibility of terminating the treaty between Australia and Nauru , which provides for certain appeals to be brought to the High Court from the Supreme Court of Nauru . If termination is considered feasible , the Nauru ( High Court Appeals ) Act 1976 should be repealed . Jump up ^ Roberts , Andrew ( 4 December 2017 ) . `` Appeals to Australia from Nauru : The High Court 's Unusual Jurisdiction '' . AusPubLaw . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wahlquist , Calla ( 2 April 2018 ) . `` Fears for asylum seekers as Nauru moves to cut ties to Australia 's high court '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Cecil v Director of Public Prosecutions ( Nauru ) ; Kepae v Director of Public Prosecutions ( Nauru ) ; Jeremiah v Director of Public Prosecutions ( Nauru ) ( 2017 ) HCA 46 ( 20 October 2017 ) , High Court Jump up ^ `` Nauru Court of Appeal another step to nation 's maturity '' . NauruNews . The Government of the Republic of Nauru. 2 March 2018 . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , Melissa ( 2 April 2018 ) . `` Justice in Nauru curtailed as Government abolishes appeal system '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , John ( 2003 ) . One hundred years of the High Court of Australia . King 's College , London . ISBN 1 - 85507 - 124 - X . ^ Jump up to : Bennett , J.M. ( 1980 ) . Keystone of the Federal Arch . Canberra : Australian Government Publishing Service . ISBN 0 - 642 - 04866 - 5 . Jump up ^ McHugh , Michael ( 15 February 2002 ) . The High Court and the Oxford Companion to the High Court ( Speech ) . Constitutional Law and Conference Dinner . Botanical Gardens Restaurant . Retrieved 25 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Alfred Deakin ( 1902 ) . `` Judiciary Bill , second reading '' . Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates. 8 : 10967 . Jump up ^ `` History of the High Court '' . High Court of Australia . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` High Court Building '' . Our Nation 's First Capital . Public Records Office Victoria . Archived from the original on 19 August 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ch 3 . History of the Origins and Development of the High Court of Australia '' ( PDF ) . High Court of Australia . 15 March 2011 . p. 19 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Stuart Macintyre ( 1986 ) . `` Latham , Sir John Greig ( 1877 -- 1964 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography. 10 . Melbourne University Press . pp. 2 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 522 - 84327 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ayres , Philip ( April 2003 ) . `` Australia 's War in American Eyes : Owen Dixon in Washington , 1942 -- 43 '' ... Sydney : Quadrant Magazine . 47 ( 4 ) : 317 -- 24 . ISSN 1121 - 760X . PMID 14706927 . Archived from the original ( -- ) on 31 August 2007 . Retrieved 4 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About the High Court -- History of the High Court '' . High Court of Australia . Retrieved 10 December 2005 . ^ Jump up to : High Court of Australia -- History of the High Court Jump up ^ `` Constitution Alteration ( Retirement of Judges ) Act 1977 '' . ComLaw . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Dixon , R ; Williams , G , eds. ( 2015 ) . The High Court , the Constitution and Australian Politics . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781107043664 . at pp. 7 - 8 , 101 - 103 , 118 - 119 . ^ Jump up to : Mason , Anthony ( 2001 ) . `` Griffith Court '' . In Blackshield , Tony ; Coper , Michael ; Williams , George . The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554022 - 0 . Jump up ^ Deakin v Webb ( 1904 ) HCA 57 , ( 1904 ) 1 CLR 585 . Jump up ^ D'Emden v Pedder ( 1 ) HCA 1904 , ( 1904 ) 1 CLR 91 . Jump up ^ McCulloch v. Maryland 17 U.S. 316 ( 1819 ) Jump up ^ Peterswald v Bartley ( 1904 ) HCA 21 , ( 1904 ) 1 CLR 497 . Jump up ^ R v Barger ( 1908 ) HCA 43 , ( 1908 ) 61 CLR 41 . Jump up ^ Attorney - General for NSW v Brewery Employees Union of NSW ( 1908 ) HCA 94 , ( 1908 ) 6 CLR 469 . Jump up ^ Markwell , Donald ( 1999 ) . `` Griffith , Barton and the early governor - generals : aspects of Australia 's constitutional development '' . Public Law Review . Jump up ^ Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd ( Engineers ' Case ) ( 1920 ) HCA 54 , ( 1920 ) 28 CLR 129 . Jump up ^ Roche v Kronheimer ( 1921 ) HCA 25 , ( 1921 ) 29 CLR 329 . Jump up ^ Cowen , Zelman ( 2001 ) . `` Isaac Alfred Isaacs '' . In Blackshield , Tony ; Coper , Michael ; Williams , George . The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554022 - 0 . Jump up ^ Fricke , Graham ( 2001 ) . `` Gavan Duffy Court '' . In Blackshield , Tony ; Coper , Michael ; Williams , George . The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554022 - 0 . Jump up ^ Attorney - General ( NSW ) v Trethowan ( 1932 ) HCA 20 , ( 1932 ) 47 CLR 97 . Jump up ^ NSW v Commonwealth ( first State Garnishee case ) ( 1932 ) HCA 7 , ( 1932 ) 46 CLR 155 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Roger ( 2001 ) . `` Latham Court '' . In Blackshield , Tony ; Coper , Michael ; Williams , George . The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554022 - 0 . Jump up ^ Andrews v Howell ( 1941 ) HCA 20 , ( 1941 ) 65 CLR 255 . Jump up ^ de Mestre v Chisholm ( 1944 ) HCA 8 , ( 1944 ) 69 CLR 51 . Jump up ^ South Australia v Commonwealth ( First Uniform Tax case ) ( 1942 ) HCA 14 , ( 1942 ) 65 CLR 373 . Jump up ^ Adelaide Company of Jehovah 's Witnesses v Commonwealth ( 1943 ) HCA 12 , ( 1943 ) 67 CLR 116 . Jump up ^ Bank of New South Wales v Commonwealth ( Bank Nationalisation case ) ( 1948 ) HCA 7 , ( 1948 ) 76 CLR 1 . Jump up ^ Attorney - General ( Victoria ) ; Ex rel Dale v Commonwealth ( First Pharmaceutical Benefits case ) ( 1945 ) HCA 30 , ( 1945 ) 71 CLR 237 . Jump up ^ Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth ( 1951 ) HCA 5 , ( 1951 ) 83 CLR 1 . Jump up ^ Proudman v Dayman ( 1941 ) HCA 28 , ( 1941 ) 67 CLR 536 . Jump up ^ R v Burgess ; Ex parte Henry ( 1936 ) HCA 52 , ( 1936 ) 55 CLR 608 . ^ Jump up to : Zines , Leslie ( 2001 ) . `` Dixon Court '' . In Blackshield , Tony ; Coper , Michael ; Williams , George . The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554022 - 0 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Ninian Sir ( 1986 ) . Sir Owen Dixon : a celebration . Carlton , Victoria : Melbourne University Press . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 522 - 84330 - 9 . Jump up ^ R v Kirby ; Ex parte Boilermakers ' Society of Australia ( 1956 ) HCA 10 , ( 1956 ) 94 CLR 254 . Jump up ^ Victoria v Commonwealth ( Second Uniform Tax case ) ( 1957 ) HCA 54 , ( 1957 ) 99 CLR 575 . ^ Jump up to : Strickland v Rocla Concrete Pipes Ltd ( 1971 ) HCA 40 , ( 1971 ) 124 CLR 468 . Jump up ^ New South Wales v Commonwealth ( Seas and Submerged Lands case ) ( 1975 ) HCA 58 , ( 1975 ) 135 CLR 337 . Jump up ^ Western Australia v Commonwealth ( 1975 ) ( First Territory Senators ' case ) ( 1975 ) HCA 46 , ( 1975 ) 134 CLR 201 . Jump up ^ Queensland v Commonwealth ( Second Territory Senators ' case ) ( 1977 ) HCA 60 , ( 1977 ) 139 CLR 585 . Jump up ^ Russell v Russell ( 1976 ) HCA 23 , ( 1976 ) 134 CLR 495 . Jump up ^ Cormack v Cope ( 1974 ) HCA 28 , ( 1974 ) 131 CLR 432 . Jump up ^ Victoria v Commonwealth ( Petroleum and Minerals Authority case ) ( 1975 ) HCA 39 , ( 1975 ) 134 CLR 81 . Jump up ^ Mason , Anthony ( 2001 ) . `` Barwick Court '' . In Blackshield , Tony ; Coper , Michael ; Williams , George . The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554022 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Twomey , Anne ( 2001 ) . `` Gibbs Court '' . In Blackshield , Tony ; Coper , Michael ; Williams , George . The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554022 - 0 . Jump up ^ Koowarta v Bjelke - Petersen ( 1982 ) HCA 27 , ( 1982 ) 153 CLR 168 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth v Tasmania ( Tasmanian Dams case ) ( 1983 ) HCA 21 , ( 1983 ) 158 CLR 1 . Jump up ^ Actors and Announcers Equity Association v Fontana Films Pty Ltd ( 1982 ) HCA 23 , ( 1982 ) 150 CLR 169 . Jump up ^ Kioa v West ( 1985 ) HCA 81 , ( 1985 ) 159 CLR 550 . Jump up ^ Chamberlain v The Queen ( 1984 ) HCA 7 , ( 1984 ) 156 CLR 521 . Jump up ^ A v Hayden ( 1984 ) HCA 67 , ( 1984 ) 156 CLR 532 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Jason Louis ( 2006 ) , Inside the Mason Court revolution : the High Court of Australia transformed , Carolina Academic Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59460 - 061 - 6 Jump up ^ Cole v Whitfield ( 1988 ) HCA 18 , ( 1988 ) 165 CLR 360 . ^ Jump up to : Dillon , Michelle ; Doyle , John ( 2001 ) . `` Mason Court '' . In Blackshield , Tony ; Coper , Michael ; Williams , George . The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554022 - 0 . Jump up ^ Mabo v Queensland ( No 2 ) ( 1992 ) HCA 23 , ( 1992 ) 175 CLR 1 . Jump up ^ Polyukhovich v Commonwealth ( War Crimes Act case ) ( 1991 ) HCA 32 , ( 1991 ) 172 CLR 501 . Jump up ^ Dietrich v The Queen ( 1992 ) HCA 57 , ( 1992 ) 177 CLR 292 . Jump up ^ Sykes v Cleary ( 1992 ) HCA 60 , ( 1992 ) 176 CLR 77 . Jump up ^ Minister of State for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh ( 1995 ) HCA 20 , ( 1995 ) 183 CLR 273 . Jump up ^ Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth ( 1992 ) HCA 45 , ( 1992 ) 177 CLR 106 . Jump up ^ Nationwide News Pty Ltd v Wills ( 1992 ) HCA 46 , ( 1992 ) 177 CLR 1 . Jump up ^ Theophanous v Herald & Weekly Times Ltd ( 1994 ) HCA 46 , ( 1994 ) 182 CLR 104 . Jump up ^ Waltons Stores ( Interstate Ltd ) v Maher ( 1988 ) HCA 7 , ( 1988 ) 1164 CLR 387 . Jump up ^ Trident General Insurance v McNiece ( 1988 ) HCA 44 , ( 1988 ) 165 CLR 107 . Jump up ^ Rogers v Whitaker ( 1992 ) HCA 58 , ( 1992 ) 175 CLR 479 . Jump up ^ Burnie Port Authority v General Jones Pty Ltd ( 1994 ) HCA 13 , ( 1994 ) 179 CLR 520 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( 2001 ) . `` Brennan Court '' . In Blackshield , Tony ; Coper , Michael ; Williams , George . The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554022 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ha v New South Wales ( 1997 ) HCA 34 , ( 1997 ) 189 CLR 465 . Jump up ^ Grollo v Palmer ( 1995 ) HCA 26 , ( 1995 ) 184 CLR 348 . Jump up ^ Wilson v Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs ( Hindmarsh Island Bridge case ) ( 1996 ) HCA 18 , ( 1996 ) 189 CLR 1 . Jump up ^ Kable v Director of Public Prosecutions ( NSW ) ( 1996 ) HCA 24 , ( 1996 ) 189 CLR 51 . Jump up ^ Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( 1997 ) HCA 25 , ( 1997 ) 189 CLR 520 . Jump up ^ Levy v Victoria ( Duck shooting case ) ( 1997 ) HCA 31 , ( 1997 ) 189 CLR 579 . Jump up ^ Wik Peoples v Queensland ( Pastoral Leases case ) ( 1996 ) HCA 40 , ( 1996 ) 187 CLR 1 . Jump up ^ Re Wakim ; Ex parte McNally ( Cross-vesting case ) ( 1999 ) HCA 27 , ( 1999 ) 198 CLR 511 . Jump up ^ Al - Kateb v Godwin ( 2004 ) HCA 37 , ( 2004 ) 219 CLR 562 . Jump up ^ Zines , Leslie ( 2001 ) . `` Gleeson Court '' . In Blackshield , Tony ; Coper , Michael ; Williams , George . The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554022 - 0 . Jump up ^ Egan v Willis ( 1998 ) HCA 71 , ( 1998 ) 195 CLR 424 . Jump up ^ Sue v Hill ( 1999 ) HCA 30 , ( 1999 ) 199 CLR 462 . Jump up ^ Yanner v Eaton ( 1999 ) HCA 53 , ( 1999 ) 201 CLR 351 . Jump up ^ Western Australia v Ward ( 2002 ) HCA 28 , ( 2002 ) 213 CLR 1 . Jump up ^ Members of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria ( 2002 ) HCA 58 , ( 2002 ) 214 CLR 422 . Jump up ^ Perre v Apand Pty Ltd ( 1999 ) HCA 36 , ( 199 ) 198 CLR 180 . Jump up ^ Dow Jones & Co Inc v Gutnick ( 2002 ) HCA 56 , ( 2002 ) 219 CLR 562 . Jump up ^ Cattanach v Melchior ( 2003 ) HCA 38 , ( 2003 ) 215 CLR 1 . Jump up ^ R v Tang ( 2008 ) HCA 39 , ( 2008 ) 237 CLR 1 . Jump up ^ New South Wales v Commonwealth ( WorkChoices case ) ( 2006 ) HCA 52 , ( 2006 ) 229 CLR 1 . Jump up ^ Lujans v Yarrabee Coal Company Pty Ltd ( 2008 ) HCA 51 , ( 2002 ) 249 ALR 663 ; 83 ALJR 34 . Jump up ^ Pape v Commissioner of Taxation ( 2009 ) HCA 23 , ( 2009 ) 238 CLR 1 . Jump up ^ Brown v Tasmania ( 2017 ) HCA 43 . `` Judgment summary '' ( PDF ) . High Court . 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Blackshield , Tony ( 26 October 2017 ) . `` Green in Judgment '' . Inside Story . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Chordia , Shipra ( 2 November 2017 ) . `` The Trajectory of Structured Proportionality : Brown v Tasmania '' . AUSPUBLAW . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Re Canavan ( 2017 ) HCA 45 . `` Judgment summary '' ( PDF ) . High Court . 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Wright , Tony ( 27 October 2017 ) . `` Citizenship verdict : The High Court and the theatre of public execution '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilkie v Commonwealth ; Australian Marriage Equality v Minister for Finance ( 2017 ) HCA 40 . `` Judgment summary '' ( PDF ) . High Court . 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Australia 's top judges get a pay rise , SBS News , 10 October 2017 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Determination 2017 / 09 : Judicial and Related Offices -- Remuneration and Allowances , Remuneration Tribunal . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Dixon & Williams ( eds ) , Ch 5 The Griffith Court by John M Williams p. 83 . Jump up ^ High Court of Australia Act 1979 ( Cth ) s 6 Jump up ^ Durack , Peter ( 2001 ) . `` High Court of Australia Act '' . In Blackshield , Tony ; Coper , Michael ; Williams , George . The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554022 - 0 . Jump up ^ Section 72 of the Constitution , as amended in 1977 , before which there had been no compulsory retirement age . Jump up ^ Evans , Simon ( 2001 ) . `` Appointment of Justices '' . In Blackshield , Tony ; Coper , Michael ; Williams , George . The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554022 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lee , H.P. ; Winterton , G , eds. ( 2003 ) . Australian Constitutional Landmarks . Cambridge University Press . pp. 248 -- 50 . ISBN 052183158X . Jump up ^ Hocking , Jenny Lionel Murphy : A political biography , Cambridge University Press Melbourne 2000 , p304 Jump up ^ `` About the Justices '' . High Court of Australia . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of the High Court '' . High Court . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Dixon & Williams ( eds ) , Ch 5 The Griffith Court by John M Williams . Jump up ^ Dixon & Williams ( eds ) , pp. 78 - 80 , 118 - 119 , 141 - 143 , 160,161 . Jump up ^ `` Former Justices '' . High Court . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , George ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` Susan Kiefel : Australia 's first female chief justice '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Pely , Michael ( 20 December 2008 ) . `` NSW Supreme Court farewells High Court appointee Virginia Bell '' . The Australian . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Dennett , Harley ( 17 December 2008 ) . `` New justice a 78'er '' . Sydney Star Observer . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Young , Katherine . `` Open Chambers : High Court Associates and Supreme Court Clerks Compared '' . ( 2007 ) 31 ( 2 ) Melbourne University Law Review 646 . ^ Jump up to : `` Applying for an associateship with a Justice of the High Court of Australia '' . High Court of Australia . Jump up ^ Feneley , Rick ( 10 January 2009 ) . `` The boy from Sandy Hollow '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Papers of Colin Madigan 1900 -- 2002 ( manuscript ) '' . Catalogue record . National Library of Australia . Retrieved 19 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Australian National Heritage listing for the High Court - National Gallery Precinct Jump up ^ `` Home page '' . High Court of Australia . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` High Court of Australia : eresources '' . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` High Court of Australia : Recent AV recordings '' . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Burnside , Sarah ( 2011 ) . `` Australian Judicial Biography : Past , Present and Future '' . Australian Journal of Politics and History . 57 ( 2 ) : 221 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8497.2011. 01593. x . ISSN 0004 - 9522 . Fricke , Graham ( 1986 ) . Judges of the High Court . Hawthorn , Victoria : Hutchinson of Australia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 157150 - 4 . Carter , David J , James Brown and Adel Rahmani ( 2016 ) `` Reading the High Court at a Distance : Topic Modelling the Legal Subject Matter and Judicial Activity of the High Court of Australia , 1903 - 2015 '' University of New South Wales Law Journal , 39 ( 2 ) : 1300 . Full Text . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to High Court of Australia . High Court of Australia High Court Documentary , a short documentary on the High Court and its building . The Highest Court Documentary film , 1998 , DVD . Only film ever permitted to be made of the High Court in session , before video recordings of its proceedings . 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List of Dragon Ball Super episodes
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List of Dragon Ball Super episodes - wikipedia List of Dragon Ball Super episodes Jump to : navigation , search Promotional artwork Dragon Ball Super is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation that began airing on July 5 , 2015 on Fuji TV . It is the first Dragon Ball television series featuring a new storyline in 18 years . Storywise , the series retells the events of the last two Dragon Ball Z films , Battle of Gods and Resurrection ' F ' , which themselves follow the events of Dragon Ball Z . Afterwards , the series proceeds to tell an original story about the exploration of other universes , the reemergence of Future Trunks , and a new threat to his Earth known as Goku Black and a Supreme Kai from Universe 10 named Zamasu . Later , the Z Fighters participate in a universal tournament held by Zeno - sama to decide the fate of multiple universes . If they lose in the universal tournament , then their entire universe will be erased . Twelve pieces of theme music are used : two opening themes and ten ending themes . For the first 76 episodes , the opening theme is `` Chōzetsu ☆ Dynamic ! '' ( 超絶 ☆ ダイナミック ! , Chōzetsu Dainamikku , `` Excellent Dynamic ! '' ) performed by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey . The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the Dragon Ball series . Beginning with episode 77 , the second opening theme is `` Limit - Break x Survivor '' ( 限界 突破 × サバイバー , Genkai Toppa x Sabaibā ) by Kiyoshi Hikawa . Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock number `` Genkai Toppa x Survivor '' and Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music . For the first 12 episodes , the ending theme is `` Hello Hello Hello '' ( ハロー ハロー ハロー , Harō Harō Harō ) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America . The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is `` Starring Star '' ( スターリング スター , Sutāringu Sutā ) by Key Talk . The third ending theme song for episodes 26 to 36 is `` Usubeni '' ( 薄 紅 , `` Light Pink '' ) by Lacco Tower . The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is `` Forever Dreaming '' ( フォーエバー ドリーミング , Fōebā Dorīmingu ) by Czecho No Republic . The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is `` Yokayoka Dance '' ( よかよか ダンス , Yokayoka Dansu , `` It 's Fine Dance '' ) by idol group Batten Showjo Tai . The sixth ending theme for episodes 60 to 72 is `` Chao Han Music '' ( 炒飯 MUSIC , Chāhan Myūjikku ) by Arukara . The seventh ending theme from episodes 73 to 83 is `` Aku no Tenshi to Seigi no Akuma '' ( 悪 の 天使 と 正義 の 悪魔 , An Evil Angel and the Righteous Devil ) by THE COLLECTORS . The eighth ending theme from episodes 84 to 96 is `` Boogie Back '' by Miyu Innoue . The ninth ending theme from episodes 97 to 108 is `` Haruka '' by Lacco Tower . Beginning with episode 109 , the tenth ending theme is `` By A 70cm Square Window '' by the rock band RottenGraffty . The anime episodes are being released on Japanese Blu - ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each . The first set was released on December 2 , 2015 . The second set was released on March 2 , 2016 . The third set was released on July 2 , 2016 . The fourth set was released on October 10 , 2016 . Dragon Ball Super received an English - language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia and India in January 2017 . The series has been aired in Israel on Nickelodeon and in Portugal on SIC . Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France , Italy , Spain , and English - speaking Africa in Fall 2016 . An official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll , Daisuki.net , and Anime Lab beginning October 22 , 2016 . Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to the series and will be producing an English dub . As well as officially announcing the dub , it was also announced they will be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform , FunimationNow . Funimation 's English dub of Dragon Ball Super started airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting January 7 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus 2.2 Season 2 : Golden Frieza 2.3 Season 3 : Universe 6 2.4 Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks 2.5 Season 5 : Universe Survival 3 Blu - ray and DVD release 3.1 Region 1 ( North America ) 3.1. 1 Volumes 3.2 Region 2 ( Japan ) 4 Notes 5 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Saga Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired God of Destruction Beerus 14 July 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 05 ) October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) Golden Frieza 13 October 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) January 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) Universe 6 19 January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) `` Future '' Trunks 30 June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) January 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 5 Universe Survival TBA February 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 05 ) TBA Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate `` The Peace Reward - Who Will Get the 100 Million Zeni ? '' / `` A Peacetime Reward : Who Gets the 100,000,000 Zeni ? ! '' `` Heiwa no hōshū - ichioku Zenī wa dare no te ni ! ? '' ( 平和 の 報酬 1 億 ゼニー は 誰 の 手 に ! ? ) July 5 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 After Son Goku defeated the dangerous Majin Buu , peace has returned to Earth . Chi - Chi wants Goku to get a job , so he works as a farmer . Son Goten and his friend Trunks search for a gift for his sister - in - law Videl , who is married to his older brother , Son Gohan . The two consider jewelry and makeup , but they are unable to afford anything . Goten and Trunks head for the hot springs in the woods to bottle up some mineral water instead . While there , they are attacked by a giant snake , which they manage to scare away . For his purported role in saving Earth from Majin Buu , Mr. Satan has been awarded with 100 million Zeni that he does not want . He decides to give the money to one of the fighters . Goku gives the money to Chi - Chi , so she would let him train . Meanwhile , somewhere in the depths of space , Beerus , the God of Destruction , has awakened from his slumber . Keen on battling the worthy opponent that appeared to him in his visions , Beerus and his attendant , Whis , set out to discover who this opponent is . `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Goes on a Family Trip ? ! '' / `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Takes a Family Trip ! '' `` Yakusoku no rizōto e ! Bejīta ga kazoku ryokō ! ? '' ( 約束 の リゾート へ ! ベジータ が 家族 旅行 ! ? ) July 12 , 2015 January 14 , 2017 Goku goes to King Kai 's planet to train with King Kai . Meanwhile , Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks take a family trip to a resort . Bulma and Trunks are enjoying the family time together , while Vegeta is bothered by the fact that Goku gets to train . Fed up with what he considers a waste of time , Vegeta flies away and heads back to Capsule Corporation to train . Somewhere in space , Beerus and Whis scour an alien planet in search of dinosaur meat . They are confronted by the planet 's strongest dweller , but he proves to be no match for them . Shortly afterwards , Beerus destroys the planet in order to have another vision of his destined opponent -- the Super Saiyan God . `` Where 's the Rest of the Dream ? ! In Search of the Super Saiyan God ! '' / `` Where Does the Dream Pick Up ? Find the Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Yume no tsuzuki wa doko da ! ? Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o sagase ! '' ( 夢 の 続き は どこ だ ! ? 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 探せ ! ) July 19 , 2015 January 21 , 2017 Fearing what might happen knowing that the God of Destruction is awake , the Old Supreme Kai and Supreme Kai urge King Kai to ensure that Goku never finds out about Beerus . However , Goku overhears the conversation and becomes curious . Back in his temple , Beerus and Whis continue their search for the Super Saiyan God . They soon learn of Goku and his feats . Beerus and Whis decide to pay him and King Kai a visit . Meanwhile , back on Earth , Goku 's friends and family members begin gathering on the cruise ship for Bulma 's birthday party except for Vegeta who is still training to overpower Goku and everyone else in the universe . `` Aim for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf Gang in Action ! '' / `` Bid for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf and Crew 's Impossible Mission ! '' `` Mezase Doragon Bōru ! Pirafu ichimi no dai - sakusen ! '' ( 目指せ ドラゴンボール ! ピラフ 一味 の 大 作戦 ! ) August 2 , 2015 January 28 , 2017 With all guests now gathered except for Goku and Vegeta , Bulma 's birthday party gets underway . Trunks shows Goten where his mother hid the bingo tournament grand prize -- the Dragon Balls . Not far off from the ship , the Pilaf Gang are now poor and hungry . They are trying to get by until they find the Dragon Balls and make their wishes come true . When his Dragon Radar picks up a signal coming from Bulma 's ship , Pilaf and his henchmen hastily board the ship with Trunks and Goten 's help . Meanwhile , on his planet , King Kai explains to Goku who and what Beerus exactly is and that for every benevolent God there must be a malevolent one in order to keep the universe in balance . Just as he finishes , Beerus and Whis arrive . 5 5 `` The Ultimate Fight on King Kai 's Planet ! Goku vs. the God of Destruction Beerus '' / `` Showdown on King Kai 's World ! Goku vs. Beerus the Destroyer ! '' `` Kaiō - sei no kessen ! Gokū VS Hakaishin Birusu '' ( 界 王 星 の 決戦 ! 悟空 VS 破壊 神 ビルス ) August 9 , 2015 February 4 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on King Kai 's planet and detect Goku 's presence . While he is initially disappointed that Goku does not know what a `` Super Saiyan God '' is , he agrees to test his strength in a sparring match . Goku attempts to fight him in all of the Super Saiyan transformations , but Beerus effortlessly defeats him in two strikes . Beerus and Whis head for Earth shortly afterwards , while King Kai uses his telepathy to warn Vegeta ahead of their arrival . 6 6 `` Do n't Anger the God of Destruction ! Excitement at the Birthday Party '' / `` Do n't Anger the Destroyer ! A Heart - Pounding Birthday Party ! '' `` Hakaishin o okoraseru na ! Doki - doki tanjō pātī '' ( 破壊 神 を 怒ら せる な ! ドキドキ 誕生 パーティー ) August 16 , 2015 February 11 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on Earth , where Bulma 's birthday party is underway . Initially , Vegeta is paralyzed by Beerus ' presence . He recalls a childhood encounter with the deity a long time ago when Beerus visited Planet Vegeta and threatened his father , King Vegeta . Shortly afterwards , Bulma pops up . She invites Beerus and Whis to join the party . The two gladly accept her offer and quickly become enamored with the Earth 's cuisine . They start mingling with the other guests , while Vegeta tries his best to ensure that Beerus remains calm . Whis soon learns of pudding , which he finds to be extraordinarily delicious . Whis urges Beerus to have some too . It turns out that Majin Buu had taken the remaining pudding cups for himself and refuses to share . Angered by Majin Buu 's insolence , Beerus attacks him . 7 7 `` How Dare You Hurt My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Sudden , Angry Shift ? ! '' / `` How Dare You Do That To My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Metamorphosis of Fury ? '' `` Yokumo ore no Buruma o ! Bejīta ikari no totsuzenhen'i ! ? '' ( よく も オレ の ブルマ を ! ベジータ 怒り の 突然 変異 ! ? ) August 23 , 2015 February 18 , 2017 Beerus effortlessly disposes of Majin Buu , while Vegeta stands by in awe . Vegeta tries to persuade Beerus to calm down and enjoy himself , but he refuses to listen . Trunks and Goten fuse into Gotenks and attack to no avail . Powerless to do anything else , Gotenks starts insulting Beerus for which he is promptly punished . Piccolo , Tien Shinhan , and Android 18 try taking on Beerus with little success . Majin Buu attacks again , but he is unable to land a single hit . While observing the battle , Dende realizes what Beerus actually is and immediately informs Piccolo . Before Piccolo is able to warn him , Gohan powers up and charges towards Beerus . Using Majin Buu as a weapon , Beerus repels Gohan and takes them both out . Being the last one standing , Vegeta confronts Beerus , but he is swiftly brought to the ground . Beerus tells Vegeta that he is disappointed with him since he is just as weak as his father was . Just as Beerus is about to finish Vegeta , Bulma walks up and slaps him for ruining her party . Beerus retaliates in similar fashion . Seeing Bulma struck infuriates Vegeta . He explodes and powers up immensely . 8 8 `` Goku Arrives ! A Last Chance from Beerus Sama ? ! '' / `` Goku Makes an Entrance ! A Last Chance from Lord Beerus ? '' `` Gokū kenzan ! Birusu - sama kara no rasuto chansu ! ? '' ( 悟空 見参 ! ビルス 様 から の ラスト チャンス ! ? ) August 30 , 2015 February 25 , 2017 Having powered up , Vegeta charges towards Beerus . He manages to land a few punches before Beerus , who was using only a fraction of his power , knocks him out . Just as he is about to destroy Earth , Beerus has a sudden idea . He decides to give the Earthlings another chance at saving Earth . Meanwhile , fearing for their lives , the Pilaf Gang disembark Bulma 's ship on a rowboat and sail away . Thinking he is the same as Majin Buu because of his pink hue , Beerus picks Oolong out of the crowd and challenges him to a game of rock -- paper -- scissors to decide the fate of the Earth . Oolong manages to draw twice , but Beerus eventually wins and proceeds to power up his attack . Just as Beerus is about to fire , Goku chimes in and says he has thought of a way to find out about the Super Saiyan God . He will summon and ask Shenron about it . 9 9 `` Sorry for the Wait , Beerus Sama . The Super Saiyan God Is Finally Born ! '' / `` Thanks for Waiting , Lord Beerus ! A Super Saiyan God is Born At Last ! '' `` O matase , Birusu - sama . Tsuini Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo tanjō ! '' ( お 待た せ 、 ビルス 様 . ついに 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド 誕生 ! ) September 6 , 2015 March 4 , 2017 Goku gathers the Dragon Balls together and summons Shenron , who is startled by Beerus ' presence . Shenron quickly explains that the Super Saiyan God is not a person , but it is a legendary transformation that only kindhearted Saiyans can achieve by fusing their power together . The Saiyans attempt to transform Goku , but they fail as they are one Saiyan short . Growing tired of waiting , Beerus starts preparing his attack to destroy the planet . Suddenly , Videl jumps in front of the Saiyans . She says that there is one more Saiyan who might be able to help them , who happens to be her and Gohan 's unborn child . The Saiyans and Videl attempt the transformation again and manage to transform Goku into the Super Saiyan God . 10 10 `` Unleash It , Goku ! The Power of the Super Saiyan God ! ! '' / `` Show Us , Goku ! The Power of a Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Misero Gokū ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo no pawā ! ! '' ( 見せろ 悟空 ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド の 力 ( パワー ) ! ! ) September 13 , 2015 March 11 , 2017 Goku is now a Super Saiyan God . He confronts Beerus . Goku is amazed by the immense power his body has gained with the transformation . He is initially unable to fully grasp its newfound potential . Fighting with Beerus , Goku manages to grow gradually into his new form . Seeing as how Goku might turn out to be a worthy adversary after all , Beerus decides it is time for them to unleash their true power and have a real battle of Gods . 11 11 `` Let 's Keep Going , Beerus Sama ! Our Battle of Gods ! '' / `` Let 's Keep Going , Lord Beerus ! The Battle of Gods ! '' `` Tsudukeyō ze Birusu - sama ! Kami to kami no tatakai o ! '' ( 続け よう ぜ ビルス 様 ! 神 と 神 の 戦い を ! ) September 20 , 2015 March 18 , 2017 Having somewhat got a grip on the Super Saiyan God form , Goku initially manages to keep up with Beerus . He soon realizes that his opponent is still not fighting at his maximum . It is revealed that Beerus is doing so only to motivate Goku to catch up with him . To that end , Beerus drags Goku to space , where he swiftly knocks him out . Goku comes crashing down back to Earth and ends up in an ocean . Amazed by such power , Goku gets excited and powers up . He heals himself in the process . Willing to have another go , Goku flies out of the ocean and dashes towards Beerus . 12 12 `` The Universe Crumbles ? ! Clash ! God of Destruction vs. Super Saiyan God '' / `` The Universe Will Shatter ? Clash ! Destroyer vs. Super Saiyan God '' `` Uchū ga kudakeru ! ? Gekitotsu ! Haikaishin VS Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo ! '' ( 宇宙 が 砕ける ! ? 激突 ! 破壊 神 VS 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド ! ) September 27 , 2015 March 25 , 2017 Goku and Beerus continue to fight in space . As both of them power up and clash , the universe begins to crumble under the power of the gods . Celestial bodies blow up due to the shock waves . Meanwhile , Old Supreme Kai reveals to the younger Supreme Kai that with three more blows the whole universe would be destroyed along with Beerus and Goku . When Goku lands the third clash with Beerus , he unknowingly stops the universe 's collapse by balancing Beerus ' attack with his own . Beerus gets enraged and uses his atomic bomb attack on Goku . Goku uses the Super Saiyan God energy to power up his Kamehameha attack to keep Beerus ' attack at bay . 13 13 `` Goku , Go Beyond Super Saiyan God '' / `` Goku , Surpass Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Gokū yo , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o koete ike ! '' ( 悟空 よ 、 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 越え て 行け ! ) October 4 , 2015 April 8 , 2017 The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle , but they fear the worst is still to come . On Earth , Vegeta , Whis , and the others are still standing by while watching the battle . Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God 's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee . In space , Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus ' attack , which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth . Shortly after , the light clears out , which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion . Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion , which saved the universe . Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast , Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again . Despite being at his limit , Goku remains calm , which annoys the God of Destruction . Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding , which Goku promptly denies . Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought . The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting , but this time both are at their limit . As soon as they start , Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form . Upon noticing that , Beerus decides to quit . He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan . However , Goku does not notice and keeps going at it . Whis is able to sense Goku 's mortal energy . Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost . However , Piccolo begs to differ . Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form , Beerus surmises that Goku 's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power . This made him stronger in his ordinary form . With or without the Super Saiyan God form , Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against . Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods . Note : This episode was originally scheduled to air on April 1 , 2017 , but an unannounced change in schedule on April Fools ' Day supplanted a new Dragon Ball Super episode with the premiere of the third season of Rick and Morty , which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight . 14 14 `` This Is Every Ounce of Power I Have ! The Battle of Gods ' Conclusion ! '' / `` This Is All the Power I 've Got ! A Settlement Between Gods '' `` Kore ga ora no arittake no chikarada ! Ketchaku ! Kami to kami '' ( これが オラ の ありったけ の 力 だ ! 決着 ! 神 と 神 ) October 11 , 2015 April 15 , 2017 Now with only a Super Saiyan form at his disposal , Goku powers up and attacks but to no avail , as Beerus knocks him out effortlessly . With Goku knocked out , Beerus prepares to destroy the Earth . In a final effort to stop Beerus , Goku once again powers up and charges his Kamehameha attack . Goku manages to prevent Beerus ' attack , but he completely depletes what was left of his energy in the process . He comes crashing down to Earth onto Bulma 's ship , where Vegeta manages to catch him . Beerus lands on the planet shortly after to finish what he started , but he suddenly falls asleep . Whis explains that Goku must have tired Beerus out , and that by the time he wakes up he will have forgotten about their trip to Earth . Beerus was faking his sudden sleep because the Earth 's food convinced him to spare the planet . Beerus and Whis leave for Beerus ' planet . With Earth safe again , Goku decides to relax and enjoy the party . Season 2 : Golden Frieza ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 15 `` Make a Miracle , Satan the Hero ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' / `` Valiant Mr. Satan , Work a Miracle ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' `` Yūsha Satan yo kiseki o okose ! Uchū kara no chōsenjō ! ! '' ( 勇者 サタン よ 奇跡 を 起こせ ! 宇宙 から の 挑戦 状 ! ! ) October 18 , 2015 April 22 , 2017 With Earth no longer in danger , Goku and the others return to their ordinary lives . Chi - Chi tells Goku she has already spent the 100 million Zeni received from Mr. Satan . She orders Goku to leave training behind and find a job so he can support the family . Meanwhile , Mr. Satan 's self - promotion goes awry when a group of aliens land in the city . The aliens reveal that they are ambassadors who wish to thank and reward whoever defeated Beerus and thus protected their planet from destruction . Before he is given the reward , Mr. Satan is asked to demonstrate his godlike power against the alien 's mightiest champion in a sparring match . Knowing that he does not stand a chance , Mr. Satan quickly scampers away to safety and calls for help , but no one answers him . Suddenly , Goku arrives at the scene in need of Mr. Satan 's help . Mr. Satan arranges to have Goku fight for him instead . Just before the fight , Goku spots Chi - Chi and immediately runs away to avoid being scolded for disobeying her . Mr. Satan is left to confront the alien champion on his own . Suddenly , the cynophobic aliens spot Mr. Satan 's dog and run away in fear . With the aliens gone , the crowd praises Mr. Satan , whom they think saved them and Earth yet again . 16 `` Vegeta Becomes an Apprentice ? ! Winning Whis Over ! '' / `` Vegeta Becomes a Student ? ! Win Over Whis ! '' `` Bejīta ga deshi'iri ! ? Uisu o kōryakuse yo ! '' ( ベジータ が 弟子入り ! ? ウイス を 攻略 せよ ! ) October 25 , 2015 April 29 , 2017 Chi - Chi still has Goku doing work out on the farm . Instead of working , Goku decides to rest and falls asleep . Krillin flies in and wakes up Goku . Krillin is very surprised to hear that Goku is still on Earth and not training with King Kai . He reminisces about his training with Goku under Master Roshi and the power level difference between them since they were children . Curious to see how large the gap is , Krillin tells Goku to punch him with all his power . A reluctant Goku tries to change Krillin 's mind . Goku ends up punching Krillin anyway , which sends Krillin flying into a boulder . Shortly afterwards , Goku heads home . Android 18 treats Krillin 's wounds . Krillin states that he misses martial arts and wishes to start training again . Meanwhile , Vegeta is seen in the wastelands standing determined . He states his intent to surpass Goku without the aid of others . Elsewhere , Whis and Bulma are having lunch together . Whis is enjoying all the food Bulma is having her chef make . While they dine , Bulma asks Whis to protect Earth from Beerus in case he ever shows up again . Vegeta arrives and sees Whis . He asks Whis to see Beerus , but Whis refuses to do so . Whis tells Vegeta that he is Beerus ' martial arts teacher . Whis informs Vegeta that with the proper tutelage he could one day surpass Goku . Vegeta bows and kneels before Whis and begs to become his student . An unimpressed Whis walks past him . Vegeta decides to convince Whis by giving him the tastiest food on Earth . After several failed attempts , Vegeta finally impresses Whis with a cup of instant noodle . Before Vegeta heads off with Whis to train on Beerus ' planet , Bulma hands him new battle armor . Whis and Vegeta arrive on Beerus ' planet . Whis prepares to train Vegeta . 17 `` Pan Is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Trip ? ! '' / `` Pan is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Journey ? ! '' `` Pan tanjō ! Soshite Gokū wa shugyō no tabi he ! ? '' ( パン 誕生 ! そして 悟空 は 修行 の 旅 へ ! ? ) November 1 , 2015 May 6 , 2017 Pan has been born . While most of her family members and friends think that she should be taught martial arts , Chi - Chi is revolted by the very idea . She believes that Pan should be raised to be a lady and not a mindless fighter like her grandfather Goku . Everyone tries to persuade Chi - Chi to change her mind but to no avail . Bulma accidentally mentions that Vegeta has been away training with Whis for six months , which shocks Goku . After some time , Whis returns to Earth to enjoy more of the food Earth has to offer . Goku approaches Whis and asks to become his pupil . Whis accepts Goku 's plea . Whis thinks it is the perfect time for Goku to join Vegeta in training . Just as the two are about to depart , Chi - Chi runs up and stops Goku from leaving . Despite her wishes , Goku ends up leaving with Whis . Chi - Chi has a sudden change of heart . She says that Goku will return once he gets hungry anyway . 18 `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Begins on Beerus ' Planet ! '' / `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Commences on Beerus ' World ! '' `` Ora mo kita zo ! Birusu - sei de shugyō kaishi da ! '' ( オラ も 来 た ぞ ! ビルス 星 で 修行 開始 だ ! ) November 8 , 2015 May 13 , 2017 Goku and Whis arrive on Beerus ' planet , where Vegeta is tasked with housekeeping . Goku is surprised to learn that Vegeta has gotten considerably stronger training under Whis . Goku wants to start his training right away . Before he is allowed to train , Whis orders him to help Vegeta with the chores including changing Beerus ' bed sheets without waking him up . Goku and Vegeta promptly do their chores and start their training with Whis . Whis ' training routine quickly wears Goku out . He falls asleep . Vegeta , who is willing to surpass Goku at any cost , keeps on training . The next day , Whis decides to have a sparring match with his apprentices in order to gauge their speed . The two prove to be no match for Whis . Goku and Vegeta are too slow to land a single hit on Whis . Somewhere in space , surviving members of Frieza 's army are led by Sorbet . They continue with their effort of resurrecting their leader . Not far off , mysterious beings from a different universe named Champa ( シャンパ , Shanpa ) and Vados ( ヴァドス , Vadosu ) continue their search for Beerus . 19 5 `` Despair Rises ! The Emperor of Evil , Frieza , Resurrected ! '' / `` Despair Redux ! The Return of the Evil Emperor , Frieza ! '' `` Zetsubō futatabi ! Aku no teiō Furīza no fukkatsu ! '' ( 絶望 ふたたび ! 悪 の 帝王 ・ フリーザ の 復活 ! ) November 15 , 2015 May 20 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . Meanwhile , Sorbet and his assistant Tagoma ( タゴマ ) depart their ship and head for Earth in order to find the Dragon Balls , which they intend to resurrect their leader Frieza . They run into the Pilaf Gang , who had collected all seven Dragon Balls just before their arrival . Sorbet coerces Pilaf into summoning Shenron . At first , Shenron refuses to revive Frieza because he sees it as pointless given his current state , where Frieza was cut in pieces just as he was when Future Trunks killed him . Tagoma suggests using their advanced healing technology to make Frieza intact again . Sorbet has Frieza resurrected . Sorbet and Tagoma collect all of Frieza 's pieces and return to their ship . Frieza is completely renewed shortly afterwards . 20 6 `` Jaco 's Warning ! Frieza and His 1000 Troops Approach '' / `` A Warning from Jaco ! Frieza and 1,000 Soldiers Close In '' `` Jako kara no keikoku ! Semari kuru Furīza to 1000 - ri no heishi - tachi ! '' ( ジャコ から の 警告 ! 迫り 来る フリーザ と 1000 人 の 兵士 達 ) November 22 , 2015 June 3 , 2017 Once restored , Frieza plans revenge against Goku and Future Trunks . Tagoma objects to Frieza 's plans , but Frieza promptly subdues him . When Frieza finds out that Goku has gotten much stronger since they last met , he decides to train in order to become more powerful . Since Frieza 's power was inborn , he reveals that he had never felt the need to train a day in his life before now . Four months pass before Frieza and his army head for Earth . All the while , Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis . Jaco the Galactic Patrolman travels to Earth to inform Bulma that Frieza had been revived . Frieza will be approaching Earth shortly with an army of one thousand soldiers . With Frieza 's army fast approaching , Bulma gathers the remaining fighters to fight Frieza 's army in hopes of holding out until Goku and Vegeta make it back to Earth . 21 7 `` The Start of Revenge ! The Malice of Frieza Army Strikes Gohan ! '' / `` The Start of Vengeance ! The Frieza Force 's Malice Strikes Gohan ! '' `` Fukushū no hajimari ! Furīza - gun no akuiga satoshi Gohan outsu ! '' ( 復讐 の 始まり ! フリーザ 軍 の 悪意 が 悟 飯 を 撃つ ! ) November 29 , 2015 June 10 , 2017 Frieza and his army arrive on Earth , where Gohan , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , Tien , and Jaco have gathered to hold out until Goku and Vegeta return . Frieza says that he has waited a long time to have his revenge and that he wishes to face Goku . Seeing as how Goku is not present to help , Frieza orders his army to attack the Earthlings . His army proves to be no match for the fighters even for Krillin , who had given up fighting . Disappointed with his lackluster army , Frieza orders Sorbet to send in his elite soldier , Shisami ( シサミ ) , to take out Gohan . Suddenly , Tagoma fires a beam at Shisami and Gohan , which kills the former and badly injures the latter . Sorbet is surprised by Tagoma 's newfound power , which he had achieved through training with Frieza . Frieza promises Tagoma the command of his army if he takes out the Earthlings . He accepts and prepares to fight the Earthlings . Meanwhile , Goku and Vegeta are oblivious to what is happening on Earth . They continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . 22 8 `` Change ! An Unexpected Return ! His Name is Ginyu ! ! '' `` Chēnji ! Masaka no fukkatsu ! Sono na wa Ginyū ! ! '' ( チェーンジ ! まさかの 復活 ! その 名 は ギニュー ! ! ) December 6 , 2015 June 17 , 2017 Tagoma powers up and confidently approaches his opponents . Piccolo is instantly outmatched . Gohan blasts Tagoma , which causes him to fly several yards away . As the dust settles , Tagoma reveals himself to be unharmed . Suddenly , Gotenks arrives and headbutts Tagoma . Everybody is shocked to see this . While Tagoma is struggling to recuperate from Gotenks ' attack , Captain Ginyu , who is in his frog form , pounces close to him and inscribes a message in the gravel . Tagoma accidentally sets off Ginyu 's signature move , and the two swap bodies . Ginyu rapidly adjusts to his new body 's immense power and assaults all of his rivals simultaneously . Bulma , Trunks , and Goten attempt to contact Whis , which bewilders Jaco . While fighting Gohan , Ginyu appears to have the upper hand until Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan and defeats him . When Gohan shows mercy to Ginyu , Frieza becomes enraged and repeatedly fires multiple blasts at Gohan . Before Frieza can kill Gohan , Piccolo steps in to save him . 23 9 `` The Earth ! Gohan ! Absolute Peril ! Hurry and Get Here , Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Earth ! Gohan ! Both on the Ropes ! Hurry and Get Here , Goku ! ! '' `` Chikyū ga ! Gohan ga ! Zettaizetsumei ! Hayaku kite kure Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 地球 が ! 悟 飯 が ! 絶 体 絶命 ! 早く 来 て くれ 孫悟空 ! ! ) December 13 , 2015 June 24 , 2017 Piccolo takes Frieza 's attack to save Gohan and dies in the process . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus desires more pizza . Whis gets an invitation from Bulma for a strawberry dessert . As Whis telepathically contacts her , she reveals Frieza 's revival and Piccolo 's death to him . Initially shocked to realize that Frieza is revived , Goku and Vegeta get set to fight Frieza . As Whis says it would take some time to reach Earth , Goku resorts to instant transmission on Beerus ' advice . Goku realizes that instant transmission is impossible due to the large distance between Earth and Beerus ' planet . Nevertheless , Goku tries to search for someone 's energy on Earth . On Earth , Gohan powers up to his maximum limit . This helps Goku to identify an energy source to perform instant transmission . Goku and Vegeta arrive on Earth in the nick of time to save Gohan . Vegeta executes Ginyu . As Goku and Frieza meet after a long time , Frieza transforms into his final form in a fit to demonstrate his new power . This results in the death of all his men except for Sorbet , who is at a considerable distance . Perplexed by Frieza 's new power , Goku prepares to engage in a battle . 24 10 `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Son Goku ; This Is The Result of My Training ! '' / `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Goku ! This is the Result of My Training ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Furīza VS Son Gokū ; Kore ga ora no shugyō no seikada ! '' ( 激突 ! フリーザ VS 孫悟空 これが オラ の 修行 の 成果 だ ! ) December 20 , 2015 July 8 , 2017 The battle between Goku and Frieza begins . They fight on even ground , and neither one is able to inflict significant damage to the other . Frieza resorts to attacking Krillin and Bulma . When Goku tries to save them , he is caught off guard when Frieza lands several blows on him . Vegeta grows impatient due to the constant rambling by both fighters . He charges at Goku in frustration and asks him to give it all he has . Goku takes Vegeta 's request into account and convinces Frieza to power up to his maximum . When Frieza calls out to Goku to show his full power , Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan Blue . 25 11 `` An All - Out Battle ! The Revenge of Golden Frieza ! '' / `` A Full - Throttle Battle ! The Vengeful Golden Frieza '' `` Zenkai Batoru ! Fukushū no Gōruden Furīza '' ( 全開 バトル ! 復讐 の ゴールデン フリーザ ) December 27 , 2015 July 15 , 2017 After briefly testing Goku 's new transformation , Frieza transforms into Golden Frieza . Both are impressed by the other 's progress . They engage in a fierce battle . Meanwhile , Whis informs Bulma of their arrival on Earth in a few minutes . On their way to Earth , Beerus and Whis encounter the God of Destruction of Universe Six , Champa , and his assistant , Vados . After having a short conversation with Champa and Vados , Beerus and Whis finally arrive on the battlefield . While eating Bulma 's delicious dessert , Beerus and Whis acknowledge that Frieza has indeed become significantly stronger . They also notice that Goku seems to have a tough time keeping up with Golden Frieza . Still not use to his newest form , Goku struggles to keep up with Golden Frieza 's speed and prowess . 26 12 `` A Glint of Hope Shines Through in a Crisis ! Time to Fight Back , Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chance Appears in a Tight Spot ! Launch a Counteroffensive , Goku ! '' `` Dai pinchi ni shōki ga mieta ! Hangeki kaishida Son Gokū ! '' ( 大 ピンチ に 勝機 が 見え た ! 反撃 開始 だ 孫悟空 ! ) January 10 , 2016 July 22 , 2017 Frieza and Goku continue their protracted battle with Frieza landing more blows on Goku . While no match for Frieza 's raw power , Goku manages to withstand and dodge Frieza 's attacks . Goku and Vegeta notice that Frieza is progressively losing stamina and that his power level is dropping . Frieza himself fails to notice this . Vegeta urges Goku to quickly finish Frieza off before he has a chance to recover , or he will step up and do so himself . After Goku and Frieza exchange some sarcastic banter , they power up again and continue their fight . Frieza still has the upper hand , but Goku knows that he only needs to continue for a while longer before Frieza 's weakness appears again . After a fully powered Frieza unleashes a barrage of attacks , he quickly becomes tired and starts running out of breath . His attacks no longer hurt Goku . Frieza finally realizes his weakness . Goku explains that Frieza rushed to Earth immediately after achieving the Golden form without giving himself enough time to master it . Frieza mouths a few inaudible words to his subordinate , Sorbet , and agonizes over his failed chance at revenge . Goku tells Frieza to leave Earth , while he still can . To everyone 's surprise , a laser beam pierces Goku 's chest fired from Sorbet 's ray gun . Frieza steps on Goku 's chest wound and gloats about his backup strategy to have Goku let his guard down . As Goku screams in pain , Frieza mocks him for being overconfident . According to Frieza , Goku 's overconfidence prevents him from being the strongest fighter . Before Frieza can unleash his killing shot on Goku , Vegeta fires at Frieza and announces that it is his turn to fight . 27 13 `` The Earth Explodes ? ! The Deciding Kamehameha '' / `` The Earth Explodes ? A Decisive Kamehameha ! '' `` Chikyū bakuhatsu ! ? Ketchaku no kamehameha '' ( 地球 爆発 ! ? 決着 の かめ はめ 波 ) January 17 , 2016 July 29 , 2017 Goku is critically injured , but Vegeta intervenes before Frieza can deliver a killing blow . When Krillin attempts to deliver Goku a Senzu Bean , Frieza attempts to blast him . Vegeta redirects the blast to Sorbet , which kills him . Afterwards , Vegeta demonstrates his new ability to transform into a Super Saiyan Blue . Frieza attempts to land a hit on Vegeta , but he fails to do so . Frieza quickly finds himself completely outmatched by Vegeta . Enraged and humiliated , Frieza refuses to accept defeat . While Vegeta powers up his final attack , Frieza instead blows up the Earth . Whis protects Goku and the others . As Goku laments his missed opportunity to defeat Frieza , Whis offers to turn back time by a couple of minutes , which will allow Goku to have another chance . The moment is reset to the end of Vegeta and Frieza 's battle . This allows Goku just enough time to charge up a Kamehameha attack and kill Frieza . Later , the group gathers at Capsule Corporation . Piccolo is revived with the Namekian Dragon Balls . Gohan tells Piccolo that he intends to resume his training so that he can protect his loved ones . Piccolo is delighted to hear this . Season 3 : Universe 6 ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 28 `` The God of Destruction from Universe 6 - His Name Is Champa ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Destroyer ! His Name is Champa ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū no hakaishin - Sono na wa Shanpa '' ( 第 6 宇宙 の 破壊 神 その 名 は シャンパ ) January 24 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 As Goku and Vegeta continue their vigorous training , Champa and Vados abruptly arrive on Beerus ' planet . After a small skirmish between Beerus and Champa , everyone settles down to eat some food . Formal introductions are exchanged , where Champa is introduced as Beerus ' twin brother and Vados as Whis ' older sister . An argument erupts concerning which universe 's food is superior . This leaves Goku and Vegeta bewildered . Whis explains that there are twelve universes . When two universes add up to thirteen , each universe compliments each other such as the sixth and the seventh universe . After Vados discovers that Universe Six 's Earth has been destroyed through warfare , Champa proposes a tournament between Universe Six and Seven to determine who acquires the Earth of Universe Seven . Beerus protests the idea . He believes it is impossible to do so . Champa ascertains that it is doable by using the Super Dragon Balls , which the Namekian Dragon Balls were trimmed from . At the current moment , Champa has six of them . Goku informs Beerus and Champa that Bulma is capable of locating the final Super Dragon Ball necessary to perform the wish . With tensions mounted , Beerus accepts Champa 's proposal . 29 `` The Martial Arts Match Has Been Decided ! The Team Captain Is Stronger Than Goku '' / `` Combat Matches Are a Go ! The Captain Is Someone Stronger Than Goku '' `` Kakutō shiai kaisai kettei ! Shushō wa Gokū yori tsuyoi yatsu '' ( 格闘 試合 開催 決定 ! 主将 は 悟空 より も 強い ヤツ ) January 31 , 2016 August 12 , 2017 Champa decides to host the tournament on a vacated nameless planet located between Universe Six and Universe Seven . Goku suggests the rules be similar to that of the Tenkaichi Budokai tournaments held on Earth . Vegeta recommends a written exam be implemented in order to prevent insensitive beings lacking knowledge of the regulations from participating . The tournament is scheduled to begin several days after the encounter between Beerus and Champa . On Earth , Whis requests that Bulma use her Dragon Radar in order to obtain the final Super Dragon Ball . Contrary to this , Bulma believes it would be easier to simply summon Shenron to locate it instead . Shenron reveals that tracking down the Super Dragon Balls is beyond his power . Meanwhile , Vados selects a portion of the nameless planet and transforms it into the tournament 's arena . After judging Whis ' students , Champa realizes he should also enlist a Saiyan onto his team . Beerus explains that Goku is merely the second strongest opponent he has ever faced . He proceeds to take off to inform Monaka ( モナカ ) , the strongest warrior he has ever fought , of the tournament . The next morning , Bulma finishes constructing the Super Dragon Radar . She intends to collect the Super Dragon Balls of Universe Seven before Beerus can use them to wish for total annihilation of the entire world . 30 `` A Review Before the ' Martial Arts Match ' - Who Are the Last Two Members ? ! '' / `` A Run - Through For the Competition ! Who Are the Last Two Members ? '' `` '' Kakutō '' shiai e no o sarai - Nokori futari no menbā wa dareda ! ? '' ( 「 格闘 試合 」 へ の お さらい 残り 二 人 の メンバー は 誰 だ ! ? ) February 7 , 2016 August 19 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta meet up with Krillin , who goes with them to recruit Majin Buu as the fourth combatant of the Universe Seven team . Although Majin Buu is reluctant due to his hatred of Beerus , he agrees when Goku promises him a wish from the Super Dragon Balls , which he plans on giving to Mr. Satan . Goten and Trunks try to join , but they are denied by Vegeta because their use of fusion is illegal . The group finds Piccolo training with Gohan . They recruit Piccolo as the fifth and final member . Gohan considers joining the team , but he can not participate due to a business meeting on the day of the tournament . Beerus and the others think back over recent events . Beerus and Whis contemplate the intentions behind Champa 's plans . A series of flashbacks recapping the series is shown up to Frieza 's demise . 31 `` Off to Zuno Sama 's ! Find Out Where Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' / `` Off to See Master Zuno ! Find Out Where the Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' `` Zunō - sama no moto e ! Sūpā Doragon Bōru no arika o kikidase ! '' ( ズノー 様 の も と へ ! 超 ( スーパー ) ドラゴンボール の あり か を 聞き 出せ ! ) February 14 , 2016 August 26 , 2017 Bulma and Jaco travel to meet an omniscient alien , Zunō - sama ( ズノー 様 ) , to ask him about the Super Dragon Balls . After arriving on Zunō - sama 's planet , the duo encounters a spacefaring criminal named Burpman ( ゲップマン , Geppuman ) , who is wanted for leaving a restaurant without paying the bill . As a reward for subduing the criminal , Zunō - sama 's attendants allow Bulma and Jaco to skip the lengthy waiting list and seek Zunō - sama 's advice right away . Bulma unwittingly wastes two of her three questions , but she does glean information on the radius and other properties of the Super Dragon Balls . This includes the fact that they were formerly scattered across both Universe Six and Universe Seven . 32 5 `` The Match Begins ! Let 's All Go to the `` Nameless Planet '' ! '' / `` The Matches Begin ! We 're All Off to the `` Planet With No Name ! '' '' `` Shiaikaishi da ! Min'na de `` Namae no nai hoshi '' e ! '' ( 試合 開始 だ ! みんな で 「 名前 の ない 星 」 へ ! ) February 21 , 2016 September 9 , 2017 On Earth , everyone gathers for the trip to the tournament . Goku and Vegeta arrive after having trained in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for three years . After stopping at Beerus ' planet to get both him and Monaka , everyone proceeds to go to the tournament . The group meets their competition who are all somewhat unusual . This includes a Saiyan with a radically different history as well as a fighter who looks like Frieza . After the written test , the Universe Seven team is left one team member down because Majin Buu falls asleep . Majin Buu is deemed unfit and disqualified . Beerus decides that Monaka will go last . After a round of rock - paper - scissors , it is decided that Goku will fight first , followed by Piccolo , and then Vegeta . Goku and his competitor named Botamo ( ボタモ ) , who is a giant bear - like creature , enter the tournament ring . 33 6 `` Behold , Universe 6 ! This Is the Super Saiyan ? Son Goku ! '' / `` Surprise , 6th Universe ! This is Super Saiyan Goku ! '' `` Odoroke Dai - 6 uchū yo ! Kore ga Sūpā Saiya - jin ・ Son Gokū da ! '' ( 驚け 第 6 宇宙 よ ! これが 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ・ 孫悟空 だ ! ) February 28 , 2016 September 16 , 2017 The fight between Goku and Botamo commences . Goku takes a while to warm up due to having overeaten during the trip . Although Goku seems faster and more well trained than Botamo , none of the hits that he lands seem to have an effect . Botamo seems content to simply take the punishment . Urged by Vegeta to think before he acts , Goku drags Botamo to the side of the ring and throws him out . This results in a win for Universe Seven . The next match begins almost immediately . The Frieza look alike named Frost ( フロスト , Furosuto ) is Goku 's next opponent . In direct contrast to Frieza , Frost is a kind and beloved hero in Universe Six who looks forward to a challenge . Goku surprises Frost with knowledge of his transformations . Frost assumes a form that mirrors Frieza 's third form . Goku mentions his ability to transform as well . He transforms into a Super Saiyan . Frost responds by transforming into his final form . Frost seems greatly outmatched by Goku even in his final transformation . Suddenly , a strange effect comes over Goku that severely weakens him and allows Frost a chance to strike . Frost knocks Goku out of the ring , which stuns everyone from Universe Seven . 34 7 `` Piccolo vs. Frost - Put It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' / `` Piccolo vs. Frost - Stake It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' `` Pikkoro VS Furosuto - Makankōsappō ni subete o kakero ! '' ( ピッコロ VS フロスト 魔 貫 光 殺 砲 に すべて を かけろ ! ) March 6 , 2016 September 23 , 2017 Frost beats Goku by knocking him out of the ring . Piccolo walks up to Frost to face him next . Piccolo charges his signature attack while simultaneously evading Frost 's attacks . To buy himself time to charge his attack , Piccolo creates clones of himself to distract Frost . Frost quickly disposes of decoys and charges at Piccolo . After a bout of close combat , Frost defeats Piccolo with a power blast . Before the referee could rule in Frost 's favor , Jaco chimes in claiming that Frost had been cheating all along . The referee examines Frost and finds that he had been using a forbidden tool . Champa is initially outraged to find that Frost had cheated . Champa decides to forgive and help him in his universe if Frost continues to play by the rules . Frost reveals that he set up the attacks on the planets he saved . The referee declares Piccolo the winner until Vegeta steps in and says that he wishes to face Frost . 35 8 `` Turn Rage into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - On Battle ! '' / `` Turn Your Anger Into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - Bore Battle '' `` Ikari o chikara ni kaero ! Bejīta no zenkai batoru '' ( 怒り を 力 に 変えろ ! ベジータ の 全開 バトル ) March 20 , 2016 September 30 , 2017 Frost cockily announces his intent to utterly defeat Vegeta in combat with the presentation of yet another weapon . Both parties agree that the match should not be regulated by the standard rules of the tournament in order to avoid disqualification and allow the combatants to fight at their full power . Vegeta mercilessly assaults Frost and sends him flying out of the barrier . Vegeta declares that he did not kill Frost because he was not going to stoop down to the latter 's level . Beerus discovers that Goku was also affected by Frost 's weapon , and he proceeds to convince the referee to allow Goku to return to the competition . Goku protests the turn order because he desperately wants to see Monaka in combat . Beerus explains that Monaka , as his trump card , must fight last . This prompts a hushed remark from Whis concerning Monaka 's `` true colors '' . Vados generates a new barrier around the ring as the referee announces a new rule , where any contact an individual makes with the barrier automatically disqualifies them . Meanwhile , Frost attempts to steal the tournament winnings and escape in Champa 's transportation cube . Frost is stunned by a purple humanoid , Hit ( ヒット , Hitto ) , in the process . Hit takes the unconscious Frost back to the arena . The next match begins . Vegeta faces off against the robot Magetta ( マゲッタ ) . The audience begins to dispute over Magetta 's eligibility because of the fact that Magetta can spit lava . Magetta is declared eligible because the lava is just his saliva . Magetta 's volcanic fumes engulf the barrier and cause Vegeta to perspire rapidly and breathe heavily from the extreme heat . 36 9 `` An Unexpected Desperate Battle ! Vegeta 's Furious Explosion ! '' / `` An Unexpectedly Uphill Battle ! Vegeta 's Great Blast of Fury ! '' `` Masaka no dai kusen ! Bejīta ikari no dai bakuhatsu ! '' ( まさかの 大 苦戦 ! ベジータ 怒り の 大 爆発 ! ) March 27 , 2016 October 7 , 2017 Vegeta continues his battle with Magetta . He is struggling against the rising temperatures in the enclosed arena . Vegeta tries to win quickly , but Magetta endures and counters his attacks . Magetta follows it with a punch that sends Vegeta flying toward the ground . After nearly being disqualified through by going out of bounds , Vegeta powers up in anger and destroys the barrier of the arena . He blasts Magetta and forces him to the very edge of the stage . However , Vegeta is unable to knock Magetta off the stage . After Vegeta insults Magetta , he loses his will to fight . Magetta is knocked out of the ring . 37 10 `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs. the Saiyan of Universe 6 ! '' / `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs The 6th Universe 's Saiyan ! '' `` Saiya - jin no hokori o wasureruna ! Bejīta VS Dai - 6 uchū no Saiya - jin '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誇り を 忘れる な ! ベジータ VS 第 6 宇宙 の サイヤ 人 ) April 3 , 2016 October 14 , 2017 Vegeta faces a slim and short Saiyan from Universe Six , Cabba ( キャベ ) , in the following round . Unlike their Universe Seven counterparts , Saiyans of Universe Six are heroic and kind . They are known as benevolent galactic protectors . Vegeta and Cabba are initially equally matched . After Vegeta pushes Cabba to power up , Cabba admits he can not do it . Cabba asks for Vegeta to teach him how to transform . This seemingly enrages Vegeta . Vegeta transforms into a Super Saiyan and begins to mercilessly beat Cabba . Vegeta threatens Cabba . He says he will kill him and destroy his planet if he forfeits . An enraged Cabba suddenly transforms and goes on the offensive . Vegeta reveals the Super Saiyan transformation is unlocked through drawing on one 's inner anger . Vegeta 's actions were intended to bring about that transformation . Vegeta quickly powers up even more and knocks Cabba out with a single punch . After the fight , Cabba thanks Vegeta for telling him about his untapped potential . Vegeta brushes him off and tells him not to forget his Saiyan pride . Vegeta also tells Cabba to surpass all other Saiyans . Cabba acknowledges Vegeta 's advice and walks off the stage . With Universe Six now down to their last fighter , Champa is still unconcerned as he is certain his hit man , Hit , will be able to settle the score . 38 11 `` The Ultimate Warrior of Universe 6 ! Assassin Hit Appears ! ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Mightiest Warrior ! Engage the Assassin Hit ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū saikyō no senshi ! Koroshi ya Hitto kenzan ! ! '' ( 第 6 宇宙 最強 の 戦士 ! 殺し 屋 ヒット 見参 ! ! ) April 10 , 2016 October 21 , 2017 Vegeta and Hit start their battle . To Vegeta 's surprise , he is unable to land a single blow on Hit due to his superior speed . Eventually , Vegeta is struck by a heavy blow and collapses . Hit is declared the winner of the match . Suddenly , it is revealed that Hit used a `` time - skipping '' technique , where he gets to time travel and be the only person able to move for a split second . Goku walks up to battle Hit . Initially , Hit overpowers Goku , which prompts him to ask Goku to surrender . Goku refuses and says he used the time to figure out how Hit 's technique works . Goku predicts Hit 's moves and evades his attacks . Hit claims that Goku 's foresight was just a fluke and that he will not be able to use it again . However , Goku is able to foresee Hit 's attacks and defend himself . Goku proposes that both of them fight at their full power . Hit concurs and withdraws . Shortly afterwards , both start preparing for their next fight . 39 12 `` The Advanced `` Time - Skip '' Fights Back ? ! Will It Come Forth ? Goku 's New Technique ! '' / `` A Developed `` Time Skip '' Counterstrike ? Here Comes Goku 's New Move ! '' `` Seichōshita `` toki tobashi '' no hangeki ! ? Deru ka ! ? Gokū no aratana waza ! '' ( 成長 した `` 時 とばし '' の 反撃 ! ? 出る か ! ? 悟空 の 新た な 技 ! ) April 17 , 2016 November 4 , 2017 Goku and Hit both power up before the match . Goku is finally able to counter Hit 's time - manipulating attacks , which displeases Hit . Hit tries to power up even more , but Goku prevents him . Soon after , Hit manages to counter Goku 's blows , while he simultaneously grows even stronger . Badly hurt , Goku hits the ground . Champa tells Hit to finish off Goku , but Hit refuses to obey his order . Goku manages to get back on his feet , and the two resume their fight . Goku is soon backed into a corner and resorts to his Kaiō - ken technique , which greatly increases his strength and speed . Having powered up , Goku begins pummeling and blasting Hit , who manages to evade most of the attacks with ease . 40 13 `` At Last , It Comes to an End ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' / `` A Decision at Last ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' `` Tsuini ketchaku ! Shōsha wa Birusu ? Soretomo Shanpa ? '' ( ついに 決着 ! 勝者 は ビルス ? それとも シャンパ ? ) April 24 , 2016 November 11 , 2017 Goku and Hit fight to an indecisive stalemate . Neither side is able to gain ground against the other . Goku requests that the rules of the fight be waived so that Hit can use his assassination techniques freely . Champa and Beerus argue over this decision . During their argument , Goku jumps out of the fighting stage . He forfeits the match . Goku argues that he would have been unable to continue due to the strain on his body brought on by his Kaiō - ken technique . Shortly afterwards , Monaka faces Hit . Monaka is scared to fight . Monaka punches Hit and wins the fight . Hit throws the fight as repayment for Goku enabling him to surpass his limits . With Hit defeated , the Universe Seven team is declared the winner of the tournament . Just as the festivities are about to conclude , Zenō ( 全 王 ) , a mysterious `` King of Universes '' , appears in the center of the fighting stage . 41 14 `` Come , God of Dragons - And Pretty Please Grant My Wish ! '' / `` Come Forth , Divine Dragon ! And Grant My Wish , Easy Please ! '' `` Ide deyo kami no ryū - soshite negai o kanaete chonmage ! '' ( 出 で よ 神 の 龍 そして 願い を 叶え て ちょんまげ ! ) May 1 , 2016 November 18 , 2017 Zenō announces that he will organize a martial arts tournament for all twelve universes . Goku disrespectfully approaches and talks to Zenō . Zenō is amused , and everyone else is discomforted . Champa scolds his team for losing and orders them to train for the upcoming tournament . Shortly afterwards , Champa and his team leave . Beerus asks the Earthlings to find the Super Dragon Balls . Android 18 notices that all Super Dragon Balls are clumped together on the radar , and Monaka deduces that the planet they have been fighting on is actually the seventh Super Dragon Ball . Beerus , Goku , and the others leave for the location of all seven Super Dragon Balls . Once they are there , Whis summons Super Shenron ( スーパー シェンロン , Chāo Shénlóng ) , which is a more powerful version of Shenron . Unknown to anyone else , Beerus secretly wishes to have Universe Six 's Earth restored back to normal . Vados informs Champa what Beerus wished for . Whis leaves Beerus and Monaka on Beerus ' planet and departs for Earth . Monaka is revealed to be an ordinary mail deliveryman , who is an aspiring fighter . Beerus rewards Monaka with money for his help motivating Goku and Vegeta . Goku , Vegeta , and the others from Earth return home . 42 15 `` Trouble at the Victory Celebration ! Showdown at Last ? ! Monaka vs. Son Goku ! '' / `` The Stormy Victory Party ! Is It Finally Monaka vs Goku ? '' `` Haran no shukushō kai ! Tsuini taiketsu ! ? Monaka VS Son Gokū ! '' ( 波乱 の 祝勝 会 ! 遂に 対決 ! ? モナカ VS 孫悟空 ) May 8 , 2016 December 2 , 2017 With the tournament completed , Bulma decides to hold a celebration party at the Capsule Corporation . She also decides to invite Monaka who she considers to be the real winner of the tournament . Beerus and Whis are opposed to Bulma 's idea as they believe that Goku would want to fight Monaka if he were to attend . Ultimately , Monaka does attend . Beerus decides to tell everyone besides Goku about Monaka 's secret . Monaka is not nearly as powerful as everyone believes him to be . Goten and Trunks suggest that Beerus disguises himself as Monaka and fight Goku in Monaka 's place . Beerus agrees to the plan and disguises himself . Pu'ar also shape - shifts itself into Beerus to act as a decoy . Goku and a disguised Beerus begin their match shortly after . Following a brief clash , Whis interrupts the battle . Everyone carries on with the festivities . 43 16 `` Goku 's `` Ki '' is Out of Control ? ! Looking After Pan is A Lot of Trouble ! '' / `` Goku Ca n't Control His Ki ? ! A Struggle to Look After Pan ! '' `` Gokū no `` Ki '' ga seigyo funō ! ? Pan no osewa de shikuhakku ! '' ( 悟空 の 「 気 」 が 制御 不能 ! ? パン の お世話 で 四苦八苦 ) May 15 , 2016 TBA Due to overexerting himself during the tournament , Goku has problems controlling his energy . He decides to take a break and relax in order to get his strength back . While Gohan and Videl are out , Goku and his family babysit Pan . That morning , Pilaf and his companions plan to attack Goku , while he is asleep . They end up fleeing in terror and bring Pan along with them . Inside their ship , Pilaf accidentally launches them into the stratosphere . The pressure from the launch destroys their ship , but Pan is able to fly back home with her captives in tow . On their way home , Goku 's family is relieved to find Pan even though they remain ignorant of her exploits . 44 17 `` Seal of Planet Potofu - Secret of the Superhuman Water Is Unleashed ! '' / `` The Seal on Planet Potofu ! The Secret of the Unleashed Superhuman Water ! '' `` Potofu sei no fūin toki hanatareta - `` Chōjin sui '' no himitsu ! '' ( ポトフ 星 の 封印 解き放た れ た `` 超人 水 '' の 秘密 ! ) May 22 , 2016 TBA While Monaka delivers a package to Bulma , Goten and Trunks sneak into his delivery truck and are accidentally taken to Planet Potofu . A group of space bandits , headed by a teal humanoid Gryll ( グリル , Guriru ) , attempt to steal a key to an item called the Superhuman Water ( 超人 水 , Chōjin Mizu ) from an elder named Potaji ( ポタジ ) . The bandits succeed and are absorbed and cloned by the purple viscous liquid . At Bulma 's request , Vegeta and Jaco arrive on the planet to search for the children . Shortly after they arrive , the liquid absorbs and clones Vegeta . 45 18 `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! The Threat of Duplicated Vegeta ! '' / `` Vegeta is Disappearing ? ! The Terror of the Clone Vegeta ! '' `` Bejīta ga kieru ! ? Fukusei bejīta no kyōi ! '' ( ベジータ が 消える ! ? 複製 ベジータ の 脅威 ! ) May 29 , 2016 TBA Vegeta is powerless due to the purple viscous liquid cloning and absorbing his powers . The liquid is revealed to be a sentient being known as Komeson ( コメソン ) . Superhuman Water is just one of its many names known throughout the universe . Vegeta and the rest flee from the cloned Vegeta and the space bandits . Learning that the original will disappear once cloned , Goten and Trunks attempt to defeat the clone before that happens . Goku is fully recovered while training on King Kai 's planet . He senses that Goten and Trunks are in danger and teleports to Goten 's side . Goku prepares to fight the cloned Vegeta . 46 19 `` Goku vs. Duplicated Vegeta ! Who 's Gonna Win ? ! '' / `` Goku vs Clone Vegeta ! Who Will Win ? '' `` Gokū VS fukusei Bejīta ! Katsu no wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS 複製 ベジータ ! 勝つ の は どっち だ ! ? ) June 5 , 2016 TBA Goku and the cloned Vegeta begin their battle . Each side holds its own . Vegeta tells Goku that he can not beat him with attacks like that . The cloned Vegeta backs Goku into a corner . Goku teleports behind his opponent and lands a blow on him , which briefly turns the battle in his favor . Vegeta starts getting frustrated that his clone is failing to dodge certain attacks and begins cheering for the clone when it knocks Goku away . Trunks reminds Vegeta that if they do not defeat the clone , Vegeta would die . Vegeta attempts to attack the clone himself , but he fails to do any damage . Frustrated , Vegeta criticizes both his clone and Goku . Goku begins wondering whose side Vegeta is on . He and the cloned Vegeta quickly power up , and the two continue their fight . Jaco points out that Vegeta is even more transparent than before . Potaji tells Vegeta to use Komeson to gain time . Trunks wonders if there might be another way to save Vegeta in case their plan fails . Potaji suggests that the Komeson should be destroyed to weaken the clones it had created . Trunks , Goten , Potaji , and Jaco fly away to retrieve the weapon . Meanwhile , Goku manages to fight off cloned Vegeta . Vegeta is frustrated that it is Goku who is fighting the clone and not him . The fight causes a destructive shock wave . Komeson takes advantage of this and quickly attacks Trunks . Vegeta feels that Trunks is in trouble and tries to reach him . Monaka accidentally steps on Komeson 's core behind him , which damages it along with its clones . Potaji notes that even though the core was destroyed , time has run out and Vegeta is disappearing . Realizing this is his last chance , Goku destroys the cloned Vegeta . As a result , Vegeta 's body regenerates and Potaji reseals Komeson . Goku thanks Monaka for his help and says that he would have been beaten by the cloned Vegeta if it were not for him . With the Planet Potofu saved and the threat destroyed , Goku and the others return to Earth . Meanwhile , in an annihilated alternate timeline , Future Trunks looks to destroy a new threat that has been terrorizing his world . Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 47 `` An SOS from the Future ! A Dark New Enemy Emerges ! ! '' / `` Mirai kara no esuōesu ! Kuroki arata na teki arawaru ! '' ( 未来 から の SOS ! 黒き 新た な 敵 現 る ! ! ) June 12 , 2016 TBA In an alternate timeline , Future Trunks is hiding from a mysterious enemy that has been terrorizing the Future Earth . He meets with his mother in their hideout , Future Bulma , who is relieved that he survived . She is revealed to have been working on the time machine for their trip to find help . Just as they are about to leave , an explosion destroys Future Bulma 's equipment . Seeing as they are in danger , Future Bulma urges Future Trunks to leave without her . Shortly after , a mysterious enemy demolishes the hideout . Future Bulma is killed by falling debris following the explosion , but Future Trunks manages to escape . Back in the present timeline , Goku is showing his new farm to Chi - Chi and Goten . Piccolo arrives shortly after at Goku 's request . Goku says he wants to use his work as a way to train . While Goku and Piccolo are having a harvesting competition , on Beerus ' planet , Vegeta is training with Whis . Goku notices this and teleports to them . Beerus asks if Goku brought him a gift , and Goku gives him a ball of lettuce he grabbed during his contest with Piccolo . Beerus enjoys the lettuce , but he considers it inadequate . Meanwhile , in the alternate timeline , Future Trunks meets up with Future Mai . Future Trunks tells her that his mother has sacrificed herself so he could escape and return to the past and save his world . Back on Beerus ' planet , Goku , Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis discuss Zenō , who is the `` King of Universes '' . Beerus says that Zenō is the most powerful being there is . Whis says that Zenō is also able to erase entire universes as there has originally been more than there are at present . In the alternate timeline , Future Trunks and Future Mai are eating and resting . They discuss about going back 17 years in the past , where Future Trunks ' friends would be . They make their way to Capsule Corporation . They stumble upon a vortex in the sky out of which arrives the mysterious enemy that the two have been running away from . Future Trunks tells Future Mai to go on ahead as he draws his sword . He tries to face the enemy but to no avail . In order to save Future Trunks and give him a chance to escape , Future Mai acts as a decoy . Future Mai is hit by the enemy 's blast and seemingly killed on the spot . Future Trunks is enraged and looks at the enemy , who is revealed to be a Goku look - alike being named Goku Black ( ゴクウ ブラック , Gokū Burakku ) . 48 `` Hope ! ! Once More Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' / `` Kibō ! ! Futatabi - Imade mezame yo Torankusu '' ( HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! 再び 現在 で 目覚めよ トランクス ) June 19 , 2016 TBA Goku Black taunts Future Trunks as he could not save any of his family or friends . Future Trunks powers up to Super Saiyan to fight Goku Black , but he is outmatched . He distracts Goku Black with an energy attack and quickly boards the Time Capsule and escapes 17 years into the past . Goku Black is frustrated that he can not find Trunks in the future timeline . Meanwhile in the present timeline , Trunks is studying in class along with Pilaf 's Gang . During a recess break , Trunks feels strange and looks at the sky to observe the Time Capsule arriving with Future Trunks inside . He immediately calls for his mother Bulma . Bulma contacts Vegeta and Goku who are training on Beerus ' planet . Bulma asks Trunks to power up in order for Goku to be able to teleport himself and Vegeta to their location . Whis and Beerus also arrive to see Future Trunks . Vegeta asks Goku to get some Senzu beans . Goku goes to Korin 's place to get some Senzu beans . Future Trunks regains consciousness thanks to the Senzu bean . Upon spotting Goku , Future Trunks recalls Goku Black 's attacks and immediately charges towards Goku , which shocks everyone around . 49 `` A Message from the Future - Goku Black Strikes ! '' / `` Mirai kara no messēji - Gokū Burakku shūrai ! '' ( 未来 から の メッセージ ゴクウ ブラック 襲来 ! ) June 26 , 2016 TBA Goku manages to fight off Future Trunks . Bulma manages to calm down Future Trunks . Future Trunks gets clued in as to where he had ended up . He is also introduced to Beerus and Whis . Future Trunks apologizes to Goku for attacking him . He tells him he looks just like an enemy he was after . Both Goku and Vegeta are intrigued by this enemy . They decide to help him . Meanwhile in an alternate timeline , Goku Black is searching for Future Trunks . Realizing Future Trunks escaped using a time - traveling machine , Goku Black decides to go after him . Goku and Future Trunks decide to have a quick fight to determine each other 's power . Goku easily defeats Future Trunks , but Future Trunks warns Goku that Goku Black is a lot more powerful . While Goku and Future Trunks practice , a portal opens above them . Goku Black comes out of the portal and introduces himself . 50 `` Goku vs. Black ! The Closed Path to the Future '' / `` Gokū VS Burakku ! Tozasareta mirai e no michi '' ( 悟空 VS ブラック ! 閉ざさ れ た 未来 へ の 道 ) July 3 , 2016 TBA Goku Black arrives in the past . Future Trunks decides to fight Goku Black , but Vegeta stops him . Curious to know how powerful Goku Black really is , Goku decides to fight him . Neither of them seems to be particularly interested in their fight . Goku decides to transform into a Super Saiyan . Goku Black proves to be no match for powered - up Goku . Future Trunks wonders why Goku does not simply destroy his opponent . Goku Black tries to power up but before he is able to , Goku thwarts him . While Goku and Goku Black fight , the time portal starts to disappear . It also starts dragging Goku Black towards itself . Goku Black realizes this . He destroys the Time Machine as soon as he had been dragged into it , which prevents others to return to the future . With Goku Black suddenly gone , Goku wonders where his enemy could have disappeared . Whis explains that Goku Black used a time - traveling method only Supreme Kai know about . Bulma decides to search for the other Time Machine that Cell used to travel back in time . Just as Goku Black reappears in the future timeline , Mai regains consciousness . 51 5 `` Feelings That Travel Beyond Time - Trunks and Mai '' / `` Toki o koeta omoi - Torankusu to Mai '' ( 時 を こえ た 想い トランクス と マイ ) July 10 , 2016 TBA Bulma finds the Time Machine that Cell used to travel to the past and promptly gathers the team to repair it . While Future Trunks is waiting for Bulma to finish the repairs , Goku heads off to King Kai 's planet to train . Future Trunks and Mai discuss their counterparts from alternate timelines . Future Trunks explains to Mai that Future Mai was a leader of Earth 's resistance movement who died fighting to protect the planet . He also mentions Goku Black 's ultimate goal , which is to rid the world of humans who are seen as inferior beings . Determined to find Goku Black , Beerus and Whis search for the villain 's energy signature . Meanwhile , Goku Black is surprised that he had grown stronger fighting Goku . He seeks to fight him again to become even stronger . 52 6 `` Teacher and Student Reunited - Son Gohan and `` Future '' Trunks '' / `` Shitei saikai - Son Gohan to `` Mirai '' Torankusu '' ( 師弟 再会 孫 悟 飯 と `` 未来 '' トランクス ) July 17 , 2016 TBA Bulma and her team are still repairing the Time Machine . Piccolo and Krillin are mending the damages in the wake of Goku 's fight with Goku Black . Piccolo mentions that Gohan had changed since he is not the pupil he had trained years ago . He is dissatisfied with the fact that Gohan decided to abandon his training to become a scholar . Future Trunks is surprised by Piccolo 's point of view . Piccolo and Krillin suggest that Future Trunks should meet their timeline 's Gohan . Future Trunks meets Gohan at the latter 's house , and the two discuss their shared future . Gohan introduces Future Trunks to his family . Shortly after , Future Trunks leaves for the Capsule Corporation . Meanwhile , Goku , Beerus , and Whis travel to an alternate universe , where they had detected Goku Black 's energy . 53 7 `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! To the Sacred World of the Kais ! '' / `` Burakku no shōtai o abake ! Iza dai 10 uchū no kaiōshin kai e ! '' ( ブラック の 正体 を 暴け ! いざ 第 10 宇宙 の 界 王 神 界 へ ! ) July 31 , 2016 TBA Goku , Beerus , and Whis arrive to Universe Ten . They meet the Supreme Kai beings called Zamasu ( ザマス ) , an apprentice Supreme Kai , and Gowasu ( ゴワス ) , Zamasu 's master . Gowasu shows to be a kind hearted Supreme Kai who loves all creation , while Zamasu despises mortals , specifically humans . Goku is excited by the idea of fighting a Supreme Kai . He asks Zamasu to spar with him . Zamasu objects to fighting Goku , but he is asked to fight by his master . Zamasu is baffled to learn that he is no match for Goku . Beerus and Whis realize that the energy they had detected is actually that of Zamasu . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head back to Universe Seven 's Earth . Meanwhile on Earth , Krillin introduces Future Trunks to his wife , Android 18 , and his daughter , Marron . 54 8 `` The One Who Inherits the Saiyan Blood - Trunk 's Resolve '' / `` Saiya - jin no chiohikumono - Torankusu no ketsui '' ( サイヤ 人 の 血 を ひく 者 トランクス の 決意 ) August 7 , 2016 TBA Bulma and her team put the finishing touches to the rebuilt Time Machine . Meanwhile , Vegeta wants to test Future Trunks ' power to see how strong his son had become . Future Trunks proves to be no match for Vegeta at his full power . Future Trunks is outmatched in every way . However , Future Trunks finds this fact reassuring . Knowing how powerful Vegeta and Goku have become , he is certain that Goku Black will not be much of a threat . Vegeta is disappointed and angry with Future Trunks . Vegeta believes that Saiyans should continually strive to grow stronger and not only when enemies present themselves . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus and Whis are about to eat dinner . Suddenly , Zenō contacts them and tells them that he wishes to meet Goku , which shocks Beerus and Whis . 55 9 `` I Want to See Son Goku - Zen - Oh Sama 's Summoning ! '' / `` Son Gokū ni aitai no ne - Zenō - sama kara no yobidashi ! '' ( 孫悟空 に 会 いたい の ね 全 王様 から の よびだし ! ) August 21 , 2016 TBA Whis and Beerus are worried over Zenō - sama 's request to meet Goku and what it could mean for their universe . They do not want Goku to meet Zenō - sama out of fear that he would come across as crude and offensive . Whis and Beerus reluctantly decide to heed Zenō - sama 's request . They tell Goku to keep quiet about their plans regarding Goku Black and time - traveling . In Universe Ten on Planet Babari ( 惑星 ババリ , Wakusei Babari ) , Zamasu kills one of the natives after it tried to attack them . Gowasu scolds his student and says such behavior goes against his teaching of maintaining the balance between good and evil . Zamasu flouts that mindset and argues that the only way to maintain balance is to eradicate mortals . As Zamasu stands in the wind , rose petals start to whirl around him , which gives an allusion to distinctive red energy of Goku Black . Goku and the others arrive to Zenō - sama 's sanctuary . Zenō - sama says that all he wanted was a friend to play with when he feels like having fun . Goku promises that he will find more friends for him to play with . Before Goku leaves , Zenō - sama gives him a button and says to press it if Goku ever wants to summon him . Shortly afterwards , Goku and the others leave for Earth , where the Time Machine has been repaired . Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks arrive into Future Trunks ' alternate timeline . As soon as they arrive , Goku is attacked by the Earth 's resistance forces who mistook him for Goku Black . 56 10 `` Rematch With Goku Black ! Super Saiyan Rosé Appears '' / `` Saisen Gokū Burakku ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze tōjō ! ! '' ( 再戦 ゴクウ ブラック ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ロゼ 登場 ! ! ) August 28 , 2016 TBA Future Trunks quickly pacifies the resistance fighters . He explains that he has returned with Goku and Vegeta to defeat Goku Black . The fighters reveal that Future Mai has left them with an action plan in case Goku Black appears . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta leave and meet Future Mai at her hideout . Future Mai explains that after she managed to escape , she stumbled on a group of resistance members who took her in . However , their refuge was soon attacked and destroyed by Goku Black . Goku spots Future Yajirobe ( 未来 の ヤジロベー , Mirai no Yajirobē ) , who Future Trunks believed to be dead in the resistance 's ranks . Future Yajirobe reveals that his life was saved by a Senzu bean , which Korin had given him . Vegeta states that he plans to take on Goku Black alone this time . Goku suggests that they play a game of Rock - paper - scissors to decide who gets to fight first . Vegeta accepts the proposal and wins . Meanwhile , Goku Black is wandering the desolate ruins of Earth . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta suddenly appear near him . Vegeta powers up and engages Goku Black who seems to be completely uninterested . Goku Black transforms into a pink - haired Super Saiyan and fights Vegeta . He dubs the form Super Saiyan Rose ( 超 サイヤ 人 ロゼ , Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze ) following Goku 's naming pattern . Goku Black tells Vegeta that their fight only made him stronger . Vegeta and Goku Black exchange a few blows . Vegeta knocks him away . Vegeta charges in to attack again . Goku Black uses his ki to form an energy blade on his hand and stabs Vegeta in the chest , which critically wounds him . Goku quickly powers up and charges at Goku Black . As the two fight , Future Trunks thinks they are evenly matched , but Vegeta notices that Goku Black has an advantage over Goku as well . Just as Goku Black begins charging his attack , Zamasu appears and stops the fight . He urges Goku Black to allow him to kill Goku just as they have agreed . 57 11 `` The God With the Immortal Body - Zamasu Descends '' / `` Fujimi no karada o motsu kami - Zamasu kōrin '' ( 不死身 の 体 を 持つ 神 ザマス 降臨 ) September 4 , 2016 TBA Zamasu appears unexpectedly from the sky . He states that he and Goku Black are `` kindred spirits '' who want a world without mortals . Goku challenges Zamasu to a fight and Zamasu accepts . During the fight , Goku Black suddenly comes between Goku and Zamasu and smashes Goku into a corner . Future Trunks appears and attacks Goku Black . Goku Black uses Goku 's Kamehameha blast at Goku and Future Trunks . They fail to dodge it . As Goku Black and Zamasu use their combined power to finish off Goku and Future Trunks , Vegeta steps in and saves the two . Vegeta himself gets badly wounded . Future Yajirobe swoops in to rescue wounded Goku and Future Trunks and takes them to a safer location . Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to finish off Vegeta , Future Mai and the resistance soldiers intervene and rescue Vegeta . Goku and the others return to their timeline using the Time Machine . Future Mai and Future Yajirobe are left behind . 58 12 `` Zamasu and Black - The Mystery of the Two Deepens '' / `` Zamasu to Burakku - Fukamaru futari no nazo '' ( ザマス と ブラック 深まる 二 人 の 謎 ) September 11 , 2016 TBA Wanting to learn more about the Super Dragon Balls , Zamasu visits Zunō - sama 's planet . Under duress , Zunō - sama explains exactly how the Super Dragon Balls work and where they are . At Capsule Corporation , Bulma nurses Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks back to health . Beerus and Whis arrive with Supreme Kai . After listening to what happened in the alternate timeline , Whis posits a theory as to what exactly Zamasu is planning . He believes that , after losing to Goku , Zamasu became obsessed with Goku and his incredible power . Zamasu needed an ally as powerful as Goku to achieve his goal of obliterating mortals . Goku Black was therefore supposed to be a copy of Goku and created using the Super Dragon Balls . Whis also adds his earlier theory about how Goku Black is able to time travel using Supreme Kai 's method . He believes that their timeline 's Zamasu is the one who is going to kill Gowasu and give Goku Black the time - traveling device known as the Time Ring ( 時 の 指輪 , Toki no yubiwa ) . Supreme Kai takes Goku , Beerus , and Whis to Universe Ten to warn Gowasu , while Vegeta stays behind . They arrive to the Supreme Kai Realm ( 界 王 神 界 , Kaiōshin Kai ) , where they meet Gowasu . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has left on what he called an important mission . Goku tries to warn Gowasu of what Zamasu has done in the future , but Beerus promptly silences him . They wonder if Gowasu noticed anything wrong with his apprentice . Gowasu mentions the doubts Zamasu has had regarding the role of the Supreme Kai and their relationship with mortals , but it should not be a cause for concern . Just as Gowasu finishes , Zamasu arrives . 59 13 `` Protect Supreme Kai Gowasu - Destroy Zamasu ! '' / `` Kaiōshin Gowasu o mamore - Zamasu o hakai seyo ! '' ( 界 王 神 ゴワス を 守れ ザマス を 破壊 せよ ! ) September 25 , 2016 TBA Whis gifts Gowasu with rice cakes and says that he and the others did not mean to disturb Zamasu and him . They leave shortly after . While they are in space , Whis uses his staff to eavesdrop on Gowasu and Zamasu . They watch as Zamasu kills Gowasu . Whis turns back time so that Goku can save Gowasu . Zamasu claims he did not plan on killing Gowasu , but Whis tells him otherwise . Angered that his plan has failed , Zamasu tries to kill Goku . Beerus saves Goku and kills Zamasu . With the present day Zamasu killed , Goku and the others decide to track down Goku Black . In the alternate timeline , Zamasu and Goku Black are discussing Goku Black 's power . 60 14 `` Back to the Future - Goku Black 's Identity Is Revealed ! ! '' / `` Futatabi mirai e - Akasareru Gokū Burakku no shōtai ! ! '' ( 再び 未来 へ 明かさ れる ゴクウ ブラック の 正体 ! ! ) October 2 , 2016 TBA With Zamasu defeated , Beerus is convinced that Future Trunks ' timeline has become peaceful once again . Although hesitant , Future Trunks decides to go back to his timeline to make sure that is the case . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma accompany him . As soon as they arrive , they realize that nothing has changed . Future Zamasu and Goku Black learn of Goku and the others ' return . The two groups meet shortly after . Goku Black reveals himself to be the version of Zamasu who successfully killed Gowasu and was apparently erased by Whis ' time powers ; he had protected himself by using the Time Ring . Afterwards , he stole the body of his timeline 's Goku with the wish granted by the Super Dragon Balls . Goku Black used its potential to grow stronger than Goku himself . 61 15 `` Zamasu 's Ambition - The Awful `` Zero Mortal Plan '' Is Revealed '' / `` Zamasu no yabō - Katarareru kyōfu no `` Ningen 0 keikaku '' '' ( ザマス の 野望 語 られる 恐怖 の 『 人間 0 計画 』 ) October 9 , 2016 TBA Future Zamasu reveals himself to be Zamasu from Future Trunks ' alternate timeline , who used the Super Dragon Balls in this timeline to wish for immortality . Goku fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu , but he is outmatched by the two villains . Goku Black tells Goku that after taking over his body , he killed Chi - Chi and Goten just to spite him . Enraged , Goku takes on both of the villains . He is initially able to hold his own , but he is soon overpowered and knocked out . With Goku defeated , Future Trunks and Vegeta are backed into a corner . Future Zamasu holds Future Trunks and his constant time - traveling responsible for thwarting his plan to eradicate all mortals . This infuriates Future Trunks , who explodes and transforms into an immensely powerful new form of Super Saiyan . 62 16 `` I 'll Protect the World ! Trunks ' Furious Super Power Explodes ! ! '' / `` Sekai wa ore ga mamoru ! Torankusu ikari no sūpā pawā sakuretsu ! ! '' ( 世界 は オレ が 守る ! トランクス 怒り の 超 ( スーパー ) パワー 炸裂 ! ! ) October 16 , 2016 TBA While Future Trunks ' new form is enough to match Goku Black , Future Trunks is still unable to deal the death blow . Future Trunks tells Vegeta to take Goku back to the past , while he faces their opponents . Goku Black attempts to prevent them from escaping , but he fails to do so . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma arrive in the present . Vegeta explains what happened in Future Trunks ' timeline and Goku Black 's origin to Beerus and Whis . Believing they had done their part , Beerus and Whis leave . Meanwhile , Chi - Chi and Gohan meet with Krillin to ask if he knows where Goku went . Krillin hesitates and dodges the question . They leave for Bulma 's house to ask her the same question . Once there , they meet Goku in bandages . With everyone present , Piccolo thinks of a new plan . He proposes using Evil Containment Wave ( 魔 封 波 , Mafūba ) , which is an ancient technique used to seal demons in jars . Wondering what the Evil Containment Wave is , Goku quickly teleports to Kame House . Goku spends the night at Master Roshi 's house training to master the Evil Containment Wave , while Vegeta trains in the Hyberbolic Time Chamber . 63 17 `` Do n't Disrespect Saiyan Cells ! Vegeta 's Heroic Battle Begins ! ! '' / `` Saiya - jin no saibō o kegasu na ! Bejīta no sōzetsu batoru kaien ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 細胞 を 汚す な ! ベジータ の 壮絶 バトル 開演 ! ! ) October 23 , 2016 TBA Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to kill him , Future Trunks is saved by the resistance . Future Yajirobe informs Future Trunks that Mai has found Goku Black 's hideout . Future Trunks leaves for the hideout . Mai tries to shoot Goku Black , but she misses her shot . Just as Goku Black and Zamasu try to retaliate , Future Trunks intervenes in the nick of time . Future Trunks fights the two again without success . Goku and Vegeta arrive just in time to save him . Goku Black destroys the Time Machine , but Bulma manages to salvage what was left by dousing the fire . Gowasu and Supreme Kai arrive from the past to stop Zamasu from going on a killing spree . Goku Black and Future Zamasu explain that they killed all of the Supreme Kais in the future timeline ; during the conversation , it is revealed that Whis and those like him are actually angels . Goku Black tries to kill Gowasu , but Goku and Vegeta stop him . Goku fights Future Zamasu , while Vegeta battles Goku Black . Bulma begins repairing the Time Machine and asks Future Trunks to prepare the seal , which Goku has brought to seal Zamasu . Vegeta gets the upper hand over Goku Black due to his latest training , which he interprets as a tipping point in his latent power that he possesses as the Prince of Saiyans . 64 18 `` Revere Him ! Praise Him ! Fusion Zamasu 's Explosive Birth ! ! '' / `` Agameyo ! Tataeyo ! Gattai Zamasu bakutan ! ! '' ( 崇めよ ! 讃えよ ! 合体 ザマス 爆誕 ! ! ) October 30 , 2016 TBA Vegeta continues to overpower Goku Black . Future Zamasu attempts to intervene , but Goku cuts him off . Goku Black realizes that Vegeta 's increased power comes from his anger and uses that method to increase his own power . Goku Black distracts Goku and Vegeta by creating many energy duplicates of himself to confuse them , while Future Zamasu goes after Future Trunks , Mai , and Bulma . Bulma attempts to buy time for Future Trunks to prepare the Evil Containment Wave by flirting with Future Zamasu . However , he sees through her trick and knocks her out . This angers Future Trunks , who powers up to his new Super Saiyan form and uses the Evil Containment Wave on Future Zamasu . The Evil Containment Wave works on Future Zamasu , who is sealed within the jar . However , in the present , Master Roshi realizes that he forgot to give Goku the paper amulet that would make the seal permanent . As a result , the seal fails and Future Zamasu breaks out of the jar , which weakened him . Goku Black goes to help him , and Goku and Vegeta follow in pursuit . Realizing that they have underestimated their enemies , Goku Black and Future Zamasu use their Potarra Earrings to fuse into a single immensely powerful being known as Fusion Zamasu . 65 19 `` Is This the Final Judgement ? ! The Ultimate Power of the Absolute God '' / `` Saigo no shipan ka ! ? Zettai shin no kyūkyoku no pawā '' ( 最後 の 審判 か ! ? 絶対 神 の 究極 の 力 ( パワー ) ) November 6 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu explains that he possesses the immortality of Future Zamasu as well as Goku Black 's Saiyan ability to grow stronger from each fight . He shows off his power and devastates the Earth in the process . Meanwhile , Future Trunks decides to rejoin the fight , while Mai and Bulma are working on the Time Machine . Goku and Vegeta fight Fusion Zamasu , but they are easily defeated . Future Trunks joins the fight , but he is also overpowered . Fusion Zamasu begins charging up an enormous ki blast known as the Holy Wrath to destroy the planet . Future Trunks uses a last - ditch Galick Gun attack to hold him off . Vegeta joins the clash with his own all - out Galick Gun . Surprisingly , their combined attack overpowers Fusion Zamasu 's attack and saves the Earth . However , Fusion Zamasu survives unscathed . Vegeta barely saves Future Trunks from a deadly attack by Fusion Zamasu . Vegeta gets knocked out by the blast . Fusion Zamasu charges a second attack , but Goku rejoins the fight and counters it with his Kamehameha attack . 66 20 `` The Climactic Battle ! The Miraculous Power of a Relentless Warrior ! '' / `` Kessen ! Akiramenai senshi - tachi no kiseki no pawā ! '' ( 決戦 ! あきらめ ない 戦士 たち の 奇跡 の 力 ( パワー ) ! ) November 13 , 2016 TBA Goku puts all of his power into his Kamehameha , which is able to pierce through Fusion Zamasu 's attack and stop him from destroying Earth . In the wake of the explosion , Goku is exhausted , and Fusion Zamasu is injured . When Fusion Zamasu grabs him , Goku overpowers him using his Kaio - ken technique , and knocks Fusion Zamasu back temporarily . However , Goku 's use of the Kaio - ken drains all of his energy , and he collapses . Fusion Zamasu regains consciousness and powers up , but he still does not heal properly . Vegeta wonders why Fusion Zamasu is not healing . Gowasu explains that Fusion Zamasu must be mortal since Goku Black was as well . Goku decides that the only way they can win is for him and Vegeta to fuse using Supreme Kai 's Potarra Earrings . Vegeta initially refuses until Gowasu explains that a Potarra fusion that does not involve a Kai only lasts for one hour . Goku and Vegeta fuse to become Vegito . Vegito powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Fusion Zamasu . Vegito quickly gains the advantage , but Fusion Zamasu grows even stronger . Gowasu explains that Zamasu 's mutation is a result of his anger manifesting in physical form . Meanwhile , Bulma and Mai finish repairing the Time Machine . Mai gives Future Trunks his broken sword , which inspires him to keep fighting . Future Trunks uses his power to restore the sword . Vegito and Fusion Zamasu continue fighting . Vegito is winning until his fusion abruptly breaks . Fusion Zamasu begins to pummel Goku and Vegeta until Future Trunks arrives to help . Future Trunks unknowingly begins gathering energy from all living things on Earth . With this new power , Future Trunks runs his sword through Fusion Zamasu and cuts him in half . 67 21 `` With New Hope ! ! In Our Hearts - Farewell , Trunks '' / `` Aratana kibō ! ! O mune ni - saraba Torankusu '' ( 新た な HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! を 胸 に さらば トランクス ) November 20 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu expresses his disbelief that a mortal could defeat him and then disintegrates . However , as everyone exchanges congratulations , Fusion Zamasu 's essence returns and begins spreading over the entire planet . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has cast off his physical form and is trying to physically merge his spirit and energy with the entire universe . Zamasu begins raining destruction down on the Earth and annihilates everything and everyone on the planet except Goku and the others . Zamasu 's power is even felt in the present timeline , where Beerus and Whis sense it . Goku looks for another Senzu bean in his pocket , but instead he finds the button that Zenō - sama gave him in the present timeline . Goku presses the button and Future Zenō - sama appears . After Goku explains the situation , Future Zenō - sama decides to erase the future timeline due to the corruption that Zamasu has caused . Gowasu and Supreme Kai teleport away , while Goku and the others escape using the Time Machine . Future Zenō - sama erases the entire future timeline and Fusion Zamasu . After the others return to the present , Goku and Future Trunks return to what is left of the future timeline . They retrieve Future Zenō - sama and bring him back to the present with them . Goku and Whis bring Future Zenō - sama to meet the present Zenō - sama , which fulfills Goku 's promise to provide the present Zenō - sama with a friend to play with . Whis also meets another angel , the Great Priest ( 大 神官 , Daishinkan ) , who is revealed to be his father , and invites him to visit Universe Seven . In the aftermath , Whis devises a solution for Future Trunks and Future Mai . Whis explains that they can return to the future timeline before Zamasu became a threat , which would create a new and safe version of the future timeline with the price of there being two duplicates of both Future Trunks and Future Mai living in the new timeline . Future Trunks and Future Mai accept Whis ' solution and use the time machine to travel to their new future . 68 22 `` Come Forth , Shenlong ! Whose Wish Will Be Granted ? ! '' / `` Ideyo Shenron ! Kanaeru negai wa dare no mono ! ? '' ( いでよ 神龍 ( シェンロン ) ! 叶える 願い は 誰 の もの ! ? ) November 27 , 2016 TBA Bulma is secretly trying to build a new Time Machine , but she has so far been unsuccessful . Goku decides to gather the Dragon Balls and use them to revive King Kai . However , Bulma wants to use them to acquire a rare mineral that she needs for the Time Machine , which can only be found at the Earth 's core . Wanting to taste more Earth food , Beerus and Whis return to Earth . Bulma takes them to a seafood restaurant and attempts to keep them from finding out about the Time Machine as they had previously forbidden her from making another Time Machine . Goku gathers the Dragon Balls and summons Shenron . Before Goku can make his wish , several others show up who want to make their respective wishes . As the others are all fighting over the wishes , Gohan arrives with Pan , who is sick and suffering from a severe fever . Goku and the others immediately allow Gohan to use one of the two wishes to heal Pan . After Gohan and Pan leave , the others resume fighting over the remaining wish . Bulma manages to talk everyone else out of making wishes by solving their problems herself . Goku still insists on getting his wish granted . Bulma agrees , but she convinces Goku to go to the Earth 's core and retrieve the rare mineral she needs in exchange for letting him use the wish . Beerus and Whis finish eating and leave the restaurant . They spot Shenron and promptly go to the scene , and they find Goku at the Earth 's core . Having deduced that Bulma is trying to make another Time Machine , Beerus destroys both the mineral and the Time Machine . Just as Goku is about to make his wish , the Dragon Balls deactivate and scatter around the Earth . Goku promises to revive King Kai as soon as the Dragon Balls reactivate . 69 23 `` Goku vs. Arale ! A Ridiculous Battle Will End the Earth ? ! '' / `` Gokū VS Arare ! Hachamechabatoru de Chikyū ga owaru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS アラレ ! ハチャメチャ バトル で 地球 が 終わる ! ? ) December 4 , 2016 TBA Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks attend a science competition that Bulma is participating in , which is hosted by Mr. Satan , while Goku is hired to work security for the event . Dr. Senbei Norimaki of Penguin Village , who has created a device that can create any item its user can think of out of thin air , wins the award . Dr. Norimaki 's nemesis , Dr. Mashirito , appears as a ghost , and reveals that he has used a chemical called Playtine - X to gain control over Norimaki 's powerful robot daughter , Arale Norimaki . Vegeta attempts to stop Arale , but her overwhelming strength and seeming ability to defy the laws of physics are too much for him . She sends him flying into the distance . Goku transforms into Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Arale . They initially seem to be evenly matched , but it becomes apparent that their battle could easily destroy the Earth . Dr. Norimaki is able to use his new invention to distract Arale temporarily . Meanwhile , Bulma uses the invention to conjure up a mass of delicious food , which immediately attracts Beerus , who had been taking a nap . Dr. Mashirito confronts Beerus , who promptly obliterates him . Beerus also easily overpowers Arale . Just as Beerus is about to destroy her , the food he has eaten causes him severe stomach pain , which prompts him to rush home with Whis immediately . Shortly after , Dr. Norimaki and Arale leave and return home . Goku and Arale agree to fight again in the future . 70 24 `` Champa 's Challenge ! This Time We Fight with Baseball ! ! '' / `` Shanpa kara no chōsen - jō ! Kondo wa yakyū de shōbuda ! ! '' ( シャンパ から の 挑戦 状 ! 今度 は 野球 で 勝負 だ ! ! ) December 11 , 2016 TBA Champa contacts Beerus and challenges him to a game of baseball ( 野球 , Yakyū ) as a way of reconciling Universes Six and Seven . The baseball game is arranged to be held on Universe Seven 's Earth . Champa explains to Vados that he intends to use the game as an opportunity to steal food from Earth . The game begins with Goku initially unsuccessful as the pitcher for Beerus ' team due to his lack of experience . Yamcha , who has extensive experience playing baseball , steps up and gives the Universe Seven team an advantage . However , he is injured several times over the course of the game by Vegeta , who is playing on the Universe Six team with Champa . Champa and Beerus end up fighting , which almost destroys the planet . Whis and Vados intervene and call the game off . Vados reveals that Yamcha , despite his injuries , made it to home plate and scored a run before the game was called off , thereby winning the game for Universe Seven . Champa and his team return to Universe Six . Champa has seemingly forgotten his goal of stealing Universe Seven 's Earth 's food , as he has already become obsessed with training to prepare for a rematch . 71 25 `` The Death of Goku ! The Guaranteed Assassination Mission '' / `` Gokū shisu ! Zettai shikkō no ansatsu ninrai ! '' ( 悟空 死す ! 絶対 執行 の 暗殺 任 頼 ) December 18 , 2016 TBA Goku begins acting strangely . He admits to Gohan and Goten that he thinks someone wants to kill him . Meanwhile , in Universe Six , Hit carries out an assassination mission by killing a crime boss . His next target is revealed to be Goku . Goku senses Hit coming and flies to a remote area so that their fight would not put anyone else in danger . Hit arrives to kill Goku . Goku charges at Hit , but he can not hit him . Hit seemingly kills Goku with a single blow to the chest and disappears just before Piccolo , Gohan , and Goten arrive and find Goku 's body . 72 26 `` Will There Be a Counterattack ? ! The Invisible Killing Strike ! ! '' / `` Hangeki naruka ! ? Mienai koroshi no waza ! ! '' ( 反撃 なる か ! ? 見え ない 殺し の 技 ! ! ) December 25 , 2016 TBA Piccolo tries to revive Goku to no avail , but Goku had fired an energy blast in the air shortly before he was killed , reviving him . Goku learns that Hit 's assassination technique is an invisible energy blast . Goku shocks Hit by being the first person to ever dodge this technique , but he is still unable to land a blow on Hit and remains at a disadvantage . Meanwhile , Champa and Vados come to see the fight . They are later joined by Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis . Vados explains how Hit is able to use his secret technique , which makes him seemingly untouchable . In the midst of the battle , Goku fires his Kamehameha attack , which proves to be powerful enough to knock out both Hit and himself . In the aftermath , Goku reveals to Vegeta , Champa , and Beerus that he had hired Hit , because he wanted to fight him at full strength , and that Whis and Vados were involved in his plan as well . 73 27 `` Gohan 's Misfortune ! An Unexpected Great Saiyaman Movie ? ! '' / `` Gohan no sainan ! Gurētosaiyaman masakano eiga ka ! ? '' ( 悟 飯 の 災難 ! グレート サイヤマン まさかの 映画 化 ! ? ) January 8 , 2017 TBA Mr. Satan reveals to Videl and Gohan that he is starring in a new superhero film : `` Great Saiyaman vs. Mister Satan '' ! As Videl , Gohan , and Pan check out the film set , the lead in the film -- - a famous but self - absorbed actor named Barry Kahn -- becomes enamored with Videl and tries to woo her . Videl rejects Barry in front of the entire film crew , which angers him . Seeking revenge on Videl for his humiliation , Barry convinces Gohan to take over as the main stuntman for the film in order to embarrass and potentially maim him . As Gohan is the real Great Saiyaman , he uses his powers to easily take on the role . Gohan later dons the suit again for a fight against a pair of bank robbers . When the film crew accuses Gohan of using the suit and stopping the bank robbery , Bulma bails him out . However , Gohan 's identity is accidentally revealed to Cocoa , who is a starlet in the film . Cocoa blackmails Gohan into flying her around the city . Meanwhile , Jaco chases after a being known as Watagashi ( 綿 餓死 ) , which is an extraterrestrial parasitic criminal that possesses its hosts . Suspecting that `` The Great Saiyaman '' might be the host of Watagashi , Jaco attacks Gohan with a vaporizing cannon . 74 28 `` For the Ones He Loves ! The Unbeatable Great Saiyaman ! ! '' / `` Aisuru mono no tame ni ! Fukutsu no Gurēto Saiyaman ! ! '' ( 愛する ものの ため に ! 不屈 の グレート サイヤマン ! ! ) January 15 , 2017 TBA Gohan manages to dodge Jaco 's cannon blast and learns of Watagashi 's ability to possess its hosts . Cocoa brings Gohan back to her apartment to rehearse , but she hides the fact that she was forced by Barry to let photos be taken of the pair for the tabloids . She has a secret change of heart and does not let the photos get taken in her room . When the pair go to the roof the next morning , Barry gets the pictures of Gohan getting a kiss from Cocoa and revealing himself as Great Saiyaman . Barry immediately brings the photos to Videl in an attempt to expose Gohan as a cheater . As he tries to woo Videl again , she sees through Barry 's act and refuses his advances . Watagashi finds and possesses Barry by turning him into a powerful monster in the process . The possessed Barry dispatches Gohan and kidnaps Pan . He seeks a final showdown with Gohan . Barry proves formidable . Gohan is nearly killed in the struggle . Videl and Pan express complete faith in Gohan 's desire to protect them and call out for his aid . Gohan transforms into `` Super Great Saiyaman '' and knocks out Barry , which separates him from Watagashi in the process . The film becomes a hit . Cocoa blackmails Barry into keeping Gohan 's secret with the knowledge that Barry was the monster that attacked the city . Now seeing him as less of a threat , Jaco lets Watagashi escape . 75 29 `` Goku and Krillin Back to the Old Training Grounds '' / `` Gokū to Kuririn - Natsukashi no shugyō no ba e '' ( 悟空 と クリリン 懐かし の 修行 の 場 へ ) January 22 , 2017 TBA Goku seeks a sparring partner to train with , but he laments being unable to find a suitable opponent . On Goten 's suggestion , Goku goes to ask Krillin , who is still working as a police officer . Krillin is grazed by a bullet during a shootout with a pair of burglars , but they are easily disarmed by Goku . Krillin declines Goku 's offer to spar . He knows he would be no challenge for Goku and that he has given up martial arts for good . Krillin is chastised by Android 18 , who says the strong man she fell in love could never be harmed by a bullet . Her words lead Krillin to reconsider Goku 's offer and ultimately accepts it . The two leave for Master Roshi 's to train as they did when they were children . Krillin proves to be no match for Goku even though Goku is wearing a heavy suit as a handicap . Sensing Krillin 's self - doubt and believing that a different approach is needed , Master Roshi sends his students on a race to a heavily forested island to recover a rare herb . As a reward , Master Roshi offers to teach the winner a secret technique that can immensely increase the user 's strength . On the island , Goku and Krillin meet Fortuneteller Baba . They tell her about Master Roshi 's challenge . Interested to see what will happen , Baba decides to observe the race using her crystal ball . Goku and Krillin venture into the forest in search of the herb . As they enter , a heavy fog rolls in , where familiar foes emerge . 76 30 `` Defeat These Terrifying Enemies ! Krillin 's Fighting Spirit Returns ! '' / `` Kowa teki o uchiyabure ! Kuririn no tōshi futatabi ! '' ( 恐 敵 を 打ち破れ ! クリリン の 闘志 ふたたび ! ) January 29 , 2017 TBA Android 18 arrives at Master Roshi 's house and searches for Krillin . Master Roshi and Fortuneteller Baba explain that Krillin and Goku have entered the `` Forest of Terror , '' which is a place where they have to face illusions of enemies that they had battled before . Master Roshi intended this exercise as a way to help Krillin overcome his lack of confidence . In the forest , Krillin is terrified by what he sees . Among the group of illusions are Tambourine , Frieza , Dabura , and Majin Buu , where all of them previously killed or seriously wounded Krillin . Overcome with fear , Krillin attempts to abandon the race and fly out of the forest . The trees move to block the entrance , which leave Goku and Krillin stranded . The illusions attack and separate Goku and Krillin . Krillin finds himself surrounded by the illusions , but his attacks only make them stronger . After slicing one in half , he discovers that they are powered by his own energy . He heeds Master Roshi 's training and calms himself down , which weakens the illusions . As a final challenge , Fortuneteller Baba summons an illusion of Super Shenron , which immediately ensnares Goku . Krillin quickly arrives and frees him . The two of them use a combined Kamehameha blast to destroy the illusion . The illusions turn into the rare herbs that Master Roshi wanted . Goku and Krillin return to Master Roshi 's house with bags full of the herb . Master Roshi admits that there is actually no secret technique . Krillin , who has regained his confidence , disagrees . Goku and Krillin soon leave . Krillin returns home , where Android 18 shaves his head . This signals Krillin 's decision to pick up his martial arts training once again . Season 5 : Universe Survival ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 77 `` Let 's Do It , Zen - Oh Sama ! The All - Universe Martial Arts Tournament ! ! '' `` Yarou ze Zenō - sama ! Uchū ichi Budō - kai ! ! '' ( や ろう ぜ 全 王様 ! 宇宙 一 武道 会 ! ! ) February 5 , 2017 TBA The Present Zenō - sama and Future Zenō - sama are playing a game together in their realm , but both have become bored with their monotonous routine . Meanwhile , Goku heads to a local farmer 's market to sell his produce and get Chi - Chi off his back about making money . On the way home , he is ambushed by some robbers . Goku defeats them , but he is injured in the process . Deciding that he has grown rusty , Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis . They head to the Capsule Corporation building , where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta 's second child . Goten remains behind to train with Trunks . Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth . Goku heads to Beerus ' planet alone . While training with Whis , Goku remembers Zenō - sama 's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament . Heedless of Beerus and Whis ' warnings , Goku uses Zenō - sama 's button to head to his realm and convince both Zenō - samas to hold the tournament . When he returns to Beerus ' planet , Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Zenō - sama 's naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse . Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais , where the Great Priest arrives . He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the `` Tournament of Power '' ( 力 の 大会 , Chikara no Taikai ) . 78 `` The Gods of Every Universe in Shock ? ! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power '' `` Zen uchū no kami - sama mo don hiki ! ? Maketara shōmetsu `` Chikara no taikai '' '' ( 全 宇宙 の 神様 も ドン 引き ! ? 負け たら 消滅 「 力 の 大会 」 ) February 12 , 2017 TBA The Great Priest explains the details of the `` Tournament of Power '' and states that it will be held on `` the World of Void '' . It is a place of `` infinite nothingness '' , where the competitors can fight without limits . The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls , while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence . Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty . Goku suggests asking Zenō - sama to ignore it , but Whis advises against this . Whis tells Goku that Zenō - sama has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous . Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Zenō - sama to hold the tournament in the first place . Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces . The Great Priest also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Zenō - sama 's benefit . Each universe is to name three fighters . Goku sets off to recruit teammates . After Vegeta refuses , Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu , who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7 . Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan . Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic . Back at Zenō - sama 's palace , all the gods from all 12 universes gather . The Great Priest explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match . He alludes to the possibility of Zenō - sama erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament . In the first round , Majin Buu is to fight Basil ( バジル , Bajiru ) , a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9 . 79 `` Universe 9 's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7 's Majin Buu ! ! '' `` Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū ! ! '' ( 第 9 宇宙 蹴り の バジル VS 第 7 宇宙 魔 人 ブウ ! ! ) February 19 , 2017 TBA Basil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu , who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game . Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu 's attention , which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack . As Roh ( ロウ , Rō ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 9 , claims victory , Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach , but he is otherwise unmoved . Basil and Roh are shocked to see this . Mr. Satan is injured during the attack . He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious . This enrages Majin Buu to the point , where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring . However , since neither Zenō - sama is satisfied with the fight , Basil is allowed to get back into the ring . Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful . Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating , Zenō - sama is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue . The Great Priest announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along . Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him , which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9 . However , Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil . This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory . As the Universe 9 team laments Basil 's loss , Basil 's second oldest brother Lavender ( ラベンダ , Rabenda ) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent , which Bergamo gives him permission to do , he can win his match . Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender . 80 `` Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit ! Son Gohan 's Fight ! ! '' `` Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase ! Son Gohan no tatakai ! ! '' ( 眠っ た 闘志 を 呼び覚ませ ! 孫 悟 飯 の 闘い ! ! ) February 26 , 2017 TBA As their battle begins , Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan 's eyes and blinds him . Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison , but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone . Unable to see , Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows . Lavender counters by levitating , which eliminates the sound of his footsteps . Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender 's body , which uses it as a kind of active radar . Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan 's body . Lavender mounts a comeback . In desperation , Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack . He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed . Lavender is knocked out , but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he can not continue . With both fighters down , the match is declared a tie . After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean , the Great Priest announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well . However , Universes 1 , 5 , 8 , and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong . Zeno - sama had long believed that there were too many universes . He was planning to erase most of them anyway , but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared . With the announcement concluded , the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo ( ベルガモ , Berugamo ) , Basil 's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine . 81 5 `` Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku ! Which One Wields the Limitless Power ? ! '' `` Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū ! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 潰し の ベルガモ VS 孫悟空 ! 青 天井 の 強 さ は どっち だ ! ? ) March 5 , 2017 TBA Before their battle begins , Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods . Bergamo pleads with Zenō - sama to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased . Zenō - sama agrees on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle . Great Priest states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure , Zenō - sama will immediately erase all of the universes . Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms . When the fight begins , Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed . Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times , but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku 's attacks . He grows stronger and physically larger . Goku continues to attack , which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight . Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue , which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha . Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure , but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge . The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin . The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner . Suddenly , a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo ( トッポ ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle . Goku , who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo , agrees to fight Toppo . 82 6 `` Never Forgive Son Goku ! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes ! ! '' `` Son Gokū yurusumaji ! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū ! ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 許す まじ ! 正義 の 戦士 トッポ 乱入 ! ! ) March 19 , 2017 TBA After obtaining Zenō - sama 's blessing to proceed , Goku and Toppo begin their battle . Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku 's shoulder . Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows , but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug . He begins squeezing the life out of Goku , which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape . Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha . Just as the two power up even more , the Great Priest puts an end to the fight . As Toppo leaves , he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren ( ジレン ) . The Great Priest begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power . In the Sacred World of the Kais , Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku 's constant relaxed and negligent attitude , which Whis breaks up . The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy . 83 7 `` Form the Universe 7 Representing Team ! Who are the Strongest Ten ? ! '' `` Dai - 7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo ! Saikyō no 10 - ri wa dareda ? '' ( 第 7 宇宙 代表 チーム を 結成 せよ ! 最強 の 10 人 は 誰 だ ! ? ) March 26 , 2017 TBA Goku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation . They discuss who should be on the team . Goku immediately suggests Monaka , but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and can not participate . Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , No. 18 , and No. 17 , which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine . Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience . They proceed to ask Vegeta , who has been thinking of a name for his second child . Vegeta refuses to participate . He says he will not fight , while Bulma is pregnant . Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight . Everyone celebrates the baby 's birth . Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother . As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta , he develops an attachment to her . Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot . However , Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla 's name . Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin 's house . 84 8 `` Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18 '' `` Sukautoman Son Gokū - Kuririn to 18 - gō o izanau '' ( スカウト マン 孫悟空 クリリン と 18 号 を 誘う ) April 2 , 2017 TBA Goku and Gohan arrive at Krillin 's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power . No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use . No. 18 is reluctant to join herself . She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them , but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward , which convinces her to participate . Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast . After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat , Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea . Goku is excited by Krillin 's new power . He challenges him to a sparring match as well . They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan , where Krillin 's strategies make up for the gap in power , forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan . Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form , and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash . As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin , No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku 's Kamehameha , just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion . She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku can not expect to fight one - on - one all the time . Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power . No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve , but she does not know where . Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17 . 85 9 `` The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives '' `` Ugokidasu uchū - sorezore no omowaku '' ( 動き出す 宇宙 - それぞれ の 思惑 ) April 9 , 2017 TBA Gohan leaves to recruit Piccolo , while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout . He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training . Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance . The two spar together . Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage . Meanwhile , Khai ( カイ ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 11 , gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7 's , who is ostracized due to Goku 's involvement with the creation of the tournament . Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Zenō - sama cancel the erasure of the universes , but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so . Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai 's meeting , and they discuss Goku . Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral ( カーセラル , Kāseraru ) and Dyspo ( ディスポ , Disupo ) . Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans . Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17 's location . Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo . 86 10 `` Fist Cross for the First Time ! Android # 17 VS Son Goku ! ! '' `` Hajimete majiwaru kobushi ! Jinzōningen Jūnana - gō VS Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 初めて 交わる 拳 ! 人造 人間 17 号 VS 孫悟空 ! ! ) April 16 , 2017 TBA On their way to the island where No. 17 is working , Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games , No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger . Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough . They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers . As they introduce themselves to each other , a large army of poachers arrive . Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all . Afterwards , No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns . The two decide to have a sparring match . No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku , which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue . Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17 , who easily deflects it with an energy shield . The two go toe - to - toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire . Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight . Afterwards , Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power , but No. 17 is uninterested . He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased . Meanwhile , alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus . 87 11 `` Hunt the Poachers ! Goku and No. 17 's United Front ! ! '' `` Mitsuryō - dan o kare ! Gokū to Jūnana - gō no kyōtō ! ! '' ( 密漁 団 を 狩れ ! 悟空 と 17 号 の 共闘 ! ! ) April 23 , 2017 TBA Goku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls . As he begins to consider Goku 's offer , the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island 's animals . Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape . After defeating some of the poachers , No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader , while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers . No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader . Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self - destruct if he is not released immediately . No. 17 smashes him out of a window , which vents both of them into deep space . Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai 's world . Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader 's threat was a bluff . Afterwards , Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes . Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers . No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku 's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power . He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family . 88 12 `` Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training ! '' `` Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō ! '' ( 悟 飯 と ピッコロ 師弟 激突 の 限界 修業 ! ) April 30 , 2017 TBA Gohan and Piccolo engage in intense training . Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power . He points out that Gohan 's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless . Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan , and the two continue to spar . Meanwhile , Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor , Renso ( レンソウ ) . Cabba asks him to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power , but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg . Renso suggests his sister , Caulifla ( カリフラ , Karifura ) , instead , who he claims is even stronger than him . Back in Universe 7 , Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan . Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle . After being encouraged by Piccolo , Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu . The two fight again , and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo 's arm . However , Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan , which proves Piccolo 's point about Gohan 's overconfidence . That night , Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power . They both agree to work on combination moves . 89 13 `` An Unknown Beauty Appears ! The Tenshin - Style Dojo 's Mystery ? ! '' `` Arawareta nazo no bijo ! Tenshin - ryū Dōjō no kai ! ? '' ( 現れ た 謎 の 美女 ! 天津 流 道場 の 怪 ! ? ) May 7 , 2017 TBA Goku heads to Master Roshi 's island , where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo , and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor . Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team , and heads off to recruit him and Roshi . At Tien 's dojo , a woman named Yurin ( ユーリン , Yūrin ) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo . Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo , Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her . Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power , but , even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni , Tien refuses . Yurin escapes Roshi 's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien 's students on a rampage throughout town . Goku , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Roshi arrive at the village , where Yurin confronts them . Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien 's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her . Meanwhile , Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6 's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . Back on Earth , while Goku , Chiaotzu , and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing , Roshi battles Yurin . He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin 's panties , which allows her to brainwash him . The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien , but Goku intervenes . While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin , Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing . Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo . Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village . After hearing about the 10 million Zeni , Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well . 90 14 `` See The Wall That Must Be Passed ! Goku vs Gohan '' `` Koerubeki kabe o misuete ! Gokū bāsasu Gohan '' ( 超える べき 壁 を 見据え て ! 悟空 VS 悟 飯 ) May 14 , 2017 TBA As Gohan finishes training with Piccolo , they go to meet with Goku , Master Roshi , and Tien . At Gohan 's request , Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament . Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone , Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously . As Gohan fights both his father and Tien , Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique , which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched . Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed . Although Goku agrees , Gohan requests to have a one - on - one fight against his father . Goku accepts , and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2 . Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight , Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku . Gohan begs Goku to use his full power . Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio - Ken technique , then defeats Gohan with a single blow . Impressed with his son 's improvement , Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team . Meanwhile , Rumsshi ( ラムーシ , Ramūshi ) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim ( ムリチム , Murichimu ) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament . 91 15 `` Which Universe Will Survive ? ! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering ! ! '' `` Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da ! ? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( 勝ち残る の は どの 宇宙 だ ! ? 続々 と 集う 最強 の 戦士 たち ! ! ) May 21 , 2017 TBA The Zenō - samas are suffering from extreme boredom again . They decide to observe the universes ' progress in assembling their strongest warriors . In Universe 7 , Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training . Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta 's gravity chamber . Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi 's weakness to seduction techniques , which fails miserably . In Universe 9 , word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe . The populace has descended into anarchy . The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters . In Universe 6 , Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power , while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process . In Universe 11 , Toppo 's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree . In Universe 2 , a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau ( ブリアン ・ デ ・ シャトー , Burian de Shatō ) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne ( リブリアン , Riburian ) and auditions for a spot in the tournament . In Universe 10 , Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit . Back in Universe 7 , Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and can not join the tournament , which horrifies everyone . 92 16 `` Emergency Development ! The Incomplete Ten Members ! ! '' `` Kinkyū jitai hassei ! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā ! ! '' ( 緊急 事態 発生 ! そろわ ない 10 人 の メンバー ! ! ) May 28 , 2017 TBA Goku races to Mr. Satan 's house , where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation . Meanwhile , all of Universe 7 's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation . After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him , Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin , No. 18 , and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose . When Goku returns , Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18 . After Goku fails to convince them otherwise , Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying , while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward . In Universe 6 , Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . As Caulifla 's protégée , Kale ( ケール , Kēru ) , observes them , Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform . When that fails , he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back . Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan . Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power . She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself . In Universe 11 , Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters , where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees ' hands so they can participate in the tournament . In Universe 3 , two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi ( ニグリシ , Nigrisshi ) and Narirama ( ナリラマ , Narirāma ) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3 's God of Destruction Mosco ( モスコ , Mosuko ) , Supreme Kai Ea ( エア ) , and Angel Campari ( カンパーリ , Kanpāri ) . Back in Universe 7 , Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu . When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force , Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza , which shocks everyone . 93 17 `` You 're The Tenth Warrior ! Goku Goes To See Frieza ! ! '' `` Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da ! Gokū Furīza no moto e ! ! '' ( 10 人目 の 戦士 はお め え だ ! 悟空 フリーザ の も と へ ! ! ) June 4 , 2017 TBA Goku 's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades . He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament . If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him . Goku 's friends reluctantly agree , and he sets out to the afterlife . The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them . In Universe 6 , Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail . Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness , and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Berserker Super Saiyan . Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba . Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba 's perceived relationship . She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba . Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla 's arms . Cabba , who is impressed by Kale 's power , decides to add her to Universe 6 's team . Back in Universe 7 , Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma 's permission to visit Frieza . He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them . Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth 's Dragon Balls . When Goku hesitates to agree , Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become . Goku accepts his terms . In Universe 4 , Ganos ( ガノス , Ganosu ) reports Universe 7 's latest actions to Universe 4 's God of Destruction Quitela ( キテラ , Kitera ) and Supreme Kai Kuru ( クル ) . Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus . 94 18 `` The Emperor of Evil Returns ! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins ? ! '' `` Aku no Teiō fukkatsu ! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku - tachi ! ? '' ( 悪 の 帝王 復活 ! 出迎える 謎 の 刺客 たち ! ? ) June 11 , 2017 TBA Quitela contacts Universe 9 's God of Destruction Sidra ( シドラ , Shidora ) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first . Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed . Meanwhile , Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success . As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin 's tower , Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17 's island to pick him up and drop off Goten , Trunks , and Marron . Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba 's home , where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza . As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart , an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads . Despite the time pressure , Frieza wounds the assassins ' leader , transforms into his Golden form , and prepares for battle . 95 19 `` The Worst ! The Most Evil ! Frieza 's Rampage ! ! '' `` Saikyō ! Saiaku ! Furīza Ōabare ! ! '' ( 最 凶 ! 最悪 ! フリーザ 大 暴れ ! ! ) June 18 , 2017 TBA Frieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z - Fighters . He quickly slaughters most of the assassins , which horrifies Goku . The assassins ' leader , who has been directly empowered by Sidra , attacks Frieza with Sidra 's power , but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack . Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him . Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them . Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector . Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him . Roh fears Frieza 's psychopathic and treasonous nature , while Sidra wants his power . Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line . Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku . Frieza cuts the connection . He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends . Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match , which ends in a draw . Goku , Frieza , Beerus , and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation . The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power . 96 20 `` The Time Is Here ! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe ! ! '' `` Toki wa kita ! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e ! ! '' ( 時 は きた ! 宇宙 の 命運 を かけ 無 の 界 へ ! ! ) June 25 , 2017 TBA In the World of Void , Universes 1 , 5 , and 8 's Gods of Destruction Iwne ( イワン , Iwan ) , Arack ( アラク , Araku ) , and Liquiir ( リキュール , Rikīru ) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power 's fighting stage . Afterwards , the Great Priest forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage . In Universe 7 , Gohan and Shin 's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them . This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta 's Saiyan pride . Whis transports the team to the World of Void . All of the other universes arrive . Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together , while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power . As the Great Priest introduces each team , Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team , which confuses most of Universe 7 , except for Tien , who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence . After a speech from the Zenō - samas , the 80 warriors prepare for battle . 97 21 `` Survive ! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last ! ! '' `` Ikinokore ! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai ! ! '' ( 生き残れ ! ついに 開幕 「 力 の 大会 」 ! ! ) July 2 , 2017 TBA The Great Priest reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament . A massive free - for - all ensues . Goku targets Toppo , but he is intercepted by Ganos . Disregarding Gohan 's plan as well , No. 17 , No. 18 , Vegeta , and Frieza all jump into the fray . Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage , but Hit and Basil disable it . Universe 10 's Lilibeu ( リリベウ , Ririberu ) attacks Basil , but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage . Meanwhile , the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes , but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off . Basil nearly defeats Universe 10 's Napapa , but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment . As Goku is pursuing Toppo , he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4 's Nink ( ニンク , Ninku ) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage . As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy , Basil , Lavender , Bergamo , and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament . 98 22 `` Oh , Uncertainty ! A Universe Despairs ! ! '' `` Ā mujou ! Zetsubō suru Uchū ! ! '' ( あぁ 無常 ! 絶望 する 宇宙 ! ! ) July 9 , 2017 TBA Roh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match . Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament . He fights Team Universe 9 , where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork . Vegeta notices Goku 's plight and reinforces him . Roh sends over three more fighters . Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop ( ソレル , Hoppu ) into accidentally hitting each other . Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors . No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel ( ソレル , Soreru ) and Roselle . Only Basil , Lavender , and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9 . Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage . The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort , but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha . With all 10 members defeated , Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament . As a result , the Zenō - samas erase Universe 9 , Roh , Sidra , and all of their fighters . This amuses Universe 9 's angel Mojito ( モヒイト , Mohi'ito ) and horrifies everyone else . 99 23 `` Show Them ! Krillin 's True Power ! ! '' `` Misetsukero ! Kuririn no sokojikara ! ! '' ( 見せつけろ ! クリリン の 底力 ! ! ) July 16 , 2017 TBA As the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9 's erasure , No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back . Vegeta tries to fight Hit , but he is blocked by Botamo , who is immune to damage . Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage , but Magetta stops him at the last moment . Meanwhile , Universe 10 's Jium ( ジウム , Jiumu ) attacks Gohan and his friends . Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi . Universe 4 's Shosa ( ショイサ , Shōsa ) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts . Krillin rescues No. 18 , and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack . They are challenged by Universe 4 's Majora ( マジョラ ) , who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle . Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin , Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage . Krillin boasts about his victory , which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow . Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament . 100 24 `` Out Of Control ! The Savage Berserker Awakens ! ! '' `` Daibōsō ! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi ! ! '' ( 大 暴走 ! 目覚め 荒 ぶる 狂 戦士 ! ! ) July 23 , 2017 TBA As Universe 7 recovers from Krillin 's defeat , Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10 's Murisam ( ムリサーム ) and confronts Vegeta . Hit blows off Narirama 's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack . He flicks him off the stage . Meanwhile , Kale is disabled by Universe 10 's Napapa and Methiop ( メチオープ ) . They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage , but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa . The two confront Goku , and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2 's Jimeze ( ジーミズ , Jimizu ) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue . Goku refuses , and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan . However , her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack . With Goku 's aid , Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2 , and the two resume their fight . As Kale watches them , she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into her Berserker Super Saiyan form . Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire . Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her . Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue . He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha , but Kale powers through it unharmed . As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power , Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop . When Universe 11 's Vuon ( ブーオン , Būon ) attempts to stop her , Kale defeats him as well . Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast . As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale , Goku challenges Jiren . 101 25 `` The Impending Warriors of Justice ! The Pride Troopers ! ! '' `` Semari kuru seigi no senshi ! Puraido Torūpāsu ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 正義 の 戦士 ! プライド ・ トルーパス ! ! ) July 30 , 2017 TBA As Goku prepares to fight Jiren , Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts . Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina . This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper ( タッパー , Tappā ) , Zoiray ( ゾイレー , Zoirē ) , Cocotte ( ココット , Kokotto ) , and Kettol . The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon 's defeat . The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku . Meanwhile , Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3 's The Preecho ( ザ ・ プリーチョ ) . They regroup with Gohan , Piccolo , Vegeta , and Frieza , where he has defeated Murichim . The Pride Troopers push Goku , Caulifla , and Kale to the brink , but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them . No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper , while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral . The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale . Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 do not interfere . As the four beat Caulifla , Kale 's self - hatred causes her to return to the Berserker Super Saiyan form , but she remains in control of herself this time . Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral , Zoiray , and Kettol . Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast , but No. 18 simply throws it off , eliminating Cocotte . Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest . The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them . 102 26 `` The Power of Love Explodes ? ! Universe 2 's Little Witch Warriors ! ! '' `` Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu ! ? dai ni uchu majo - kko senshi ! ! '' ( 愛 の 力 が 大 爆発 ! ? 第 2 宇宙 の 魔女 っ 子 戦士 ! ! ) August 6 , 2017 TBA Brianne and her companions Sanka Ku ( サンカ ・ クー , Sanka Kū ) and Su Roas ( スー ・ ロース , Sū Rōsu ) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter - egos . No. 17 blasts them before they can transform , but Brianne , Goku , and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform , much to Beerus ' dismay . They assume their alter - egos Ribrianne , Kakunsa ( カクンサ , Kakunsa ) , and Rozie ( ロージィ , Rōjī ) and barrage the arena with a powerful love - based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters . Universe 7 's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects . Gohan 's group elects to split up and fight independently . Vegeta attacks Ribrianne , who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10 's Jirasen ( ジラセン ) . Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up , while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style . No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier . He attempts to knock her out of the stage , but her teammate Vikal ( ビカル , Bikaru ) rescues her . No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal . He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast . Enraged by his actions , Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17 . 103 27 `` Gohan , Show No Mercy ! Showdown With Universe 10 ! ! '' `` Gohan yo hijōnare ! Dai ju uchu to no kessen ! ! '' ( 悟 飯 よ 非情 なれ ! 第 10 宇宙 と の 決戦 ! ! ) August 13 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other , while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku 's defenses . She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up , but No. 17 protects him with a barrier . Goku , who has studied Rozie 's techniques , hits her with a powerful ki blast . As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne , Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission . Elsewhere , Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa 's orders . As Piccolo and Goku observe , Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows , which apparently have no effect . However , Gohan 's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself , allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage . Universe 10 's Obuni ( オブニ ) and Rubalt ( ルバルト , Rubaruto ) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo . Jimeze defeats Universe 10 's Jilcol ( ジルコル Jirukoru ) . With 8 warriors eliminated , Gowasu accepts his imminent demise , while Rumsshi remains defiant . Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan . Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo , but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt , leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni . Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan , which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again . Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni 's punches . He counterattacks Obuni 's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit . Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan , but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10 . Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha . All of Universe 10 's fighters have been eliminated . Right before Universe 10 is annihilated , Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child . Gohan and Universe 10 's angel , Cus ( クス , Kusu ) , mourn Universe 10 's erasure . 104 28 `` The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins ! Goku and Hit Join Forces ! ! '' `` Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu ! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen ! ! '' ( 超絶 光速 バトル 勃発 ! 悟空 と ヒット の 共同 戦線 ! ! ) August 20 , 2017 TBA Dyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit 's Time Skip . Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit 's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip . Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally , but he is pushed to the edge of the stage . Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo 's fighting style and is luring him into a trap . Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi ( クンシー , Kunshī ) to back him up . Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow , Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge . However , Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated . The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner . Before they can finish him off , Goku interferes and rescues Hit . Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo 's speed , while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi . The two switch places . Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him , while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form . Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo , but Kunshi rescues him again . Kunshi charges Hit , who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage . Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies . Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival . Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand . Goku and Hit vow to settle the score if they both make it to the end of the tournament . 105 29 `` A Desperate Battle ! Master Roshi 's Sacrifice ! ! '' `` Funsen ! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu ! ! '' ( 奮戦 ! 武 天 老師 命 を 燃やす ! ! ) August 27 , 2017 TBA Master Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar . He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4 , Caway ( キャウェイ , Kyauei ) , who attempts to seduce him . However , Caway 's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses . Roshi destroys her energy weapon , powers up , and drives her to jump off the stage . Roshi is next challenged by Dercori ( ダーコリ , Dākori ) , who is a talisman - wielding warrior from Universe 4 . She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot . Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena . Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move , which is defused when both Zenō - samas rule in Roshi 's favor . Ganos , who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends , challenges him and powers up into an avian form . Initially , Roshi is able to use his experience to predict , evade , and counter Ganos ' attacks . However , Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on . He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi . Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep , but he attacks himself to wake himself up . Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up , but Roshi refuses . He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos . However , the effort is too much for Roshi 's body to handle , and he collapses . Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki . Goku escorts Roshi to safety . 106 30 `` Find Him ! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker ! ! '' `` Mikiwamero ! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō ! ! '' ( 見極めろ ! 姿 なき アタッカー と の 死闘 ! ! ) September 3 , 2017 TBA Goku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request . Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6 's Dr. Rota ( Dr. ロタ , Dokutā Rota ) , but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability . Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground . It is revealed that the sniper , Universe 2 's Prum ( プラン , Puran ) , can see through these orbs . The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret . Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision , but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures . Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms , which forces him to painfully regenerate them . Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures . Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area . Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding . Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive . Vegeta berates Tien , who warns them about Prum , but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum 's blasts . As Goku and Tien observe Prum , they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts . Vegeta and Goku go after Prum , while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo . Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum , but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body . Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper , Prum 's teammate Hermila ( ハーミラ , Hāmira ) . Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks , Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him . Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila , but three of his clones are shot down . The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila . Just as Tien is about to eliminate him , Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien 's feet and knocks him off the stage . However , Tien 's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them . Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament . Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw , Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated . As Prum is confronted by Vegeta , Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him . Shortly after , Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament . 107 31 `` Revenge `` F '' The Cunning Trap ? ! '' `` Fukushū no Efu ! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana ! ? '' ( 復讐 の 「 F 」 ! しかけ られ た 狡猾 な 罠 ! ? ) September 17 , 2017 TBA Frost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7 . Elsewhere , Universe 3 's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11 's remaining warriors . He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body , but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow . As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights , Frost corners and attacks him . Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid , but he is confronted by Ribrianne . Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave , but the strain proves too much for him . He flubs the attack . Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta , which provokes him . Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi . Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost , and the two battle Vegeta . Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself . When Roshi falls for it , Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle . With the last of his strength , Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta . Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue , and Frost flees . Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention . Roshi jumps off the stage , and he is given a Senzu Bean . Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect . 108 32 `` Frieza and Frost ! Conjoined Malice ? ! '' `` Furīza to Furosuto ! Majiwaru Akui ! ? '' ( フリーザ と フロスト ! 交わる 悪意 ! ? ) September 24 , 2017 TBA As Goku battles Ribrianne , the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament . Meanwhile , Gohan is confronted by Jimeze . Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan . As he prepares to finish him , Frieza intervenes . When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze , Universe 7 's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself . Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan . Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him , but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast . Enraged , Jimeze attacks Frieza , who swiftly tortures and eliminates him . Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan , and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans . Frieza battles Gohan , who counterattacks . Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan . However , instead of eliminating him , he double - crosses and eliminates Frost . Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza 's plan and played along with him . An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands , but Zenō - sama erases him , who explains this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence . Meanwhile , Goku continues to battle Ribrianne . 109 33 `` The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku ! Now , Let Loose ! The Killer Spirit Bomb ! ! '' `` Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki ! Ima Koso Hanate ! Hisassu no Genki - Dama ! ! '' ( 悟空 に 迫る 最強 の 敵 ! 今 こそ 放 て ! 必殺 の 元気 玉 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls . Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent . Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne . She attacks Goku with several ki blasts , and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away . Ribrianne lands near Jiren , and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him . Universe 11 's God of Destruction , Belmod , telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku . Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 , but that proves to be no match for Jiren 's overwhelming power . Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb , and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy . Despite the time it takes to charge the attack , Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it . Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind , but she is stopped by Vegeta . Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it , but Jiren deflects it . The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb . This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up . However , Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack . 110 34 `` Son Goku Wakes ! New Level of the Awakened ! ! '' `` Son Gokū kakusei ! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 覚醒 ! 目覚め し 者 の 新た なる 極意 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Goku rallies himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren , which locks him in a stalemate . Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction . As the two struggle to overpower each other , the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black ball , which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish . The Great Priest rules that since Goku 's own attack apparently vaporized him , Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him . As the Zenō - samas prepare to eliminate Goku , he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power . Goku resumes the fight , and he is able to go toe - to - toe with Jiren . Whis theorizes Goku must have absorbed the Spirit Bomb and unlocked an ability called Ultra Instinct ( 身勝手 の 極意 , Migatte no Goku'i ' ) . Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren , but he fails and exhausts his newfound power . Jiren knocks him away , and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren . Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne , while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aim an attack at him . 111 35 `` The Surreal Supreme Battle ! Hit vs Jiren ! ! '' `` I jigen no kyokuchi batoru ! Hitto basasu Jiren ! ! '' ( 異 次元 の 極致 バトル ! ヒット VS ジレン ! ! ) October 15 , 2017 TBA Instead of killing the defenseless Goku , Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek . Meanwhile , Hit uses his time - skip powers against Jiren , but his attacks fail to connect . Goku spectates the battle , but he is ambushed by Saonel ( サオネル , Saoneru ) and Pirina ( ピリナ , Pirina ) , Namekians from Universe 6 , who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo . Elsewhere , Vegeta fights Ribrianne , and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne . Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power , but Rozie motivates her . Meanwhile , Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail , but he is able to react and block most of Jiren 's punches . After being knocked back , Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart . He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle . Hit uses his own time - skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement . Realizing that he can not hold Jiren for long , Hit urges Cabba , Caulifla , and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6 . Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him , but Jiren stops Hit 's attack only with his glare . Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit . As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point , Jiren begins to meditate . He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him . Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo . Biarra ( ビアラ , Biara ) and Katopesla ( カトペスラ , Katopesura ) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating , but Jiren 's energy alone is enough to push them back . 112 36 `` A Saiyan 's Vow ! Vegeta 's Resolution ! ! '' `` Saiya - jin no chikai ! Bejīta no kakugo ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誓い ! ベジータ の 覚悟 ! ! ) October 22 , 2017 TBA Despite his exhaustion and low energy , Goku is determined to keep fighting . However , he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai ( コイツカイ , Koitukai ) , Pancea ( パンチア , Panchia ) , and Borareta ( ボラレータ , Borarēta ) of Universe 3 . Gohan and Piccolo want to help him , but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina . Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren , when they are confronted by Monna ( モンナ , Monna ) , a female warrior from Universe 4 . Caulifla faces off against Monna , but Cabba appears and takes her place . He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now . Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna , but he is initially overpowered . Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage , but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall . Vegeta and Cabba both promise that , if either of them wins the tournament , the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other 's erased universe and its inhabitants . Newly inspired , Cabba fights Monna again , but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2 . With his new power , Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna . However , Frieza appears , fights Cabba , and easily eliminates him as well . Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods . Meanwhile , Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren , but he is intercepted by Toppo . The two battle each other . Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku , who is still having difficulty with his three opponents . However , Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai , Borareta , and Pancea away before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself . 113 37 `` With Great Joy ! The Repeat Battle - Crazy Saiyan Fight ! ! '' `` Kiki to Shite ! Sentō - kyō Saiya - jin Batoru Futatabi ! ! '' ( 嬉々 として ! 戦闘 狂 サイヤ 人 バトル 再び ! ! ) October 29 , 2017 TBA Caulifla demands that Goku fight her and teach her how to unlock Super Saiyan 3 so that she can become strong enough to win the tournament . She begins fighting Goku , who does not initially power up beyond his base form . However , Goku 's superior martial arts skills allow him to keep up with her even in her Super Saiyan 2 form . Eventually , she is able to adapt to his moves , which forces Goku to power up to Super Saiyan 2 himself . The two of them fight evenly for some time . Goku later calls in Kale to join the battle . His superior power and skill enables him to fight them both at once , but they are able to match him by working together . They land a massive combined attack on him , but Goku powers up to Super Saiyan 3 and easily deflects their attacks . However , Goku lacks the stamina to maintain that form and reverts to Super Saiyan 2 . Kale 's desire to become stronger inadvertently causes her to transform into her Berserker Super Saiyan form again . 114 38 `` Intimidating Passion ! The Birth of a New Super Warrior ! ! '' `` Kiki semaru ! Aratana chō sen - shi no bakutan ! ! '' ( 鬼気 せまる ! 新た な 超 戦士 の 爆誕 ! ! ) November 5 , 2017 TBA Vegeta continues his battle with Toppo , while Caulifla is able to help Kale regain control of her Berserker form . Caulifla and Kale battle Goku together and are able to hold him off . Meanwhile , Frieza is confronted by Katopesla , but they are interrupted by Goku 's battle with Caulifla and Kale . Frieza wants to fight Caulifla and Kale , but Goku insists that he will fight them himself . Frieza backs down and watches the fight . The three Saiyans resume their battle . After unsuccessfully attempting to use Instant Transmission as a strategy , Goku powers up to his Super Saiyan God form and easily overpowers the two of them . As Goku prepares to eliminate Caulifla and Kale with a powerful Kamehameha , it is revealed that the girls were given a pair of Potara earrings by Universe 6 's Supreme Kai Fuwa . They use the earrings and fuse to become a single being with immense power , who takes the name Kefla ( ケフラ , Kefura ) . 115 39 `` Goku VS Kefla ! Super Saiyan Blue Defeated ? ! '' `` Gokū vāsasu Kefura ! Sūpāsaiya - jin Burū Yabureru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS ケフラ ! 超 サイヤ 人 ブルー 敗れる ! ? ) November 12 , 2017 TBA As Vegeta continues to fight Toppo , Gohan and Piccolo are engaged with Saonel and Pirina . No. 18 is attacked by Katopesla , but she is saved by No. 17 . Meanwhile , Goku continues his fight with Kefla . The Zenos approve Kefla 's use of the Potara earrings , so the other universes consider giving the Potara to their warriors as well ; the Kaioshin of Universe 2 tries to give his Potara to two of their warriors , but the earrings are accidentally broken by a shockwave from Goku 's battle with Kefla . The battle becomes intense , with Kefla gaining the upper hand . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , but Kefla counters by powering up to Super Saiyan ; however , Goku then uses the Kaioken and regains the advantage . He appears to be winning , but Kefla lands a sneak attack that knocks him out of Super Saiyan Blue . She prepares to eliminate him , but Goku unexpectedly reawakens Ultra Instinct again and easily dodges her attacks . 116 40 `` The Signs of a Comeback ! Ultra Instinct 's Huge Explosion ! ! '' November 19 , 2017 TBA Blu - ray and DVD release ( edit ) Region 1 ( North America ) ( edit ) Volumes ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Part One July 25 , 2017 01 -- 13 Part Two October 3 , 2017 14 -- 26 Region 2 ( Japan ) ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Box 1 December 2 , 2015 1 -- 12 Box 2 March 2 , 2016 13 -- 24 Box 3 July 2 , 2016 25 -- 36 Box 4 October 4 , 2016 37 -- 48 Box 5 January 6 , 2017 49 -- 60 Box 6 April 4 , 2017 61 -- 72 Box 7 August 2 , 2017 73 -- 84 Box 8 October 3 , 2017 85 -- 96 Box 9 January 6 , 2018 97 - 108 Box 10 April 3 , 2018 109 - 120 Box 11 July 3 , 2018 121 - 133 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Episodes 109 and 110 aired together as a 1 - hour television special . ^ Jump up to : English titles per Crunchyroll . ^ Jump up to : English dub titles per Funimation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super TV Anime Debuts on July 5 '' . Anime News Network . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kazuya Yoshii , Good Morning America to Perform Theme Songs For Dragon Ball Super '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gods And Heroes Of `` Dragon Ball Super - Universal Survival Arc '' Gathered For New Opening Preview Shots `` . Crunchyroll . February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super 's New Opening Sequence Previewed in Screenshots '' . Anime News Network . February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : KEYTALK Performs New ED Song for `` Dragon Ball Super '' `` . Crunchyroll . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super To Introduce A New Theme This April '' . attackofthefanboy . March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batten Showjo Tai Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Arukara Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE COLLECTORS Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending Theme `` . Crunchyroll . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spring 's `` Dragon Ball Super '' End Theme Revealed `` . Crunchyroll . March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miyu Inoue Sings New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lacco Tower Returns For New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' To Get New Ending '' . Comicbook . September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RottenGraffty To Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray ・ DVD 情報 ドラゴンボール 超 東映 アニメーション ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami Snaps up ' Dragon Ball Super ' '' . Animation World Network . November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL SUPER , READY FOR EMEA TAKEOVER WITH TURNER '' . www.toei-animation.com . Toei Animation Europe . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' Will Start Airing In Europe This Fall , Still No Word On A US Release '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Dragon Ball Super English Sub Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super to Simulcast on Crunchyroll , Daisuki , AnimeLab ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' DRAGON BALL SUPER '' SUBTITLED EPISODES BEGIN STREAMING TODAY ON FUNIMATIONNOW WITH NEW SIMULCAST EPISODES STARTING NOVEMBER 5 , 2016 . Funimation to Produce English Dub of New Series `` . Funimation . Funimation . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Licenses Dragon Ball Super , Plans English Dub '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami : Hope you 're sitting down for this ... '' Facebook . December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universe Survival Saga -- Official PV 1 ( SUB ) '' . Funimation . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball Super Universe Survival arc jump festa 17 promo video '' . kanzenshuu . December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : あらすじ ドラゴンボール 超 ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows - Screener '' . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Julia Alexander ( April 3 , 2017 ) , Samurai Jack gets left behind for Rick and Morty , and no one 's happy about it , retrieved April 3 , 2017 Jump up ^ Rick and Morty Twitter account ( April 1 , 2017 ) , New Episode of RICK AND MORTY airing NOW thru MIDNIGHT ( ET / PT ) and ONLINE at http://www.adultswim.com/streams , archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 , retrieved May 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 1 '' . FUNimation . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 2 '' . FUNimation . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 2 '' ( in Urdu ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 3 '' ( in e ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 7 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 8 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 9 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 10 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 11 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . 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Public key infrastructure
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Public key infrastructure - wikipedia Public key infrastructure Diagram of a public key infrastructure A public key infrastructure ( PKI ) is a set of roles , policies , and procedures needed to create , manage , distribute , use , store , and revoke digital certificates and manage public - key encryption . The purpose of a PKI is to facilitate the secure electronic transfer of information for a range of network activities such as e-commerce , internet banking and confidential email . It is required for activities where simple passwords are an inadequate authentication method and more rigorous proof is required to confirm the identity of the parties involved in the communication and to validate the information being transferred . In cryptography , a PKI is an arrangement that binds public keys with respective identities of entities ( like people and organizations ) . The binding is established through a process of registration and issuance of certificates at and by a certificate authority ( CA ) . Depending on the assurance level of the binding , this may be carried out by an automated process or under human supervision . The PKI role that assures valid and correct registration is called a registration authority ( RA ) . An RA is responsible for accepting requests for digital certificates and authenticating the entity making the request . In a Microsoft PKI , a registration authority is usually called a subordinate CA . An entity must be uniquely identifiable within each CA domain on the basis of information about that entity . A third - party validation authority ( VA ) can provide this entity information on behalf of the CA . Contents 1 Design 2 Methods of certification 2.1 Certificate authorities 2.1. 1 Issuer market share 2.1. 2 Temporary certificates and single sign - on 2.2 Web of trust 2.3 Simple public key infrastructure 2.4 Blockchain - based PKI 3 History 4 Uses 5 Open source implementations 6 Criticism 7 See also 8 References Design ( edit ) Public key cryptography is a cryptographic technique that enables entities to securely communicate on an insecure public network , and reliably verify the identity of an entity via digital signatures . A public key infrastructure ( PKI ) is a system for the creation , storage , and distribution of digital certificates which are used to verify that a particular public key belongs to a certain entity . The PKI creates digital certificates which map public keys to entities , securely stores these certificates in a central repository and revokes them if needed . A PKI consists of : A certificate authority ( CA ) that stores , issues and signs the digital certificates A registration authority which verifies the identity of entities requesting their digital certificates to be stored at the CA A central directory -- i.e. , a secure location in which to store and index keys A certificate management system managing things like the access to stored certificates or the delivery of the certificates to be issued . A certificate policy stating the PKI 's requirements concerning its procedures . Its purpose is to allow outsiders to analyze the PKI 's trustworthiness . Methods of certification ( edit ) Broadly speaking , there have traditionally been three approaches to getting this trust : certificate authorities ( CAs ) , web of trust ( WoT ) , and simple public key infrastructure ( SPKI ) . Certificate authorities ( edit ) The primary role of the CA is to digitally sign and publish the public key bound to a given user . This is done using the CA 's own private key , so that trust in the user key relies on one 's trust in the validity of the CA 's key . When the CA is a third party separate from the user and the system , then it is called the Registration Authority ( RA ) , which may or may not be separate from the CA . The key - to - user binding is established , depending on the level of assurance the binding has , by software or under human supervision . The term trusted third party ( TTP ) may also be used for certificate authority ( CA ) . Moreover , PKI is itself often used as a synonym for a CA implementation . Issuer market share ( edit ) In this model of trust relationships , a CA is a trusted third party -- trusted both by the subject ( owner ) of the certificate and by the party relying upon the certificate . According to NetCraft , the industry standard for monitoring Active TLS certificates , states that - `` Although the global ( TLS ) ecosystem is competitive , it is dominated by a handful of major CAs -- three certificate authorities ( Symantec , Comodo , GoDaddy ) account for three - quarters of all issued ( TLS ) certificates on public - facing web servers . The top spot has been held by Symantec ( or VeriSign before it was purchased by Symantec ) ever since ( our ) survey began , with it currently accounting for just under a third of all certificates . To illustrate the effect of differing methodologies , amongst the million busiest sites Symantec issued 44 % of the valid , trusted certificates in use -- significantly more than its overall market share . '' Temporary certificates and single sign - on ( edit ) This approach involves a server that acts as an offline certificate authority within a single sign - on system . A single sign - on server will issue digital certificates into the client system , but never stores them . Users can execute programs , etc. with the temporary certificate . It is common to find this solution variety with X. 509 - based certificates . Web of trust ( edit ) Main article : Web of trust An alternative approach to the problem of public authentication of public key information is the web - of - trust scheme , which uses self - signed certificates and third party attestations of those certificates . The singular term `` web of trust '' does not imply the existence of a single web of trust , or common point of trust , but rather one of any number of potentially disjoint `` webs of trust '' . Examples of implementations of this approach are PGP ( Pretty Good Privacy ) and GnuPG ( an implementation of OpenPGP , the standardized specification of PGP ) . Because PGP and implementations allow the use of e-mail digital signatures for self - publication of public key information , it is relatively easy to implement one 's own web of trust . One of the benefits of the web of trust , such as in PGP , is that it can interoperate with a PKI CA fully trusted by all parties in a domain ( such as an internal CA in a company ) that is willing to guarantee certificates , as a trusted introducer . If the `` web of trust '' is completely trusted then , because of the nature of a web of trust , trusting one certificate is granting trust to all the certificates in that web . A PKI is only as valuable as the standards and practices that control the issuance of certificates and including PGP or a personally instituted web of trust could significantly degrade the trustability of that enterprise 's or domain 's implementation of PKI . The web of trust concept was first put forth by PGP creator Phil Zimmermann in 1992 in the manual for PGP version 2.0 : As time goes on , you will accumulate keys from other people that you may want to designate as trusted introducers . Everyone else will each choose their own trusted introducers . And everyone will gradually accumulate and distribute with their key a collection of certifying signatures from other people , with the expectation that anyone receiving it will trust at least one or two of the signatures . This will cause the emergence of a decentralized fault - tolerant web of confidence for all public keys . Simple public key infrastructure ( edit ) Another alternative , which does not deal with public authentication of public key information , is the simple public key infrastructure ( SPKI ) that grew out of three independent efforts to overcome the complexities of X. 509 and PGP 's web of trust . SPKI does not associate users with persons , since the key is what is trusted , rather than the person . SPKI does not use any notion of trust , as the verifier is also the issuer . This is called an `` authorization loop '' in SPKI terminology , where authorization is integral to its design . Blockchain - based PKI ( edit ) An emerging approach for PKI is to use the blockchain technology commonly associated with modern cryptocurrency . Since blockchain technology aims to provide a distributed and unalterable ledger of information , it has qualities considered highly suitable for the storage and management of public keys . Emercoin is an example of a blockchain - based cryptocurrency that supports the storage of different public key types ( SSH , GPG , RFC 2230 , etc . ) and provides open source software that directly supports PKI for OpenSSH servers . While blockchain technology can approximate the `` proof of work '' often underpinning the confidence in trust that relying parties have in a PKI , issues remain such as administrative conformance to policy , operational security and software implementation quality . A Certificate Authority paradigm has these issues regardless of the underlying cryptographic methods and algorithms employed , and PKI that seeks to endow certificates with trustworthy properties must also address these issues . Blockchain as a technology has its own restrictions such as a low throughput which cause possibility of a long response time and high transaction fees . Building an independent distributed PKI protocol with custom consensus and cryptocurrency economy could solve the issue . History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Developments in PKI occurred in the early 1970s at the British intelligence agency GCHQ , where James Ellis , Clifford Cocks and others made important discoveries related to encryption algorithms and key distribution . However , as developments at GCHQ are highly classified , the results of this work were kept secret and not publicly acknowledged until the mid-1990s . The public disclosure of both secure key exchange and asymmetric key algorithms in 1976 by Diffie , Hellman , Rivest , Shamir , and Adleman changed secure communications entirely . With the further development of high - speed digital electronic communications ( the Internet and its predecessors ) , a need became evident for ways in which users could securely communicate with each other , and as a further consequence of that , for ways in which users could be sure with whom they were actually interacting . Assorted cryptographic protocols were invented and analyzed within which the new cryptographic primitives could be effectively used . With the invention of the World Wide Web and its rapid spread , the need for authentication and secure communication became still more acute . Commercial reasons alone ( e.g. , e-commerce , online access to proprietary databases from web browsers ) were sufficient . Taher Elgamal and others at Netscape developed the SSL protocol ( ' https ' in Web URLs ) ; it included key establishment , server authentication ( prior to v3 , one - way only ) , and so on . A PKI structure was thus created for Web users / sites wishing secure communications . Vendors and entrepreneurs saw the possibility of a large market , started companies ( or new projects at existing companies ) , and began to agitate for legal recognition and protection from liability . An American Bar Association technology project published an extensive analysis of some of the foreseeable legal aspects of PKI operations ( see ABA digital signature guidelines ) , and shortly thereafter , several U.S. states ( Utah being the first in 1995 ) and other jurisdictions throughout the world began to enact laws and adopt regulations . Consumer groups raised questions about privacy , access , and liability considerations , which were more taken into consideration in some jurisdictions than in others . The enacted laws and regulations differed , there were technical and operational problems in converting PKI schemes into successful commercial operation , and progress has been much slower than pioneers had imagined it would be . By the first few years of the 21st century , the underlying cryptographic engineering was clearly not easy to deploy correctly . Operating procedures ( manual or automatic ) were not easy to correctly design ( nor even if so designed , to execute perfectly , which the engineering required ) . The standards that existed were insufficient . PKI vendors have found a market , but it is not quite the market envisioned in the mid-1990s , and it has grown both more slowly and in somewhat different ways than were anticipated . PKIs have not solved some of the problems they were expected to , and several major vendors have gone out of business or been acquired by others . PKI has had the most success in government implementations ; the largest PKI implementation to date is the Defense Information Systems Agency ( DISA ) PKI infrastructure for the Common Access Cards program . Uses ( edit ) PKIs of one type or another , and from any of several vendors , have many uses , including providing public keys and bindings to user identities which are used for : Encryption and / or sender authentication of e-mail messages ( e.g. , using OpenPGP or S / MIME ) Encryption and / or authentication of documents ( e.g. , the XML Signature or XML Encryption standards if documents are encoded as XML ) Authentication of users to applications ( e.g. , smart card logon , client authentication with SSL ) . There 's experimental usage for digitally signed HTTP authentication in the Enigform and mod_openpgp projects Bootstrapping secure communication protocols , such as Internet key exchange ( IKE ) and SSL . In both of these , initial set - up of a secure channel ( a `` security association '' ) uses asymmetric key -- i.e. , public key -- methods , whereas actual communication uses faster symmetric key -- i.e. , secret key -- methods . Mobile signatures are electronic signatures that are created using a mobile device and rely on signature or certification services in a location independent telecommunication environment Internet of things requires secure communication between mutually trusted devices . A public key infrastructure enables devices to obtain and renew X509 certificates which are used to establish trust between devices and encrypt communications using TLS Open source implementations ( edit ) OpenSSL is the simplest form of CA and tool for PKI . It is a toolkit , developed in C , that is included in all major Linux distributions , and can be used both to build your own ( simple ) CA and to PKI - enable applications . ( Apache licensed ) EJBCA is a full featured , Enterprise grade , CA implementation developed in Java . It can be used to set up a CA both for internal use and as a service . ( LGPL licensed ) OpenCA is a full featured CA implementation using a number of different tools . OpenCA uses OpenSSL for the underlying PKI operations . XCA is a graphical interface , and database . XCA uses OpenSSL for the underlying PKI operations . ( Discontinued ) TinyCA was a graphical interface for OpenSSL . XiPKI , CA and OCSP responder . With SHA3 support , OSGi - based ( Java ) . IoT_pki is a simple PKI built using the python cryptography library DogTag is a full featured CA developed and maintained as part of the Fedora Project . CFSSL open source toolkit developed by CloudFlare for signing , verifying , and bundling TLS certificates . ( BSD 2 - clause licensed ) Vault tool for securely managing secrets ( TLS certificates included ) developed by HashiCorp . ( Mozilla Public License 2.0 licensed ) Criticism ( edit ) Some argue that purchasing certificates for securing websites by SSL and securing software by code signing is a costly venture for small businesses. . However , the emergence of free alternatives such as Let 's Encrypt , has changed this . Presently Symantec holds a major share in PKI certificate market which sold one third of all certificates issued globally in 2013 . HTTP / 2 , the latest version of HTTP protocol allows unsecured connections in theory , in practice major browser companies have made it clear that they would support this state - of - art protocol only over a PKI secured TLS connection . Web browser implementation of HTTP / 2 including Edge from Microsoft , Chrome from Google , Firefox from Mozilla , and Opera supports HTTP / 2 only over TLS by using ALPN extension of TLS protocol . This would mean that to get the speed benefits of HTTP / 2 , website owners would be forced to purchase SSL certificates controlled by corporations such as Symantec . Current web browsers carry pre-installed intermediary certificates issued and signed by a Certificate Authority . This means browsers need to carry a large number of different certificate providers , increasing the risk of a key compromise . When a key is known to be compromised it could be fixed by revoking the certificate , but such a compromise is not easily detectable and can be a huge security breach . Browsers have to issue a security patch to revoke intermediary certificates issued by a compromised root certificate authority . Some practical security vulnerabilities of X. 509 certificates and known cases where keys were stolen from a major Certificate Authority listed below . See PKI security issues with X. 509 See Breach of Comodo CA See Breach of Diginotar CA See also ( edit ) Certificate-Less Authenticated Encryption References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is a Public Key Infrastructure - A Simple Overview , April 17 , 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` An Overview of Public Key Infrastructures ( PKI ) '' . Techotopia . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Public Key Infrastructure '' . MSDN . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Adams , Carlisle & Lloyd , Steve ( 2003 ) . Understanding PKI : concepts , standards , and deployment considerations . Addison - Wesley Professional . pp. 11 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 672 - 32391 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Trček , Denis ( 2006 ) . Managing information systems security and privacy . Birkhauser . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 28103 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Vacca , Jhn R. ( 2004 ) . Public key infrastructure : building trusted applications and Web services . CRC Press . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 0822 - 2 . Jump up ^ Viega , John et al. ( 2002 ) . Network Security with OpenSSL . O'Reilly Media . pp. 61 -- 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 596 - 00270 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ McKinley , Barton ( January 17 , 2001 ) . `` The ABCs of PKI : Decrypting the complex task of setting up a public key infrastructure '' . Network World . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Al - Janabi , Sufyan T. Faraj et al. ( 2012 ) . `` Combining Mediated and Identity - Based Cryptography for Securing Email '' . In Ariwa , Ezendu et al. Digital Enterprise and Information Systems : International Conference , Deis , ( ... ) Proceedings . Springer . pp. 2 -- 3 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Mike Meyers CompTIA Security+ Certification Passport '' , by T.J. Samuelle , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Henry , William ( 4 March 2016 ) . `` Trusted Third Party Service '' . Jump up ^ http://news.netcraft.com/archives/2015/05/13/counting-ssl-certificates.html Jump up ^ Single Sign - On Technology for SAP Enterprises : What does SAP have to say ? `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Public Key Infrastructure '' ( PDF ) . saylor . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Ed Gerck , Overview of Certification Systems : x. 509 , CA , PGP and SKIP , in The Black Hat Briefings ' 99 , http://www.securitytechnet.com/resource/rsc-center/presentation/black/vegas99/certover.pdf and http://mcwg.org/mcg-mirror/cert.htm Jump up ^ Guhathakurta , Rahul ( April 29 , 2018 ) . `` Blockchain in Automotive Domain '' . IndraStra Global . IndraStra Global New York . 004 : 0024 . ISSN 2381 - 3652 -- via SSRN . Jump up ^ `` REMME '' . Jump up ^ Ellis J.H. , January 1970 , The Possibility of Secure Non-Secret Digital Encryption Archived 2014 - 10 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Stephen Wilson , December 2005 , `` The importance of PKI today '' Archived 2010 - 11 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , China Communications , Retrieved on 2010 - 12 - 13 Jump up ^ Mark Gasson , Martin Meints , Kevin Warwick ( 2005 ) , D3. 2 : A study on PKI and biometrics , FIDIS deliverable ( 3 ) 2 , July 2005 Jump up ^ `` xipki / xipki GitHub '' . Github.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Nick ( 10 July 2014 ) . `` Introducing CFSSL - CloudFlare 's PKI toolkit '' . CloudFlare 's Blog . CloudFlare . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` cloudflare / cfssl GitHub '' . Github.com . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` hashicorp / vault GitHub '' . Github.com . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Should We Abandon Digital Certificates , Or Learn to Use Them Effectively ? , Forbes magazine Jump up ^ SSL statistics Statistics report collected by Netcraft , an internet service company in UK Jump up ^ HTTP / 2 Frequently Asked Questions From Github HTTP / 2 wiki Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Security Advisory : Fraudulent Digital Certificates could allow spoofing '' . Microsoft . March 23 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 24 . Public - key cryptography Algorithms Integer factorization Benaloh Blum -- Goldwasser Cayley -- Purser Damgård -- Jurik GMR Goldwasser -- Micali Naccache -- Stern Paillier Rabin RSA Okamoto -- Uchiyama Schmidt -- Samoa Discrete logarithm Cramer -- Shoup DH DSA ECDH ECDSA EdDSA EKE ElGamal signature scheme MQV Schnorr SPEKE SRP STS Others AE CEILIDH EPOC HFE IES Lamport McEliece Merkle -- Hellman Naccache -- Stern knapsack cryptosystem NTRUEncrypt NTRUSign Three - pass protocol XTR Theory Discrete logarithm Elliptic - curve cryptography Non-commutative cryptography RSA problem Trapdoor function Standardization CRYPTREC IEEE P1363 NESSIE NSA Suite B Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Topics Digital signature OAEP Fingerprint PKI Web of trust Key size Post-quantum cryptography Cryptography History of cryptography Cryptanalysis Outline of cryptography Symmetric - key algorithm Block cipher Stream cipher Public - key cryptography Cryptographic hash function Message authentication code Random numbers Steganography Portal WikiProject TLS and SSL Protocols and technologies Transport Layer Security / Secure Sockets Layer ( TLS / SSL ) Datagram Transport Layer Security ( DTLS ) Server Name Indication ( SNI ) Application - Layer Protocol Negotiation ( ALPN ) DNS - based Authentication of Named Entities ( DANE ) DNS Certification Authority Authorization ( CAA ) HTTPS HTTP Strict Transport Security ( HSTS ) HTTP Public Key Pinning ( HPKP ) OCSP stapling Perfect forward secrecy STARTTLS Public - key infrastructure Automated Certificate Management Environment ( ACME ) Certificate authority ( CA ) CA / Browser Forum Certificate policy Certificate revocation list ( CRL ) Domain - validated certificate ( DV ) Extended Validation Certificate ( EV ) Online Certificate Status Protocol ( OCSP ) Public key certificate Public - key cryptography Public key infrastructure ( PKI ) Root certificate Self - signed certificate See also Domain Name System Security Extensions ( DNSSEC ) Internet Protocol Security ( IPsec ) Secure Shell ( SSH ) History Export of cryptography from the United States Server - Gated Cryptography Implementations Bouncy Castle BoringSSL Botan cryptlib GnuTLS JSSE LibreSSL MatrixSSL mbed TLS NSS OpenSSL RSA BSAFE S2n SChannel SSLeay stunnel wolfSSL Notaries Certificate Transparency Convergence HTTPS Everywhere Perspectives Project Vulnerabilities Theory Man - in - the - middle attack Padding oracle attack Cipher Bar mitzvah attack Protocol BEAST BREACH CRIME DROWN Logjam POODLE ( in regards to SSL 3.0 ) Implementation Certificate authority compromise Random number generator attacks FREAK goto fail Heartbleed Lucky Thirteen attack POODLE ( in regards to TLS 1.0 ) NDL : 00967098 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_key_infrastructure&oldid=851572584 '' Categories : Public - key cryptography Key management IT infrastructure Public key infrastructure Transport Layer Security Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 06 : 15 ( UTC ) . 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Road surface marking
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Road surface marking - wikipedia Road surface marking Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that Yellow line ( road marking ) be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since December 2016 . The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the English - speaking world and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Yellow line road marking Road marking machine working in Kenya , March 2012 . Road marking machine working in Bahrain , December 2012 . Road surface marking is any kind of device or material that is used on a road surface in order to convey official information ; they are commonly placed with road marking machines ( or road marking equipment , pavement marking equipment ) . They can also be applied in other facilities used by vehicles to mark parking spaces or designate areas for other uses . Road surface markings are used on paved roadways to provide guidance and information to drivers and pedestrians . Uniformity of the markings is an important factor in minimizing confusion and uncertainty about their meaning , and efforts exist to standardize such markings across borders . However , countries and areas categorize and specify road surface markings in different ways -- white lines are called white lines mechanical , non-mechanical , or temporary . They can be used to delineate traffic lanes , inform motorists and pedestrians or serve as noise generators when run across a road , or attempt to wake a sleeping driver when installed in the shoulders of a road . Road surface marking can also indicate regulation for parking and stopping . There is continuous effort to improve the road marking system , and technological breakthroughs include adding retroreflectivity , increasing longevity , and lowering installation cost . Today , road markings are used to convey a range of information to the driver spanning navigational , safety and enforcement issues leading to their use in road environment understanding within advanced driver - assistance systems and consideration for future use in autonomous road vehicles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mechanical markers 1.1 Confusion with marks left by roadwork 2 Non-mechanical markers 2.1 Paint 2.2 Stones 2.3 Thermoplastic 2.3. 1 Preformed thermoplastic 2.4 Preformed polymer tape 2.5 Epoxy 2.6 Negative impacts to road surface 3 Road marking technique 3.1 Machine marking types 3.2 Auxiliary equipment 4 Temporary markers 5 Country specific information 5.1 The Americas 5.1. 1 Canada 5.1. 2 United States 5.2 Asia 5.2. 1 Hong Kong 5.2. 2 Japan 5.3 Europe 5.3. 1 Netherlands 5.3. 2 Norway 5.3. 3 United Kingdom 5.4 Oceania 5.4. 1 Australia 5.4. 2 New Zealand 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Mechanical markers ( edit ) The cat 's eye , showing the iron base , rubber housing and lenses Mechanical devices may be raised or recessed into the road surface , and either reflective or non-reflective . Most are permanent ; some are movable . Cat 's eye , invented by Percy Shaw in the 1930s , Cat 's eyes equip many major routes in the British Isles . They consist of four reflective lenses mounted in a durable white rubber housing , two facing fore and two facing aft . The housing is mounted within a cast iron shoe , which the rubber housing sinks in to when driven over . This provides protection from snow ploughing and allows the lenses to be self - cleaning -- they pass a rubber blade when depressed . The lenses are available in a variety of different colours , mainly white , yellow / orange , green , red , and blue . Botts ' dots ( low rounded white dots ) , named for the California Caltrans engineer Elbert Botts , who invented the epoxy that keeps them glued down , are one type of a mechanical non-reflective raised marker . Generally they are used to mark the edges of traffic lanes , frequently in conjunction with raised reflective markers . Botts ' dots are also used across a travel lane to draw the drivers attention to the road . They are frequently used in this way to alert drivers to toll booths , school zones or other significant reduction of speed limit . They are normally only used in warm climates since snow plows usually remove them along with the snow . Raised - profile marking machine Rumble strips are commonly used for the same purpose . A rumble strip can be a series of simple troughs ( typically 1 cm deep and 10 cm wide ) that is ground out of the asphalt . Other alternatives , similar to the Botts ' dots , use raised strips , painted or glued to the surface . A specific form of raised strips using thermoplastic is called profile thermoplastic markings . The markings are created by fusing thermoplastic to the pavement and create alternating elevation and recession pattern . This can be done as inverted - profile markings or raised - profile markings . Inverted - profile markings are created by pressing a cog rolling over the markings while they are wet to make them corrugated . Raised - profile markings are created by extruding extra thickness of thermoplastic at a specific interval to create bumps . Raised - profile markings are sometime known as convex traffic lines . Uses of rumble strips can be across the travel direction ( to warn of hazards ahead ) or along the travel direction ( to warn of hazards of not staying within a specific lane ) . Their main way of function is creating a strong vibration when driven over that will alert a driver to various upcoming hazards both by sound and the physical vibration of the vehicle . In some areas in the United States , these rumble strips are located along the side of county , state , and inter state highways . They are oriented so that a driver wandering off the lane of traffic would come in contact with these strips and be forewarned that they are about to leave the roadway . The idea was first started in Atlanta , as a measure to help truck drivers on the bypass after a number of accidents in the late 1980s involved drivers who became distracted or fell asleep and left the road . White raised pavement marker near `` pea - structure '' side - line on highway surface Reflective markers are used as travel lane dividers , to mark the central reservation ( median ) or to mark exit slip - roads . Incorporating a raised retro - reflective element , they are typically more visible at night and in inclement weather than standard road marking lines . The color of markers varies depending on the country of use ; freeways in the United States often use reflectors manufactured to appear white to drivers proceeding in the proper direction of travel , and appear red on the reverse to warn drivers that they are proceeding against the proper direction of travel , creating a danger of a head - on collision . Reflective markers are also referred to as raised pavement markers , road studs , and sometimes ( generically ) in the UK and Ireland as cat 's eye , although this name refers to one particular brand of product . These markers can be used for other purposes such as marking the locations of fire hydrants ( blue ) or at gates of gated communities to indicate that emergency service vehicles have a code or device that allows them to open the gate . In the United Kingdom and elsewhere , raised markers are used to mark crosswalks ( crossings ) to assist the blind in crossing streets . In colder climates , reflective markers may be installed below ground using an elongated narrow triangle , cut into the road surface that allows the device to be installed below the road surface . Newer technology allows these to be placed above ground with snowplough - able rails that attempt to protect the reflective components from the snowplough blade . Confusion with marks left by roadwork ( edit ) Typical dash marks in the middle of the lane after dowel bar retrofit roadwork Sometimes the result of roadwork may leave visible marks on the pavements . An example is the dowel bar retrofit process to reinforce concrete slabs in order to extend the life of older concrete pavements . The completion of the process leaves a symmetrical pattern of dash marks on the roadway , as if there were an associated meaning to the pattern . When there are many of them along the roadway , motorists may interpret the marks as an unknown form of mechanical markers or strange road surface markings . When roads are under construction and the lanes are shifted laterally , those marks may interfere with temporary lane markings . As the marks from the dowel bar retrofit are not intended to be any form of road surface markings , the responsible agencies try to make these marks less visible to the motorists . Non-mechanical markers ( edit ) Paint ( edit ) Paint , sometimes with additives such as retroreflective glass beads , is generally used to mark travel lanes . It is also used to mark spaces in parking lots or special purpose spaces for disabled parking , loading zones , or time - restricted parking areas . Colors for these applications vary by locality . Paint is a low - cost marking and has been in widespread use since approximately the early 1950s . Paint consists of three main components : pigments , resins or binders , and water or solvents . Pigments are finely grounded materials that give out colors or block out the surface beneath it . They may contain other materials such as UV stabilizer , and fillers which bring out the color pigments to the required level . Resins or binders are the glue of the paint to bind pigment and glass beads together to the road surface . The resins for the water - based paints are polyvinyl acetate latex , methyl methacrylate or acrylic resin . The resins for solvent - based paints are linseed or soya oils and alkyd resins . The pigments and resins are mixed with water for water - based paints and solvents for solvent - based paints so that they can be applied onto the road surface . Solvents that are use can be naphtha , toluene , methanol , methylene chloride , and acetone . Due to environmental concerns , some jurisdictions has some restriction on the solvent - based paints . Pigment Yellow 10 is a common yellow colorant used for road marking on U.S. highways . Paint is usually applied right after the road has been paved . The road is marked commonly by a truck called a `` Striper . '' These trucks contain hundreds of gallons of paint stored in huge drums which sit on the bed . The markings are controlled manually or automatically by the controller who sits on the bed . Paint is run through a series of hoses under air pressure and applied to the roadway surface along with the application of glass beads for retroreflectivity . After application , the paint dries fairly quickly . Sometimes the glass beads are mixed in with the paint and applied together , which is not a recommended method . The usual method is to use a separate gun to spray the glass beads on to the wet paint during the application . Painted symbols , such as turn - lane arrows or HOV lane markers , are applied manually using stencils . Painted markings usually last 9 to 36 months . There are some water - based paints that can be applied at double the level of thickness of typical latex paints . This technique can extend the life of the markings . Stones ( edit ) Stone road marking in a pedestrian crossing in Padua , Italy In roads paved with setts ( like belgian blocks or sampietrini ) or cobblestones , markings can be made with white blocks or stones , like marble or other light - colored rocks . This kind of marking is long lasting , but could be slippery in rain or wet conditions unless surfaced with a matte or rough finish . Thermoplastic ( edit ) One of the most common types of road marking based on its balance between cost and performance longevity , thermoplastic binder systems are generally based on one of three core chemistries : hydrocarbons , rosin esters or maleic modified rosin esters ( MMRE ) . Thermoplastic coatings are generally homogeneous dry mixes of binder resins , plasticizers , glass beads ( or other optics ) , pigments , and fillers . Their use has increased over paints mainly due to the performance benefits of increased durability , retro - reflectivity , and a lack of VOC solvents . Thermoplastic markings are applied using specially designed vehicles . Usually thermoplastic marking mode should apply with equipment called a road marking machine to coat traffic lines , and the road paint needs preheating by a device commonly called a preheater . The thermoplastic mix is heated in trucks to about 200 ° C ( 400 ° F ) before being fed to the application apparatus . This is often a screed box or ribbon gun . Immediately after the thermoplastic has been applied , glass beads are laid onto the hot material so that they embed before the plastic hardens . These beads provide initial retroreflection . As the marking wears during use and the initial beads are lost , the beads mixed with the binder are uncovered , providing long term retroreflectivity . These can be made exceptionally thick to produce a rumble strip effect . The Thermoplastic marking coating sets quickly . The melt adhesion of a synthetic resin makes hot - melt paint adhere strongly to the road surface . Additives in the coating paint increases the coating plasticity , improving the anti-settling , anti-pollution , anti-tarnish . Thermoplastic marking paint is most commonly produced in yellow and white . The white marking paint mainly contains titanium white , zinc oxide , lithopone , while the yellow paint is mainly heat - yellowing lead . In warm climate areas , the thermoplastic markings can last 3 to 6 years . However , snowplows can damage the thermoplastics which would limit the usage in the cold climate areas . The filling materials of road paint can affect the mechanical strength , abrasion resistance and hue of the coating film . The particle size of the paint powder influences the flow , sedimentation , and the surface processing . Preformed thermoplastic ( edit ) Preformed thermoplastic markings ready to be applied to the road surface with a blow torch in Brussels , Belgium Preformed thermoplastic pavement markings ( sometime called `` tape '' , but not to be confused with preformed polymer tape ) are thermoplastic cut into the final shapes by the manufacturers and ready to position onto an asphalt or concrete pavement surface . Preformed thermoplastics are put into place on the road surface and applied using a propane heat torch . Some models require heating the road surface prior to the placement of the preformed thermoplastics . These markings are used primarily because of their durability and cost - effective service life . Since the plastics are melted into the surface , they are not easily damaged by the snowplows . Typically , the preformed thermoplastic markings can last 3 to 6 years . The most common applications of preformed thermoplastic pavement markings are found at intersections as transverse markings such as stop lines , legends , crosswalks , arrows , bike lane symbols , and accessibility symbols . Preformed polymer tape ( edit ) Preformed polymer tapes used for crosswalk markings in a street of New York City . Notice a tape failure on the left most stripe . Commonly referred to as tape or cold plastic , this product is heavy - grade material with reflective beads embedded in the plastic . It is commonly used to mark crosswalks , stop bars , and traffic guidance such as turn lanes , HOV lanes , train crossings , pedestrian crossings , taxi lanes , bus lanes , and bike lanes . There are two ways to apply tape : Overlay -- The application being laid over the surface of the pavement . Using industrial - grade rubber cement , once the tape is combined with the pavement , it should last three years . Major obstacles to estimated life are snow - plows , salt , and mis - application . Inlay -- The tape physically becomes part of the asphalt . Using the heat generated in the paving process , road workers lay special tape on the asphalt in the hardening process , and rollers compress the two together . The life of the preformed polymer tapes can vary based on the applications . If applied correctly , they can last between 4 and 8 years . However , there have been cases where tape failures start soon after the installation . Conditions that may contribute to the tapes to peel off are the time of year of the installation that is too close to the winter , surface preparation , and workmanship . A technique that can be used to minimize the tape getting scraped off by snowplows is sandblasting a groove into the surface and fixing the tape onto this groove . This technique diminishes the advantage of low labor cost of the tapes . The preformed polymer tape markings are slippery when wet , especially in large sections such as crosswalks , and caution should be used due to poor wet traction . Epoxy ( edit ) Epoxy contains two parts which are a pigmented resin base and catalyst . The two parts are mixed in a specialized truck for epoxy marking application . The epoxy is then heated prior to spraying onto road surface . Retroreflective glass beads are applied using a separate bead gun behind the epoxy spray gun . Typically , epoxy markings last about 4 years . Epoxy has been in use since the late 1970s and has gained popularity over the 1990s as the technology has become more affordable and reliable . This material competes directly with plastic with respect to usage and cost . Negative impacts to road surface ( edit ) Road surface raveling and potholes found exclusively along pavement markings Non-mechanical markers are found to contribute to the deterioration of asphalt concrete road surface courses . The paint and tape markers can cause the road surface to crack , and in more severe cases , the markers contribute to road surface raveling ( a process in which the aggregate particles are dislodged from the road surface , causing the surface texture to become deeply pitted and very rough ) or potholes . This type of surface damage can be found exclusively underneath the pavement markings such as lane markings and turn - lane arrows . There is no definitive explanation of the relationship between pavement markings and surface deterioration , but there are several hypotheses . One is that water vapor may have been trapped underneath the road surface markings , causing the de-bonding of asphalt binder from the aggregate materials . Another hypothesis is that the reflectivity of the markings may create differences in solar heating and thermal expansion strains between the areas with and without markings . Small flaws caused by differential strains may be combined into longitudinal cracks along the markings . There are certain surface treatments that can make the road surface less susceptible to this type of distresses , such as slurry seals and stone mastic asphalt . Road marking technique ( edit ) Hot melt road marking paint is a solid powder at room temperature . The thermoplastic paint is melted in a specialized machine called a thermoplastic heater - mixer , before being transferred into the paint tank of a marker . Larger marking machines may have internal heater - mixers . The molten coating is introduced into an insulated marking bucket . The market bucket leads to a marking shoe that applies the material . Moving the shoe forward pulls a thin layer of paint onto the road . The thickness of this layer is controlled by the gap between the marking shoe and the road . A specialized attachment can spread an even layer of glass beads onto the paint as it is deposited . Machine marking types ( edit ) Air spray is a method of marking that uses compressed air to spray the paint onto the road surface . The finely atomized paint produces a thin and smooth layer , but the rebounding air flow causes significant paint scattering . This produces somewhat sloppy markings . High - pressure airless spraying uses a high - pressure airless pump to spray the paint . The atomized paint is not so fine and smooth as air spray , but there is no high speed air flow to scatter any rebounding paint . The marked lines are neat . This method can apply paints of high viscosity , and apply relatively thick layers in a single pass . Auxiliary equipment ( edit ) Other equipment is often used with road marking machines . The main auxiliary equipment includes thermoplastic paint pre-heaters , hand - push pre-markers and road marking removers . Thermoplastic paint pre-heater is used to melt the solid powder coating into a viscous liquid , providing a steady supply of paint to the marking machine . Pre-markers are used to draw a field sketch in advance to avoid faulty marking . Road marking removers are used to remove old or incorrect markings . Large self - propelled machines usually do not need any support equipment , as equivalent functionality is built in . Temporary markers ( edit ) Pylons are sometimes used to separate HOV lanes from regular traffic lanes . They are also used in areas where lanes are used at different times for travel in both directions . These pylons have shafts that drop into holes in the road surface . A good example of this type of use was the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco , before they switched to a moveable barrier system . Removable tapes can also be used in road construction sites as temporary markers . The tapes can be placed to shift the lanes and black tapes can be used to temporarily blackout the existing markings . At the end of the constructions or within 6 months , the tapes can be pulled out off the surface without using heat , solvents , or machines . Country specific information ( edit ) The americas ( edit ) Most countries in North and South America have yellow lines separating traffic directions . However , Chile uses white lines . Canada ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2009 ) Generally speaking , Canadian pavement marking standards are consistent with those used throughout the United States . Yellow lines are used to separate traffic moving in opposite directions , and white lines are used to separate traffic moving in the same direction , and on the shoulders of paved roads . On one - directional roads , a yellow line appears on the left shoulder , and a white line on the right shoulder . Passing rules are denoted by dashed lines as in the United States . Orange painted lines are sometimes used when the direction of the road is altered temporarily for construction projects . However , the colour scheme was reversed before 1971 , when white was formerly used to denote the separation of opposing traffic , and yellow lines , when used , to denote the separation of the paved road from the right - hand shoulder . Canada adopted similar road marking standards to conform with those adopted in the USA between 1971 and 1978 . Broken lines that are wider and closer together than regular broken lines are called continuity lines . Continuity lines on the left side of a lane denote that the lane is about to end and that motorists must soon merge left . Continuity lines on the right mean that the lane will continue , but traffic may merge into it ahead . In some areas , reflective markers ( cat 's eyes ) recessed into the pavement are used , especially approaching curves in the road . Ontario has several pavement marking test areas located in various parts of the province . Perhaps the most well - known location is the eastbound lanes of Highway 401 near Belleville . Other test sites are located on the westbound lanes on Highway 417 , east of Ottawa , Highway 60 West of Renfrew , Highway 28 east of Bancroft , Highway 400 North of Honey Harbour and on Highway 37 , South of Tweed . Pavement marking manufacturers from around the world supply a variety of materials for these sites to have their products evaluated and approved for use on provincial highways . United States ( edit ) Dead Man 's Curve along the Marquette -- Negaunee Road in Marquette County , Michigan , shown in 1917 with its hand - painted center line . In the United States , the first documented use of a painted center line was in 1911 along Trenton 's River Road in Wayne County , Michigan . According to the state of Michigan , the idea of using a painted center line was conceived in 1911 by Edward N. Hines , the chairman of the Wayne County , Michigan , Board of Roads , after watching a leaky milk wagon leave a white trail along a road . Hines was the fifth recipient of the George S. Bartlett Award for Highway Progress , and was inducted posthumously in 1972 into the Michigan Transportation Hall of Honor for his innovation , and was honored in 2011 with the first Paul Mijksenaar Design for Function Award . In 1917 , the idea of using painted center lines on rural state highways was conceived and / or put into action in at least three states ( Michigan , Oregon , and California ) , apparently completely independent of one another . At some point in 1917 , a white highway center line was painted along `` Dead Man 's Curve '' on what is now County Road 492 in Marquette County , Michigan , under the direction of Kenneth Ingalls Sawyer , who served as engineer - superintendent of the Marquette County Road Commission . Sawyer was inducted posthumously into the Michigan Transportation Hall of Honor in 1973 . In Oregon in April 1917 , a yellow center line was painted down the center of the Columbia River Highway , between Crown Point and Multnomah Falls , at the direction of Multnomah County Sheriff 's Deputy Peter Rexford . Later in 1917 , the same line was continued west of Crown Point . Rexford first conceived the idea of a yellow center line in early 1917 while riding on a bus from Salem , Oregon on a dark and rainy night , and advocated it as a safety measure on the Columbia River Highway , which Rexford patrolled as a traffic officer . When Multnomah County declined to fund the project , Rexford 's boss , Chief Deputy Martin T. Pratt ( later elected Sheriff ) , paid for the paint out of his own pocket so that the center line could be painted . Rexford later described the April 1917 line as the `` first yellow center line ever painted on pavement '' in the United States . An article published in The Oregonian upon Rexford 's retirement claimed that a contest with a $10,000 reward was once held to determine the originator of the highway center line , but the contest was scrapped when information from Europe revealed that ancient civilizations had used white bricks to mark the center lines of their streets . In the fall of 1917 , Dr. June McCarroll of Indio , California developed the idea of white center lines and began advocating for their use , after she was run off the road by a truck while driving along a highway that would later be incorporated into U.S. Route 99 . Dr. McCarroll soon communicated her idea to the local chamber of commerce and the Riverside County Board of Supervisors , with no success . She then took it upon herself to hand - paint a white stripe down the middle of the road , thus establishing the actual width of the lane to prevent similar accidents . In 2002 , a portion of Interstate 10 was designated and signed as `` The Doctor June McCarroll Memorial Freeway '' in her honor . The question of which color to use for highway center lines in the United States enjoyed considerable debate and changing standards over a period of several decades . By November 1954 , 47 states had adopted white as their standard color for highway centerlines , with Oregon being the last holdout to use yellow . In 1958 , the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads adopted white as the standard color for the new interstate highway system . The 1971 edition of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices , however , mandated yellow as the standard color of center lines nationwide . The changeover to the 1971 MUTCD standards took place between 1971 and 1975 , with most done by the end of 1973 , so for two years drivers still had to use the old and new . Yellow was adopted because it was already the standard color of warning signs , and because it was easy to teach drivers to associate yellow lines with dividing opposing traffic and white lines with dividing traffic in the same direction . In turn , this simple mnemonic device greatly reduced head - on collisions and improved road traffic safety . The major downside to the MUTCD white - yellow system is that yellow has slightly less contrast than white , especially at night , so for maximum contrast , bright yellow -- and highly toxic -- lead chromate was used to paint yellow lines through the end of the 20th century . As a result , U.S. transportation workers must take special precautions when disturbing or removing yellow lane markings . A typical stretch of Valencia Boulevard in Valencia , California , where the lanes are marked only by Botts ' dots . In the U.S. , the type , placement , and graphic standards of traffic signs , and road surfaces are legally regulated -- the Federal Highway Administration 's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices is the standard , although each state produces its own manual based upon the Federal manual . Generally white lane markings indicate a separation between lanes traveling in the same direction while yellow markings indicate opposing traffic on the other side of the line . In some areas , such as Colorado and Florida , black material is applied on the surface before a shorter white line is painted . This improves the contrast of the marking against `` white '' pavements , such as concrete or faded asphalt . In California , Botts ' dots are commonly used to mark lanes on most freeways . A large number of California cities also use Botts ' dots on some ( or all ) major arterial roads . The notable exception is the city of Los Angeles which only uses paint . In California and Nevada , the reflectors when present are usually the lines , and no paint is used for additional markings . Exceptions include : freeways built from white concrete where painted stripes are added to make the lanes more visible through sun glare , freeways built so wide that the risk of drifting is minimal ( e.g. , Interstate 5 in the Central Valley ) , and freeways in areas where it snows in the winter ( since the snowplows would scrape off the Botts ' dots ) . In general , single broken lines mean passing or lane changing is allowed , single solid white lines mean lane changing is discouraged but not prohibited , and double solid white lines mean it is prohibited , as it often is in tunnels . On two - lane roads , a single broken center line means that passing is allowed in either direction , a double solid center line means passing is prohibited in both directions , and the combination of a solid line with a broken line means that passing is allowed only from the side with the broken line and prohibited from the side with the solid line . The solid white line on the right side is called the Fog Line used to help cars stay in their lane during foggy conditions and help pedestrians stay off the road Marked crosswalks are indicated at a minimum by a pair of white lines . On major boulevards , crosswalks are further highlighted by zebra stripes , which are large white rectangles in the crosswalk perpendicular to traffic . In order to maximize the longevity of zebra crossing stripes , they are usually applied to correspond with the portions of the lane on which the wheels of a car are not usually traveling , thereby reducing wear on the markings themselves . Pavement markings are used in addition to signs in the United States to designate regular and handicap parking spaces . Regular parking spaces are normally marked with white , although other colors are used . Handicap parking spaces are required to be located within a specified distance of an entrance . Blue markings are used to indicate the parking space is reserved for persons with a disabled parking permit . Asia ( edit ) Hong Kong ( edit ) Road markings in Hong Kong is basically identical with the United Kingdom , with longer dashed white lines to indicate lanes of opposing traffic , and shorter dashed white lines for lanes in the same direction . Solid double white lines are used to indicate that drivers are not permitted to change lanes . A solid white line with a broken white line indicates that crossing the line is allowed from the lane closer to the broken line . Double solid white lines are in place in all tunnels and underpasses . As in the UK , solid yellow lines are painted along the kerbside to indicate that no parking is allowed , with double solid yellow lines meaning no parking is allowed at any time . Zig - zag lines are used on both ends of zebra crossings . Road studs are also used as in the UK . Japan ( edit ) In Japan , white always separates traffic in the same direction or indicates traffic in the same direction can use a buffered area that is striped in crosshatch patterns such as at right turns on two - way roads since Japan is a country that has left - side driving . White is also used on divided expressways with a solid raised center divider . Two - lane expressways where poles are the only physical barrier between opposing directions of travel always have yellow either side of the row of poles , and white is between the yellow striping and the poles . White is also used to denote passing allowed on other two - lane roads . Yellow indicates no passing is allowed . On all roads , yellow stripes are always solid . On expressways where there are many sharp turns and curves , seen especially in the largest cities , a yellow line indicates no passing between lanes , as follows : Solid yellow beside solid white : no entry permitted from the lane the stripe is next to , but passing is permitted with caution . Solid yellow beside broken white : passing is permitted from the side with the broken white line , but not from the side with the yellow line . Solid yellow line alone : passing prohibited from either lane , used on very tight curves and in tunnels . Other markings include in the cities , destination and exit names painted in the lanes , which is done due to the very close proximity of exits , where in many cases it would be impractical to put up many overhead signs , although these are often seen approaching exits , a curved or slanted arrow points to the side of the expressway the exit will be on . A straight arrow following characters indicates the destination of the expressway . Where a solid white line appears between lanes , passing is generally allowed but with caution . Europe ( edit ) Even within the European Union every country has its own standards . Here is the same road section with German - style ( at top ) and French - style ( below ) road markings In general European countries follow the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals , which describes what road signs and road markings shall look like . The convention has some flexibility so road markings vary somewhat between the countries . Most European countries reserve white for routine lane markings of any kind . Yellow is used to mark forbidden parking , such as on bus stops . However , for example Norway has yellow markings separating traffic directions . Many countries use yellow , orange , or red to indicate when lanes are being shifted temporarily to make room for construction projects . In the Netherlands , Germany , Sweden , and the UK , so - called `` naked roads '' have been trialed , whereby all visible road markings , kerbs , traffic lights , and signs are removed , on urban roads . When this was tested in Seend , a village in the UK county of Wiltshire in 2005 , the county council reported that accidents fell by a third , with motorists ' speed falling by an average of 5 % . It has been suggested that naked roads force drivers to make eye contact with other road users , and that it is this nonverbal communication that is responsible for the reduction of accidents . Other have suggested that road markings , especially with middle marker , make the road look like a main road , triggering faster and more relaxed driving , while no marking makes the road look like a lower quality road . It is an experience from the introduction of marking , that at least on narrow roads and in curves , middle lines help make drivers stay on their side when meeting , and therefore reducing meeting accidents . Note that the 2005 experiment was on urban roads . In Sweden , local streets generally have no marking . Netherlands ( edit ) In the Netherlands all general lines are white , while yellow lines are used to mark forbidden stopping ( interrupted yellow ) , forbidden parking ( uninterrupted yellow ) and for temporarily lining at construction projects . Shoulder lines are generally interrupted outside built - up area to make the driver be aware the presence of crossing bicycles and pedestrians , driveways and stopping cars . Wider roads sometimes have a single , but in most cases have a double centre line . Interrupted center lines mean overtaking is allowed , a solid line means overtaking is not allowed , depending on which side of a double line is solid . Smaller roads and roads where bycicles are allowed generally do n't have center lines , and many country roads have no lines at all . Sometimes there is a center line only in sharp curves . Shoulder lines on expressways and motorways are solid to imply the general absence of crossing traffic and residential driveways , as well as the disallowance of leaving the road on places other than specified exits . Expressways always have double centre lines . Exit and acceleration lanes are separated by ' block marking ' . Furthermore several traffic signs are painted on the road , such as speed limits and warning sings . Norway ( edit ) In Norway , yellow lines are used to separate traffic moving in opposite directions and on the left shoulders of paved roads , and white lines are used to separate traffic moving in the same direction , and on the right shoulders of paved roads . On roads narrower than six metres ( 20 ft ) , the centerline is removed , and the shoulder lines are broken . Short , broken lines means passing is allowed , long , broken lines means passing is allowed but dangerous , and a double yellow line means passing is forbidden . Roads with speed limits below 60 km / h that indicate that passing is allowed but dangerous , has a very short yellow line instead of a long one . On motorways , the left shoulder is a yellow line , like in the US . Most other European countries use white lines for all these types of lines . United Kingdom ( edit ) A box junction in London , pictured from atop the Monument in 1969 In England , the idea of painting a center white line was first experimented with in 1921 in Sutton Coldfield , Birmingham . Following complaints by residents over reckless driving and several collisions , the Sutton Coldfield Corporation decided to paint the line on Maney Corner in the area of Maney . In 1971 , a correspondent for the Sutton Coldfield News wrote an article in the newspaper recalling the event . The line was put down as an experiment as there were a lot of accidents there , even in the early days of the motor car . The experiment proved to be so successful that the whole country adopted it as a standard road safety device , and later foreign countries paint lines on their roads , as well . During the World War II the Pedestrians Association lobbied for the government to make it safer for pedestrians to walk during the black out . As a result , white lines were painted on the sides of the road and pedestrians were allowed to use a small torch . In the UK , the first `` white line '' road markings appeared on a number of dangerous bends on the London - Folkestone road at Ashford , Kent , in 1914 , and during the 1920s the rise of painted lines on UK roads grew dramatically . In 1926 official guidelines were issued by the Ministry of Transport that defined where and how white lines on roads should be used . A broken white line in the direction of travel , where the gaps are longer than the painted lines , indicates the centre of the road and that there are no hazards specific to the design and layout of the road , i.e. no turnings , sharp bends ahead etc . A broken white line in which the gaps are shorter than the painted lines indicates an upcoming hazard , the proportion of white to black indicates the degree of hazard i.e. more white means more hazard . A double solid white line indicates that the line may not be crossed , overtaking is permitted if it can be performed safely without crossing the line . Solid lines can be crossed in certain specific conditions ( entering premises , overtaking a stationary vehicle , overtaking a vehicle , pedal cycle or horse travelling at less than 10 mph , or when directed to do so by a police officer ) . A solid white line with a broken white line parallel to it indicates that crossing the line is allowed for traffic in one direction ( the side closest to the broken line ) and not the other . Solid white lines are also used to mark the outer edges of a road . A double yellow line ( commonly known as just a `` Double Yellow '' ) next to the kerb means that no parking is allowed at any time , whilst a single yellow line is used in conjunction with signs to denote that parking is restricted at certain times . Double and single red lines mean that stopping is not allowed at any time or between certain times respectively . On many roads in the UK , retro - reflective road studs , including those known as `` cat 's eyes '' when referring to the Halifax type road stud , are placed in the road . These devices reflect the light from a car 's headlights back towards the driver in order to highlight features of the road in poor visibility or at night . The colour of road studs differs according to their location . Those defining the division between lanes are white , red road studs are placed along the hard shoulder of motorways , dual carriageways and other roads to mark the left - hand edge of a running lane ; and orange road studs are placed along the edge of the central reservation . Green road studs denote slip roads at grade - separated junctions and also road - side lay - bys . Comprehensive information about highway markings in the UK can be found in the Highway Code and on the gov.uk website . Oceania ( edit ) In areas with high levels of Snow , such as Snowy Mountains NSW , ( where this picture was taken ) , yellow lines are used to contrast the white snow . The markers on the side of the road are also taller than other markers in NSW and pink , in order to increase visibility in snowy weather Australia ( edit ) In Australia , white lines are generally used both to separate traffic flowing in the same direction and traffic flowing in opposite directions . Double solid white center - lines may not be crossed under any circumstances , unless avoiding an obstruction . Dashed lines may be crossed for overtaking , changing lanes or turning , and also in the case of double - line markings provided the dashed line is on your side of the markings . For this reason dashed lines are usually used to mark multiple lanes traveling in the one direction . Yellow lines along road edges are used nationally to indicate `` No Standing '' areas not otherwise marked by signs . Solid white lines are also used to indicate kerbside parking , pedestrian and bicycle lanes , and other kerbside features . Yellow line markings are also used in areas that receive regular annual snowfall to provide contrast . Double - line markings are used to separate traffic flowing in opposite directions on busy roads . The Bridge over the Thredbo River . One of the points in which the white lines become yellow as the amount of snowfall increases Solid white lines are used to mark an intersection that a driver must stop at before entering whilst obeying all Right of Way laws . Dashed white lines are used to mark an intersection at which a driver must Give Way . Dashed white lines are also commonly used to indicate turns in intersections and to indicate intersections where a diamond turn is possible ( intersections in which two cars traveling in opposite directions turn to the same direction - of - travel as each other without coming into contact ) . Materials used are waterborne paint , thermoplastics , and cold applied plastic ( PMMA ) , all with glass bead . Bead is generally 1mm for longitudinal marking . Currently moving to performance specified contracts with the primary performance indicator being retro - reflectivity measured with 30 metre geometry instruments . Intervention levels vary generally from 100 - 150 mcd / lux / m2 . New Zealand ( edit ) Although New Zealand follows the convention of a solid yellow line to indicate no passing on roads with two - way traffic , it uses long dashed white lines to indicate when passing against opposing traffic is allowed on two - lane roads and shorter ones to separate lanes going in the same direction . The New Zealand convention followed the USA MUTCD convention common between 1961 and the early seventies . See also ( edit ) Roads portal Traffic lane Zebra crossing Pedestrian crossing Paint ( road marking paint ) Road marking machine Thermoplastic road marking paint References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kenya Customer Feedback the Information of DY - STM '' . Retrieved Mar 2012 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Operators Training of Road Marking Machine in Bahrain '' . Retrieved Dec 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kheyrollahi , A. & Breckon , T.P. ( 2012 ) . `` Automatic Real - time Road Marking Recognition Using a Feature Driven Approach '' ( PDF ) . Machine Vision and Applications . Springer . 23 ( 1 ) : 123 -- 133 . doi : 10.1007 / s00138 - 010 - 0289 - 5 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2 '' . Pavement Marking Handbook ( PDF ) ( August 2004 ed . ) . Texas Department of Transportation . 1 August 2004 . pp. 2 -- 36 -- 2 -- 37 . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ CN patent 2613509Y , Huang Weiquan , `` Automatic marking device for convex traffic line '' , published 2004 - 04 - 28 , assigned to Sanhuan Yakeli Traffic Material Jump up ^ ' `` The Hidden Persuaders '' . Contractor. 30 ( 9 ) . October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dowel Bar Retrofit Construction Practices '' . Pavement Interactive . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Haldane , David ( July 15 , 2001 ) . `` An Old Technology Gives New Life to Aging Concrete Roadways '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Huetter , John ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` What Are the ' Ground - In Strips ' for on Interstate 80 ? '' . Reno Gazette Journal . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Charles ( November 3 , 2008 ) . `` Confusing Lines on I - 405 '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reflective Glass Beads '' . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : MnDOT Pavement Marking Field Guide ( PDF ) . Office of Traffic , Safety , and Technology , Minnesota Department of Transportation . March 2013 . pp. G1 -- J1 . Jump up ^ Hunger , Klaus & Herbst , Willy ( 2000 ) . `` Pigments , Organic '' . In Ullmann , Fritz . Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( 6th ed . ) . New York : Wiley . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a20_371 . ^ Jump up to : Montebello , David ( March 2000 ) . `` Cost of Pavement Marking Materials '' ( PDF ) . Synthesis Report 2010 - 2011 . Minnesota Local Road Research Board . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Thermoplastic Rumble Strip Process '' . Traffic Lines , Inc . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Matthew ( February 22 , 1991 ) . `` Use of Road Tape Proves a Sticky Issue for UDOT '' . Deseret News . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Julian , Frank & Moler , Steve ( July -- August 2008 ) . `` Gaining Traction In Roadway Safety '' . Public Roads . Federal Highway Administration . 72 ( 1 ) . Retrieved December 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Romero , Pedro & Brown , Charli A. ( March 2010 ) . Failure of Surface Courses Beneath Pavement Markings ( Report ) . Utah Department of Transportation . Jump up ^ `` Pavement Surface Condition Field Rating Manual for Asphalt Pavements '' ( PDF ) . Northwest Pavement Management Association . pp. 32 -- 33 . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Bevers , Cameron . `` Frequently Asked Questions About Ontario Highways '' . The King 's Highway . Self - published . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pavement Markings '' . Ontario Driver 's Handbook . Ministry of Transportation of Ontario . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pavement Marking Innovations Paving the Way for Progress '' . MTO Road Talk . Ministry of Transportation of Ontario . 10 ( 1 ) . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Cranson , Jeff ( November 2 , 2011 ) . `` Inventor of Highway Centerline Receives International Honor '' ( Press release ) . Michigan Department of Transportation . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2011 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff ( May 10 , 2006 ) . `` Edward N. Hines ( 1870 - 1938 ) '' . Michigan Transportation Hall of Fame . Michigan Department of Transportation . Retrieved September 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` George S. Bartlett Award '' . Trb.org . Transportation Research Board . 2009 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Goodbye , Yellow Line '' ( PDF ) . The Oregonian ( Editorial ) . Portland , OR . November 17 , 1954 . p. 4M . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Marks on Country Roads '' . The Literary Digest : 29 . October 23 , 1920 . OCLC 5746986 . Jump up ^ Kulsea , Bill & Shawver , Tom ( 1980 ) . Making Michigan Move : A History of Michigan Highways and the Michigan Department of Transportation . Lansing , MI : Michigan Department of Transportation . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Federal Highway Administration ( 1977 ) . America 's Highways , 1776 -- 1976 : A History of the Federal - Aid Program ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : US Government Printing Office . p. 127 . OCLC 3280344 . Jump up ^ Staff ( May 9 , 2006 ) . `` K.I. Sawyer ( 1884 - 1944 ) '' . Michigan Transportation Hall of Fame . Michigan Department of Transportation . Retrieved February 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rexford , Peter V. ( December 4 , 1954 ) . `` Earlier Line '' ( PDF ) . Letters to the Editor . The Oregonian . Portland , OR . p. 3M . ^ Jump up to : `` Noted Deputy Gives up Post '' ( PDF ) . The Oregonian . Portland , OR . June 29 , 1947 . p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : King , John G. ( 1965 ) . A History of the Office of Multnomah County Sheriff ( B.A. thesis ) . Lewis & Clark College . OCLC 43008710 . Jump up ^ Kneidek , Tony ( March 11 , 1978 ) . `` Sheriff Department History Full of Color '' ( PDF ) . Gresham Outlook . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Lansing , Jewel & Leeson , Fred ( 2012 ) . Multnomah : The Tumultuous Story of Oregon 's Most Populous County . Corvallis , OR : Oregon State University Press . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87071 - 665 - 2 . Jump up ^ Starr , Shannon ( April 6 , 2002 ) . `` Woman Credited for Highway Center Lines : Dr. June McCarroll of Indio Will Be Honored with Signs on Interstate 10 '' . The Press - Enterprise . Riverside , CA . p . B3 . ^ Jump up to : Guzman , Richard ( April 24 , 2002 ) . `` Caltrans Will Honor Local Motorist Who Drew the Line '' . The Desert Sun . Palm Springs , CA . p . B1 . Jump up ^ `` White , or Else '' ( PDF ) . The Oregonian ( Editorial ) . Portland , OR . February 26 , 1958 . p. 3M . Jump up ^ Center for Environmental Excellence . `` Section 5.5 , Pavement Recycling '' . Compendium of Environmental Stewardship Practices in Construction and Maintenance . American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials . Jump up ^ Federal Highway Administration ( 2003 ) . Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices ( Revision 2 , 2003 ed . ) . Washington , DC : Federal Highway Administration . ISBN 9780935403817 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Highway Administration ( 2010 ) . `` Part 3 : Markings '' ( PDF ) . Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices ( Revision 2 to 2009 ed . ) . Washington , DC : Federal Highway Administration . p. 349 . ISBN 9781560514732 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fog line - what is it ? Jump up ^ `` Houston Parking Lot Line Striping , Parking Lot Maintenance '' . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 5 : For All Drivers , White Lines and Traffic Lanes '' . Road Users ' Code . Hong Kong Transport Department . OCLC 45968644 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Can ' Naked Roads ' Kill Speed ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jones , Douglas V. ( 1994 ) . The Royal Town of Sutton Coldfield : A Commemorative History . Sutton Coldfield : Westwood Press . ISBN 0 - 9502636 - 7 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Pedestrians Association '' ( PDF ) . Living Streets . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Anon . `` History of Road Markings and How They Were First Designed '' . Traffic signs and meanings . Traffic signs and meanings 2000 - 2010 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Road markings . U.S. Federal Highway Administration - Learn About Pavement Markings Thermoplastic Road marking ( India ) Streets and roadways Types of road Limited - access Freeway / Motorway Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway By country Brazil Croatia Czech Republic Germany Greece Hong Kong India Ireland Italy Pakistan Portugal Spain United Kingdom United States Main roads Arterial road Collector road County highway Express - collector setup Farm - to - market road Highway Link road Two - lane expressway 2 + 1 road 2 + 2 road Parkway Super two Trunk road Highway systems by country Local roads Alley Backroad Bicycle boulevard Boulevard Country lane Dead end Driveway Frontage road Green lane Main street Primitive road Road Side road Single carriageway Single - track road Street Sunken lane Other terms Channelization Concurrency Detour Hierarchy of roads Private highway Route number Special route Business route Street hierarchy Toll road Road junctions Interchanges ( grade - separated ) Cloverleaf Diamond Free - flow Directional T Diverging diamond Parclo Raindrop Roundabout Single - point urban ( SPUI ) Stack Three - level diamond Trumpet Intersections ( at - grade ) 3 - way junction Bowtie Box junction Continuous flow Hook turn Jughandle Michigan left Offset T - intersection Protected intersection Quadrant roadway Right - in / right - out ( RIRO ) Roundabout Seagull intersection Split intersection Superstreet Texas U-turn Traffic circle Turnaround Surfaces Asphalt concrete Bioasphalt Brick Chipseal Cobblestone Concrete Reinforced concrete Corduroy Crocodile cracking Crushed stone Diamond grinding of pavement Dirt Full depth recycling Glassphalt Gravel Ice Macadam Pavement milling Permeable Plank Rubberized asphalt Sealcoat Sett Stamped asphalt Tarmac Texture Road hazards Aquaplaning Black ice Bleeding Crosswind Dead Man 's Curve Expansion joint Fog Ford Hairpin turn Level crossing Manhole cover Oil spill Oversize load Pothole Road debris Road slipperiness Road train Roadkill Rockfall Rut Speed bump Storm drain Washboarding Washout Whiteout Space and time allocation Barrier transfer machine Bicycle lane Climbing lane Complete streets Contraflow lane Contraflow lane reversal High - occupancy toll lane High - occupancy vehicle lane Lane Living street Managed lane Median / Central reservation Motorcycle lane Passing lane Pedestrian crossing Pedestrian zone Refuge island Reversible lane Road diet Road verge Runaway truck ramp Shared space Sidewalk / Pavement Shoulder Street running railway Traffic calming Traffic directionality Traffic island Traffic lanes Traffic signal preemption Unused highway Wide outside lane Woonerf Demarcation Bollard Botts ' dots Cable barrier Cat 's eye ( road ) Concrete step barrier Constant - slope barrier Curb F - Shape barrier Guard rail Jersey barrier Kassel kerb Noise barrier Raised pavement marker Road surface marking Rumble strip Traffic barrier Traffic cone Structures Bridge Causeway Overpass / Flyover Underpass / Tunnel Glossary of road transport terms Road types by features Template : Road accidents Traffic law and safety Rules of the road All - way stop Assured Clear Distance Ahead Australian Road Rules Boulevard rule Green Cross Code Move over law New Zealand Road Code Overtaking Right - and left - hand traffic Right - of - way School bus traffic stop laws Traffic code Turn on red Vienna Convention on Road Traffic Road user guides Driver 's manual The Highway Code The Highway Code ( Malta ) Road Users ' Code Rules of the Road ( Ireland ) Enforcement Breathalyzer Camera Enforcement Red light Highway patrol / State police Parking enforcement Road traffic control Textalyzer Traffic court Traffic guard Traffic stop Traffic ticket Warning Speed limit Advisory speed limit Assured Clear Distance Ahead National Maximum Speed Law School zone Speed limit enforcement Speed limits by country Category : Speed limits by country Moving violations Driving under the influence Canada United States Distracted driving Mobile phones and driving Texting while driving Reckless driving Street racing Tailgating Vehicular homicide Wrong - way driving Driver licensing Commercial driver 's license European driving licence Graduated driver licensing Inter-American Driving Permit International Driving Permit Learner 's permit Point system Driving licences by country List of countries by minimum driving age Traffic violations reciprocity Commercial Driver 's License Information System Driver License Agreement Driver License Compact Non-Resident Violator Compact Parking Alternate - side parking Decriminalised parking enforcement Disabled parking permit Double parking Parking chair Parking violation Wheel clamp Car safety Seat belt laws Click It or Ticket Clunk Click Every Trip Road safety Tachograph Digital tachograph Drivers ' working hours ( Europe ) Epilepsy and driving Hours of service ( US ) `` How 's my driving ? '' sign Old age and driving Sleep deprived driving Slow moving vehicle Vision Zero Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Road_surface_marking&oldid=802381539 '' Categories : Road surface markings Traffic signs Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2013 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2013 Use mdy dates from March 2014 Articles to be merged from December 2016 All articles to be merged Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2011 Pages in non-existent country centric categories All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles to be expanded from January 2009 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from April 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 20 : 33 . 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broken lines that are wider and closer together
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"Broken lines that are wider and closer together than regular broken lines are called continuity lines. Continuity lines on the left side of a lane denote that the lane is about to end and that motorists must soon merge left. Continuity lines on the right mean that the lane will continue, but traffic may merge into it ahead.[21]"
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"continuity lines"
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Dixie
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Dixie - wikipedia Dixie Jump to : navigation , search For the 19th - century song , see Dixie ( song ) . For other uses , see Dixie ( disambiguation ) . Traditional symbol of the South : the `` Rebel flag '' , based on battle flag of the Army of Northern Virginia Dark red indicates the states almost always included in modern - day definitions of Dixie , red -- sometimes included ( see Southern United States for the U.S. Census definition ) , while pale red -- rarely included due to their historic connections to the South . Dixie ( otherwise known as Dixieland ) is a nickname for the Southern United States , especially those states that composed the Confederate States of America . The term originally referred simply to the states south of the Mason - Dixon Line , but now is more of a cultural reference , referring to parts of the United States that `` feel '' southern . In addition , the term is inextricably bound to the ( mixed ) feelings that many Americans associate with the Confederate battle flag . Contents ( hide ) 1 Region 2 Origin of the name 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Region ( edit ) Bayou Navigation in Dixie , engraving of a Louisiana Steamboat , 1863 As a definite geographic location within the United States , `` Dixie '' is usually defined as the eleven Southern states that seceded in late 1860 and early 1861 to form the new Confederate States of America . They are ( in order of secession ) : South Carolina , Mississippi , Florida , Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana , Texas , Virginia , Arkansas , North Carolina , and Tennessee . Maryland never seceded from the Union , but many of their citizens favored the Confederacy . Whilst many of Maryland 's representatives were arrested to prevent secession , both the states of Missouri and Kentucky produced Ordinances of Secession and were admitted into the Confederacy . Note that West Virginia was part of Virginia until 1863 ; counties that chose not to secede from the Union became part of West Virginia . Although Maryland is not included in Dixie today , Maryland is on the Dixie side of the Mason - Dixon line ; if the origin of the term Dixie is accepted as referring to the region south ( and west ) of that line , Maryland was in Dixie in 1760 . It can also be argued that Maryland was , in 1860 , part of Dixie , especially culturally . In this sense , it would remain so into the 1970s , when an influx of people from the Northeast made the state and its culture significantly less Southern ( especially Baltimore and the suburbs of Washington DC ) . However , the location and boundaries of `` Dixie '' have , over time , become increasingly subjective and mercurial . Today , it is most often associated with those parts of the Southern United States where traditions and legacies of the Confederate era and the antebellum South live most strongly . The concept of `` Dixie '' as the location of a certain set of cultural assumptions , mind - sets and traditions ( along with those of other regions in North America ) was explored in the 1981 book The Nine Nations of North America . Many businesses in the South contain `` Dixie '' in their name as an identifier , such as supermarket chain Winn - Dixie . Origin of the name ( edit ) Ten dollar note from Banque des citoyens de la Louisiane , 1860 According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the origin of this nickname remains obscure . The most common theories according to A Dictionary of Americanisms on Historical Principles ( 1951 ) by Mitford M. Mathews : `` Dixie '' is derived from Jeremiah Dixon , a surveyor of the Mason -- Dixon line , which defined the border between Maryland and Pennsylvania , separating free and slave states subsequent to the Missouri Compromise. . The word `` Dixie '' refers to currency issued first by the Citizens State Bank in the French Quarter of New Orleans and then by other banks in Louisiana . These banks issued ten - dollar notes labeled Dix on the reverse side , French for `` ten '' . The notes were known as `` Dixies '' by southerners , and the area around New Orleans and the French - speaking parts of Louisiana came to be known as `` Dixieland '' . Eventually , usage of the term broadened to refer to the Southern states in general . The word preserves the name of a `` Mr. Dixy '' , a slave owner on Manhattan Island where slavery was legal until 1827 . His rule was so kind that `` Dixy 's Land '' became famed as a sort of paradise . See also ( edit ) United States portal Black Belt ( U.S. region ) Bible Belt Deep South Dixie ( Utah ) Dixieland Jazz Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oh , Soo . `` Which states do you think belong in the South ? '' . Vox . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Charles & William Ferris Encyclopedia of Southern Culture ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1823 - 7 ; Univ. of Pennsylvania Telsur Project Telsur Map of Southern Dialect Jump up ^ Vance , Rupert Bayless , Regionalism and the South , Univ. of North Carolina Press , 1982 , p. 166 `` West Virginia is found to have its closest attachment to the Southeast on the basis of agriculture and population . '' Jump up ^ David Williamson ( June 2 , 1999 ) . `` UNC - CH surveys reveal where the ' real ' South lies '' . Retrieved 22 Feb 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dixie '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McWhorter , Diane ( April 3 , 2005 ) . `` ' The Confederate Battle Flag ' : Clashing Symbols '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Banks , Union General ( September 20 , 1861 ) . `` The war of the rebellion : a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies . ; Series 2 - Volume 1 '' . cdl.library.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . all members of the Maryland Legislature assembled at Frederick City on the 17th instant known or suspected to be disloyal in their relations to the Government have been arrested . Jump up ^ Cameron , Secretary of War ( September 11 , 1861 ) . `` The war of the rebellion : a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies . ; Series 2 - Volume 1 '' . cdl.library.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . The passage of any act of secession by the Legislature of Maryland must be prevented . If necessary all , or any part of the members , must be arrested . Exercise your own judgment as to the time and manner , but do the work effectively . Jump up ^ `` Ordinances of Secession '' . Historical Text Archive . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The General Assembly Moves to Frederick , 1861 '' . Retrieved 25 Oct 2017 . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Frederick ( March 28 , 2010 ) . `` Are we Northern ? Southern ? Yes '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Where Does the South Begin ? `` '' . The Atlantic . 28 Jan 2011 . Jump up ^ Joel Garreau . `` Dixie '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ John Mackenzie , `` A brief history of the Mason - Dixon Line '' , APEC / CANR , University of Delaware ; accessed 2017.01. 05 . Jump up ^ `` Dixie '' Originated From Name `` Dix '' An Old Currency - New Orleans American May 29 1916 , Vol. 2 No. 150 , Page 3 Col. 1 Louisiana Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) , Louisiana Digital Library Jump up ^ Ten Dollar Note George Francois Mugnier Collection , Louisiana Digital Library Jump up ^ Murphy , Neal ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Living in the Land of Dixie '' . Shelby County Today ( Texas ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . References ( edit ) John Shelton Reed ( with J. Kohl and C. Hanchette ) ( 1990 ) . The Shrinking South and the Dissolution of Dixie . Social Forces . pp. 69 ( September 1990 ) : 221 -- 233 . Sacks , Howard L. and Judith Rose . Way Up North In Dixie . ( Smithsonian Institution Press , 1993 ) Coordinates : 34 ° N 86 ° W / 34 ° N 86 ° W / 34 ; - 86 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dixie&oldid=843656623 '' Categories : American culture Culture of the Southern United States Regions of the United States Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 15 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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Famous in Love
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Famous in Love - wikipedia Famous in Love Jump to : navigation , search Famous in Love Genre Drama Based on Famous in Love by Rebecca Serle Developed by I. Marlene King and Rebecca Serle Starring Bella Thorne Charlie DePew Georgie Flores Carter Jenkins Niki Koss Keith Powers Pepi Sonuga Perrey Reeves Composer ( s ) Michael Suby Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dan Farah Christopher Fife Miguel Arteta I. Marlene King Producer ( s ) Tawnya Bhattacharya & Ali Laventhol Hynndie Wali Camera setup Single - camera Running time 38 -- 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Long Lake Carmina Productions Farah Films Warner Horizon Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Freeform Original release April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) -- present External links Website freeform.go.com/shows/famous-in-love Production website www.disneyabcpress.com/freeform/shows/famous-in-love/ Famous in Love is an American drama television series that premiered on Freeform on April 18 , 2017 , and is based on the novel of the same name by Rebecca Serle . The series stars Bella Thorne , Charlie DePew , Georgie Flores , Carter Jenkins , Niki Koss , Keith Powers , Pepi Sonuga , and Perrey Reeves . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Paige Townsen , an ordinary college student , gets her big break after auditioning for the starring role in a Hollywood blockbuster and must now navigate her new star - studded life and undeniable chemistry with her co-lead and her best friend . Cast and characters ( edit ) Bella Thorne as Paige Townsen : A young college student who gets cast in the movie adaptation of a blockbuster book series called Locked , causing her life to change overnight . Charlie DePew as Jake Salt : A down - to - earth guy from the Midwest with an edge who aspires to be a screenwriter and an indie filmmaker . He is Paige 's best friend and one of her love interests . Charlie DePew replaced Jesse Henderson in the role from the original pilot . Georgie Flores as Cassandra Perkins : Paige 's roommate and close friend . Carter Jenkins as Rainer Devon : Rainer is the son of famous producer , Nina Devon , and as later revealed , Alan Mills . He is labeled the `` sexiest man alive '' , and is a famous actor . He has a complicated friendship with Jordan Wilder and soon develops a romantic interest in Paige Townsen . Niki Koss as Alexis Glenn : Rainer 's old friend who competes for the same role as Paige and also holds a secret , revealed at the end of the pilot to be that she is bisexual . Keith Powers as Jordan Wilder : A troubled star who lands the role of the other point in the movie 's famous love triangle . He and Rainer have a complicated history which is further heightened by the fact that both share a past with Tangey . Pepi Sonuga as Tangey Turner : Tangey is a pop star with a controlling mother who was previously romantically connected with both Jordan Wilder and Rainer Devon , one of them as a love affair , which caused lots of drama and tension . Perrey Reeves as Nina Devon : Rainer 's smart and cunning mother . Confident and manipulative , she will do whatever it takes to make sure things go her way . Production ( edit ) Freeform , then known as ABC Family , had picked up the pilot for fast - track development on March 19 , 2015 . The pilot was shot in November 2015 ; Freeform greenlit the pilot on April 7 , 2016 , and shooting began on July 13 , 2016 , and wrapped up on October 18 , 2016 . On November 18 , 2016 , Freeform announced that the series would premiere on April 18 , 2017 . Freeform also released the entire season for viewing online on April 18 , 2017 . The series is based on the novel of the same name , written by Rebecca Serle . Serle worked with I. Marlene King to develop the novel into a television series . Freeform renewed the series for a second season on August 3 , 2017 . Episodes ( edit ) The entire first season was released on digital platforms , such as OnDemand , the Freeform App and website , and Hulu , on April 18 , 2017 . No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Miguel Arteta Tawnia McKiernan Story by : Rebecca Serle Teleplay by : I. Marlene King and Rebecca Serle April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 0.65 `` A Star Is Torn '' Norman Buckley I. Marlene King & Christopher Fife April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 0.39 `` Not So Easy A '' Michael Goi Tawnya Bhattacharya & Ali Laventhol May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 0.30 `` Prelude to a Diss '' Mary Lou Belli Rebecca Serle May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 0.28 5 `` Some Like It Not '' Tanya Hamilton William H. Brown May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 0.21 6 `` Found in Translation '' Ron Lagomarsino Kateland Brown May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 0.26 7 `` Secrets & Pies '' Roger Kumble Miguel Ian Raya May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 0.29 8 `` Crazy Scripted Love '' Geary McLeod Tawnya Bhattacharya & Ali Laventhol June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 0.33 9 `` Fifty Shades of Red '' Susanna Fogel Christopher Fife June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 0.36 10 `` Leaving Los Angeles '' Elizabeth Allen Rosenbaum Melissa Carter June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 0.23 Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 10 April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 0.65 June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 0.23 0.33 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Famous in Love '' . Warner Bros . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Bella Thorne to Star in ABC Family Drama Famous in Love from Marlene King '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Bella Thorne Drama Pilot Famous in Love Picked Up to Series by Freeform '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Erik Pedersen ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Final Season & New Bella Thorne Drama Famous in Love Get Premiere Dates on Freeform '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lesley Goldberg ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Official : Pretty Little Liars to End with Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Famous in Love Renewed for Season 2 by Freeform '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Freeform 's Marlene King Series Famous in Love to Launch with Full - Season Binge '' . Variety . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Famous in Love Episode Listings '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Famous in Love Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 4.18. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 4.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 5.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 5.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 5.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 5.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 5.30. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 6.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 6.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Famous in Love on IMDb ( hide ) Freeform original programming History History of Freeform Christian Broadcasting Network ABC Family Worldwide Inc . Original programming 1990s debuts Amateur Hour ( revival ) ( 1992 ) Big Brother Jake ( 1990 -- 1994 ) Donkey Kong Country ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Great Pretenders ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Home and Family ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 1993 ) Monster Farm ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Ohh Nooo ! Mr. Bill Presents ( 1998 -- 1999 ) 2000s debuts 10 Things I Hate About You ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Beautiful People ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Brat Camp ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Da Möb ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Greek ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Knock First ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Kyle XY ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Las Vegas Garden of Love ( 2005 ) Lincoln Heights ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Make It or Break It ( 2009 -- 2012 ) The Middleman ( 2008 ) Power Rangers Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) Power Rangers Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Power Rangers S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Power Rangers Wild Force ( 2002 ) Roommates ( 2009 ) Ruby & The Rockits ( 2009 ) Scariest Places On Earth ( 2000 -- 2006 ) The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Slacker Cats ( 2007 -- 2009 ) So Little Time ( 2001 -- 2002 ) State of Grace ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Switched ! ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Three Moons Over Milford ( 2006 ) Wildfire ( 2005 -- 2008 ) 2010s debuts Baby Daddy ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Becoming Us ( 2015 ) Ben and Lauren : Happily Ever After ? ( 2016 ) Beverly Hills Nannies ( 2012 ) Bunheads ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Chasing Life ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Dead of Summer ( 2016 ) Freak Out ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Guilt ( 2016 ) Huge ( 2010 ) Jane by Design ( 2012 ) Job or No Job ( 2015 ) Kevin from Work ( 2015 ) The Lying Game ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Melissa & Joey ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Mystery Girls ( 2014 ) Next Step Realty : NYC ( 2015 ) The Nine Lives of Chloe King ( 2011 ) Pretty Little Liars ( 2010 -- 2017 ) Ravenswood ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Recovery Road ( 2016 ) Spell - Mageddon ( 2013 ) Startup U ( 2015 ) State of Georgia ( 2011 ) Stitchers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Switched at Birth ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Twisted ( 2013 -- 2014 ) The Vineyard ( 2013 ) Monica the Medium ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Current Beyond ( since 2017 ) The Bold Type ( since 2017 ) Famous in Love ( since 2017 ) The Fosters ( since 2013 ) Shadowhunters ( since 2016 ) Truth & Iliza ( since 2017 ) The Twins : Happily Ever After ? ( since 2017 ) Young & Hungry ( since 2014 ) Upcoming Cloak & Dagger ( 2018 ) Grown - ish ( 2018 ) New Warriors ( 2018 ) Nicki ( TBA ) Related 13 Nights of Halloween Freeform 's 25 Days of Christmas ABC Spark Jetix List of ABC Family original films Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Famous_in_Love&oldid=800030189 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2017 American television series debuts American drama television series American LGBT - related television shows English - language television programs Television programs based on novels Freeform shows Lesbian - related television programmes Television shows set in Los Angeles Serial drama television series Television series by Warner Horizon Television Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 05 : 56 . About Wikipedia
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when does a new episode of famous in love come out
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Biography of a Bachelor Girl
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Biography of a Bachelor Girl - Wikipedia Biography of a Bachelor Girl Jump to : navigation , search Biography of a Bachelor Girl Theatrical release poster Directed by Edward H. Griffith Produced by Edward H. Griffith Screenplay by Horace Jackson Anita Loos Based on Biography by S.N. Behrman Starring Ann Harding Robert Montgomery Edward Everett Horton Edward Arnold Una Merkel Charles Richman Music by Herbert Stothart Cinematography James Wong Howe Edited by William S. Gray Production company Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Distributed by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Release date January 4 , 1935 ( 1935 - 01 - 04 ) Running time 82 minutes Country United States Language English Biography of a Bachelor Girl is a 1935 American comedy film directed by Edward H. Griffith and written by Horace Jackson and Anita Loos . The film stars Ann Harding , Robert Montgomery , Edward Everett Horton , Edward Arnold , Una Merkel and Charles Richman . The film was released on January 4 , 1935 , by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) Cynical and hard - bitten publisher Richard Kurt ( Robert Montgomery ) persuades free - spirited , Bohemian artist Marion Forsythe ( Ann Harding ) to write her memoirs , which he hopes will be salacious . Her old ( and nearly forgotten ) flame Leander Nolan ( Edward Everett Horton ) - she calls him ' Bunny ' - is now running for the Senate and fears embarrassment and political ruin . Spurred by his wealthy backer and prospective father - in - law , Nolan tries to halt the book , clashing from the start with Kurt . To get Marion away from the distraction , Kurt takes her to a secluded cabin in Maine , where a mutual romance develops between the two , despite their great differences in temperament , tolerance , and ambition . The arrival of Nolan , his fiancée ( Una Merkel ) , and her father brings matters to a head . Cast ( edit ) Ann Harding as Marion Forsythe Robert Montgomery as Richard ' Dickie ' Kurt Edward Everett Horton as Leander ' Bunny ' Nolan Edward Arnold as Mr. ' Feydie ' Feydak Una Merkel as Slade Kinnicott Charles Richman as Mr. Orrin Kinnicott Greta Meyer as Minnie Willard Robertson as Grigsby Donald Meek as Mr. Irish References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Movie Review - Biography of a Bachelor Girl - The Screen Version of S.N. Behrman 's Play ' Biography , ' at the Capitol -- ' While the Patient Slept . ' - NYTimes.com '' . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of a Bachelor Girl ( 1935 ) - Overview - TCM.com '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . External links ( edit ) Biography of a Bachelor Girl on IMDb This 1930s comedy film -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biography_of_a_Bachelor_Girl&oldid=797558961 '' Categories : 1935 films English - language films American films American comedy films 1930s comedy films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Films directed by Edward H. Griffith American black - and - white films 1930s comedy film stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 21 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where was biography of a bachelor girl filmed
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Long s
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Long s - wikipedia Long s Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the archaic variant of the letter `` s '' . For the letter `` f '' , see F. For the letter `` ʃ '' as used in Latin script , see Esh ( letter ) . For the mathematical symbol `` ∫ '' , see Integral symbol . An italicized long s used in the word `` Congress '' in the United States Bill of Rights The long , medial , or descending s ( s ) is an archaic form of the lower case letter s . It replaced a single s , or the first in a double s , at the beginning or in the middle of a word ( e.g. `` sinfulness '' for `` sinfulness '' and `` successful '' for `` successful '' ) . The modern letterform is known as the short , terminal , or round s . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Decline in use 1.1. 1 Abandonment by printers and typefounders 1.1. 2 Eventual abandonment of the long s in handwriting 2 Modern usage 3 Shilling mark 4 Humour 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links History ( edit ) The medial ' s ' in Old Roman cursive German handwriting ( Bastarda ) , 1496 , showing long and round s ( as well as an R rotunda ) in `` priesters '' Title page of John Milton 's Paradise Lost , featuring an `` st '' ligature 5th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica , 1817 , top , compared to the 6th edition of 1823 ; the only change ( aside from the elimination of the ct ligature , as in `` attraction '' ) was the removal of the long s from the font . Wayside cross near Hohenfurch , Germany , erected 1953 , showing the long s in Roman typeface Detail of a memorial in Munich , Germany , showing the text Wasser - Aufsehers - Gattin ( `` water attendant 's wife '' ) containing a long s near to an f The long s was derived from the old Roman cursive medial s . When the distinction between majuscule ( uppercase ) and minuscule ( lowercase ) letter forms became established , toward the end of the eighth century , it developed a more vertical form . During this period , it was occasionally used at the end of a word , a practice that quickly died but that was occasionally revived in Italian printing between about 1465 and 1480 . Thus , the general rule that the long s `` never occurred at the end of a word '' is not strictly correct , although the exceptions are rare and archaic . The double s in the middle of a word was also written with a long s and a short s , as in Mississippi . In German typography , the rules are more complicated : short s also appears at the end of each component within a compound word , and there are more detailed rules and practices for special cases . The long s is often confused with the minuscule f , sometimes even having an f - like nub at its middle , but on the left side only , in various Roman typefaces and in blackletter . There was no nub in its italic typeform , which gave the stroke a descender that curled to the left and which is not possible without kerning in the other typeforms mentioned . For this reason , the short s was also normally used in combination with f : for example , in `` satisfaction '' . The nub acquired its form in the blackletter style of writing . What looks like one stroke was actually a wedge pointing downward . The wedge 's widest part was at that height ( x-height ) , and capped by a second stroke that formed an ascender that curled to the right . Those styles of writing and their derivatives in type design had a cross-bar at the height of the nub for letters f and t , as well as for k . In Roman type , except for the cross bar on medial s , all other cross bars disappeared . The long s was used in ligatures in various languages . Three examples were for si , ss , and st , besides the German letter ß . The long s survives in Fraktur typefaces . Greek sigma also features an initial / medial σ and a final ς , which may have supported the idea of such specialized s forms . In Renaissance Europe a significant fraction of the literate class was familiar with Ancient Greek . The present - day German letter ß ( Eszett or scharfes S in German ; also used in Low German and historical Upper Sorbian orthographies ) is considered to have originated in a ligature of sz ( which is supported by the fact that the second part of the ß glyph usually resembles a Fraktur z ) , or ss ( see ß for more ) , or some Tironian notes . Some old orthographic systems of Slavonic and Baltic languages used s and s as two separate letters with different phonetic values . For example , the Bohorič alphabet of the Slovene language included s / s / , s / z / , sh / ʃ / , sh / ʒ / . In the original version of the alphabet , majuscule S was shared by both letters ; later a modified character Š became the counterpart of s . Also , some Latin alphabets devised in the 1920s for some Caucasian languages used the s for some specific sounds . These orthographies were in actual use until 1938 . Some of these had developed a capital form which roughly resembles a smoothed variant of the letter U + 0295 ʕ LATIN LETTER PHARYNGEAL VOICED FRICATIVE . Alphabet table for the Udi language from a 1934 book , showing a capital long s near the end of the 3rd column Decline in use ( edit ) In general , the long s fell out of use in Roman and italic typefaces in professional printing well before the middle of the 19th century . It `` rarely appears in good quality London printing after 1800 , though it lingers provincially until 1824 , and is found in handwriting into the second half of the nineteenth century '' being sometimes seen later on in archaic or traditionalist printing such as printed collections of sermons . Woodhouse 's The Principles of Analytical Calculation , published by the Cambridge University Press in 1803 , uses the long s throughout its Roman text . Abandonment by printers and typefounders ( edit ) The long s disappeared from new typefaces rapidly in the mid-1790s , and most printers who could afford to do so had discarded older typefaces by the early years of the 19th century . Pioneer of type design John Bell ( 1746 -- 1831 ) , who started the British Letter Foundry in 1788 , commissioned the William Caslon Company to produce a new modern typeface for him and is often `` credited with the demise of the long s . '' The 1808 Printer 's Grammar describes the transition away from the use of the long s among typefounders and printers in its list of available sorts : The introduction of the round s , instead of the long , is an improvement in the art of printing equal , if not superior , to any which has taken place in recent years , and for which we are indebted to the ingenious Mr. Bell , who introduced them in his edition of the British Classics ( published in the 1780s and 1790s ) . They are now generally adopted , and the ( typefounders ) scarcely ever cast a long s to their fonts , unless particularly ordered . Indeed , they omit it altogether in their specimens ... They are placed in our list of sorts , not to recommend them , but because we may not be subject to blame from those of the old school , who are tenacious of deviating from custom , however antiquated , for giving a list which they might term imperfect . An individual instance of an important work using s instead of the long s occurred in 1749 , with Joseph Ames ' Typographical Antiquities , about printing in England 1471 -- 1600 , but `` the general abolition of long s began with John Bell 's British Theatre ( 1791 ) . '' In Spain , the change was mainly accomplished between the years 1760 and 1766 ; for example , the multi-volume España Sagrada made the switch with volume 16 ( 1762 ) . In France , the change occurred between 1782 and 1793 . Printers in the United States stopped using the long s between 1795 and 1810 : for example , acts of Congress were published with the long s throughout 1803 , switching to the short s in 1804 . In the U.S. , a late use of the long s was in Low 's Encyclopaedia , which was published between 1805 and 1811 . Its reprint in 1816 was one of the last such uses in America . And the statutes of the United Kingdom 's colony Nova Scotia also used the long s as late as 1816 . Some examples of the use of the long and short s among specific well - known typefaces and publications in the UK include the following : The Caslon typeface 1732 has the long s . The Caslon typeface 1796 has the short s only . In the UK , The Times of London made the switch from the long to the short s with its issue of 10 September 1803 . The Catherwood typeface 1810 has the short s only . Encyclopædia Britannica 's 5th edition , completed in 1817 , was the last edition to use the long s . The 1823 6th edition uses the short s . The Caslon typeface 1841 has the short s only . Two typefaces from Stephenson Blake , both 1838 -- 1841 , have the short s only . When the War of 1812 broke out , the contrast between the non-use of the long S by the United States , and its continued use by the United Kingdom , is illustrated by the Twelfth U.S. Congress ' use of the `` short - S '' of today in the U.S. declaration of war against the United Kingdom , and in contrast , the continued use of `` long - s '' within the text of Isaac Brock 's counterpart document responding to the declaration of war by the United States . Early editions of Scottish poet Robert Burns that have lost their title page can be dated by their use of the long s ; that is , Dr. James Currie 's edition of the Works of Robert Burns ( Liverpool , 1800 and many reprintings ) does not use the long s , while editions from the 1780s and early 1790s do . In printing , instances of the long s continue in rare and sometimes notable cases in the U.K. until the end of the 19th century , possibly as part of a consciously antiquarian revival of old - fashioned type . For example , The Chiswick Press reprinted the Wyclyffite New Testament in 1848 in the Caslon typeface using the long s ; Chiswick Press , run by Charles Whittingham II ( nephew of Charles Whittingham ) from c. 1832 -- 1870s , reprinted classics like Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales in a font of Caslon that included the long s . The `` antiqued '' first edition of Thackeray 's The History of Henry Esmond ( 1852 ) , a historical novel set in the eighteenth century , prints long s , and not just when doubled as in mistress 's . Mary Elizabeth Coleridge 's first volume of poetry , Fancy 's Following , published in 1896 , was printed with the long s . Collections of sermons were published using the long s until the end of the 19th century . Eventual Abandonment of the long s in handwriting ( edit ) After its decline and disappearance in printing in the early years of the 19th century , the long s persisted into the second half of the century in manuscript . In handwriting used for correspondence and diaries , its use for a single s seems to have disappeared first : most manuscript examples from the 19th century use it for the first in a double s . For example , Charlotte Brontë used the long s , as the first in a double s , in some of her letters , e.g. , Miss Austen in a letter to G.H. Lewes , 12 January 1848 ; in other letters , however , she uses the short s , for example in an 1849 letter to Patrick Brontë , her father . Her husband Arthur Bell Nicholls used the long s in writing to Ellen Nussey of Brontë 's death . Edward Lear regularly used the long s in his diaries in the second half of the 19th century ; for example , his 1884 diary has an instance in which the first s in a double s is long : Addressed . Wilkie Collins routinely used the long s for the first in a double s in his manuscript correspondence ; for example , he used the long s in the words mss ( for manuscripts ) and needless in a 1 June 1886 letter to Daniel S. Ford . For these as well as others , the handwritten long s may have suggested type and a certain formality as well as the traditional . Margaret Mathewson `` published '' her Sketch of 8 Months a Patient in the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh , A.D. 1877 of her experiences as a patient of Joseph Lister in the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh by writing copies out in manuscript . In place of the first s in a double s Mathewson recreated the long s in these copies , a practice widely used for both personal and business correspondence by her family , who lived on the remote island of Yell , Shetland . The practice of using the long s in handwriting on Yell , as elsewhere , may have been a carryover from 18th - century printing conventions , but it was not unfamiliar as a convention in handwriting . Modern Usage ( edit ) Long s in Berlin , 2002 The long s survives in elongated form , with an italic - styled curled descender , as the integral symbol ∫ used in calculus ; Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz based the character on the Latin summa `` sum '' , which he wrote summa . This use first appeared publicly in his paper De Geometria , published in Acta Eruditorum of June 1686 , but he had been using it in private manuscripts at least since 28 October 1675 . The integral of a function f over the interval ( a , b ) is typeset as ∫ a b f ( x ) d x . ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( a ) ^ ( b ) f ( x ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) x . ) In linguistics , a similar character ( ʃ , called `` esh '' ) , is used in the International Phonetic Alphabet , in which it represents the voiceless postalveolar fricative , the first sound in the English word ship . In Scandinavian and German - speaking countries , relics of the long s continue to be seen in signs and logos that use various forms of fraktur typefaces . Examples include the logos of the Norwegian newspapers Aftenposten and Adresseavisen ; the packaging logo for Finnish Sisu pastilles ; and the Jägermeister logo . The long s exists in some current OpenType digital fonts that are historic revivals , like Caslon , Garamond , and Bodoni . In the 1993 Turkmen orthography , s represented / ʒ / , however it was replaced in 1995 by the letter ž . The capital form was £ which was replaced by Ž . In Unicode : Character s Unicode name LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S Encodings decimal hex Unicode 383 U + 017F UTF - 8 197 191 C5 BF Numeric character reference & # 383 ; & # x17F ; Shilling mark ( edit ) Another survival of the long s was the abbreviation used in British English for shilling , as in 7 ∕ 6 `` seven shillings and sixpence , '' where the shilling mark `` ∕ '' stands in for the long s , an abbreviation for the Latin solidus . In the same way , the `` d '' in `` 7s . 6d . '' abbreviates the Latin denarius . Humour ( edit ) The similarity between the printed long s ( s ) and f and modern - day unfamiliarity with the former letterform has been the subject of much humour based on the intentional misreading of s as f , e.g. pronouncing Greensleeves as Greenfleeves and song as fong in a Flanders and Swann monologue or mispronouncing `` pursuit of happiness '' as `` purfuit of happinefs '' , as the character of Benjamin Franklin did in Stan Freberg 's skit , `` The Declaration of Independence , or , A Man Ca n't Be Too Careful What He Signs These Days '' from Stan Freberg Presents the United States of America , Volume One . See also ( edit ) ß ( Eszett ) Esh ( letter ) Integral symbol R rotunda Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Davies , Lyn ( 2006 ) , A is for Ox , London : Folio Society . Jump up ^ Look at this map from 1800 . https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LowsUSAmap_1.jpeg Jump up ^ Bollwage , Max ( 1999 ) , `` Ist das Eszett ein lateinischer Gastarbeiter ? '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch ( Gutenberg yearbook ) ( in German ) , Mainz , DE , pp. 35 -- 41 , ISBN 3 - 7755 - 1999 - 8 . Cited and discussed in Stötzner , Uta ( 2006 ) , `` Die Geschichte des versalen Eszetts '' , Signa ( in German ) , DE : Grimma , 9 : 21 -- 22 , ISBN 3 - 933629 - 17 - 9 . Jump up ^ Proposal to encode Latin letters used in the Former Soviet Union ( in Unicode ) ( PDF ) , DK : DK UUG . Jump up ^ Frings , Andreas ( 2007 ) , Sowjetische Schriftpolitik zwischen 1917 und 1941 -- eine handlungstheoretische Analyse ( Soviet scripts politics between 1917 and 1941 -- an action ‐ theoretical analysis ) ( in German ) , Stuttgart , DE , ISBN 978 - 3 - 515 - 08887 - 9 . Jump up ^ Attar , Karen . `` S and Long S . '' Oxford Companion to the Book ( 2010 ) , ads. , Michael Felix Suarez and H.R. Woudhuysen , II : 1116 . Jump up ^ Woodhouse , Robert ( 1803 - 01 - 01 ) . The principles of analytical calculation . Printed at the University press . Jump up ^ `` Bell , John . '' Oxford Companion to the Book ( 2010 ) , eds. , Michael Felix Suarez and H.R. Woudhuysen I : 516 . Jump up ^ Caleb Stower , The Printer 's Grammar ( 1808 ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Attar , Karen . `` S and Long S . '' Oxford Companion to the Book ( 2010 ) , eds. , Michael Felix Suarez and H.R. Woudhuysen , II : 1116 . For fuller information , Attar cites P.W. Nash , `` The Abandonment of the Long s in Britain in 1800 , '' Journal of the Printing Historical Society , ns 3 ( 2001 ) : 3 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Philip Gaskell , New Introduction to Bibliography , Clarendon , 1972 , p. 210 , Figs 74 , 75 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica ( 5th ed . ) , 1817 . Jump up ^ Wells , John Edwin ( 1970 ) , A Manual of the Writings in Middle English 1050 -- 1500 , Modern Language Association of America , p. 548 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hack , The Material Interests of the Victorian Novel . Victorian Literature and Culture series . University of Virginia Press , 2005 . 12 . Figure 1 prints a facsimile of a sample page . Jump up ^ J.A. Sutherland . `` Henry Esmond : The Virtues of Carelessness . '' In Thackeray at Work . Bloomsbury Academic Collections : English Literary Criticism : 18th -- 19th Centuries . London and New York : Bloomsbury Academic , 2013 : 56 -- 73 . Rpt . Jump up ^ Mosley , James . `` Recasting Caslon Old Face '' . Type Foundry . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Coleridge , Mary . Fancy 's Following . Oxford : Daniel Press , 1896 . Jump up ^ Smith , Margaret , ed. ( 2000 ) , The Letters of Charlotte Brontë : With a Selection of Letters by Family and Friends , Two ( 1848 -- 1851 ) , Oxford : Clarendon Press , p. between 406 and 407 . Jump up ^ Smith , Margaret , ed. ( 2004 ) , The Letters of Charlotte Brontë : With a Selection of Letters by Family and Friends , Three ( 1852 -- 1855 ) , Oxford : Clarendon Press , p. opposite 217 . Jump up ^ Edward Lear , Edward Lear Diaries , 1858 -- 1888 . MS Eng 797.3 ( 27 ) . Houghton Library , Harvard . http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu//oasis/deliver/deepLink?_collection=oasis&uniqueId=hou01884 . Jump up ^ Collins , Wilkie . `` To Daniel S. Ford . '' The Wilkie Collins Pages : Wilkie 's Letters . Paul Lewis , ed. http://www.paullewis.co.uk/wilkie/Letters/18860601Ford.htm . Jump up ^ The still - unpublished MS of this Sketch is held by the Shetland Museum and Archives . Jump up ^ Stillwell , John ( 2010 ) . Mathematics and its History ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Springer . p. 171 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 6053 - 5 . Jump up ^ Early Mathematical Manuscripts of Leibniz . Translated by Child , J.M. Chicago : Open Court Publishing Co. 1920 . pp. 73 -- 74 , 80 . Jump up ^ Strizver , Ilene ( 2014 ) . Type Rules ! : The Designer 's Guide to Professional Typography ( 4th ed . ) . Hoboken , New Jersey : Wiley . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 45405 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Francis George . The concise Oxford dictionary of current English , entry `` solidus '' . p. 829 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` The Greensleeves Monologue Annotated '' . Beach media . External links ( edit ) Look up long s or s in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category : Long s . A Simple Explanation of the Correct Usage of Long and Short S , Alice Moore . Mosley , James ( Jan 2008 ) , `` Long s '' , Type foundry ( Blogspot ) ( blog ) , Google . `` Long s '' , Classics , The Straight Dope . West , Andrew ( June 2006 ) , `` The Rules for Long S '' , Babelstone ( blog ) , Google . -- -- -- ( June 2006 ) , `` The Long and the Short of the Letter S '' , Babelstone ( blog ) , Google . The American Declaration of Independence with long s , NU : Unknown . ( hide ) Latin script History Spread Romanization Roman numerals Alphabets ( list ) Classical Latin alphabet ISO basic Latin alphabet phonetic alphabets International Phonetic Alphabet X-SAMPA Spelling alphabet Letters ( list ) Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Multigraphs Digraphs ch cz dž dz gh ij ll ly nh ny sh sz th Trigraphs dzs eau Tetragraphs ough Pentagraphs tzsch Keyboard layouts ( list ) QWERTY QWERTZ AZERTY Dvorak Colemak Standards ISO / IEC 646 Unicode Western Latin character sets Lists precomposed Latin characters in Unicode letters used in mathematics Diacritics Palaeography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_s&oldid=842668465 '' Categories : History of the English language Typography Palaeographic letter variants Uncommon Latin letters Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from April 2018 Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Brezhoneg Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Scots Slovenčina Suomi Svenska 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 22 : 05 . 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Migration Period
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Migration period - Wikipedia Migration period Jump to : navigation , search This article is about European migrations during the first millennium AD . For prehistoric migrations , see Human migration . For the 2003 Canadian film , see The Barbarian Invasions . For seasonal periods of animal migrations , see animal migration . For seasonal periods of human migrations , see seasonal human migration . This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in German . ( January 2012 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . ( show ) View a machine - translated version of the German article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated de Völkerwanderung ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . Invasions of the Roman Empire Invasions Time AD 375 -- 568 Migration Period also AD 100 - 500 Invasions of the Roman Empire AD 409 - 910 Period of the Barbarian kingdoms Place Europe and Northern Africa Event Tribes invading the declining Roman Empire The Migration Period was a time of widespread migrations of peoples , notably the Germanic tribes and the Huns , within or into Europe in the middle of the first millennium AD . It has also been termed in English by the German loanword Völkerwanderung and -- from the Roman and Greek perspective -- the Barbarian Invasions . Many of the migrations were movements of Germanic , Hunnic , Slavic , and other peoples into the territory of the then Roman Empire with or without accompanying invasions or war . Scientific consensus established time frames for the Migration Period as beginning with the invasion of Europe by the Huns in 375 , and ending with the conquest of Italy by the Lombards in 568 . Various factors contributed to this phenomenon as role and significance of each one is still very much discussed among experts on the subject . Starting in 382 , the Roman Empire and individual tribes made treaties regarding their settlement in its territory . The Franks , a Germanic tribe which would later found Francia -- a predecessor of modern France and Germany -- settled in the Roman Empire and were given a task of securing the northeastern Gaul border . Western Roman rule was first violated with the Crossing of the Rhine and the following invasions of the Vandals and Suebi . With wars ensuing between various tribes , as well as local populations in the Western Roman Empire , more and more power was transferred to Germanic and Roman militaries . There are contradicting opinions whether the fall of the Western Roman Empire was a result or cause of tribes getting on the move . The Eastern Roman Empire was less affected by migrations and survived until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 . In the modern period , the Migration Period was increasingly described with a rather negative connotation and tribes ' contribution to the fall of Rome was more and more underlined . In place of the fallen Western Rome , Barbarian kingdoms arose in 5th and 6th centuries and came to decisively shape European culture of the upcoming Middle Ages . The migrants comprised war bands or tribes of 10,000 to 20,000 people , but in the course of 100 years , they numbered not more than 750,000 in total , compared to an average 39.9 million population of the Roman Empire at that time . Although immigration was common throughout the time of the Roman Empire , the period in question was , in the 19th century , often defined as running from about the 5th to 8th centuries AD . The first migrations of peoples were made by Germanic tribes such as the Goths ( including the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths ) , the Vandals , the Anglo - Saxons , the Lombards , the Suebi , the Frisii , the Jutes , the Burgundians , the Alamanni , the Scirii and Franks ; they were later pushed westward by the Huns , the Avars , the Slavs and the Bulgars . Later invasions -- such as the Viking , the Norman , the Hungarian , the Moorish , the Turkic , and the Mongol -- also had significant effects ( especially in North Africa , the Iberian Peninsula , Anatolia and Central and Eastern Europe ) ; however , they are usually considered outside the scope of the Migration Period . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chronology 1.1 Origins of Germanic tribes 1.2 First phase 1.3 Second phase 2 Climatic factors 3 Discussions 3.1 Barbarian identity 3.2 Viewpoints 3.3 Ethnicity 4 Depiction in media 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links Chronology ( edit ) See also : Ostrogoths , Visigoths , Burgundians , Alans , Lombards , Angles , Saxons , Jutes , Suebi , Alemanni , Gepids , and Vandals A Migration Period Germanic gold bracteate featuring a depiction of a bird , horse , and stylized head wearing a Suebian knot sometimes theorized to represent the Germanic god Wōden and what would later become Sleipnir and Hugin or Munin in Germanic mythology , later attested to in the form of Norse mythology . The runic inscription includes the religious term alu . Origins of Germanic tribes ( edit ) Further information : Proto - Germanic , Pre-Roman Iron Age ( Northern Europe ) , and Marcomannic Wars Germanic peoples moved out of southern Scandinavia and northern Germany to the adjacent lands between the Elbe and Oder after 1000 BC . The first wave moved westward and southward ( pushing the resident Celts west to the Rhine by about 200 BC ) , moving into southern Germany up to the Roman provinces of Gaul and Cisalpine Gaul by 100 BC , where they were stopped by Gaius Marius and Julius Caesar . It is this western group which was described by the Roman historian Tacitus ( 56 -- 117 AD ) and Julius Caesar ( 100 -- 44 BC ) . A later wave of Germanic tribes migrated eastward and southward from Scandinavia between 600 and 300 BC to the opposite coast of the Baltic Sea , moving up the Vistula near the Carpathians . During Tacitus ' era they included lesser known tribes such as the Tencteri , Cherusci , Hermunduri and Chatti ; however , a period of federation and intermarriage resulted in the familiar groups known as the Alemanni , Franks , Saxons , Frisians and Thuringians . First phase ( edit ) Further information : Roman Iron Age ( Northern Europe ) The Barbarian Invasions may be divided into two phases . The first phase , occurring between AD 300 and 500 , is partly documented by Greek and Latin historians but difficult to verify archaeologically . It puts Germanic peoples in control of most areas of what was then the Western Roman Empire . The Tervingi entered Roman territory ( after a clash with the Huns ) in 376 . Some time thereafter in Marcianopolis , the escort to Fritigern ( their leader ) was killed while meeting with Lupicinus . The Tervingi rebelled , and the Visigoths , a group derived either from the Tervingi or from a fusion of mainly Gothic groups , eventually invaded Italy and sacked Rome in 410 , before settling in Gaul , and then , 50 years later , in Iberia , founding a kingdom that lasted for 250 years . They were followed into Roman territory first by a confederation of Herulian , Rugian , and Scirian warriors , under Odoacer , that deposed Romulus Augustulus on 4 September 476 , and later by the Ostrogoths , led by Theodoric the Great , who settled in Italy . In Gaul , the Franks ( a fusion of western Germanic tribes whose leaders had been aligned with Rome since the third century AD ) entered Roman lands gradually during the fifth century , and after consolidating power under Childeric and his son Clovis 's decisive victory over Syagrius in 486 , established themselves as rulers of northern Roman Gaul . Fending off challenges from the Allemanni , Burgundians , and Visigoths , the Frankish kingdom became the nucleus of what would later become France and Germany . The initial Anglo - Saxon settlement of Britain occurred during the fifth century , when Roman control of Britain had come to an end . The Burgundians settled in North Western Italy , Switzerland and Eastern France in the fifth century . Second phase ( edit ) Further information : Germanic Iron Age and Early Slavs The second phase took place between 500 and 700 and saw Slavic tribes settling in central and eastern Europe ( notably in eastern Magna Germania ) , gradually making it predominantly Slavic . Additionally , Turkic tribes such as the Avars became involved in this phase . In 567 , the Avars and the Lombards destroyed much of the Gepid Kingdom . The Lombards , a Germanic people , settled in Italy with their Herulian , Suebian , Gepid , Thuringian , Bulgarian , Sarmatian and Saxon allies in the 6th century . They were later followed by the Bavarians and the Franks , who conquered and ruled most of Italy . The Bulgars , originally a nomadic group from Central Asia , had occupied the Pontic steppe north of Caucasus since the second century , but after , pushed by the Khazars , the majority of them migrated west and dominated Byzantine territories along the lower Danube in the seventh century . From this time and onward the demographic picture of the Balkans changed permanently becoming predominantly Slavic , while pockets of native people survived in the mountains of southwest Balkans , Albania and Greece . During the early Byzantine -- Arab Wars , Arab armies attempted to invade southeast Europe via Asia Minor during the late seventh and early eighth centuries , but were defeated at the siege of Constantinople ( 717 -- 718 ) by the joint forces of Byzantium and the Bulgars . During the Khazar -- Arab Wars , the Khazars stopped the Arab expansion into Europe across the Caucasus ( 7th and 8th centuries ) . At the same time , the Moors ( consisting of Arabs and Berbers ) invaded Europe via Gibraltar ( conquering Hispania -- the Iberian Peninsula -- from the Visigothic Kingdom in 711 ) , before being halted . These battles broadly demarcated the frontiers between Christendom and Islam for the next millennium . The following centuries saw the Muslims successful in conquering most of Sicily from the Christians by 902 . The Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin from around 895 , and the Viking expansion from the late 8th century conventionally mark the last large movements of the period . Christianity gradually converted the non-Islamic newcomers and integrated them into the medieval Christian order . Climatic factors ( edit ) A number of contemporary historical references worldwide refer to an extended period of extreme weather during 535 -- 536 . Evidence of this cold period is also found in dendrochronology and ice cores . The consequences of this cold period are debated . Further information : Bond event Discussions ( edit ) Barbarian identity ( edit ) Analysis of barbarian identity and how it was created and expressed during the Barbarian Invasions has elicited discussion among scholars . Herwig Wolfram , a historian of the Goths , in discussing the equation of migratio gentium with Völkerwanderung , observes that Michael Schmidt introduced the equation in his 1778 history of the Germans . Wolfram observed that the significance of gens as a biological community was shifting , even during the early Middle Ages and that `` to complicate matters , we have no way of devising a terminology that is not derived from the concept of nationhood created during the French Revolution '' . The `` primordialistic '' paradigm prevailed during the 19th century . Scholars , such as German linguist Johann Gottfried Herder , viewed tribes as coherent biological ( racial ) entities , using the term to refer to discrete ethnic groups . He also believed that the Volk were an organic whole , with a core identity and spirit evident in art , literature and language . These characteristics were seen as intrinsic , unaffected by external influences , even conquest . Language , in particular , was seen as the most important expression of ethnicity . They argued that groups sharing the same ( or similar ) language possessed a common identity and ancestry . This was the Romantic ideal that there once had been a single German , Celtic or Slavic people who originated from a common homeland and spoke a common tongue , helping to provide a conceptual framework for political movements of the 18th and 19th centuries such as Pan-Germanism and Pan-Slavism . From the 1960s , a reinterpretation of archaeological and historic evidence prompted scholars , such as Goffart and Todd , to propose new models for explaining the construction of barbarian identity . They maintained that no sense of shared identity was perceived by the Germani ; a similar theory having been proposed for Celtic and Slavic groups . A theory states that the primordialist mode of thinking was encouraged by a prima facie interpretation of Graeco - Roman sources , which grouped together many tribes under such labels as Germani , Keltoi or Sclavenoi , thus encouraging their perception as distinct peoples . Modernists argue that the uniqueness perceived by specific groups was based on common political and economic interests rather than biological or racial distinctions . The role of language in constructing and maintaining group identity can be ephemeral since large - scale language shifts occur commonly in history . Modernists propose the idea of `` imagined communities '' ; the barbarian polities in late antiquity were social constructs rather than unchanging lines of blood kinship . The process of forming tribal units was called `` ethnogenesis '' , a term coined by Soviet scholar Yulian Bromley . The Austrian school ( led by Reinhard Wenskus ) popularized this idea , which influenced medievalists such as Herwig Wolfram , Walter Pohl and Patrick Geary . It argues that the stimulus for forming tribal polities was perpetuated by a small nucleus of people , known as the Traditionskern ( `` kernel of tradition '' ) , who were a military or aristocratic elite . This core group formed a standard for larger units , gathering adherents by employing amalgamative metaphors such as kinship and aboriginal commonality and claiming that they perpetuated an ancient , divinely - sanctioned lineage . The common , track - filled map of the Völkerwanderung may illustrate such ( a ) course of events , but it misleads . Unfolded over long periods of time , the changes of position that took place were necessarily irregular ... ( with ) periods of emphatic discontinuity . For decades and possibly centuries , the tradition bearers idled , and the tradition itself hibernated . There was ample time for forgetfulness to do its work . Viewpoints ( edit ) Historians have postulated several explanations for the appearance of `` barbarians '' on the Roman frontier : weather and crops , population pressure , a `` primeval urge '' to push into the Mediterranean or the `` domino effect '' of the Huns falling upon the Goths who , in turn , pushed other Germanic tribes before them . Entire barbarian tribes ( or nations ) flooded into Roman provinces , ending classical urbanism and beginning new types of rural settlements . In general , French and Italian scholars have tended to view this as a catastrophic event , the destruction of a civilization and the beginning of a `` Dark Age '' that set Europe back a millennium . In contrast , German and English historians have tended to see Roman / Barbarian interaction as the replacement of a `` tired , effete and decadent Mediterranean civilization '' with a `` more virile , martial , Nordic one '' . Rather than `` invasion '' , German and Slavic scholars speak of `` migration '' ( German : Völkerwanderung , Czech : Stěhování národů , Swedish : folkvandring and Hungarian : népvándorlás ) , aspiring to the idea of a dynamic and `` wandering Indo - Germanic people '' . The scholar Guy Halsall has seen the barbarian movement as the result of the fall of the Roman Empire , not its cause . Archaeological finds have confirmed that Germanic and Slavic tribes were settled agriculturalists who were probably merely `` drawn into the politics of an empire already falling apart for quite a few other causes '' . The Crisis of the Third Century caused significant changes within the Roman Empire in both its western and its eastern portions . In particular , economic fragmentation removed many of the political , cultural and economic forces that had held the empire together . The rural population in Roman provinces became distanced from the metropolis , and there was little to differentiate them from other peasants across the Roman frontier . In addition , Rome increasingly used foreign mercenaries to defend itself . That `` barbarisation '' parallelled changes within barbaricum . For example , the Roman Empire played a vital role in building up barbarian groups along its frontier . Propped up with imperial support and gifts , the armies of allied barbarian chieftains served as buffers against other , hostile , barbarian groups . The disintegration of Roman economic power weakened groups that had come to depend on Roman gifts for the maintenance of their own power . The arrival of the Huns helped prompt many groups to invade the provinces for economic reasons . The nature of the barbarian takeover of former Roman provinces varied from region to region . For example , in Aquitaine , the provincial administration was largely self - reliant . Halsall has argued that local rulers simply `` handed over '' military rule to the Ostrogoths , acquiring the identity of the newcomers . In Gaul , the collapse of imperial rule resulted in anarchy : the Franks and Alemanni were pulled into the ensuing `` power vacuum '' , resulting in conflict . In Spain , local aristocrats maintained independent rule for some time , raising their own armies against the Vandals . Meanwhile , the Roman withdrawal from Lowland England resulted in conflict between Saxons and the Brythonic chieftains ( whose centres of power retreated westward as a result ) . The Eastern Roman Empire attempted to maintain control of the Balkan provinces despite a thinly - spread imperial army relying mainly on local militias and an extensive effort to refortify the Danubian limes . The ambitious fortification efforts collapsed , worsening the impoverished conditions of the local populace and resulting in colonization by Slavic warriors and their families . Halsall and Noble have argued that such changes stemmed from the breakdown in Roman political control , which exposed the weakness of local Roman rule . Instead of large - scale migrations , there were military takeovers by small groups of warriors and their families , who usually numbered only in the tens of thousands . The process involved active , conscious decision - making by Roman provincial populations . The collapse of centralized control severely weakened the sense of Roman identity in the provinces , which may explain why the provinces then underwent dramatic cultural changes even though few barbarians settled in them . Ultimately , the Germanic groups in the Western Roman Empire were accommodated without `` dispossessing or overturning indigenous society '' , and they maintained a structured and hierarchical ( but attenuated ) form of Roman administration . Ironically , they lost their unique identity as a result of such an accommodation and were absorbed into Latinhood . In contrast , in the east , Slavic tribes maintained a more `` spartan and egalitarian '' existence bound to the land `` even in times when they took their part in plundering Roman provinces '' . Their organizational models were not Roman , and their leaders were not normally dependent on Roman gold for success . Thus they arguably had a greater effect on their region than the Goths , the Franks or the Saxons had on theirs . Ethnicity ( edit ) Based on the belief that particular types of artifacts , elements of personal adornment generally found in a funerary context , are thought to indicate the race and / or ethnicity of the person buried , the `` Culture - History '' school of archaeology assumed that archaeological cultures represent the Urheimat ( homeland ) of tribal polities named in historical sources . As a consequence , the shifting extensions of material cultures were interpreted as the expansion of peoples . Influenced by constructionism , process - driven archaeologists rejected the Culture - Historical doctrine and marginalized the discussion of ethnicity altogether and focused on the intragroup dynamics that generated such material remains . Moreover , they argued that adoption of new cultures could occur through trade or internal political developments rather than only military takeovers . Depiction in media ( edit ) Terry Jones ' Barbarians , a 4 - part TV documentary series first broadcast on BBC 2 in 2006 Rome : Total War : Barbarian Invasion and Total War : Attila , strategy games by The Creative Assembly See also ( edit ) Ancient Germanic culture portal Dark Ages ( historiography ) Genetic history of the British Isles Late Antiquity Medieval demography Migration Period art Slavic migration Five Barbarians and Sixteen Kingdoms Hephthalite Empire Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is according to commonly accepted scientific consensus , although there are alternatives as all historical period boundaries are only conventional effects of historian and scientific work and can not be definitively determined . In 375 , Huns invaded Europe . In 568 , Lombards conquered Italy . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allgemein Springer ( 2006 ) , der auch auf alternative Definitionen außerhalb der communis opinio hinweist . Alle Epochengrenzen sind letztlich nur ein Konstrukt und vor allem durch Konvention begründet . Vgl . auch Stefan Krautschick : Zur Entstehung eines Datums. 375 -- Beginn der Völkerwanderung . In : Klio 82 , 2000 , S. 217 -- 222 sowie Stefan Krautschick : Hunnensturm und Germanenflut : 375 -- Beginn der Völkerwanderung ? In : Byzantinische Zeitschrift 92 , 1999 , S. 10 -- 67 . Jump up ^ After the division of the Roman Empire , invasions affected mainly the Western Roman Empire ( fell in 476 ) and to a lesser extent , the Eastern Roman Empire . Jump up ^ It begins in 409 with several Barbarian kingdoms being established on the Iberian peninsula , including the Kingdom of the Suebi , the Alani Kingdom , and territories of Hasdingi and the Vandals . It ends with the partition of the Kingdom of Asturias in 910 , a Visigothic - founded kingdom on the Iberian peninsula that by the time of its dissolution had a majority speaking Vulgar Latin and only a scarce population speaking Visigothic and Vandalic varieties of East Germanic languages . Jump up ^ Literally , `` wandering of peoples '' , sometimes anglicised as `` folkwandering '' in older sources . The term Völkerwanderungszeit is the German for `` Migration Period '' . See Völkerwanderung according to Collins Jump up ^ Halsall , Guy . Barbarian migrations and the Roman West , 376 -- 568 . Cambridge University Press , 2007 . Jump up ^ Peter Heather ( 2003 ) . The Visigoths from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century : An Ethnographic Perspective . Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 033 - 7 . Jump up ^ Giovanni Milani - Santarpia , `` Immigration Roman Empire '' , MariaMilani.com Jump up ^ John Hines , Karen Høilund Nielsen , Frank Siegmund , The pace of change : studies in early - medieval chronology , Oxbow Books , 1999 , p. 93 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 900188 - 78 - 4 Jump up ^ The delimiting dates vary , but often cited are 410 , the Sack of Rome by Alaric I ; and 751 , the accession of Pippin the Short and the establishment of the Carolingian dynasty . Jump up ^ Bury , J.B. , The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians , Norton Library , 1967 . Jump up ^ `` Anatolien war nicht Ur - Heimat der indogermanischen Stämme - Eurasisches Magazin '' . Eurasischesmagazin.de . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Wolfram Euler , Konrad Badenheuer ; `` Sprache und Herkunft der Germanen : Abriss des Protogermanischen vor der Ersten Lautverschiebung '' ; 2009 ; ISBN 3 - 9812110 - 1 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 9812110 - 1 - 6 Jump up ^ Bury , Invasion , Ch. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Halsall ( 2006 , p. 51 ) Jump up ^ Wolfram 2001 , pp. 127ff ... Jump up ^ Dumville 1990 . Jump up ^ Zbigniew Kobyliński . The Slavs in Paul Fouracre . The New Cambridge Medieval History pp. 530 -- 537 Jump up ^ Bertolini 1960 , pp. 34 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Schutz 2002 , p. 82 Jump up ^ Fine 1983 , p. 31 Jump up ^ The Miracles of Saint Demetrius Jump up ^ Wolfram , Thomas J. Dunlap , tr . History of the Goths ( 1979 ) 1988 : 5 Jump up ^ Anthony D. Smith , The Ethnic Origins of Nations ( Oxford , 1966 ) pp. 6ff. , coined the term to separate these thinkers from those who view ethnicity as a situational construct , the product of history , rather than a cause , influenced by a variety of political , economic and cultural factors . Jump up ^ Noble ( 2006 , p. 29 ) ^ Jump up to : Kulikowski ( 2007 , p. 46 ) Jump up ^ That was influenced by the ' family tree ' model ( Stammbaun ) of linguistics in that relationships between related languages were seen to be the result of derivation from a common ancestor . The model still is very influential in linguistics ^ Jump up to : Halsall ( 2008 , p. 17 ) Jump up ^ Todd , pp. 8 -- 10 ) There is no indication that the Germani possessed a feeling that they were a `` separate people , nation , or group of tribes '' Jump up ^ Noble , p. 29 ) Jump up ^ For example , The Celtic World , Miranda Green ( 1996 ) , p. 3 and The Making of the Slavs . Floring Curta ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Archaeology and LanguageL : Correlating Archaeological and Linguistic Hypotheses . `` The Eurasian Spread Zone and the Indo - European Dispersal . '' Johanna Nichols . pp. 224 Jump up ^ Kulikowski ( 2007 , p. 48 ) Jump up ^ Halsall ( 2008 , p. 15 ) Jump up ^ Geary ( 2003 , p. 77 ) Jump up ^ Noble ( 2006 , p. 97 ) ^ Jump up to : Halsall ( 2006 , chpt. 2 ) Jump up ^ Noble , p. 236 ) Jump up ^ Noble , p. 247 ) Jump up ^ Curta ( 2001 ) ( T ) he archaeological evidence of late fourth - and fifth - century barbarian graves between the Rhine and Loire suggests that a process of small - scale cultural and demographic change took place on both sides of the Roman frontier . Can we envisage Roman - Slavic relations in a similar way ? Jump up ^ Halsall ( 2006 , p. 42 ) Jump up ^ Green , D.H. ( 2000 - 08 - 28 ) ( 1998 ) . Language and History in the Early Germanic World . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ( published 2000 ) . p. 143 . ISBN 9780521794237 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . ( ... ) the first centuries of our era witness not merely a progressive Romanisation of barbarian society , but also an undeniable barbarisation of the Roman world . Jump up ^ Halsall ( 2006 , p. 49 ) Jump up ^ Halsall ( 2006 , p. 50 ) Jump up ^ Curta ( 2001 , pp. 120 -- 180 ) Jump up ^ Halsall ( 2006 , pp. 50 -- 52 ) Jump up ^ Noble , p. 251 ) Jump up ^ Barford ( 2001 , p. 46 ) Jump up ^ Pohl1998 , p. 20 ) Jump up ^ Geary ( 2003 , p. 146 ) Jump up ^ Pohl ( 1998 , pp. 17 -- 23 ) ^ Jump up to : Kulikowski ( 2007 , p. 61 ) Sources ( edit ) Barford , Paul M ( 2001 ) , The Early Slavs : Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe , Cornell University Press , ISBN 0 - 8014 - 3977 - 9 Börm , Henning ( 2013 ) , Westrom . Von Honorius bis Justinian , W. Kohlhammer , ISBN 978 - 3 - 17 - 023276 - 1 Curta , Florin ( 2001 ) . The Making of the Slavs : History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region , c. 500 -- 700 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781139428880 . Curta , Florin ( 2006 ) . Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages , 500 -- 1250 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521815390 . Dumville , David ( 1990 ) , Histories and pseudo-histories of the insular Middle Ages , Aldershot , Hampshire : Variorum Geary , Patrick ( 2003 ) , Myth of Nations . The Medieval Origins of Europe , Princeton Paperbacks , ISBN 0 - 691 - 11481 - 1 Fouracre , Paul , ed. ( 2006 ) , The New Cambridge Medieval History , Vol. 1 : c. 500 -- c. 700 , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 36291 - 1 Halsall , Guy ( 2006 ) , `` The Barbarian invasions '' , in Fouracre , Paul , The New Cambridge Medieval History , Vol. 1 : c. 500 -- c. 700 , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 36291 - 1 Halsall , Guy ( 2008 ) , Barbarian migrations and the Roman West , 376 -- 568 , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 43491 - 2 Heather , Peter J ( 1998 ) , The Goths , Wiley - Blackwell , ISBN 0 - 631 - 20932 - 8 Kleineberg , A. ; Marx , Chr. ; Knobloch , E. ; Lelgemann , D. : Germania und die Insel Thule . Die Entschlüsselung von Ptolemaios ' `` Atlas der Oikumene '' . WBG 2010 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 534 - 23757 - 9 . Kulikowski , Michael ( 2007 ) , Rome 's Gothic Wars : from the third century to Alaric , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 84633 - 1 Noble , Thomas ; Goffart , Walter ( 2006 ) , From Roman provinces to Medieval kingdoms , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 32742 - 3 Pohl , Walter ( 1998 ) , `` Conceptions of ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies '' , in Little , Lester K ; Rosenwein , Barbara , Debating the Middle Ages : issues and readings , Wiley - Blackwell , ISBN 1 - 57718 - 008 - 9 Todd , Malcolm , The Early Germans , Blackwell Publishing , ISBN 0 - 631 - 19904 - 7 Wolfram , Herwig ( 2001 ) , Die Goten . Von den Anfängen bis zur Mitte des sechsten Jahrhunderts , München : C.H. Beck External links ( edit ) Media related to Migration period at Wikimedia Commons GND : 4063700 - 1 ( hide ) European Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Migration Period Decline of the Western Roman Empire Late Antiquity Decline of Hellenistic religion Christianization Rise of Islam First Bulgarian Empire Frankish Empire Kingdom of Croatia Anglo - Saxon England Viking Age Carolingian Empire Old Church Slavonic Civitas Schinesghe Kievan Rus ' Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire High Middle Ages Holy Roman Empire Second Bulgarian Empire Georgian Empire Kingdom of Poland Feudalism Great Schism Investiture Controversy Crusades Scholasticism Monasticism Communalism Manorialism Medieval Warm Period Mongol invasion of Europe Late Middle Ages Hundred Years ' War Wars of the Roses Hussite Wars Burgundy House of Habsburg Western Schism Fall of Constantinople Rise of the Ottoman Empire Swiss mercenaries Chivalry Renaissance Humanism Universities Crisis of the Late Middle Ages Little Ice Age Culture Architecture Art Church and State Cuisine Demography Household Literature Medicine Music Philosophy Poetry Science Slavery Technology Warfare See also Dark Ages Disability in the Middle Ages Basic topics list Medievalism Medieval reenactment Medieval studies Neo-medievalism Timeline Global history of same period of time Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period&oldid=821197127 '' Categories : Migration Period Historiography History of the Germanic peoples Early Middle Ages Germanic archaeology 1st millennium in Europe 1st millennium in Asia 1st millennium in Africa Hidden categories : Articles containing German - language text Articles to be expanded from January 2012 All articles to be expanded History articles needing translation from German Wikipedia All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles containing Czech - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles containing Hungarian - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Ænglisc Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 00 : 02 . 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which barbarian groups entered the western roman empire through germany
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[
"Scientific consensus[citation needed] established time frames for the Migration Period as beginning with the invasion of Europe by the Huns in 375, and ending with the conquest of Italy by the Lombards in 568. Various factors contributed to this phenomenon as role and significance of each one is still very much discussed among experts on the subject. Starting in 382, the Roman Empire and individual tribes made treaties regarding their settlement in its territory. The Franks, a Germanic tribe which would later found Francia—a predecessor of modern France and Germany—settled in the Roman Empire and were given a task of securing the northeastern Gaul border. Western Roman rule was first violated with the Crossing of the Rhine and the following invasions of the Vandals and Suebi. With wars ensuing between various tribes, as well as local populations in the Western Roman Empire, more and more power was transferred to Germanic and Roman militaries.",
"Scientific consensus[citation needed] established time frames for the Migration Period as beginning with the invasion of Europe by the Huns in 375, and ending with the conquest of Italy by the Lombards in 568. Various factors contributed to this phenomenon as role and significance of each one is still very much discussed among experts on the subject. Starting in 382, the Roman Empire and individual tribes made treaties regarding their settlement in its territory. The Franks, a Germanic tribe which would later found Francia—a predecessor of modern France and Germany—settled in the Roman Empire and were given a task of securing the northeastern Gaul border. Western Roman rule was first violated with the Crossing of the Rhine and the following invasions of the Vandals and Suebi. With wars ensuing between various tribes, as well as local populations in the Western Roman Empire, more and more power was transferred to Germanic and Roman militaries."
] |
[
"Vandals",
"Suebi."
] |
6136302449491386933
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Small and medium-sized enterprises
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Small and medium - sized enterprises - wikipedia Small and medium - sized enterprises Jump to : navigation , search Small and medium - sized enterprises ( SMEs , also small and medium enterprises ) or small and medium - sized businesses ( SMBs ) are businesses whose personnel numbers fall below certain limits . The abbreviation `` SME '' is used in the European Union and by international organizations such as the World Bank , the United Nations and the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) . Small enterprises outnumber large companies by a wide margin and also employ many more people . SMEs are also said to be responsible for driving innovation and competition in many economic sectors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Definition around the world 2.1 Africa 2.1. 1 Egypt 2.1. 2 Ethiopia 2.1. 3 Kenya 2.1. 4 Nigeria 2.1. 5 Somalia 2.1. 6 South Africa 2.2 Asia 2.2. 1 India 2.2. 2 Indonesia 2.2. 3 Bangladesh 2.2. 4 Singapore 2.3 Europe 2.3. 1 European Union 2.3. 1.1 Poland 2.3. 1.2 United Kingdom 2.3. 2 Switzerland 2.4 North America 2.4. 1 Canada 2.4. 2 United States 2.5 Oceania 2.5. 1 Australia 2.5. 2 New Zealand 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2017 ) Petrakis and Kostis ( 2012 ) explore the role of interpersonal trust and knowledge in the number of small and medium enterprises . They conclude that knowledge positively affects the number of SMEs , which in turn , positively affects interpersonal trust . Note that the empirical results indicate that interpersonal trust does not affect the number of SMEs . Therefore , although knowledge development can reinforce SMEs , trust becomes widespread in a society when the number of SMEs is greater . Definition around the World ( edit ) Africa ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Egypt ( edit ) Most of Egypt 's businesses are small - sized , with 97 percent employing less than 10 workers , according to census data released by state - run statistics body CAPMAS . Medium - sized enterprises with 10 to 50 employees account for around 2.7 percent of total businesses . However , big businesses with over 50 employees account for 0.4 percent of all enterprises nationwide . The data is part of Egypt 's 2012 / 13 economic census on establishments ranging from small stalls to big enterprises . Economic activity outside the establishments -- like street vendors and farmers , for example -- were excluded from the census . The results show that Egypt is greatly lacking in medium - sized businesses . Seventy percent of the country 's 2.4 million businesses have only one or two employees . But less than 0.1 percent -- only 784 businesses -- employ between 45 and 49 people . Ethiopia ( edit ) In Ethiopia there are SME enterprises funded by the government which are becoming sources of work . Kenya ( edit ) In Kenya , the term changed to MSME which stands for `` micro , small and medium - sized enterprises '' . For micro enterprises , maximum number of employees is up to 10 employees . For small enterprises , it is from 10 to 50 . For medium enterprises , it is from 50 to 100 . Nigeria ( edit ) The Central Bank of Nigeria defines small and medium enterprises in Nigeria according to asset base and number of staff employed . The criteria are an asset base that is between N5 million to N500 million , and a staff strength that is between 11 to 100 employees . Somalia ( edit ) In Somalia , the term is SME ( for `` small , medium and micro enterprises '' ) ; elsewhere in Africa , MSME stands for `` micro , small and medium enterprises '' . Maximum number of employees and maximum revenue it generates . in Somalia they define that SME is a small business that has more than 30 employee until 500 employees . South Africa ( edit ) In the National Small Business Amendment Act 26 0f 2003 , micro-businesses in the different sectors , varying from the manufacturing to the retail sectors , are defined as businesses with five or fewer employees and a turnover of up to R100 000 ZAR . Very small businesses employ between 6 and 20 employees , small businesses employ between 21 and 50 employees . The upper limit for turnover in a small business varies from R1 million in the Agricultural sector to R13 million in the Catering , Accommodations and other Trade sector as well as in the Manufacturing sector , with a maximum of R32 million in the Wholesale Trade sector . Medium - sized businesses usually employ up to 200 people ( 100 in the Agricultural sector ) , and the maximum turnover varies from R5 million in the Agricultural sector to R51 million in the Manufacturing sector and R64 million in the Wholesale Trade , Commercial Agents and Allied Services sector . A comprehensive definition of an SME in South Africa is therefore any enterprise with one or more of the following characteristics : Fewer than 200 employees Annual turnover of less than R64 million Capital assets of less than R10 million Direct managerial involvement by owners Asia ( edit ) India ( edit ) Under section 7 of the Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Development ( MSMED ) Act , 2006 , the Indian government defined the size of micro , small , and medium enterprises as : ( a ) in the case of the enterprises engaged in the manufacture of goods pertaining to any industry specified in the First Schedule to the Industries ( Development and Regulation ) Act , 1951 , as -- ( i ) a micro enterprise , where the investment in plant and machinery does not exceed twenty - five lakh rupees ( ii ) a small enterprise , where the investment in plant and machinery is more than twenty - five lakh rupees but does not exceed five crore rupees ; or ( iii ) a medium enterprise , where the investment in plant and machinery is more than five crore rupees but does not exceed ten crore rupees ; ( b ) in the case of the enterprises engaged in providing or rendering of services , as -- ( i ) a micro enterprise , where the investment in equipment does not exceed ten lakh rupees ; ( ii ) a small enterprise , where the investment in equipment is more than ten lakh rupees but does not exceed two crore rupees ; or ( iii ) a medium enterprise , where the investment in equipment is more than two crore rupees but does not exceed five crore rupees . Businesses that are declared as MSMEs and within specific sectors and criteria can then apply for `` priority sector '' lending to help with business expenses ; banks have annual targets set by the Prime Minister 's Task Force on MSMEs for year - on - year increases of lending to various categories of MSMEs . Indonesia ( edit ) In Indonesia , the government defines micro , small and medium enterprises ( Indonesian : Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah , UMKM ) based on their assets and revenues according to Law No. 20 / 2008 : Type Maximum assets , Rp Maximum revenue , Rp Micro 50,000,000 300,000,000 Small 500,000,000 2,500,000,000 Medium 10,000,000,000 50,000,000 , 00 An annual revenue of Rp 50 billion is approximately equal to USD 3.7 million as of November 2017 . Bangladesh ( edit ) In Bangladesh , Bangladesh Bank defines Small and medium enterprises based on Fixed Asset and Employed Manpower and they are definitely not Public Limited Co. and requires these characteristics - Serial No Sector Fixed Asset other than Land and Building ( Tk ) SE ( Small Enterprises ) & ME ( Medium Enterprises ) Employed Manpower ( not above ) 01 Services For SE 50,000 - 5000 , 000 & For ME 50 , 00,000 - 10 , 00 , 00,000 SE - 25 & ME - 50 02 Business For SE 50,000 - 50 , 00,000 & For ME 50 , 00,000 - 10 , 00 , 00,000 SE - 25 & ME - 50 03 Industrial For SE 50,000 - 1 , 50 , 00,000 For Me 1 , 50 , 00,000 - 2 , 00 , 00,000 SE - 50 & ME - 150 Singapore ( edit ) With effect from 1 April 2011 , the definition of SMEs is businesses with annual sales turnover of not more than $100 million or employing no more than 200 staff . Europe ( edit ) European Union ( edit ) The criteria for defining the size of a business differ from country to country , with many countries having programs of business rate reduction and financial subsidy for SMEs . According to the European Commission , the SME are the enterprises that follow this definition : Company category Employees Turnover Balance sheet total Medium - sized < 250 ≤ € 50 million ≤ € 43 million Small < 50 ≤ € 10 million ≤ € 10 million Micro < 10 ≤ € 2 million ≤ € 2 million In July 2011 , the European Commission said it would open a consultation on the definition of SMEs in 2012 . In Europe , there are three broad parameters which define SMEs : Micro-enterprises have up to 10 employees Small enterprises have up to 50 employees Medium - sized enterprises have up to 250 employees . The European definition of SME follows : `` The category of micro , small and medium - sized enterprises ( SMEs ) is made up of enterprises which employ fewer than 250 persons and which have an annual turnover not exceeding 50 million euro , and / or an annual balance sheet total not exceeding 43 million euro . '' EU member states have had individual definitions of what constitutes an SME . For example , the definition in Germany had a limit of 255 employees , while in Belgium it could have been 100 . The result is that while a Belgian business of 249 employees would be taxed at full rate in Belgium , it would nevertheless be eligible for SME subsidy under a European - labelled programme . According to German economist Hans - Heinrich Bass , `` empirical research on SME as well as policies to promote SME have a long tradition in ( West ) Germany , dating back into the 19th century . Until the mid-20th century most researchers considered SME as an impediment to further economic development and SME policies were thus designed in the framework of social policies . Only the Ordoliberalism school , the founding fathers of Germany 's social market economy , discovered their strengths , considered SME as a solution to mid-20th century economic problems ( mass unemployment , abuse of economic power ) , and laid the foundations for non-selective ( functional ) industrial policies to promote SMEs . '' Poland ( edit ) The SME sector in Poland generates almost 50 % of the GDP , and out of that , for instance , in 2011 micro companies generated 29.6 % , small companies 7.7 % , and medium companies 10.4 % ( big companies 24.0 % ; other entities 16.5 % , and revenues from customs duties and taxes generated 11.9 % ) . In 2011 out of the total of 1,784,603 entities operating in Poland , merely 3,189 were classified as `` large '' , so 1,781,414 were micro , small or medium . Companies of the SMEs sector employed 6.3 million people out of the total of 9.0 million of labour employed in the private sector . In Poland in 2011 was 36.2 SMEs per 1,000 of inhabitants . United kingdom ( edit ) In the UK a company is defined as being an SME if it meets two out of three criteria : it has a turnover of less than £ 25m , it has fewer than 250 employees , it has gross assets of less than £ 12.5 m . Many small and medium - sized businesses form part of the UK 's currently growing Mittelstand , or Brittelstand as it is also often named . These are businesses in Britain that are not only small or medium but also have a much broader set of values and more elastic definition . The Department for Business Innovation and Skills estimated that at the start of 2014 , 99.3 % of UK private sector businesses were SMEs , with their £ 1.6 trillion annual turnover accounting for 47 % of private sector turnover . In order to support SMEs , the UK government set a target in 2010 `` that 25 % of government 's spend , either directly or in supply chains , goes to SMEs by 2015 '' ; it achieved this by 2013 . Switzerland ( edit ) In Switzerland , the Federal Statistical Office defines small and medium - sized enterprises as companies with less than 250 employees . The categories are the following : Microentreprises : 1 to 9 employees . Small enterprises : 10 to 49 employees . Medium - sized enterprises : 50 to 249 employees . Large enterprises : 250 employees or more . North america ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Industry Canada defines a small business as one with fewer than 100 paid employees and a medium - sized business as one with at least 100 and fewer than 500 employees . As of December 2012 , there were 1,107,540 employer businesses in Canada , of which 1,087,803 were small . Small businesses make up 98.2 percent of employer businesses , medium - sized businesses make up 1.6 percent of employer businesses and large businesses make up 0.1 percent of employer businesses . In 2012 , over 7.7 million employees , or 69.7 percent of the total private labour force , worked for small businesses and 2.2 million employees , or 20.2 percent of the labour force , worked for medium - sized businesses . In total , SMEs employed about 10 million individuals , or 89.9 percent of employees . Canadian high - growth firms are present in every economic sector and are not just concentrated in knowledge - based industries . In terms of employment , the highest concentrations of high - growth firms in Canada during the 2006 -- 2009 period were in construction ( 4.9 percent of all firms ) ; business , building and other support services ( 4.6 percent ) ; and professional , scientific and technical services ( 4.5 percent ) . In 2011 , only 10.4 percent of SMEs exported . Nonetheless , they were responsible for $150 billion , or about 41.0 percent , of Canada 's total value of exports . Corporations in Canada are generally taxed at 29 % federally . Canadian Controlled private corporations receive a 17 % reduction in the tax rate on taxable income from active businesses up to $500,000 . This small business deduction is reduced for corporations whose taxable capital exceeding $10 M , and is completely eliminated for corporations whose taxable capital exceeds $15 M. It has been estimated that almost $2 trillion of Canadian SMEs will be coming up for sale over the next decade which is twice as large as the assets of the top 1,000 Canadian pension plans and approximately the same size as Canadian annual GDP . United States ( edit ) In the United States , the Small Business Administration sets small business criteria based on industry , ownership structure , revenue and number of employees ( which in some circumstances may be as high as 1500 , although the cap is typically 500 ) . Both the US and the EU generally use the same threshold of fewer than 10 employees for small offices ( SOHO ) . Also in the United States small and medium sized manufacturers are referred to as SMM 's which the U.S. Department of Energy classifies as having gross annual sales below $100 million , Fewer than 500 employees at the plant site , and annual energy bills more than $100,000 and less than $2.5 million . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Australia , a SME has 200 or fewer employees . Microbusinesses have 1 -- 4 employees , small businesses 5 -- 19 , medium businesses 20 -- 199 , large businesses 200 + . Australian SMEs make up 97 % of all Australian businesses , produced one third of total GDP , and employ 4.7 million people . SMEs represent 90 per cent of all goods exporters and over 60 % of services exporters . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , 99 % of businesses employ 50 or less staff , and the official definition of a small business is one with 19 or fewer employees . See also ( edit ) Confédération Européenne des Associations de Petites et Moyennes Entreprises ( CEA - PME ) , an international federation of SME associations Environmental regulation of small and medium enterprises Hidden champions Mittelstand Small and medium enterprises in Mexico Small business References ( edit ) Jump up ^ P.E. Petrakis , P.C. Kostis ( 2012 ) , `` Τhe Role of Knowledge and Trust in SMEs '' , Journal of the Knowledge Economy , DOI : 10.1007 / s13132 - 012 - 0115 - 6 . Jump up ^ Central Bank Of Nigeria ( March 30 , 2010 ) . `` N200 BILLION SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES CREDIT GUARANTEE SCHEME ( SMECGS ) '' ( PDF ) . Central Bank Of Nigeria . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of South Africa , National Small Business Amendment Act '' ( PDF ) . www.thedti.gov.za . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Du Toit. Erasmus. & Strydom `` Definition of a small business '' Introduction to business management , 7th Edition Oxford University press , 2009 , p. 49 Jump up ^ `` THE MICRO , SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT ACT , 2006 '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of India . 31 : 5 . June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises '' . Reserve Bank of India . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesian Government Law No. 20 of 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Commission for the Supervision of Business Competition . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet on New SME Definition '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` What is an SME ? - Small and medium sized enterprises ( SME ) - Enterprise and Industry '' . ec.europa.eu . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 12 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ European Commission ( 2003 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Recommendation 2003 / 361 / EC : SME Definition '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Enterprise and Industry Publications : The new SME definition , user guide and model declaration , Extract of Article 2 of the Annex of Recommendation 2003 / 361 / EC Jump up ^ Hans - Heinrich Bass : KMU in der deutschen Volkswirtschaft : Vergangenheit , Gegenwart , Zukunft , Berichte aus dem Weltwirtschaftlichen Colloquium der Universität Bremen Nr. 101 , Bremen 2006 ( PDF ; 96 kB ) Jump up ^ D. Walczak , G. Voss , New Possibilities of Supporting Polish SMEs within the Jeremie Initiative Managed by BGK , Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences , Vol 4 , No 9 , p. 760 - 761 . Jump up ^ `` Mid-sized businesses '' . gov.uk . Department of Business , Innovation and Skills . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Subscribe to read '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ `` Bridging loans UK can be used for many purposes '' . www.konnectfinancial.co.uk . Konnect Financial . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Release : Business Population Estimates for the UK and Regions 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Department for Business Innovation and Skills. 26 November 2014 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 to 2015 government policy : government buying '' . 20 February 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : ( in French ) Taille , forme juridique , secteurs , répartition régionale , Swiss Federal Statistical Office ( page visited on 24 October 2017 ) . Jump up ^ `` Key Small Business Statistics - August 2013 '' . ic.gc.ca . Industry Canada . 2013 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` T2 Corporation - Income Tax Guide - Chapter 4 : Page 4 of the T2 return '' . Canada Revenue Agency . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Equicapita May 2014 - Who Will Buy Baby Boomer Businesses ? '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ United States Small Business Administration . `` Size Standards '' . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ American Council for an Energy - Efficient Economy . `` Targeting Small and Medium - Sized Manufacturers '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Industrial Assessment Center Small - Mid Size Manufacturer Criteria . `` Industrial Assessment Centers '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 1321.0 - Small Business in Australia , 2001 '' . 23 October 2002 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AN INTRODUCTION TO FTAs ( FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS ) '' ( PDF ) . Small Business Association of Australia , 2015 . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Ministry of Business , Innovation and Employment ( 2014 ) . `` The Small Business Sector Report 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Business , Innovation and Employment . MBIE . Jump up ^ `` SMEs in New Zealand : Structure and Dynamics 2011 '' , Page 10 - 11 , Ministry of Economic Development External links ( edit ) SME Finance Forum SME definition by European Commission Small Business Expo Events Schedule USA NDL : 00573948 Companies portal Business and economics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises&oldid=814892010 '' Categories : Companies by type Small and medium - sized enterprises Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with French - language external links Articles to be expanded from January 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 15 : 02 . 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How I Met Your Mother (season 8)
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How I Met Your Mother ( season 8 ) - wikipedia How I Met Your Mother ( season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search How I Met Your Mother ( season 8 ) The Complete Season 8 . The Yellow Umbrella Edition Starring Josh Radnor Jason Segel Cobie Smulders Neil Patrick Harris Alyson Hannigan Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network CBS Original release September 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) -- May 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 Next → Season 9 List of How I Met Your Mother episodes The eighth season of the American television comedy series How I Met Your Mother was announced in March 2011 along with confirmation of the seventh season . The season premiered on September 24 , 2012 and concluded on May 13 , 2013 . In addition to the Region 1 DVD release of the season on October 1 , 2013 , it was also added for streaming on Netflix the same day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 1.3 Guest stars 2 Episodes 3 Reception 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Josh Radnor as Ted Mosby Jason Segel as Marshall Eriksen Cobie Smulders as Robin Scherbatsky Neil Patrick Harris as Barney Stinson Alyson Hannigan as Lily Aldrin Bob Saget as future Ted Mosby ( voice only ) ( uncredited ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Michael Trucco as Nick Podarutti Ashley Williams as Victoria Ellen D. Williams as Patrice , Robin 's coworker Lyndsy Fonseca as Penny , Ted 's future daughter David Henrie as Luke , Ted 's future son Chris Elliott as Mickey Aldrin Becki Newton as Quinn Abby Elliott as Jeanette Peterson Kyle Maclachlan as The Captain Thomas Lennon as Klaus Joe Manganiello as Brad Morris Ray Wise as Robin Scherbatsky , Sr . Suzie Plakson as Judy Eriksen Marshall Manesh as Ranjit Guest stars ( edit ) Geddy Lee as Himself Steven Page as Himself Rachel Bilson as Cindy Ashley Benson as Carly Whittaker Laura Bell Bundy as Becky Bill Fagerbakke as Marvin Eriksen , Sr . David Burtka as Scooter Alexis Denisof as Sandy Rivers Peter Gallagher as Professor Vinnick Mike Tyson as himself Seth Green as Daryl LaCourte Ralph Macchio as Himself William Zabka as Clown / Himself Jayma Mays as the Coat - Check Girl Keegan - Michael Key as Calvin Casey Wilson as Krirsten Cristin Milioti as Tracy McConnell , The Mother Jason Priestley as Himself Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of How I Met Your Mother episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 161 `` Farhampton '' Pamela Fryman Carter Bays & Craig Thomas September 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) 8ALH01 8.84 To calm an anxious Robin on her wedding day to Barney , Ted recounts the story of how he persuaded Victoria to write a left - at - the - altar note to her ex-fiance Klaus explaining why she ran out on their wedding . Meanwhile , Barney attempts to hide the fact that he and Robin used to date from Quinn , but Quinn learns the truth when sleep - deprived Marshall and Lily accidentally blurt it out . 162 `` The Pre-Nup '' Pamela Fryman Carter Bays & Craig Thomas October 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 01 ) 8ALH02 8.17 Barney prepares a comprehensive pre-nup , causing the other guys to think about relationship amendments for their significant others . Tension sparks among the couples when Quinn sets up her own pre-nup proposal . 163 `` Nannies '' Pamela Fryman Chuck Tatham October 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 08 ) 8ALH03 7.82 Lily and Marshall have trouble finding a nanny when Barney comes up with an elaborate scheme to meet girls . Meanwhile , Robin and Ted fight over whose relationship is more serious . 164 `` Who Wants to Be a Godparent ? '' Pamela Fryman Matt Kuhn October 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 15 ) 8ALH04 7.93 When Lily and Marshall ca n't decide on who to appoint as godparents for baby Marvin , they put the gang to the test to see who would be the best choice . 165 5 `` The Autumn of Break - Ups '' Pamela Fryman Kourtney Kang November 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 05 ) 8ALH06 7.22 As the season of break - ups continues , Ted and Victoria decide to end their relationship . Meanwhile , Barney uses a dog as his wingman which worries Robin . 166 6 `` Splitsville '' Pamela Fryman Stephen Lloyd November 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 12 ) 8ALH05 7.95 Barney helps Robin break up with Nick , when she is hesitant to do so herself . Meanwhile , Lily and Marshall desperately look for some time alone . 167 7 `` The Stamp Tramp '' Pamela Fryman Tami Sagher November 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 19 ) 8ALH07 7.45 Marshall recommends his old law - school classmate Brad for a job at his firm , but the interview goes awry , and Marshall must do damage control with his boss . Meanwhile , Robin helps negotiate Barney 's return to the strip club circuit . 168 8 `` Twelve Horny Women '' Pamela Fryman Eric Falconer & Romanski November 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 26 ) 8ALH08 8.73 Marshall competes against his old friend / new nemesis Brad in the most important court case of his career . Meanwhile , the rest of the gang reminisces about their run - ins with the law as teenagers ; which leads to a debate over who was the biggest delinquent . 169 9 `` Lobster Crawl '' Pamela Fryman Barbara Adler December 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 03 ) 8ALH09 8.26 A determined Robin goes to great lengths to get back together with Barney . Meanwhile , Ted substitutes as Marvin 's nanny , leading Marshall and Lily to realize that Ted is using baby Marvin as a replacement for his other baby , the GNB building . 170 10 `` The Over-Correction '' Pamela Fryman Craig Gerard & Matthew Zinman December 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 10 ) 8ALH10 8.82 Robin becomes suspicious of Barney 's motives for dating Patrice . Meanwhile , Marshall and Lily are disturbed by the fact that his widowed mother begins dating her father . 171 172 11 12 `` The Final Page '' Pamela Fryman Dan Gregor & Doug Mand Carter Bays & Craig Thomas December 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 17 ) 8ALH11 8ALH12 8.70 Before the opening of his building , Ted confronts his architecture professor from college . Meanwhile , Robin confronts Patrice , Barney gets jinxed by Marshall , and Marshall and Lily run into an old friend from college . It 's almost Christmas , and Barney has told Ted that he plans to propose to Patrice . Ted then must decide whether to tell Robin . Meanwhile , Lily and Marshall have their first night away from Marvin , but their plans are nearly ruined when they suffer from a case of separation anxiety . 173 13 `` Band or DJ ? '' Pamela Fryman Carter Bays & Craig Thomas January 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) 8ALH13 10.51 Robin wants Barney to ask her father for permission to marry her . Lily and Ted feud about planning the wedding , which gets Ted to admit his regrets about letting go of Robin and Lily to confess her regrets about motherhood and her career . Baby Marvin 's bout of constipation stresses Lily and Marshall . 174 14 `` Ring Up ! '' Pamela Fryman Jennifer Hendriks January 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 21 ) 8ALH14 10.07 Even though Ted and his new girlfriend share none of the same interests , Barney urges Ted to sleep with her , until they find out she is Barney 's half - sister . Meanwhile , Robin is adapting to her new status as an engaged woman . 175 15 `` P.S. I Love You '' Pamela Fryman Carter Bays & Craig Thomas February 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 04 ) 8ALH15 10.30 While trying to find out the identity of the person with whom Robin was once obsessed , Barney uncovers the ' Robin Sparkles ' episode of the music - documentary series Underneath the Tunes . Marshall and Lily are concerned that Ted 's latest girlfriend might be stalking him . 176 16 `` Bad Crazy '' Pamela Fryman Carter Bays & Craig Thomas February 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 11 ) 8ALH16 8.98 Ted is reluctant to break up with his girlfriend Jeanette despite her unstable behavior , and Lily offers him advice . Meanwhile , after an adventurous experience babysitting , Robin finally overcomes her fear of holding baby Marvin and becomes emotionally attached to him . 177 17 `` The Ashtray '' Pamela Fryman Carter Bays & Craig Thomas February 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 18 ) 8ALH18 8.85 Zoey 's ex-husband , The Captain , unexpectedly calls Ted , and the gang reminisces about what happened when they last saw him a year and a half earlier . Lily gets a surprising new career opportunity when The Captain offers her a job as his art consultant . 178 18 `` Weekend at Barney 's '' Pamela Fryman George Sloan February 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 25 ) 8ALH17 8.59 After Ted and Jeanette part ways , Barney steps in as matchmaker using the supposedly - destroyed Playbook . Meanwhile , Marshall has some embarrassing moments at an art gallery opening where Lily is battling to make a good impression . 179 19 `` The Fortress '' Michael Shea Stephen Lloyd March 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 18 ) 8ALH20 7.44 Barney reluctantly attempts to sell his apartment by holding an open house , during which Ted and Marshall get mistaken for a couple . Tension arises between Lily and Marshall when her new job causes her to spend less time at home . 180 20 `` The Time Travelers '' Pamela Fryman Carter Bays & Craig Thomas March 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 25 ) 8ALH19 6.99 Ted and Barney 's future versions attempt to persuade present day Ted to go see Robots Versus Wrestlers . Marshall challenges Robin to a dance - off after she is given credit at MacLaren 's for a cocktail he invented . 181 21 `` Romeward Bound '' Pamela Fryman Chuck Tatham April 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 15 ) 8ALH22 6.58 The Captain asks Lily to relocate to Rome for a year to work as his art consultant , but she is afraid Marshall will resent her if she agrees . Ted and Barney notice a beautiful woman wearing a puffy coat and become obsessed with finding out what she 's hiding . 182 22 `` The Bro Mitzvah '' Pamela Fryman Chris Harris April 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 29 ) 8ALH21 7.06 The gang brainstorms to plan the ultimate bachelor party for Barney . 183 23 `` Something Old '' Pamela Fryman Carter Bays & Craig Thomas May 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 06 ) 8ALH23 6.99 Robin desperately tries to locate the antique locket that she buried in Central Park ( when she visited at 15 years old ) to wear as her `` Something Old '' for the wedding . Meanwhile , Marshall and Lily ask Ted to help them pack for Italy and Barney invites Robin 's father to play Laser Tag in order to bond with him . 184 24 `` Something New '' Pamela Fryman Carter Bays & Craig Thomas May 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) 8ALH24 8.57 As the gang prepares to go to Robin and Barney 's wedding , Ted invites Lily to see the final renovations he made on his house in Westchester . Meanwhile , Robin and Barney 's night of relaxation is ruined by an obnoxious couple and Marshall takes baby Marvin on a last - minute trip to visit his family in Minnesota . The episode concludes with The Mother onscreen for the first time . Reception ( edit ) The eighth season of How I Met Your Mother received widespread criticism . The review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes reported that 40 % of critics gave it a positive review . The consensus reads : `` How I Met Your Mother wears out its welcome this season , with an anticlimactic reveal and rote , less - than - fruitful humor . '' Alexander Lowe of We Got This Covered gave the season a negative review , saying `` After 8 long years and 192 episodes of How I Met Your Mother , the future Mrs. Ted Mosby has finally been revealed . And it was dreadfully anticlimactic '' . He gave the season as a whole a 5 / 10 . Matt Roush of TV Guide also gave the season a negative review , writing : `` I find it hard not to stifle a yawn . Move on , show , and please give serious thought to wrapping things up this season while we might still care . '' While the majority of the reviews were mixed , some were positive , with Donna Bownman from The A.V. Club giving the season a `` B '' grade . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( million ) Farhampton September 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) 5.4 / 8 3.6 / 11 8.84 The Pre-Nup October 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 01 ) 5.1 / 8 3.3 / 9 8.17 Nannies October 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 08 ) 5.1 / 8 3.1 / 9 7.82 Who Wants to Be a Godparent ? October 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 15 ) 5.0 / 8 3.2 / 9 7.93 5 The Autumn of Break - Ups November 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 05 ) 4.6 / 7 2.8 / 7 7.22 6 Splitsville November 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 12 ) 5.0 / 7 3.0 / 8 7.95 7 The Stamp Tramp November 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 19 ) 5.1 / 8 2.9 / 8 7.45 8 Twelve Horny Women November 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 26 ) 5.6 / 8 3.3 / 9 8.73 9 Lobster Crawl December 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 03 ) 5.3 / 8 3.1 / 9 8.26 10 The Over-Correction December 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 10 ) 5.7 / 9 3.2 / 9 8.82 11 / 12 The Final Page December 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 17 ) 5.4 / 8 3.4 / 9 8.70 13 Band or DJ ? January 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) 6.4 / 10 3.9 / 11 10.42 14 Ring Up ! January 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 21 ) 6.2 / 9 3.7 / 10 10.07 15 P.S. I Love You February 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 04 ) 6.5 / 10 4.0 / 11 10.30 16 Bad Crazy February 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 11 ) 5.8 / 9 3.2 / 9 8.98 17 The Ashtray February 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 18 ) 5.6 / 8 3.4 / 10 8.85 18 Weekend at Barney 's February 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 25 ) 5.5 / 8 3.3 / 10 8.59 19 The Fortress March 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 18 ) 4.7 / 7 3.0 / 9 7.44 20 The Time Travelers March 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 25 ) 3.8 / 6 2.7 / 8 6.99 21 Romeward Bound April 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 15 ) 4.3 / 7 2.7 / 8 6.58 22 The Bro Mitzvah April 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 29 ) 4.4 / 7 2.7 / 9 7.06 23 Something Old May 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 06 ) 4.4 / 7 2.6 / 8 6.99 24 Something New May 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) 4.4 / 7 3.4 / 11 8.57 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' renewed for two seasons '' . insidetv.ew.com . March 4 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces 2012 -- 2013 Premiere Dates '' . Thefutoncritic.com . November 7 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FoxFast.com -- View , Screen , Download '' . Direct.foxfast.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Mike and Molly ' , ' Voice ' , ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' DWTS ' , ' Revolution ' , ' Castle ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' & ' LA Complex ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2012 . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' & ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Up ; ' IHeartRadio Music Festival ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' DWTS ' Adjusted Up ; ' 90210 ' , ' Revolution ' , ' Partners ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' , and ' How I Met Your Mother ' Adjusted Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' Adjusted Down Plus Final Baseball Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' , & ' Revolution ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' The Mob Doctor ' , ' 90210 or ' The Voice ' '' . TV By the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2012 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' The Mob Doctor ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2012 . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' Gossip Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' How I Met Your Mother ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Bones ' & ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' How I Met Your Mother ' & ' The Mob Doctor ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' & ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Up ; ' Extreme Makeover ' , ' Gossip Girl ' & ' Blake Shelton 's Not So Family Christmas ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 11 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Gossip Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Extreme Makeover ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' 1600 Penn ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustments for ' Gossip Girl ' Finale '' . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother , ' ' The Bachelor ' Adjusted Up '' . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sarah ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Up '' . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2013 . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sarah ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Biggest Loser ' , ' Bones ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , & ' Mike & Molly Adjusted Up ; ' Deception ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' & ' Mike & Molly ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Carrie Diaries ' & ' Deception ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2013 . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Monday : ' The Following ' Rises , ' How I Met Your Mother ' Up , ' 2 Broke Girls ' Down , ' Castle ' Beats ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' '' . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Biggest Loser ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up ; ' How I Met Your Mother ' & ' The Carrie Diaries ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2013 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' The Biggest Loser ' , ' Bones ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Carrie Diaries ' & ' Deception ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' , & ' Hawaii Five - O ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' , ' How I Met Your Mother ' & ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' & ' Terror in Boston ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Following ' , ' Dancing With The Stars ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' 90210 ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2013 . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' & ' Rihanna 777 ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' 90210 ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 8 ( 2012 - 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Alexander . `` How I Met Your Mother Season 8 Finale Review '' . How I Met Your Mother Season 8 Review . WeGotThisCovered . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt . `` Monday TV Review : Partners , Dancing vs. Voice , Castle , H50 vs. Revolution '' . TV Guide . TV Guide . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Donna . `` How I Met Your Mother Season 8 Review '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TV ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' premiere down Monday ; ' Revolution ' stays strong and NBC wins 18 -- 49 '' . Blog.zap2it.com . September 25 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' Revolution ' lead Monday for NBC while ' Dancing With the Stars ' struggles '' . Blog.zap2it.com . October 2 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV ratings : ' The Voice ' hits a high note Monday but ' Gossip Girl ' tanks '' . Blog.zap2it.com . October 9 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV ratings : ' Revolution ' and ' The Voice ' rise Monday while ' Castle ' hits a high in viewers '' . Blog.zap2it.com . October 16 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' and ' The Voice ' lead a quiet Monday , CBS comedies low '' . Blog.zap2it.com . November 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV ratings : ' The Voice ' drops but still leads Monday in 18 -- 49 , ' How I Met Your Mother ' up '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' up in 18 -- 49 Monday while ' The Voice ' drops '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' hit season highs Monday , ' The Voice ' rises too '' . Blog.zap2it.com . November 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV ratings : ' The Voice ' leads a soft Monday while Blake Shelton 's Christmas special is solid '' . Blog.zap2it.com . December 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' and ' The Voice ' lead Monday as American Country Awards stumble '' . Blog.zap2it.com . December 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV ratings : ' Gossip Girl ' goes out on a high note , ' 1600 Penn ' preview so - so Monday '' . Blog.zap2it.com . December 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV ratings : ' The Carrie Diaries ' has OK premiere Monday while ' 2 Broke Girls ' and CBS lead '' . Blog.zap2it.com . January 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV ratings : ' The Following ' has a decent start for FOX but CBS wins Monday '' . Blog.zap2it.com . January 22 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' helps CBS sweep Monday , ' The Following ' drops '' . Blog.zap2it.com . February 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV ratings : ' The Bachelor ' rises Monday but ' The Following ' dips some more '' . Blog.zap2it.com . February 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' hits season high for ABC win , ' The Following ' up as well '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Castle ' help ABC beat CBS Monday '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' premieres higher Monday , ' Biggest Loser ' finale up '' . Blog.zap2it.com . March 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV ratings : ' The Voice ' returns strong , ' Revolution ' steady as NBC wins Monday '' . Blog.zap2it.com . March 26 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TV ratings : ' The Voice ' rises again and leads NBC to Monday win Archived April 19 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ TV ratings : ' The Following ' finale rises Monday while ' The Voice ' tumbles Archived May 1 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : TV ratings : Live ' The Voice ' slips but ' Revolution ' rises Monday , FOX 's Rihanna special tanks Archived May 9 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Television in the United States portal 2010s portal Comedy portal Official website How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky The Mother ( Tracy McConnell ) Soundtracks How I Met Your Music Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' How I Met Your Mother episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Season 8 `` Farhampton '' `` The Pre-Nup '' `` Nannies '' `` Who Wants to Be a Godparent ? '' `` The Autumn of Break - Ups '' `` Splitsville '' `` The Stamp Tramp '' `` Twelve Horny Women '' `` Lobster Crawl '' `` The Over-Correction '' `` The Final Page '' `` Band or DJ ? '' `` Ring Up ! '' `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Bad Crazy '' `` The Ashtray '' `` Weekend at Barney 's '' `` The Fortress '' `` The Time Travelers '' `` Romeward Bound '' `` The Bro Mitzvah '' `` Something Old '' `` Something New '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_I_Met_Your_Mother_(season_8)&oldid=800861032 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother seasons 2012 American television seasons 2013 American television seasons Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 03 : 37 . About Wikipedia
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Stress Relief (The Office)
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Stress Relief ( the Office ) - wikipedia Stress Relief ( the Office ) For stress relief in metallurgy , see Annealing ( metallurgy ) . 14th episode of the fifth season of The Office `` Stress Relief '' The Office episode Episode no . Season 5 Episode 14 / 15 Directed by Jeffrey Blitz Written by Paul Lieberstein Production code 516 / 517 Original air date February 1 , 2009 Running time 42 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Andy Buckley as David Wallace John Hartmann as Kendall Rick Overton as Mr. Beesly Bobby Ray Shafer as Bob Vance Jessica Alba as Sophie / herself ( uncredited ) Jack Black as Sam / himself ( uncredited ) Cloris Leachman as Lily Hannaday / herself ( uncredited ) Episode chronology ← Previous `` Prince Family Paper '' Next → `` Lecture Circuit '' The Office ( U.S. season 5 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes `` Stress Relief '' is a two - part episode of the American comedy television series The Office . They constituted the fourteenth and fifteenth episode of the fifth season , and the 86th and 87th overall episodes of the series . Both episodes were directed by Jeffrey Blitz and written by Paul Lieberstein , who also plays Toby Flenderson on the show . In this episode , Dwight stages a fire in the office to test the office 's fire safety skills , but things go from bad to worse when Stanley suffers a heart attack , causing Michael to come up with ways to relieve stress in the office , including a comedic roast of himself . Meanwhile , Andy , Jim , and Pam watch an illegally downloaded movie at work starring Jack Black , Jessica Alba and Cloris Leachman , and Pam deals with her parents ' recent argument that 's caused her father to move in with her and Jim . Both parts of `` Stress Relief '' originally aired together immediately following the broadcast of Super Bowl XLIII , and The Office writers and producers sought to attract newcomers to the series with the expected increase in viewership . Guest stars Black , Alba and Leachman do not interact with the regular characters themselves , but rather appear in a film within the episode . The Office creator Greg Daniels said this was done to keep the episode more grounded in reality . The episode received generally positive reviews , with Time magazine declaring it the best overall television episode of any series in 2009 . Many commentators particularly praised the chaotic cold open scene , in which Dwight panics his co-workers with a simulated fire as part of a twisted safety demonstration . Because of its proximity to the Super Bowl , `` Stress Relief '' is the most viewed episode of The Office with 22.9 million viewers according to Nielsen Media Research during its original broadcast . It won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series , and received another nomination for Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series . Contents 1 Plot 1.1 Part one 1.2 Part two 2 Production 3 Cultural references 4 Ratings 5 Critical reception 6 Awards 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Part one ( edit ) Annoyed that none of his co-workers paid attention to the fire safety seminar he gave last week , Dwight ( Rainn Wilson ) tries another approach by sealing the office exits shut , cutting the phone lines and starting a fire in a trash can . Dwight calmly explains the proper safety procedures as the panicked employees try to flee , smashing windows , crawling through air ducts and destroying office equipment . Dwight eventually reveals it was just a drill , but Stanley ( Leslie David Baker ) suffers a heart attack and collapses in the commotion . Dwight is subsequently censured by Dunder Mifflin CFO David Wallace ( Andy Buckley ) , and Michael ( Steve Carell ) strips him of his position as safety officer . After Stanley is released from the hospital , his doctors warn him to keep his stress levels under control to avoid further damaging his health . Michael arranges for a CPR training session for the employees , but they are too easily distracted and the lesson proves fruitless . The session ends badly when Dwight destroys the expensive CPR dummy , earning another rebuke from David Wallace . Dwight is ordered to apologize to his co-workers and get signatures acknowledging that they forgive him , but after he openly declares that his apology is insincere and denies that he is responsible for Stanley 's heart attack , they refuse to sign . With tensions running high in the office , Michael tries to calm his workers down with yoga and meditation sessions . However , Michael soon realizes he is actually the source of his employees ' stress when Stanley 's stress reader beeps uncontrollably whenever Michael is nearby . Michael hands the stress reader to Oscar ( Oscar Nunez ) and is horrified when the same result occurs . Meanwhile , Pam 's ( Jenna Fischer ) parents are going through a rough patch in their marriage , and Pam 's father is staying with her and Jim ( John Krasinski ) . Jim attempts to cheer Pam up by watching an unlicensed movie with Andy ( Ed Helms ) ( they do not know how to access such films while Andy does , so they have to watch the movie in Andy 's company ) . The film stars Jack Black , who is engaged to a character played by Jessica Alba , but falls in love with her elderly grandmother , played by Cloris Leachman . During the movie , Jim and Pam discuss the situation with Pam 's parents , but Andy believes their comments are directed at the characters in the film , leading him to conclude they are `` movie geniuses '' finding hidden depths in the film . Part two ( edit ) Michael decides the workers are stressed because they are reluctant to express their feelings , so he organizes a comedic roast of himself in the warehouse . Dwight tricks most of the employees into signing his apology letter by pretending it is a sign - in sheet , but Phyllis ( Phyllis Smith ) catches on and refuses to sign it . Each of the office and warehouse workers gleefully take jabs at Michael , who initially seems to enjoy the jokes , but grows increasingly uncomfortable and offended . When it comes time for him to roast his employees , Michael ends up storming out of the warehouse , visibly upset . After the roast , Michael takes a personal day ( much to the concern of his employees , who start to feel bad about the scathing jokes towards Michael ) and spends time at a playground to reflect , feeding pigeons by tossing whole slices of bread on the ground and making bird noises , despite the lack of birds in the winter weather . Dwight tricks Phyllis into signing his apology letter by bribing a mailman to ask her to sign for a fake package . Michael returns to the office , where he roasts each of his co-workers with one - liners . Stanley laughs heartily when Michael roasts him , breaking the tension . Michael tells his employees that they are the reason he got into the paper business , and they applaud him . Pam asks Jim to talk to her father and convince him to work things out with her mother . But shortly after they talk , Pam learns her father has sought a separation and will be looking for his own apartment . Pam assumes it is because of something Jim said to her father , and blames him for their breakup . Pam later confronts her father about why he left her mother while Jim looks on through the window . Pam returns to the office and tells Jim her father left because Jim told him how much he loves Pam , and he realized that he had never felt that way about her mother even at their best . Pam comes to terms with the separation and tearfully embraces Jim . Later , she expresses confidence that the two are true soul mates . Andy overhears her comments about her real life scenario , still thinks she is talking about the film they watched and concludes that he can not be a movie critic because he is not as insightful as Jim and Pam . In the final scene of the episode , the ending of the illegally downloaded movie is revealed : Jack Black visits Cloris Leachman with flowers and a new walker , only to discover her affair with another young man and he walks away heartbroken . Production ( edit ) The Office actor and producer Paul Lieberstein wrote `` Stress Relief '' `` Stress Relief '' was directed by Jeffrey Blitz and written by Paul Lieberstein , who also plays Toby Flenderson on the show . The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on February 1 , 2009 , immediately after the broadcast of Super Bowl XLIII . NBC decided to air The Office after the Super Bowl , rather than another show , due to positive feedback the series received from short promo commercials it aired during the 2008 Summer Olympics . Some criticized the decision to place an episode of The Office , an already established NBC series , after the Super Bowl instead of a new show , and suggested it meant the network lacked any exceptional new material . In writing the episode , Lieberstein said he sought to appeal to newcomers to the series and attract them to the show , without alienating regular The Office watchers : `` We wanted to do a stand - alone comedy episode that could bring people in . '' Lieberstein said the script drew less attention to long - standing story arcs , which new viewers would not understand . Lieberstein said , `` It almost had an air of a pilot in a way , where we had to reintroduce everything . We wanted it to be extremely funny and extremely funny up front . '' The Office creator Greg Daniels said he felt the episode had to focus on physical comedy and easily accessible set pieces . Daniels said , `` I looked at all the shows that followed the Super Bowl in years past and I feel that a comedy would be a good choice in the current climate . People want to laugh so we 're trying our best to supply some laughs . '' Actor Rainn Wilson said of the episode , `` It 's a great opportunity for people to revisit the world of The Office and hopefully get into our style of comedy . '' The two parts of `` Stress Relief '' ran an hour long ( including commercials ) , compared to the typical half - hour length of most The Office episodes . Since the end of the second season , the series had begun occasionally showing longer episodes ( which they dubbed `` super-sized '' ) on special occasions . Unlike other episodes of The Office , `` Stress Relief '' included an extended main title sequence that included the names and images of the entire supporting cast of the series , in order to afford them recognition in anticipation of the high post-Super Bowl viewership . The opening scene , in which the characters frantically scramble to escape the Dunder Mifflin office due to what they believe is a fire , took about a day - and - a-half to shoot . It took much longer than the average 45 minutes of shooting time for a scene of that length due to the amount of stunt work involved . Due to the pressure of following the Super Bowl , actress Jenna Fischer said , `` I do n't think we 've ever worked so hard on an episode in the history of our show . '' The Office actor and writer B.J. Novak , who did not appear in `` Stress Relief '' , said of the episode , `` It 's awesome . After this airs , people are going to refer to the Super Bowl as the Pre-Office Football Spectacular . '' Jessica Alba , Jack Black , and Cloris Leachman make guest appearances in `` Stress Relief '' In anticipation of particularly high viewership due to the Super Bowl , NBC officials encouraged The Office producers to feature celebrity guest appearances in the episode . Jack Black , Jessica Alba and Cloris Leachman all made guest appearances in `` Stress Relief '' as a result . However , they do not interact with the cast and characters of The Office , but rather appear separately in a bootleg film called Mrs. Albert Hannaday , which the characters watch within the episode . Greg Daniels said this was done because it `` helps keep the show grounded and less like I Love Lucy '' . Lieberstein also said the casting decision made sense because , `` If we 're just casting some salesman that comes into the office and it 's Jack Black , it 's hard to believe that . '' `` Stress Relief '' marked Black 's fourth television appearance in five years : he previously appeared in the Fox sitcom Cracking Up in 2004 , the Comedy Central series The Naked Trucker and T - Bones Show in 2004 , and the Fox animated comedy series The Simpsons in 2007 . Steve Carell said of Leachman 's performance , `` She is that extra seasoning . That extra spice to the pot that makes for a delicious comedy gumbo . '' Cultural references ( edit ) Just before Dwight starts his fire simulation , he said his co-workers previously failed to listen because he made a presentation on the computer program Microsoft PowerPoint , of which he said , `` PowerPoint is boring '' . Michael refers to Barack Obama , the first African American president of the United States , to Stanley while he is suffering a heart attack by shouting , `` Stanley ! Barack is president ! You are black ! Stanley ! '' A deleted scene further addresses Obama 's election , with Michael praising the choice and Darryl , with Darryl half - jokingly telling the Caucasian office workers what will change for them ( they no longer have to pretend to like jazz , and Morgan Freeman wo n't get any more acting work because `` he 's more for you guys '' ) . Michael calls an employee from the Red Cross , an international humanitarian movement , to conduct a lesson about CPR . The instructor suggests they pump the heart to the tune of `` Stayin ' Alive '' , a disco song by the pop band , the Bee Gees , but Michael mixes the song up with `` I Will Survive '' by Gloria Gaynor . At the end of the lesson , Dwight cuts the face off the CPR dummy and places it on his face in the manner of Hannibal Lecter , a fictional cannibalistic serial killer who cut the face off a man and wore it as a mask in the 1991 thriller film , The Silence of the Lambs . Watching Mrs. Albert Hannaday , Andy says the Cloris Leachman character was originally supposed to be played by the much younger actress , Nicole Kidman , and the last - minute replacement prompted a minor overhaul in the film 's script . The songs `` You Make My Dreams Come True '' by Hall and Oates , `` All Out of Love '' by the soft rock duo Air Supply , `` Have a Little Faith in Me '' by singer - songwriter John Hiatt , and `` Lady '' by Little River Band play during scenes in Mrs. Albert Hannaday . Michael describes the roast as an event in the style of televised comedy specials that air on the cable network , Comedy Central . In describing the upcoming roast , Michael says he plans to call YouTube , an online video sharing website , to record the event . During the roast , Pam says Michael 's penis is so small , `` If it were an iPod , it would be a Shuffle '' , a reference to the smallest of the Apple Inc. portable media player brands . Kelly said she would rather kiss Lord Voldemort , the hideous antagonist of the Harry Potter novels and films , than Michael . Andy sings a song about Michael , `` What I Hate About You '' , to the tune of the rock song by The Romantics , `` What I Like About You '' . Angela makes a joke , `` If you put sunblock on a window , you might be Michael Scott '' , which is modeled after the `` you might be a redneck '' one - liner jokes by comedian Jeff Foxworthy . While roasting his co-workers at the end of the episode , Michael says to Andy , `` Cornell called and they think you suck '' , a reference to Cornell University , the Ithaca , New York college the Andy character attended . Ratings ( edit ) In its original American broadcast on February 1 , 2009 , `` Stress Relief '' was viewed by 22.9 million viewers in 13.34 million homes , according to Nielsen Media Research , making it the most watched episode of The Office and the only episode to reach over 20 million viewers . The episode drew a 10.6 rating and 14.46 million viewers between the ages 18 and 49 . It more than doubled the show 's previously highest rating in the age group , and constituted the largest 18 -- 49 rating for an NBC entertainment telecast in four - and - a-half years , since the tenth season finale of the medical drama series ER on May 13 , 2004 . An estimated 37.7 million viewers watched at least six minutes or more of `` Stress Relief '' . As expected , The Office benefited highly from following the broadcast of Super Bowl XLIII , which was seen by 98.7 million average viewers , making it the most watched Super Bowl in history at the time . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Stress Relief '' received generally positive reviews . Time magazine named it the best overall television episode of any series in 2009 . `` Stress Relief '' was voted the third highest - rated episode out of 26 from the fifth season , according to an episode poll at the fansite OfficeTally ; the episode was rated 8.89 out of 10 . Stanley 's heart attack in response to Dwight 's fake fire drill ranked number 10 in phillyBurbs. com 's top ten moments from the fifth season of The Office . Many critics particularly praised the opening scene , in which Dwight panics his co-workers by simulating a fire . The sequence included scenes such as Kevin looting a vending machine amid the chaos , Oscar 's legs crashing through the ceiling as he tries to crawl out , Angela tossing her cat through an open ceiling tile only for it to fall through another tile , and Andy 's reaction to a series of popping caps : `` The fire is shooting at us ! '' `` Beyond the brilliant opening , the show featured a little bit of everything that makes The Office so wonderful , in a way that did n't really require previous knowledge to appreciate , but that also did n't spoon - feed things in a way that would annoy the veteran audience . '' Alan Sepinwall The Star - Ledger Alan Sepinwall , television columnist for The Star - Ledger called it a `` balls to the wall , gut - busting , amazing Office episode '' , and called the fire opening scene `` not only the best Office pre-credits sequence ever , but an all - time sitcom classic '' . Sepinwall said `` Stress Relief '' was accessible to newcomers and regular viewers , and displayed both the comedic and human sides of the characters . He said the only drawback of the episode was the Mrs. Albert Hannaday subplot , which he felt was an unnecessary gimmick added solely to accommodate the guest stars . TV Guide writer Shahzad Abbas wrote , `` This was one of my favorite episodes ever . It had me laughing the whole way through . '' Abbas particularly praised the fire opening scene and the final scene in which Michael insults everybody , which he called `` a very satisfying ending to the roast saga '' . He called the Black / Leachman romance `` creepy and hilarious '' , but described the Jim and Pam romance subplot as the weak link of the episode . David Krone of the Los Angeles Daily News said although he had mixed feelings about the fifth season so far , he found `` Stress Relief '' to be `` one of the season 's best efforts '' . Krone specifically praised the Jim and Pam subplot and Dwight 's character , adding , `` It 's a pretty perfect way to unwind -- or , if your team lost , to become reanimated -- after the Super Bowl . '' Rick Ingebritson of The Palm Beach Post said the episode `` was funny from start to finish '' , particularly praising Dwight Schrute 's role and the Michael Scott roast . However , Ingebritson said he was disgusted by the Leachman nude scene from Mrs. Albert Hannaday . Will Leitch of New York magazine , said the episode was funny , but `` curiously unfocused ( like ) two half - hour episodes awkwardly spliced together . He praised the Black / Leachman film , the trouble Dwight kept getting in , and the Jim and Pam subplot , which he called `` a rare Pam - Jim plot point that worked '' . However , he called the Michael roast `` yet another Michael - wanting - to - be-loved - and - still - be-the - Boss subplot that takes over the second half '' . Not all reviews were positive . Entertainment Weekly writer Whitney Pastorek said the episode started strong with the fire scare scene , but `` tapered off into a disjointed plot '' that she felt would not win new viewers . She said many jokes went too long and lost momentum , but nevertheless wrote `` a lot of the episode 's humor was engaging and smart '' . Lorenzo Perez of The News & Observer said the Pam subplot was `` overworked '' and lacked impact , and the Dwight character was over-the - top , proving The Office writers clearly have no idea how to rein in Dwight Schrute . Perez also expressed doubt the show would attract a new audience because it ran too late into the night following the Super Bowl . However , Perez said he enjoyed the Black / Leachman cameos . Terry Morrow of the Knoxville News Sentinel said , `` This particular visit to The Office does n't pop like most episodes '' . Morrow praised the Black / Leachman film , but said , `` To be upstaged by a B - plot , one not involving the show 's main characters at all , is a bit of a misdirection the show does n't need in a post-Super Bowl time slot . '' USA Today critic Robert Bianco said the plot was extremely thin and the Black and Leachman cameos were humorless and grotesque . Bianco wrote , `` Unfortunately , in an hour you get at most a handful of funny moments . So if you want funny from a comedy , look elsewhere . '' Awards ( edit ) Jeffrey Blitz won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for `` Stress Relief '' . Dean Holland and David Rogers were also nominated for Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series . `` Stress Relief '' accounted for two of the ten Primetime Emmy Award nominations The Office received for the show 's fifth season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Rainn ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Remember all of these ? # FinalSeason '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , Rob ( January 30 , 2009 ) . `` Tuned In : ' Office ' promotion follows the Super Bowl '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( January 30 , 2009 ) . `` ' Office ' is back with touch of black humor '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` Why did NBC air The Office after the Super Bowl instead of ( insert show name here ) ? '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Pressman , Matt ( January 29 , 2009 ) . `` The Office : Not Intimidated by 30 Rock or the Super Bowl '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Keveney , Bill ( January 29 , 2009 ) . `` ' Office ' is open for business Sunday after Super Bowl '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( February 1 , 2009 ) . `` The Office , `` Stress Relief '' : Boom , roasted ! `` . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ingebritson , Rick ( February 1 , 2009 ) . `` Office lives up to ' Super ' time slot '' . The Palm Beach Post . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Leitch , Will ( February 2 , 2009 ) . `` The Office : Truly Special Super Bowl Episode '' . New York . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2011 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Flannery , Kate ( 2009 ) . The Office : Season Five : `` Moroccan Christmas '' ( Audio commentary ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( DVD ) . Universal Studios Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Lee . `` '' Office '' Talk with Oscar Nuñez `` . Latina . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Valet , Jamie ( January 29 , 2009 ) . `` '' The Office '' Hopes To Score Big With Super Bowl Episode `` . WTLV . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` The Office : Does Angela Have Designs on Jim ? '' . E ! Online . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Carlson , Daniel ( May 13 , 2009 ) . `` Q&A : Greg Daniels : Showrunner paid his dues at other TV comedy hits before taking the corner ' Office ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Hour - long Office special follows Super Bowl '' . Canwest News Service . January 31 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Portker , Rick ( December 15 , 2008 ) . `` Super Bowl ' Office ' Scores Jack Black '' . Zap2it . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Abbas , Shahzad ( February 1 , 2009 ) . `` The Office Episode Recap : `` Stress Relief '' `` . TV Guide . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Perez , Lorenzo ( February 2 , 2009 ) . `` Late - night `` Office '' viewing `` . The News & Observer . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Pastorek , Whitney ( February 2 , 2009 ) . `` ' The Office ' Recap : On Fire ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 2 , 2009 ) . `` Updated : The Office Draws 22.905 Million Viewers Following the Super Bowl '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 3 , 2009 ) . `` Super Bowl XLIII now most - watched EVER ? Yes ! '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( December 8 , 2009 ) . `` 1 . The Office , `` Stress Relief '' `` . Time . Retrieved December 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tan , Jennie ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` The Office Fan Ratings , Season 5 '' . The Office Fan Ratings , Season 5 . OfficeTally . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wielgus , Jen ( May 14 , 2009 ) . `` '' The Office `` : Top 10 moments from Season 5 '' . phillyBurbs.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Krone , David ( February 1 , 2009 ) . `` A super-fun night at ' The Office ' '' . Los Angeles Daily News . p . L1 . Jump up ^ Morrow , Terry ( January 30 , 2009 ) . `` ' The Office ' fumbles its postgame show '' . Knoxville News Sentinel . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Biacno , Robert ( February 2 , 2009 ) . `` Critic 's Corner weekend '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Awards : NBC Top - Nominated Broadcast Network '' . NBC . July 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2009 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Men wins best drama Emmy '' . Associated Press . September 20 , 2009 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tan , Jennie ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` The Office 2009 Emmy post '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . 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'' `` Finale '' Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series Peter Tewksbury ( 1959 ) Ralph Levy / Bud Yorkin ( 1960 ) Sheldon Leonard ( 1961 ) Nat Hiken ( 1962 ) John Rich ( 1963 ) Jerry Paris ( 1964 ) William Asher ( 1966 ) James Frawley for `` Royal Flush '' ( 1967 ) Bruce Bilson for `` Maxwell Smart , Private Eye '' ( 1968 ) Greg Garrison for `` October 17 , 1968 '' ( 1969 ) Dwight Hemion for `` The Sound of Burt Bacharach '' ( 1970 ) Jay Sandrich for `` Toulouse - Lautrec is One of My Favorite Artists '' ( 1971 ) John Rich for `` Sammy 's Visit '' ( 1972 ) Jay Sandrich for `` It 's Whether You Win or Lose '' ( 1973 ) Jackie Cooper for `` Carry on , Hawkeye '' ( 1974 ) Gene Reynolds for `` O.R. 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'' ( 2017 ) Amy Sherman - Palladino for `` Pilot ( The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ) '' ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stress_Relief_(The_Office)&oldid=861505023 '' Categories : 2009 American television episodes The Office ( U.S. season 5 ) episodes Super Bowl lead - out programs The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes in multiple parts Roast ( comedy ) Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles with short description Television episode articles with short description for single episodes TV.com template using numeric id Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 September 2018 , at 22 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Tara Knowles
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Tara Knowles - wikipedia Tara Knowles Tara Grace Knowles - Teller First appearance `` Pilot '' ( 2008 ) Last appearance `` A Mother 's Work '' ( 2014 ) Created by Kurt Sutter Portrayed by Maggie Siff Information Nickname ( s ) Doc Gender Female Occupation Attending Surgeon at St. Thomas Hospital Pediatric Surgery Neonatal Surgery Trauma Surgery Title M.D. F.A.C.S. Spouse ( s ) Jax Teller Children Abel Teller Thomas Teller Dr. Tara Grace Knowles - Teller is a fictional character on the FX drama Sons of Anarchy , played by Maggie Siff . Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Season 1 1.3 Season 2 1.4 Season 3 1.5 Between Season 3 and Season 4 1.6 Season 4 1.7 Season 5 1.8 Season 6 2 Critical response 3 Related links 4 References 5 External links Biography ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) Tara is a native of Charming , California . ( She said her heritage was half - Irish . ) Her mother died when Tara was nine , and according to ATF Agent Stahl , Tara had a `` drunk daddy '' , whom Tara described as a `` bit of a packrat '' . Tara was Jax Teller 's high - school sweetheart , and during that era she had a crow tattooed on her lower back representing her connection to SAMCRO . Tara was arrested in Jax 's company at least three times in 1996 . She left town when Jax was 19 , in order to get away from small - town life and the influence of the club . According to his mother Gemma , this broke Jax 's heart . After leaving Charming , Tara moved in with a cousin of her father 's , who lived in San Diego , studied at UC San Diego , and graduated with honors . She then attended medical school in Chicago ( either Feinberg Medical School at Northwestern University , according to her file in `` Fun Town '' , or `` Loyola Med '' according to Agent Stahl in `` Better Half '' ) where she was at the top of her class , then she completed an internship at Chicago Presbyterian . While in Chicago , Tara dated ATF agent Joshua Kohn , and got pregnant , and had an abortion at six weeks . Kohn became intimidating , violent , and obsessive , so she took out a restraining order against him several months before she returned to Charming , after an absence of 10 years . Season 1 ( edit ) Tara works as a Pediatric resident at the local hospital , St. Thomas . It is there that she tends to Jax 's gravely ill infant son Abel during Abel 's hospitalization . Tara lives in her childhood home , which she inherited from her father when he died . She also drives a Cutlass her father had parked in the garage under `` two tons of old newspapers '' . Tara 's relationship with Jax upon her return to Charming is based primarily on their mutual concern for gravely ill Abel . Her psychotic ex-boyfriend Agent Kohn comes to Charming under the pretext of investigating SAMCRO , but is really there because he wants to resume his relationship with Tara . Afraid for her life , Tara seeks Jax 's help in driving off Kohn . Jax stabs Kohn 's car on her behalf , beats him bloody in an altercation at Floyd 's barber shop , and then escorts him out of town . When Kohn returns in the dead of night and attacks Tara in her home , she shoots him in the gut and calls Jax for help . When Jax arrives he is furious about the attack and shoots Agent Kohn in the head . Tara and Jax then fall into each other 's arms and make love while Kohn 's iPod plays the Andy Williams song `` Ca n't Get Used to Losing You '' on a continuous loop . Following the killing of Kohn , Jax and Tara seem to settle into a largely healthy and positive romantic relationship . Tara spends more time with Jax at the clubhouse , plays nice with Gemma , and works to heal wounded club associate Cameron Hayes . The Jax - Tara relationship soon seems to disintegrate after his ex-wife Wendy returns from rehab . In the penultimate season - one episode `` The Sleep of Babies '' , Tara is seen sleeping alone while Jax and Wendy make love . In the final episode of the first season , `` The Revelator '' , Tara tells Jax that she has arranged to return to Chicago as she does not believe she is cut out for life in Charming . This angers Jax , and he storms off . At the end of the episode Tara is seen to have changed her mind , and she turns up at Donna 's funeral , where she and Jax share a kiss . Season 2 ( edit ) Season two shows Tara officially becoming Jax 's `` old lady '' and becoming integrated into the club 's world . After Gemma is raped and abused , she turns to Tara for medical help . Tara encourages Gemma to seek out counseling to deal with the psychological repercussions of the attack but Gemma is reluctant . Tara 's help with Gemma combined with her efforts at raising Abel begins to heal the rift between Tara and Gemma . Tara 's connection with Jax and SAMCRO , on the other hand , causes problems for her at work . When Gemma accidentally breaks Tara 's nose after being startled , Margaret Murphy ( a hospital administrator ) assumes that Jax is responsible and warns Tara about the possible repercussions of being associated with SAMCRO . Later , Margaret files a `` hostile work environment '' complaint against Tara after Gemma confronts the administrator about the hospital 's desire to move Chibs to another facility because of an insurance issue . Chibs later falsely complains of head pain and is able to stay at the hospital . Margaret accuses Tara of coaching Chibs with his symptoms and has Tara 's privileges suspended . When Jax decides that he wanted to go nomad , Tara is upset that he made the decision without consulting her . However , unlike everyone else connected to the club , she feels like it might be the right decision given the tension between Jax and Clay . Gemma lets Tara know that as Jax 's `` old lady '' , Tara has considerable prestige and respect in the club when other women in the club defer to her , and that she should n't `` take any shit '' from anyone . Later , Tara confronts Margaret . The altercation turns violent and Tara then chokes and punches her . She tells Margaret , `` I know where you live , I know where your kids go to school '' and informs her that the cops are on SAMCRO 's payroll and that the club runs Charming . Tara advises Margaret to keep her mouth shut and retract her complaint . Margaret immediately agrees to do so . In the season two finale , Tara attempts to convince Gemma to not get revenge on those that raped her , but is unsuccessful . She is present at Jax 's home when Cameron Hayes appears , and is tied to a chair by him before he kidnaps Abel Teller . Tara is untied by Jax and tells him what has happened to his son . Jax and the rest of the club unsuccessfully try to save Abel while Tara is later seen being consoled by Deputy David Hale . Season 3 ( edit ) Tara is still saddened by the loss of Abel . As time goes by , Jax continues to push her away with increasing vehemence . She feels Jax is pushing her away because he blames her for not preventing Abel 's kidnapping . She visits a fugitive Gemma and helps her kill Gemma 's father 's caretaker . Tig helps the two of them cover it up . Tara later reveals to Gemma that she is six weeks pregnant . After Jax leaves Tara , she catches him with CaraCara porn star , Ima . Tara then starts packing her things at Jax 's house . He apologizes for what she saw earlier , but she feels he wanted her to see it , because he wants her gone and knew it was the one thing that would drive her away . She expresses that she thinks he is doing this because he hates her for what happened to Abel . Jax says that it is to protect her , but Tara does n't believe him . When Jax goes after her , she is already pulling out of the driveway . As Tara leaves Jax 's house it is shown that the recently ousted Calaveras MC leader , Hector Salazar , has been secretly stalking her and Jax . Tara considers having an abortion , as she believes Jax is not ready for another child . Gemma tries to convince Tara to wait until Jax gets back from Belfast and look into Abel 's eyes before she does anything . Gemma wants Tara to try to mend the relationship , because Jax has n't been thinking clearly since Abel 's abduction . Tara ultimately helps Gemma escape police custody so Gemma can go with Clay and Jax to Belfast . Lyla asks Tara if she knows of any clinics that conduct abortions . When she goes with Lyla to have the procedure , they have a conversation about why Lyla is having the abortion . It turns out Lyla is having the same problems with Opie . He wo n't open up to her in fear of what might happen . Lyla also feels the baby is an inconvenience because she wants to continue working as a porn star . After the conversation , Tara schedules an abortion for herself , as well . Later , Tara reveals to Margaret Murphy that she is going to have an abortion ; Margaret agrees it is a good idea and offers to drive Tara to the clinic . On the way , Salazar stages a car accident and abducts Margaret and Tara . While Tara and Margaret are being held by Salazar , he becomes upset when his hostage demands are n't met and threatens to kill Margaret . Tara tries to persuade him not to and when he does n't listen to her , she causes a distraction . She attacks Salazar 's girlfriend and tries to get away . Salazar kicks her hard in the stomach . He goes to kick her a second time but stops when Tara tells him that she is pregnant . When Tara gets a chance to go to the bathroom , she breaks off a piece of a mirror to use as a weapon . When Salazar 's girlfriend breaks into the bathroom , Tara cuts her neck and almost escapes with Margaret , but Salazar stops them . After a stand off , Tara tells him his girlfriend is in the bathroom bleeding badly . She says she will keep his girlfriend alive if he lets Margaret go . When Salazar 's girlfriend dies in the car , he throws Tara against the car and puts a gun to her head . Salazar takes Tara to Jacob Hale 's office , where he takes Hale hostage as well . When he gives his list of demands , one of them is for Jax to come to Hale 's office . Tara sees Salazar pull out a knife , and he tells her he plans to kill her while Jax watches and then kill Jax . As Jax enters the office , Salazar is about to kill Tara , but Jacob Hale stabs him instead . Jax wrestles the gun from Salazar , gives it to Tara , and tells her to kill anyone who is not a cop . When the whole ordeal is over with Jax and Tara go to the doctor for an ultrasound to make sure the baby was not harmed . The baby is healthy and Jax and Tara hear the heartbeat and see the baby on the ultrasound . Jax and Tara then go to Gemma 's house where Gemma hugs her . Tara sees Abel and happily holds him and welcomes him back home . In the season finale , Tara has become more involved with the club . She drives Jimmy O back to the garage in the trunk after SAMCRO buys him from the Russians . Jax makes sure that she wears a bulletproof vest to ensure her safety in case something goes wrong . When Stahl tells the club about the deal Jax made with her , which was actually a trap by the club to kill Stahl and Jimmy , she runs and hugs him distraught and fearing that the club will kill him in prison . In the closing minute of the season 3 finale , Tara reads letters from John Teller to his mistress Maureen Ashby implying that Gemma and Clay would be responsible for his death should it happen . The close up shot of Tara 's face transitions to Jax 's face , thus ending season 3 . Between season 3 and season 4 ( edit ) Bridge between end of Season 3 and beginning of Season 4 : By the end of season 3 when Jax and the other Samcro members were hauled off to prison , Tara is a little over 8 weeks pregnant . However , in a special feature `` appisode '' ( titled : Tara and Piney ) - that took place day 85 of Jax 's incarceration ; a pregnant Tara is shown about 5 months along . In this appisode , Tara goes to Piney for information on John Teller 's death but is rebuked and told not to investigate further and that the past was `` dead and buried '' . In another special `` appisode '' ( titled : Second Son ) - which bridges the gap between seasons ; Tara and Gemma visit Jax in prison . Tara has just given birth to baby Thomas , and she brings the baby to meet Jax for the first time . Jax is overjoyed . He apologizes for missing the delivery and promises he would n't miss anything important ever again . Season 4 ( edit ) At the beginning of Season 4 Tara is waiting to greet Jax on his return home . When Jax arrives he and Tara spend a little time with Abel and Thomas before Jax has to go inside the clubhouse for a meeting . When Tara and Jax meet at their house later , they waste no more time and begin making love . Jax then proposes to Tara by putting a ring on their son Thomas 's finger . Before Tara can fully accept they have a serious talk about the future of their family . Jax explains that he is done with SAMCRO , but he has to stay until Clay steps down as president because he and Gemma wo n't let Jax walk away without conflict . He does assure her that as soon as Clay retires and once he has saved enough money to avoid living off his wife he will leave SAMCRO and they will start fresh as a normal family . Later , at Opie and Lyla 's wedding , Jax is the best man and Tara is the maid of honor . The next day Tara and Jax are having breakfast with their sons when they see on the news a story about four dead bodies found at the construction site of Charming Heights . She asks Jax to tell her all he knows about it . He tells her it was retaliation for him getting stabbed in prison . Later on she encounters Gemma in her office who asks why Tara is not wearing her engagement ring . Tara simply tells Gemma that she and Jax are just waiting for the right time to tell everyone . Later at the clubhouse a distraught Tara is reunited with Jax after he is rescued from the Russians . There she discovers , along with Jax , that the clubhouse had been trashed by Sheriff Roosevelt . To lighten up the mood she decides to announce the engagement . During the season ( and before ) Tara has become more fearful of the consequences of being involved with SAMCRO and increasingly begins to think about the effect it will have on her son . This leads Tara to make the decision of leaving town with her son until things settle down . Tara is also conflicted about the letters from Maureen Ashby . Gemma has found out she has them and tries most of the season to obtain them and destroy them . Piney also shows interest in them as a way to blackmail Clay , but Tara keeps them protected . Clay finds out about the letters and he is so fearful of them getting out , that he takes out a hit on her life from Romeo . Eventually after confronting Gemma about the letters , Tara admits that she is not capable of showing the letters to Jax , feeling that if he knew who his father truly was , Jax would get deeper into the club out of guilt , therefore getting him further from her . Tara eventually heads to a medical conference in Oregon and takes Abel and Thomas with her , most likely for an indefinite stay . Jax accompanies her and on the way there the assassins hired by Clay try to kill her . Tara survives thanks to Jax , however during the fight her right hand gets smashed in a van door . Her hand is repaired , but the nerves are terribly damaged . Her doctor affirms it is unknown if it is permanent but she feels otherwise and believes her career to be over . Jax , extremely upset himself , tries to comfort her , but Tara has become distant and asks him to leave her alone . She feels that now their future is set and they will never get out of Charming . She 's later encouraged by Jax that everything will go as they had planned , which Tara barely believes . During the day she 's visited by Jax 's ex-wife Wendy , who makes it clear that she wants to know Abel better , as she gave up custody but not the right to know him . This unnerves Tara who feels she is Abel 's true mother and becomes fearful that Wendy will take him away from her . Wendy leaves her number and Tara smashes the vase of flowers , screaming in anger . She 's later put under psych watch and restrained to her bed . Jax begins to feel at a loss as how to take care of and comfort her . Later Gemma comes to see her and confesses that it was Clay who wanted her dead because of the letters , which she gives to Gemma . She reveals later to Gemma that she was fully aware of her plan to have Clay killed by Jax and hide the letters that involve her and Unser , to prompt Jax to stay as President . Tara gives Jax a blood thinner to inject into Clay , who is recuperating at St. Thomas . She then tells Jax , in front of Gemma , that he will kill Clay and come get her and the boys , so they can leave Charming forever . This plan fails as Jax is forced to stay due to the influence of Romeo Parada and Luis Torres who are undercover CIA agents . They need SAMCRO to provide weapons and transport drugs or they will crush the club . Understanding that Jax has to become President , Tara decides to remain with him . In the season finale , with Gemma watching Tara stands behind Jax at the head of the table , one arm draped around him , mirroring a photo of Gemma and John Teller . Season 5 ( edit ) The season begins with Tara 's hand in a cast unable to perform surgeries . Despite losing ability to operate , she supports Jax as President of SAMCRO . The couple lacks certainty of `` where it all goes , '' but Jax is clear that `` no matter what happens , I want you to be my wife . '' Tara mocks the romanticism of a spontaneous wedding at Diosa to which Jax jokes , `` I killed a Fed for you ... nothing says endless love like capital murder . '' A judge marries them in a quick ceremony with wedding rings that belonged to Gemma and JT . Tension rises between Tara and Gemma over controlling the family . Tara places Abel and Thomas in hospital daycare with Jax 's support . Tara gains power by shutting out Gemma , who is not on visitor list at first . Gemma tries to hurt Tara by using Wendy to threaten a custody suit . Tara stands firm by warning Gemma not to hurt her or her family or Jax `` might kill you . '' Tara strategically plans squashing RICO case with Lowen , Bobby and Jax . She volunteers at Stockton State Prison and asks Otto to recant his RICO statement . Tara extends an olive branch to Gemma by placing her on daycare visitor 's list and allowing her to watch the boys . Gemma is stoned when she wrecks her car with Abel and Thomas in the backseat . Tara punches Gemma when she confesses to being high while driving with the boys . Tara 's fears intensify over the increasing threats to her family ; she starts to defend and protect them in Gemma - like ways . Tara cuts her out of the family , but agrees to let Gemma back in if she helps Jax with getting intel from Clay on plot to undermine his leadership . Tara receives good prognosis for her hand and gets recruited for a surgical job in Oregon . Meanwhile , Otto agrees to Tara 's plea on RICO if she will bring him Luann 's crucifix . Tara 's career is on the line when she is investigated as an accessory to Otto 's brutal murder of a prison nurse that was killed with Luann 's crucifix . Jax assures Tara that they will get through the investigation just like they get through everything else to which she quips , `` that 's what scares me . '' She becomes guarded when Jax does n't walk away after meeting his goal to save the MC with RICO shutdown . She is pressed to reply to the offer and internally struggles with moving on as it is the `` last chance '' for her and Jax to get out of Charming . While meeting to prepare Tara 's defense , Lowen prompts Tara to think about legal custody of sons if anything was to happen to her . Tara agrees to Providence Health & Services job offer before telling Jax . Wendy confronts Tara with reality of risk associated with MC and shows her the shoulder bruise from the force of Jax jamming a speedball needle into it . Tara gasps with shock realizing that Jax is losing his way . The prison nurse 's brother , Lee Toric , confronts Tara at the hospital and threatens to avenge her death . More than ever , Tara needs someone trustworthy to name as guardian of her sons in case of imprisonment or death . Tara has no permanent nerve damage and will be able to operate again . Tara requests clarity from Jax who does not come clean about intimidating Wendy . Gemma confronts Tara about Providence Health & Services offer and threatens Tara `` I 'm done with your power push . '' Gemma threatens to tell investigators that Tara planned the killing of an innocent nurse to reverse RICO . Tara enlists Wendy as guardian and is now more determined to pull her sons out of Charming 's `` cesspool . '' Jax disapproves of Wendy as Guardian , but Tara insists it is her ' job as an old lady to be strong ... when and where ( he ) ca n't be . '' She tells him she accepted a job offer in Oregon to spare them from becoming like Gemma and Clay , which will force the boys to relive their mistakes . The season ends with Tara 's arrest for conspiracy to commit Pamela Toric 's murder . Season 6 ( edit ) After a season of failed attempts to get herself and her sons out of Charming ( including a false pregnancy and subsequently faked miscarriage to bar Gemma Teller - Morrow from gaining custody of Abel and Thomas , should Tara go to prison ) , and after Tara and Jax 's relationship was tested ( Tara and Jax are having problems with her being behind bars for her involvement in the death of a nurse . Jax is seen at the end of episode 1 cheating on Tara with Colette Jane , an escort handler ) Tara finds herself at odds with everyone she was supposed to be able to trust and chooses to use the bullet she pulled from Bobby Munson 's shoulder as evidence necessary to grant her witness protection , in turn making her a rat and a liability to the MC and to Jax himself . In a last - minute plot twist , Jax finds Tara at a park in Lodi . They talk for several minutes and then the scene cuts to the motel room Tara had been hiding in . The two come to an understanding and Jax surrenders himself to the mercy of DA Tyne Patterson in exchange for Tara 's immunity for all the crimes she committed on behalf the MC , specifically that of the murder of Pamela Toric , for which she was accused in season 5 but did not have anything to do with . The DA agrees to what Jax offers her after a few moments of reluctance to believe that he will come through . With that , Jax has let Tara know that he truly loves her and their sons more than anything . They cry and make love . Tara and Jax agree to meet the DA at the Teller home at 6pm after he spends his last hours as a free man with his sons . He tells Chibs and Bobby he will most likely be sentenced to 25 years , with parole in 10 , 7 if he 's lucky . Tara gets home earlier than expected and the house is empty , save for Eli , the sheriff , who entered the house with her so they could talk in private and he could help her bring her suitcases into the house , as she decided not to run away and do what Jax asked of her ; raise their sons . When Eli leaves , stating he 'll be outside , Tara calls for Wayne , assuming his truck outside meant he was in the house . Caught off guard , Gemma comes out of the laundry room and lunges for Tara , who can not escape in time . Gemma hits her with an iron but does n't knock her out . Tara struggles against Gemma 's beating and her head is badly smashed on the sink , where Gemma then attempts to drown her . In one of the show 's most gruesome moments , Tara struggles for several seconds before Gemma grabs a barbecue fork and stabs Tara multiple times in the back of the head and her neck . Blood gushing out of the back of her head , Tara collapses and dies . Lt. Roosevelt walks in on the scene and discovers Gemma sitting on the floor next to Tara 's body , in obvious shock . Gemma is mumbling incoherently about how it had to be done because she was going to rat out the MC . Roosevelt tells her she did n't rat out the MC , and that Jax is giving himself up to protect her . Immediately after this , Juice walks in , sees the scene , shoots Lt. Roosevelt twice in the back and then comforts Gemma . After this he begins cleaning up the murder scene . Jax returns home later that evening . He sees Lt. Roosevelt 's legs on the kitchen floor , draws his gun , and then enters the kitchen , where he finds both Eli and Tara dead on the floor . Stunned , he drops his gun at Eli 's feet and cradles Tara in his arms . Critical response ( edit ) The New York Times ' series - premiere review remarked on the `` chemistry '' between Jax and Tara , and described the character as `` beautiful ... refined and book - smart . '' TV Squad credited Siff with a `` superior performance '' and the Chicago Tribune described her as `` excellent . '' Related links ( edit ) List of Sons of Anarchy characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bellafante , Ginia ( 2008 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Wild Bunch on Wheels , Playing by Its Rules '' . The New York Times ( published 2008 - 03 - 02 ) . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Toomey , Jonathan . `` Sons offers more than just Anarchy at second glance '' . TV Squad . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( 2008 - 09 - 02 ) . `` Biker gangs ! Guns ! Drugs ! ' Sons of Anarchy ' ups the cable ante - but to what end ? '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Sons of Anarchy Official Website : Maggie Siff Sons of Anarchy Created by : Kurt Sutter Episodes `` Pilot '' Seasons 5 6 7 Characters Clay Morrow Jax Teller Gemma Teller Morrow Tara Knowles Opie Winston Bobby Munson Tig Trager Chibs Telford Piney Winston Juice Ortiz Half - Sack Epps Happy Wayne Unser David Hale June Stahl Josh Kohn Ernest Darby Marcus Álvarez Ethan Zobelle Universe Sons of Anarchy MC Charming , CA List of gangs Mayans MC Music `` This Life '' Songs of Anarchy Songs of Anarchy Volume 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tara_Knowles&oldid=851906714 '' Categories : Sons of Anarchy characters Fictional characters from Chicago Fictional surgeons Fictional medical personnel Fictional cannabis users Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional stalking victims Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 10 : 17 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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what episode of soa does tara tells jax she's pregnant
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John Cabot
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John Cabot - wikipedia John Cabot This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 15 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search For the U.S. diplomat , see John Moors Cabot . John Cabot Giovanni Caboto John Cabot in traditional Venetian garb by Giustino Menescardi ( 1762 ) . A mural painting in the Sala dello Scudo in the Palazzo Ducale , Venice . c. 1450 Either Castiglione Chiavarese , Republic of Genoa or Gaeta , Kingdom of Naples c. 1498 or 1501 Nationality Venetian Other names Giovanni Caboto , Zuan Chabotto , Giovanni Chabotte , Juan Caboto , Jean Caboto Occupation Maritime explorer Known for first European since the Norse colonization of North America to explore coastal parts of North America Spouse ( s ) Mattea Children Ludovico , Sebastian , and Sancto John Cabot ( Italian : Giovanni Caboto , Venetian : Zuan Chabotto ; c. 1450 -- c. 1500 ) was a Venetian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England was the first European exploration of the mainland of North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century . To mark the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Cabot 's expedition , both the Canadian and British governments elected Cape Bonavista , Newfoundland , as Cabot 's first landing site . However , alternative locations have also been proposed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name and origins 2 Early life 3 Sponsorship 4 Expeditions 4.1 First voyage 4.2 Second voyage 4.3 Final voyage 4.4 Death 5 Additional English voyages 6 Sebastian Cabot 's voyages 7 Legacy and honors 8 Sources 9 Further reading 10 References 11 External links 11.1 Primary sources , hosted by University of Bristol Name and origins ( edit ) Cabot is known today as Giovanni Caboto in Italian , as Zuan Chabotto in Venetian , as John Cabot in English , as Jean Cabot in French , and as Juan Caboto in Spanish . The non-Italian forms are derived from how his name was recorded in related 15th - century documents . In Venice he signed his names as `` Zuan Chabotto '' , Zuan being a form of John typical to Venice . He continued to use this form in England , at least among Italians . He was referred to by his Italian banker in London as ' Giovanni Chabbote ' , in the only known contemporary document to use this version of his first name . He was born in Italy , the son of Giulio Caboto and his wife ; he had a brother Piero . Gaeta ( in the Province of Latina ) and Castiglione Chiavarese ( in the Province of Genoa ) have both been proposed as birthplaces . The main evidence for Gaeta are records of a Caboto family residing there until the mid-15th century , but ceasing to be traceable after 1443 . Pedro de Ayala , the Spanish envoy and Cabot 's contemporary in London , described him in a letter to the Spanish Crown in 1498 as `` another Genoese like Columbus '' . John Cabot 's son , Sebastian , said his father originally came from Genoa . In 1476 Cabot was made a citizen of the Republic of Venice , which required a minimum of fifteen years ' residency in the city ; thus he must have lived in Venice since at least 1461 . Early life ( edit ) Giovanni Caboto house in Venice He may have been born slightly earlier than 1450 , which is the approximate date most commonly given for his birth . In 1471 Caboto was accepted into the religious confraternity of St John the Evangelist . Since this was one of the city 's prestigious confraternities , his acceptance suggests that he was already a respected member of the community . Following his gaining full Venetian citizenship in 1476 , Caboto would have been eligible to engage in maritime trade , including the trade to the eastern Mediterranean that was the source of much of Venice 's wealth . He presumably entered this trade shortly thereafter . A 1483 document refers to his selling a slave in Crete whom he had acquired while in the territories of the Sultan of Egypt , which then comprised most of what is now Israel , Syria and Lebanon . This is not sufficient to prove Cabot 's later assertion that he had visited Mecca , which he said in 1497 to the Milanese ambassador in London . In this Mediterranean trade , he may have acquired better knowledge of the origins of the oriental ( West Asian ) merchandise he would have been dealing in ( such as spices and silks ) than most Europeans at that time . `` Zuan Cabotto '' ( i.e. John Cabot ) is mentioned in a variety of Venetian records of the 1480s . These indicate that by 1484 he was married to Mattea and already had at least two sons . Cabot 's sons are Ludovico , Sebastian , and Sancto . The Venetian sources contain references to Cabot 's being involved in house building in the city . He may have relied on this experience when seeking work later in Spain as a civil engineer . Cabot 's travels around Europe , 1488 -- 95 , following his escape from Venice Cabot appears to have got into financial trouble in the late 1480s and left Venice as an insolvent debtor by 5 November 1488 . He moved to Valencia , Spain , where his creditors attempted to have him arrested by sending a lettera di raccomandazione a giustizia ( `` a letter of recommendation to justice '' ) to the authorities . While in Valencia , `` John Cabot Montecalunya '' ( as he is referred to in local documents ) proposed plans for improvements to the harbour . These proposals were rejected , however . Early in 1494 he moved on to Seville , where he proposed , was contracted to build and , for five months , worked on the construction of a stone bridge over the Guadalquivir river . This project was abandoned following a decision of the City Council on 24 December 1494 . After this Cabot appears to have sought support in Seville and Lisbon for an Atlantic expedition , before moving to London to seek funding and political support . He likely reached England in mid-1495 . Sponsorship ( edit ) Like other Italian explorers , including Christopher Columbus , Cabot led an expedition on commission to another European nation , in his case , England . Cabot planned to depart to the west from a northerly latitude where the longitudes are much closer together , and where , as a result , the voyage would be much shorter . He still had an expectation of finding an alternative route to China . Historians had thought that , on arrival in England , Cabot went to Bristol , a major maritime center , to seek financial backers . This was the only English city to have had a history of undertaking exploratory expeditions into the Atlantic . Cabot 's royal patent ( issued by the Crown in 1496 ) stated that all expeditions should be undertaken from Bristol , so his primary financial supporters likely were based in that city . In any case , it also stipulated that the commerce resulting from any discoveries must be conducted with England alone . In the late 20th century , British historian Alwyn Ruddock claimed to have found documentation that Cabot went first to London , where he received some financial backing from its Italian community . She suggested one patron was Father Giovanni Antonio de Carbonariis , an Augustinian friar who was also the deputy to Adriano Castellesi , the papal tax collector . Ruddock suggested that Carbonariis accompanied Cabot 's 1498 expedition . She also suggested that the friar , on good terms with the King , introduced the explorer to King Henry VII . Beyond this , Ruddock claimed that Cabot received a loan from an Italian banking house in London . As Ruddock ordered the destruction of all her research notes on her death in 2005 , scholars have had to duplicate her research and rediscover documents . The Cabot Project was formed at the University of Bristol in 2009 to research Cabot and the Bristol expeditions . Francesco Guidi Bruscoli ( University of Florence ) found some of Ruddock 's documentation , confirming that Cabot received money in March 1496 from the Bardi family banking firm of Florence . The bankers located in London provided fifty nobles ( £ 16 13s . 4d . ) to support Cabot 's expedition to `` go and find the new land '' . This payment from the Florentine merchants would have represented a substantial contribution , although it was not enough to completely finance the expedition . On 5 March 1496 Henry VII gave Cabot and his three sons letters patent with the following charge for exploration : ... free authority , faculty and power to sail to all parts , regions and coasts of the eastern , western and northern sea , under our banners , flags and ensigns , with five ships or vessels of whatsoever burden and quality they may be , and with so many and with such mariners and men as they may wish to take with them in the said ships , at their own proper costs and charges , to find , discover and investigate whatsoever islands , countries , regions or provinces of heathens and infidels , in whatsoever part of the world placed , which before this time were unknown to all Christians . Those who received such patents had the right to assign them to third parties for execution . His sons are believed to have still been minors . Expeditions ( edit ) John Cabot plaque : John Cabot departing Bristol , England for Atlantic Canada ( 1497 ) , installed at Sir Sandford Fleming Park , Halifax , Nova Scotia Cabot went to Bristol to arrange preparations for his voyage . Bristol was the second - largest seaport in England . From 1480 onward it had supplied several expeditions to look for Hy - Brazil . According to Celtic legend , this island lay somewhere in the Atlantic Ocean . There was widespread belief among merchants in the port that Bristol men had discovered the island at earlier date but then lost track of it . Note : Ruddock had contended in a private 1988 letter to a colleague , Quinn , that she had found evidence in Italian archives that Bristol men had discovered North America pre-1470 . As the island was believed to be a source of brazilwood ( from which a valuable red dye could be obtained ) , merchants had economic incentive to find it . First voyage ( edit ) Cabot 's first voyage was little recorded . A winter 1497 / 98 letter from John Day ( a Bristol merchant ) to an addressee believed to be Christopher Columbus refers briefly to it , but writes mostly about the second , 1497 voyage . He notes , `` Since your Lordship wants information relating to the first voyage , here is what happened : he went with one ship , his crew confused him , he was short of supplies and ran into bad weather , and he decided to turn back . '' Since Cabot received his royal patent in March 1496 , it is believed that he made his first voyage that summer . Second voyage ( edit ) Information about the 1497 voyage comes mostly from four short letters and an entry in a 1565 chronicle of the city of Bristol . The chronicle entry for 1496 / 7 says in full : `` This year , on St. John the Baptist 's Day ( 24 June 1497 ) , the land of America was found by the Merchants of Bristow in a shippe of Bristowe , called the Mathew ; the which said the ship departed from the port of Bristowe , the second day of May , and came home again the 6th of August next following . '' -- G.E. Weare , Cabot 's Discovery of North America , ( London , 1897 ) , p. 116 What is known as the `` John Day letter '' provides considerable information about Cabot 's second voyage . It was written during the winter of 1497 / 8 by Bristol merchant John Day ( alias Hugh Say of London ) to a man who is likely Christopher Columbus . Day is believed to have been familiar with the key figures of the expedition and thus able to report on it . If the lands Cabot had discovered lay west of the meridian laid down in the Treaty of Tordesillas , or if he intended to sail further west , Columbus would likely have believed that these voyages challenged his monopoly rights for westward exploration . In addition to these letters , Dr Alwyn Ruddock claimed to have found another , written on 10 August 1497 by the London - based bankers of Fr . Giovanni Antonio de Carbonariis . This letter has yet to be found . From various written comments made by Ruddock , the letter did not appear to contain a detailed account of the voyage . Ruddock said the letter contained `` new evidence supporting the claim that seamen of Bristol had already discovered land across the ocean before John Cabot 's arrival in England . '' She contended that Bristol seamen had reached North America two decades before Cabot 's expedition . A statue of John Cabot gazing across Bonavista Bay The known sources do not concur on all aspects of the events , and none can be assumed to be entirely reliable . Cabot was described as having one `` little ship '' , of 50 tons burden , called the Matthew of Bristol ( according to the 1565 chronicle ) . It was said to be laden with sufficient supplies for `` seven or eight months '' . The ship departed in May with a crew of 18 to 20 men . They included an unnamed Burgundian ( modern - day Netherlands ) and a Genoese barber , who presumably accompanied the expedition as the ship 's surgeon . It is likely that two ranking Bristol merchants were part of the expedition . One was probably William Weston , who had not been identified as part of Cabot 's expedition before the find of a new document in the late 20th century . His participation was confirmed by a document found in the early 21st century noting his reward from the King in January 1498 after the ship returned . More importantly , in 2009 historian Evan Jones confirmed that Weston had undertaken an independent voyage to the New Found Land in 1499 , probably under Cabot 's patent , as the first Englishman to lead an expedition to North America . Leaving Bristol , the expedition sailed past Ireland and across the Atlantic , making landfall somewhere on the coast of North America on 24 June 1497 . The exact location of the landfall has long been disputed , with different communities vying for the honor . Historians have proposed Cape Bonavista and St. John 's ( present - day Newfoundland ) ; Cape Breton Island ( Nova Scotia ) ; as well as Labrador ( Canada ) and Maine ( United States ) as possibilities . Since the discovery of the `` John Day letter '' in the 1950s , it seems most likely that the initial landfall was either on Newfoundland or Cape Breton Island . This is because Day 's letter implies that the coastline explored in 1497 lay between the latitudes of the Bordeaux River in France and Dursey Head in southern Ireland . The initial landfall seems to have taken place close to the southern latitude , with the expedition returning home after reaching the northern one . Route of 1497 voyage posited by Jones and Condon . For the 500th - anniversary celebrations , the governments of Canada and the United Kingdom designated Cape Bonavista in Newfoundland as the `` official '' landing place . Here in 1997 Queen Elizabeth II , along with members of the Italian and Canadian governments , greeted the replica Matthew of Bristol , following its celebratory crossing of the Atlantic . Cabot 's expedition is believed to be the first by Europeans to mainland North America since the Vikings five hundred years before . Cabot is reported to have landed only once during the expedition and did not advance `` beyond the shooting distance of a crossbow '' . Pasqualigo and Day both state that the expedition made no contact with any native people ; crew found the remains of a fire , a human trail , nets and a wooden tool . The crew appeared to have remained on land just long enough to take on fresh water ; they also raised the Venetian and Papal banners , claiming the land for the King of England and recognising the religious authority of the Roman Catholic Church . After this landing , Cabot spent some weeks `` discovering the coast , '' with most `` discovered after turning back . '' Final voyage ( edit ) A replica of the Matthew in Bristol On return to Bristol , Cabot rode to London to report to the King . On 10 August 1497 , he was given a reward of £ 10 -- equivalent to about two years ' pay for an ordinary labourer or craftsman . The explorer was feted ; Soncino wrote on 23 August that Cabot `` is called the Great Admiral ( note : as Christopher Columbus had been ) and vast honour is paid to him and he goes dressed in silk , and these English run after him like mad '' . Such adulation was short - lived , for over the next few months the King 's attention was occupied by the Second Cornish Uprising of 1497 , led by Perkin Warbeck . Once Henry 's throne was secure , he gave more thought to Cabot . On 26 September , just a few days after the collapse of the revolt , the King made an award of £ 2 to Cabot . In December 1497 the explorer was awarded a pension of £ 20 per year . On February 3 , 1498 he was given new letters patent covering the voyage and to help him prepare a second expedition . In March and April , the King also advanced a number of loans to Lancelot Thirkill of London , Thomas Bradley and John Cair , who were to accompany Cabot 's new expedition . The Great Chronicle of London ( 1189 -- 1512 ) reports that Cabot departed with a fleet of five ships from Bristol at the beginning of May 1498 , one of which had been prepared by the King . Some of the ships were said to be carrying merchandise , including cloth , caps , lace points and other `` trifles '' . This suggests that Cabot intended to engage in trade on this expedition . The Spanish envoy in London reported in July that one of the ships had been caught in a storm and been forced to land in Ireland , but that Cabot and the other four ships had continued on . For centuries no other records were found ( or at least published ) that relate to this expedition ; it was long believed that Cabot and his fleet were lost at sea . But at least one of the men scheduled to accompany the expedition , Lancelot Thirkill of London , is recorded as living in London in 1501 . Juan de La Cosa 's map of the North Atlantic , 1500 The historian Alwyn Ruddock worked on Cabot and his era for 35 years . She suggested that Cabot and his expedition successfully returned to England in the spring of 1500 . She claimed their return followed an epic two - year exploration of the east coast of North America , south into the Chesapeake Bay area and perhaps as far as the Spanish territories in the Caribbean . Her evidence included the well - known world map of the Spanish cartographer Juan de la Cosa . His chart included the North American coast and seas ' discovered by the English ' between 1497 and 1500 . Ruddock suggested Fr . Giovanni Antonio de Carbonariis and the other friars who accompanied the 1498 expedition had stayed in Newfoundland and founded a mission . If Carbonariis founded a settlement in North America , it would have been the first Christian settlement on the continent , and may have included a church , the only medieval church to have been built there . The Cabot Project at the University of Bristol was organized in 2009 to search for the evidence on which Ruddock 's claims rest , as well as to undertake related studies of Cabot and his expeditions . The lead researchers on the project , Evan Jones and Margaret Condon , claim to have found further evidence to support aspects of Ruddock 's case , including some of the information she intended to use to argue for a successful return of the 1498 expedition to Bristol . These appear to place John Cabot in London by May 1500 , albeit Jones and Condon have yet to publish their documentation . The Project is collaborating on an archaeological excavation at the community of Carbonear , Newfoundland , located at Conception Bay and believed the likely location for Carbonariis ' mission settlement . The Archaeology of Historic Carbonear Project , carried out by Memorial University of Newfoundland , has conducted summer fieldwork each season since 2011 . So far , it has found evidence of planter habitation since the late 17th century and of trade with Spain through Bilbao , including a Spanish coin minted in Peru . Death ( edit ) The circumstances of Cabot 's death appear obscure and contradictory . He was last mentioned as a member of an expedition led by his son Sebastian in 1508 - 1509 . Nothing is known about Cabot after that ; perhaps he died during the journey , or more likely shortly after returning . Additional English Voyages ( edit ) Ruddock claimed that William Weston of Bristol , a supporter of Cabot , undertook an independent expedition to North America in 1499 , sailing north from Newfoundland up to the Hudson Strait . If correct , this was probably the first North West Passage expedition . In 2009 , Jones confirmed that William Weston ( who was not previously known to have been involved ) led an expedition from Bristol ( with royal support ) to the `` new found land '' in 1499 or 1500 , making him the first Englishman to lead exploration of North America . This find has changed the understanding of English roles in exploration of that continent . King Henry VII continued to support exploration from Bristol . The king granted Hugh Eliot , Robert Thorne and his son a bounty of ₤ 20 in January 1502 for purchasing the Gabriel , a ship for an expedition voyage that summer . Later in 1502 or early 1503 he paid Eliot a reward of ₤ 100 for a voyage , or voyages , in `` 2 ships to the Isle of new finding , '' as Newfoundland was called . This amount was larger than any previously accounted for in royal support of the explorations . Sebastian Cabot 's Voyages ( edit ) Main article : Sebastian Cabot ( explorer ) Sebastian Cabot , one of John 's sons , also became an explorer , later making at least one voyage to North America . In 1508 he was searching for the Northwest Passage . Nearly two decades later , he sailed to South America for Spain to repeat Ferdinand Magellan 's voyage around the world . He became diverted by searching for silver along the Río de la Plata ( 1525 -- 8 ) in Argentina . Legacy and honors ( edit ) Square Cabot , Montreal ~ The Matthew ~ In 1897 , on the 400th anniversary of Cabot 's discovery of North America , the Newfoundland Post Office issued a commemorative stamp honouring Cabot and his discovery . Giovanni Caboto ( 1762 ) , painting at Ducal Palace , Venice . Cabot Tower ( 1897 ) in St. John 's , Newfoundland , to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Cabot 's voyage . Cabot Tower , in Bristol , England . A 30 - metre tall red sandstone tower begun in 1897 to mark the 400th anniversary . Denis William Eden painting : John Cabot and his sons receive the charter from Henry VII to sail in search of new lands ( 1910 ) , at Houses of Parliament . Giovanni Caboto Club ( est. 1925 ) , an Italian club located in Windsor , Ontario . A 1952 statue of the explorer is at Bristol 's Council House . Photograph : Statue of John Cabot / Elizabethan Seaman John Cabot University is a United States - affiliated university established in 1972 in Rome , Italy . A 1985 bronze statue of the explorer by Stephen Joyce , is located at Bristol Harbourside . A replica of the Matthew of Bristol built to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the 1497 voyage , docked in Bristol . A second replica of the Matthew is located at Cape Bonavista . The scenic Cabot Trail in the Cape Breton Highlands is named after the explorer . John Cabot Academy is an independent school in Bristol , England . Cabot Links -- a golf course in Inverness , Nova Scotia . Cabot Ward is an electoral district in Bristol , indirectly named for the explorer and directly after the local Cabot Tower . Cabot Squares in London and Montreal . Cabot Circus , a 2008 shopping mall in Bristol , named as a result of a citywide poll . John Cabot Road in north Phoenix , Arizona . Cabot Street in St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador . A bronze statue of the explorer stands at the Confederation Building , St. John 's . A bronze statue of the explorer is located at Cape Bonavista , Newfoundland . Plaques in English , French and Italian commemorate the historic voyage . John Cabot Catholic Secondary School in Mississauga , Canada is named after the explorer Giovanni Caboto park located in Edmonton , Alberta , Canada ... Sources ( edit ) Evan T. Jones and Margaret M. Condon , Cabot and Bristol 's Age of Discovery : The Bristol Discovery Voyages 1480 -- 1508 ( University of Bristol , Nov. 2016 ) . This short book provides an up - to - date account of the voyages , based on the research of the `` Cabot Project '' , aimed at a general audience . Evan T. Jones , `` Alwyn Ruddock : ' John Cabot and the Discovery of America ' `` , Historical Research Vol 81 , Issue 212 ( 2008 ) , pp. 224 -- 254 . Provides updated information on new discoveries of documents related to Cabot and his voyage , and claims made in the late 20th century by Alwyn Ruddock . Evan T. Jones , `` Henry VII and the Bristol expeditions to North America : the Condon documents '' , Historical Research , 27 Aug 2009 , relates primarily to newly discovered documents related to William Weston 's 1499 voyage . Francesco Guidi - Bruscoli , ' John Cabot and his Italian Financiers ' , Historical Research ( Published online , April 2012 ) . J.A. Williamson , The Cabot Voyages and Bristol Discovery Under Henry VII ( Hakluyt Society , Second Series , No. 120 , CUP , 1962 ) . Considered the essential source - book for Cabot and his voyages . Numerous documents have been discovered in the Italian , Spanish and English archives that provide new insights into these events and era . Skelton , R.A. ( 1979 -- 2016 ) . `` Cabot , John '' . Dictionary of Canadian Biography ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . A short introduction ; it has been updated based on material published related to The Cabot Project at the University of Bristol . H.P. Biggar ( ed . ) , The Precursors of Jacques Cartier , 1497 -- 1534 : A Collection of Documents Relating to the Early History of the Dominion of Canada ( Ottawa , 1911 ) . Contains transcriptions of many of the original documents in their original languages -- i.e. Latin , Spanish and Italian . P. D'Epiro , M.D. Pinkowish , Sprezzatura : 50 Ways Italian Genius Shaped the World , 1st Anchor Book Edition , 2001 , pp. 179 -- 180 . Further reading ( edit ) Evan T. Jones and Margaret M. Condon , Cabot and Bristol 's Age of Discovery : The Bristol Discovery Voyages 1480 -- 1508 ( University of Bristol , Nov. 2016 ) . Douglas Hunter , The Race to the New World : Christopher Columbus , John Cabot , and a Lost History of Discovery ( New York : Macmillan , 2011 ) . He uses findings from The Cabot Project of the University of Bristol as part of his research . This is described by archeologist Peter Pope as `` the first substantial book on Cabot since the batch that observed the quincentennial of 1997 and the most detailed comparison to date of the careers of Columbus and Cabot . '' Maura , Juan Francisco . `` El mito de `` John Cabot '' : construcción británica para reclamar la soberanía de Norteamérica '' Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos. 788 ( 2016 ) : 4 -- 25 . ( Available on line ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Catholic Encyclopedia `` John & Sebastian Cabot '' `` . newadvent. 2007 . Retrieved 17 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Edoardo Giuffrida , `` New documents on Giovanni Caboto '' in R. Mamoli Zorzi ( ed . ) , Attraversare gli Oceani : Da Giovanni Caboto al Canada Multiculturale ( Venice , 1999 ) , 61 . Juliana de Luna , Names from Sixteenth Century Venice ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Cabot Project '' , Bristol Website ^ Jump up to : Skelton , R.A. ( 1979 ) ( 1966 ) . `` Cabot , John '' . In Brown , George Williams . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . I ( 1000 -- 1700 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ `` SCHEDA TECNICA DOCUMENTARIO `` CABOTO '' : I CABOTO E IL NUOVO MONDO '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) ( in Italian ) . ( TECHNICAL DOCUMENTARY `` CABOTO '' : I and Catalan origins have been proved to be without foundation . Jump up ^ Roberto Almagiá , Commemorazione di Sebastiano Caboto nel IV centenario della morte ( Venice , 1958 ) , pp. 37 -- 38 . ( in Italian ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pedro de Ayala letter 1498 to the Spanish Crown '' . The Smugglers ' City . Department of Historical Studies , University of Bristol . Retrieved 20 February 2011 . Jump up ^ J.A. Williamson , The Cabot Voyages and Bristol Discovery Under Henry VII ( Hakluyt Society , Second Series , No. 120 , CUP , 1962 ) , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Giuffrida , `` New documents on Giovanni Caboto '' pp. 62 -- 3 ^ Jump up to : Primary Sources : `` Raimondo de Raimondi de Soncino , Milanese Ambassador in England , to Ludovico Maria Sforza , Duke of Milan , 18 December 1497 , The Smugglers ' City , History Dept. , University of Bristol Jump up ^ Williamson , The Cabot Voyages , pp. 93 , 192 -- 95 Jump up ^ Giuffrida , `` New documents on Giovanni Caboto , '' pp. 69 Jump up ^ M.F. Tiepolo , `` Documenti Veneziani su Giovanni Caboto '' , Studi Veneziani , xv ( 1973 ) , pp. 585 -- 97 Jump up ^ M. Balesteros - Gaibrois , `` Juan Caboto en España : nueva luz sobre un problema viejo '' , Revista de Indias , iv ( 1943 ) , 607 -- 27 Jump up ^ `` John Cabot in Seville , 1494 '' , The Smugglers ' City , Dept. of History , University of Bristol Jump up ^ Evan T. Jones and Margaret M. Condon , Cabot and Bristol 's Age of Discovery : The Bristol Discovery Voyages 1480 -- 1508 ( University of Bristol , Nov. 2016 ) , pp. 23 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Derek Croxton ( 2007 ) . `` The Cabot Dilemma : John Cabot 's 1497 Voyage & the Limits of Historiography '' . University of Virginia . Retrieved 17 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Evan T. Jones , `` The Matthew of Bristol and the financiers of John Cabot 's 1497 voyage to North America '' , English Historical Review ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ The Commercial Policy of England Toward the American Colonies : the Acts of Trade , p. 38 ; in Emory R. Johnson , T.W. Van Metre , G.G. Huebner , D.S. Hanchett , History of Domestic and Foreign Commerce of the United States -- Vol. 1 , Carnegie Institution of Washington , 1915 Jump up ^ Evan T. Jones , `` Alwyn Ruddock : John Cabot and the Discovery of America '' , Historical Research Vol 81 , Issue 212 ( 2008 ) , pp. 231 -- 34 . ^ Jump up to : Guidi - Bruscoli , Francesco ( 2012 ) . `` John Cabot and his Italian financiers * '' . Historical Research . 85 : 372 -- 393 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 2281.2012. 00597. x . Jump up ^ Primary Sources : `` First Letters Patent granted by Henry VII to John Cabot , 5 March 1496 '' , The Smugglers ' City , History Dept. , University of Bristol Jump up ^ Skelton , R.A. ( 1979 ) ( 1966 ) . `` Cabot , Sebastian '' . In Brown , George Williams . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . I ( 1000 -- 1700 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ Williamson , The Cabot Voyages , pp. 187 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : Jones , Evan T. `` Alwyn Ruddock : John Cabot and the Discovery of America '' . Historical Research . 2007 : 237 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas Hunter , `` Rewriting History : Alwyn Ruddock and John Cabot '' , extended July 2010 version of article by same name published in Canada 's History , April 2010 ; accessed 24 April 2015 Jump up ^ `` Salazar 's account of Bristol 's discovery of the Island of Brasil ( pre 1476 ) '' . The Smuggler 's City . University of Bristol . ^ Jump up to : `` John Day letter to the Lord Grand Admiral , Winter 1497 / 8 '' , The Smugglers ' City , Dept. of History , University of Bristol . Jump up ^ `` The John Day Letter '' . Heritage Newfoundland & Labrador . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Woodroffe , Sasha . `` Breaking the Spanish Monopoly in the Caribbean '' . Academia . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ E.T. Jones , `` The Quinn papers : transcripts of correspondence relating to the Bristol discovery voyages to North America in the fifteenth century '' , p. 16 ... Note : Based on Ruddock 's letter to Quinn on 1 May 1992 , she thought that the bank was Venetian ; Condon and Jones found documentation in August 2010 suggesting this conclusion was incorrect and that it was Florentine . Jump up ^ `` John Cabot was not Bristol 's only explorer '' . Bristol Post . 28 August 2009 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Evan T. Jones and Margaret M. Condon , Cabot and Bristol 's Age of Discovery : The Bristol Discovery Voyages 1480 -- 1508 ( University of Bristol , 2016 ) , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Lion of Saint Mark , given by Regione Veneto to the city of Halifax , Nova Scotia , for the 500th year from the arrival of John Cabot : http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datei:Halifay_-_NS_-_Giovanni_Caboto_Gedenktafel.jpg&filetimestamp=20081107221453 Jump up ^ P. D'Epiro , M.D. Pinkowish , `` Sprezzatura : 50 Ways Italian Genius Shaped the World '' pp. 179 -- 180 Jump up ^ Williamson , The Cabot Voyages , p. 214 Jump up ^ Evan T. Jones , ' Bristol , Cabot and the New Found Land , 1496 -- 1500 ' in P.E. Pope and S. Lewis - Simpson ( eds . ) , Exploring Atlantic Transitions : Archaeologies of Permanence and Transience in New Found Lands ( Boydell and Brewer , 2013 ) , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ The Letters Patents of King Henry the Seventh Granted unto Iohn Cabot and his Three Sonnes , Lewis , Sebastian and Sancius for the Discouerie of New and Unknowen Lands , February 3 , 1498 from Avalon Project Jump up ^ Williamson , The Cabot Voyages , pp. 217 -- 19 , 226 -- 7 Jump up ^ Williamson , The Cabot Voyages , pp. 214 -- 15 Jump up ^ Williamson , The Cabot Voyages , pp. 220 -- 23 Jump up ^ Williamson ( 1962 ) , The Cabot Voyages , pp. 92 -- 4 Jump up ^ Evan T. Jones and Margaret M. Condon , Cabot and Bristol 's Age of Discovery : The Bristol Discovery Voyages 1480 -- 1508 ( University of Bristol , Nov. 2016 ) , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Evan T. Jones ( 2008 ) , `` Alwyn Ruddock : John Cabot and the Discovery of America `` , first published online 5 April 2007 , Historical Research , Volume 81 , Issue 212 , May 2008 , pp. 242 -- 49 . Jump up ^ `` The Cabot Project '' , University of Bristol , 2009 . Jump up ^ Peter E. Pope and Bryn Tapper , `` Historic Carbonear , Summer 2013 '' , Provincial Archaeology Office 2013 Archaeology Review , Vol. 12 - 2013 , pages 127 - 133 , accessed 24 April 2015 Jump up ^ Mark Rendell , `` 17th - century coins unearthed in Carbonear '' , The Telegram , 17 April 2014 , accessed 24 April 2015 Jump up ^ di Alberto Magnaghi . `` CABOTO , Giovanni e Sebastiano in `` Enciclopedia Italiana '' `` . Treccani.it . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Evan T. Jones , `` Henry VII and the Bristol expeditions to North America : the Condon documents '' , Historical Research , 27 August 2009 Jump up ^ Evan T. Jones and M.M. Condon , `` Weston , William ( d. in or before 1505 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , May 2010 Jump up ^ Cutler , Miriam ( 2011 ) . Buenos Aires Street Guide . LibrosEnRed . p. 16 . ISBN 9781597546539 . Jump up ^ Painting of Giovanni Caboto by Giustino Menescardi Jump up ^ Denis William Eden : John Cabot and his sons receive the charter from Henry VII to sail in search of new lands ( 1910 ) , at Houses of Parliament Jump up ^ Giovanni Caboto Club History Jump up ^ Douglas Merritt , Sculpture in Bristol ( Bristol , 2002 ) , p. 90 . Note : In 1956 this was designated as a `` symbolic figure of an Elizabethan seaman , '' although the sculptor Charles Wheeler exhibited the work in the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition of 1952 as `` Number 1423 , John Cabot -- sketch model for the statue on the New Council House , Bristol '' . The figure is dressed in fifteenth - century clothing , has a fifteenth - century navigational instrument ( astrolabe ) hanging from his belt and holds what appear to represent Cabot 's letters patent . Jump up ^ Peter Pope , `` Review : The Race to the New World : Christopher Columbus , John Cabot , and a Lost History of Discovery . Douglas Hunter '' , The Canadian Historical Review , Vol. 93 , No. 4 , December 2012 ( subscription required ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Cabot . John Cabot : A Man of the Renaissance , National Film Board of Canada John Cabot , Historica Canada The Cabot Project , research project at University of Bristol , led by Dr Evan Jones . O. Hartig , `` John and Sebastian Cabot '' , The Catholic Encyclopedia ( New Advent , 1908 ) . Very dated . Primary sources , hosted by University of Bristol ( edit ) Introduction and Source : `` Salazar 's account of Bristol 's discovery of the Island of Brasil ( pre 1476 ) '' , The Smugglers ' City , History Dept. , University of Bristol Sources : `` First Letters Patent granted by Henry VII to John Cabot , 5 March 1496 '' , The Smugglers ' City , History Dept. , University of Bristol Primary Sources : `` Lorenzo Pasqualigo to his brothers at Venice , 23 August 1497 '' , The Smugglers ' City , History Dept. , University of Bristol Primary Sources : `` Raimondo de Raimondi de Soncino , Milanese Ambassador in England , to Ludovico Maria Sforza , Duke of Milan , 18 December 1497 , The Smugglers ' City , History Dept. , University of Bristol Primary Source : Letter , author unknown : `` News sent from London to the Duke of Milan , 24 August 1497 '' , The Smugglers ' City , Dept. of History , University of Bristol , briefly notes Cabot 's voyage VIAF : 1256051 LCCN : n50032548 ISNI : 0000 0000 5829 8605 GND : 118666436 SUDOC : 03447272X BNF : cb125225477 ( data ) NKC : xx0075469 IATH : w6x64hhq Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Cabot&oldid=800697504 '' Categories : 1450s births 1499 deaths Age of Discovery Explorers of Canada History of Bristol Italian Roman Catholics Lost explorers Navigators People from Chioggia People lost at sea Persons of National Historic Significance ( Canada ) Slave traders Explorers from the Republic of Venice 15th - century Italian people Italian explorers of North America Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with Italian - language external links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using religion Articles with hCards Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing Venetian - language text Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Year of death unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 03 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who was the first english explorer to reach north america in 1497
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[
"John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto, Venetian: Zuan Chabotto; c. 1450 – c. 1500) was a Venetian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England was the first European exploration of the mainland of North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century. To mark the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Cabot's expedition, both the Canadian and British governments elected Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland, as Cabot's first landing site. However, alternative locations have also been proposed."
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"John Cabot"
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1153975787546363423
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List of countries by military expenditures
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List of countries by Military expenditures - wikipedia List of countries by Military expenditures Countries by military expenditures ( % of their GDP ) in 2014 , based on data from the World Bank Countries by military expenditures ( absolute ) in 2014 , based on data from the World Bank This article is a list of countries by military expenditure in a given year . Military expenditure figures are presented in United States dollars based on either constant or current exchange rates . These results can vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of each country 's currency . Such fluctuations may change a country 's ranking from one year to the next . The first list is based on the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute ( SIPRI ) 2017 Fact Sheet , which includes a list on the world 's top 15 military spenders in 2016 , based on current market exchange rates . The second list is based on the 2016 edition of `` The Military Balance '' published by the International Institute for Strategic Studies ( IISS ) using average market exchange rates . Contents 1 List 2 Notes 3 See also 4 References 5 External links List ( edit ) List by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2018 Fact Sheet ( for 2017 ) SIPRI Military Expenditure Database List by the International Institute for Strategic Studies Top 15 Defence Budgets 2017 Rank Country Spending ( $ Bn . ) % of GDP % of World share World total 1,739 2.2 01 United States 857.4 7.8 35.0 02 People 's Republic of China 228.0 1.9 13.0 03 Russia 178.5 15.7 8.6 04 Saudi Arabia 69.4 5.3 4.0 05 India 63.9 2.5 3.7 06 France 57.8 2.3 3.3 07 United Kingdom 47.2 1.8 2.7 08 Japan 45.4 0.9 2.6 09 Germany 44.3 1.2 2.5 10 South Korea 39.2 2.6 2.3 11 Brazil 29.3 1.4 1.7 12 Italy 29.2 1.7 1.7 13 Australia 27.5 2.0 1.6 14 Canada 20.6 1.3 1.2 15 Turkey 18.2 2.2 1.0 Rank Country Spending ( $ Bn . ) 01 United States 773.5 02 People 's Republic of China 175.8 03 Saudi Arabia 76.7 04 Russia 61.2 05 India 52.5 06 United Kingdom 50.7 07 France 48.6 08 Japan 46.0 09 Germany 41.7 10 South Korea 35.7 11 Brazil 29.4 12 Australia 25.0 13 Italy 22.9 14 Israel 21.6 15 Iraq 19.4 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : SIPRI estimate . Jump up ^ The figures for Saudi Arabia include expenditure for public order and safety and might be slightly overestimated . See also ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Global annual military spending tops $1.2 trillion Arms industry Military budget List of countries by past military expenditure List of countries by military expenditure per capita List of countries by military expenditure share of GDP List of countries by Global Militarization Index Military budget of the United States Military budget of the People 's Republic of China Military budget of the Russian Federation References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Trends in World Military Expenditure , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies ( 11 February 2015 ) . The Military Balance 2015 . London : Routledge . ISBN 1857437667 . Jump up ^ `` Data for all countries from 1988 -- 2017 in constant ( 2016 ) USD ( pdf ) '' ( PDF ) . SIPRI . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IISS Military Balance 2017 '' . External links ( edit ) SIPRI military expenditure database ( sipri.org ) Lists of countries by military rankings Strength Military and paramilitary personnel Military equipment Aircraft carriers Nuclear weapons Finance Arms exports Arms imports Military budget ( per capita , per share of GDP ) Militarization index Peacekeeping Global Peace Index Global Terrorism Index UN peacekeepers List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures&oldid=854767411 '' Categories : Military comparisons lists of countries Government budgets Military economics Military budgets Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 16 : 50 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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how much gdp does the us spend on military
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[
"\n\n\nList by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute2018 Fact Sheet (for 2017)[1]SIPRI Military Expenditure Database[3]\n\nList by the International Institute for Strategic StudiesTop 15 Defence Budgets 2017[4]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRank\nCountry\nSpending ($ Bn.)\n% of GDP\n\n% of World share\n\n\n\nWorld total \n1,739\n2.2\n\n\n\n\n01\n United States\n857.4\n7.8\n\n35.0\n\n\n02\n People's Republic of China[a]\n228.0\n1.9\n\n13.0\n\n\n03\n Russia\n178.5\n15.7\n\n8.6\n\n\n04\n Saudi Arabia[a][b]\n69.4\n5.3\n\n4.0\n\n\n05\n India\n63.9\n2.5\n\n3.7\n\n\n06\n France\n57.8\n2.3\n\n3.3\n\n\n07\n United Kingdom\n47.2\n1.8\n\n2.7\n\n\n08\n Japan\n45.4\n0.9\n\n2.6\n\n\n09\n Germany\n44.3\n1.2\n\n2.5\n\n\n10\n South Korea\n39.2\n2.6\n\n2.3\n\n\n11\n Brazil\n29.3\n1.4\n\n1.7\n\n\n12\n Italy\n29.2\n1.7\n\n1.7\n\n\n13\n Australia\n27.5\n2.0\n\n1.6\n\n\n14\n Canada\n20.6\n1.3\n\n1.2\n\n\n15\n Turkey\n18.2\n2.2\n\n1.0\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRank\nCountry\nSpending ($ Bn.)\n\n\n01\n United States\n773.5\n\n\n02\n People's Republic of China\n175.8\n\n\n03\n Saudi Arabia\n76.7\n\n\n04\n Russia\n61.2\n\n\n05\n India\n52.5\n\n\n06\n United Kingdom\n50.7\n\n\n07\n France\n48.6\n\n\n08\n Japan\n46.0\n\n\n09\n Germany\n41.7\n\n\n10\n South Korea\n35.7\n\n\n11\n Brazil\n29.4\n\n\n12\n Australia\n25.0\n\n\n13\n Italy\n22.9\n\n\n14\n Israel\n21.6\n\n\n15\n Iraq\n19.4\n\n\n\n\n"
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[
"7.8"
] |
780732845683792069
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Do You Know the Way to San Jose
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Do You Know the Way to San Jose - wikipedia Do You Know the Way to San Jose Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' became an international best - seller in 1968 . Single by Dionne Warwick from the album Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls B - side `` Let Me Be Lonely '' Released April 1968 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1967 at Bell Sound Studios ; engineer , Ed Smith Genre Soul , pop Length 2 : 58 Label Scepter SCE - 12216 Songwriter ( s ) Burt Bacharach , Hal David Producer ( s ) Burt Bacharach , Hal David Dionne Warwick singles chronology `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' ( 1968 ) `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' ( 1968 ) `` Who Is Gonna Love Me '' ( 1968 ) `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' ( 1968 ) # 2 `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' ( 1968 ) # 10 `` Who Is Gonna Love Me '' ( 1968 ) # 33 `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' is a 1968 popular song written and composed for singer Dionne Warwick by Burt Bacharach , who composed the music , and Hal David , who wrote the lyrics . The song was Warwick 's biggest international hit to that point , selling several million copies worldwide and winning Warwick her first Grammy Award . David 's lyrics tell the story of a native of San Jose , California who , having failed to break into the entertainment field in Los Angeles , is set to return to her hometown . The song was released on the 1968 RIAA Certified Gold album Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls . `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' was issued as the follow - up single to the double - sided hit `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' / `` I Say a Little Prayer '' in April 1968 . It became Warwick 's third consecutive Top Ten song in the closing months of 1967 and into 1968 , punctuating the most successful period of Warwick 's recording career . The song peaked at # 8 in the UK , Ireland , and Canada . It also charted highly in France , Italy , South Africa , Australia , Germany , Brazil , Mexico , Israel , Lebanon , Japan , and many other countries throughout the world . The flip - side of the single , `` Let Me Be Lonely , '' also penned by Bacharach / David , charted in the Billboard Hot 100 as well and became one of many double - sided hits for Warwick . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Awards 3 Chart performance 4 Covers 5 In other media 6 References 7 External links Production ( edit ) Bacharach had composed the music for the song before David wrote its lyrics . David had a special interest in San Jose , having been stationed there while in the Navy . The track was the last Dionne Warwick single to be recorded at New York City 's Bell Studios . It features a prominent use of bass drum , played by session musician Gary Chester . The engineer was Ed Smith , who devised the famous introduction to the tune by directly attaching a mike to the head of Chester 's bass drum . Warwick did not like `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose , '' and she had to be convinced to record it . In a May 1983 interview with Ebony , she said : `` It 's a dumb song and I did n't want to sing it . But it was a hit , just like ( her recent Top Ten hit ) ' Heartbreaker ' is . I 'm happy these songs were successful , but that still does n't change my opinion about them . '' Though she still does not like it , the song remains one of Warwick 's most popular chart selections , and she still includes it in almost every concert she performs . Awards ( edit ) Warwick won her first Grammy , the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance , for `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose . '' She told Jet in May 2002 that winning this award was the overall highlight of her career . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts Billboard Hot 100 * * * Cash Box Top 100 Billboard R&B Billboard Easy Listening AUSTRALIA CANADA IRELAND UK NZ # 10 * * * # 10 # 23 # 4 # 15 # 8 # 8 # 8 # 20 Year - end chart ( 1968 ) Rank U.S. Billboard Hot 100 88 Covers ( edit ) `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' has also been recorded by Connie Francis , Rita Reys , The George Shearing Quintet , The Avalanches , The Baja Marimba Band , The Temptations and The Supremes together , Neil Diamond , Frankie Goes to Hollywood , Nancy Sinatra , The Starlite Orchestra , De-Phazz , Jim O'Rourke , Bossa Rio ( 1970 ) , Trijntje Oosterhuis , Paper Dolls , and the Carpenters , among others . Non-English renderings of the song include `` Le chemin pour San José '' by Ginette Reno -- # 8 Québécois hit for the year 1968 -- , `` Heiß ist der Kaffee in San José '' by Corry Brokken , `` Snart Så Stiger Solen Upp Igen '' by Siw Malmkvist and `` La route du bonheur '' by Liliane Saint - Pierre . Warwick re-recorded the song as a salsa - flavored collaboration with Celia Cruz and the Pete Escovedo Orchestra for her 1998 album Dionne Sings Dionne . The song has been recorded on various Burt Bacharach tribute albums , including by Medeski Martin & Wood on Great Jewish Music : Burt Bacharach ( 1997 ) , by both Yazz and Dionne Warwick ( separately ) on Tribute to Burt Bacharach & Hal David ( 2002 ) , by Trijntje Oosterhuis on The Look of Love ( 2006 ) , and by Kahimi Karie on All Kinds of People ~ Love Burt Bacharach ~ ( 2010 ) . In 1977 , Maureen McCormick , Geri Reischl & Susan Olsen performed the song during a medley on an episode of The Brady Bunch Variety Hour . In other media ( edit ) During the early and mid-1990s , San Jose - based KNTV used the first notes of the song in its news theme . In 1968 through 1969 , the Chrysler - Dodge Corporation used the tune to promote the Dodge Challenger and Charger in television commercials airing in the USA and Canada . In the film The Scout , the character played by Brendan Fraser listens to the song on headphones while flying and disturbs other flyers by singing it off - key . The song was one of many California related songs played throughout `` Sunshine Plaza '' in the original Disney California Adventure . The song opens and closes the pilot episode of Helix , in each case playing over tense scenes featuring Peter Farragut . The song appears again in the opener of Helix Season 2 when Julia arrives to the island . The song was parodied on an episode of MadTV entitled `` Ebay '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dominic , Serene ( 2003 ) . Burt Bacharach , song by song : the ultimate Burt Bacharach reference for fans . New York City : Schirmer Trade Books . p. 190 . ISBN 0 - 8256 - 7280 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Dennis ( May 1983 ) . `` Dionne Wardwick Speaks Out for Strong Black Women '' . Ebony . Johnson Publishing Company : 100 . Archived from the original on 27 July 2014 . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz. 1968 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1968 / Top 100 Songs of 1968 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sunshine Plaza '' . Theme Park Music . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Dionne Warwick Discography Studio albums Presenting Dionne Warwick ( 1963 ) Anyone Who Had a Heart ( 1964 ) Make Way for Dionne Warwick ( 1964 ) The Sensitive Sound of Dionne Warwick ( 1965 ) Here I Am ( 1965 ) Here Where There Is Love ( 1966 ) On Stage and in the Movies ( 1967 ) The Windows of the World ( 1967 ) Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls ( 1968 ) Promises , Promises ( 1968 ) Soulful ( 1969 ) I 'll Never Fall in Love Again ( 1970 ) Very Dionne ( 1970 ) Dionne ( 1979 ) No Night So Long ( 1980 ) Friends in Love ( 1982 ) Heartbreaker ( 1982 ) How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye ( 1983 ) Finder of Lost Loves ( 1985 ) Friends ( 1985 ) Reservations for Two ( 1987 ) Friends Can Be Lovers ( 1993 ) My Friends & Me ( 2006 ) Live albums Dionne Warwick in Paris ( 1966 ) Hot ! Live and Otherwise ( 1981 ) Christmas in Vienna II ( 1993 ) Compilation albums The Love Collection ( 2008 ) Singles `` Do n't Make Me Over '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' `` Walk On By '' `` You 'll Never Get to Heaven ( If You Break My Heart ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` Reach Out for Me '' `` Who Can I Turn To ? '' `` Are You There ( With Another Girl ) '' `` Message to Michael '' `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do with Myself '' `` Alfie '' `` The Windows of the World '' `` I Say a Little Prayer '' `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' `` This Girl 's in Love with You '' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feeling '' `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' `` Make It Easy on Yourself '' `` The Good Life '' `` Then Came You '' `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix `` Only Love Can Break a Heart '' `` I 'll Never Love This Way Again '' `` Déjà Vu '' `` After You '' `` No Night So Long '' `` Easy Love '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` All the Love in the World '' `` Run to Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` Love Power '' `` It 's All Over '' `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_You_Know_the_Way_to_San_Jose&oldid=829090780 '' Categories : 1968 singles Dionne Warwick songs Celia Cruz songs Frankie Goes to Hollywood songs Songs with lyrics by Hal David Songs with music by Burt Bacharach Songs about California 1967 songs Scepter Records singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Norsk Norsk nynorsk Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 16 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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do you know de way to san jose
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-5637213316733231013
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Tom Kenny
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Tom Kenny - wikipedia Tom Kenny For other people named Tom Kenny , see Tom Kenny ( disambiguation ) . Tom Kenny Kenny at the Florida SuperCon in June 2015 Thomas James Kenny ( 1962 - 07 - 13 ) July 13 , 1962 ( age 56 ) Syracuse , New York , U.S. Residence Studio City , California , U.S. Occupation Actor , voice artist , comedian Years active 1981 -- present Spouse ( s ) Jill Talley ( m . 1995 ) Children Thomas James Kenny ( born July 13 , 1962 ) is an American actor , voice artist , and comedian . He is known for voicing the title character in the SpongeBob SquarePants TV series , video games , and films . Kenny has voiced many other characters including Heffer Wolfe in Rocko 's Modern Life ; the Ice King in Adventure Time ; the Narrator and Mayor in The Powerpuff Girls ; Carl Chryniszzswics in Johnny Bravo ; Dog in CatDog ; and Spyro from the Spyro the Dragon video game series . His live - action work includes the comedy variety shows The Edge and Mr. Show . Kenny has won a Daytime Emmy Award and two Annie Awards for his voice work as SpongeBob SquarePants and the Ice King . Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early life and stand - up comedy 1.2 Television and film career 1.3 Voice acting 1.3. 1 SpongeBob SquarePants 2 Personal life 3 Awards and nominations 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Biography Early Life and stand - up comedy Kenny was born and raised in Syracuse , New York , to Theresa Bridget ( Donigan ) and Paul Austin Kenny . As a young child , he loved drawing and collecting record albums in the late 1960s and 1970s . in Syracuse . He met Bobcat Goldthwait in first grade and they became life - long friends . In their mid-teens , they saw an ad for an open - mic night at Skaneateles that featured comedian Barry Crimmins with the moniker `` Bear Cat '' . He and Goldthwait went to the event , and performed under the monikers Tomcat and Bobcat , respectively , as a tribute to Crimmins , after which Goldthwait used Bobcat as his stage name . Describing Kenny 's stand - up routines , Goldthwait said , `` Tom would get up there and talk about his therapist and he did n't even have a therapist , he just loved Woody Allen . '' Kenny went to Bishop Grimes High School , a Catholic high school , After college , Kenny performed stand - up comedy around the country for about eight years before he moved on to other venues . Television and film career Kenny has acted in many films and TV shows , debuting in How I Got Into College ( 1989 ) and later appeared in films such as Shakes the Clown ( 1991 ) and Comic Book : The Movie ( 2004 ) . On television , he would host the `` Music News '' segments of Friday Night Videos in the early 1990s . He appeared in sketch comedy shows The Edge which aired on Fox from 1992 -- 93 , and Mr. Show which aired on HBO from 1995 to 1998 , both roles in the show were as a regular cast member . He appears in the live - action segments of SpongeBob SquarePants as Patchy the Pirate , appeared on R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour on the season four episode , `` Uncle Howee '' as Uncle Howee , a high - energy kids ' show host with strange powers . Voice acting Kenny said that he voices `` a lot of sweet yellow characters for some reason . '' He described SpongeBob 's voice as in between that of a child and an adult , stating `` Think a Stan Laurel , Jerry Lewis kind of child - man . Kind of like a Munchkin but not quite , kind of like a kid , but not in a Charlie Brown child 's voice on the TV shows . '' Joe Murray auditioned Kenny for voice acting roles for Rocko 's Modern Life in a casting call in Los Angeles , California . On one occasion , the producers required Kenny to fill the role of Charlie Adler , who was absent . He voices Cupid for the Nickelodeon show The Fairly OddParents . Joe Murray chose Kenny for several roles on another one of his projects , Camp Lazlo as Scoutmaster Lumpus and Slinkman , because Murray , after seeing Kenny 's previous work for Rocko 's Modern Life , felt that Kenny `` adds writing to his roles '' and `` brings so much '' . He voiced Dog in CatDog , as well as the voice of Cliff . He voices many characters in The Powerpuff Girls , including the Mayor , the Narrator , Mitch Mitchelson , Snake , and Little Arturo from the Gangrene Gang , Rainbow the Clown , etc . He voiced Eduardo , and various other characters in Foster 's Home For Imaginary Friends , Dr. Two - Brains in the PBS Kids show , WordGirl and the villains Knightbrace , The Common Cold and Mr. Wink in Codename Kids Next Door . Kenny is The Penguin in 2004 TV series The Batman . He voiced the character Squanchy on Rick and Morty . Kenny at New York Comic Con in 2014 He plays a number of roles in the Transformers Animated TV show . A few of the characters he voices in this series are Starscream and his clones , Isaac Sumdac and Waspinator . Kenny also voiced several characters on the animated show Xiaolin Showdown , as well as the Autobots Skids and Wheelie in the live - action Transformers film series . On Dilbert , Kenny voiced Ratbert , Asok , Dilbert 's shower , and some minor characters . He played Mr. Hal Gibson in the animated kids show Super Robot Monkey Team Hyper Force GO ! . In 2009 , Kenny became a regular cast voice in the Fox comedy series Sit Down , Shut Up . He voices Muhammad Sabeeh `` Happy '' Fa - ach Nuabar , the secretive custodian who is plotting a terrorist attack , as well as Happy 's interpreter . The series premiered on April 19 , 2009 . Kenan Thompson , Kristin Chenoweth , Jason Bateman , Nick Kroll , Cheri Oteri , Henry Winkler , Will Arnett , and Will Forte are the other main cast members . He plays The Ice King and Magic Man on Adventure Time . In 2011 , Kenny took over the role of Rabbit from Ken Sansom in Winnie the Pooh . From 2012 -- 2014 , Kenny voiced Woody Johnson on Comedy Central 's Brickleberry . He voices Flain , Seismo , and Teslo in Mixels , Sumo in the Cartoon Network show Clarence , Daddo in Henry Hugglemonster , Dr. Otto Octavius on The Ultimate Spider - Man , and Leo Callisto in Miles from Tomorrowland . He has also provided voices in television advertisements for Best Buy ( as an elf for a Christmas spot ) , Experian ( as a talking modem alongside DC Douglas ) , and Talking Hank in the YouTube web series Talking Tom and Friends . In video games , Kenny is best known as the voice of Spyro the Dragon , having replaced previous voice actor Carlos Alazraqui . He first voiced Spyro in Spyro 2 : Ripto 's Rage ! , and continued to voice the character up until Spyro : A Hero 's Tail , where he was replaced by Jess Harnell . However , he is set to return to voice Spyro in the upcoming Spyro Reignited Trilogy , a collection of modern remakes of the original Spyro trilogy . He also voiced another character in the series , Sgt . James Byrd , in Spyro : Year of the Dragon . SpongeBob SquarePants Main article : SpongeBob SquarePants Kenny in 2010 at San Diego Comic Con While working on the animated series Rocko 's Modern Life , Kenny met marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg , who was also the creative director in the show 's fourth season . Hillenburg drew a square sponge that he thought was funny and decided that he had found his character . After the cancellation of Rocko 's Modern Life in 1996 , Hillenburg began developing the concept and hired former Rocko crew members . To voice the character of SpongeBob , Hillenburg approached Kenny . Hillenburg chose the name SpongeBob and used the name SquarePants as a family name that `` had a nice ring to it '' . The series premiered on May 1 , 1999 , on Nickelodeon and became a commercial success in 2000 , during its second season . Kenny voices other characters on the show including Gary the Snail , the French narrator ( a parody of Jacques Cousteau ) , SpongeBob 's father Harold SquarePants , and his live - action portrayal of Patchy the Pirate . In 2010 , Kenny received the Annie Award for `` Voice Acting in a Television Production '' for his role as SpongeBob in SpongeBob 's Truth or Square ( season 6 , episode 23 - 24 ) . He also voiced SpongeBob in the sequel film released on February 6 , 2015 . In 2018 , he received the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program . Personal Life Kenny first met his wife Jill Talley in 1992 while working on The Edge . The two have also collaborated on HBO 's Mr. Show and SpongeBob SquarePants , they also both appeared in the music video for `` Tonight , Tonight '' by The Smashing Pumpkins . They have two children , Mack ( born c. 1997 ) and Nora ( born August 2003 ) . The Kennys live in Studio City , California . Awards and nominations Year Award Film / TV Show Result Annie Award Best Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Male Performer in an Animated Television Production SpongeBob SquarePants Nominated 2008 Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Screen Couple ( shared with Shia LaBeouf and either Megan Fox or any `` Transformer '' ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Nominated Annie Award Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production SpongeBob SquarePants Won 2011 Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Screen Ensemble ( shared with the entire cast ) Transformers : Dark of the Moon Nominated 2014 Annie Award Outstanding Achievement , Voice Acting in an Animated TV / Broadcast Production Adventure Time Won 2015 Annie Award Voice Acting in an Animated Feature The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water Nominated 2018 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program SpongeBob SquarePants Won Filmography Main article : Tom Kenny filmography How I Got into College ( 1989 ) Shakes the Clown ( 1992 ) Plughead Rewired : Circuitry Man II ( 1994 ) Dr. Dolittle 2 ( 2001 ) The Powerpuff Girls Movie ( 2002 ) Adam Sandler 's Eight Crazy Nights ( 2002 ) Run Ronnie Run ( 2002 ) The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie ( 2004 ) Surviving Christmas ( 2004 ) Hoodwinked ( 2005 ) Ant Bully ( 2006 ) Idiocracy ( 2006 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Happily N'Ever After ( 2007 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) World 's Greatest Dad ( 2009 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Transformers : Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) God Bless America ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Zambezia ( 2012 ) Back to the Sea ( 2012 ) I Know That Voice ( 2013 ) The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) Ant - Man ( 2015 ) References ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Kenny : Biography '' . T.V Guide . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Kenny , voice of SpongeBob SquarePants , talks of local ties , life in Bikini Bottom '' . TimesLeader.com . Times Leader . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Kenny Finds his Voice as SpongeBob SquarePants '' . backstage.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Crimmins 's Life - Changing Comedy '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Louis C.K. directs CNY comedy legend Barry Crimmins ' first - ever standup special '' . syracuse.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wojciechowski , Michele ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Voice Artist Tom Kenny on Being SpongeBob SquarePants '' . Parade . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nieratko , Chris ( September 3 , 2015 ) . `` Bobcat Goldthwait 's Latest Documentary Examines Child Sexual Abuse '' . Vice . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Kenny -- Sit Down Shut Up , The Batman , SpongeBob SquarePants -- 02 / 27 / 09 '' . GrouchoReviews.com . Groucho Reviews . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.metro.us/entertainment/interview-tom-kenny-talks-voicing-spongebob-squarepants-and-mr-show/zsJoba---UspN3mmMXb2BE Jump up ^ Miller , Emily ; Macchione , Elizabeth ( June 14 , 2003 ) . `` A discussion with Tom Kenny of ' SpongeBob Squarepants ' '' . St. Augustine Record . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Oral History of SpongeBob SquarePants '' . cartoonician.com . September 21 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lisa ( Kiczuk ) Trainor interviews Joe Murray , creator of Rocko 's Modern Life '' , The Rocko 's Modern Life FAQ Jump up ^ Lawson , Tim and Alisa Persons . The Magic Behind the Voices : A Who 's Who of Cartoon Voice Actors . p. 192 . Jump up ^ Q & A with Joe Murray Archived January 23 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. `` , Cartoon Network Pressroom Jump up ^ `` You Wo n't Believe Who Voices These Rick And Morty Characters CCUK '' . Jump up ^ `` Sit Down , Shut Up '' . Fox . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Silver , Stephen . `` Best Buy Elf Debuts in Christmas Support Ad '' . Dealerscope . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Douglas , DC . `` Experian ( w / Tom Kenny ) '' . DCDouglas.com . Retrieved 7 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Talking Tom and Friends ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) , Talking Tom and Friends - Meet the Cast , retrieved 2018 - 07 - 01 Jump up ^ `` Spyro the Dragon is Back in the Spyro Reignited Trilogy ! '' . Activision Blog . Kelly , Kevin . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Spyro : Year of the Dragon Manual ( PDF ) . Sony Computer Entertainment , Inc . October 24 , 2000 . p. 18 . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patick ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards : ' Bold And The Beautiful ' , ' Sesame Street ' Top Winners '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Ellen ( November 30 , 2004 ) . `` As the voice of SpongeBob , Tom Kenny knows it 's hip to be square '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2015/01/tom_kenny_spongebob_squarepants_east_syracuse.html Jump up ^ http://www.screenjunkies.com/movies/movie-news/7-other-places-you-ve-heard-tom-kenny-the-voice-of-spongebob External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tom Kenny . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Tom Kenny Tom Kenny on IMDb Tom Kenny at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Interview with Tom Kenny on Fresh Air Tom Kenny on Behind The Voice Actors Preceded by Carlos Alazraqui Voice of Spyro the Dragon 1999 -- 2002 , 2018 - present Succeeded by Jess Harnell Preceded by Charlie Adler Voice of Starscream 2007 -- 2009 Succeeded by Sam Riegel Preceded by Frank Welker Voice of Wheelie 2009 -- present Succeeded by Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program Lily Tomlin ( 1995 ) Nathan Lane ( 1996 ) Louie Anderson ( 1997 ) Louie Anderson ( 1998 ) Rob Paulsen ( 1999 ) James Woods ( 2000 ) Nathan Lane ( 2001 ) Charles Shaughnessy ( 2002 ) Gregory Hines ( 2003 ) Joe Alaskey ( 2004 ) Henry Winkler ( 2005 ) Maile Flanagan ( 2006 ) Eartha Kitt ( 2007 ) Eartha Kitt ( 2008 ) Jim Ward ( 2009 ) Eartha Kitt ( 2010 ) Danny Jacobs ( 2011 ) June Foray ( 2012 ) David Tennant ( 2013 ) Hayley Faith Negrin ( 2014 ) Danny Jacobs ( 2015 ) Jeff Bennett ( 2016 ) Kelsey Grammer ( 2017 ) Tom Kenny ( 2018 ) WorldCat Identities BNF : cb14575092q ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 8354 5380 LCCN : no2002053233 MusicBrainz : 4deae17b - 064b - 4ab1 - aee4 - f1f99bf9ef26 SNAC : w6jq4brj SUDOC : 087931761 VIAF : 7632482 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Kenny&oldid=865442183 '' Categories : 1962 births Living people American male comedians American male film actors American stand - up comedians American male television actors American male video game actors American male voice actors 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Annie Award winners Daytime Emmy Award winners Male actors from Syracuse , New York Comedians from New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Use mdy dates from December 2011 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Български Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 00 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who is the guy that does spongebob's voice
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"Thomas James Kenny (born July 13, 1962) is an American actor, voice artist, and comedian. He is known for voicing the title character in the SpongeBob SquarePants TV series, video games, and films. Kenny has voiced many other characters including Heffer Wolfe in Rocko's Modern Life; the Ice King in Adventure Time; the Narrator and Mayor in The Powerpuff Girls; Carl Chryniszzswics in Johnny Bravo; Dog in CatDog; and Spyro from the Spyro the Dragon video game series. His live-action work includes the comedy variety shows The Edge and Mr. Show. Kenny has won a Daytime Emmy Award and two Annie Awards for his voice work as SpongeBob SquarePants and the Ice King.\n"
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"Thomas James Kenny"
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List of countries by GDP (PPP)
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List of countries by GDP ( PPP ) - wikipedia List of countries by GDP ( PPP ) Jump to : navigation , search For countries by nominal GDP , see List of countries by GDP ( nominal ) . Largest economies by PPP GDP in 2017 . According to International Monetary Fund estimates . The top ten largest economies by GDP ( PPP ) This article includes a list of countries by their forecasted estimated gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity , abbreviated GDP ( PPP ) . Countries are sorted by GDP PPP forecast estimates from financial and statistical institutions in the limited period January - April 2017 , which are calculated at market or government official exchange rates . The data given on this page are based on the international dollar , a standardized unit used by economists . GDP comparisons using PPP are arguably more useful than those using nominal GDP ( see List of countries by GDP ( nominal ) ) when assessing a nation 's domestic market because PPP takes into account the relative cost of local goods , services and inflation rates of the country , rather than using international market exchange rates which may distort the real differences in per capita income . It is however limited when measuring financial flows between countries . PPP is often used to gauge global poverty thresholds and is used by the United Nations in constructing the human development index . These surveys such as the International Comparison Program include both tradable and non-tradable goods in an attempt to estimate a representative basket of all goods . The first table includes estimates for the year 2017 for all current 191 International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) members as well as Hong Kong and Taiwan ( the official list says `` Taiwan , Province of China '' ) . Data are in millions of international dollars ; they were calculated by the IMF . Figures were published in April 2017 . The second table includes data , mostly for the year 2015 , for 180 of the 193 current United Nations member states as well as Hong Kong and Macau ( the two Chinese Special Administrative Regions ) . Data are in billions of international dollars ; they were compiled by the World Bank . The third table is a tabulation of the CIA World Factbook Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) ( Purchasing Power Parity ) data update of 2016 . The data for GDP at purchasing power parity have also been rebased using the new International Comparison Program price surveys and extrapolated to 2007 . Contents 1 Lists 1.1 See also 2 Notes 3 References 4 External links Lists Click on one of the small triangles in the headings to re-order the list according to that category . List by the International Monetary Fund ( Forecasted estimates for 2017 ) List by the World Bank ( 2016 ) List by the CIA World Factbook ( 1993 -- 2016 ) Rank Country GDP ( millions of Int $ ) World 126,687,917 China 23,194,411 -- European Union 20,852,702 United States 19,417,144 India 9,489,302 Japan 5,420,228 5 Germany 4,134,668 6 Russia 3,938,001 7 Indonesia 3,257,123 8 Brazil 3,216,031 9 United Kingdom 2,905,392 10 France 2,833,064 11 Mexico 2,406,199 12 Italy 2,303,108 13 Turkey 2,082,079 14 South Korea 2,029,706 15 Saudi Arabia 1,796,205 16 Spain 1,768,816 17 Canada 1,752,910 18 Iran 1,535,491 19 Australia 1,251,416 20 Thailand 1,226,407 21 Egypt 1,197,967 22 Taiwan 1,177,052 23 Nigeria 1,124,627 24 Poland 1,114,105 25 Pakistan 1,060,569 26 Malaysia 922,057 27 Argentina 912,816 28 Netherlands 907,619 29 Philippines 878,980 30 South Africa 761,926 31 Colombia 720,151 32 United Arab Emirates 693,765 33 Bangladesh 686,598 34 Vietnam 648,243 35 Iraq 641,005 36 Algeria 634,746 37 Belgium 529,289 38 Sweden 522,849 39 Singapore 514,837 40 Switzerland 514,162 41 Kazakhstan 472,563 42 Romania 470,312 43 Chile 455,941 44 Hong Kong 449,589 45 Austria 432,424 46 Peru 429,711 47 Venezuela 404,109 48 Norway 377,100 49 Czech Republic 368,659 50 Ukraine 368,047 51 Qatar 347,887 52 Ireland 343,682 53 Myanmar 334,856 54 Israel 316,120 55 Portugal 310,651 56 Kuwait 309,640 57 Greece 302,150 58 Morocco 300,556 59 Hungary 284,266 60 Denmark 284,040 61 Sri Lanka 278,415 62 Finland 239,662 63 Uzbekistan 222,792 64 Ethiopia 194,980 65 Angola 193,935 66 Oman 189,582 67 Sudan 186,715 68 New Zealand 186,476 69 Ecuador 184,629 70 Slovak Republic 179,527 71 Dominican Republic 174,180 72 Belarus 173,405 73 Azerbaijan 167,431 74 Kenya 164,340 75 Tanzania 163,522 76 Bulgaria 152,079 77 Guatemala 138,987 78 Tunisia 136,797 79 Ghana 131,498 80 Puerto Rico 129,848 81 Serbia 107,131 82 Turkmenistan 103,987 83 Panama 100,512 84 Croatia 100,006 85 Côte d'Ivoire 95,887 86 Uganda 91,212 87 Lithuania 90,387 88 Jordan 89,555 89 Lebanon 88,786 90 Libya 87,067 91 Costa Rica 85,781 92 Bolivia 83,608 93 Cameroon 81,535 94 Uruguay 77,800 95 Nepal 77,147 96 Yemen 74,250 97 Bahrain 69,922 98 Slovenia 69,358 99 Zambia 68,648 100 Democratic Republic of the Congo 68,331 101 Paraguay 68,005 102 Afghanistan 67,462 103 Macau 65,732 104 Cambodia 64,405 105 Luxembourg 63,549 106 El Salvador 57,285 107 Latvia 53,268 108 Honduras 45,628 109 Trinidad and Tobago 44,654 110 Laos 44,639 111 Bosnia and Herzegovina 44,462 112 Senegal 43,326 113 Mali 40,974 114 Estonia 40,275 115 Madagascar 40,055 116 Georgia 39,318 117 Botswana 39,054 118 Mongolia 37,731 119 Mozambique 37,321 120 Gabon 36,999 121 Albania 36,198 122 Nicaragua 35,835 123 Burkina Faso 35,598 124 Brunei Darussalam 32,838 125 Macedonia 31,924 126 Cyprus 31,093 127 Equatorial Guinea 30,807 128 Republic of Congo 30,607 129 Zimbabwe 29,795 130 Chad 29,730 131 Papua New Guinea 29,481 132 Tajikistan 27,802 133 Mauritius 27,507 134 Namibia 27,451 135 Armenia 27,116 136 Jamaica 26,474 137 Benin 25,407 138 Rwanda 24,717 139 Kyrgyz Republic 22,737 140 Malawi 22,577 141 Niger 21,655 142 South Sudan 20,423 143 Moldova 20,207 144 Haiti 19,979 145 Kosovo 19,509 146 Malta 18,404 147 Iceland 17,846 148 Mauritania 17,421 149 Guinea 17,056 150 Togo 12,494 151 Sierra Leone 11,551 152 Swaziland 11,352 153 Montenegro 10,934 154 Eritrea 9,678 155 The Bahamas 9,374 156 Fiji 8,798 157 Burundi 8,024 158 Suriname 7,961 159 Lesotho 7,287 160 Bhutan 7,045 161 Guyana 6,398 162 Maldives 5,853 163 Barbados 4,983 164 Timor - Leste 4,567 165 Liberia 3,960 166 Cabo Verde 3,762 167 Djibouti 3,658 168 The Gambia 3,607 169 Central African Republic 3,411 170 Belize 3,252 171 Guinea - Bissau 3,089 172 Seychelles 2,761 173 Antigua and Barbuda 2,372 174 St. Lucia 2,110 175 San Marino 2,093 176 Grenada 1,588 177 St. Kitts and Nevis 1,544 178 Comoros 1,329 179 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1,299 180 Solomon Islands 1,247 181 Samoa 1,129 182 Dominica 847 183 Vanuatu 772 184 São Tomé and Príncipe 685 185 Tonga 597 186 Micronesia 345 187 Palau 297 188 Kiribati 222 189 Marshall Islands 188 190 Tuvalu 41 Rank Country GDP ( millions of Int $ ) World 115,165,700 China 21,417,150 -- European Union 19,721,689 United States 18,569,100 India 8,702,900 Japan 5,266,444 5 Germany 4,028,362 6 Russia 3,397,368 7 Brazil 3,141,333 8 Indonesia 3,032,090 9 United Kingdom 2,796,732 10 France 2,773,932 11 Italy 2,312,559 12 Mexico 2,278,072 13 Turkey 1,927,693 14 South Korea 1,832,073 15 Saudi Arabia 1,756,793 16 Spain 1,686,373 17 Canada 1,597,517 18 Iran 1,352,814 19 Thailand 1,164,928 20 Australia 1,128,908 21 Nigeria 1,091,228 22 Egypt 1,065,179 23 Poland 1,055,354 24 Pakistan 1,014,181 25 Netherlands 866,204 26 Malaysia 815,645 27 Philippines 741,029 28 South Africa 723,516 29 Colombia 665,594 30 United Arab Emirates 643,166 31 Algeria 582,598 32 Venezuela 554,329 33 Vietnam 552,297 34 Iraq 542,520 35 Bangladesh 536,567 36 Switzerland 501,653 37 Belgium 496,477 38 Singapore 471,631 39 Sweden 454,868 40 Kazakhstan 453,981 41 Romania 424,474 -- Hong Kong 414,376 42 Austria 411,818 43 Chile 400,534 44 Peru 389,147 45 Czech Republic 339,402 46 Ukraine 339,155 47 Qatar 321,418 48 Norway 319,401 49 Portugal 302,329 50 Israel 296,931 51 Greece 288,778 52 Kuwait 277,554 53 Morocco 273,358 54 Denmark 264,702 55 Cuba 254,865 56 Ireland 253,635 57 Hungary 251,842 58 Sri Lanka 246,117 59 Finland 222,575 60 Uzbekistan 187,668 61 Angola 184,438 62 Ecuador 183,855 63 Oman 171,692 64 Azerbaijan 171,214 65 New Zealand 169,960 66 Belarus 168,009 67 Sudan 167,909 68 Ethiopia 161,571 69 Slovakia 156,632 70 Dominican Republic 149,627 71 Kenya 141,951 72 Tanzania ( mainland ) 138,461 73 Tunisia 126,598 74 Guatemala 125,950 75 Puerto Rico 125,861 76 Bulgaria 125,699 77 Ghana 115,137 78 Croatia 111,812 79 Serbia 95,698 80 Yemen 92,432 81 Libya 88,867 82 Turkmenistan 88,657 83 Panama 87,196 84 Jordan 82,631 85 Lebanon 81,547 86 Lithuania 80,699 87 Cote d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire 79,361 88 Costa Rica 73,931 89 Bolivia 73,796 90 Cameroon 72,896 91 Uruguay 72,751 92 Uganda 71,246 93 Nepal 70,090 -- Macau 65,383 94 Bahrain 64,656 95 Slovenia 64,229 96 Afghanistan 62,913 97 Zambia 62,458 98 Paraguay 62,458 99 Congo , Democratic Republic of the 60,482 100 Luxembourg 58,065 101 Cambodia 54,263 102 El Salvador 52,701 103 Latvia 48,049 104 Trinidad and Tobago 44,334 105 Mali 42,737 106 Honduras 41,057 107 Bosnia and Herzegovina 40,046 108 Laos 38,605 109 Estonia 36,860 110 Senegal 36,776 111 Mongolia 36,068 112 Botswana 35,763 113 Georgia 35,610 114 Madagascar 35,366 115 Gabon 34,523 116 Mozambique 33,177 117 Albania 32,663 118 Nicaragua 31,564 119 Chad 30,481 120 Burkina Faso 30,041 121 Brunei Darussalam 29,969 122 Congo , Republic of the 29,423 123 Macedonia 28,907 124 Zimbabwe 27,985 125 Cyprus 25,864 126 Namibia 25,606 127 Equatorial Guinea 25,386 128 Armenia 25,329 129 Jamaica 24,704 130 Mauritius 24,596 131 Tajikistan 23,579 132 Benin 22,955 133 South Sudan 22,829 134 West Bank and Gaza 22,155 135 Papua New Guinea 21,384 136 Rwanda 20,418 137 Kyrgyzstan 20,413 138 Malawi 20,359 139 Niger 18,975 140 Haiti 18,875 141 Moldova 17,908 142 Kosovo 17,454 143 Mauritania 15,425 144 Iceland 15,399 145 Guinea 15,213 146 Malta 12,500 147 Swaziland 10,845 148 Togo 10,663 149 Sierra Leone 10,264 150 Montenegro 9,638 151 Bahamas , The 9,233 152 Suriname 9,214 153 Burundi 8,228 154 Fiji 8,171 155 Bhutan 6,258 156 Guyana 5,758 157 Lesotho 5,585 158 Maldives 5,170 159 Barbados 4,659 160 Liberia 3,766 161 Cape Verde 3,482 162 Bermuda 3,409 163 Gambia 3,155 164 Belize 3,064 165 Central African Republic 2,927 166 Djibouti 2,876 167 Timor - Leste 2,813 168 Guinea - Bissau 2,680 169 Seychelles 2,534 170 Antigua and Barbuda 2,109 171 Saint Lucia 2,033 172 Grenada 1,385 173 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1,354 174 Solomon Islands 1,276 175 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1,207 176 Samoa 1,144 177 Comoros 1,105 178 Dominica 820 179 Vanuatu 787 180 Sao Tome and Principe 594 181 Tonga 552 182 Federated States of Micronesia 348 183 Palau 325 184 Kiribati 209 185 Marshall Islands 202 186 Tuvalu 37 Rank Country GDP ( billions of Int $ ) Year World 119,400 2016 est . China 21,140 2016 est . -- European Union 19,970 2016 est . United States 18,560 2016 est . India 8,721 2016 est . Japan 4,932 2016 est . 5 Germany 3,979 2016 est . 6 Russia 3,745 2016 est . 7 Brazil 3,081 2016 est . 8 Indonesia 3,028 2016 est . 9 United Kingdom 2,788 2016 est . 10 France 2,699 2016 est . 11 Mexico 2,307 2016 est . 12 Italy 2,221 2016 est . 13 South Korea 1,929 2016 est . 14 Saudi Arabia 1,731 2016 est . 15 Spain 1,690 2016 est . 16 Canada 1,674 2016 est . 17 Turkey 1,670 2016 est . 18 Iran 1,459 2016 est . 19 Australia 1,189 2016 est . 20 Thailand 1,161 2016 est . -- Taiwan 1,127 2016 est . 21 Egypt 1,105 2016 est . 22 Nigeria 1,089 2016 est . 23 Poland 1,052 2016 est . 24 Pakistan 988.2 2016 est . 25 Argentina 879.4 2016 est . 26 Netherlands 870.8 2016 est . 27 Malaysia 863.0 2016 est . 28 Philippines 801.9 2016 est . 29 South Africa 739.1 2016 est . 30 Colombia 688.0 2016 est . 31 United Arab Emirates 667.2 2016 est . 32 Bangladesh 628.4 2016 est . 33 Algeria 609.4 2016 est . 34 Iraq 596.7 2016 est . 35 Vietnam 594.9 2016 est . 36 Belgium 508.6 2016 est . 37 Sweden 498.1 2016 est . 38 Switzerland 496.3 2016 est . 39 Singapore 487.9 2016 est . 40 Venezuela 468.6 2016 est . 41 Kazakhstan 460.7 2016 est . 42 Romania 441.0 2016 est . 43 Chile 436.1 2016 est . -- Hong Kong 427.4 2016 est . 44 Austria 416.6 2016 est . 45 Peru 410.4 2016 est . 46 Norway 364.7 2016 est . 47 Ukraine 352.6 2016 est . 48 Czech Republic 350.9 2016 est . 49 Qatar 334.5 2016 est . 50 Ireland 322.0 2016 est . 51 Myanmar 311.1 2016 est . 52 Kuwait 301.1 2016 est . 53 Portugal 297.1 2016 est . 54 Israel 297.0 2016 est . 55 Greece 290.5 2016 est . 56 Morocco 282.8 2016 est . 57 Hungary 267.6 2016 est . 58 Denmark 264.8 2016 est . 59 Sri Lanka 236.7 2016 est . 60 Finland 225.7 2016 est . 61 Uzbekistan 202.3 2016 est . 62 Angola 189.0 2016 est . 63 Ecuador 182.4 2016 est . 64 Sudan 176.3 2016 est . 65 New Zealand 174.8 2016 est . 66 Ethiopia 174.7 2016 est . 67 Oman 173.1 2016 est . 68 Slovakia 168.8 2016 est . 69 Azerbaijan 167.9 2016 est . 70 Belarus 165.4 2016 est . 71 Dominican Republic 161.9 2016 est . 72 Kenya 152.7 2016 est . 73 Tanzania 150.6 2016 est . 74 Bulgaria 143.1 2016 est . 75 Cuba 132.9 2014 est . 76 Guatemala 131.8 2016 est . -- Puerto Rico 131.0 2016 est . 77 Tunisia 130.8 2016 est . 78 Ghana 120.8 2016 est . 79 Serbia 101.8 2016 est . 80 Turkmenistan 94.72 2016 est . 81 Croatia 94.24 2016 est . 82 Panama 93.12 2016 est . 83 Libya 90.89 2016 est . 84 Cote d'Ivoire 87.12 2016 est . 85 Jordan 86.19 2016 est . 86 Lithuania 85.62 2016 est . 87 Lebanon 85.16 2016 est . 88 Uganda 84.93 2016 est . 89 Costa Rica 79.26 2016 est . 90 Bolivia 78.35 2016 est . 91 Cameroon 77.24 2016 est . 92 Yemen 73.45 2016 est . 93 Uruguay 73.25 2016 est . 94 Nepal 71.52 2016 est . 95 Slovenia 68.35 2016 est . 96 Bahrain 66.37 2016 est . 97 Congo , Democratic Republic of the 66.01 2016 est . 98 Zambia 65.17 2016 est . 99 Paraguay 64.67 2016 est . 100 Afghanistan 64.08 2016 est . -- Macau 63.22 2016 est . 101 Cambodia 58.94 2016 est . 102 Luxembourg 58.74 2016 est . 103 El Salvador 54.79 2016 est . 104 Latvia 50.65 2016 est . 105 Syria 50.28 2015 est . 106 Trinidad and Tobago 43.57 2016 est . 107 Honduras 43.19 2016 est . 108 Bosnia and Herzegovina 42.53 2016 est . 109 Laos 40.96 2016 est . 110 North Korea 40.00 2014 est . 111 Senegal 39.72 2016 est . 112 Estonia 38.70 2016 est . 113 Mali 38.09 2016 est . 114 Georgia 37.27 2016 est . 115 Mongolia 37.00 2016 est . 116 Madagascar 36.86 2016 est . 117 Gabon 35.98 2016 est . 118 Botswana 35.90 2016 est . 119 Mozambique 35.01 2016 est . 120 Albania 33.99 2016 est . 121 Brunei 33.73 2016 est . 122 Nicaragua 33.55 2016 est . 123 Burkina Faso 32.99 2016 est . 124 Equatorial Guinea 31.77 2016 est . 125 Chad 30.59 2016 est . 126 Congo , Republic of the 30.27 2016 est . 127 Macedonia 29.52 2016 est . 128 Cyprus 29.26 2016 est . 129 Zimbabwe 28.33 2016 est . 130 Papua New Guinea 28.02 2016 est . 131 Armenia 26.30 2016 est . 132 Namibia 25.99 2016 est . 133 Mauritius 25.85 2016 est . 134 Tajikistan 25.81 2016 est . 135 Jamaica 25.39 2016 est . 136 Benin 24.31 2016 est . 137 Rwanda 21.97 2016 est . -- West Bank 21.22 2014 est . 138 Malawi 21.20 2016 est . 139 Kyrgyzstan 21.01 2016 est . 140 South Sudan 20.88 2016 est . 141 Niger 20.15 2016 est . 142 Haiti 19.34 2016 est . 143 Moldova 18.54 2016 est . -- Kosovo 18.49 2016 est . 144 Mauritania 16.71 2016 est . 145 Malta 16.32 2016 est . 146 Iceland 16.15 2016 est . 147 Guinea 16.08 2016 est . 148 Togo 11.61 2016 est . 149 Swaziland 11.06 2016 est . -- New Caledonia 10.77 2015 est . 150 Sierra Leone 10.64 2016 est . 151 Montenegro 10.61 2016 est . 152 Eritrea 9.169 2016 est . 153 Bahamas , The 9.066 2016 est . 154 Suriname 8.547 2016 est . 155 Fiji 8.374 2016 est . 156 Burundi 7.892 2016 est . 157 Monaco 7.672 2015 est . -- Isle of Man 7.428 2014 est . 158 Bhutan 6.432 2016 est . 159 Guyana 6.093 2015 est . 160 Lesotho 6.019 2015 est . -- French Polynesia 5.490 2015 est . 161 Maldives 5.407 2015 est . -- Bermuda 5.198 2013 est . -- Jersey 5.080 2015 est . 162 Liechtenstein 4.978 2014 est . 163 Timor - Leste 4.975 2016 est . -- Guam 4.882 2013 est . 164 Barbados 4.804 2016 est . 165 Somalia 4.719 2016 est . 166 Liberia 3.881 2016 est . -- U.S. Virgin Islands 3.792 2013 est . 167 Cape Verde 3.583 2016 est . -- Guernsey 3.465 2015 est . 168 Gambia , The 3.387 2016 est . 169 Djibouti 3.345 2016 est . 170 Andorra 3.327 2015 est . 171 Central African Republic 3.206 2016 est . -- Curaçao 3.128 2012 est . 171 Belize 3.088 2016 est . 173 Guinea - Bissau 2.851 2016 est . 174 Seychelles 2.608 2016 est . -- Aruba 2.516 2009 est . -- Cayman Islands 2.507 2014 est . -- Greenland 2.173 2015 est . 175 Antigua and Barbuda 2.171 2016 est . 176 Saint Lucia 2.083 2016 est . -- Gibraltar 2.044 2014 est . 177 San Marino 2.023 2016 est . -- Faroe Islands 2.001 2014 est . 178 Grenada 1.511 2016 est . 179 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1.427 2016 est . 180 Comoros 1.259 2016 est . 181 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1.241 2016 est . 182 Solomon Islands 1.198 2016 est . 183 Samoa 1.046 2016 est . -- Western Sahara 0.9065 2007 est . 184 Dominica 0.8120 2016 est . 185 Vanuatu 0.7230 2016 est . -- American Samoa 0.7110 2013 est . 186 Sao Tome and Principe 0.6940 2016 est . -- Northern Mariana Islands 0.682 2013 est . -- Turks and Caicos Islands 0.6320 2007 est . -- Saint Martin 0.5615 2005 est . 187 Tonga 0.5570 2016 est . -- British Virgin Islands 0.5000 2010 est . -- Sint Maarten 0.3658 2014 est . 188 Micronesia , Federated States of 0.3140 2016 est . -- Falkland Islands 0.2818 2012 est . 189 Palau 0.2760 2016 est . -- Cook Islands 0.2441 2010 est . -- Saint Pierre and Miquelon 0.2153 2006 est . 190 Kiribati 0.2110 2016 est . 191 Marshall Islands 0.1800 2016 est . -- Anguilla 0.1754 2009 est . 192 Nauru 0.1508 2015 est . -- Wallis and Futuna 0.0600 2004 est . -- Montserrat 0.0438 2006 est . 194 Tuvalu 0.0390 2016 est . -- Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 0.0311 2009 est . -- Niue 0.0101 2003 est . -- Tokelau 0.0015 1993 est . See also Business and economics portal Contents / Lists portal List of countries by GDP ( nominal ) List of countries by GDP ( nominal ) per capita List of countries by GDP ( PPP ) per capita List of IMF ranked countries by GDP , IMF ranked GDP ( nominal ) , GDP ( nominal ) per capita , GDP ( PPP ) , GDP ( PPP ) per capita , Population , and PPP List of IMF ranked countries by past and projected GDP ( PPP ) List of countries by real GDP growth rate List of countries by Human Development Index List of countries by income equality List of countries by distribution of wealth Lists of countries by GDP National wealth Notes ^ Figure for Mainland China ; excludes the two special administrative regions , namely Hong Kong and Macau . ^ The European Union ( EU ) is an economic and political union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe . The EU is included because it has many attributes of independent nations , being much more than a free - trade association such as ASEAN , NAFTA , or Mercosur . As the EU is not a country , the U.S. is the second ranked country on these lists . ^ 2 IMF estimate . ^ 3 Data excludes French Polynesia . ^ a China 's PPP is based on prices for 11 administrative regions , extrapolated to the full country , and an urban / rural breakdown . China 's entry does not include the two special administrative regions , namely Hong Kong and Macau . These are listed separately . References ^ `` Report for Selected Country Groups and Subjects ( PPP valuation of country GDP ) '' . IMF . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . ^ `` What is GDP and why is it so important ? '' . Investopedia . IAC / InterActiveCorp. 26 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . ^ `` Part 4 . Applications and Limitations of ICP Data '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . ^ PPP Versus the Market : Which Weight Matters ? , imf.org , March 2007 , Volume 44 , Number 1 ^ `` Report for Selected Country Groups and Subjects ( PPP valuation of country GDP ) '' . IMF . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . ^ Data ( 1 July 2017 ) . `` '' Gross domestic product 2016 , PPP `` , World Bank , accessed on 18 July 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Data.worldbank.org . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . ; European Union calculated by sum of individual countries . ^ `` World Bank GDP PPP PDF 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . ^ Field listing - GDP ( PPP exchange rate ) , CIA World Factbook ^ CIA ( 2014 ) . `` The World Factbook '' . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Although the EU is not a federation in the strict sense , it is far more than a free - trade association such as ASEAN , NAFTA , or Mercosur , and it has certain attributes associated with independent nations : its own flag , currency ( for some members ) , and law - making abilities , as well as diplomatic representation and a common foreign and security policy in its dealings with external partners . Thus , inclusion of basic intelligence on the EU has been deemed appropriate as a new , separate entity in The World Factbook . External links List of Muslim Countries by GDP Purchasing Power Parity ( 2016 -- 2020 ) at Materia Islamica Lists of countries by GDP rankings Purchasing power parity ( PPP ) Per capita Past per capita Past and projected per capita Private consumption per capita Per hour Per person employed Ten largest historically 19th century Nominal Per capita Past and projected per capita Sector composition Growth rate African countries Asian states European Union member states European countries Latin American and Caribbean countries Oceanian countries Per capita 1980 -- 2010 growth Industrial growth Gross national income ( GNI ) PPP Nominal Countries by region Africa PPP nominal Commonwealth of Nations nominal Latin America & Caribbean PPP nominal North America PPP nominal nominal per capita South America PPP Arab League ASEAN Asia Asia & Pacific PPP Former Soviet Republics Europe PPP PPP per capita nominal nominal per capita Oceania PPP PPP per capita nominal nominal per capita Subnational divisions Argentina Australia Brazil Canada Chile per capita China per capita Colombia Croatia France Germany Greece India per capita Indonesia Italy Japan Malaysia Mexico Pakistan Poland ( per capita ) Russia per capita South Africa South Korea Spain United States PPP nominal nominal per capita Thailand OECD Top country subdivisions by GDP nominal Lists of countries by financial rankings List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Lists of countries by financial rankings Trade Account balance % of GDP Exports net per capita Imports Leading trade partners Investment FDI received past FDI abroad GFI Funds Forex reserves Forex reserves ( ex . gold ) Gold reserves Sovereign wealth funds Pension funds Creditor nations Debtor nations Budget and debt Government budget PPP % of GDP Credit rating External debt Public debt future Income and taxes Tax rates Tax revenue Wage average median minimum Bank rates Central bank interest rate Commercial bank prime lending rate Currency Exchange rates to US $ Inflation rate Other Financial Development Index Corporate governance Development aid Ease of Doing Business Employment / Unemploymment External assets Lists of countries by GDP rankings List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Economic classification of countries Developed country Developing country Least Developed Countries World Bank high - income economy Newly industrialized country Heavily indebted poor countries Three - World Model First World Second World Third World Fourth World Gross domestic product ( GDP ) Nominal By country past and projected per capita per capita Purchasing power parity ( PPP ) By country future estimates per capita per capita per hour worked per person employed Gross national income ( GNI ) ( Nominal , Atlas method ) per capita ( PPP ) per capita Wages Average wage Europe by monthly average wage Employee compensation ( per hour ) List of countries by median wage Minimum wages Canada Europe United States Wealth Wealth per adult Other national accounts Gross National Happiness Net material product Research and development spending Human development Human Development Index by country inequality - adjusted Human Poverty Index Percentage living in poverty Social Progress Index Digital divide ICT Development Index Number of broadband Internet subscriptions Number of Internet users Smartphone penetration Net international investment position ( NIIP ) Per capita Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)&oldid=796510000 '' Categories : Lists of countries by GDP Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kurdî Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2017 , at 09 : 54 . 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Nobody's Perfect (Jessie J song)
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Nobody 's Perfect ( Jessie J song ) - wikipedia Nobody 's Perfect ( Jessie J song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Nobody 's Perfect '' Single by Jessie J from the album Who You Are Released 27 May 2011 Format CD single digital download Recorded 2005 ( album version ) 2011 ( single version ) Genre Pop R&B Length 4 : 19 ( album version ) 3 : 43 ( single version ) Label Lava Island Songwriter ( s ) Jessica Cornish Claude Kelly Producer ( s ) Andre Brissett Jessie J singles chronology `` Price Tag '' ( 2011 ) `` Nobody 's Perfect '' ( 2011 ) `` Who 's Laughing Now '' ( 2011 ) `` Price Tag '' ( 2011 ) `` Nobody 's Perfect '' ( 2011 ) `` Who 's Laughing Now '' ( 2011 ) Music video `` Nobody 's Perfect '' on YouTube `` Nobody 's Perfect '' is a song by English singer - songwriter Jessie J from her debut studio album , Who You Are . The song was written by Jessie J and Claude Kelly , and it was produced by Andre Brissett and Kelly , and refers to a struggle about perfection complex and regret over past indiscretions . It was released as the album 's third single on 27 May 2011 after being served to radio stations on 20 April 2011 . Its physical release was originally set to 23 May 2011 , however it was pushed back to 30 May 2011 for an impact release . The single version was remixed by Tom Elmhirst and is slightly different from the album version with re-recorded vocals and a heavier beat . `` Nobody 's Perfect '' peaked at number nine in the United Kingdom , becoming Jessie J 's third top ten single . On the Voice , Jessie J and Vince Kidd sang `` Nobody 's Perfect '' as a duet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Critical reception 3 Chart performance 4 Music video 5 Cover versions 6 Formats and track listings 7 Credits and personnel 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 9 Certifications 10 Release history 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) `` Nobody 's Perfect '' is a mid-tempo song written by Jessie J and Claude Kelly . It is written in the key of G minor with Jessie J 's vocals spanning from Bb to Eb . Jessie wrote the original version when she was 17 . On 15 April 2011 , during an interview with Digital Spy , Jessie revealed that `` Nobody 's Perfect '' would be the album 's third single following `` Price Tag '' with B.o.B ( 2011 ) and `` Do It Like a Dude '' ( 2010 ) . She described `` Nobody 's Perfect '' as one of her favourite songs from the album . MTV reported that the single is , so far , only confirmed for release in the United Kingdom . During an interview with The Sun , Jessie said : `` It 's one of the most honest and raw songs on there ... Every time I sing it I relive the moment that I wrote it about . I think it 's important to expose your flaws in music as well as your positives . As it says , nobody 's perfect . I 'm definitely not ! '' It was added to UK mainstream radio on 20 April 2011 . Critical reception ( edit ) The song received generally mixed reviews from music critics , who praised Jessie 's vocal performance , describing the song `` impressive , refreshingly real - sounding with a upbeat , uplifting charge , featuring lines layered across each other to the point of overkill . '' Some negatively described that while Jessie is currently UK 's most promising singer to pursue an international career , this song may be her weakest spot and it `` fails to entirely deliver and falls short of the promised hype . '' Chart performance ( edit ) On the week ending 12 March 2011 , `` Nobody 's Perfect '' debuted at number eighty - one on the UK Singles Chart . The following week , the song fell to number ninety - seven before rising back up the chart to number thirty - two the next week . `` Nobody 's Perfect '' has peaked at number nine , making it Jessie J 's third top - ten single in the United Kingdom following `` Do It Like a Dude '' and `` Price Tag '' . In Australia , the song debuted at number twenty - four on 16 May 2011 . It has since peaked at number nine and has been certified 2x Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , for shipments of 140,000 units . Music video ( edit ) Jessie J sitting in a feast table referencing the Mad Hatters ' tea party . Filmed in technicolor format , the music video for `` Nobody 's Perfect '' was shot at Nu Boyana Film studios in Sofia , Bulgaria , on 24 March 2011 and was directed by Emil Nava . The music video premied on 14 April 2011 in the United Kingdom through Jessie 's VEVO channel . The music video is inspired by Lewis Carroll classic tale Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , Jessie J sits in a banquet table similar to the Mad Hatters ' tea party . Jessie J is shown in a hall of doors that gives a resemblance to the curious hall in the first chapter of Alice in Wonderland . Jessie J also rolls in tar and appears dressed as the Roman goddess Libertas , who is better known as the robed female figure of the Statue of Liberty , what could be interpred as Black - and - white dualism . After completing the filming sessions , Jessie J described the video as her favorite done so far . Cover versions ( edit ) American Idol contestant Angela Miller covered `` Nobody 's Perfect '' for Las Vegas Round in American Idol on 20 February 2013 , subsequently qualifying for the semi-finals . Fellow contestant Melinda Ademi also performed the song for her Las Vegas round performance on 6 March 2013 , though she failed to qualify for the semi-finals . Formats and track listings ( edit ) Australian digital EP `` Nobody 's Perfect '' ( Album Version ) -- 4 : 19 `` Nobody 's Perfect '' ( Alternative Version ) -- 4 : 16 `` Nobody 's Perfect '' ( Acoustic Version ) -- 4 : 42 `` Nobody 's Perfect '' ( Netsky Full Vocal Remix ) -- 4 : 55 `` Nobody 's Perfect '' ( Steve Smart Remix ) -- 5 : 54 `` Nobody 's Perfect '' ( Video ) - 4 : 14 UK CD single / digital EP `` Nobody 's Perfect '' ( Tom Elmhirst Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 41 `` Nobody 's Perfect '' ( Acoustic Version ) -- 4 : 42 `` Nobody 's Perfect '' ( Netsky Full Vocal Remix ) -- 4 : 55 `` Nobody 's Perfect '' ( Steve Smart Remix ) -- 5 : 54 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Jessie J -- songwriter and vocals Claude Kelly -- songwriter and producer Andre Brissett -- producer Ben ' Bengineer ' Chang -- recording Jean - Marie Horvat -- mixing Tom Coyne -- mastering Credits adapted from Who You Are album liner notes . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 -- 12 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 33 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 49 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 11 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 88 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 27 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 40 Ireland ( IRMA ) 14 Italy ( FIMI ) 56 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 34 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 78 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 71 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 72 Certifications ( edit ) Country Provider Certification Australia ARIA 2 × Platinum New Zealand RIANZ Gold United Kingdom BPI Gold Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United Kingdom 20 April 2011 Mainstream radio airplay Lava Records , Island Records Australia 27 May 2011 Digital download Lava Records , Universal Republic United Kingdom Lava Records , Island Records United Kingdom 30 May 2011 CD single References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lewis Corner ( 10 May 2011 ) . `` Jessie J : ' Nobody 's Perfect ' '' . Digital Spy . ds Music . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Album : Jessie J , Who You Are ( Island ) '' . The Independent . Andy Gill. 25 February 2011 . Retrieved 21 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC - Radio 1 - Playlist '' . BBC Radio . WebCitation. 21 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 22 April 2011 . Retrieved 5 May 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` JESSIE J ANNOUNCES RELEASE OF NEW SINGLE ' NOBODY 'S PERFECT ' & VIDEO - WATCH NOW '' . 15 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Music Fix - Jessie J is n't Perfect '' . 16 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jessie J new single `` Nobody 's Perfect '' Available Now Physical Release / Impact Date -- 30th May `` . 15 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Who You Are ( liner notes ) . Jessie J. Universal Republic . 2011 . Jump up ^ Claude , Kelly , . `` Jessie J `` Nobody 's Perfect '' Sheet Music in G Minor ( transposable ) - Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . www.youtube.com . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jessie J reveals next single choice '' . digitalspy.co.uk. 28 February 2011 . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Latest Music News , Charts , Playlists and Videos '' . mtv.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jessie J - ' Who You Are ' - Album Reviews '' . Yahoo ! Music . Mischa Pearlman. 28 February 2011 . Retrieved 21 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jessie J Shows Less Than ' Perfect ' Side in New Video '' . Billboard . Jillian Mapes. 14 April 2011 . Retrieved 21 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Stats - Jessie J - Nobody 's Perfect '' . UK Singles Chart . Chart Stats . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- Jessie J -- Nobody 's Perfect '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 50 Singles Chart '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 14 September 2013 . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Gabriel Hershman ( 10 May 2011 ) . `` Singer Jessie J shoots pop video at Bulgaria 's Nu Boyana studios '' . The Sofia Echo . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jessie J - Nobody 's Perfect '' . Orange . Monkey Music . 15 April 2011 . Retrieved 2 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jessie J 's Nobody 's Perfect by Emil Nava '' . Promo News . David Knight . 19 April 2011 . Retrieved 2 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube - Jessie J - Nobody 's Perfect '' . YouTube . Vevo . Retrieved 17 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jessie J in oily bikini for Nobody 's Perfect video '' . MusicRooms.net . Anthony Lund. 16 April 2011 . Retrieved 5 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jessie J takes a bikini - clad dip in oil for Nobody 's Perfect video '' . Metro.co.uk . Ann Lee . 15 April 2011 . Retrieved 5 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jessie J Releases Her Favourite Music Video , For New Single ' Nobody 's Perfect ' '' . Tale Tela . Christine Lee . 15 April 2011 . Retrieved 5 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nobody 's Perfect - EP by Jessie J - Download Nobody 's Perfect - EP on iTunes '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jessie J : Nobodys Perfect ( 2011 ) : CDS : hmv.com '' . HMV . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nobody 's Perfect by Jessie J - Download Nobody 's Perfect on iTunes '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Jessie J -- Nobody 's Perfect '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Jessie J -- Nobody 's Perfect '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Jessie J -- Nobody 's Perfect '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201137 into search . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Jessie J -- Nobody 's Perfect '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Jessie J -- Nobody 's Perfect '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 14 , 2011 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Jessie J -- Nobody 's Perfect '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Jessie J search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Jessie J -- Nobody 's Perfect '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201124 into search . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Jessie J -- Nobody 's Perfect '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ May 2011 / 7501 / `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2011 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 2 February 2012 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Gold / Platinum Singles '' . RadioScope New Zealand . 19 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 24 September 2009 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . External links ( edit ) Official music video of `` Nobody 's Perfect '' on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Jessie J Discography Awards and nominations Tours Songs Studio albums Who You Are Alive Sweet Talker Singles `` Do It like a Dude '' `` Price Tag '' `` Nobody 's Perfect '' `` Who 's Laughing Now '' `` Domino '' `` Who You Are '' `` LaserLight '' `` Wild '' `` It 's My Party '' `` Thunder '' `` Bang Bang '' `` Burnin ' Up '' `` Masterpiece '' `` Real Deal '' `` Think About That '' Featured singles `` Up '' `` Remember Me '' `` Calling All Hearts '' Other songs `` Casualty of Love '' `` Mamma Knows Best '' `` Repeat '' `` My Shadow '' `` Silver Lining ( Crazy ' Bout You ) '' `` Sexy Lady '' `` Flashlight '' Collaborations `` Up '' `` Remember Me '' `` Calling All Hearts '' Related articles `` Party in the U.S.A. '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobody%27s_Perfect_(Jessie_J_song)&oldid=799831425 '' Categories : 2011 singles 2010s ballads Jessie J songs Songs written by Claude Kelly Rhythm and blues songs Songs written by Jessie J Pop ballads Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Use dmy dates from May 2017 Use British English from June 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 03 : 22 . About Wikipedia
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what is nobody perfect by jessie j about
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Africa (Toto song)
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Africa ( Toto song ) - wikipedia Africa ( Toto song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Africa '' U.S. 7 - inch ( 180 mm ) shaped picture disc edition Single by Toto from the album Toto IV B - side `` Good for You '' ( The Americas ) `` We Made It '' ( international ) Released May 10 , 1982 ( 1982 - 05 - 10 ) ( Europe ) October 30 , 1982 ( 1982 - 10 - 30 ) ( U.S. ) Format 7 `` , 12 '' , CD single Recorded October 18 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 18 ) Genre Soft rock Length 4 : 55 ( album version ) 4 : 21 ( radio edit ) Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) David Paich , Jeff Porcaro Producer ( s ) Toto Toto singles chronology `` Make Believe '' ( 1982 ) `` Africa '' ( 1982 ) `` I Wo n't Hold You Back '' ( 1982 ) `` Make Believe '' ( 1982 ) `` Africa '' ( 1982 ) `` I Wo n't Hold You Back '' ( 1982 ) Music video Toto - Africa on YouTube Audio sample file help `` Africa '' is a song by the American rock band Toto . It was included on their 1982 album Toto IV , and released as a single on September 30 , 1982 . It reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart on February 5 , 1983 ( the band 's only number one there ) , and number three on the UK Singles Chart the same month . The song was written by the band 's keyboardist / vocalist David Paich and drummer Jeff Porcaro . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Reception 4 Personnel 4.1 Guest musicians 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Sales and certifications 6 Samples 7 Covers 8 Notable uses in popular culture 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) The initial idea and words for the song came from David Paich . Jeff Porcaro explains the idea behind the song : `` a white boy is trying to write a song on Africa , but since he 's never been there , he can only tell what he 's seen on TV or remembers in the past . '' Songwriter David Paich said : At the beginning of the ' 80s I watched a late night documentary on TV about all the terrible death and suffering of the people in Africa . It both moved and appalled me , and the pictures just would n't leave my head . I tried to imagine how I 'd feel about if I was there and what I 'd do . In 2015 Paich explained the song is about a man 's love of a continent : Africa , rather than just a personal romance . Musically , the song took quite some time to assemble , as Paich and Porcaro explain : On `` Africa '' you hear a combination of marimba with GS 1 . The kalimba is all done with the GS 1 ; it 's six tracks of GS 1 playing different rhythms . I wrote the song on CS - 80 , so that plays the main part of the entire tune . So when we were doing `` Africa '' I set up a bass drum , snare drum and a hi - hat , and Lenny Castro set up right in front of me with a conga . We looked at each other and just started playing the basic groove ... The backbeat is on 3 , so it 's a half - time feel , and it 's 16th notes on the hi - hat . Lenny started playing a conga pattern . We played for five minutes on tape , no click , no nothing . We just played . And I was singing the bass line for ' Africa ' in my mind , so we had a relative tempo . Lenny and I went into the booth and listened back to the five minutes of that same boring pattern . We picked out the best two bars that we thought were grooving , and we marked those two bars on tape ... Maybe it would have taken two minutes to program that in the Linn , and it took about half an hour to do this . But a Linn machine does n't feel like that ! Porcaro also acknowledged that he was influenced by the sounds created by fellow Los Angeles session musicians Milt Holland and Emil Richards in addition to the New York World 's Fair and a National Geographic Special . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Steve Barron . In the video , a researcher in a library ( portrayed by band member David Paich ) tries to match a scrap of a picture of a shield to the book from which it was torn out . As he continues his search , a librarian ( Jenny Douglas - McRae ) working at a desk takes occasional notice of him , while natives in the surrounding jungle begin to close in on the library . When the researcher finds a book entitled Africa , the native throws a spear ( the shield the native carries is the same as the one in the picture ) , toppling stacks of books . Africa falls open to the page from which the scrap was torn , but a lantern lands on it and sets it on fire , after which the librarian 's eyeglasses are shown falling to the floor . The scenes are intercut with shots of a spinning globe and the band performing atop a stack of giant hardcover books , in which Africa is the topmost . This video also features Mike Porcaro on bass , replacing David Hungate , who had already left the band before the video was made . Reception ( edit ) In 2012 , `` Africa '' was listed by music magazine NME in 32nd place on its list of `` 50 Most Explosive Choruses '' . Personnel ( edit ) David Paich -- lead vocals ( verses ) and backing vocals , piano , synthesizer Bobby Kimball -- lead vocals ( chorus ) , backing vocals Steve Lukather -- backing vocals , electric guitar , acoustic guitar David Hungate -- bass Jeff Porcaro -- drums , percussion Steve Porcaro -- synthesizer Guest musicians ( edit ) Jim Horn -- recorders Lenny Castro -- congas , percussion Joe Porcaro -- marimbas , percussion Timothy B. Schmit -- backing vocals , rhythm guitar Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 -- 83 ) Peak position Australian Kent Music Report 5 Austrian Top 40 7 Belgian Singles Chart 8 Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks 8 Canadian RPM Top Singles Dutch Singles Chart Europarade 17 Finnish Singles Chart 18 French Singles Chart 27 German Singles Chart 14 Irish Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart 22 New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart 8 South African Singles Chart 18 Spanish Radio Chart 18 Swiss Singles Chart 6 UK Singles Chart U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position New Zealand RMNZ Singles Chart 5 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 96 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position Belgian VRT Top 30 85 Dutch Top 40 18 German Media Control Chart 88 Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position Australian Kent Music Report 25 Canadian RPM Top Singles 16 Italian Singles Chart 75 UK Singles Chart 38 US Billboard Hot 100 24 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 15,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone In addition to the above , the song also reached number 1 on the New Zealand iTunes chart on May 15 , 2013 . Samples ( edit ) 2002 : Ja Rule sampled the song on his song `` Murder Reigns '' taken from his fourth studio album The Last Temptation 2006 : American pop singer JoJo sampled `` Africa '' in her song `` Anything '' , which served as the third single from her 2006 sophomore studio album , The High Road . 2007 : Lebanese - Canadian pop / R&B singer Karl Wolf sampled `` Africa '' in his own remake , also called `` Africa '' , with added lyrics and musical composition and arrangement . The Karl Wolf song featured a rap section by the Canadian - Bahamian rapper Culture . The track served as the first single from his 2007 sophomore studio album , Bite the Bullet , and reached number 2 on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 . 2010 : American experimental artist Daniel Lopatin heavily sampled `` Africa '' in the song `` A1 '' , a song featured in Chuck Person 's Eccojams Vol. 1 . 2011 : American pop / R&B singer Jason Derulo sampled `` Africa '' in his song `` Fight for You '' from his 2011 sophomore studio album , Future History . Stevie Hoang had originally recorded `` Fight for You '' in 2011 for his third independent album , Unsigned with his original track featuring vocals from Iyaz . 2016 : Swedish production duo Bacall & Malo sampled `` Africa '' in their remake , also called `` Africa '' , with added lyrics and musical composition and arrangement . The Bacall & Malo music video also featured vocals by UK - based Nigerian singer Prince Osito . The track was the debut charting single of the Swedish duo peaking at number 18 on Sverigetopplistan , the official Swedish Singles Chart . Covers ( edit ) 2011 : Pop Punk band Quietdrive featured a cover version on their album Your Record / Our Spin 2011 : Pop Punk band Relient K released a cover version on their covers album Is for Karaoke 2012 : Progressive metal band Chaos Divine released a cover version as a single . 2016 : Metalcore band Affiance released a cover version as a single . 2017 : Metal by Leo Moracchioli ( Frog Leap studio ) feat . Rabea & Hannah 2017 : Ninja Sex Party covered the song on their album Under the Covers , Vol. II . Notable uses in popular Culture ( edit ) The song was used in an advertisement for Castle Lager in South Africa in the late 1990s . The song was used in the video game Grand Theft Auto : Vice City on the fictional radio station Emotion 98.3 . A Foster Farms commercial in the United States features a choir of animatronic chickens singing the song as part of the poultry producer 's `` Amazing Chicken '' campaign . The song was used in the ending of the first episode of the second season of the TV show Community . It was part of a rap done by Donald Glover , Danny Pudi and Betty White . The song was featured at the beginning of the Scrubs episode `` My Way Home '' . The song was being played through J.D. 's iPod and the band 's name was the first of many references to The Wizard of Oz in the episode . `` Africa '' was featured in multiple episodes of the 20th season of South Park . The song was featured in the first episode of the first season of Stranger Things . See also ( edit ) List of RPM number - one singles of 1983 List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1983 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Toto - Africa at Discogs . ( ONLINE ) '' . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Deggans , Eric ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Toto , Michael McDonald showcase stellar ' 70s chops at Ruth Eckerd Hall in Clearwater '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Monger , James Christopher . `` Toto -- Hold the Line : The Best of Toto '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official TOTO Website - Encyclopedia '' . www.toto99.com. April 18 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official TOTO Website - Releases '' . www.toto99.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Melissa Locker ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Q&'80s : Toto 's Dave Paich on Writing and Recording ' Africa ' '' . Grantland.com . ( end paragraph 2 and 8 ) . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keyboard , 09 / 1995 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toto - `` Africa '' `` . mvdbase.com . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Most Explosive Choruses - # 32 Toto - Africa - NME.COM '' . NME . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Toto - Africa '' . swedishcharts.com . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2012 . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz . November 14 , 1982 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UK Top 40 Chart Archive , British Singles & Album Charts '' . Everyhit.com . March 16 , 2000 . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz . May 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Talent Almanac 1984 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 95 ( 52 ) . Billboard Publications , Inc . December 24 , 1983 . p . TA - 18 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Toto -- Africa '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Toto -- Africa '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Toto -- Africa '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Toto -- Africa '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Africa in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Toto -- Africa '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Toto thanks NZ for No. 1 single - 30 years later - Entertainment - NZ Herald News '' . Nzherald.co.nz . May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Karl Wolf '' . billboard.com . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Person : Chuck Person 's Eccojams Vol. 1 '' . Spectrum Culture . December 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bacall & Malo - Africa '' . swedishcharts.com . Jump up ^ `` Spotify '' . Jump up ^ `` Spotify '' . Jump up ^ `` Metal Music Archives '' . Jump up ^ `` Song Premiere : Affiance Cover Toto 's `` Africa '' `` . Newnoisemagazine.com . August 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Youtube '' . Jump up ^ `` Under the Covers , Vol. II by Ninja Sex Party on Apple Music '' . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Top Ten South African adverts from our younger days '' . The South African . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 25 Best Songs From The Grand Theft Auto : Vice City Soundtrack '' . Complex . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Foster Farms ' Harmonic Choir of ' Amazing Chickens ' '' . Little Black Book . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Eight Best Musical Moments on Community '' . pastemagazine.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Savorelli , Antonio ( April 13 , 2010 ) . Beyond Sitcom : New Directions in American Television Comedy . McFarland . p. 39 . ISBN 9780786458431 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caffrey , Dan . `` In the dawn of the Trump era , the satire on South Park writes itself '' . A.V. Club . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things - S1E1 `` The Vanishing Will Byers '' List of Songs `` . What - song . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Jeff Porcaro reminisces about how the song 's percussion tracks took shape at Mix External links ( edit ) Billboard Chart Listing - Allmusic.com Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Africa official video on YouTube ( hide ) Toto Steve Lukather David Paich Steve Porcaro Joseph Williams David Hungate Bobby Kimball Jeff Porcaro Mike Porcaro Fergie Frederiksen Jean - Michel Byron Simon Phillips Greg Phillinganes Keith Carlock Studio albums Toto Hydra Turn Back Toto IV Isolation Fahrenheit The Seventh One Kingdom of Desire Tambu Toto XX Mindfields Through the Looking Glass Falling in Between Toto XIV Live albums Toto Live Absolutely Live Livefields Live in Amsterdam Falling in Between Live Compilation albums Past to Present 1977 -- 1990 Best Ballads The Essential Toto Soundtracks Dune Notable songs `` Hold the Line '' `` I 'll Supply the Love '' `` Georgy Porgy '' `` 99 '' `` Rosanna '' `` Make Believe '' `` Africa '' `` I Wo n't Hold You Back '' `` Stranger in Town '' `` I 'll Be Over You '' `` Stop Loving You '' `` Pamela '' `` 2 Hearts '' `` I Will Remember '' `` Bottom of Your Soul '' Related people Lenny Castro Nathan East Boz Scaggs Tony Spinner Leland Sklar Shannon Forrest Related articles Discography Members Book : Toto Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africa_(Toto_song)&oldid=816009563 '' Categories : 1982 songs 1982 singles 1983 singles Toto ( band ) songs American soft rock songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by David Paich Music videos directed by Steve Barron Columbia Records singles Songs written by Jeff Porcaro Songs about Africa Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Ilokano Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 17 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when was the song africa by toto made
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"\"Africa\" is a song by the American rock band Toto. It was included on their 1982 album Toto IV, and released as a single on September 30, 1982. It reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart on February 5, 1983 (the band's only number one there), and number three on the UK Singles Chart the same month. The song was written by the band's keyboardist/vocalist David Paich and drummer Jeff Porcaro."
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Canada under British rule
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Canada under British rule - wikipedia Canada under British rule Jump to : navigation , search Canada under British Rule 1763 -- 1867 Inside the Parliament of the Province of Canada in Montreal , 1848 Preceded by French colonial era Followed by Post-Confederation era Part of a series on the History of Canada Benjamin West 's The Death of General Wolfe Timeline Pre-colonization 1534 -- 1763 1764 -- 1867 1867 -- 1914 1914 -- 1945 1945 -- 1960 1960 -- 1981 1982 -- 1992 1992 -- present Topics Aboriginal Cultural Constitutional Economic Former colonies Immigration Military Monarchical Historic Sites Persons of significance Population Territorial evolution Women By Provinces and Territories Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland & Labrador Nunavut Northwest Territories Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon See also Bibliography Historiography List of years in Canada Portal Canada first came under British rule with the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) which ceded New France , of which Canada was a part , to the British Empire . Gradually , other territories , colonies , and provinces that were part of British North America would be added to Canada . The Royal Proclamation of 1763 enlarged the colony of Canada under the name of the Province of Quebec , which with the Constitutional Act 1791 became known as The Canadas . With the Act of Union 1840 Upper and Lower Canada were joined to become the United Province of Canada . Later , with Confederation in 1867 , the British maritime colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were joined with the British colony of Canada to form the Dominion of Canada , which was subsequently divided into four provinces , Ontario , Quebec , New Brunswick , and Nova Scotia . A number of other British colonies , such as Newfoundland and British Columbia , and large territories such as Rupert 's Land initially remained outside of the newly formed federation . Over time , the remaining colonies and territories within British North America came under the control of Canada until the current geographic extent of the country was reached when Newfoundland and Labrador joined Canada in 1949 . Although confederation in 1867 led to an enlarged Dominion with increased autonomy over domestic affairs , Canada still remained a colony within the British Empire and was thus subordinate to the British Parliament until the enactment of the Statute of Westminster in 1931 . This statute recognized Canada as an independent peer coequal with the United Kingdom , and thus provided the Parliament of Canada with legislative sovereignty over all federal matters except the power to change the constitutional laws of Canada which remained under the purview of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Canada 's final vestige of legal dependence on the United Kingdom was terminated in 1982 with the enactment of the Canada Act , subsequently providing Canada with full legal sovereignty completely independent of the United Kingdom . Contents ( hide ) 1 New France under British rule 1.1 St. Lawrence valley 1.2 Atlantic Coast 2 American Revolution 3 The War of 1812 4 Fur trade 5 Timber trade 6 `` Responsible government '' and the Rebellions of 1837 - 38 7 Lord Durham 's report 8 Act of Union ( 1840 ) 9 British colonies on the northwest coast 10 Trade with the United States 11 Confederation 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 Primary sources 15 External links New France under British rule ( edit ) Map showing British territorial gains following the Treaty of Paris in pink , and Spanish territorial gains after the Treaty of Fontainebleau in yellow . In North America , the Seven Years ' War officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on February 10 , 1763 . As part of the treaty , France ceded all North American lands to Britain ( of which the French colony of Canada was a part ) , except Louisiana ( which had been instead ceded to Spain ) , and two islands off the shores of Newfoundland ( Saint - Pierre and Miquelon ) . St. Lawrence valley ( edit ) Main article : Canada ( New France ) With the ceding of Canada to the British Empire , Britain gained control of a strip of territory along the St. Lawrence River with a population of at least 70,000 francophone Roman Catholics , which was expanded and renamed as the Province of Quebec under the Quebec Act . Although many British people ( including the American colonies to the south ) hoped the French Canadians would be assimilated this was not the case as distinct rules of governance for Quebec were set out in the Quebec Act such as allowing the French Canadians to retain their Catholic religion and their French system of civil law . The Quebec Act became one of the Intolerable Acts that infuriated the thirteen British colonies in what would become the United States of America . Atlantic coast ( edit ) The island colony of Newfoundland had been dominated by the British for a long time before the French finally abandoned their legal claims to the area , and thus an anglophone society had already taken shape prior to the legal transfer of ownership . In Acadia , the British had expelled French - speaking populations in 1755 from Acadia to Louisiana , creating the Cajun population , but this would not be repeated in 1763 . In the former French territory of Acadia , the British were confronted by a relatively large and well - established Catholic Mi'kmaq and Wabanaki Confederacy . The British Conquest of Acadia ( which included Nova Scotia peninsula , while present - day New Brunswick remained in dispute ) happened in 1710 , much earlier than in what would become the rest of modern - day Canada . The Mi'kmaq never ceded land to either France or England . The first immigration of Protestants happened in the province with the founding of Halifax . The establishment of Halifax sparked Father Le Loutre 's War , which , in turn , led to the British expelling the Acadians from the region during the French and Indian War . As they later captured Cape Breton Island and Prince Edward Island , the policy of expulsion was extended there as well . The few Acadians who managed to return to the area have created the contemporary Acadian society . Once the land was emptied , other settlements were formed by New England Planters . American Revolution ( edit ) See also : Invasion of Canada ( 1775 ) In 1775 , American revolutionaries ( Patriots ) attempted to push their insurrection into Quebec . Support for the Patriot cause was mixed ; the clergy and landowners were generally opposed to it , while English - speaking merchants and migrants from the Thirteen Colonies were generally supportive of it . The habitants were divided ; in some areas ( notably the region between Montreal and Saint - Jean ) , there was significant support , and militia companies were raised in support of the Patriots by James Livingston . Patriot attack on Quebec : routes of the Arnold and Montgomery expeditions The Patriots laid siege to Fort Saint - Jean , capturing it and Montreal in November 1775 . They then marched on Quebec City , where an attempt to take the city on December 31 , 1775 , failed . Following an ineffectual siege , the arrival of British troops in May 1776 sent the Patriots into retreat back toward Montreal . An attempt against British troops at Trois - Rivières failed , and the Patriots were driven from the province in June . Leaving with the rebel army were about 250 Québécois in two regiments : James Livingston 's 1st Canadian Regiment , and Moses Hazen 's 2nd Canadian Regiment . Quebeckers living in the forts of the Great Lakes region also massively sided with the Patriots and were instrumental in the taking of the fort by the Patriots . Major Clément Gosselin , Pierre Ayotte , Antoine Paulin , Louis Gosselin , Germain Dionne , Pierre Douville , Edward Antill and Moses Hazen and 747 Quebec militiamen were all in Quebec when they joined the Patriots and defeated the British at Yorktown in 1781 . In a key act leading up to the Siege of Yorktown , Louis - Philippe de Vaudreuil , the French - born nephew of Canada 's last French governor , the Marquis de Vaudreuil , assisted Bougainville and de Grasse in preventing the British Navy from resupplying or relieving Cornwallis ' army in the Battle of the Chesapeake . In Nova Scotia there was some agitation against British rule , largely instigated by Jonathan Eddy and John Allan , migrants from Massachusetts who had settled in the Chignecto Isthmus area near Fort Cumberland ( formerly Fort Beauséjour ) . The only major event of their resistance was the Battle of Fort Cumberland , when Eddy and a combined force of Massachusetts Patriots , Acadians , and Indians , besieged the fort in November 1776 . The siege was broken and Eddy 's forces were scattered when British reinforcements arrived . Eddy and Allan continued to make trouble on the frontier between what are now Maine and New Brunswick from a base in Machias for several years . The Maritime provinces were also affected by privateering , and raids on settlements by privateers in violation of their letters of marque . In notable instances , Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island and Lunenburg , Nova Scotia were subjected to these raids . During and after the Revolution , approximately 70,000 United Empire Loyalists fled the United States . Of these , roughly 50,000 Loyalists settled in the British North American colonies , which then consisted of Newfoundland , Nova Scotia , Quebec , and Prince Edward Island ( created 1769 ) . The Loyalists who settled in western Nova Scotia wanted political freedom from Halifax , so Britain split off the colony of New Brunswick in 1784 . Quebec was also divided into Lower Canada and Upper Canada under the Constitutional Act of 1791 , permitting the 8,000 Loyalists who settled in southwestern Quebec ( which became Upper Canada ) to have a province in which British laws and institutions could be established . A number of Loyalists that came north after the American Revolution were of African descent including former slaves who had been freed as a result of service to the British and over 2,000 African slaves . In 1793 Upper Canada became the first British jurisdiction to enact legislation to suppress slavery , with the Act Against Slavery being passed allowing for its gradual abolition . The War of 1812 ( edit ) Main article : War of 1812 Loyalist Laura Secord warns British of an impending American attack at Beaver Dams . In the War of 1812 , the Canadas were once again a battleground , this time between the British and the relatively young United States . During the war , unsuccessful attempts were made by the Americans to invade Upper Canada , after overestimating the amount of support they would receive from Canadian colonists . Many of the inhabitants of Upper Canada ( now southern Ontario ) were Americans who had very recently arrived in the colony , and some of them did support the invading force ; however , the rest of the population was made up of the descendants of Loyalists or the original French colonists , who did not want to be part of the United States . The first American invasion came in October 1812 , but they were defeated by General Isaac Brock at the Battle of Queenston Heights . The Americans invaded again in 1813 , capturing Fort York ( now Toronto ) . Later in the year , the Americans took control of the Great Lakes after the Battle of Lake Erie and the Battle of the Thames , but they had much less success in Lower Canada , where they were defeated at the Battle of Châteauguay and the Battle of Crysler 's Farm . The Americans were driven out of Upper Canada in 1814 after the Battle of Lundy 's Lane , although they still controlled the Great Lakes and defeated the British at the Battle of Lake Champlain . In English Canada , it is seen as a victory against American invasions , with heroic legends surrounding many of the participants ( such as Isaac Brock and Laura Secord ) and battles ( especially those in the Niagara Peninsula ) . Fur trade ( edit ) Further information : North American fur trade For centuries one of the most important economic ventures in North America was the fur trade . This trade , which had been pioneered by the French , came to be dominated by the British as they gained increasing territory on the continent . The main British fur trading posts were located inside of what became the United States ( the British were forced to relocate northward as borders were established with the new nation ) . First Nations were central to the trade as they were the primary fur trappers . The role gave the peoples of many of the First Nations a political voice as , though they were viewed as an underclass , they were too important to simply be ignored . The American Revolution led to intense competition between the British and the U.S. By the 1830s changing fashions in Europe had begun a steep decline in fur prices and an overall collapse in the market . Apart from the economic losses to whites involved in the fur trade , many of the First Nations were devastated , both in terms of economic loss and in terms of loss of influence in local politics . Timber trade ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of Canada § Timber See also : Ottawa River timber trade Timber booms on the Ottawa River , Canada , 1872 . As the fur trade declined in importance , the timber trade became Canada 's most important commodity . The industry became concentrated in three main regions . The first to be exploited was the Saint John River system . Trees in the still almost deserted hinterland of New Brunswick were cut and transported to Saint John where they were shipped to England . This area soon could not keep up with demand , and the trade moved to the St. Lawrence River where logs were shipped to Quebec City before being sent on to Europe . This area also became insufficient , and the trade expanded westward , most notably to the Ottawa River system , which by 1845 provided three quarters of the timber shipped from Quebec City . The timber trade became a massive business . In one summer 1200 ships were loaded with timber at Quebec City alone . `` Responsible government '' and the rebellions of 1837 - 38 ( edit ) Main article : Rebellions of 1837 The Papineau Rebellion of 1837 . After the War of 1812 , the first half of the 19th century saw the growth of political reform movements in both Upper and Lower Canada , largely influenced by American and French republicanism . The colonial legislatures set out by the Constitutional Act had become dominated by wealthy elites , the Family Compact in Upper Canada and the Château Clique in Lower Canada . The moderate reformers , such as Robert Baldwin and Louis - Hippolyte Lafontaine , argued for a more representational form of government which they called `` responsible government '' . By `` responsible , '' the reformers meant that such a government would be ultimately responsible to the will of the subjects of the colonies , not to the British legislature or monarchy . The radical reformers , such as William Lyon Mackenzie and Louis - Joseph Papineau demanded equality or a complete break from British rule and the establishment of a republic . Louis - Joseph Papineau was elected speaker of the colonial assembly in 1815 . His attempts at reform were ignored by the British , and in 1834 , the assembly passed The Ninety - Two Resolutions , outlining its grievances against the legislative council . Papineau organized boycotts and civil disobedience . The colonial government illegally ordered the arrest of Papineau . The Patriotes resorted to armed resistance and planned the Lower Canada Rebellion in the fall of 1837 . British troops in the colony quickly put down the rebellion and forced Papineau to flee to the United States . A second rebellion by the Frères chasseurs of Robert Nelson broke out one year later , but the British put it down as well , with much loss of life and destruction of property . William Lyon Mackenzie , a Scottish immigrant and reformist mayor of York ( Toronto ) , organized the Upper Canada Rebellion in December 1837 after the Patriotes rebellion had begun . Upper Canadians had similar grievances ; they were annoyed at the undemocratic governance of the colony , and especially by the corrupt and inefficient Bank of Upper Canada and the Canada Company . On December 4 , the rebels assembled near Montgomery 's Tavern , where the British troops stationed in the city met them on December 7 . The rebels were hopelessly outnumbered and outgunned , and were defeated in less than an hour . Mackenzie escaped to the United States . Also in December , a group of Irish immigrants attempted to seize southwestern Ontario by force in the Patriot War . They were defeated by government troops at Windsor . Lord Durham 's Report ( edit ) Main article : Report on the Affairs of British North America Lord Durham was appointed Governor General of Canada in 1838 . He was assigned to investigate the causes of the Rebellions , and concluded that the problem was essentially animosity between the British and French inhabitants of Canada . His Report on the Affairs of British North America contains the famous description of `` two nations warring in the bosom of a single state . '' For Durham , the French Canadians were culturally backwards , and he was convinced that only a union of French and English Canada would allow the colony to progress in the interest of Great Britain . A political union would , he hoped , cause the French - speakers to be assimilated by English - speaking settlements , solving the problem of French Canadian nationalism once and for all . Act of Union ( 1840 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Act of Union 1840 and United Province of Canada Lord Durham was succeeded by Lord Sydenham who was responsible for implementing Durham 's recommendations in the Act of Union 1840 passed on July 23 , 1840 , by the Parliament of the United Kingdom and proclaimed February 10 , 1841 . Upper and Lower Canada became , respectively , Canada West and Canada East , both with 42 seats in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada despite Lower Canada being more populated . The official language of the province became English and French was explicitly banned in the Parliament and in the courts . The Burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal -- 1849 , Joseph Légaré , c. 1849 The moderate reformers Louis - Hippolyte Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin fought two successive governors general Sir Charles Bagot and Sir Charles Metcalfe to secure what became known as responsible government . Metcalfe fought to preserve the prerogatives of the Crown and the governor 's control over the administration and patronage . He nonetheless had to make some concessions to win support , and the most notable of these was persuading the Colonial Office to grant amnesty to the rebels of 1837 - 38 , and to abandon forced anglicization of the French - speaking population . Lafontaine and Baldwin reintroduced French as an official language alongside English in the Assembly , the Courts and other governmental bodies . Under the progressive Governor General James Bruce ( Lord Elgin ) , a bill was passed to allow the leaders of former Patriote movement to return to their homeland ; Papineau returned and for a short time re-entered Canadian politics . A similar bill was passed for the former Upper Canadian rebels . Elgin also implemented the practice of responsible government in 1848 , several months after it had already been granted to the colony of Nova Scotia . The parliament of United Canada in Montreal was set on fire by a mob of Tories in 1849 after the passing of an indemnity bill for the people who suffered losses during the rebellions of Lower Canada . One noted achievement of the Union was the Canadian -- American Reciprocity Treaty of 1855 which sanctioned free trade in resources . However , the achievement must be seen in the wider politics of British North America which had seen the major boundary disputes with the United States settled ( except the boundary with Alaska ) ( see Rush -- Bagot Treaty , Treaty of 1818 , Webster -- Ashburton Treaty , Oregon Treaty ) , thus easing tensions which for most of the first half of the 19th century had Americans threatening war or retaliation . The Union Act of 1840 was ultimately unsuccessful , and led to calls for a greater political union in the 1850s and 1860s . Support for independence was strengthened by events such as the Battle of Ridgeway , a 1866 invasion into Ontario by some 1500 Irish nationalists which was repulsed largely by local militia . British colonies on the northwest coast ( edit ) Main article : History of British Columbia Sir James Douglas , governor of the Colonies of British Columbia and Vancouver Island Although Spain had taken the lead in the exploration of the northwest Pacific Coast , with the voyages of Juan José Pérez Hernández in 1774 and 1775 , by the time the Spanish determined to build a fort on Vancouver Island , the British navigator James Cook had himself visited Nootka Sound and charted the coast as far as Alaska , while British and American traders had begun settling the coast to develop resources for trade with Europe and Asia . In 1793 Alexander Mackenzie . a Scottish born Canadian working for the North West Company crossed the continent and with his aboriginal guides , French - Canadian voyageurs and another Scot , reached the mouth of the Bella Coola River , completing the first continental crossing of North America north of Mexico , missing George Vancouver 's charting expedition to the region by only a few weeks . The competing imperial claims between Russia , Spain and Britain were compounded by treaties between the former two powers and the United States , which pressed for annexation of most of what is now British Columbia . With the signing of the Oregon Treaty in 1846 , the United States agreed to establish its northern border with western British North America along the 49th parallel . By 1857 , Americans and British were beginning to respond to rumours of gold in the Fraser River area . Almost overnight , some ten to twenty thousand men moved into the region around present - day Yale , British Columbia , sparking the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush . Governor James Douglas was suddenly faced with having to exert British authority over a largely alien population . In order to normalize its jurisdiction , and undercut any Hudsons 's Bay Company claims to the resource wealth of the mainland , the Crown colony of British Columbia was established August 2 , 1858 . In 1866 , it was united with the Colony of Vancouver Island into the United Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia . By the mid-1850s , politicians in the Province of Canada began to contemplate western expansion . They questioned the Hudson 's Bay Company 's tenure of Rupert 's Land and the Arctic territories , and launched a series of exploring expeditions to familiarize themselves and the Canadian population with the geography and climate of the region . Trade with the United States ( edit ) In 1854 , the Governor General of British North America , Lord Elgin , signed a significant trade agreement with the United States on behalf of the colonies . This agreement endured for ten years until the American government abrogated it in 1865 . Confederation ( edit ) Main article : Canadian Confederation John A. Macdonald became the first prime minister of Canada . Effective governance of the United Province of Canada after 1840 required a careful balancing of the interests of French and English - speaking populations ; and between Catholics and Protestants . John A. Macdonald emerged in the 1850s as a personality who could manage that task . A political conservative , MacDonald forged political relationships and coalitions with George - Étienne Cartier , the leader of powerful French Canadian bleus and George Brown of the more stridently reformist English - Canadian and anti-French `` Grits '' , MacDonald came to realize that Canada 's likeliest hope of resisting absorption into the United States was to reform itself into a workable federation . A delegation from the Canadas made its way to a conference being held in Charlottetown in 1864 by representatives from the Maritimes who had intended hold discussions regarding a federation of Nova Scotia , New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island . This conference was followed by a subsequent conference in Quebec City . The Seventy - Two Resolutions from the 1864 Quebec Conference laid out the framework for uniting British colonies in North America into a federation . They were adopted by the majority of the provinces of Canada and became the basis for the London Conference of 1866 , which led to the formation of the Dominion of Canada on July 1 , 1867 . Federation emerged from multiple impulses : the British wanted Canada to defend itself ; the Maritimes needed railroad connections , which were promised in 1867 ; British - Canadian nationalism sought to unite the lands into one country , dominated by the English language and British culture ; many French - Canadians saw an opportunity to exert political control within a new largely French - speaking Quebec . Finally , but by no means least significant , were fears of possible U.S. expansion northward in the wake of the end of the United States Civil War . On a political level , there was a desire for the expansion of responsible government and elimination of the legislative deadlock between Upper and Lower Canada , and their replacement with provincial legislatures in a federation . This was especially pushed by the liberal Reform movement of Upper Canada and the French - Canadian rouges in Lower Canada who favoured a decentralized union in comparison to the Upper Canadian Conservative party and to some degree the French - Canadian bleus which favoured a centralized union . Even Queen Victoria was supportive , noting `` ... the impossibility of our being able to hold Canada , but we must struggle for it ; and by far the best solution would be to let it go as an independent kingdom under an English prince . '' In the end Canada went as a Dominion under the Crown of the United Kingdom itself . It was a fresh start , but not one that was greeted with universal joy . While some envisaged Confederation for the British North American colonies as a way forward together , La Minerve , a newspaper in the new Province of Quebec endorsed the federation because it provided `` la seule voie qui nous soit offerte pour arriver à l'indépendance politique . '' ( `` the only way offered to us to achieve political independence '' ) . A change of heart toward Confederation was evident in Halifax , Nova Scotia , where the Morning Chronicle newspaper announced on the front page of its July 1 , 1867 , edition the death of `` the free and enlightened Province of Nova Scotia '' . See also ( edit ) History of Canada portal Canada portal Heritage Minutes History of Canada Former colonies and territories in Canada References ( edit ) Jump up ^ HILLMER , NORMAN . `` Newfoundland Joins Canada '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Newfoundland and Canada : 1864 - 1949 '' . www.heritage.nf.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Canada : History '' . Country Profiles . Commonwealth Secretariat . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Jobb , Dean ( 2005 ) . The Acadians : A people 's story of exile and triumph , Mississauga ( Ont . ) : John Wiley & Sons Canada , 296 p . ISBN 0 - 470 - 83610 - 5 Jump up ^ Lacoursière , Jacques ( 1995 ) . Histoire populaire du Québec , Tome 1 , des origines à 1791 . Éditions du Septentrion , Québec . p. 270 . ISBN 2 - 89448 - 050 - 4 . Jump up ^ James W. ST . G. Walker , `` Blacks '' , in The Canadian Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Thompson , John Herd ; Randall , Stephen J ( 2008 ) . Canada and the United States : Ambivalent Allies . University of Georgia Press . pp. 19 -- 24 . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 2403 - 5 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gilman ( 1992 ) , p. 72 -- 74 . Jump up ^ `` The Durham Report and Its Solutions Site for Language Management in Canada ( SLMC ) -- Official Languages and Bilingualism Institute ( OLBI ) '' . slmc.uottawa.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1841 - The First Election after the Act of Union '' . www.cbc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Margaret A. Ormsby , British Columbia : a History MacMillan Company of Canada , 1971 , p. 7 - 8 Jump up ^ Ormsby , pp 9 -- 11 Jump up ^ Ormsby , p. 89 Jump up ^ Ormsby , p. 130 Jump up ^ Ormsby , p. 148 Jump up ^ Richard Gwyn , John A. : the Man Who Made Us , Random House of Canada Limited , 2007 , pp. 174 - 182 Jump up ^ Gwyn , p. 302 Jump up ^ Gwyn , pp. 323 - 324 Jump up ^ Paul Romney , Getting it Wrong : How Canadians Forgot Their Past and Imperilled Confederation . ( 1999 ) , p. 78 Jump up ^ Stacey , C.P. British Military Policy in the Era of Confederation , CHA Annual Report and Historical Papers 13 ( 1934 ) , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Gwyn , p. 436 Further reading ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of Canadian history Armstrong , Frederick H ( 1985 ) . Handbook of Upper Canadian Chronology . Dundurn Press . ISBN 0 - 919670 - 92 - X . Bourinot , John G ( 1900 ) . Canada Under British Rule 1760 - 1905 . The Project Gutenberg eBook . Craig , Gerald M Upper Canada : the formative years 1784 - 1841 McClelland and Stewart , 1963 , the standard history online edition Creighton , Donald . John A. Macdonald ( 2 vols , Toronto , 1952 -- 55 ) , vol 1 : The Young Politician ) influential bscholarly biography Morton , W.L. The Critical Years : The Union of British North America 1857 - 1873 ( Toronto , 1964 ) . Sweeny , Alastair . George - Étienne Cartier : A Biography ( Toronto , 1976 ) Web Version ( ISBN 0 - 7710 - 8363 - 7 ) Taylor , Martin Brook ; Doug Owram ( 1994 ) . Canadian History : Beginnings to Confederation vol. 1 . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 5016 - 6 ; Guide to historiography Wrong , George M. Canada and the American Revolution : The Disruption of the First British Empire ( 1935 ) Wrong , George M ; H.H. Langton ( 1914 ) . The Chronicles of Canada : Volume IV -- The Beginnings of British Canada . Fireship Press ( 2009 ) . ISBN 1 - 934757 - 47 - 0 . Primary sources ( edit ) Kennedy , W.P.M. , ed. ( 1918 ) . Documents of the Canadian Constitution , 1759 - 1915 . Oxford UP . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ; 707pp External links ( edit ) The Quebec Gazette -- first periodical in Canada -- since 1764 Links related to Canada under British Imperial control Former colonies and territories in Canada Norse Named Territories Vinland Markland Helluland Sites L'Anse aux Meadows Point Rosee French Claims New France Acadia Isle St - Jean Île Royale Canada Domaine du roy Louisiana Pays d'en Haut Terre Neuve Important sites Port Royal Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Louisbourg Plaisance List of towns List of Forts Spanish Claims New Spain Important sites Fort San Miguel , Nootka Sound Expeditions Newfoundland Pacific Northwest Scottish Claims Nova Scotia ( 1621 ) Sites Port Royal Colony Russian Claims Russian America American Claims Oregon Country English & British Claims Newfoundland ( 1583 ) New Albion ( ? ) Rupert 's Land Nova Scotia ( 1710 ) Quebec Lower and Upper Canada New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Cape Breton United Canada New Caledonia Columbia District Queen Charlotte Islands Vancouver Island British Columbia ( 1858 -- 66 ) British Columbia ( 1866 -- 71 ) Stickeen North - Western Territory Red River Important sites Cuper 's Cove Avalon ( 1620 ) York Factory Halifax Victoria Fort Langley List of HBC sites Norwegian Claims Sverdrup Islands Related Territorial evolution after 1867 Areas disputed by Canada and the United States Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Population of Canada Category Portal WikiProject History of Canada Year list ( Timeline ) 18000 BCE -- 1500 CE 1534 -- 1763 1763 -- 1867 1867 -- 1914 1914 -- 1945 1945 -- 1960 1960 -- 1981 1982 -- 1992 1992 -- present Topics Canadians - ( Persons of significance ) Constitutional Crown & Aboriginals Cultural Economic Etymology Events of significance Former colonies & territories Heritage Minutes Historic Sites Immigration Military Conflicts Operations Peacekeeping Victories Monarchical Population history Sports Territorial evolution Women Provinces & territories British Columbia Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Quebec New Brunswick Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Newfoundland and Labrador Yukon Northwest Territories Nunavut ( Name etymologies ) Cities Brampton Charlottetown Fredericton Halifax RM Hamilton Lethbridge Moncton Montreal Northwest Territories capital cities Ottawa Quebec City Regina Saskatoon Toronto Vancouver Winnipeg ( Name etymologies ) Research Bibliography Historiography Category Portal WikiProject List of years in Canada Pre-Confederation Prehistory -- 1866 Prehistory to 1 BC 1st millennium 1000s 1400s 1500s 1600s 1610s 1620s 1630s 1640s 1650s 1660s 1670s 1680s 1690s 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 Post-Confederation 1867 -- present 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 Quebec 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1635 Canadian electoral calendars 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related List of Canadian monarchs List of Governors General of Canada List of Prime Ministers of Canada Population of Canada by year Timeline Research Bibliography Historiography Category Portal WikiProject British Empire Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Historical flags of the British Empire Europe 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) 1708 -- 1757 , 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey Since 1666 Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . South America 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4 . Now a department of Colombia . 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 . Africa 17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century Since 1658 Saint Helena 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope 1807 -- 1808 Madeira 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia 1856 -- 1910 Natal 1862 -- 1906 Lagos 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast 1882 -- 1922 Egypt 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland 1887 -- 1897 Zululand 1890 -- 1962 Uganda 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland 1895 -- 1920 East Africa 1899 -- 1956 Sudan 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria 1900 -- 1910 Orange River 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles 1910 -- 1931 South Africa 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons 1920 -- 1963 Kenya 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia 6 . League of Nations mandate . 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . Asia 17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore 1757 -- 1947 Bengal 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang 1786 -- 1946 Penang 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon 1796 -- 1965 Maldives 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton 1819 -- 1826 Malaya 1824 -- 1948 Burma 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements 1839 -- 1967 Aden 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak 1848 -- 1946 Labuan 1858 -- 1947 India 1874 -- 1963 Borneo 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1888 -- 1984 Brunei 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1898 -- 1930 Weihai 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan 1923 -- 1948 Palestine 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Singapore 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) League of Nations mandate . Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1953 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea 9 . Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand . 10 . Suspended member . 11 . Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu . 12 . Now the * Solomon Islands . 13 . Now * Papua New Guinea . Antarctica and South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) 14 . Since 2009 part of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena . 15 . Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada_under_British_rule&oldid=801198956 '' Categories : History of Canada by period British North America British colonization of the Americas British Empire Pre-Confederation Canada Canadian Confederation 18th century in Canada 19th century in Canada 18th century in the British Empire 19th century in the British Empire 1760s in Canada 1860s in Canada Former colonies in North America Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Bahasa Melayu Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 08 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did canada break away from the british empire
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"Canada first came under British rule with the Treaty of Paris (1763) which ceded New France, of which Canada was a part, to the British Empire. Gradually, other territories, colonies, and provinces that were part of British North America would be added to Canada. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 enlarged the colony of Canada under the name of the Province of Quebec, which with the Constitutional Act 1791 became known as The Canadas. With the Act of Union 1840 Upper and Lower Canada were joined to become the United Province of Canada. Later, with Confederation in 1867, the British maritime colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were joined with the British colony of Canada to form the Dominion of Canada, which was subsequently divided into four provinces, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. A number of other British colonies, such as Newfoundland and British Columbia, and large territories such as Rupert's Land initially remained outside of the newly formed federation. Over time, the remaining colonies and territories within British North America came under the control of Canada until the current geographic extent of the country was reached when Newfoundland and Labrador joined Canada in 1949.[1][2] Although confederation in 1867 led to an enlarged Dominion with increased autonomy over domestic affairs, Canada still remained a colony within the British Empire and was thus subordinate to the British Parliament until the enactment of the Statute of Westminster in 1931. This statute recognized Canada as an independent peer coequal with the United Kingdom, and thus provided the Parliament of Canada with legislative sovereignty over all federal matters except the power to change the constitutional laws of Canada which remained under the purview of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada's final vestige of legal dependence on the United Kingdom was terminated in 1982 with the enactment of the Canada Act, subsequently providing Canada with full legal sovereignty completely independent of the United Kingdom."
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"1982"
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2018 Winter Olympics Parade of Nations
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2018 Winter Olympics parade of nations - wikipedia 2018 Winter Olympics parade of nations Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the 2018 Winter Olympics Bid process ( bid details ) Venues Torch relay Mascots Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medalists ) World and Olympic records Controversies ( ban on Russian athletes ) Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC KOC POCOG During the 2018 Winter Olympics Parade of Nations at the 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony , beginning at 20 : 00 KST ( UTC + 9 ) on 9 February 2018 , athletes bearing the flags of their respective nations led their national delegations as they paraded into the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium in the host city of Pyeongchang , South Korea . 92 teams qualified to compete ( 91 nations and Olympic Athletes from Russia ) . Background ( edit ) United States entering the stadium . Athletes entered the stadium in an order dictated by Olympic tradition . As the originator of the Olympics , the Greek team entered first . Other teams entered in alphabetical order based on the names of countries in the Korean language . Following tradition , the delegation from the host nation , South Korea , was scheduled to enter last . However , following solidarity negotiations with North Korea , the host nation was instead represented by the unified Korean delegation , consisting of the South Korean and North Korean teams , marching under the Korean Unification Flag . The names of the nations were announced in French , followed by English and Korean , the official languages of the Olympic movement and the host nation , in accordance with traditional and International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) guidelines . Background music included such songs as K - pop hits as `` Gangnam Style '' by Psy , `` Likey '' by Twice , `` Fantastic Baby '' by Big Bang , `` DNA '' by BTS , and `` Red Flavor '' by Red Velvet . List ( edit ) Below is a list of parading countries and their announced flag bearer , in the same order as the parade . This is sortable by country name , flag bearer 's name and flag bearer 's sport . Names are given in the form officially designated by the IOC . Order Nation Hangul Roman Transliteration Flag bearer Sport Greece ( GRE ) 그리스 geu ri seu Sophia Ralli Alpine skiing Ghana ( GHA ) 가나 ga na Akwasi Frimpong Skeleton Nigeria ( NGR ) 나이지리아 na i ji ri a Ngozi Onwumere Bobsleigh South Africa ( RSA ) 남아프리카 공화국 nam a peu ri ka gong hwa guk Connor Wilson Alpine skiing Netherlands ( NED ) 네덜란드 ne deol ran deu Jan Smeekens Speed skating 6 Norway ( NOR ) 노르웨이 no reu we i Emil Hegle Svendsen Biathlon 7 New Zealand ( NZL ) 뉴질랜드 nyu jil raen deu Beau - James Wells Freestyle skiing 8 Denmark ( DEN ) 덴마크 den ma keu Elena Møller Rigas Speed skating 9 Germany ( GER ) 독일 dok il Eric Frenzel Nordic combined 10 East Timor ( TLS ) 동 티모르 dong ti mo reu Yohan Goutt Gonçalves Alpine skiing 11 Latvia ( LAT ) 라트비아 ra teu bi a Daumants Dreiškens Bobsleigh 12 Lebanon ( LBN ) 레바논 re ba non Samer Tawk Cross-country skiing 13 Romania ( ROU ) 루마니아 ru ma ni a Marius Ungureanu Biathlon 14 Luxembourg ( LUX ) 룩셈부르크 ruk sem bu reu keu Matthieu Osch Alpine skiing 15 Lithuania ( LTU ) 리투아니아 ri tu a ni a Tomas Kaukėnas Biathlon 16 Liechtenstein ( LIE ) 리히텐슈타인 ri hi ten syu ta in Marco Pfiffner Alpine skiing 17 Madagascar ( MAD ) 마다가스카르 ma da ga seu ka reu Mialitiana Clerc Alpine skiing 18 Malaysia ( MAS ) 말레이시아 mal re isi a Julian Yee Figure skating 19 Mexico ( MEX ) 멕시코 mek si ko Germán Madrazo Cross-country skiing 20 Monaco ( MON ) 모나코 mo na ko Rudy Rinaldi Bobsleigh 21 Morocco ( MAR ) 모로코 mo ro ko Samir Azzimani Cross-country skiing 22 Montenegro ( MNE ) 몬테네그로 mon te ne geu ro Jelena Vujičić Alpine skiing 23 Moldova ( MDA ) 몰도바 mol do ba Nicolae Gaiduc Cross-country skiing 24 Malta ( MLT ) 몰타 mol ta Élise Pellegrin Alpine skiing 25 Mongolia ( MGL ) 몽골 mong gol Achbadrakh Batmunkh Cross-country skiing 26 United States ( USA ) 미국 mi guk Erin Hamlin Luge 27 Bermuda ( BER ) 버뮤다 beo myu da Tucker Murphy Cross-country skiing 28 Belgium ( BEL ) 벨기에 bel gi e Seppe Smits Snowboarding 29 Belarus ( BLR ) 벨라루스 bel ra ru seu Alla Tsuper Freestyle skiing 30 Bosnia and Herzegovina ( BIH ) 보스니아 헤르체고비나 bo seu ni a he reu che go bi na Elvedina Muzaferija Alpine skiing 31 Bolivia ( BOL ) 볼리비아 bol ri bi a Simon Breitfuss Kammerlander Alpine skiing 32 Bulgaria ( BUL ) 불가리아 bul ga ri a Radoslav Yankov Snowboarding 33 Brazil ( BRA ) 브라질 beu ra jil Edson Bindilatti Bobsleigh 34 San Marino ( SMR ) 산 마리노 san ma ri no Alessandro Mariotti Alpine skiing 35 Serbia ( SRB ) 세르비아 se reu bi a Nevena Ignjatović Alpine skiing 36 Sweden ( SWE ) 스웨덴 seu we den Niklas Edin Curling 37 Switzerland ( SUI ) 스위스 seu wi seu Dario Cologna Cross-country skiing 38 Spain ( ESP ) 스페인 seu pe in Lucas Eguibar Snowboarding 39 Slovakia ( SVK ) 슬로바키아 seul ro ba ki a Veronika Velez - Zuzulová Alpine skiing 40 Slovenia ( SLO ) 슬로베니아 seul ro be ni a Vesna Fabjan Cross-country skiing 41 Singapore ( SGP ) 싱가포르 sing ga po reu Cheyenne Goh Short track speed skating 42 Armenia ( ARM ) 아르메니아 a reu me ni a Mikayel Mikayelyan Cross-country skiing 43 Argentina ( ARG ) 아르헨티나 a reu hen ti na Sebastiano Gastaldi Alpine skiing 44 Iceland ( ISL ) 아이슬란드 ai seul ran deu Freydis - Halla Einarsdóttir Alpine skiing 45 Ireland ( IRL ) 아일랜드 a il raen deu Seamus O'Connor Snowboarding 46 Azerbaijan ( AZE ) 아제르바이잔 a je reu bai jan Patrick Brachner Alpine skiing 47 Andorra ( AND ) 안도라 an do ra Irineu Esteve Altimiras Cross-country skiing 48 Albania ( ALB ) 알바니아 al ba ni a Suela Mehilli Alpine skiing 49 Eritrea ( ERI ) 에리트레아 e ri teu re a Shannon - Ogbnai Abeda Alpine skiing 50 Estonia ( EST ) 에스토니아 e seu to ni a Saskia Alusalu Speed skating 51 Ecuador ( ECU ) 에콰도르 e kwa do reu Klaus Jungbluth Cross-country skiing 52 Great Britain ( GBR ) 영국 yeong guk Lizzy Yarnold Skeleton 53 Australia ( AUS ) 오스트레일리아 o seu teu re il ri a Scott James Snowboarding 54 Austria ( AUT ) 오스트리아 o seu teu ri a Anna Veith Alpine skiing 55 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 러시아 출신 올림픽 선수 reo si a chul sin ol lim pik seon su POCOG Volunteer N / A 56 Uzbekistan ( UZB ) 우즈베키스탄 u jeu be ki seu tan Komiljon Tukhtaev Alpine skiing 57 Ukraine ( UKR ) 우크라이나 u keu ra i na Olena Pidhrushna Biathlon 58 Iran ( IRI ) 이란 i ran Samaneh Beyrami Baher Cross-country skiing 59 Italy ( ITA ) 이탈리아 i tal ri a Arianna Fontana Short track speed skating 60 Israel ( ISR ) 이스라엘 i seu ra el Alexei Bychenko Figure skating 61 India ( IND ) 인도 in do Shiva Keshavan Luge 62 Japan ( JPN ) 일본 il bon Noriaki Kasai Ski jumping 63 Jamaica ( JAM ) 자메이카 ja me i ka Jazmine Fenlator - Victorian Bobsleigh 64 Georgia ( GEO ) 조지아 jo ji a Moris Kvitelashvili Figure skating 65 China ( CHN ) 중국 jung guk Zhou Yang Short track speed skating 66 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 체코 che ko Eva Samková Snowboarding 67 Chile ( CHI ) 칠레 chil re Henrik von Appen Alpine skiing 68 Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) 카자흐스탄 ka ja heu seu tan Abzal Azhgaliyev Short track speed skating 69 Canada ( CAN ) 캐나다 kae na da Tessa Virtue & Scott Moir Figure skating 70 Kenya ( KEN ) 케냐 ke nya Sabrina Simader Alpine skiing 71 Kosovo ( KOS ) 코소보 ko so bo Albin Tahiri Alpine skiing 72 Colombia ( COL ) 콜롬비아 kol rom bi a Pedro Causil Speed skating 73 Croatia ( CRO ) 크로아티아 keu ro a ti a Natko Zrnčić - Dim Alpine skiing 74 Kyrgyzstan ( KGZ ) 키르기스스탄 ki reu gi seu seu tan Tariel Zharkymbaev Cross-country skiing 75 Cyprus ( CYP ) 키프로스 ki peu ro seu Dinos Lefkaritis Alpine skiing 76 Chinese Taipei ( TPE ) 차이 니스 타이베이 cha i ni seu ta i be i Lien Te - an Luge 77 Thailand ( THA ) 태국 tae guk Mark Chanloung Cross-country skiing 78 Turkey ( TUR ) 터키 teo ki Fatih Arda İpcioğlu Ski jumping 79 Togo ( TOG ) 토고 to go Mathilde - Amivi Petitjean Cross-country skiing 80 Tonga ( TGA ) 통가 tong ga Pita Taufatofua Cross-country skiing 81 Pakistan ( PAK ) 파키스탄 pa ki seu tan Muhammad Karim Alpine skiing 82 Portugal ( POR ) 포르투갈 po reu tu gal Kequyen Lam Cross-country skiing 83 Poland ( POL ) 폴란드 pol ran deu Zbigniew Bródka Speed skating 84 Puerto Rico ( PUR ) 푸에르토 리코 pu e reu to ri ko Charles Flaherty Alpine skiing 85 France ( FRA ) 프랑스 peu rang seu Martin Fourcade Biathlon 86 Macedonia ( MKD ) 구 유고 슬라비아 마케도니아 공화국 gu yu go seul ra bi a ma ke do ni a gong hwa guk Stavre Jada Cross-country skiing 87 Finland ( FIN ) 핀란드 pin ran deu Janne Ahonen Ski jumping 88 Philippines ( PHI ) 필리핀 pil ri pin Asa Miller Alpine skiing 89 Hungary ( HUN ) 헝가리 heong ga ri Konrád Nagy Speed skating 90 Hong Kong ( HKG ) 홍콩 차이나 hong kong cha i na Arabella Ng Alpine skiing 91 Korea ( COR ) 코리아 ko ri a Won Yun - jong ( South Korea ) Bobsleigh Hwang Chung - gum ( North Korea ) Ice hockey References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBC to Broadcast Winter Olympics Live Across all Time Zones '' . Variety . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Chappell , Bill ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics Opening Ceremony : Pyeongchang Welcomes The World '' . NPR . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . By tradition , the team from Greece , the home of the original Olympics , enters first ... Jump up ^ Szathmary , Zoe ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` The 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony parade will probably follow this tradition '' . Fox News . New York , New York , U.S . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Koreas to march under single ' united ' flag in Olympic Games '' . BBC News . London , United Kingdom . 17 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Stiles , Matt ( 20 January 2018 ) . `` North Korea gets official OK to compete in Winter Olympics , will march with South '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles , California , United States . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` 2018 Winter Olympics Kick Off With Korean Stars PSY & BTS During Opening Ceremonies '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Opening Ceremony Flagbearers - Olympic Winter Games , PyeongChang 2018 '' ( PDF ) . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Beau - James Wells named New Zealand flag bearer for Winter Olympics opening ceremony '' . Stuff. 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Wenande , Christian ( 10 January 2018 ) . `` Sports News in Brief : Danes a smash hit with UK footy fans '' . The Copenhagen Post . Copenhagen , Denmark . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : Eric Frenzel to be Germany 's flag bearer in opening ceremony '' . dw.com . Deutsche Welle. 7 February 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bobsleigh powerhourse Dreiškens will carry Latvia 's flag at Winter Olympics '' . lsm.lv . Latvian Public Broadcaster . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Orban , Florian . `` Olympic Preview '' . rri.ro . Radio România Internaţional . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pjongčango olimpines žiemos žaidynes vyks 9 Lietuvos sportininkai '' ( 9 Lithuanian athletes will be in Pyeongchang Olympic Winter Games ) . www.delfi.lt ( in Lithuanian ) . Delfi. 19 January 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Council of Malaysia '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Freud , Chris ( 21 January 2018 ) . `` Vail 's Sarah Schleper gears up for fifth Olympics '' . Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Games : presentation of Monaco 's athletes '' . www.monacolife.net/ . MonacoLife. 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Crna Gora sa troje sportista u Pjongčangu '' . cok.me . Olympic Committee of Montenegro. 2 February 2018 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Numerous FIS athletes among Flag Bearers for Opening Ceremony '' . fis-ski.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` '' Пёнчан - 2018 '' - Баг тамирчдыг үдэн гаргах ёслол болов `` . Olympic Committee of Mongolia . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Erin Hamlin named Team USA flag bearer for PyeongChang Opening Ceremony '' . nbcolympics.com . NBC Olympics . 8 February 2018 . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Seppe Smits draagt Belgische vlag tijdens openingsceremonie '' ( Seppe Smits to carry Belgian flag during opening ceremony ) . sporza.be ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alla Tsuper named flag - bearer for Team Belarus in PyeongChang '' . belta.by . Belarusian Telegraph Agency . 7 February 2018 . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elvedina Muzaferija nosi zastavu BiH na otvaranju ZOI '' . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bolivia asistirá a Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno '' ( Bolivia will attend the Winter Olympic Games ) . www.elpaisonline.com/ ( in Spanish ) . Boquerón Multimedia. 18 January 2018 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` БОК утвърди делегацията за Олимпиадата в Пьончан ( видео ) '' ( Bulgarian Olympic Committee confirmed the delegation for Pyeonchang Olympics ) . Bulgarian National Television ( in Bulgarian ) . 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Piloto do bobsled será o porta - bandeira do Brasil em PyeongChang '' . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alessandro Mariotti pronto per le olimpiadi invernali : `` È il sogno di ogni sportivo '' `` . Sorpresa News . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nevena Ignjatović nosi srpsku zastavu u Pjongčangu '' . Radio Television of Serbia. 22 January 2018 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Niklas Edin svensk fanbärare vid OS - invigningen '' . svt.se . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cologna wird die Schweizer Fahne tragen '' . srf.ch . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 71 Slovenian athletes head to Pyeongchang '' . rtvslo.si . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan 's flag - bearer in Winter Olympics named '' . Report Information Agency . Baku , Azerbaijan. 22 January 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Irineu Esteve serà el banderer als Jocs Olímpics de PyeongChang '' . Diari d'Andorra . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shqipëria me 2 sportistë në Olimpiadën dimërore `` Pyeongchang 2018 '' `` . telesport.al . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Curtis J. ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` McMurray - born skiier first to represent Eritrea at Winter Olympics '' . Fort McMurray Today . Fort McMurray , Alberta , Canada . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eesti lipukandja PyeongChangi olümpia avatseremoonial on Saskia Alusalu '' . ERR . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Ana ( 19 January 2018 ) . `` Klaus Jungbluth será el abanderado en los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno 2018 '' ( Klaus Jungbluth will be the flag bearer at the 2018 Winter Olympics ) . www.pichinchauniversal.com.ec/ ( in Spanish ) . Pichincha Universal . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Hope , Nick ( 8 February 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics 2018 : Lizzy Yarnold named Team GB flagbearer '' . Pyeongchang , South Korea . BBC . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austria to send 105 athletes to Pyeongchang Olympics '' . Associated Press . New York City , New York , United States . 22 January 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ http://noc-ukr.org/news/16042/ Jump up ^ `` Olympics : Fontana to be flag carrier '' . www.ansa.it/ . Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata ( ANSA ) . 20 October 2017 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ישראל ספורט - אלכסיי ביצ'נקו יישא את דגל ישראל בטקס הפתיחה '' . ישראל ספורט ( in Hebrew ) . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JOC selects speedskater Nao Kodaira as team captain for Pyeongchang Olympics '' . The Japan Times . Tokyo and Osaka , Japan . 16 January 2018 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : Athletes gather for Winter Olympics inauguration ceremony '' . The Mainichi . Tokyo , Japan . 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pocta pro Samkovou ! Obhájkyně zlata ponese českou vlajku na zahájení ZOH '' . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Henrik von Appen será el abanderado chileno en los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno '' . coooperativa.cl . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Abzal Azhgaliyev to be Kazakhstan flag bearer at PyeongChang 2018 Olympics '' . Kazinform . Astana , Kazakhstan. 9 January 2018 . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Paula ( 16 January 2018 ) . `` Virtue & Moir to lead Team Canada as PyeongChang 2018 flag bearers '' . www.olympic.ca/ . Canadian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ja me sa garues do të përfaqësohet Kosova në Olimpiadën Dimërore '' . portalionline.com . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics 2018 : Croatia Selects Flag Bearer for 20 - Strong Team '' . croatiaweek.com . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ DeAeth , Duncan . `` Taiwanese Olympic athletes headed to Pyeongchang , South Korea '' . taiwannews.com.tw . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.khaosod.co.th/sports/news_746840 Jump up ^ http://www.record.pt/modalidades/jogos-olimpicos/detalhe/pyeongchang2018-kequyen-lam-e-o-porta-estandarte-portugues-na-cerimonia-de-abertura.html Jump up ^ Media , Wirtualna Polska ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` Zbigniew Bródka chorążym reprezentacji Polski na igrzyskach olimpijskich - WP SportoweFakty '' . sportowefakty.wp.pl ( in Polish ) . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Winters , Max ( 28 September 2017 ) . `` Double Olympic champion named as France 's Pyeongchang 2018 flag bearer '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` МОК ги испрати олимпијците кон Пјонгчанг '' . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Janne Ahonen kantaa Suomen lippua avajaisissa '' ( in Finnish ) . Iltalehti . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Athlete Profile : Asa Miller '' . Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic Winter Games . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nagy Konrád a magyar zászlóvivő a phjongcshangi megnyitón '' . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Olympics ' most powerful moment '' . NewsComAu. 10 February 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . Olympic Games national flag bearers by year Summer Olympics 1908 closing 1912 closing 1920 closing 1924 closing 1928 closing 1932 closing 1936 closing 1948 closing 1952 closing 1956 closing 1960 closing 1964 closing 1968 closing 1972 closing 1976 closing 1980 closing 1984 closing 1988 closing 1992 closing closing 2000 closing closing 2008 closing 2012 closing 2016 closing Winter Olympics 1924 closing 1928 closing 1932 closing 1936 closing 1948 closing 1952 closing 1956 closing 1960 closing 1964 closing 1968 closing 1972 closing 1976 closing 1980 closing 1984 closing 1988 closing 1992 closing closing 1998 closing 2002 closing 2006 closing closing 2014 closing 2018 closing Intercalated Games 1906 closing Lists portal Olympics portal South Korea portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Winter_Olympics_Parade_of_Nations&oldid=834060083 '' Categories : 2018 Winter Olympics Lists of Olympic flag bearers Parades in South Korea Hidden categories : CS1 Lithuanian - language sources ( lt ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Bulgarian - language sources ( bg ) CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Use dmy dates from February 2018 Talk About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Polski Русский Slovenščina 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 18 : 54 . 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Drinking the Kool-Aid
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Drinking the Kool - Aid - wikipedia Drinking the Kool - Aid `` Drinking the Kool - Aid '' is an expression commonly used in the United States that refers to a person who believes in a possibly doomed or dangerous idea because of perceived potential high rewards . The phrase often carries a negative connotation . It can also be used ironically or humorously to refer to accepting an idea or changing a preference due to popularity , peer pressure , or persuasion . In recent years it has evolved further to mean extreme dedication to a cause or purpose , so extreme that one would `` Drink the Kool - Aid '' and die for the cause . The phrase derives from the November 1978 Jonestown deaths in which over 900 members of the Peoples Temple died by drinking a powdered drink mix laced with cyanide . Most voluntarily committed suicide while the rest were killed by forced ingestion of the poison . The powdered drink mix used might not have been Kool - Aid but could have been the competing brand Flavor Aid . However this is disputed as the commune had both among thier supplies . Contents 1 Background 2 Use 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Jonestown § Deaths in Jonestown On November 18 , 1978 , Jones ordered that the members of Representative Leo Ryan 's party be killed after several defectors chose to leave with the party . Residents of the commune later committed suicide by drinking a flavored beverage laced with potassium cyanide , some were forced to drink it , some ( such as small children ) drank it unknowingly . Roughly 918 people died . Descriptions of the event often refer to the beverage not as Kool - Aid but as Flavor Aid , a less - expensive product reportedly found at the site . Kraft Foods , the maker of Kool - Aid , has stated the same . Implied by this accounting of events is that the reference to the Kool - Aid brand owes exclusively to its being better - known among Americans . Others are less categorical . Both brands are known to have been among the commune 's supplies : Film footage shot inside the compound prior to the events of November shows Jones opening a large chest in which boxes of both Flavor Aid and Kool - Aid are visible . Criminal investigators testifying at the Jonestown inquest spoke of finding packets of `` cool aid '' ( sic ) , and eyewitnesses to the incident are also recorded as speaking of `` cool aid '' or `` Cool Aid . '' It is unclear whether they intended to refer to the actual Kool - Aid -- brand drink or were using the name in a generic sense that might refer to any powdered flavored beverage . Given that both were available and are functionally very similar , it is hard to distinguish whether just one or both brands were used . The group had engaged in many `` dry runs '' using unpoisoned drink . Use ( edit ) In December 1978 , Rev. Dr. William Sloane Coffin told a convention of the American unit of Pax Christi that American planning for nuclear war and preparations for civil defense was `` the Kool - Aid drill without the cyanide . '' According to academician Rebecca Moore , early analogies to Jonestown and Kool - Aid were based around death and suicide , not blind obedience . The earliest such example she found , via a Lexis - Nexis search , was a 1982 statement from Lane Kirkland , then head of the AFL - CIO , which described Ronald Reagan 's policies as `` Jonestown economics , '' which `` administers Kool - Aid to the poor , the deprived and the unemployed . '' In 1984 , a Reagan administration appointee , Clarence M. Pendleton Jr. , chairman of the United States Commission on Civil Rights , was quoted as criticizing civil rights leaders Jesse Jackson , Vernon Jordan Jr. , and Benjamin Hooks by making an analogy between allegiance to `` the black leadership '' and blind obedience to the Jonestown leaders : `` We refuse to be led into another political Jonestown as we were led during the Presidential campaign . No more Kool - Aid , Jesse , Vernon and Ben . We want to be free . '' In 1989 , Jack Solerwitz , a lawyer for many of the air traffic controllers who lost their jobs in the 1981 PATCO strike , explained his dedication to their cause in spite of the substantial personal financial losses he incurred by saying : `` I was the only lawyer who kept the doors open for them , and I thought I 'd get a medal for it ... Instead , I was the one who drank the Kool - Aid . '' The widespread use of the phrase with its current meaning may have begun in the late 1990s . In some cases it began to take on a neutral or even positive light , implying simply great enthusiasm . In 1998 , the dictionary website logophilia.com defined the phrase thus : `` To become a firm believer in something ; to accept an argument or philosophy whole - heartedly . '' The phrase has been used in the business and technology worlds to mean fervent devotion to a certain company or technology . A 2000 The New York Times article about the end of the dot - com bubble noted , `` The saying around San Francisco Web shops these days , as companies run out of money , is ' Just keep drinking the Kool - Aid , ' a tasteless reference to the Jonestown massacre . '' The phrase or metaphor has also often been used in a political context , usually with a negative implication . In 2002 , Arianna Huffington used the phrase `` pass the Kool - Aid , pardner '' in a column about an economic forum hosted by President George W. Bush . Later , commentators Michelangelo Signorile and Bill O'Reilly have used the term to describe those whom they perceive as following certain ideologies blindly . In a 2009 speech , Newsweek editor Jon Meacham stressed his political independence by saying , `` I did not drink the Obama Kool - Aid last year . '' In 2011 , columnist Meghan Daum wrote that the phrase had become `` one of the nation 's most popular idiomatic trends , '' while bemoaning its rise in popularity , calling its usage `` grotesque , even offensive . '' She cited , among others , usages by Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz , who said that he `` drank the Kool - Aid as much as anyone else about Obama , '' and Us Weekly magazine , which reported during the short marriage of Kim Kardashian and Kris Humphries that `` Kris is not drinking the Kardashian Kool - Aid . '' In February 2012 , `` Drinking the Kool - Aid '' won first place in an online poll by Forbes Magazine as `` the single most annoying example of business jargon . '' See also ( edit ) Irrationality Skepticism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Higgins , Chris ( 8 November 2012 ) . `` Stop Saying ' Drink the Kool - Aid ' '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . `` ' Jonestown ' : Portrait of a Disturbed Cult Leader '' . Day to Day . October 20 , 2006 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Paul McFedries ( 1998 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Wordspy article on the expression `` Drink the Kool - Aid , '' October 27 , 1998 `` . Logophilia Limited , www.wordspy.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hall , John R. ( 1987 ) . Gone from the Promised Land : Jonestown in American Cultural History . Transaction Publishers . p. 282 . ISBN 9780887388019 . Jump up ^ `` Cult 's survivors sought in jungle '' . The Ledger . Lakeland , Florida . November 21 , 1978 . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Holden , Stephen . `` Jonestown : The Life and Death of Peoples Temple '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Jonestown : The Life and Death of Peoples Temple ^ Jump up to : Eric Zorn ( 2008 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Change of Subject , `` Have you drunk the ' Kool Aid ' Kool Aid '' . Chicago Tribune , www.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Krause , Charles A. ( Dec 17 , 1978 ) . `` Jonestown Is an Eerie Ghost Town Now '' . Washington Post . Along the muddy path that served as a sidewalk for much of the commune , other reminders of the life and death that were Jonestown lie half buried in the fertile soil . A pair of woman 's eyeglasses , a towel , a pair of shorts , packets of unopened Flavor - Aid lie scattered about waiting for the final cleanup that may one day return Jonestown to the tidy , if overcrowded , little community it once was . Jump up ^ * Kihn , Martin ( 2007 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Do n't Drink the Grape - Flavored Sugar Water ... '' Fast Company . Archived from the original on 7 April 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Al Thomkins ( 2003 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Al 's Morning Meeting , `` Thursday Edition : Clearing Kool - Aid 's Name '' `` . The Poynter Institute . Archived from the original on 4 December 2003 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Stanley ( 2006 ) . Jonestown : The Life and Death of Peoples Temple ( DVD ) . Hollywood , California : PBS Home Video . Jump up ^ `` Guyana inquest '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Hatfield , Larry D. ( 8 November 1998 ) . `` Utopian nightmare . Jonestown : What did we learn ? '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Hyer , Marjorie . Pax Christi Group Opposes SALT II . 9 December 1978 . Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Drinking the Kool - Aid : The Cultural Transformation of a Tragedy , Rebecca Moore , American Academy of Religion / Western Region , St. Mary 's College of California , 26 March 2002 Jump up ^ `` Criticism of Black Leaders '' . The New York Times . November 20 , 1984 . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Margolick , David ( January 20 , 1989 ) . `` LAW : AT THE BAR ; Lawyer for striking air traffic controllers won back 60 jobs but suffered personal loss '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fishburne , Rodes ( April 29 , 2000 ) . `` The Shadow in Silicon Valley '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Arianna Huffington ( August 16 , 2002 ) . `` Wacko in Waco '' . Salon.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Feeling Sorry for O'Reilly '' . Fox News . 2005 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Finch , Jake ( April 1 , 2009 ) . `` Newsweek editor addresses Reagan Forum '' . Ventura County Star . Jump up ^ Daum , Meghan ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Do n't ' drink the Kool - Aid ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Jargon Madness , Forbes , January 25 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Look up drink the Kool - Aid in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Richardson , James D. ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` The phrase ' drank the Kool - Aid ' is completely offensive . We should stop saying it immediately '' . PostEverything . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jim Jones and the Peoples Temple Timeline I - Hotel Peoples Temple in San Francisco Jonestown Jonestown conspiracy theories People Members Timothy Stoen Larry Layton Deborah Layton Jeannie Mills Congressional entourage Leo Ryan Jackie Speier Tim Reiterman Don Harris Other Father Divine Charles Garry Marshall Kilduff Mark Lane George Moscone Willie Brown Harvey Milk Angela Davis Huey P. Newton John R. Burke Mervyn Dymally Books Journey to Nowhere : A New World Tragedy ( 1980 ) Raven ( 1982 ) Seductive Poison ( 1999 ) A Thousand Lives ( 2011 ) Films and television Documentaries Jonestown : The Life and Death of Peoples Temple ( 2006 ) Jonestown : Paradise Lost ( 2007 ) Dramatizations Guyana : Crime of the Century ( 1979 ) Guyana Tragedy : The Story of Jim Jones ( 1980 ) Related articles Cult Awareness Network Drinking the Kool - Aid The Mary Pearl Willis Foundation Evergreen Cemetery WikiSource Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drinking_the_Kool-Aid&oldid=866478575 '' Categories : Political terminology of the United States Computer jargon Peoples Temple English phrases Influence ( social and political ) Metaphors referring to food and drink Consensus Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 15 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who coined the term drink the kool aid
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Article Six of the United States Constitution
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Article Six of the United States Constitution - wikipedia Article Six of the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Article VI of the United States Constitution This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book Article Six of the United States Constitution establishes the laws and treaties of the United States made in accordance with it as the supreme law of the land , forbids a religious test as a requirement for holding a governmental position and holds the United States under the Constitution responsible for debts incurred by the United States under the Articles of Confederation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Debts 3 Supremacy 4 Oaths 5 Other References 6 External links Text ( edit ) All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into , before the Adoption of this Constitution , shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution , as under the Confederation . This Constitution , and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof ; and all Treaties made , or which shall be made , under the Authority of the United States , shall be the supreme Law of the Land ; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby , any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding . The Senators and Representatives before mentioned , and the Members of the several State Legislatures , and all executive and judicial Officers , both of the United States and of the several States , shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation , to support this Constitution ; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States . Debts ( edit ) The first clause of the Article provides that debts contracted prior to the adoption of the Constitution remain valid , as they were under the Articles of Confederation . Supremacy ( edit ) Main article : Supremacy Clause Clause two provides that the Constitution , federal laws made pursuant to it and treaties made under its authority , constitute the supreme law of the land . It provides that state courts are bound by the supreme law ; in case of conflict between federal and state law , the federal law must be applied . Even state constitutions are subordinate to federal law . The Supreme Court under John Marshall was influential in construing the supremacy clause . It first ruled that it had the power to review the decisions of state courts allegedly in conflict with the supreme law , claims of `` state sovereignty '' notwithstanding . In Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee ( 1816 ) , the Supreme Court confronted the Chief Justice of Virginia , Spencer Roane , who had previously declared a Supreme Court decision unconstitutional and refused to permit the state courts to abide by it . The Court upheld the Judiciary Act , which permitted it to hear appeals from state courts , on the grounds that Congress had passed it under the supremacy clause . The Supreme Court has also struck down attempts by states to control or direct the affairs of federal institutions . McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) was a significant case in this regard . The state of Maryland had levied a tax on banks not chartered by the state ; the tax applied , state judges ruled , to the Bank of the United States chartered by Congress in 1816 . Marshall wrote that `` the States have no power , by taxation or otherwise , to retard , impede , burden , or in any manner control , the operations of the constitutional laws enacted by Congress to carry into execution the powers vested in the general government . '' United States property is wholly immune to state taxation , as are government activities and institutions . Congress may explicitly provide immunity from taxation in certain cases , for instance by immunizing a federal contractor . Federal employees , however , may not be immunized from taxes , as the tax would not in any way impede government activities . Gibbons v. Ogden ( 1824 ) was another influential case involving the supremacy clause . The state of New York had granted Aaron Ogden a monopoly over the steamboat business in the Hudson River . The other party , Thomas Gibbons , had obtained a federal permit under the Coastal Licensing Act to perform the same task . The Supreme Court upheld the federal permit . John Marshall wrote , `` The nullity of an act , inconsistent with the Constitution , is produced by the declaration , that the Constitution is the supreme law . The appropriate application of that part of the clause which confers the same supremacy on laws and treaties , is to such acts of the State legislatures as do not transcend their powers , but though enacted in the execution of acknowledged State powers , interfere with , or are contrary to the laws of Congress , made in pursuance of the Constitution , or some treaty made under the authority of the United States . In every such case , the act of Congress , or the treaty , is supreme ; and the law of the State , though enacted in the exercise of powers not controverted , must yield to it . '' Reid v. Covert ( 1957 ) ruled that no branch of the United States Government can have powers conferred upon it by treaty that have not been conferred by the United States Constitution . Oaths ( edit ) See also : No Religious Test Clause and Qur'an oath controversy of the 110th United States Congress Federal and state legislators , executive officers and judges are , by the third clause of the article , bound by oath or affirmation to support the Constitution . Congress may determine the form of such an oath . In Ex parte Garland ( 1866 ) , the Supreme Court held that a test oath would violate the Constitution , so it invalidated the law requiring the following oath : I , A.B. , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I have never voluntarily borne arms against the United States since I have been a citizen thereof ; that I have voluntarily given no aid , countenance , counsel , or encouragement to persons engaged in armed hostility thereto ; that I have neither sought nor accepted , not attempted to exercise the functions of any office whatever , under any authority or pretended authority in hostility to the United States ; that I have not yielded a voluntary support to any pretended government , authority , power , or constitution with the United States , hostile or inimical thereto ... The Supreme Court found that the law constituted an unconstitutional ex post facto law , for it retroactively punished the offenses mentioned in the oath by preventing those who committed them from taking office . Congress may not require religious tests for an office under the United States . Thus , Congress may include the customary words `` so help me God '' in an oath , but an individual would be under no compulsion to utter them , as such a requirement would constitute a religious test . The current oath administered is as follows : I , ( name ) , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies , foreign and domestic ; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same ; that I take this obligation freely , without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion ; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter . ( So help me God . ) During the 1960 presidential campaign , the issue of whether the nation would for the first time elect a Catholic to the highest office in the land raised the specter of an implicit , but no less effective , religious test . John F. Kennedy , in his Address to the Greater Houston Ministerial Association on 12 September 1960 , addressed the question directly , saying , ( N ) either do I look with favor upon those who would work to subvert Article VI of the Constitution by requiring a religious test , even by indirection . For if they disagree with that safeguard , they should be openly working to repeal it . ... ( C ) ontrary to common newspaper usage , I am not the Catholic candidate for President . I am the Democratic Party 's candidate for President who happens also to be a Catholic . I do not speak for my church on public matters ; and the church does not speak for me . Whatever issue may come before me as President , if I should be elected , on birth control , divorce , censorship , gambling or any other subject , I will make my decision in accordance with these views -- in accordance with what my conscience tells me to be in the national interest , and without regard to outside religious pressure or dictates . And no power or threat of punishment could cause me to decide otherwise . But if the time should ever come -- and I do not concede any conflict to be remotely possible -- when my office would require me to either violate my conscience or violate the national interest , then I would resign the office ; and I hope any other conscientious public servant would do likewise . But I do not intend to apologize for these views to my critics of either Catholic or Protestant faith ; nor do I intend to disavow either my views or my church in order to win this election . If I should lose on the real issues , I shall return to my seat in the Senate , satisfied that I 'd tried my best and was fairly judged . But if this election is decided on the basis that 40 million Americans lost their chance of being President on the day they were baptized , then it is the whole nation that will be the loser , in the eyes of Catholics and non-Catholics around the world , in the eyes of history , and in the eyes of our own people . Other references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States : A Transcription '' . Washington D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . Irons , Peter . ( 1999 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . New York : Penguin . External links ( edit ) Kilman , Johnny and George Costello ( Eds ) . ( 2000 ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation . CRS Annotated Constitution : Article 6 ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article_Six_of_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=810177621 '' Categories : Articles of the United States Constitution Article Six of the United States Constitution Federalism in the United States Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français 贛 語 Русский Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 19 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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of the following which is not true for the united states congress
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Memphis Belle (aircraft)
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Memphis Belle ( aircraft ) - wikipedia Memphis Belle ( aircraft ) This article is about the aircraft . For other uses , including films about the aircraft , see Memphis Belle . Memphis Belle Boeing B - 17F - 10 - BO Flying Fortress , AAF Ser . No. 41 - 24485 , Memphis Belle , 324th Bomb Squadron , 91st Bomb Group , 9 June 1943 Type Boeing B - 17F Flying Fortress Manufacturer Boeing Aircraft Company Construction number 3470 Serial 41 - 24485 Radio code DF - A Owners and operators United States Army Air Forces Fate On display Preserved at National Museum of the United States Air Force Memphis Belle is a Boeing B - 17F Flying Fortress used during the Second World War that inspired the making of two motion pictures : a 1944 documentary film , Memphis Belle : A Story of a Flying Fortress , and a 1990 Hollywood feature film , Memphis Belle . The aircraft was one of the first United States Army Air Forces B - 17 heavy bombers to complete 25 combat missions . The aircraft and crew then returned to the United States to sell war bonds . In 2005 , restoration began on the aircraft at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright - Patterson AFB in Dayton , Ohio where , from May 2018 , it is on display . Contents 1 Crew 2 Combat history 3 Source of the name 4 Postwar history 4.1 Display in Memphis 4.2 Move to Dayton 5 Memphis Belle film ( 1990 ) 6 Other aircraft named Memphis Belle 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Citations 8.3 Bibliography 9 External links Crew ( edit ) Crew of the Memphis Belle. They are , left to right : Tech . Sgt . Harold P. Loch of Green Bay , Wis. , top turret gunner ; Staff Sgt . Cecil H. Scott of Altoona , Penn. , ball turret gunner ; Tech . Sgt . Robert J , Hanson of Walla Walla , Wash. , radio operator ; Capt . James A. Verinis , New Haven , Conn. , co-pilot ; Capt . Robert K. Morgan of Ashville , N.C. , pilot ; Capt . Charles B. Leighton of Lansing , Mich. , navigator ; Staff Sgt . John P. Quinlan of Yonkers , N.Y. , tail gunner ; Staff Sgt . Casimer A. Nastal of Detroit , Mich. , waist gunner ; Capt . Vincent B. Evans of Henderson , Texas , bombardier and Staff Sgt . Clarence E. Wichell of Oak Park , Ill. , waist gunner . The crew for the Memphis Belle are as follows : Pilot : Captain Robert K. Morgan Co-pilot : Captain James A. Verinis Navigator : Captain Charles B. Leighton Bombardier : Captain Vincent B. Evans The First Engineer / Top Turret Gunner : Leviticus `` Levy '' Dillon The Second Engineer / Top Turret Gunner : Eugene Adkins The Third Engineer / Top Turret Gunner : Harold P. Loch Radio Operator : Robert Hanson Ball Turret Gunner : Cecil Scott Right Waist Gunner : E. Scott Miller Right Waist Gunner : Casmer A `` Tony '' Nastal Left Waist Gunner : Clarence E. `` Bill '' Winchell Tail Gunner : John P. Quinlan Crew Chief : Joe Giambrone Combat history ( edit ) The crew back from their 25th operational mission . All were awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Air Medal . The Memphis Belle , a Boeing - built B - 17F - 10 - BO , manufacturer 's serial number 3470 , USAAC Serial No. 41 - 24485 , was added to the USAAF inventory on 15 July 1942 , and delivered in September 1942 to the 91st Bombardment Group at Dow Field , Bangor , Maine . She deployed to Prestwick , Scotland , on 30 September 1942 , moving to a temporary base at RAF Kimbolton on 1 October , and then finally to her permanent base at RAF Bassingbourn , England , on 14 October . Each side of the fuselage bore the unit and aircraft identification markings of a B - 17 of the 324th Bomb Squadron ( Heavy ) ; the squadron code `` DF '' and individual aircraft letter `` A . '' Captain Robert K. Morgan 's crew flew 29 combat missions with the 324th Bomb Squadron , all but four in the Memphis Belle . The aircraft 's 25 combat missions , which included eight German aircraft shot down by her crew , were : 7 November 1942 -- Brest , France 9 November 1942 -- St. Nazaire , France 17 November 1942 -- St. Nazaire , France 6 December 1942 -- Lille , France 20 December 1942 * -- Romilly - sur - Seine , France 30 December 1942 -- Lorient , France ( flown by Lt. James A. Verinis ) 3 January 1943 -- St. Nazaire , France 13 January 1943 -- Lille , France 23 January 1943 -- Lorient , France 14 February 1943 -- Hamm , Germany 16 February 1943 -- St. Nazaire , France 27 February 1943 * -- Brest , France 6 March 1943 -- Lorient , France 12 March 1943 -- Rouen , France 13 March 1943 -- Abbeville , France 22 March 1943 -- Wilhelmshaven , Germany 28 March 1943 -- Rouen , France 31 March 1943 -- Rotterdam , Netherlands 16 April 1943 -- Lorient , France 17 April 1943 -- Bremen , Germany 1 May 1943 -- St. Nazaire , France 13 May 1943 -- Meaulte , France ( flown by Lt. C.L. Anderson ) 14 May 1943 -- Kiel , Germany ( flown by Lt. John H. Miller ) 15 May 1943 -- Wilhelmshaven , Germany 17 May 1943 -- Lorient , France 19 May 1943 * -- Kiel , Germany ( flown by Lt. Anderson ) * Sources disagree on which two of these three missions the Memphis Belle received mission credits for . Morgan 's crew completed the following missions in B - 17s other than the Memphis Belle : 4 February 1943 -- Emden , Germany ( in B - 17 DF - H 41 - 24515 Jersey Bounce ) 26 February 1943 -- Wilhelmshaven , Germany ( in B - 17 41 - 24515 ) 5 April 1943 -- Antwerp , Belgium ( in B - 17 41 - 24480 Bad Penny ) 4 May 1943 -- Antwerp , Belgium ( in B - 17 41 - 24527 , The Great Speckled Bird ) The aircraft was then flown back to the United States on 8 June 1943 , by a composite crew chosen by the Eighth Air Force from those who had flown combat aboard , led by Capt . Morgan , for a 31 - city war bond tour . Morgan 's original co-pilot was Capt . James A. Verinis , who himself piloted the Memphis Belle for one mission . Verinis was promoted to aircraft commander of another B - 17 for his final 16 missions and finished his tour on 13 May . He rejoined Morgan 's crew as co-pilot for the flight back to the United States . The B - 17 Hell 's Angels ( 41 - 24577 ) of the 303rd Bomb Group completed 25 combat missions on 13 May 1943 , becoming the first B - 17 to complete the feat , one week before the Memphis Belle . Source of the name ( edit ) The aircraft was named after pilot Robert K Morgan 's sweetheart , Margaret Polk , a resident of Memphis , Tennessee . Morgan originally intended to call the aircraft Little One , which was his pet name for her , but after Morgan and copilot Jim Verinis saw the movie Lady for a Night , in which the leading character owns a riverboat named the Memphis Belle , he proposed that name to his crew . Morgan then contacted George Petty at the offices of Esquire magazine and asked him for a pinup drawing to go with the name , which Petty supplied from the magazine 's April 1941 issue . The 91st 's group artist , Corporal Tony Starcer , copied the Petty girl as art on both sides of the forward fuselage , depicting her suit in blue on the aircraft 's port side and in red on the starboard . The nose art later included 25 bomb shapes , one for each mission credit , and eight swastika designs , one for each German aircraft claimed shot down by the crew . Station and crew names were stenciled below station windows on the aircraft after her tour of duty was completed . Post-War history ( edit ) In his memoirs , Morgan claimed that during his publicity tour he flew the B - 17 between the Buncombe County Courthouse and the City Hall of Asheville , North Carolina , his home town . Morgan wrote that after leaving a local airport he decided to buzz the town , telling his copilot , Captain Verinis , `` I think we 'll just drive up over the city and give them a little goodbye salute . '' Morgan turned the bomber down Patton Avenue , a main thoroughfare , toward downtown Asheville . When he observed the courthouse and the city hall ( two tall buildings that are only about 50 ft ( 20 m ) apart ) dead ahead , he lowered his left wing in a 60 degree bank and flew between the structures . He wrote that the city hall housed an AAF weather detachment whose commanding officer allegedly complained immediately to the Pentagon , but was advised by a duty officer that `` Major Morgan ... has been given permission to buzz by General Henry `` Hap '' Arnold . '' Display in Memphis ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After the war , the Memphis Belle was saved from reclamation at Altus Air Force Base , Oklahoma where she had been consigned since 1 August 1945 , by the efforts of the mayor of Memphis , Walter Chandler . The city of Memphis bought the B - 17 for US $350 ( equivalent to $4,758 in 2017 ) . She was flown to Memphis in July 1946 and stored until the summer of 1949 when she was placed on display at the National Guard armory near the city 's fairgrounds . She sat out - of - doors into the 1980s , slowly deteriorating from weather and vandalism . Souvenir hunters removed almost all of the interior components . Eventually no instruments were left in the cockpit , and virtually every removable piece of the aircraft 's interior had been scavenged , often severing the aircraft 's wiring and control cables in the process . The Memphis Belle on a War Bond campaign at Patterson Field during World War II . In the early 1970s , another mayor had donated the historic aircraft back to the Air Force , but they allowed her to remain in Memphis contingent on her being maintained . Efforts by the locally organized Memphis Belle Memorial Association , Inc . ( MBMA ) saw the aircraft moved to Mud Island in the Mississippi River in 1987 for display in a new pavilion with large tarp cover . She was still open to the elements , however , and prone to weathering . Pigeons would also nest inside the tarp and droppings were constantly needing removal from the B - 17 . Dissatisfaction with the site led to efforts to create a new museum facility in Shelby County . In the summer of 2003 the Belle was disassembled and moved to a restoration facility at the former Naval Air Station Memphis in Millington , Tennessee for work . In September 2004 , however , the National Museum of the United States Air Force , apparently tiring of the ups and downs of the city 's attempts to preserve the aircraft , indicated that they wanted her back for restoration and eventual display at the museum at Wright - Patterson AFB near Dayton , Ohio . The Memphis Belle - The Final Chapter in Memphis , a documentary film by Ken Axmaker , Jr. , focuses on the history of the Belle in Memphis and emphasizes the final days and the volunteers who tried to keep one of the most famous aircraft in the world and another Memphis icon from disappearing . Move to Dayton ( edit ) Memphis Belle during refurbishment in 2011 . Memphis Belle after refurbishment was completed in 2018 . On 30 August 2005 , the MBMA announced that a consultant that they hired determined that the MBMA would not be able to raise enough money to restore the Belle and otherwise fulfill the Air Force 's requirements to keep possession of the aircraft . They announced plans to return the aircraft to the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright - Patterson AFB near Dayton , Ohio , after a final exhibition at an airshow in Millington , Tennessee from 30 September -- 2 October 2005 . The Belle arrived safely at the museum in mid-October 2005 and was placed in one of the Museum 's restoration hangars . The Museum placed restoration of Memphis Belle near the top of its priorities . In the magazine Friends Journal of the museum 's foundation , Major General Charles D. Metcalf , USAF ( Ret ) , then the director of the museum , stated that it might take eight to 10 years to fully restore the aircraft . By the spring of 2009 , considerable preparatory work had been accomplished , but the fuselage and wings were still disassembled . After stripping the paint from the aft fuselage of the aircraft , hundreds of names and personal messages were found scratched in the aluminum skin . It turned out that , during the aircraft 's war bond tour , people were allowed to leave their mark there . In May 2017 the museum announced the goal of completing the restoration and putting the Memphis Belle on display by May 17 , 2018 , the 75th anniversary of the plane 's 25th mission . On March 19 , 2018 the Memphis Belle was moved into the WWII Gallery at the National Museum of the United States Air Force , and was officially unveiled May 17 , 2018 . Memphis Belle film ( 1990 ) ( edit ) Main article : Memphis Belle ( film ) The B - 17 that portrayed Memphis Belle in the 1990 film at the Joint Service Open House at Andrews Air Force Base in 2008 . Five airworthy B - 17s were used in the filming of the 1990 British - American war drama film Memphis Belle , two from the US ( N - 17W -- now on display in Seattle and Movie Memphis Belle 44 - 83546 ) , B - 17G Sally B from the UK and two French geographic survey B - 17Gs , one of which crashed on take - off near the end of filming . The B - 17Gs had some sections converted into a B - 17F configuration for the film . A former civilian firebomber , B - 17G - 85 - DL , AAC Serial No. 44 - 83546 , FAA registered N3703G , was converted by installing a Sperry top turret , early - style tail gunner 's compartment and waist gunner 's positions , and omitting the chin turret . After appearing in the film , this plane continues to make air show appearances as Movie Memphis Belle in that configuration . Originally painted with the Warner Brothers movie version of the nose art and markings , the B - 17 ( owned by restaurateur David Tallichet until his death in 2007 ) now carries the historic markings found on the actual Memphis Belle . That aircraft is currently leased by the National Warplane Museum in Geneseo , New York and provides historical flight experiences to the public . The Sally B , used in film , is the last airworthy B - 17 in the United Kingdom and is based at the Imperial War Museum , Duxford . She is part of the USAAC World War II Memorial Flight and makes dozens of appearances across the United Kingdom and Northern Europe . She is maintained and run by volunteers , relying solely upon donations . In addition to the airworthy B - 17s , others were used as planes visible at the airbase in the film , but not as the Memphis Belle . One example , B - 17F - 70 - BO , Serial number 42 - 29782 , is located at the Museum of Flight , Seattle , WA . Boeing Bee has been completely restored and is potentially airworthy once again . Other aircraft named Memphis Belle ( edit ) A Republic F - 105D Thunderchief ( AF Ser . No. 60 - 0504 ) from 357th Tactical Fighter Squadron of the 355th Tactical Fighter Wing based at Takhli Royal Thai Air Base during the Vietnam War was named Memphis Belle II in honor of the original B - 17F . The aircraft claimed two MiG - 17 kills in addition to numerous bombing missions , and was the last F - 105 to fly . It is currently preserved at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright - Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton , Ohio . She was donated in April 1990 . A Rockwell B - 1B Lancer ( AF Ser . No. 86 - 0133 ) was named Memphis Belle . In 1996 , Colonel Robert K. Morgan , pilot of the original Memphis Belle , received the opportunity to fly in this aircraft , while she served with the Georgia Air National Guard 's 116th Bomb Wing at Robins AFB , Georgia . A General Dynamics FB - 111A Aardvark ( AF Ser . No. 68 - 0267 ) was also nicknamed Memphis Belle II for a period during the 1980s . She is currently located at the Strategic Air Command Museum , located in Ashland , Nebraska . Two Boeing B - 52 Stratofortresses have carried the name Memphis Belle B - 52G ( AF Ser . No. 59 - 2594 ) was named Memphis Belle III and took part in the 1991 Gulf War . That aircraft was retired from active service as the B - 52G was phased out of USAF service and sent to the AMARC at Davis - Monthan AFB , Arizona in October , 1992 . The first B - 52H ( AF Ser . No. 60 - 0001 ) was named Memphis Belle IV and is currently assigned to the 2nd Bomb Wing at Barksdale Air Force Base , Louisiana , having seen action in both Iraq and Afghanistan in support of Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom . A McDonnell Douglas F - 15E ( AF Ser . No 89 - 0485 ) from the 336th Fighter Squadron , 4th Fighter Wing , flew with the nose art `` Memphis Belle III '' during Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003 . A Lockheed C - 141 Starlifter ( AF Ser . No 67 - 0024 ) became the Memphis Belle V. She was transferred to the AMARC inventory upon the retirement of all C - 141s from active service in the U.S. Air Force , to include the Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard . A Lockheed C - 5 Galaxy ( AF Ser . No. 69 - 0025 ) was named the Memphis Belle X was assigned to the 164th Airlift Wing of the Tennessee Air National Guard at Memphis Air National Guard Base . A Boeing C - 17 Globemaster III ( AF Ser . No. 93 - 0600 ) is named the Memphis Belle XI assigned currently to the 164th Airlift Wing of the Tennessee Air National Guard at Memphis Air National Guard Base . Pinnacle Airlines ' first Bombardier CRJ ( N8390A ) is named Spirit of Memphis Belle . See also ( edit ) Veterans ' Museum ( Halls , Tennessee ) Strategic bombing during World War II Memphis Belle Memorial Pin - up girl Alberto Vargas References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ AAC training aids publication ( July 1943 ) listed `` the ship 's '' 25 missions . The mission list is crew 's , however , not the aircraft 's , as it lists missions of 4 February , 26 February , 5 April , and 4 May which crew flew in other aircraft , and omits missions when others flew the Memphis Belle . Jump up ^ Only Morgan 's account supports that he flew the Memphis Belle on this mission . 303rd BG site states he flew 515 this date , and 324th dailies do not show him on mission at all . Jump up ^ All references except Morgan show this as the 25th mission of the Memphis Belle . Morgan states that all flights of the Memphis Belle after 15 May were local only , for the purpose of `` touchup shots '' to complete editing of the movie . Jump up ^ Morgan states the crew agreed to the name by vote . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joseph F. Baugher 's U.S. military aircraft serials and construction numbers ; http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_bombers/b17_11.html Jump up ^ `` B - 17 Flying Fortress . '' United States Air Force . Retrieved : 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Barber , Barry . `` Memphis Belle to go on display at Air Force Museum in 2018 '' National Museum of the United States Air Force , 18 January 2017 . Retrieved : 18 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Preuss , Andreas ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Memphis Belle bomber newly restored and unveiled at US Air Force museum '' . CNN . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Zhou , Jing . `` Memphis Belle -- Crew '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Havelaar 1995 , p. 211 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop 1986 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Bishop 1986 , p. 233 . ^ Jump up to : `` 25 Missions : The Story of the Memphis Belle . '' Air Fronts . Retrieved : 12 August 2008 Jump up ^ Morgan and Powers 2001 , pp. 127 , 384 ( Mission list ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Hells Angels vs. Memphis Belle , Historical Information . '' 303rd Bomb Group Association . Retrieved : 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Morgan and Powers 2001 , pp. 178 , 384 . Jump up ^ Morgan and Powers 2001 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ `` 1943 dailies of 324th Bomb squadron . '' 91st Bomb group Association . Retrieved : 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Morgan and Powers 2001 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Morgan and Powers , pp. 167 , 384 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan , pp. 177 and 384 . Jump up ^ Morgan and Powers , pp. 196 , 385 . Jump up ^ `` Hell 's Angels vs Memphis Belle . '' 303rdbg.com . Retrieved : 21 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boeing B - 17F - 25 - BO Hell 's Angels . National Museum of the United States Air Force , 25 June 2009 . Retrieved : 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Morgan and Powers 2001 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Morgan and Powers 2001 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Morgan and Powers 2001 , pp. 241 -- 242 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Mark ( November 2008 ) . `` Restoration : The Memphis Belle For this famous B - 17 , surviving 25 missions in World War II was the easy part '' . Air and Space Magazine . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Finger , Michael ( 3 December 2013 ) . `` The Past , Present , and Future of the Memphis Belle '' . Memphis Magazine . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Kern , Chris . `` Restoring an Icon : The ' Memphis Belle ' . '' ChrisKern.Net . Retrieved : 12 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Stacy , Mitch ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Long - Awaited Display of Restored Memphis Belle Set for 2018 '' . Savannah Morning News . Associated Press . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ National Warplane Museum , Retrieved Jul. 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Picture of ' Memphis Belle II ' . '' marvellouswings.com . Retrieved : 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Nelowkin , Wolodymir . `` Rockwell B - 1B Lancer 86 - 0133 . '' myaviation.net , 3 February 2003 . Retrieved : 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Picture of ' Memphis Belle II ' . '' marvellouswings.com . Retrieved : 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Picture of ' Memphis Belle IV ' . '' militaryaircraft . Retrieved : 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Halford , David . `` Picture of ' Memphis Belle V ' . '' lastrefuge.co . Retrieved : 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Scanlon , M.J. `` Picture of the ' Memphis Belle X ' . '' airliners.net , 2006 . Retrieved : 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Derden , Jonathan , `` Picture of ' Spirit of Memphis Belle ' . '' airliners.net , 6 November 2003 . Retrieved : 1 December 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bishop , Cliff T. Fortresses of the Big Triangle First . Bishops Stortford , UK : East Anglia Books , 1986 , pp. 133 , 135 , and 233 . ISBN 1 - 869987 - 00 - 4 . Freeman , Roger A. , The Mighty Eighth War Diary . London : Jane 's , 1990 , pp. 36 , 59 . ISBN 0 - 87938 - 495 - 6 . Havelaar , Marion H. , and Hess , William N. The Ragged Irregulars of Bassingbourn : The 91st Bombardment Group in World War II . Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer , 1995 , pp. 38 -- 40 , 211 , 212 . ISBN 0 - 88740 - 810 - 9 . Morgan , Col. Robert K. , Ret. , with Ron Powers . The Man Who Flew the Memphis Belle . New York : Dutton , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 525 - 94610 - 1 . Thompson , Scott A. Final Cut -- The Post-War B - 17 Flying Fortress : The Survivors , Second edition . Missoula , Missouri : Pictorial Histories Pub. Co. , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 57510 - 077 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Memphis Belle . Website of the Memphis Belle Memorial Association ( former custodian of the MB ) Website of the 91st Bomb Group Memorial Association ; daily reports of the 324th Bomb Squadron can be viewed at this site detailing the history of Memphis Belle and crew Memphis Belle -- National Museum of the United States Air Force ) Memphis Belle Documentary from US National Archives Restoring an Icon : The Memphis Belle B - 17 Preservation Ltd Memphis Belle Color Documentary from inside Memphis Belle bombing run over Germany Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memphis_Belle_(aircraft)&oldid=850957313 '' Categories : Individual aircraft of World War II Boeing B - 17 Flying Fortress Collection of the National Museum of the United States Air Force Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2018 , at 03 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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was the memphis belle the first to complete 25 missions
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"Memphis Belle is a Boeing B-17F Flying Fortress used during the Second World War that inspired the making of two motion pictures: a 1944 documentary film, Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress, and a 1990 Hollywood feature film, Memphis Belle. The aircraft was one of the first United States Army Air Forces B-17 heavy bombers to complete 25 combat missions. The aircraft and crew then returned to the United States to sell war bonds.[2] In 2005, restoration began on the aircraft at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB in Dayton, Ohio where, from May 2018, it is on display.[3][4]\n"
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Danika Yarosh
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Danika Yarosh - wikipedia Danika Yarosh Jump to : navigation , search Danika Yarosh Yarosh at the 2015 San Diego Comic Con International ( 1998 - 10 - 01 ) October 1 , 1998 ( age 18 ) Morristown , New Jersey , USA Residence Los Angeles , California , USA Nationality American Occupation Actress , dancer Years active 2004 -- present Relatives Mani Yarosh ( sister ) Peter Yarosh ( brother ) Danika Yarosh ( born October 1 , 1998 ) is an American actress . She appeared in the Showtime series Shameless and in the NBC series Heroes Reborn . She starred opposite Tom Cruise in Jack Reacher : Never Go Back ( 2016 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Yarosh is a native of Bedminster , New Jersey , the daughter of Victor and Linda Yarosh . She has three siblings , an older sister , Amanda , who also acts , an older brother , Erik , and a younger brother , Peter . Her father is a former member of the United States Air Force . Career ( edit ) Yarosh first appeared on film at the age of 5 as an extra in The Stepford Wives ( 2004 ) , starring Nicole Kidman , which filmed in her home town . She began studying acting and dance , first appearing off - Broadway , and then won the role of ballet dancer Karen in the 2009 Broadway production of Billy Elliot at the Imperial Theatre , when she was 10 . Yarosh moved with her mother to Los Angeles at age 12 , and began booking bit parts on television , including the series 30 Rock and Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . She appeared in the 2012 film , The Color of Time , starring Mila Kunis and James Franco , playing the first love of poet C.K. Williams . Yarosh then had recurring roles on the Nick at Nite sitcom See Dad Run , and the Showtime series Shameless . She postponed attending college full time when she was cast in the NBC sci - fi miniseries Heroes Reborn . Yarosh played the would - be daughter of Jack Reacher ( Tom Cruise ) in the 2016 action film Jack Reacher : Never Go Back . She will next star opposite Erin Moriarty and Helen Hunt in the sports drama Live Like Line . Yarosh plays Caroline `` Line '' Found , a star Iowa City West High School volleyball player , whose team went on to win the state championship after she was killed in a moped accident . Filmography ( edit ) Toronto International Film Festival 2015 Year Title Role Notes The Stepford Wives Child in town fair Uncredited Crush Sarah short movie Celebrity Ghost Stories Young Daryl TV Documenter show A Breath Away Maria short movie 2011 30 Rock School Girl 1 episode 2011 Angel Abbey short movie 2011 Nerd Wars Ivanka short movie 2011 A Christmas Wedding Tail Madison TV Movie 2012 In Plain Sight Bonnie Arnett / Bonnie Wilson 1 episode 2012 Retribution Ashlee Simmons TV Movie 2012 Tar Irine 2013 1600 Penn Jessica 1 episode 2013 -- 2014 See Dad Run Olivia 9 episodes 2014 -- 2015 Shameless Holly Herkimer 11 episodes 2010 -- 2015 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Ariel Thornhill / Nicole Goshgarian 3 episodes 2015 -- 2016 Heroes Reborn Malina Bennett lead role ( 13 episodes ) 2016 Jack Reacher : Never Go Back Samantha Dutton the girl Jack Reacher protects ( Tom Cruise ) 2016 Chicago P.D. Ellie Olstern 1 episode References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rose , Erin ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` Young Bedminster child star on the rise '' . The Bernardsville News . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mottram , James ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Danika Yarosh , interview : ' Tom Cruise and I clicked in a way that 's so unusual ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Sandy ( July 17 , 2003 ) . `` It 's OK to call them ' Stepford Wives ' '' . The Bernardsville News . Jump up ^ Brown , Keah ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Danika Yarosh Interview '' . Cliché . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elkadi , Nina ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Caroline Found movie about never giving up '' . The Gazette . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Danika Yarosh on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danika_Yarosh&oldid=802361557 '' Categories : American film actresses 1998 births Living people People from Morristown , New Jersey Actresses from New Jersey American child actresses American television actresses Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 17 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who played holly in season 2 of shameless
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Big Five personality traits
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Big Five personality traits - wikipedia Big Five personality traits Jump to : navigation , search The relationship between the big five personality traits The Big Five personality traits , also known as the five factor model ( FFM ) , is a model based on common language descriptors of personality . When factor analysis ( a statistical technique ) is applied to personality survey data , some words used to describe aspects of personality are often applied to the same person . For example , someone described as conscientious is more likely to be described as `` always prepared '' rather than `` messy '' . This theory is based therefore on the association between words but not on neuropsychological experiments . This theory uses descriptors of common language and therefore suggests five broad dimensions commonly used to describe the human personality and psyche . The five factors have been defined as openness to experience , conscientiousness , extraversion , agreeableness , and neuroticism , often represented by the acronyms OCEAN or CANOE . Beneath each proposed global factor , there are a number of correlated and more specific primary factors . For example , extraversion is said to include such related qualities as gregariousness , assertiveness , excitement seeking , warmth , activity , and positive emotions . That these underlying factors can be found is consistent with the lexical hypothesis : personality characteristics that are most important in peoples ' lives will eventually become a part of their language and , secondly , that more important personality characteristics are more likely to be encoded into language as a single word . The five factors are : Openness to experience ( inventive / curious vs. consistent / cautious ) . Appreciation for art , emotion , adventure , unusual ideas , curiosity , and variety of experience . Openness reflects the degree of intellectual curiosity , creativity and a preference for novelty and variety a person has . It is also described as the extent to which a person is imaginative or independent and depicts a personal preference for a variety of activities over a strict routine . High openness can be perceived as unpredictability or lack of focus , and more likely to engage in risky behaviour or drug taking . Also , individuals that have high openness tend to lean towards being artists or writers in regards to being creative and appreciate the significance of the intellectual and artistic pursuits . Moreover , individuals with high openness are said to pursue self - actualization specifically by seeking out intense , euphoric experiences . Conversely , those with low openness seek to gain fulfillment through perseverance and are characterized as pragmatic and data - driven -- sometimes even perceived to be dogmatic and closed - minded . Some disagreement remains about how to interpret and contextualize the openness factor . Conscientiousness ( efficient / organized vs. easy - going / careless ) . A tendency to be organized and dependable , show self - discipline , act dutifully , aim for achievement , and prefer planned rather than spontaneous behavior . High conscientiousness is often perceived as stubbornness and obsession . Low conscientiousness is associated with flexibility and spontaneity , but can also appear as sloppiness and lack of reliability . Extraversion ( outgoing / energetic vs. solitary / reserved ) . Energy , positive emotions , surgency , assertiveness , sociability and the tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others , and talkativeness . High extraversion is often perceived as attention - seeking , and domineering . Low extraversion causes a reserved , reflective personality , which can be perceived as aloof or self - absorbed . Extroverted people tend to be more dominant in social settings , opposed to introverted people who may act more shy and reserved in this setting . Agreeableness ( friendly / compassionate vs. challenging / detached ) . A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others . It is also a measure of one 's trusting and helpful nature , and whether a person is generally well - tempered or not . High agreeableness is often seen as naive or submissive . Low agreeableness personalities are often competitive or challenging people , which can be seen as argumentativeness or untrustworthiness . Neuroticism ( sensitive / nervous vs. secure / confident ) . Neuroticism identifies certain people who are more prone to psychological stress . The tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily , such as anger , anxiety , depression , and vulnerability . Neuroticism also refers to the degree of emotional stability and impulse control and is sometimes referred to by its low pole , `` emotional stability '' . A high stability manifests itself as a stable and calm personality , but can be seen as uninspiring and unconcerned . A low stability expresses as a reactive and excitable personality , often very dynamic individuals , but they can be perceived as unstable or insecure . It has also been researched that individuals with higher levels of tested neuroticism , tend to have worse psychological well being . People who do n't exhibit a clear tendency towards specific characteristics chosen from the above - mentioned related pairs in all five dimensions are considered adaptable , moderate and reasonable personalities , but can be perceived as unprincipled , inscrutable and calculating . The Big five personality traits was the model to comprehend the relationship between personality and academic behaviors . This model was defined by several independent sets of researchers . These researchers began by studying relationships between a large number of known personality traits . They reduced the lists of these traits ( arbitrarily ) by 5 -- 10 fold and then used factor analysis to group the remaining traits ( using data mostly based upon people 's estimations , in self - report questionnaire and peer ratings ) in order to find the underlying factors of personality . The initial model was advanced by Ernest Tupes and Raymond Christal in 1961 , but failed to reach an academic audience until the 1980s . In 1990 , J.M. Digman advanced his five - factor model of personality , which Lewis Goldberg extended to the highest level of organization . These five overarching domains have been found to contain and subsume most known personality traits and are assumed to represent the basic structure behind all personality traits . At least four sets of researchers have worked independently for decades on this problem and have identified generally the same five factors : Tupes and Christal were first , followed by Goldberg at the Oregon Research Institute , Cattell at the University of Illinois , and Costa and McCrae at the National Institutes of Health . These four sets of researchers used somewhat different methods in finding the five traits , and thus each set of five factors has somewhat different names and definitions . However , all have been found to be highly inter-correlated and factor - analytically aligned . Studies indicate that the Big Five traits are not nearly as powerful in predicting and explaining actual behavior as are the more numerous facets or primary traits . Each of the Big Five personality traits contains two separate , but correlated , aspects reflecting a level of personality below the broad domains but above the many facet scales that are also part of the Big Five . The aspects are labeled as follows : Volatility and Withdrawal for Neuroticism ; Enthusiasm and Assertiveness for Extraversion ; Intellect and Openness for Openness to Experience ; Industriousness and Orderliness for Conscientiousness ; and Compassion and Politeness for Agreeableness . Contents ( hide ) 1 Descriptions of the particular personality traits 1.1 Openness to experience 1.1. 1 Sample items 1.2 Conscientiousness 1.2. 1 Sample items 1.3 Extraversion 1.3. 1 Sample items 1.4 Agreeableness 1.4. 1 Sample items 1.5 Neuroticism 1.5. 1 Sample items 2 History 2.1 Early trait research 2.2 Hiatus in research 2.3 Renewed attention 3 Biological and developmental factors 3.1 Temperament vs. personality 3.2 Heritability 3.3 Non-humans 3.4 Development during childhood and adolescence 3.4. 1 Extraversion / positive emotionality 3.5 Development throughout adulthood 4 Group differences 4.1 Gender differences 4.2 Birth - order differences 5 Cultural differences 6 Relationships 6.1 Personality disorders 6.2 Common mental disorders 6.2. 1 The personality - psychopathology models 6.3 Health 6.4 Education 6.4. 1 Academic achievement 6.4. 2 Learning styles 6.5 Work success 6.6 Romantic relationships 6.7 Limitation of the predictive power of personality traits 7 Measurements 8 Critique 8.1 Limited scope 8.2 Methodological issues 8.3 Theoretical status 8.4 Evidence for six factors rather than five 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Descriptions of the particular personality traits ( edit ) Openness to experience ( edit ) Openness is a general appreciation for art , emotion , adventure , unusual ideas , imagination , curiosity , and variety of experience . People who are open to experience are intellectually curious , open to emotion , sensitive to beauty and willing to try new things . They tend to be , when compared to closed people , more creative and more aware of their feelings . They are also more likely to hold unconventional beliefs . A particular individual , however , may have a high overall openness score and be interested in learning and exploring new cultures but have no great interest in art or poetry . Sample items ( edit ) I have excellent ideas . I am quick to understand things . I use difficult words . I am full of ideas . I am not interested in abstractions . ( reversed ) I do not have a good imagination . ( reversed ) I have difficulty understanding abstract ideas . ( reversed ) Conscientiousness ( edit ) Conscientiousness is a tendency to display self - discipline , act dutifully , and strive for achievement against measures or outside expectations . It is related to the way in which people control , regulate , and direct their impulses . High scores on conscientiousness indicate a preference for planned rather than spontaneous behavior . The average level of conscientiousness rises among young adults and then declines among older adults . Sample items ( edit ) I am always prepared . I pay attention to details . I get chores done right away . I like order . I follow a schedule . I am exacted in my work . I leave my belongings around . ( reversed ) I make a mess of things . ( reversed ) I often forget to put things back in their proper place . ( reversed ) I shirk my duties . ( reversed ) Extraversion ( edit ) Extraversion is characterized by breadth of activities ( as opposed to depth ) , surgency from external activity / situations , and energy creation from external means . The trait is marked by pronounced engagement with the external world . Extraverts enjoy interacting with people , and are often perceived as full of energy . They tend to be enthusiastic , action - oriented individuals . They possess high group visibility , like to talk , and assert themselves . Introverts have lower social engagement and energy levels than extraverts . They tend to seem quiet , low - key , deliberate , and less involved in the social world . Their lack of social involvement should not be interpreted as shyness or depression ; instead they are more independent of their social world than extraverts . Introverts need less stimulation than extraverts and more time alone . This does not mean that they are unfriendly or antisocial ; rather , they are reserved in social situations . Generally , people are a combination of extraversion and introversion , with personality psychologist Eysenck suggesting that these traits are connected somehow to our central nervous system Sample items ( edit ) I am the life of the party . I do n't mind being the center of attention . I feel comfortable around people . I start conversations . I talk to a lot of different people at parties . I do n't talk a lot . ( reversed ) I think a lot before I speak or act . ( reversed ) I do n't like to draw attention to myself . ( reversed ) I am quiet around strangers . ( reversed ) I have no intention of talking in large crowds . ( reversed ) Agreeableness ( edit ) The agreeableness trait reflects individual differences in general concern for social harmony . Agreeable individuals value getting along with others . They are generally considerate , kind , generous , trusting and trustworthy , helpful , and willing to compromise their interests with others . Agreeable people also have an optimistic view of human nature . Disagreeable individuals place self - interest above getting along with others . They are generally unconcerned with others ' well - being , and are less likely to extend themselves for other people . Sometimes their skepticism about others ' motives causes them to be suspicious , unfriendly , and uncooperative . Because agreeableness is a social trait , research has shown that one 's agreeableness positively correlates with the quality of relationships with one 's team members . Agreeableness also positively predicts transformational leadership skills . In a study conducted among 169 participants in leadership positions in a variety of professions , individuals were asked to take a personality test and have two evaluations completed by directly supervised subordinates . Leaders with high levels of agreeableness were more likely to be considered transformational rather than transactional . Although the relationship was not strong , ( r = 0.32 , β = 0.28 , p < 0.01 ) it was the strongest of the Big Five traits . However , the same study showed no predictive power of leadership effectiveness as evaluated by the leader 's direct supervisor . Agreeableness , however , has been found to be negatively related to transactional leadership in the military . A study of Asian military units showed leaders with a high level of agreeableness to be more likely to receive a low rating for transformational leadership skills . Therefore , with further research organizations may be able to determine an individual 's potential for performance based on their personality traits . Sample items ( edit ) I am interested in people . I sympathize with others ' feelings . I have a soft heart . I take time out for others . I feel others ' emotions . I make people feel at ease . I am not really interested in others . ( reversed ) I insult people . ( reversed ) I am not interested in other people 's problems . ( reversed ) I feel little concern for others . ( reversed ) Neuroticism ( edit ) Neuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotions , such as anger , anxiety , or depression . It is sometimes called emotional instability , or is reversed and referred to as emotional stability . According to Eysenck 's ( 1967 ) theory of personality , neuroticism is interlinked with low tolerance for stress or aversive stimuli . Neuroticism is a classic temperament trait that has been studied in temperament research for decades , before it was adapted by the FFM . Since main properties of temperament traits are stability in life time and its neurophysiological basis , the FFM researchers used these properties of Neuroticism to support their model . Those who score high in neuroticism are emotionally reactive and vulnerable to stress , they also tend to be flippant in the way they express emotion . They are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening , and minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult . Their negative emotional reactions tend to persist for unusually long periods of time , which means they are often in a bad mood . For instance , neuroticism is connected to a pessimistic approach toward work , confidence that work impedes personal relationships , and apparent anxiety linked with work . Furthermore , those who score high on neuroticism may display more skin - conductance reactivity than those who score low on neuroticism . These problems in emotional regulation can diminish the ability of a person scoring high on neuroticism to think clearly , make decisions , and cope effectively with stress . Lacking contentment in one 's life achievements can correlate with high neuroticism scores and increase one 's likelihood of falling into clinical depression . Moreover , individuals high in neuroticism tend to experience more negative life events , but neuroticism also changes in response to positive and negative life experiences . At the other end of the scale , individuals who score low in neuroticism are less easily upset and are less emotionally reactive . They tend to be calm , emotionally stable , and free from persistent negative feelings . Freedom from negative feelings does not mean that low - scorers experience a lot of positive feelings . Neuroticism is similar but not identical to being neurotic in the Freudian sense ( i.e. , neurosis . ) Some psychologists prefer to call neuroticism by the term emotional instability to differentiate it from the term neurotic in a career test . Sample items ( edit ) I get irritated easily . I get stressed out easily . I get upset easily . I have frequent mood swings . I worry about things . I am much more anxious than most people . I am relaxed most of the time . ( reversed ) I seldom feel blue . ( reversed ) History ( edit ) Early trait research ( edit ) In 1884 , Sir Francis Galton was the first person who is known to have investigated the hypothesis that it is possible to derive a comprehensive taxonomy of human personality traits by sampling language : the lexical hypothesis . In 1936 , Gordon Allport and S. Odbert put Sir Francis Galton 's hypothesis into practice by extracting 4,504 adjectives which they believed were descriptive of observable and relatively permanent traits from the dictionaries at that time . In 1940 , Raymond Cattell retained the adjectives , and eliminated synonyms to reduce the total to 171 . He constructed a self - report instrument for the clusters of personality traits he found from the adjectives , which he called the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire . Based on a subset of only 20 of the 36 dimensions that Cattell had originally discovered , Ernest Tupes and Raymond Christal claimed to have found just five broad factors which they labeled : `` surgency '' , `` agreeableness '' , `` dependability '' , `` emotional stability '' , and `` culture '' . Warren Norman subsequently relabeled `` dependability '' as `` conscientiousness '' . Hiatus in research ( edit ) For the next two decades , the changing zeitgeist made publication of personality research difficult . In his 1968 book Personality and Assessment , Walter Mischel asserted that personality instruments could not predict behavior with a correlation of more than 0.3 . Social psychologists like Mischel argued that attitudes and behavior were not stable , but varied with the situation . Predicting behavior from personality instruments was claimed to be impossible . However , it has subsequently been demonstrated empirically that the magnitude of the predictive correlations with real - life criteria can increase significantly under stressful emotional conditions ( as opposed to the typical administration of personality measures under neutral emotional conditions ) , thereby accounting for a significantly greater proportion of the predictive variance . In addition , emerging methodologies challenged this point of view during the 1980s . Instead of trying to predict single instances of behavior , which was unreliable , researchers found that they could predict patterns of behavior by aggregating large numbers of observations . As a result , correlations between personality and behavior increased substantially , and it was clear that `` personality '' did in fact exist . Personality and social psychologists now generally agree that both personal and situational variables are needed to account for human behavior . Trait theories became justified , and there was a resurgence of interest in this area . In the 1980s , Lewis Goldberg started his own lexical project , emphasizing five broad factors once again . He later coined the term `` Big Five '' as a label for the factors . Renewed attention ( edit ) In a 1980 symposium in Honolulu , four prominent researchers , Lewis Goldberg , Naomi Takemoto - Chock , Andrew Comrey , and John M. Digman , reviewed the available personality instruments of the day . This event was followed by widespread acceptance of the five - factor model among personality researchers during the 1980s . Peter Saville and his team included the five - factor `` Pentagon '' model with the original OPQ in 1984 . Pentagon was closely followed by the NEO five - factor personality inventory , published by Costa and McCrae in 1985 . However , the methodology employed in constructing the NEO instrument has been subjected to critical scrutiny ( see section below ) . Biological and developmental factors ( edit ) Temperament vs. personality ( edit ) There are debates between researchers of temperament and researchers of personality as to whether or not biologically - based differences define a concept of temperament or a part of personality . The presence of such differences in pre-cultural individuals ( such as animals or young infants ) suggests that they belong to temperament since personality is a socio - cultural concept . For this reason developmental psychologists generally interpret individual differences in children as an expression of temperament rather than personality . Some researchers argue that temperaments and personality traits are age - specific manifestations of virtually the same latent qualities . Some believe that early childhood temperaments may become adolescent and adult personality traits as individuals ' basic genetic characteristics actively , reactively , and passively interact with their changing environments . Researchers of adult temperament point out that , similarly to sex , age and mental illness , temperament is based on biochemical systems whereas personality is a product of socialization of an individual possessing these four types of features . Temperament interacts with social - cultural factors , but still can not be controlled or easily changed by these factors . Therefore , it is suggested that temperament should be kept as an independent concept for further studies and not be conflated with personality . Moreover , temperament refers to dynamical features of behaviour ( energetic , tempo , sensitivity and emotionality - related ) , whereas personality is to be considered a psycho - social construct comprising the content characteristics of human behavior ( such as values , attitudes , habits , preferences , personal history , self - image ) . Temperament researchers point out that the lack of attention to extant temperament research by the developers of the Big Five model lead to an overlap between its dimensions and dimensions described in multiple temperament models much earlier . For example , neuroticism reflects the traditional temperament dimension of emotionality , extraversion the temperament dimension of `` energy '' or `` activity '' , and openness to experience the temperament dimension of sensation - seeking . Heritability ( edit ) Personality research conducted on twin subjects suggests that both heritable and environmental factors contribute to the Big Five personality traits . Genetically informative research , including twin studies , suggest that heritability and environmental factors both influence all five factors to the same degree . Among four recent twin studies , the mean percentage for heritability was calculated for each personality and it was concluded that heritability influenced the five factors broadly . The self - report measures were as follows : openness to experience was estimated to have a 57 % genetic influence , extraversion 54 % , conscientiousness 49 % , neuroticism 48 % , and agreeableness 42 % . Non-humans ( edit ) The Big 5 personality traits can be seen in chimpanzees . The Big Five personality traits have been assessed in some non-human species but methodology is debatable . In one series of studies , human ratings of chimpanzees using the Hominoid Personality Questionnaire , revealed factors of extraversion , conscientiousness and agreeableness -- as well as an additional factor of dominance -- across hundreds of chimpanzees in zoological parks , a large naturalistic sanctuary , and a research laboratory . Neuroticism and openness factors were found in an original zoo sample , but were not replicated in a new zoo sample or in other settings ( perhaps reflecting the design of the CPQ ) . A study review found that markers for the three dimensions extraversion , neuroticism , and agreeableness were found most consistently across different species , followed by openness ; only chimpanzees showed markers for conscientious behavior . Development during childhood and adolescence ( edit ) Research on the Big Five , and personality in general , has focused primarily on individual differences in adulthood , rather than in childhood and adolescence , and often include temperament traits . Yet , recent studies have begun to explore the developmental origins and trajectories of the Big Five among children and adolescents , especially those that relate to temperament . Contrary to some researchers who question whether children have stable personality traits , Big Five or otherwise , most researchers contend that there are significant psychological differences between children that are associated with relatively stable , distinct , and salient behavior patterns . Some of these differences are evident at , if not before , birth . For example , both parents and researchers recognize that some newborn infants are peaceful and easily soothed while others are comparatively fussy and hard to calm . The structure , manifestations , and development of the Big Five in childhood and adolescence has been studied using a variety of methods , including parent - and teacher - ratings , preadolescent and adolescent self - and peer - ratings , and observations of parent - child interactions . Results from these studies support the relative stability of personality traits across the human lifespan , at least from preschool age through adulthood . More specifically , research suggests that four of the Big Five -- namely Extraversion , Neuroticism , Conscientiousness , and Agreeableness - reliably describe personality differences in childhood , adolescence , and adulthood . However , some evidence suggests that Openness may not be a fundamental , stable part of childhood personality . Although some researchers have found that Openness in children and adolescents relates to attributes such as creativity , curiosity , imagination , and intellect , many researchers have failed to find distinct individual differences in Openness in childhood and early adolescence . Potentially , Openness may ( a ) manifest in unique , currently unknown ways in childhood or ( b ) may only manifest as children develop socially and cognitively . Other studies have found evidence for all of the Big Five traits in childhood and adolescence as well as two other child - specific traits : Irritability and Activity . Despite these specific differences , the majority of findings suggest that personality traits -- particularly Extraversion , Neuroticism , Conscientiousness , and Agreeableness - are evident in childhood and adolescence and are associated with distinct social - emotional patterns of behavior that are largely consistent with adult manifestations of those same personality traits . Extraversion / positive emotionality ( edit ) In Big Five studies , extraversion has been associated with surgency . Children with high Extraversion are energetic , talkative , social , and dominant with children and adults ; whereas , children with low Extraversion tend to be quiet , calm , inhibited , and submissive to other children and adults . Individual differences in Extraversion first manifest in infancy as varying levels of positive emotionality . These differences in turn predict social and physical activity during later childhood and may represent , or be associated with , the behavioral activation system . In children , Extraversion / Positive Emotionality includes four sub-traits : three traits that are similar to the previously described traits of temperament -- activity , sociability , shyness , and the trait of dominance . Activity : Similarly to findings in temperament research , children with high activity tend to have high energy levels and more intense and frequent motor activity compared to their peers . Salient differences in activity reliably manifest in infancy , persist through adolescence , and fade as motor activity decreases in adulthood or potentially develops into talkativeness . Dominance : Children with high dominance tend to influence the behavior of others , particularly their peers , to obtain desirable rewards or outcomes . Such children are generally skilled at organizing activities and games and deceiving others by controlling their nonverbal behavior . Shyness : Children with high shyness are generally socially withdrawn , nervous , and inhibited around strangers . In time , such children may become fearful even around `` known others '' , especially if their peers reject them . Similar pattern was described in temperament longitudinal studies of shyness Sociability : Children with high sociability generally prefer to be with others rather than alone . During middle childhood , the distinction between low sociability and high shyness becomes more pronounced , particularly as children gain greater control over how and where they spend their time . Development throughout adulthood ( edit ) Many studies of longitudinal data , which correlate people 's test scores over time , and cross-sectional data , which compare personality levels across different age groups , show a high degree of stability in personality traits during adulthood , especially Neuroticism trait that is often regarded as a temperament trait similarly to longitudinal research in temperament for the same traits . It is shown that the personality stabilizes for working - age individuals within about four years after starting working . There is also little evidence that adverse life events can have any significant impact on the personality of individuals . More recent research and meta - analyses of previous studies , however , indicate that change occurs in all five traits at various points in the lifespan . The new research shows evidence for a maturation effect . On average , levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness typically increase with time , whereas extraversion , neuroticism , and openness tend to decrease . Research has also demonstrated that changes in Big Five personality traits depend on the individual 's current stage of development . For example , levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness demonstrate a negative trend during childhood and early adolescence before trending upwards during late adolescence and into adulthood . In addition to these group effects , there are individual differences : different people demonstrate unique patterns of change at all stages of life . In addition , some research ( Fleeson , 2001 ) suggests that the Big Five should not be conceived of as dichotomies ( such as extraversion vs. introversion ) but as continua . Each individual has the capacity to move along each dimension as circumstances ( social or temporal ) change . He is or she is therefore not simply on one end of each trait dichotomy but is a blend of both , exhibiting some characteristics more often than others : Research regarding personality with growing age has suggested that as individuals enter their elder years ( 79 -- 86 ) , those with lower IQ see a raise in extraversion , but a decline in conscientiousness and physical well being . Research by Cobb - Clark and Schurer indicates that personality traits are generally stable among adult workers . The research done on personality also mirrors previous results on locus of control . Group differences ( edit ) Gender differences ( edit ) Cross-cultural research has shown some patterns of gender differences on responses to the NEO-PI - R and the Big Five Inventory . For example , women consistently report higher Neuroticism , Agreeableness , warmth ( an extraversion facet ) and openness to feelings , and men often report higher assertiveness ( a facet of extraversion ) and openness to ideas as assessed by the NEO-PI - R . A study of gender differences in 55 nations using the Big Five Inventory found that women tended to be somewhat higher than men in neuroticism , extraversion , agreeableness , and conscientiousness . The difference in neuroticism was the most prominent and consistent , with significant differences found in 49 of the 55 nations surveyed . Gender differences in personality traits are largest in prosperous , healthy , and more gender - egalitarian cultures . A plausible explanation for this is that acts by women in individualistic , egalitarian countries are more likely to be attributed to their personality , rather than being attributed to ascribed gender roles within collectivist , traditional countries . Differences in the magnitude of sex differences between more or less developed world regions were due to differences between men , not women , in these respective regions . That is , men in highly developed world regions were less neurotic , extraverted , conscientious and agreeable compared to men in less developed world regions . Women , on the other hand tended not to differ in personality traits across regions . The most simple explanation for this gender data is that women remain relatively resource - poor , regardless of the circumstances of males within a first - world country . However , the authors of this study speculated that resource - poor environments ( that is , countries with low levels of development ) may inhibit the development of gender differences , whereas resource - rich environments facilitate them . This may be because males require more resources than females in order to reach their full developmental potential . The authors also argued that due to different evolutionary pressures , men may have evolved to be more risk taking and socially dominant , whereas women evolved to be more cautious and nurturing . Ancient hunter - gatherer societies may have been more egalitarian than later agriculturally oriented societies . Hence , the development of gender inequalities may have acted to constrain the development of gender differences in personality that originally evolved in hunter - gatherer societies . As modern societies have become more egalitarian , again , it may be that innate sex differences are no longer constrained and hence manifest more fully than in less - developed cultures . Currently , this hypothesis remains untested , as gender differences in modern societies have not been compared with those in hunter - gatherer societies . Birth - order differences ( edit ) Main article : Birth order Frank Sulloway argues that firstborns are more conscientious , more socially dominant , less agreeable , and less open to new ideas compared to laterborns . Large - scale studies using random samples and self - report personality tests , however , have found milder effects than Sulloway claimed , or no significant effects of birth order on personality . In 2002 , the journal of psychology posted a Big Five Personality Trait Difference ; Researchers explored relationship between the five factor model and the Universal - Diverse Orientation ( UDO ) in councillor trainees. ( Thompson , R. , Brossart , D. , and Mivielle , A. , 2002 ) UDO is known as one social attitude that produces a strong awareness and / or acceptance towards the similaralities and difference among individuals . ( Miville , M. , Romas , J. , Johnson , J. , and Lon , R. 2002 ) The study has shown the councillor trainees that are more open to the idea of creative expressions among individuals are more likely to work with a diverse group of clients , and feel comfortable in their role . ( Thompson , R. et al. 2002 ) Cultural differences ( edit ) Main article : Big Five personality traits and culture The Big Five have been pursued in a variety of languages and cultures , such as German , Chinese , Indian , etc . For example , Thompson has claimed to find the Big Five structure across several cultures using an international English language scale . Cheung , van de Vijver , and Leong ( 2011 ) suggest , however , that the Openness factor is particularly unsupported in Asian countries and that a different fifth factor is identified . Recent work has found relationships between Geert Hofstede 's cultural factors , Individualism , Power Distance , Masculinity , and Uncertainty Avoidance , with the average Big Five scores in a country . For instance , the degree to which a country values individualism correlates with its average extraversion , whereas people living in cultures which are accepting of large inequalities in their power structures tend to score somewhat higher on conscientiousness . Attempts to replicate the Big Five in other countries with local dictionaries have succeeded in some countries but not in others . Apparently , for instance , Hungarians do not appear to have a single agreeableness factor . Other researchers have found evidence for agreeableness but not for other factors . It is important to recognize that individual differences in traits are relevant in a specific cultural context , and that the traits do not have their effects outside of that context Relationships ( edit ) Personality disorders ( edit ) Main article : Personality disorders As of 2002 , there were over fifty published studies relating the FFM to personality disorders . Since that time , quite a number of additional studies have expanded on this research base and provided further empirical support for understanding the DSM personality disorders in terms of the FFM domains . In her review of the personality disorder literature published in 2007 , Lee Anna Clark asserted that `` the five - factor model of personality is widely accepted as representing the higher - order structure of both normal and abnormal personality traits '' . However , other researches disagree that this model is widely accepted ( see the section Critique below ) and suggest that it simply replicates early temperament research . Noticeably , FFM publications never compare their findings to temperament models even though temperament and mental disorders ( especially personality disorders ) are thought to be based on the same neurotransmitter imbalances , just to varying degrees . The five - factor model was claimed to significantly predict all ten personality disorder symptoms and outperform the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ( MMPI ) in the prediction of borderline , avoidant , and dependent personality disorder symptoms . However , most predictions related to an increase in Neuroticism and a decrease in Agreeableness , and therefore did not differentiate between the disorders very well . Common mental disorders ( edit ) Average deviation of five factor personality profile of heroin users from the population mean . N stands for Neuroticism , E for Extraversion , O for Openness to experience , A for Agreeableness and C for Conscientiousness . Converging evidence from several nationally representative studies has established three classes of mental disorders which are especially common in the general population : Depressive disorders ( e.g. , major depressive disorder ( MDD ) , dysthymic disorder ) , anxiety disorders ( e.g. , generalized anxiety disorder ( GAD ) , post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) , panic disorder , agoraphobia , specific phobia , and social phobia ) , and substance use disorders ( SUDs ) . These common mental disorders ( CMDs ) have been empirically linked to the Big Five personality traits , neuroticism in particular . Numerous studies have found that having high scores of neuroticism significantly increases one 's risk for developing a CMD . A large - scale meta - analysis ( n > 75,000 ) examining the relationship between all of the Big Five personality traits and CMDs found that low conscientiousness yielded consistently strong effects for each CMD examined ( i.e. , MDD , dysthymic disorder , GAD , PTSD , panic disorder , agoraphobia , social phobia , specific phobia , and SUD ) . This finding parallels research on physical health , which has established that conscientiousness is the strongest personality predictor of mortality and is highly correlated with making poor health choices . In regards to the other personality domains , the meta - analysis found that all CMDs examined were defined by high neuroticism , most exhibited low extraversion , only SUD was linked to agreeableness ( negatively ) , and no disorders were associated with Openness . A meta - analysis of 59 longitudinal studies showed that high neuroticism predicted the development of anxiety , depression , substance abuse , psychosis , schizophrenia , and non-specific mental distress , also after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history . The personality - psychopathology models ( edit ) Five major models have been posed to explain the nature of the relationship between personality and mental illness . There is currently no single `` best model '' , as each of them has received at least some empirical support . It is also important to note that these models are not mutually exclusive -- more than one may be operating for a particular individual and various mental disorders may be explained by different models . The Vulnerability / Risk Model : According to this model , personality contributes to the onset or etiology of various common mental disorders . In other words , pre-existing personality traits either cause the development of CMDs directly or enhance the impact of causal risk factors . There is strong support for neuroticism being a robust vulnerability factor . The Pathoplasty Model : This model proposes that premorbid personality traits impact the expression , course , severity , and / or treatment response of a mental disorder . An example of this relationship would be a heightened likelihood of committing suicide for a depressed individual who also has low levels of constraint . The Common Cause Model : According to the common cause model , personality traits are predictive of CMDs because personality and psychopathology have shared genetic and environmental determinants which result in non-causal associations between the two constructs . The Spectrum Model : This model proposes that associations between personality and psychopathology are found because these two constructs both occupy a single domain or spectrum and psychopathology is simply a display of the extremes of normal personality function . Support for this model is provided by an issue of criterion overlap . For instance , two of the primary facet scales of neuroticism in the NEO-PI - R are `` depression '' and `` anxiety '' . Thus the fact that diagnostic criteria for depression , anxiety , and neuroticism assess the same content increases the correlations between these domains . The Scar Model : According to the scar model , episodes of a mental disorder ' scar ' an individual 's personality , changing it in significant ways from premorbid functioning . An example of a scar effect would be a decrease in openness to experience following an episode of PTSD . Health ( edit ) Being highly conscientious may add as much as five years to one 's life . The Big Five personality traits also predict positive health outcomes . In an elderly Japanese sample , conscientiousness , extraversion , and openness were related to lower risk of mortality . Education ( edit ) Academic achievement ( edit ) Personality plays an important role that affects academic achievement . A study conducted with 308 undergraduates who completed the Five Factor Inventory Processes and offered their GPA suggested that conscientiousness and agreeableness have a positive relationship with all types of learning styles ( synthesis analysis , methodical study , fact retention , and elaborative processing ) , whereas neuroticism has an inverse relationship with them all . Moreover , extraversion and openness were proportional to elaborative processing . The Big Five personality traits accounted for 14 % of the variance in GPA , suggesting that personality traits make some contributions to academic performance . Furthermore , reflective learning styles ( synthesis - analysis and elaborative processing ) were able to mediate the relationship between openness and GPA . These results indicate that intellectual curiousness has significant enhancement in academic performance if students can combine their scholarly interest with thoughtful information processing . Part of a series on Psychology Outline History Subfields Basic types ( show ) Abnormal Behavioral genetics Biological Cognitive / Cognitivism Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Differential Developmental Evolutionary Experimental Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Quantitative Social Applied psychology ( show ) Applied behavior analysis Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Environmental Ergonomics Forensic Health Humanistic Industrial and organizational Legal Medical Military Music Occupational health Political Religion School Sport Traffic Lists ( show ) Disciplines Organizations Psychologists Psychotherapies Publications Research methods Theories Timeline Topics Psychology portal A recent study of Israeli high - school students found that those in the gifted program systematically scored higher on openness and lower on neuroticism than those not in the gifted program . While not a measure of the Big Five , gifted students also reported less state anxiety than students not in the gifted program . Specific Big Five personality traits predict learning styles in addition to academic success . GPA and exam performance are both predicted by conscientiousness neuroticism is negatively related to academic success openness predicts utilizing synthesis - analysis and elaborative - processing learning styles neuroticism negatively correlates with learning styles in general openness and extraversion both predict all four learning styles . Studies conducted on college students have concluded that hope , which is linked to agreeableness , has a positive effect on psychological well being . Individuals high in neurotic tendencies are less likely to display hopeful tendencies and are negatively associated with well - being . Personality can sometimes be flexible and measuring the big five personality for individuals as they enter certain stages of life may predict their educational identity . Recent studies have suggested the likelihood of an individual 's personality affecting their educational identity . Learning styles ( edit ) Learning styles have been described as `` enduring ways of thinking and processing information '' . Although there is no evidence that personality determines thinking styles , they may be intertwined in ways that link thinking styles to the Big Five personality traits . There is no general consensus on the number or specifications of particular learning styles , but there have been many different proposals . Smeck , Ribicj , and Ramanaih ( 1997 ) defined four types of learning styles : synthesis analysis methodical study fact retention elaborative processing When all four facets are implicated within the classroom , they will each likely improve academic achievement . This model asserts that students develop either agentic / shallow processing or reflective / deep processing . Deep processors are more often than not found to be more conscientious , intellectually open , and extraverted when compared to shallow processors . Deep processing is associated with appropriate study methods ( methodical study ) and a stronger ability to analyze information ( synthesis analysis ) , whereas shallow processors prefer structured fact retention learning styles and are better suited for elaborative processing . The main functions of these four specific learning styles are as follows : Name Function Synthesis analysis : processing information , forming categories , and organizing them into hierarchies . This is the only one of the learning styles that has explained a significant impact on academic performance . Methodical study : methodical behavior while completing academic assignments Fact retention : focusing on the actual result instead of understanding the logic behind something Elaborative processing : connecting and applying new ideas to existing knowledge Openness has been linked to learning styles that often lead to academic success and higher grades like synthesis analysis and methodical study . Because conscientiousness and openness have been shown to predict all four learning styles , it suggests that individuals who possess characteristics like discipline , determination , and curiosity are more likely to engage in all of the above learning styles . According to the research carried out by Komarraju , Karau , Schmeck & Avdic ( 2011 ) , conscientiousness and agreeableness are positively related with all four learning styles , whereas neuroticism was negatively related with those four . Furthermore , extraversion and openness were only positively related to elaborative processing , and openness itself correlated with higher academic achievement . Besides openness , all Big Five personality traits helped predict the educational identity of students . Based on these findings , scientists are beginning to see that there might be a large influence of the Big Five traits on academic motivation that then leads to predicting a student 's academic performance . Some authors suggested that Big Five personality traits combined with learning styles can help predict some variations in the academic performance and the academic motivation of an individual which can then influence their academic achievements . This may be seen because individual differences in personality represent stable approaches to information processing . For instance , conscientiousness has consistently emerged as a stable predictor of success in exam performance , largely because conscientious students experience fewer study delays . The reason conscientiousness shows a positive association with the four learning styles is because students with high levels of conscientiousness develop focused learning strategies and appear to be more disciplined and achievement - oriented . The Association for Psychological Science ( APS ) , however , recently commissioned a report whose conclusion indicates that no significant evidence exists to make the conclusion that learning - style assessments should be included in the education system . The APS also suggested in their report that all existing learning styles have not been exhausted and that there could exist learning styles that have the potential to be worthy of being included in educational practices . Thus it is premature , at best , to conclude that the evidence linking the Big Five to `` learning styles '' , or `` learning styles '' to learning itself , is valid . Work success ( edit ) Controversy exists as to whether or not the Big 5 personality traits are correlated with success in the workplace . Within organizational communication , personality is taken into account of how a person carries themselves in the workplace . The five factor personality theory encompasses five different personalities which are as follows : openness , conscientiousness , extraversion , agreeableness , and neuroticism . Openness is being original and having imagination . Conscientiousness is being goal oriented with a willingness to achieve . Extraversion is being sociable and being an emotionally positive person . Agreeableness is being able to adapt and as a leader make necessary accommodations . The last personality trait was neuroticism which is usually when a leader tends to be negative emotionally and having a need for stability . It is believed that the Big Five traits are predictors of future performance outcomes . Job outcome measures include job and training proficiency and personnel data . However , research demonstrating such prediction has been criticized , in part because of the apparently low correlation coefficients characterizing the relationship between personality and job performance . In a 2007 article co-authored by six current or former editors of psychological journals , Dr. Kevin Murphy , Professor of Psychology at Pennsylvania State University and Editor of the Journal of Applied Psychology ( 1996 -- 2002 ) , states : The problem with personality tests is ... that the validity of personality measures as predictors of job performance is often disappointingly low . The argument for using personality tests to predict performance does not strike me as convincing in the first place . Such criticisms were put forward by Walter Mischel , whose publication caused a two - decades ' long crisis in personality psychometrics . However , later work demonstrated ( 1 ) that the correlations obtained by psychometric personality researchers were actually very respectable by comparative standards , and ( 2 ) that the economic value of even incremental increases in prediction accuracy was exceptionally large , given the vast difference in performance by those who occupy complex job positions . There have been studies that link national innovation to openness to experience and conscientiousness . Those who express these traits have showed leadership and beneficial ideas towards the country of origin . Some businesses , organizations , and interviewers assess individuals based on the Big Five personality traits . Research has suggested that individuals who are considered leaders typically exhibit lower amounts of neurotic traits , maintain higher levels of openness ( envisioning success ) , balanced levels of conscientiousness ( well - organized ) , and balanced levels of extraversion ( outgoing , but not excessive ) . Further studies have linked professional burnout to neuroticism , and extraversion to enduring positive work experience . When it comes to making money , research has suggested that those who are high in agreeableness ( especially men ) are not as successful in accumulating income . Some research suggests that vocational outcomes are correlated to Big Five personality traits . Conscientiousness predicts job performance in general . In addition , research has demonstrated that Agreeableness is negatively related to salary . Those high in Agreeableness make less , on average , than those low in the same trait . Neuroticism is also negatively related to salary while Conscientiousness and Extraversion are positive predictors of salary . Occupational self - efficacy has also been shown to be positively correlated with conscientiousness and negatively correlated with neuroticism . Significant predictors of career - advancement goals are : extraversion , conscientiousness , and agreeableness . Research designed to investigate the individual effects of Big Five personality traits on work performance via worker completed surveys and supervisor ratings of work performance has implicated individual traits in several different work roles performances . A `` work role '' is defined as the responsibilities an individual has while they are working . Nine work roles have been identified , which can be classified in three broader categories : proficiency ( the ability of a worker to effectively perform their work duties ) , adaptivity ( a workers ability to change working strategies in response to changing work environments ) , and proactivity ( extent to which a worker will spontaneously put forth effort to change the work environment ) . These three categories of behavior can then be directed towards three different levels : either the individual , team , or organizational level leading to the nine different work role performance possibilities . Openness is positively related to proactivity at the individual and the organizational levels and is negatively related to team and organizational proficiency . These effects were found to be completely independent of one another . Agreeableness is negatively related to individual task proactivity . Extraversion is negatively related to individual task proficiency . Conscientiousness is positively related to all forms of work role performance . Neuroticism is negatively related to all forms of work role performance . Two theories have been integrated in an attempt to account for these differences in work role performance . Trait activation theory posits that within a person trait levels predict future behavior , that trait levels differ between people , and that work - related cues activate traits which leads to work relevant behaviors . Role theory suggests that role senders provide cues to elicit desired behaviors . In this context , role senders ( i.e. : supervisors , managers , et cetera ) provide workers with cues for expected behaviors , which in turn activates personality traits and work relevant behaviors . In essence , expectations of the role sender lead to different behavioral outcomes depending on the trait levels of individual workers and because people differ in trait levels , responses to these cues will not be universal . Romantic relationships ( edit ) The Big Five model of personality was used for attempts to predict satisfaction in romantic relationships , relationship quality in dating , engaged , and married couples . Dating couples Self - reported relationship quality is negatively related to partner - reported neuroticism and positively related to both self and partner - reported conscientiousness Engaged couples Self - reported relationship quality was higher among those high in partner - reported openness , agreeableness and conscientiousness . Self - reported relationship quality was higher among those high in self - reported extraversion and agreeableness . Self - reported relationship quality is negatively related to both self and partner - reported neuroticism Observers rated the relationship quality higher if the participating partner 's self - reported extraversion was high Married couples High self - reported neuroticism , extraversion , and agreeableness are related to high levels of self - reported relationship quality Partner - reported agreeableness is related to observed relationship quality . These reports are , however , rare and not conclusive . Limitation of the predictive power of personality traits ( edit ) The predictive effects of the Big Five personality traits relate mostly to social functioning and rules - driven behavior and are not very specific for prediction of particular aspects of behavior . For example , it was noted that high neuroticism precedes the development of all common mental disorders. , and this trait does not even always attributed to personality by temperament researchers . Further evidence is required to fully uncover the nature and differences between personality traits , temperament and life outcomes . Social and contextual parameters also play a role in outcomes and the interaction between the two is not yet fully understood . Measurements ( edit ) Several measures of the Big Five exist : International Personality Item Pool ( IPIP ) NEO-PI - R The Ten - Item Personality Inventory ( TIPI ) and the Five Item Personality Inventory ( FIPI ) are very abbreviated rating forms of the Big Five personality traits . Self - descriptive sentence questionnaires Lexical questionnaires Self - report questionnaires Relative - scored Big 5 measure The most frequently used measures of the Big Five comprise either items that are self - descriptive sentences or , in the case of lexical measures , items that are single adjectives . Due to the length of sentence - based and some lexical measures , short forms have been developed and validated for use in applied research settings where questionnaire space and respondent time are limited , such as the 40 - item balanced International English Big - Five Mini-Markers or a very brief ( 10 item ) measure of the Big Five domains . Research has suggested that some methodologies in administering personality tests are inadequate in length and provide insufficient detail to truly evaluate personality . Usually , longer , more detailed questions will give a more accurate portrayal of personality . The five factor structure has been replicated in peer reports . However , many of the substantive findings rely on self - reports . Much of the evidence on the measures of the Big 5 relies on self - report questionnaires , which makes self - report bias and falsification of responses difficult to deal with and account for . It has been argued that the Big Five tests do not create an accurate personality profile because the responses given on these tests are not true in all cases . For example , questionnaires are answered by potential employees who might choose answers that paint them in the best light . Research suggests that a relative - scored Big Five measure in which respondents had to make repeated choices between equally desirable personality descriptors may be a potential alternative to traditional Big Five measures in accurately assessing personality traits , especially when lying or biased responding is present . When compared with a traditional Big Five measure for its ability to predict GPA and creative achievement under both normal and `` fake good '' - bias response conditions , the relative - scored measure significantly and consistently predicted these outcomes under both conditions ; however , the Likert questionnaire lost its predictive ability in the faking condition . Thus , the relative - scored measure proved to be less affected by biased responding than the Likert measure of the Big Five . Andrew H. Schwartz analyzed 700 million words , phrases , and topic instances collected from the Facebook messages of 75,000 volunteers , who also took standard personality tests , and found striking variations in language with personality , gender , and age . Critique ( edit ) The proposed Big Five model has been subjected to considerable critical scrutiny and defense for the model . Subsequent critical replies by Jack Block at the University of California Berkeley followed . It has been argued that there are limitations to the scope of the Big Five model as an explanatory or predictive theory . It has also been argued that measures of the Big Five account for only 56 % of the normal personality trait sphere alone ( not even considering the abnormal personality trait sphere ) . Also , the static Big Five is not theory - driven , it is merely a statistically - driven investigation of certain descriptors that tend to cluster together often based on less than optimal factor analytic procedures . Measures of the Big Five constructs appear to show some consistency in interviews , self - descriptions and observations , and this static five - factor structure seems to be found across a wide range of participants of different ages and cultures . However , while genotypic temperament trait dimensions might appear across different cultures , the phenotypic expression of personality traits differs profoundly across different cultures as a function of the different socio - cultural conditioning and experiential learning that takes place within different cultural settings . Moreover , the fact that the Big Five model was based on lexical hypothesis , ( i.e. on the verbal descriptors of individual differences ) indicated strong methodological flaws in this model , especially related to its main factors , Extraversion and Neuroticism . First , there is a natural pro-social bias of language in people 's verbal evaluations . After all , language is an invention of group dynamics that was developed to facilitate socialization , the exchange of information and to synchronize group activity . This social function of language therefore creates a sociability bias in verbal descriptors of human behaviour : there are more words related to social than physical or even mental aspects of behavior . The sheer number of such descriptors will cause them to group into a largest factor in any language , and such grouping has nothing to do with the way that core systems of individual differences are set up . Second , there is also a negativity bias in emotionality ( i.e. most emotions have negative affectivity ) , and there are more words in language to describe negative rather than positive emotions . Such asymmetry in emotional valence creates another bias in language . Experiments using the lexical hypothesis approach indeed demonstrated that the use of lexical material skews the resulting dimensionality according to a sociability bias of language and a negativity bias of emotionality , grouping all evaluations around these two dimensions . This means that the two largest dimensions in the Big Five model might be just an artifact of the lexical approach that this model employed . Limited scope ( edit ) One common criticism is that the Big Five does not explain all of human personality . Some psychologists have dissented from the model precisely because they feel it neglects other domains of personality , such as religiosity , manipulativeness / machiavellianism , honesty , sexiness / seductiveness , thriftiness , conservativeness , masculinity / femininity , snobbishness / egotism , sense of humour , and risk - taking / thrill - seeking . Dan P. McAdams has called the Big Five a `` psychology of the stranger '' , because they refer to traits that are relatively easy to observe in a stranger ; other aspects of personality that are more privately held or more context - dependent are excluded from the Big Five . In many studies , the five factors are not fully orthogonal to one another ; that is , the five factors are not independent . Orthogonality is viewed as desirable by some researchers because it minimizes redundancy between the dimensions . This is particularly important when the goal of a study is to provide a comprehensive description of personality with as few variables as possible . Methodological issues ( edit ) Factor analysis , the statistical method used to identify the dimensional structure of observed variables , lacks a universally recognized basis for choosing among solutions with different numbers of factors . A five factor solution depends on some degree of interpretation by the analyst . A larger number of factors may underlie these five factors . This has led to disputes about the `` true '' number of factors . Big Five proponents have responded that although other solutions may be viable in a single dataset , only the five factor structure consistently replicates across different studies . Moreover , the factor analysis that this model is based on is a linear method incapable of capturing nonlinear , feedback and contingent relationships between core systems of individual differences . Theoretical status ( edit ) A frequent criticism is that the Big Five is not based on any underlying theory ; it is merely an empirical finding that certain descriptors cluster together under factor analysis . Although this does not mean that these five factors do not exist , the underlying causes behind them are unknown . Jack Block 's final published work before his death in January 2010 drew together his lifetime perspective on the five - factor model . He summarized his critique of the model in terms of : the atheoretical nature of the five - factors . their `` cloudy '' measurement . the model 's inappropriateness for studying early childhood . the use of factor analysis as the exclusive paradigm for conceptualizing personality . the continuing non-consensual understandings of the five - factors . the existence of unrecognized but successful efforts to specify aspects of character not subsumed by the five - factors . He went on to suggest that repeatedly observed higher order factors hierarchically above the proclaimed Big Five personality traits may promise deeper biological understanding of the origins and implications of these superfactors . Marks & Schutte have essayed a theoretical explanation of the Big Five based upon the three biogenic amines of the brain - stem and the emergence of the Berger rhythm in the EEG with the advent of self - consciousness . Essentially , they surmise that CANOE ( the Big Five ) comprise N , O and E due to Nature and C and A due to Nurture , which corresponds to the 60 -- 40 % nature - nurture split held to describe the heritability of personality . Evidence for six factors rather than Five ( edit ) It has been noted that even though early lexical studies in the English language indicated five large groups of personality traits , more recent , and more comprehensive , cross-language studies have provided evidence for six large groups rather than five . These six groups forms the basis of the HEXACO model of personality structure . Based on these findings it has been suggested that the Big Five system should be replaced by HEXACO , or revised to better align with lexical evidence . See also ( edit ) Big Five personality traits and culture Core self - evaluations DISC assessment Facet Goal orientation HEXACO model of personality structure Moral foundations theory Myers -- Briggs Type Indicator Personality psychology Szondi test Trait theory References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , L.R. ( 1993 ) . `` The structure of phenotypic personality traits '' . American Psychologist. 48 : 26 -- 34 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 48.1. 26 . PMID 8427480 . Jump up ^ Costa , P.T. Jr . & McCrae , R.R. ( 1992 ) . Revised NEO Personality Inventory ( NEO-PI - R ) and NEO Five - Factor Inventory ( NEO-FFI ) manual . Odessa , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources . Jump up ^ Matthews , Gerald ; Deary , Ian J. ; Whiteman , Martha C. ( 2003 ) . 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Jump up ^ Block , J ( 1995b ) . `` Going beyond the five factors given : Rejoinder to Costa and McCrae and Goldberg and Saucier '' . Psychological Bulletin . 117 : 226 -- 229 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.117. 2.226 . Jump up ^ Block , J ( 2001 ) . `` Millennial contrarianism '' . Journal of Research in Personality . 35 : 98 -- 107 . doi : 10.1006 / jrpe. 2000.2293 . Jump up ^ Block , J ( 2010 ) . `` The Five - Factor framing of personality and beyond : Some ruminations '' . Psychological Inquiry. 21 : 2 -- 25 . doi : 10.1080 / 10478401003596626 . Jump up ^ Cattell , R.B. ; Boyle , G.J. ; Chant , D. ( 2002 ) . `` The enriched behavioral prediction equation and its impact on structured learning and the dynamic calculus '' . Psychological Review . 109 : 202 -- 205 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 295x. 109.1. 202 . Jump up ^ Boyle , G.J. , Stankov , L. , & Cattell , R.B. ( 1995 ) . Measurement and statistical models in the study of personality and intelligence . In D.H. Saklofske & M. Zeidner ( Eds . ) , International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence ( pp. 431 -- 433 ) . Jump up ^ Schacter , Gilbert , Wegner ( 2011 ) . Psychology ( 2nd ed . ) . Worth . pp. 474 -- 475 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Piekkola , B ( 2011 ) . `` Traits across cultures : A neo-Allportian perspective '' . Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology . 31 : 2 -- 24 . doi : 10.1037 / a0022478 . Jump up ^ Paunonen , Sampo V ; Jackson , Douglas N ( 2000 ) . `` What Is Beyond the Big Five ? Plenty ! '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Personality . 68 ( October 2000 ) : 821 -- 835 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 6494.00117 . Jump up ^ Paunonen , S.V. ; Haddock , G. ; Forsterling , F. ; Keinonen , M. ( 2003 ) . `` Broad versus Narrow Personality Measures and the Prediction of Behaviour Across Cultures '' . European Journal of Personality . 17 : 413 -- 433 . doi : 10.1002 / per. 496 . Jump up ^ McAdams , D.P. ( 1995 ) . `` What do we know when we know a person ? '' . Journal of Personality . 63 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 396 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 6494.1995. tb00500. x . Jump up ^ Musek , Janet ( 2007 ) . `` A general factor of personality : Evidence for the Big One in the five - factor model '' . Journal of Research in Personality . 41 : 1213 -- 1233 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jrp. 2007.02. 003 . Jump up ^ van der Linden , Dimitri ; te Nijenhuis , J. ; Bakker , A.B. ( 2010 ) . `` The General Factor of Personality : A meta - analysis of Big Five intercorrelations and a criterion - related validity study '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Research in Personality . 44 : 315 -- 327 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jrp. 2010.03. 003 . ^ Jump up to : Hans J. Eysenck ( 1992 ) . `` Four ways five factors are not basic '' ( PDF ) . Personality and Individual Differences. 13 ( 8 ) : 667 -- 673 . doi : 10.1016 / 0191 - 8869 ( 92 ) 90237 - j . Jump up ^ Paul T. Costa ; Robert R. McRae ( 1992 ) . `` Reply to Eysenck '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 13 ( 8 ) : 861 -- 865 . doi : 10.1016 / 0191 - 8869 ( 92 ) 90002 - 7 . Jump up ^ Block , Jack ( 2010 ) . `` The five - factor framing of personality and beyond : Some ruminations '' . Psychological Inquiry. 21 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 25 . doi : 10.1080 / 10478401003596626 . Jump up ^ Marks , JA ; Schutte , J ( 2014 ) . `` Electroencephalographic Correlates of Psychometry '' . Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ( New York ) . 2 : 675 -- 678 . doi : 10.17265 / 2328 - 2150 / 2014.11. 006 . Jump up ^ Ashton , M.C. ; Lee , K. ; Goldberg , L.R. ( 2004 ) . `` A Hierarchical Analysis of 1,710 English Personality - Descriptive Adjectives '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 87 : 707 -- 721 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.87. 5.707 . PMID 15535781 . Jump up ^ Ashton , M.C. ; Lee , K. ; de Vries , R.E. ( 2014 ) . `` The HEXACO Honesty - Humility , Agreeableness , and Emotionality Factors : A Review of Research and Theory '' . Personality and Social Psychology Review . 18 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 152 . doi : 10.1177 / 1088868314523838 . External links ( edit ) International Personality Item Pool , public domain list of items keyed to the big five personality traits . Selection from the `` Handbook of personality : Theory and research '' for researchers Rentfrow , Peter J ; Jokela , Markus ; Lamb , Michael E ( 2015 ) . `` Regional Personality Differences in Great Britain '' . PLOS ONE . 10 ( 3 ) : e0122245 . Bibcode : 2015PLoSO ... 1022245R . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0122245 . PMC 4372610 . PMID 25803819 . Northern American Geography of Personality The Big Five Personality Model on YouTube World map of the Big 5 Personality Traits on YouTube ( hide ) Big Five personality traits Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism Other personality models Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Five_personality_traits&oldid=833179760 '' Categories : Personality traits Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2014 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2014 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2017 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 02 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the big five trait of conscientiousness
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"The Big Five personality traits, also known as the five factor model (FFM), is a model based on common language descriptors of personality. When factor analysis (a statistical technique) is applied to personality survey data, some words used to describe aspects of personality are often applied to the same person. For example, someone described as conscientious is more likely to be described as \"always prepared\" rather than \"messy\". This theory is based therefore on the association between words but not on neuropsychological experiments. This theory uses descriptors of common language and therefore suggests five broad dimensions commonly used to describe the human personality and psyche.[1][2] The five factors have been defined as openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, often represented by the acronyms OCEAN or CANOE. Beneath each proposed global factor, there are a number of correlated and more specific primary factors. For example, extraversion is said to include such related qualities as gregariousness, assertiveness, excitement seeking, warmth, activity, and positive emotions.[3]"
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"openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism"
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Money in the Bank (2017)
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Money in the Bank ( 2017 ) - wikipedia Money in the Bank ( 2017 ) Jump to : navigation , search Money in the Bank ( 2017 ) Promotional poster featuring The New Day ( Xavier Woods , Big E , and Kofi Kingston ) Tagline ( s ) A Golden Opportunity Awaits Theme song ( s ) `` Money in the Bank '' by Jim Johnston Information Promotion WWE Brand ( s ) SmackDown Sponsor ( s ) Gold Bond Ultimate Date June 18 , 2017 Attendance 15,392 Venue Scottrade Center City St. Louis , Missouri WWE Network event chronology Extreme Rules ( 2017 ) Money in the Bank ( 2017 ) Great Balls of Fire Money in the Bank chronology Money in the Bank ( 2016 ) Money in the Bank ( 2017 ) Money in the Bank ( 2017 ) was a professional wrestling pay - per - view ( PPV ) event and WWE Network event produced by WWE for the SmackDown brand . It took place on June 18 , 2017 , at the Scottrade Center in St. Louis , Missouri . It was the eighth event under the Money in the Bank chronology and the first to feature a Women 's Money in the Bank ladder match . Seven matches were contested at the event , including one on the pre-show , and the main card featured two bouts that were the titular match type . The male ladder match , which was the main event , was won by Baron Corbin , who earned a contract for a WWE Championship match , and Carmella controversially won the first - ever women 's ladder match to earn a SmackDown Women 's Championship match contract . In another prominent match , Jinder Mahal defeated Randy Orton to retain the WWE Championship . The event was also notable for the televised in - ring debut of Lana , who lost her SmackDown Women 's Championship match to Naomi , the return of Maria Kanellis , who had last performed in WWE in 2010 , and the WWE debut appearance of her husband Mike Kanellis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Background 1.2 Storylines 2 Event 2.1 Pre-show 2.2 Preliminary matches 2.3 Main event 3 Aftermath 4 Results 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) WWE 's Money in the Bank pay - per - view event centers around a match of the same name , in which multiple male wrestlers use ladders to retrieve a briefcase hanging above the ring . The winner is guaranteed a match for a world championship at a time of their choosing within the next year ; the 2017 match was specifically for a WWE Championship match since the 2017 event was a SmackDown branded pay - per - view . For the first time in the event 's history , the 2017 event featured a Women 's Money in the Bank ladder match with a contract for a SmackDown Women 's Championship match . Storylines ( edit ) See also : Professional wrestling The card included seven matches that resulted from scripted storylines and had results predetermined by WWE on the SmackDown brand . Storylines were produced on WWE 's weekly television show SmackDown Live . At Backlash , Jinder Mahal defeated Randy Orton to win his first WWE Championship with help from The Singh Brothers ( Samir and Sunil Singh ) . On the following episode of SmackDown , Mahal held a Punjabi style celebration , while Commissioner Shane McMahon announced that Orton invoked his championship rematch for Money in the Bank . The following week , Orton declared that he would become a fourteen - time world champion in his hometown at Money in the Bank before he was interrupted by Mahal on the TitanTron . The following week , after Mahal defeated Mojo Rawley , he taunted Orton , who later responded that he had received supportive phone calls from Ric Flair , Harley Race , and his father `` Cowboy '' Bob Orton . On the final SmackDown before Money in the Bank , Mahal with The Singh Brothers came out and berated Orton . As Orton 's music played , The Singh Brothers went to the ramp to stop him , but Orton snuck up from behind Mahal and executed an RKO before retreating into the crowd . On the May 23 episode of SmackDown , Commissioner Shane McMahon introduced AJ Styles , Shinsuke Nakamura , Dolph Ziggler , Sami Zayn , and Baron Corbin as the 2017 participants of the titular Money in the Bank ladder match . United States Champion Kevin Owens argued that he deserved to be in the match since he retained his title against Styles at Backlash . Shane agreed and added Owens to the match . Zayn then defeated Corbin in a rematch from Backlash , while Styles and Nakamura teamed up and defeated Owens and Ziggler . The following week , Owens and Corbin attacked Nakamura , who had been a guest on Owens ' Highlight Reel segment , until Zayn came to the rescue . In the resulting tag team match , Nakamura and Zayn defeated Owens and Corbin . Later in the show , Ziggler defeated Styles , but lost a rematch a week later . On the same show , Corbin first attacked Zayn backstage and later assaulted Nakamura , who had just won a match against Owens . Mojo Rawley also had the opportunity to be added to the ladder match if he could defeat former rival and WWE Champion Jinder Mahal , but failed to do so . On the final SmackDown before Money in the Bank , Styles , Nakamura , and Zayn teamed up and defeated Owens , Ziggler , and Corbin . After the match , a brawl broke out between all six men that ended with Nakamura standing tall atop the ladder with the Money in the Bank briefcase . At Backlash , The Welcoming Committee ( Natalya , Carmella , and Tamina ) defeated the team of Charlotte Flair , Becky Lynch , and SmackDown Women 's Champion Naomi in a six - woman tag team match . On the following episode of SmackDown , Natalya asked Commissioner Shane McMahon for a SmackDown Women 's Championship match , followed by Carmella , Flair , Tamina , and Lynch , who each demanded title opportunities as well . A fatal - five - way elimination match , scheduled for the following week to decide who would face Naomi at Money in the Bank , ended before it could begin when all five attacked each other before the match . Shane then scheduled the first - ever Women 's Money in the Bank ladder match between the five , with the winner receiving a contract for a SmackDown Women 's Championship match . The following week , Lana made her first appearance since moving to the brand during the Superstar Shake - up and demanded to be added to the ladder match . Commissioner Shane McMahon refused her , saying that she would have to earn her opportunity . Lana then turned her attention to the champion and said she could beat her , but Shane again denied her and reiterated what he had previously said . Later that night , Naomi , Lynch , and Flair faced Natalya , Carmella , and Tamina in a rematch from Backlash . Lana interfered in the match , causing Naomi to be pinned by Tamina . After this , Naomi demanded a match against Lana and offered to defend her title , and Shane made the match official for Money in the Bank . The following week , after Naomi defeated Tamina , Lana attacked Naomi and posed with the title belt . At Backlash , The Usos ( Jey and Jimmy Uso ) retained the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against Breezango ( Fandango and Tyler Breeze ) and again in a rematch on the following episode of SmackDown . On the May 30 episode , The Usos declared that no team could defeat them . They were then interrupted by The New Day ( Big E , Kofi Kingston , and Xavier Woods ) , making their first appearance on SmackDown since they were moved to the brand during the Superstar Shake - up . A match was then scheduled between the two teams for the titles at Money in the Bank . The following week , after The New Day defeated The Colóns ( Primo and Epico ) , The Usos came out and taunted them , calling The New Day old news . The New Day and Breezango then teamed up and defeated The Usos and The Colóns on the final SmackDown before Money in the Bank . On the December 13 , 2016 , episode of SmackDown , The Hype Bros ( Mojo Rawley and Zack Ryder ) won a battle royal to become the number one contenders for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship , but a knee injury sustained during the match took Ryder out for an estimated six to nine months . On the June 13 episode of SmackDown , Ryder appeared backstage and was greeted by Rawley where the two declared that The Hype Bros were back . Afterwards on Talking Smack , the two said that they felt that they should still be the number one contenders for the tag titles since they won that spot , but never got to have their championship match . Three days later , the two were scheduled to face The Colóns ( Primo and Epico ) on the Money in the Bank pre-show . Event ( edit ) Other on - screen personnel Role : Name : English commentators Tom Phillips John `` Bradshaw '' Layfield Byron Saxton Spanish commentators Carlos Cabrera Marcelo Rodríguez German commentators Tim Haber Calvin Knie Ring announcer Greg Hamilton Referees Charles Robinson Dan Engler Danilo Anfibio Jason Ayers Mike Chioda Ryan Tran Backstage interviewer Dasha Fuentes Pre-show panel Renee Young Sam Roberts Booker T Pre-show ( edit ) During the pre-show , The Hype Bros ( Mojo Rawley and Zack Ryder ) faced The Colóns ( Primo Colón and Epico Colón ) . Ryder and Rawley executed the Hype Ryder on Epico to win the match . Preliminary matches ( edit ) Due to Carmella controversially winning the first Women 's Money in the Bank ladder match , a rematch was scheduled for the June 27 episode of SmackDown Live with James Ellsworth banned from the arena ; Carmella won the rematch by retrieving the briefcase herself and definitively earned a SmackDown Women 's Championship match contract The actual pay per - view opened with the first - ever Women 's Money in the Bank ladder match . In the climax , as Becky Lynch attempted to retrieve the briefcase , Carmella 's manager James Ellsworth pushed the ladder over . With Carmella down , Ellsworth retrieved the briefcase for Carmella and dropped it to her , thus Carmella won the match . Two of the three referees did not agree with the decision and General Manager Daniel Bryan said that the controversy would be dealt with on the following episode of SmackDown . Next , The Usos defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against The New Day 's Big E and Kofi Kingston . In the end , Big E and Kingston performed the Midnight Hour on Jey . Kingston pinned Jey , only for Jimmy to pull Jey out of the ring to void the pinfall and the two were intentionally counted out . Thus , The New Day won , but The Usos retained the titles . After that , Naomi defended the SmackDown Women 's Championship against Lana in her in - ring televised debut . In the climax , Carmella came out and teased cashing in her Money in the Bank briefcase . This distracted Lana enough for Naomi to force Lana to submit to the Slay - O - Mission to retain the title . Carmella again teased cashing in her briefcase , but decided not to . Afterwards , Maria Kanellis made her return to WWE , her last appearance being in 2010 , along with her husband Mike Kanellis , who made his debut appearance for WWE . The two cut a promo about the `` power of love '' and shared a kiss before departing backstage . Next , Jinder Mahal defended the WWE Championship against Randy Orton . Orton executed an RKO on Mahal , however , Sunil placed Mahal 's foot on the rope , voiding the pinfall at a two count . The referee then evicted The Singh Brothers from ringside . Before they left , they attempted to attack WWE Hall of Famer and Orton 's father , `` Cowboy '' Bob Orton , however Orton attacked the two , ending the attack with an RKO outside the ring on Sunil and an RKO through the announce table on Samir . After Orton returned to the ring , Mahal executed the Khallas on Orton to retain the title . After that , Breezango ( Fandango and Tyler Breeze ) made their entrance to the ring . Earlier backstage , they received a video of two unidentifiable people who claimed credit for attacking Breeze on SmackDown . They told Breezango to come to the ring to find out who they were , which was revealed to be The Ascension ( Konnor and Viktor ) . Breezango won the impromptu match after Fandango pinned Viktor with a small package . Main event ( edit ) Baron Corbin , the 2017 Money in the Bank ladder match winner , who earned a contract for a WWE Championship match The main event was the Money in the Bank ladder match between Baron Corbin , United States Champion Kevin Owens , Sami Zayn , AJ Styles , Shinsuke Nakamura , and Dolph Ziggler . As Nakamura made his entrance , Corbin attacked him with a ladder , taking Nakamura out for a majority of the match . In the end , after Nakamura returned , he and Styles fought atop the ladder . Corbin pushed the ladder over and retrieved the briefcase to win the match . Aftermath ( edit ) The finish of the first - ever Women 's Money in the Bank ladder match was heavily criticized by fans . On the post-Money in the Bank episode of SmackDown , Carmella and James Ellsworth addressed the controversy surrounding her becoming the first - ever Ms. Money in the Bank . She said that there were no rules in the match and she cited how some previous winners won with outside help . Natalya , Charlotte Flair , Becky Lynch , and Tamina each urged General Manager Daniel Bryan to do strip Carmella of the contract . Later in the show , Bryan addressed the five participants in the ring . He said that Carmella had good points , but no one had ever won the match by having someone else retrieve the briefcase for them . He then forced her to relinquish the briefcase and scheduled a second Women 's Money in the Bank ladder match between the five for the following week , with Ellsworth banned from ringside . Before the rematch , Bryan decided to ban Ellsworth from the arena . Despite this , Ellsworth returned , but was taken out by Becky . Carmella then attacked Becky and retrieved the briefcase to definitively become Ms. Money in the Bank . The following week , Bryan again banned Ellsworth from the arena , fined him $10,000 USD , suspended him for 30 days , and said that if Ellsworth were to break these rules , Carmella would be stripped of the briefcase again . SmackDown Women 's Champion Naomi said it was a disappointment that Ellsworth won the ladder match for Carmella at Money in the Bank , but she said she was ready for any challenge . Lana interrupted and wanted a rematch . Naomi , citing herself as a fighting champion , agreed to the rematch for the following week , where she quickly defeated Lana again . Lana received one more rematch on the July 4 episode , but failed to defeat Naomi . In a sit - down interview , Randy Orton said that he lost focus when he saw that The Singh Brothers were going to attack his father . He said he was no longer concerned about becoming a fourteen - time world champion , he just wanted to hurt Jinder Mahal . Later in the show after Mahal defeated Luke Harper , Orton came out , attacked The Singh Brothers , and then Mahal , but Mahal managed to escape into the crowd . The following week , Commissioner Shane McMahon granted Orton a rematch for the title at Battleground , but allowed Mahal to choose the stipulation , and he chose a Punjabi Prison match . United States Champion Kevin Owens felt that the other five participants of the Money in the Bank ladder match conspired against him , and that was why he did not win . He then issued a U.S. Championship open challenge to any local competitor . AJ Styles came out to accept the challenge , but Owens denied him since Styles was not from Dayton , Ohio . American Alpha 's Chad Gable then answered the challenge , saying that he had moved to Dayton `` ( that ) morning '' , but Owens retained in the ensuing match . Also on the show , Shinsuke Nakamura defeated Dolph Ziggler , Baron Corbin teased cashing in his Money in the Bank contract during WWE Champion Jinder Mahal 's non-title match against Luke Harper , and General Manager Daniel Bryan , who praised Sami Zayn 's efforts in the ladder match , scheduled Zayn to face Corbin the following week , where Corbin won . Corbin cashed in his Money in the Bank contract on the August 15 episode of SmackDown , but as soon as the match started , he attacked John Cena instead , allowing Mahal to roll - up for the victory , making Corbin the third wrestler to fail to win a title upon cash - in . The New Day addressed how The Usos backed out of their championship match . Big E then defeated Jimmy Uso in a singles match . Also in the tag team division , The Hype Bros convinced General Manager Daniel Bryan to give them an opportunity at the SmackDown Tag Team Championship . Bryan said that if they could defeat The Usos in a non-title match the following week , they would become the number one contenders . The Hype Bros failed to defeat The Usos , after which , The New Day challenged The Usos to another title match at Battleground and they accepted . In the weeks following Money in the Bank , Mike and Maria Kanellis began a feud with Sami Zayn , and Mike defeated Zayn in his WWE debut match on the July 18 episode of SmackDown . Results ( edit ) No . Results Stipulations Times The Hype Bros ( Mojo Rawley and Zack Ryder ) defeated The Colóns ( Epico Colón and Primo Colón ) Tag team match 8 : 30 Carmella ( with James Ellsworth ) defeated Becky Lynch , Charlotte Flair , Natalya and Tamina Money in the Bank ladder match for a WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship contract 13 : 20 The New Day ( Big E and Kofi Kingston ) ( with Xavier Woods ) defeated The Usos ( Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso ) ( c ) by countout Tag team match for the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship 12 : 00 Naomi ( c ) defeated Lana by submission Singles match for the WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship 7 : 30 5 Jinder Mahal ( c ) ( with Samir Singh and Sunil Singh ) defeated Randy Orton Singles match for the WWE Championship 20 : 50 6 Breezango ( Fandango and Tyler Breeze ) defeated The Ascension ( Konnor and Viktor ) Tag team match 3 : 50 7 Baron Corbin defeated AJ Styles , Dolph Ziggler , Kevin Owens , Sami Zayn and Shinsuke Nakamura Money in the Bank ladder match for a WWE Championship contract 29 : 45 ( c ) -- refers to the champion ( s ) heading into the match P -- indicates the match took place on the pre-show See also ( edit ) Professional wrestling portal List of WWE Network events List of WWE pay - per - view events References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Money in the Bank 2017 tickets available now '' . WWE . February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shields , Brian ; Sullivan , Kevin ( 2009 ) . WWE : History of WrestleMania . p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Barnett , Jake . `` 5 / 23 Barnett 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : Jinder Mahal 's Punjabi Celebration , Money in the Bank announcement , Charlotte and Becky Lynch vs. Natalya and Carmella , fallout from WWE Backlash '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Wade . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 5 / 30 : Money in the Bank hype , Owens interviews Nakamura on Highlight Reel , Women 's Fatal Five - Way chaos '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grabianowski , Ed . `` How Pro Wrestling Works '' . HowStuffWorks . Discovery Communications . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live & Televised Entertainment '' . WWE . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) . `` WWE 's ' Smackdown ' Will Move To Live Broadcast On USA ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` 5 / 21 Powell 's WWE Backlash Live Review : Randy Orton vs. Jinder Mahal for the WWE Championship , Kevin Owens vs. AJ Styles for the U.S. Championship , Shinsuke Nakamura vs. Dolph Ziggler '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Wade . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 6 / 6 : Nakamura vs. Owens , Styles vs. Ziggler , Women 's MITB hype '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Wade . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 6 / 13 : Orton - Mahal face - to - face , MITB six - person tag match , and more MITB hype '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parks , Greg ( December 13 , 2014 ) . `` 12 / 13 WWE Smackdown LIVE -- Parks 's Ongoing , Real - Time Report '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ WWE.com Staff ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATE : Zack Ryder tweets that he will undergo knee surgery '' . WWE.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elbe , Craig ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` 6 / 13 WWE Talking Smack Review : Renee & JBL play name association with Nakamura , Hype Bros reunite , Jinder & Singh Brothers '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Money in the Bank Kickoff Show match '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` 6 / 18 Powell 's WWE Money in the Bank Kickoff Show : Zack Ryder and Mojo Rawley vs. Primo Colon and Epico Colon '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` 6 / 18 Powell 's WWE Money in the Bank Live Review : Men 's and Women 's MITB ladder matches , Jinder Mahal vs. Randy Orton for the WWE Championship , Naomi vs. Lana for the Smackdown Women 's Championship , The Usos vs. New Day for the Smackdown Tag Titles '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maria Kanellis returns to WWE with her husband Mike Kanellis '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://uproxx.com/prowrestling/best-and-worst-of-money-in-the-bank-2017/ ^ Jump up to : Keller , Wade ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 6 / 20 : Fallout from Money in the Bank with Baron Corbin and the controversial Carmella win , Daniel Bryan returns '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , John ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` 6 / 20 Moore 's WWE Talking Smack Recap : Daniel Bryan returns and bans James Ellsworth from ringside for the MITB rematch , Carmella complains about Bryan coming up with rules on the fly , New Day discusses the tag division , AJ Styles gives Daniel Bryan some parenting advice '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Wade ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 6 / 27 : Women 's Money in the Bank redo , Naomi vs. Lana , Usos vs. Hype Bros. , Sami vs. Corbin '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNeill ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` McNEILL 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 7 / 4 : John Cena Returns , Rap Battle , Naomi - Lana III & Battle Royal '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tedesco , Mike ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` WWE Smackdown Results -- 8 / 15 / 17 ( Final show before SummerSlam ) '' . Wrestleview . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 7 / 18 : Jinder Mahal shows off the Punjabi Prison cage , Battleground Hype , Owens & Corbin vs. Nakamura & Styles '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` The Hype Bros def . The Colons ( Kickoff Match ) '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` Carmella steals the Women 's Money in the Bank Ladder Match '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` The New Day def . SmackDown Tag Team Champions The Usos via Count - out '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` SmackDown Women 's Champion Naomi def . Lana '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` WWE Champion Jinder Mahal def . Randy Orton '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` Breezango def . The Ascension '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` Baron Corbin wins the 2017 Money in the Bank contract '' . WWE . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Money in the Bank Official Website ← 2016 2017 ( 2017 ) WWE Network events WWE United Kingdom Championship Tournament Royal Rumble Elimination Chamber Fastlane WrestleMania 33 Payback United Kingdom Championship Special Backlash Extreme Rules Money in the Bank Great Balls of Fire Battleground SummerSlam Mae Young Classic Finale No Mercy Hell in a Cell TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs Survivor Series Clash of Champions NXT TakeOver : San Antonio TakeOver : Orlando TakeOver : Chicago TakeOver : Brooklyn III TakeOver : WarGames WWE pay - per - view and WWE Network events Money in the Bank 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Current Royal Rumble ( 1988 -- present ) Elimination Chamber ( 2010 -- 2015 , 2017 -- present ) Fastlane ( 2015 -- present ) WrestleMania ( 1985 -- present ) Payback ( 2013 -- present ) Backlash ( 1999 -- 2009 , 2016 -- present ) Extreme Rules ( 2009 -- present ) Money in the Bank ( 2010 -- present ) Great Balls of Fire ( 2017 -- present ) Battleground ( 2013 -- present ) SummerSlam ( 1988 -- present ) No Mercy ( 1999 -- 2008 , 2016 -- present ) Hell in a Cell ( 2009 -- present ) TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs ( 2009 -- present ) Survivor Series ( 1987 -- present ) Clash of Champions ( 2016 -- present ) Roadblock ( 2016 -- present ) NXT TakeOver ( 2014 -- present ) Former The Wrestling Classic ( 1985 ) No Holds Barred ( 1989 ) This Tuesday in Texas ( 1991 ) One Night Only ( 1997 ) Capital Carnage ( 1998 ) In Your House ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Over the Edge ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Fully Loaded ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Invasion ( 2001 ) Rebellion ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Insurrextion ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Bad Blood ( 1997 , 2003 -- 2004 ) Taboo Tuesday ( 2004 -- 2005 ) December to Dismember ( 2006 ) New Year 's Revolution ( 2005 -- 2007 ) One Night Stand ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Unforgiven ( 1998 -- 2008 ) Cyber Sunday ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Armageddon ( 1999 -- 2000 , 2002 -- 2008 ) Judgment Day ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2009 ) The Great American Bash ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Breaking Point ( 2009 ) Fatal 4 - Way ( 2010 ) Bragging Rights ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Capitol Punishment ( 2011 ) Vengeance ( 2001 -- 2007 , 2011 ) Over the Limit ( 2010 -- 2012 ) No Way Out ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2009 , 2012 ) NXT Arrival ( 2014 ) King of the Ring ( 1985 -- 1989 , 1991 , 1993 -- 2002 , 2015 ) The Beast in the East ( 2015 ) Live from Madison Square Garden ( 2015 ) Night of Champions ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Cruiserweight Classic Finale ( 2016 ) United Kingdom Championship Tournament ( 2017 ) United Kingdom Championship Special ( 2017 ) Mae Young Classic Finale ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Money_in_the_Bank_(2017)&oldid=806933938 '' Categories : 2017 in professional wrestling 2017 WWE Network events WWE Money in the Bank Professional wrestling in Missouri 2017 in sports in Missouri Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български فارسی Français Italiano Polski Português ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 00 : 50 . 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who won wwe money in the bank 2017
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[
"Seven matches were contested at the event, including one on the pre-show, and the main card featured two bouts that were the titular match type. The male ladder match, which was the main event, was won by Baron Corbin, who earned a contract for a WWE Championship match, and Carmella controversially won the first-ever women's ladder match to earn a SmackDown Women's Championship match contract. In another prominent match, Jinder Mahal defeated Randy Orton to retain the WWE Championship. The event was also notable for the televised in-ring debut of Lana, who lost her SmackDown Women's Championship match to Naomi, the return of Maria Kanellis, who had last performed in WWE in 2010, and the WWE debut appearance of her husband Mike Kanellis."
] |
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"Baron Corbin"
] |
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